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Edward Colston's big spash
Every once in a while, we’re reminded that grand statues should probably be made of recyclable materials. After Saddam Hussein, Mussolini, Pinochet and Colonel Ghaddafi, the most recent example is Edward Colston.
Haven’t heard of Edward Colston? That’s probably part of the problem. It’s all fun and games saying all statues must stay, but when they’re never mentioned in the school history books, you could end up posing for a family photo before a genocidal maniac.
Edward Colston was a 17th-century slave trader, and it’s estimated that he bought and sold some 80,000 slaves during his career, many of whom, along with the ship’s crews, died in the extremely dangerous trans-Atlantic voyage.
The fortune which Colston amassed from the evil slave trade he donated to charitable trusts which funded the construction of several hospitals and schools. Using his hard-stolen fortune for charity in the Bristol area, earned him the label ‘philanthropist’ – which is like remembering Hitler for being a pioneer in roadbuilding and facial hair.
That’s why he was a ripe target for a bit of iconoclasm this week. His statue was pulled down with ropes and thrown into the same harbour waters in which his slaver ships used to float. The mayor of Bristol said that Colston was an ‘affront’ and he felt no ‘sense of loss’ over the statue.
Others (just Nigel Farage, really) were shocked that the police didn’t stop the vandalism with force. Perhaps fighting a demonstration about police brutality with police brutality to defend a slave trader could have sent a mixed message. Then again, this hasn’t dissuaded the Americans.
Colston’s long-overdue bath was part of a wider series of protests seen in cities around the world in response to the murder of George Floyd in police custody.
Bristol is one of the many cities in Europe which has black lives matter protests. In London, thousands defied lockdown rules to demonstrate against a ‘pandemic of racism’, and Antwerp saw the removal of a Leopold II statue. This probably leaves Covid-19 feeling slightly jilted after dominating headlines for so long, although who knows, mass protests could change that.
Even with the drowning of the statue, Colston remains deeply linked to the city’s history and is honoured in the names of public buildings, streets. Even the ‘Colston bun’ – his very own insidious contribution to the culinary world, a yeast dough flavoured bun covered in currents, candied peel, and sweet spices. Awkward. Perhaps the same rule for tattoos of spouses should apply to name street names and statues after people. | <urn:uuid:b63cbc97-f1ad-4a6b-acb1-034f726bec4e> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.onthefence.news/politics/edward-colstons-big-splash/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056752.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919065755-20210919095755-00521.warc.gz | en | 0.963747 | 595 | 2.59375 | 3 |
IVREA, Italy (Circa) – The annual Battle of the Oranges took place in Italy Monday. Residents and tourists visiting the Italian town of Ivrea flooded the streets to pummel each other with tons of oranges.
Each year the town of Ivrea, located north Turin, hosts a three day long battle of the Oranges.
The exact origins of the festival are thought to date back to Middle Ages when tyrannical baron ruled over the city.
The residents divide into nine teams known as the “Orange throwers” or commoners and the “dukes allies.” Those representing the tyrants armies mount horse drawn carriages, while those representing the orange throwers toss their fruit from the ground at passing carts, according to the festivals official website.
Festival participants are asked to don red hats called a “Berretto Frigio” or Phrygian cap, which is meant to symbolize freedom and liberty.
On the last day of the festival, women will dress as “La Mugnaia” or the millers daughter, the figure who was thought to have inspired the uprising. | <urn:uuid:dd2bfbb1-f5b7-4bc1-a796-89386ebded26> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.circa.com/story/2018/02/13/world/battle-of-the-oranges-transforms-italian-town-for-3-days-of-carnival-festivities | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202199.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320024206-20190320050206-00515.warc.gz | en | 0.959236 | 239 | 2.6875 | 3 |
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Figure 1. Author's original line drawing on a shaded-relief base map of Mars. This is a photographically enlarged subarea of the original. North is to the top.
Figure 2. A photographically reduced version of a yellow color separation. The gradation in gray-tone exemplified by this version of the original is induced by the limits in the eye's resolving power to detect the varying dot patterns. Lighttoned areas would be covered with yellow ink in the printed map.
Parallel ProcessingPowerful Tool for the Earth Sciences
By Rick MacDonald
ing scalar, vector, parallel, vector-parallel, and massively parallel. Scalar and vector architectures are familiar to most earth and computer scientists—these are the more standard computing environments that use conventional programming and a sequential processor in analyzing data.
Parallelism, however, introduces a high degree of complexity into the effective use of computers. One reason is that sufficient software tools have not been developed for parallel processors. Also, scientists have been trained to view computers as sequential processors and to program them accordingly. Also, because scientists have viewed computers as only sequential machines, they have been slow to conceptualize the mathematical algorithms that would help them to solve problems more effectively through parallel processing
The complex processes of nature, the still mysterious forces at work deep beneath the Earth, and the puzzling phenomena of natural hazards are excellent candidates for the applications of new computer technologies. Earth science has the wide range and complexity of disciplines that challenge the leading edge of computer technology. Each new research venture in earth science demands more and more computing resources. Research interests that can benefit from better computational tools include projects in geology, hydrology, seismology, volcanology, geochemistry, geography, and cartography. Much can be learned, for example, from constructing dynamic computer models of the core and mantle of the Earth, which allows an unprecedented insight into the forces that drive the Earth’s tectonic plates. Other computer models can predict how toxic and radioactive contaminants behave as they travel in ground-water systems. Threedimensional geographic information systems, which can be used to integrate almost infinite permutations and combinations of geologic, hydrologic, and topo
Each new research venture in earth science demands more and more
Parallelism in computer systems is not a new concept. Operating systems have been designed for years with the capability for either simulated or actual parallel operation. Forms of parallelism have been considered in hardware design ever since the early days of computers. Parallelism has been defined as "a collection of processing elements that can communicate and cooperate to solve large problems fast.” Parallel processing systems can be characterized by the number of processor elements (CPU's) that it has, how much memory it has, how the memory is distributed, how the processor elements communicate, what form of interconnection network it possesses, and how the processor elements are synchronized. Some examples of parallelism are as follows: • Timesharing- Multiple users are served by a computer, allowing more than one user at the same time to access the computer. • Batch processing-Multiple jobs share time on a single processor. • Multiprocessing – Multiple jobs are distributed among independent processors. • Vectorization-Identical computations on elements in an array are performed simultaneously by using specialized hardware.
graphic information, allow scientists to analyze relations among the Earth's properties and to understand better the processes at work.
Supercomputers are one of the exciting new and developing technologies that can provide the data-handling resources to unlock the mysteries of the Earth's processes. Newer supercomputers employ a wide variety of “architectures”, indud
• Multiple functional units - Computation is shared between functional units designed to work in parallel within the same processor. • Pipelining-Parts of one computation overlap parts of the previous computation when they use different hardware resources. • Concurrentization - A single job is programmed to run on multiple processors in parallel.
The cost of circuitry has inhibited, until recently, the use of more parallelism in computer architectures. But with the cost of hardware components undergoing dramatic reductions, parallelism has become a viable solution to the problem of speeding up computer systems. Since the ultimate limitations to how fast a computer can be run are controlled by the natural laws of physics, parallelism may be the only way to increase the speeds of computers.
of parallel processing in the earth sciences. For example, a project is underway in which fundamental earth-science algorithms such as fluid flow through porous media and development of evenly spaced data grids from randomly dispersed satellite data of the Earth's surface are being examined in a generic parallel processing architecture. Much already has been published about the mathematical algorithms that are used in sequential processing of earth-science data. The new USGS project is examining methods and techniques that enable scientists to apply the algorithms to general parallel processing platforms. In this way, a knowledge base will be established that will form the kernel for future parallel processing efforts in the USGS.
As industry continues to incorporate this kind of architecture, more and more so-called general-purpose computers can be expected to take on the advanced characteristics of leading edge platforms that use parallel processing. Thus, knowledge about how these architectures can be used most effectively in earth-science research will be necessary.
USGS Activities in Parallel Processing
The USGS has begun several projects to explore the potential benefits
Credit Card Sales
The USGS offers a multitude of cartographic products and book reports for sale at 19 offices throughout the United States. These products include aerial photographs, topographic maps, mineral and energy resource maps, satellite images, selected separate sheets for the National Atlas, scientific reports, and many other products of interest to the general public and specialized users. The USGS began using credit cards for sales during fiscal year 1989 with the idea of improving service to its many customers.
Because the USGS had been considering the use of bank-cards for several years, the bureau was ready when the Treasury Department offered support in
The John Wesley Powell Federal Building, Reston, Va. (Photograph by Dave Usher.)
Of the National Mapping Division. | <urn:uuid:99e9c1db-295b-40c8-99f5-c605d96f9b9a> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://books.google.ca/books?id=BnMAbt9ddXAC&pg=RA2-PA91&focus=viewport&vq=sources&dq=editions:LCCNsn84011357&output=html_text | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347396300.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527235451-20200528025451-00008.warc.gz | en | 0.925781 | 1,262 | 3.421875 | 3 |
New rules for Erebus living ice caves
Discovery of dozens of unexplored caves on Mount Erebus, towering over New Zealand’s Antarctic Scott Base, has led to tight new rules being imposed on those who want to explore them.
The Antarctic Sun (antarcticsun.usap.gov ), published by the US Antarctic Programme, said about 250 caves may exist on 3794 metre high Mount Erebus, and some of them, warm and dark, contain life.
It described them as one of Antarctica’s most mysterious phenomena with the caves created by the volcano’s steam, like giant blue-white irregular baubles of blown glass.
The US National Science Foundation, which operated out of McMurdo Base near Scott Base, said they were creating a code of conduct to ensure that the scientific values represented by the ice caves, from biological to geological, were protected.
“They’re one of the more vulnerable areas because they have warmer soil temperatures, which means they can be more easily harmed by more temperate plants and microbes,” said the foundation’s environmental policy specialist Adrian Dahood.
New Mexico Tech PhD candidate Aaron Curtis has discovered that gas and steam escaping from the flanks of the Erebus through fissures called fumaroles.
The steam carves structures through the ice and play an important role in how gas and heat escape from Erebus.
Outside Erebus the surface temperature is about minus 33 degrees Celsius with almost no humidity.
Inside the caves the temperature is about zero and humidity up to 100 per cent.
Antarctic Sun said microorganisms existed inside the caves despite the lack of light.
A Scripps Institution of Oceanography scientist, Hubert Staudigel said they would find “a pristine environment” in the caves and they contained extreme life.
Some research and visits by mountaineers had already contaminated some caves.
Crumbs, or smoking, had caused damage, and Dahood said they now wanted to restrict activity until they have a code of practice.
NSF want a moratorium on all visits unless for scientific research and when scientists go inside they have to wear special anti-contamination suits.
Dahood said the US was also working with New Zealand to develop Antarctic Specially Protected Areas on Erebus and on Mt Melbourne, to the north, to protect three high-altitude geothermal areas into a single, more comprehensive management plan.
What will be the main motivation for humanity's future space endeavours?Related story: (See story)
The cost of losing nature | <urn:uuid:a07d7959-8bd0-4c62-be03-8bcc25ee0329> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.stuff.co.nz/science/7913293/New-rules-for-Erebus-living-ice-caves | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719638.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00242-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94294 | 542 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Introduction to symmetry analysis / Brian J. CantwellType de document : MonographieCollection : Cambridge texts in applied mathematicsLangue : anglais.Pays : Grande Bretagne.Éditeur : Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2002Description : 1 vol. (XLI-612 p.) : ill. ; 23 cmISBN : 0521777402.Bibliographie : Bibliogr. en fin de chapitres. Index.Sujet MSC : 34C14, Qualitative theory for ordinary differential equations, Symmetries, invariants
34A26, General theory for ordinary differential equations, Geometric methods
34-04, Software, source code, etc. for problems pertaining to ordinary differential equations
35-04, Software, source code, etc. for problems pertaining to partial differential equations
35A30, General topics in partial differential equations, Geometric theory, characteristics, transformations in context of PDEsEn-ligne : MathSciNet
|Current location||Call number||Status||Date due||Barcode|
|CMI Salle R||34 CAN (Browse shelf)||Available||03105-01|
Bibliogr. en fin de chapitres. Index
This textbook is designed mainly for first- and second-year graduate students in science, engineering and applied mathematics, although the material is presented in a form that should be understandable to an upper-level undergraduate with a background in differential equations. The main goal is to teach methods of symmetry analysis and to instill in the student a sense of confidence in dealing with complex problems. The central theme is that anytime one is confronted with a physical problem and a set of equations to solve, the first step is to study the problem using dimensional analysis and the second is to use the methods of symmetry analysis to work out the Lie groups (symmetries) of the governing equations. This may or may not produce a simplification, but it will almost always bring clarity to the problem. It is the author's firm belief that symmetry analysis should be as familiar to the student as Fourier analysis.
Most of the theory, with a large number of relatively short worked examples, is developed in the first part of the book, while the second part contains a number of fully worked problems where the role of symmetry analysis as a part of the complete solution is illustrated. The emphasis is on applications, and the exercises provided at the end of each chapter are designed to help the reader practice the material.
In more detail, the book is organized as follows. The exposition starts with a historical preface. Chapters 1–3 and 5–10 cover a standard course: introduction to symmetry, dimensional analysis, introduction to systems of ODEs and first-order PDEs, state-space analysis, introduction to one-parameter Lie groups, symmetry analysis of first order ODEs, introduction to differential functions, symmetry analysis of higher-order ODEs and PDEs, introduction to laminar boundary layers. Chapters 4 and 11–16 contain more advanced material: classical dynamics, incompressible flow, compressible flow, similarity rules for turbulent shear flows, Lie-Bäcklund transformations, variational symmetries and conservation laws, Bäcklund transformations and nonlocal groups. To make the book more complete some background material of advanced nature is presented in Appendices 1–3.
The first exercises involving the identification of Lie symmetries should be worked by hand so that the reader has a chance to practice the Lie algorithm, but it becomes quickly apparent that the calculations are huge even in fairly simple cases. This is one of the main reasons why Lie theory was never adopted in the mainstream curricula in science and engineering. Fortunately, we now live in an era when powerful symbol manipulation software packages are widely available. A special Mathematica based package was developed by the author of the book and it is included on CD along with more than sixty sample notebooks that are carefully coordinated with the examples and exercises in the text. Details of the package are described in Appendix 4. (MathSciNet) | <urn:uuid:52356dd6-9225-44f6-af04-0287a721eb07> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://catalogue.i2m.univ-amu.fr/bib/10660 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585246.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019074128-20211019104128-00183.warc.gz | en | 0.881561 | 849 | 2.515625 | 3 |
USS UTAH BB-31 / AG-16
The Forgotten Ship of Pearl Harbor
George C. Chestnutt Jr.
The following is an excerpt from the Andalusia Star News.
S2C George J. Chestnutt, Jr., a native of Andalusia, Covington County, Alabama, was a member of the Deck Division onboard the USS Utah during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
George was born on April 7, 1924 in Andalusia, Covington County, Alabama. His parents were George Jefferson and Bessie Parker Chestnutt. They had a daughter, Sarah, who was six years old at the time. George Sr. was employed as an electrician and was divorced from Bessie by the time young George was four years old. Bessie would have another daughter, Ada Ruth, after George Sr. had left the home. George, Sr. died in 1931.
In 1934, Bessie married Grover Velliquette and moved to Toledo, Ohio. George, Jr. attended schools there and had attended Woodward High School one year before he quit in 1939. George worked briefly before joining the Navy in April 1941, at the age of 17.
His married sister Sarah, died of tuberculosis the same year. George’s mother died in 1971.
After basic training, George was assigned to the USS Utah, a former battleship, converted to a training and target ship. The Utah had just undergone overhaul at the Puget Sound Navy Yard and returned to Pearl Harbor at the time. During the overhaul, she was equipped with new single-mount, 5-inch/38 caliber dual-purpose guns [for surface and anti-aircraft firing] that were to be used for training. The presence of those guns may have sealed her fate on December 7.
After the attack, the surrounding area was searched but the body of S2C George J. Chestnutt Jr. could not be found and he was presumed to have been “lost at sea.” A memorial marker for Chestnutt was placed at the National Memorial of the Pacific in Honolulu. Records record that he is listed in the Courts of the Missing.
Copyright 2022. USSUtah1941.org. All rights reserved. All photos released for website only. | <urn:uuid:b13a68e6-7dea-4bbc-9e21-64db241b115f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.ussutah1941.org/george-c.-chestnutt-jr..html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506480.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923094750-20230923124750-00604.warc.gz | en | 0.985123 | 497 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Learning takes off when imaginations and curiosity are awakened—are your kids soaring to new educational heights?
Turn your child’s fascination with flight into a nonstop learning adventure. Take a captivating flight of 5 fabulously fun days! You’ll learn and discover all this and so much more:
- Quest 1: Who Was Amelia Earhart?
- Quest 2: Science Secrets of Flying
- Quest 3: People and Places in Amelia’s Life
- Quest 4: Lessons to Learn From Amelia
- Quest 5: Goodies and Gadgets of Flight
What kid is not intrigued with flight and everything about it? From developing an understanding of the basics of flight to learning about the accomplishments and adventures of Amelia and other famous flyers, explore related science, history, and geography themes along this exciting journey.
Boys, girls, and parents will look forward to their timeless travels through Amelia’s world.
|Type||Download N Go®|
Check back soon for helpful videos on this Unit Study. | <urn:uuid:3c1ae977-68ea-4e06-9a75-3ae4fa91f8d5> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://unitstudy.com/products/amelia-earhart | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371611051.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200405213008-20200406003508-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.868229 | 212 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Between May and July this year, the survey recorded 1,289 calling males – its highest population since records began.
One of Scotland’s most elusive and endangered breeding birds has had its best breeding season for at least 45 years. The corncrake winters in Africa but breeds in Scotland, hidden in tall vegetation where they can safely raise their chicks. They are so well hidden that a recent RSPB survey counted them not by sight, but by their unique “crex crex” call, which also gives them their scientific name.
Between May and July this year, the survey recorded 1,289 calling males – its highest population since records began. The results were especially welcome as experts had actually predicted corncrake numbers would fall this year after they suffered a 23% decline in 2013, which was thought to be due to bad weather.
The corncrake was once common across rural Scotland and parts of the English fens where they rear their young on farmland. However, changes in agricultural practices during the 20th Century, including shifting to earlier mowing of hay meadows and silage fields, caused their numbers to plummet. In the UK they are now on the Red list of birds of high conservation concern. In the early 1990s it was estimated that there were only around 400 singing males concentrated only in the Inner Hebrides, Orkney and the Western Isles.
Since then RSPB Scotland, the Scottish Government and Scottish Natural Heritage have worked with farmers and crofters to improve the chances of corncrake survival. Leaving vegetation cover at field edges and leaving grass fields un-cut or un-grazed until August has provided more areas for the birds to nest in. Changes in mowing practices, such as mowing from the inside of the field outward, allows the chicks to escape and increases survival. Several nature reserves acquired by the RSPB are also being managed mainly for corncrakes, and now hold around 8% of the national population.
These measures are clearly working, and slowly but surely the shy corncrakes are staging a comeback. Paul Walton from RSPB Scotland said the figures were “fantastic” and added: “They are testament to the dedication of crofters, farmers, the conservationists working alongside them, and to the Scottish Government and SNH officials, who have helped target agricultural support to deliver this result for wildlife. However, last year’s fall in corncrake numbers was worrying and this bird remains highly vulnerable, so we can’t afford to be complacent. Even though there has been an increase in numbers this year, we have so far failed to expand the corncrake’s breeding range. They are still found in only a few isolated areas of Scotland, mainly on the islands, so that’s where we need to focus our efforts next. We also need to bring together the methods we’ve used for corncrakes and apply them to other Scottish birds that are in trouble, like the curlew and the corn bunting, to help secure their future in Scotland.” | <urn:uuid:2d5364dd-95bd-446e-a119-696d14b8d64c> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://www.conservationjobs.co.uk/articles/corncrakes-rising/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578663470.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20190424214335-20190425000335-00146.warc.gz | en | 0.978917 | 638 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Email is far and away the preferred method of communication in today’s professional culture. Given the sheer volume of email correspondence in these environments, it is more important than ever to master the art of professional writing. You don’t want to be the cringe-worthy payroll coordinator who doesn’t know the difference between over time and overtime.
These terms might seem identical at first glance, but they function as different parts of speech. While some readers might not catch a mix-up of these words, rest assured that somewhere in the endless chain of FWDs and CCs, someone is silently judging you.
Continue reading to save yourself the embarrassment.
What is the Difference Between Over Time and Overtime?
In this article, I will compare over time vs. overtime. I will use each term in an example sentence, and I will show you a memory trick to help you remember whether over time or overtime is correct.
When to Use Over Time
What does over time mean? Over time is an adverb phrase that describes something which happens gradually. It is not used to describe long hours at a job or an extended period of gameplay in athletics.
Here are some examples,
- Over time, water carved the Grand Canyon into the landscape of what is now Arizona.
- My attentional resources tend to dwindle over time, especially when my ethics textbook is involved.
- Despite initial opposition, Americans came to favor the idea over time.
- He eventually settled down and married an attractive younger woman who has made fewer and fewer public appearances over time. –The Washington Post
When to Use Overtime
What does overtime mean? Overtime is a noun. It usually means either hours worked in excess of a standard work week or the pay rate for this type of work.
- I would rather go home than finish this production run, but at least I am getting paid overtime for it.
- Janaya has ten hours of overtime already this week; please send her home early on Friday.
- I can’t meet you for dinner tonight because I’m working overtime.
Overtime can also refer to a period of extended gameplay in a sporting event—something beyond the usually amount.
- Mark Letestu scored a power-play goal at 3:59 of overtime and former Ranger Cam Talbot stopped 19 shots as the Oilers beat the Devils 2-1 on Saturday night in Newark. –New York Post
Trick to Remember the Difference
These terms may seem identical, but they are different parts of speech. To decide which one is correct, look at how your sentence is structured: if you use the term as a noun, choose overtime, but if you use it as an adverb phrase, choose over time instead.
Since over time and overtime are so similar, it can be difficult to remember which is which. Thankfully, there is an easy way to remember overtime vs. over time.
Notice that overtime is one single word, like paycheck. If you are referring to extra hours worked that will contribute to a hefty paycheck, remember to spell overtime as a single word.
Is it over time or overtime? Overtime and over time are two different parts of speech.
- Over time is an adverb phrase, and it is a synonym of the adverb gradually.
- Overtime is a noun, and it refers to extra hours worked or extra compensation for these hours.
Both overtime and paycheck are spelled as a single word, so remember this similarity next time you need to use either over time or overtime.
These phrases are often misused in informal situations, but by using them correctly, you will bolster your credibility and improve the quality of your writing. | <urn:uuid:b1396895-edff-46ee-a28c-a6d6fabc746b> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://writingexplained.org/over-time-vs-overtime-difference | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103877410.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630183616-20220630213616-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.95175 | 767 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Sustainability is a huge element that has made its way into the global retail industry and India too is resistant to sit back now. While the overall fashion retail industry is going sustainable, denims particularly interests us with the overall size of this segment growing phenomenally and the recent movement of denim brands towards sustainable manufacturing.
India is the fifth largest destination in the global retail space, making the Indian apparel industry the second largest contributor in the retail sector. According to recent industry reports, denim is the single most leading segment in the fashion industry. Manjula Gandhi, Chief Product Officer, Numero Uno, asserts, “A good pair of jeans is an important element of a modern day wardrobe which is fashionable, durable and versatile. For this reason, denim has always reigned as one of the leading apparel segments in the Indian fashion industry. Despite slowdown of domestic market growth as well as apparel exports, denim market in India has been clocking a consistent CAGR of 15-18 percent year on year. The industry’s future looks promising as well.”
While the industry is growing with approximately 6 billion pairs of jeans being sold around the world every year and is foreseeing a flourishing scenario in denim business, the denim brands around the world are facing pressure to change the methods of manufacturing jeans in order to tackle environmental issues.
Large amounts of greenhouse gases are released from the manufacturing process of denim, but this was true even in the past. So what exactly has changed and what made sustainability a major factor for the denim industry? Let’s find out.
What’s Driving the Sustainability Movement?
The production of denim can be resource intensive, i.e. , it uses incredible amounts of water and toxic dyes while manufacturing one of the world’s most purchased pieces of cloth – denim. On an average, it takes about 70 litres of water to make a pair of jeans from the denim fabric, but the times have changed and manufacturers as well as brands are innovating their ways and have reduced its water footprint to make jeans by over 95 percent.
A lot of factors, besides the ethical reasons, are forcing the denim manufacturers to go green. Kavindra Mishra, Managing Director, Pepe Jeans India, maintains, “Pepe Jeans has long understood the importance of sustainability in its production process, taking its eco-conscious focus as seriously as its designs for the future of denim. Innovation and knowledge is at the heart of Pepe Jeans. Its leading denim laboratory always strives towards the best in design, style and operation. Pepe Jeans is not only setting the standard in denim design but in eco-technology. Through this, we aim to let indigo thinking become synonymous with green thinking when it comes to your own wardrobe. We have introduced the sustainable range of denims in all our stores pan India which further proves our commitment towards sustainable products that will soon be our future.”
The factors driving this change include changing values of society– durability and sustainability becoming increasingly important especially among young people. Besides, customers are paying attention and 93 percent of global consumers expect their brands to support social and environmental issues and so the retailers and manufacturers are complying. Manjula Gandhi from Numero Uno adds, “It is no longer enough for fashion companies to talk about their green ambitions, they have to prove that they are taking actual steps in making their practices greener and more ethical. Numero Uno has always been an eco-conscious and responsible brand with emphasis on low water consumption, restricted use of hazardous chemicals and good working conditions for its workforce.” The core consumer group for this range is the new age millennial who are aware and motivated by concerns which are for their personal well being as well as of global consideration.
The Back-end Processes
Given the growing concerns around sustainability, denim brands have realized that it is not just a trend but progressively becoming a prerequisite to sustain themselves in future. Samita Singh, Head- Design, Wrangler, apprises, “In Wrangler, we have already started our journey to become one of the leading sustainable denim brands. Besides using sustainable/recyclable materials, we are also working on practices like ethical cotton sourcing, which results in giving back a fair amount deserved by farmers. The contribution is small as of now but increasing steadily with each season.”
While a number of denim brands are working towards going sustainable, what exactly goes into the entire process? For Pepe Jeans, the first stage always includes R&D of ways of producing eco-friendly denims. The brand’s collection called Wiser Wash involves process that eliminates the use of pumice stones and toxic chemicals which are involved in traditional washing. “While this takes away the hazard, it still retains the bright contrast and the abrasions that brings about the true depth of indigo coloured denims. This entire process is done using less than a cup of water. When creating this collection, our main priority was to ensure that no chemicals are disposed of in the environment during the denim washing process. This method also increases the lifespan of the denim as there is less damage to the cotton fibres; thereby preserving the natural state of fabric. Lastly, the garment is free of residue that comes from corrosive chemicals that also gives a better environment for workers,” boasts Kavindra Mishra.
Numero Uno involves a combination of multiple processes involving use of laser technology, ozone treatment with minimal water and chemical usage to achieve the desired final output, with no compromise on the design aesthetics of the denims.
Even as the price range of sustainably manufactured denim is comparatively higher in comparison to the other collections, brands are looking forward to the sustainable collection to bring in nominal amount of sales and are building up on these collections. The price range of sustainable merchandise by Wrangler starts from Rs.3,000 and goes up to Rs.4,000; for Pepe Jeans it ranges between Rs.4,999- Rs.5,999; and the One Glass Water Jeans collection by Numero Uno is priced between Rs.2,699- Rs.2,799.
Sustainable in Hinterlands?
The global jeans market is valued at US $ 92.9 billion, according to Euromonitor. It is the fastest growing segment in majority parts of India. But is it true for the sustainable denims collection as well? We agree that the consumer psychographics across tier-I, -II and -III vary widely and while tier-I and -II markets are aware and are demanding sustainable denim collections, tier-III market is yet to expand its avenues for eco-friendly merchandise. However, major players in the segment feel that sustainability and environment conscious lifestyle will trickle down to tier-II and tier-III areas in the times to come.
Pepe Jeans has already launched two lines of eco- friendly denims called Wiser Wash and Post Consumer Waste denim and plans to start communicating and educating its customers on its sustainable line of products through digital channels. From futuristic denim technology brands to handloom ones like ikat, denim is witnessing a revolution in terms of design aesthetics and accessibility to cater to the evolving mentality of the consumers. Even one of the country’s largest denim producers, Arvind Ltd., is untouched by this development and has implemented the Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) technology at its treatment plant.
Moving forward, Numero Uno is planning to enlarge its portfolio of sustainable denim collections and continue producing sustainably, avoiding waste or spoiling resources, conserving energy and reducing harmful toxic chemicals during washing processes. Fortunately, many denim manufacturers and retailers are striving to embrace greener methods and are also making efforts to develop new techniques of producing jeans sustainably and the trend is very efficiently getting trickled down to the supply chain and the manufacturers in different countries. | <urn:uuid:c02c105c-6355-4d7f-b7e0-16b7ee585d2d> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://kohantextilejournal.com/indian-denim-segment-takes-sustainability-a-notch-higher/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320301063.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220118213028-20220119003028-00349.warc.gz | en | 0.954865 | 1,608 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Woodworking is a type of many ways to use wood to create all kinds of beautiful and useful pieces. This article will help get you to improve your woodworking skills. The information you in your quest in the field of woodworking.
Consider making sanding blocks that are reusable. Start by cutting six blocks from scrap 3/4″ plywood for all the sandpaper grits you generally use. Be sure that the measurements are around 2.5″ x 4.75″. Spray adhesive is what you use on both the wood and cork tile square. Spray adhesive on a piece of your sandpaper and attach to the cork blocks face down.
When creating a budget, do not forget to include the cost of new tools. It’s simple to overlook this as you are thinking of the wood costs associated with a project. If your project does indeed require extra tools you don’t have on hand, you must keep this in mind.
There are usually specialists available to help you comfortable using the tool quickly. You should also ask them if there are any handouts available that will familiarize you can do with the tool.
Use tin snips to cut laminate for your projects. Tin snips let you cut laminate into a usable size. Using tin snips only for this laminate also helps keep them sharp.
Know your wood’s properties before you buy or use it. The proper wood will help make sure your project comes out the way that you hoped.
Keeping a ruler in a pocket can be a good idea, but it could fall out when bending over due to its length. The magnet will ensure the ruler in your pocket.
A golf tee provides a quick and easy fix loose door hinges. The tee gives the screw something that it can bite into.
Be certain your blade sharp before you start sawing. A blade that’s dull will make it almost impossible to saw correctly.
Make certain to have the right nails. Nails that are too large can cause the wood. Nails that are too small won’t hold wood together.The right size is a successful project.
Are you having trouble reaching that out of the way and your hand to fit simultaneously or comfortably? Your toolbox has the answer! Get a screwdriver with a long handle and pick up a socket that is 12 point.
Avoid becoming too perfect with tape measures. Cutting on your scrap wood first is always a good idea so you can test a fitting out. Having variety of ways to plan out your cuts keeps you from mental boredom.
Always pay attention to safety practices when using a table saw.This works better than using the fence alone because that can cause the board to spring back. Using this method still leaves the end of the board free for cutting.
Woodworking is an enjoyable hobby for many people. Additionally, many people earn money from this exciting hobby. The tips here can help you make the most of your woodworking efforts. | <urn:uuid:c4203db3-4d08-4811-81cd-3e9586a6bdde> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.woodworkingtips4you.com/simple-tips-and-tricks-about-working-with-wood/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153899.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729234313-20210730024313-00152.warc.gz | en | 0.94127 | 608 | 2.671875 | 3 |
George has posted a useful summary of the course so far http://ltc.umanitoba.ca/connectivism/?p=173 in which he says ‘All learning begins with a connection’, which has prompted me to consider the reasons why and the circumstances under which it might not be possible to make connections.
Robin Heyden has a post on her blog Stepping Stones about the personal qualities that might be needed to make connections, which brings up the interesting consideration of the introvert, the ‘lurker’ and the shy person and whether this particular personality type makes fewer or less effective connections. I suspect that their strength might be in being the ‘weak ties’. We musn’t forget too that people can be making conceptual connections as opposed to social connections.
Of course as is pointed out in the Moodle thread – Do networks cause the end of geography? – huge numbers of people around the world do not even have electricity, so that in itself would prevent digital connections – although I think we have established that you do not need to be online to be connected.
Then there are the people with disabilities – physical, mental or social – that might prevent effective learning connections from being made.
I have mentioned elsewhere in this blog that emotion and an ability to understand norms might also affect a person’s ability to make connections.
I haven’t yet got my head round how identity is linked to the ability to make connections. If we assume that identity is both influenced by the network and in turn influences the network, then what is the effect on identity of not making connections? | <urn:uuid:fb4b8b90-5e92-40eb-9ee7-06213ece587a> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://jennymackness.wordpress.com/2008/10/16/all-learning-begins-with-a-connection/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818693940.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926013935-20170926033935-00257.warc.gz | en | 0.959118 | 333 | 2.71875 | 3 |
It is important to understand what can and cannot cause miscarriage in order to take steps to prevent this from occurring. Miscarriage can be caused by abnormal chromosomes or genes such as a blighted ovum, a molar pregnancy or intrauterine fetal demise. In these situations, the fetus simply is not developing properly and so the fetus does not survive the development. Some health conditions on behalf of the mother may also lead to a miscarriage including uncontrolled diabetes, infections, thyroid disease, hormonal problems, cervix problems and uterus problems.
There are also some risk factors that can increase the risk of a pregnant woman miscarrying her child. These can include having had previous miscarriages, being older than 35 years old, having chronic conditions such as Diabetes, cervical problems, uterine problems, smoking or alcohol abuse and having invasive prenatal tests such as amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, which can increase the risk of miscarriage slightly.
The miscarriage itself is not harmful to the pregnant woman unless there are serious complications that cause the miscarriage in the first place. However, some women who miscarry while pregnant can develop a serious uterine infection known as a Septic miscarriage. This infection can be serious if not treated promptly, which is why medical care should be sought any time a miscarriage occurs. It is also important to consider that what looks or feels like a miscarriage may not actually be one and the baby may be alive, but in danger. Seeing a doctor for a diagnosis is vital if symptoms of a miscarriage occur.
Many miscarriages occur before the twelfth week of pregnancy is reached. The most common symptoms of a miscarriage include: vaginal bleeding or spotting, abdominal pain or cramping, lower back pain or cramping and tissue or fluid passing from the vagina. Anytime a pregnant woman is experiencing bleeding from the vagina or a release of fluid without bleeding, a physicians assistance should be sought as soon as possible.
There are a variety of different tests that a physician may perform in order to verify the miscarriage or to check on the health of the baby. This may include an ultrasound, pelvic examination, tissue tests and blood tests. There are different types of miscarriage issues including threatened miscarriage and inevitable miscarriage where the baby is still trying to thrive. Missed miscarriage, incomplete miscarriage, septic miscarriage and complete miscarriage may also occur, and some of these will require treatment in order to make sure that all the required tissues pass from the body.
The most important treatment is that prescribed for threatened miscarriage. Medical treatment may also be prescribed for other types of miscarriage as well depending on the individual situation. While some miscarriages are painless and occur without issue, others can be difficult on the body and cause pain or excessive bleeding as well as the aforementioned Septic miscarriage. Working with a physician trained in pregnancy and miscarriage issues may help to ease the situation, whatever it may be. | <urn:uuid:e144370e-16be-4485-8651-5481a9f4e98a> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.mdsave.com/diseases/miscarriage | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583755653.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121025613-20190121051613-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.950602 | 579 | 3.375 | 3 |
Outlines of English and American Literature Samuel Richardson byLong, William J.
One morning in 1740 the readers of London found a new work for
sale in the bookshops. It was made up of alleged letters from a girl to her
parents, a sentimental girl who opened her heart freely, explaining its
hopes, fears, griefs, temptations, and especially its moral sensibilities.
Such a work of fiction was unique at that time. Delighted readers waited
for another and yet another volume of the same story, till more than a year
had passed and Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded reached its happy ending.
The First Novel
The book made a sensation in England; it was speedily translated, and
repeated its triumph on the other side of the Channel. Comparatively few
people could read it now without being bored, but it is famous in the
history of literature as the first English novel; that is, a story of a
human life under stress of emotion, told by one who understood the tastes
of his own age, and who strove to keep his work true to human nature in all
The author of Pamela, Samuel Richardson (1689--1761), was a very
proper person, well satisfied with himself, who conducted a modest business
as printer and bookseller. For years he had practiced writing, and had
often been employed by sentimental young women who came to him for model
love letters. Hence the extraordinary knowledge of feminine feelings which
Richardson displayed; hence also the epistolary form in which his novels
were written. His aim in all his work was to teach morality and correct
deportment. His strength was in his power to analyze and portray emotions.
His weakness lay in his vanity, which led him to shun masculine society and
to foregather at tea tables with women who flattered him.
Led by the success of Pamela, which portrayed the feelings of a
servant girl, the author began another series of letters which ended in the
eight-volume novel Clarissa, or The History of a Young Lady (1748).
The story appeared in installments, which were awaited with feverish
impatience till the agony drew to an end, and the heroine died amid the
sobs of ten thousand readers. Yet the story had power, and the central
figure of Clarissa was impressive in its pathos and tragedy. The novel
would still be readable if it were stripped of the stilted conversations
and sentimental gush in which Richardson delighted; but that would leave
precious little of the story. | <urn:uuid:288c46ec-1657-443b-8d13-b6a3dff5bcfe> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.humanitiesweb.org/spa/slc/ID/541/o/blank | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997895170.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025815-00059-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975939 | 540 | 2.96875 | 3 |
- glœpamannligr, adj. saadan som har Ud-seende af, bærer sig ad som glœpamaðr.Band. 1927.
Part of speech: adj
Possible runic inscription in Medieval Futhork:ᚵᛚᚯᛕᛆᛘᛆᚿᚿᛚᛁᚵᚱ
Medieval Runes were used in Norway from 11th to 15th centuries.
Futhork was a continuation of earlier Younger Futhark runes, which were used to write Old Norse.
Also available in related dictionaries:
This headword also appears in dictionaries of other languages related to Old Norwegian. | <urn:uuid:703da794-df59-456a-9c98-663f6d64a138> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://old-norwegian-dictionary.vercel.app/word/gloepamannligr | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511021.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002200740-20231002230740-00207.warc.gz | en | 0.84349 | 188 | 2.625 | 3 |
U.S. Department of Agriculture: Farm to School Grant Program
The Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act (NSLA) establishes a farm to school program in order to assist eligible entities, through grants and technical assistance, in implementing farm to school programs that improve access to local foods in eligible schools.
Designed to increase the availability of local foods in schools, grants can help new farm to school programs get started or expand existing efforts. Grants are intended as one‐time infusions of funds to help grantees accomplish farm to school objectives that will be sustained in the long term. Funds support a wide range of activities from training, planning, and developing partnerships, to creating new menu items, establishing supply chains, offering taste tests to children, purchasing equipment, planting school gardens, and organizing field trips to agricultural operations.
There are three funding tracks available:
- Planning grants: Planning grants are intended to increase the amount of local food in eligible schools by providing funding for the development of an Action Plan designed to initiate or expand farm to school programs. They are intended for eligible entities that are just getting started with farm to school activities. Planning grants should focus primarily on goals and activities that lay a solid foundation for launching or scaling farm to school work.
- Implementation grants: Implementation grants are intended to increase the amount of local food in eligible schools by providing funding for eligible entities to scale up or further develop existing farm to school initiatives. Implementation grants are appropriate for eligible entities with established partnerships, a defined farm to school objective or objectives, and/or past success implementing farm to school activities. Applicants may focus on a relatively discrete set of schools as direct recipients of project activities, or may provide products and services that have national, regional, or statewide relevance and scope.
- State Agency grants (new): State Agency grants are intended to increase the amount of local food served in eligible schools by funding State agencies to support and grow farm to school efforts in their states. Eligible State agencies include any State‐level agency working to promote farm to Child Nutrition Programs (CNP) activities in eligible schools, such as State Departments of Education, Health, or Agriculture. The State agency does not need to administer the CNP in order to be eligible for this track; however, the State agency applicant must include a letter of support from the relevant CNP‐administering State agency. Eligible State agencies are not eligible for any other grant track.
Schools, school districts, Indian Tribal Organizations, producers, and nonprofit organizations that have received Implementation, Training, or Support Service grants through the Farm to School Grant Program in the last three funding cycles (FY 2017, 2018, or FY 2019) are not eligible to apply in FY 2020; however, former Planning grantees may apply for the Farm to School Implementation grant after the active Planning grant has been completely closed out. State agencies that received a Farm to School Grant in any prior year are eligible to apply for the State Agency track in FY 2020, and State agencies with active farm to school projects may still apply to the State Agency grant track. Eligible applicants who received an award in a fiscal year prior to 2017 are encouraged to propose projects that differ from previous awards to the same applicant organization.
Amount: Award ranges are dependent upon grant type, as follows:
- Planning grants: Awards range from $20,000‐$50,000 for a period of 12 months
- Implementation grants: Awards range from $50,000-$100,000 for a period of 12 or 24 months
- State Agency grants: Awards range from $50,000-$100,000 for a period of 12 or 24 months
A 25 percent cash or in‐kind funding match is required to receive a Farm to School Grant award.
Eligibility: Dependent upon grant type, as follows:
- Planning grants: Schools and/or school districts, nonprofit organizations, Indian Tribal Organizations (ITOs), agricultural producers, and local agencies
- Implementation grants: Schools and/or school districts, nonprofit organizations, ITOs, agricultural producers, and local agencies
- State Agency grants: State agencies (Departments of Education, Agriculture, Health, etc.)
This post was filed under: | <urn:uuid:78ff7663-c4d2-4ca2-8186-1fa4fa630130> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thegrantplantnm.com/grant-detail/u-s-department-of-agriculture-farm-to-school-grant-program-5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.946311 | 855 | 2.890625 | 3 |
When trying to manage for healthy forests, you must first consider how to gauge forest health. After all, if we don’t know what condition we’re shooting for, it’s hard to know when we’re headed in the right direction. Is a healthy forest, one filled with trees growing quickly and efficiently? Or one without disease? Does it include high-quality wildlife habitat, or should forest health be measured solely on the condition of trees?
While foresters and scientists have scratched their heads over this for a long time, the best answer we have is that forest health is determined by a quality that is difficult to measure or quantify. This quality is called “resilience.”
While we are often hyper-focused on the trees in our forests, trees are just one part of a vastly complex and inter-connected system. The more we learn about forests, the more we understand that “non-tree stuff,” like wildlife, plants, insects and pollinators, soil microbes and fungi, all play critical roles in keeping them healthy. Accordingly, even if you are mostly concerned with just managing trees, you should consider a more holistic approach when thinking about forest management strategies.
Following the wind storm last October, I was inundated with calls from landowners deeply concerned about the health of their forest, heartbroken at the death of trees they had watched grow for decades and by seeing their yard or woodlot drastically changed. However, from my perspective this event was an opportunity to explain an important concept: that disturbance and change are necessary and inevitable processes in our forests, and that these processes are part of how they remain vibrant, diverse and healthy over time. The question is not if disturbance is part of healthy forests, but how forests respond to these events, which is where “resilience” comes into play.
The resilience of a forest can be defined as its ability to respond to disturbance while maintaining its productive capacity. The trees, plants, wildlife and other species that make up our forested systems have evolved while dealing with constant change and disturbance. These species, functioning as systems, have developed means of retaining and enhancing the fertility of their environment, even in the face of catastrophic disturbance. This is most obvious in forests’ ability to protect the productivity of their soils but could also be extended to include their ability to resist infestation by diseases and invasive species, to offer habitat to a wide range of native flora and fauna, and to offer a continuity of ecosystem services like clean air, clean water and carbon storage.
One can observe the resilience of forested systems by observing how forests respond to disturbances, from the death of a single tree to a large-scale blowdown. Disturbances create conditions that trigger new growth and regeneration, with different tree species responding to fill each niche. This regeneration stabilizes and protects soils and their vital nutrients that would otherwise be lost in the course of this disturbance. At the same time, they provide new habitat for wildlife and future generations of trees. This process is continuous—a forest is dealing with some degree of disturbance at all times.
So how can we manage for resilience? As I have said in this column many times, the answer is diversity, diversity, diversity. Forests with a diversity of tree species can respond to a wide range of pests, pathogens and environmental conditions. Similarly, forests with many different sizes and ages of trees are able to respond vigorously to disturbances affecting a single age class of trees, such as a wind or ice event that can remove the forest’s overstory. Encouraging the forest’s “weirdness” (diversity) is critical and should be coupled with removing factors that interfere with the forest’s ability to respond to disturbance, such as removing invasive exotic plant species and taking steps to limit over-browsing by deer.
The final piece of managing for resilient forests is achieved by keeping them forested and whole; parcelization, fragmentation and development limit forests’ ability to remain healthy and our ability to manage them. Conserving your forest land, making a succession plan to ensure that your forest persists after your time, and advocating for protecting forest resources and intact forest blocks in the course of development are all ways to keep our forests growing, changing and remaining healthy into the future.
Ethan Tapper is the Chittenden County forester. He can be reached at (802) 585-9099, by email, or at his office at 111 West Street, Essex Junction. | <urn:uuid:86d9bb6a-cae7-466d-ba8e-78d243b0271c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.charlottenewsvt.org/2018/03/08/into-the-woods-resilience/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679103810.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20231211080606-20231211110606-00424.warc.gz | en | 0.965963 | 927 | 3.375 | 3 |
Abingdon, MD, August 13th, 2012 -- As much of the country has suffered from a prolonged drought, farmers are being warned to be on the lookout for a fungus known as Aspergillus. Some species of the fungus can produce a fungal toxin called aflatoxin. Aflatoxin is a potent carcinogen which may be more prevalent this year due to the extreme growing conditions.
This fungus is not only a concern for farmers. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “Aspergillus is a common fungus that can be found in indoor and outdoor environments.” The CDC also reports, “It is found in soil, on plants, and in decaying organic matter. It is also found in household dust and building materials.”
There are many different species of Aspergillus, but the species of greatest health concern may be Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus. Other species include Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus nidulans, and Aspergillus niger.
In addition to its ability to produce fungal toxins, known as mycotoxins, it is also a dangerous microbial pathogen for people with weakened immune systems. The infection due to this fungus is known as aspergillosis and it can be deadly.
“Exposure to Aspergillus spores is a major concern for people living and working in buildings that have suffered from water damage or elevated humidity levels,” reported Bruce Jacobs, CIH, President of IAQ Index, a leading mold and indoor air quality (IAQ) test kit provider. “Susceptible people who are immuno-compromised should avoid exposure to this fungal contaminant. Even healthy people, exposed to high levels of mold in indoor environments, can suffer from allergies and mold is a known asthma trigger. IAQ Index offers a test kit to help identify fungal contaminants in indoor environments with an easy to use kit that provides straightforward answers.”
To help educate the public about aspergillosis and Aspergillus, IAQ Index supports an online video that can be seen at:
About IAQ Index
IAQ Index was developed by a Certified Industrial Hygienist with decades of experience dealing with indoor air quality issues. IAQ Index was developed as a health-based, easy-to-understand, air quality index that is calculated from data generated for various parameters commonly measured during IAQ surveys. The approach is similar to the EPA’s Air Quality Index that has been used historically to communicate the risks posed by common pollutants in the ambient air. | <urn:uuid:4444ea09-8bdf-486d-879c-7bada25621ac> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.environmental-expert.com/news/aspergillus-and-other-fungal-pathogens-identified-by-mold-test-kit-309887 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512499.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019232929-20181020014429-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.959815 | 551 | 3.3125 | 3 |
PODCAST: Resilience fundamentals… What is Mindset?
What is this thing ‘Mindset’ and how important is it for cultivating Personal Resilience.
LISTEN HERE… (3 mins)
New Episode available!
What is this thing, mindset?
If you did an online search of the term mindset, millions of definitions will likely be returned. And we’re only just starting to understand what this term mindset actually means and the impact it has on our behaviours and outcomes.
There’s many definitions, but one of the best is:
Mindset is the collection of thoughts and beliefs that affect how a person thinks, what they feel, and what they do.
Your mindset impacts how you make sense of the world and demonstrate your capability. And your mindset is made up of an intricate and unique set of beliefs, values, attitudes, habits, and ways of working. But why should you care about mindset?
In 2006, Harvard University did a study to explore the impact of mindset on health-related behaviours and outcomes. They took 87 female room attendants from seven different hotels, and they split them into two groups. One group wasn’t told anything more than they were part of a study exploring health-related behaviours. The other group was told the benefits of the hotel work that they did. They were told that certain behaviours in terms of their work met the Surgeon General’s recommendations of a healthy lifestyle. They told them things like 15 minutes of changing bed linen would result in 40 calories being burned. 15 minutes of vacuuming the hotel rooms led to about 50 calories being burned, and 15 minutes of cleaning hotel bathrooms led to about 60 calories being burned.
So here we’ve got one group that don’t know anything more than they’re part of a study, and another group that’s actually been educated on the benefits of their work, or told the benefits of their work. Both groups were measured at the start and the end of the study. The study was only four weeks long, in terms of specific health measures. What was the outcome?
Well, compared to the group that had been told nothing, the group that had been educated on their behaviours and the benefits of those behaviours had reduced their body fat by 0.5%, they had lost two pounds in body weight, and reduced their blood pressure by 10 points (all averages)! So nothing had been changed, other than they’d been educated. No other behaviours had changed outside of work. They weren’t given extra hotels to clean or anything like that. They were literally just told the benefits of their work, and that led to a behavioural shift and perhaps then the physical benefits as a result of just simply shifting their thinking.
Several other studies have been conducted similar to the Harvard study to measure the impact of mindset or the placebo effect on behaviours and outcomes, and they all conclude the same thing, that what somebody thinks and believes has a significant impact on their behaviours and therefore, their outcomes.
A critical Resilience skill that can be learned is Self-awareness, and one of abilities and tools we train people in is practicing mindset awareness. We don’t need to pay attention to our mindset in every moment, but we do in the moments that matter. It’s often only through conscious awareness of our perspective and reactions to events, people or situations we are facing, that we are then able to regulate and choose a different, more beneficial or considered response.
ripen has built the Resilience of thousands of people around the globe. Its courses are known for their life changing impacts on peoples wellbeing, and the practical Resilience skills and tools they provide. ripen founder and CEO Matt Hughes shares lessons, gained from years of delivering Resilience training across 25+ countries, about what Resilience is, where it comes from, and the habits and tools for anyone to become more Resilient. Each episode is delivered in 5 minutes or less, providing sound bites you can fit into even the busiest days… | <urn:uuid:190e568f-2ed3-4cc9-9ff2-a2099a855526> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://ripen.be/resilience-fundamentals-what-is-mindset/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949689.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331210803-20230401000803-00620.warc.gz | en | 0.975505 | 844 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Readers are invited into an alternative reality, where being different is ordinary and being "typical" is unheard of. It is full of colour illustrations and written in child-friendly rhyme. Not surprisingly, Autistic Planet was a gold medal winner in the Moonbeam Children's Book awards.
Written by a mother of a child with autism, this delightful children's storybook addresses some of the issues and differences in autism through the eyes of a little autistic girl who describes the planet where she is from... This book is ideal to help young children to see differences caused by conditions like autism in a positive way.
Youth in Mind
This beautifully illustrated book is written in child-friendly rhyme and describes a 'perfect autistic world' that many autistic children as well as their siblings, peers and adults around them, are likely to recognise. The fantasy world that is portrayed may help readers to identify behaviours, likes and dislikes associated with autism, thereby serving as a useful starting point for further conversations about this.
Good Autism Practice
Autistic Planet is a delightful book to read with primary aged children. It is engaging and entertaining, providing a platform for further discussion or simply to read as a charming story about a magical, make believe world.
Written by Jennifer Elder and illustrated by her and Marc Thomas, it is a colourful portrayal of the alternative reality experienced by those with ASD... A useful addition to any school library. | <urn:uuid:0a29b347-7f2f-477a-85c2-9084624707e2> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://uk.jkp.com/collections/author-jennifer-elder-pid-202724/products/autistic-planet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587767.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025185311-20211025215311-00662.warc.gz | en | 0.966367 | 287 | 2.515625 | 3 |
I thought I would start the vegetable “review” with one of my all time favorite vegetables… the Onion.
Onions are one of the oldest vegetables. They were grown by the Ancient Egyptians over 5,000 years ago and were probably eaten long before that. Their actual origins are not known, but they probably first grew in the mountainous regions of Central Asia. As well as adding flavor to food, they have long been known for their health giving properties.
Traditionally, the large, round onions that are mainly used for cooking are grown from sets, which are small bulbs that started their life during the previous season. They get harvested at the end of their first season, when they are about .5 – 1 inch in diameter. Some varieties can be grown from seed as long as they are sown early enough, and under glass (midwinter).
There are over one hundred different varieties of onions available. There are three basic types according to color: golden, red and white. (The golden variety looks brown occasionally). Golden varieties, the yellow onions, are generally best for storing. The reds and whites provide a sweeter and milder flavor.
Onions are a nutrient-dense food, meaning that while they are low in calories they are high in beneficial nutrients like vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. One cup of chopped onion contains approximately 64 calories, 15 grams of carbohydrate, 0 grams of fat, 0 grams of cholesterol, 3 grams of fiber, 7 grams of sugar, 2 grams of protein and 10% or more of the daily value for vitamin C, vitamin B-6 and manganese. Onions also contain small amounts of calcium, iron, folate, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium and the antioxidants quercetin and sulfur.
Onions were historically as a preventative medicine during epidemics of cholera and the plague. They were apparently eaten by Roman emperor Nero as a cure for colds, and its reputation has made onions a popular component in the diets of many countries.
…The onion’s revenge: The smell of onions can be a problem, both on the hands and on the breath. After chopping onions, try rinsing the hands with cold water, rubbing them with salt, rinsing again and then washing with soap and warm water. To remove the smell from breath, eat a few sprigs of parsley or an apple to help conceal the odour.
The power of raw…
The onion is more active in its raw state than when cooked, is that it contains a variety of organic sulphur compounds, which are partly destroyed by heat. When eaten raw, its juice can act as an irritant and some people find it difficult to digest. Those who are not tempted by the idea of eating raw onions can follow simple cooking methods that may make them more palatable. For people with sensitive stomachs, this is a far suitable way to enjoy the healthy benefits of onions. Onions baked in their skins, in a similar way to baked potatoes, are also delicious. This method of cooking keeps all the goodness inside, but the resulting flavour is milder and more aromatic than that of raw onions.
I found it interesting that in some Arab countries onions mixed with salt and pepper are applied to the scalp as a remedy for hair loss.
Although not nearly as valued a medicinal agent as garlic, onion has been used almost as widely. Onions have been used in folk medicine for the relief of coughs, colds and catarrh, especially asthma, but more recently some of their curative properties have been attributed to a compound called allyl propyl disulphide, which is thought to have a similar effect to insulin in balancing blood sugar levels. This does not mean that the onion can be used as a substitute for insulin therapy; but it may be of help to those who suffer from hypoglycaemia. | <urn:uuid:a73a87df-bf65-4766-b3f0-f523877fecbd> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://apprenticechef2082.wordpress.com/2014/11/04/the-onion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891815500.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224073111-20180224093111-00282.warc.gz | en | 0.969874 | 794 | 2.578125 | 3 |
1The doctrine that everything in nature has an organic basis or is part of an organic whole.
- Much of his work at Harvard focused on metaphysics, especially his emphasis on organicism and process.
- Low mysticism is immanent, relies on a sort of pantheistic organicism; high mysticism is transcendent, depending on gods / God that is beyond.
- Similarly, contextualism and organicism are world hypotheses that tend to see things in terms of wholes, even though they are preoccupied with different dimensions.
2The use or advocacy of literary or artistic forms in which the parts are connected or coordinated in the whole.
- It tended to read as a superficial organicism applied over the work's underlying axiality.
- One felt, in her marriage of geometry and chaos, something of the Post-Minimal organicism of Eva Hesse.
- Hesse's abstract organicism feels very present, especially in the many wall-mounted sculptures featuring the large pods that have become something of a hallmark for Neff.
- Example sentences
- He's speaking the language of organicist conservatism - a credo of natural hierarchies and congenital cultural partitions.
- Ostensibly an organicist term for civil society, which enjoyed much currency during the seventeenth century, it nevertheless has a long and interesting genesis.
- But how many on the right, aside from Schmitt, explicitly rejected German Romanticism - the main current of German conservatism, with its organicist ideas of the volk - as intellectually and politically bankrupt?
- Example sentences
- About the historical origins of the organicistic viewpoint in biology a great deal could be said.
- There are two schools of thought about the nature of schizophrenia: the organicistic school and the psychodynamic school.
Mid 19th century: from French organicisme.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: or¦gani|cism
Definition of organicism in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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WAY AHEAD ORAL AND WRITTEN COMMUNICATION COURSE SERIES (WA-OWCC)
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION AND MATERIALS
The Way Ahead series is a nine-level English language course specially designed to meet the needs of adults and mature teenagers (ages 16 and up).
The Way Ahead (WA) series places a premium on speaking and listening skills through total student involvement in class activities. Teaching tools include authentic materials such as cartoons, newspaper and magazine clippings, American TV commercials and clips featuring informal and formal language. Students practice natural conversation in situations reflecting the daily life of adults in the USA. Reading and writing skills are developed through class interactions and regular homework exercises.
Classes include teacher-student and student-student interaction. Tasks and activities in the classroom range from guided exercises (asking and answering questions from a text or video), communicative activities (role-play, reports, speech) to special video action drills (dialogues and phonological exercises which help students overcome pronunciation errors and reinforce the material presented in class).
Each level of the WA series contains 12 lessons.
The WA series is divided is three subtitles:
Way Ahead Getting Started – 3 basic levels
Way Ahead On The Move – 3 intermediate levels Way Ahead To The Top – 3 advanced levels
Suggested program duration: 48 hours per level of instruction.
WA materials consists of:
- Textbook (TB)
- CALL workbook with CD (CW)
- Listening Comprehension Practice Book (LCP)
- More Oral Practice CD (MOP) - optional
- Lesson Plan Book (LP)
- Midterm - listening comprehension and written tests, with correction keys
- Final - listening comprehension, written and oral tests, with correction keys | <urn:uuid:128dd496-deb2-4ab2-a7a2-fe730f3e968b> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://cclshouston.com/foreign-language/english-in-general | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000353.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626134339-20190626160339-00021.warc.gz | en | 0.898643 | 366 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Memories are made up of what you sense throughout your day. Typically, when your memory fails, it’s not because you forgot how to remember—it’s because your brain isn’t processing information very clearly. Exercises for memory can sharpen the brain’s ability to record information so that you can create a clearer memory that’s easier to recall.
We don’t just lose muscle mass over time — our brains can atrophy, too. More specifically, your brain's cognitive retention — its ability to withstand neurological damage due to aging and other factors without showing visible signs of slowing or memory loss — diminishes through the years, making it more difficult to perform mental tasks. Just as weight workouts add lean muscle to your body and help you retain more muscle in your later years, researchers now believe that following a brain-healthy lifestyle and performing regular, targeted brain exercises can also increase your brain's cognitive reserve.
A strong memory depends on the health and vitality of your brain. Whether you're a student studying for final exams, a working professional interested in doing all you can to stay mentally sharp, or a senior looking to preserve and enhance your gray matter as you age, there are lots of things you can do to improve your memory and mental performance. Keeping your brain as healthy and fit as your body can be easy with these simple tips.
By the time you’ve reached adulthood, your brain has developed millions of neural pathways that help you process and recall information, solve familiar problems, and execute familiar tasks with a minimum of mental effort. Sticking to well-worn memory paths won’t give your brain the stimulation it needs to keep growing and developing. You have to shake things up from time to time. Memory, like muscular strength, requires you to “use it or lose it.” The more you work out your brain, the better you’ll be able to process and remember information. Not all activities are equal; the best brain exercises break your routine and challenge you to use and develop new brain pathways. Finding challenging new skills and problems to solve teaches you new things outside of your comfort zones, pushing you to new levels of performance.
While mental exercise is important for brain health, that doesn’t mean you never need to break a sweat, physical exercise helps your brain stay sharp. It increases oxygen to your brain and reduces the risk for disorders that lead to memory loss, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Exercise also enhances the effects of helpful brain chemicals and reduces stress hormones. Perhaps most importantly, exercise plays an important role in neuroplasticity by boosting growth factors and stimulating new neuronal connections. Does it take you a long time to clear out the sleep fog when you wake up? If so, you may find that exercising in the morning before you start your day makes a big difference. In addition to clearing out the cobwebs, it also primes you for learning throughout the day.
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Use Positive Language to Communicate when Speaking with Your Child
As parents we are to assist our children to acquire the necessary skills to communicate. This is done primarily through example. We must give our children the tools for good communication. Good communication skills begin in childhood and are continually developed throughout like. Give them the words they need to express themselves. When you can see they are tired, frustrated, angry or sad talk to them about their feelings and help them to express how they feel in words. For example ’Are you frustrated because you can’t do that by yourself? Would you like me to help you?’ or for a younger child just give him the words to use such as ’Help me please Mummy’. A vital part of learning is through watching and role play. Helping children express themselves with words can prevent physical reactions such as temper tantrums, hitting, bitting, throwing or angry outbursts.
Changing our words
Many of my clients have heard me say there are four words we should try to avoid when talking to children. They are ‘naughty’, ‘bad’, ‘good’ and 'no'. Instead of saying good boy/girl, try using ‘clever’. ‘That’s clever! I like the way you do that.’ Try to turn a negative comment into a positive one. eg. ‘Stop winging!’ replace with ‘Please ask me with your friendly voice’. Children love to please, they respond positively to encouragement and praise.
We should try to speak positively over our children and remember not to talk negatively about your child in their presence. Many parent have discussed the negative behaviour of their child in front of them. This may reinforce or encourage negative behaviour. If you need to discuss their behaviour with another adult then do so out of their hearing. Confess positive behaviour over your child so that they will hear your approval and continue to strive to please you. We know ourselves how positive words bring us confidence and negative words can cripple us with inferiority or inability to achieve our goals. This works the same with children. I can still remember teachers and parents speaking about my poor grades at school (I was dyslexic). This gave me a terrible inferiority complex and low self esteem which I struggled with for years.
Tips: Give your child a head start in life through building their self esteem by speaking positively over them from a very early age.
Remember: Positive words build up negative words destroy. Emotional scars often take a life time to recover from and unfortunately have become an excuse for much of the irresponsible behaviour in adolescents and adults. | <urn:uuid:e12dd88d-a2a6-4703-a526-cc43988db8f7> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.cradle2kindy.com.au/single-post/2008/04/28/use-positive-language-to-communicate-when-speaking-with-your-child | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038075074.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413213655-20210414003655-00306.warc.gz | en | 0.958027 | 551 | 3.390625 | 3 |
I was impressed to examine the 3/20/2015 eclipse more closely. The really odd thing about it at first sight is that it ends precisely at the North Pole.
One Day = One Year
Something exists at the North and South Poles that doesn't exist anywhere else on earth. At the North and South Poles, one day is equal to one year. This fact has biblical prophetic implications as will be explained further down the page. At the North Pole the sun rises in the sky around March 21th each year and just circles around and around in the sky for the next 6 months. There is daylight continually at the North Pole for these 6 months.
The sun reaches it's highest point in the sky at about June 21. Then it begins a gradual descent toward the horizon, touching the horizon about September 21. It then descends lower below the horizon and twilight lasts for several weeks continually. Then the sky is completely dark and night lasts for about 5 months until twilight begins around March 1. The sun then appears again on the horizon at daybreak on about March 20 the next year.
I have a computer program that can be used to observe the heavens from various cities on the earth and also the North and South Poles. It's a very accurate program showing the precise position of the sun, moon, planets, and stars at any time of day accurate to one second in time. Using the program I positioned the observer at the North Pole to see what the solar eclipse of 3/20/2015 would look like. I was very surprised.
Here's an image of the sun as it appears on 3/19/2015 exactly one day before the solar eclipse of 3/20/2015. The blue part is the sky, the gray part is the earth at the horizon. You can see that the sun appears to be beginning to rise above the horizon after being below the horizon for the preceding 6 months. Although the sun is presented in it's entirety in the graphic, the part below the horizon wouldn't be visible to an actual observer. The sun completely circles the horizon in a 24 hour period, very gradually getting higher. The image below is the same point on the local meridian where the eclipse will occur one day later. The local meridian is a term that astronomers use to locate objects in the sky. Also the sun is actually entirely below the horizon at this point in time, but atmospheric bending make it appear higher on the horizon.
Below is an image of the eclipse on 3/20/2015 at it's final stage just before light appears again from the sun. These images are corrected for atmospheric refraction to show what an actual person would see who is observing the eclipse. In actuality the eclipsed sun is partly below the horizon at this point in time but atmospheric bending makes it appear to an observer to be entirely above the horizon.
The total solar eclipse in the image above enters totality at about 152 degrees 25 minutes and just touches 153 degrees at 10:18:29 UT as it emerges from totality.
Below is an image of the solar eclipse at 10:18:30 UT, one second after the image above, the sun flashes around the limb of the moon as it precisely touches the 153 degree mark.
Above: The 153 degree marker is significant, as it's the number of fish mentioned in John 21:11 in the following passage:
John 21:1 After these things YAHUSHUA shewed Himself again to the disciples at the sea of Tiberias and on this wise shewed He Himself.
But that's not all...
At the very time the sun was in total eclipse at the North Pole, the sky darkens and reveals the constellation Pisces, the two fish. Here's what the sky looked like:
Above: The sun is being eclipsed at 153 degrees in the constellation of Pisces the fish. It's a confirmation that this particular solar eclipse is biblically relevant to John 21 and the 153 fish in the net.
Ten seconds after the sun touches 153 degrees and just begins to emerge from eclipse totality, the 0 degree local meridian passes precisely over Regulus the King star in the constellation of Leo, significant of YAHUSHUA the Lion of Yahudah. This occurs on the opposite side of the sky from the eclipse, 153 degrees away. This is shown in the image below.
This solar eclipse is confirmed to be relevant to John chapter 21.
But that's not all...
Remember, for a person standing at the North or South Poles there is only one day per year. Sunrise is around March 21 and sunset is around September 21 at the North Pole. That brings us to a very ominous time, considering the interpretation of the four Tav eclipses.
On October 11, 539 BC, the king of Babylon was having a party with his provincial governors. They were drinking wine. The king called for the holy vessels that his grandfather had taken from the Temple in Jerusalem to be brought. The king and his friends drank wine from the holy cups and praised their foreign gods. Immediately the form of a man's hand appeared and wrote a message on the wall in a language that no one could understand. The king became so frightened at the sight that his knees began to knock together. He called for his astrologers and wise men, but no one could read the strange language.
Here's what the handwriting on the wall may have looked like:
Above: The message above says "mna mna tkl uprsn" in ancient pictorial Hebrew. It's the Hebrew alphabet that was in use when Moshe received the Ten Commandments at Mt. Sinai. This alphabet may have been unknown to the Babylonians, but not to the Hebrew scholars like Daniel from Jerusalem.
Daniel, a Hebrew, was called and he immediately read the message. No problem.
The handwriting on the wall was a notice of judgment from YaHuWaH, the Elohim of the Hebrews. The king of Babylon would loose his kingdom. He had publicly defiled the vessels that had been consecrated to YaHuWaH. That very night, Ugbary, a representative of Cyrus (Hebrew "Koresh", meaning "the sun") King of Persia entered Babylon without a fight and took control. The king of Babylon was killed by his own servants that very night. Koresh, the Persian King himself, entered ancient Babylon on October 29, 539 BC.
The problem with this 3/20/2015 North Pole eclipse and its position in the sky indicating biblical relevance is this: at the North Pole exactly 7 complete years will have passed from the handwriting on the wall on October 11, 539 BC, to about June 16, 2019 AD. Remember one day at the North or South Pole = one year everywhere else on earth south of the arctic circle and north of the antarctic circle.
Seven is a biblical complete number. We are currently at the end of the age, whether anyone wants to face it or not.
The king of ancient Babylon drinking wine from YaHuWaH 's set apart vessels is a picture of the king of modern Babylon the Great drinking the blood of YaHuWaH 's set apart saints.
Matthew 24:7 For nation shall rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom: and there shall be famines, and pestilences, and earthquakes, in divers places.
8 All these are the beginning of sorrows.
9 Then shall they deliver you up to be afflicted, and shall kill you: and ye shall be hated of all nations for My Name’s sake.
August 21, 2017 the first solar eclipse of a "Tav" crosses the United States, Babylon the Great. The "handwriting on the wall" event comes to a 7 "year" completion around June 16, 2019. The entrance of Koresh, King of Persia, plus 7 "years" calculates to about July 2, 2019.
In 1986 I was attending an Assembly of God church in Beacon, NY. One Sunday afternoon a word came to me, the word "Interpreter". I wondered why that word had just popped into my head.
That evening our family went to church and a person seated directly across the isle from me gave the shortest message in tongues that I had ever heard. It was just 3 or 4 words. I immediately knew the meaning of the message. It was "I want a Jericho march". I didn't say anything. I had never given an interpretation of tongues before. I was surprised. After a short period someone else gave an interpretation that had nothing to do with a Jericho march. So I remained silent and didn't say anything. About 20 minutes later the Pastor went to the pulpit and began to preach about the walls of Jericho coming down. Then I wished I had spoken up. But it was too late. The confirmation of YaHuWaH 's workings needed by the congregation was missed because I didn't speak up.
That being said, today I interpret and show what our Father shows me. I didn't make myself an interpreter, YaHuWaH did. We are now involved in a Jericho march at the end of the age.
There are indications that agreements have been made in secret between the leaders nations. The time is very late. Please prepare by turning from sin. Just bow before our heavenly Father privately, if just for a few seconds each day, and acknowledge Him.
Here's some additional graphic information just discovered that's related to the upcoming special solar eclipse of 3/20/2015.
Below: First the solar eclipse without atmospheric refraction correction factored in as it emerges from the horizon at the North Pole on 3/20/2015:
Below: The total solar eclipse occurs in the constellation of Pisces the fish at 153 degrees: (this image has atmospheric refraction figured in, so the eclipsed sun appears to be slightly higher in the sky, and sitting on the horizon)
Below is the official Flag of Greenland.
It was designed by Thue Christiansen and adopted by Greenland on 6/21/1985.
Greenland's flag is strangely similar to the other images on this page relating to the solar eclipse as it emerges from the horizon at the North Pole on 3/20/2015:
Greenland is a self-governing overseas administrative division of the Kingdom of Denmark. Its Capital is Nuuk (Godthab).
Denmark (Dan's mark) receives its name from the descendants of the tribe of Dan who allegedly settled there.
YaHuWaH Elohim created the universe and also orders the actions of nations (as in selecting the design of an official flag). There is a peculiar similarity among the images on this page concerning the solar eclipse of 3/20/2015.
Please note that the tribe of Dan is missing from those tribes listed in Revelation 7:5-8 as being a part of the sealed 144,000.
The Command of YAHUSHUA in John 21
Below: Here's where the earth's shadow was in the sky during the eclipse on 3/20/2015:
YAHUSHUA YaHuWaH Jesus Christ Elijah Isaiah Antichrist Baal Feast Atonement Passover New Moon Israel David God Angel Angels Glory King of Kings Devil Satan False Prophet Pope Miracle Sign Wonder Homosexual Abomination Solar Eclipse Armageddon End Times End of the Age Two Witnesses Aviv Barley Harvest Judgment Nations Jerusalem Man of Sin Goliath Ark Noah Adam Eve Sodom Gomorrah GilGal Global Government World Leader Messiah Moshiach Moses Aaron Red Sea Elohim Heaven Earth Sun Stars Creator Lunar Eclipse Babylon the Great Islam Hebrew Lunar Tetrad Blood Moon Bethlehem Adonai Prince of Peace John the Baptist Tav Paleo Hebrew Sabbath Day Repent Covenant Daniel Belshazzar. Bible teaching, prophecy prophecy and end times and end times information that reveal the relationship of ancient prophecies with current major media events end of the world | <urn:uuid:6c73335b-23b0-4d14-811f-6a0efb323d52> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.joybysurprise.com/the-153-fish.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00728.warc.gz | en | 0.957188 | 2,436 | 2.828125 | 3 |
COMMENTARY--The past year has seen the resurgence of the "six degrees of separation" theory. Journalists across the planet have variously trumpeted the "amazing" fact that any two individuals are separated by no more than six acquaintances. The reality, though, is there's absolutely nothing amazing about it.
Interesting? Sure. Mind boggling? Never. It is simple to understand at a basic level but gets rapidly more complex as we delve deeper. To get a picture of the mechanisms at work, let's look at a few unusual populations.
First, take the case of a Pacific island some 500 years ago with a stable population of around 3,000 people who had arrived by canoe several generations back and since that time had no outside contact. Such societies were highly interdependent and tightly bonded and thus everyone could know everyone else--everyone was connected by a single handshake, or one degree of separation.
Today sociologists reckon we each average 300 acquaintances and may know between 200 and 5,000 individuals by name. So on an acquaintance basis, each individual is linked to 300 people who are each linked to a further 300. This gives a range of 3002= 90,000 people, which is beyond the scale of the island population. This indicates the island dwellers could be connected by only one or two degrees of separation. But their connectivity to the rest of the planet is zero--a therefore an infinite degree of separation.
Second, consider a much bigger (hypothetical) island with a population of 100 million in an evenly distributed society where everyone knows on average around 300 people. The worst-case population connectivity is again defined by 300n, where "n" is the degree of separation. So the question is what value of "n" will span the population?
You will not be amazed to see that 3003= 27 million, which is more than a quarter of the island's population, whilst 3004= 8.1 billion, which is 81 times greater than required for full connectivity. We might therefore conclude that today's worldwide population of six billion could be spanned by just four handshakes. This would be the case if the population were evenly distributed. If not, then the degree of separation is bigger.
Before we had national and international travel, and of course telecommunications, none of this was quite so obvious or indeed quite so true. Today we have nearly one billion people with access to a telephone, mobile phone and the Internet, plus millions of regular and irregular travelers. So it is feasible that four degrees of separation has been established within this community and five (or six) might be the number when we include a further five billion disenfranchised people outside the modern world.
In reality, however, populations are not evenly distributed; they are hierarchical and clustered around the physical resources of water, food and terrain. The theory now becomes trickier. The good news is this clustering condition is seen not just with people but with flora, fauna and even computer networks--it's both biological and electronic. In every arena, the degree of separation turns out to be very small despite the size of the population.
As far as I can tell, the first recorded thinking on the "six degrees of separation" theory started in Budapest around 1929. That's when Frigyes Karinthy wrote a short story entitled "Chains" in which he postulated that one billion people had only five degrees of separation. He was not a mathematician, scientist or engineer but a poet and writer, so where the number five came from remains unclear.
Later, in 1967, the sociologist Stanley Milgram conducted the first recorded experiments on social connectivity using post cards in the United States. Despite the crudity of the experiment, and the tardiness of the participants, he recorded a median number of 5.5 degrees of separation. Round up and we see the start of "six degrees of separation."
More recently computer simulations, mathematical studies and Internet experiments--plus observations on biological brains and organisms--have served to confirm further the apparently universal separation number.
The most revealing discovery related to this theory has been that of the "super node." It seems very few networks offer even or homogenous structures. They are almost always clustered assemblies that concentrate around a smallish number of super nodes.
For us such a node might be a manager who knows thousands of people, or an ISP that links directly to an international hub, which in turn connects to all the major cities on the planet. When connecting to others via a super node, the degree of separation is four. If we count our connections to others via a "standard" node--say, our manager's manager or an ISP without the direct international link--then we quickly move up to six.
Now here is the fun part: it turns out these super node-based networks are incredibly resilient. Should a node or super node fail or become damaged, the rerouting is super efficient. In most cases, such a failure will see little or no change in the degree of separation. This is a primary reason that Internet failures, brain damage and other biological malfunctions can often be overcome. It is also why companies can often achieve great success despite pockets of disastrous management.
I have been witnessing all of the above on the net for over a decade. My practice is to delete contact information from those people who do not reply to my e-mail, or who are so tardy to be ineffective. I also delete web pages and hyperlinks if I don't use them often. It really works. With well over 1,000 e-mail addresses of proactive people and even more websites, reference papers and documents on my laptop, I am now super efficient compared to 10 years ago.
So have I become a super node? I have no idea. Apart from the flood of e-mails generated by this column, I still only process around 50 messages a day--although I do find myself linking up people, and thousands visit my home page without contacting me.
The tragedy is those who could be super nodes but choose not to be and instead become rapidly isolated. Seems to me on the net we are separated by three or four degrees, while across the planet its closer to five or six.
This column was written during a day of meetings in and around Ipswich and dispatched to silicon.com from a free Wi-Fi hot spot provided knowingly or otherwise by a local business park.
Peter Cochrane is a co-founder of ConceptLabs CA, where he acts as a mentor, advisor, consultant and business angel to a wide range of companies. For more about Peter, see: http://www.cochrane.org.uk/. He writes a regular column for silicon.com that is archived here. | <urn:uuid:d0d527d0-4031-4abf-96e6-e7cc3469fe06> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.zdnet.com/article/six-degrees-of-separation-and-super-nodes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100146.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129204528-20231129234528-00233.warc.gz | en | 0.959131 | 1,379 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Steps to Initiate Cognitive Restructuring: Implement these steps during times of stress or negative self-talk. Remember Cognitive Restructuring is an ongoing process that will get easier with practice.
- Awareness: identify the stressor, why the situation/event (and what emotional attitudes associated with event) is stressful, and acknowledging the stressors presence.
- Reappraisal of the situation: try to think about the situation objectively.
- Adoption and substitution: substitute a positive attitude towards the situation.
- Evaluation: Identify if the positive attitude you adopted in step 3 is useful. If not, return to step 2 and create a new reappraisal.
- Initiate a relaxation technique to calm your mind (meditation, deep breathing, Progressive Muscle Relaxation, etc.)
- Take responsibility for your own thoughts
- Adjust expectations
- Give yourself positive affirmations
- Accentuate the positive | <urn:uuid:fda8bb87-8f9b-42c7-af76-f4d5c1b2d609> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://wellness.uchicago.edu/node/352 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794864798.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20180522151159-20180522171159-00508.warc.gz | en | 0.873709 | 189 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Shaka Samvat1984 Chitrabhanu
Vikram Samvat2119 Durmukha
Gujarati Samvat2119 Jaya
TithiAmavasya upto 01:06 PM
YogaShiva upto 06:55 AM
KaranaNagava upto 01:06 PM
KaranaKinstughna upto 02:15 AM, Mar 01
Rahu Kalam12:34 PM to 02:00 PM
Gulikai Kalam11:07 AM to 12:34 PM
Yamaganda08:14 AM to 09:41 AM
Dur Muhurtam12:11 PM to 12:57 PM
Amrit Kalam03:05 PM to 04:53 PM
Varjyam06:13 AM, Mar 01 to 07:59 AM, Mar 01
Notes: All timings are represented in 12-hour notation in local time of New Delhi, India with DST adjustment (if applicable).
Hours which are past midnight are suffixed with next day date. In Panchang day starts and ends with sunrise.
In Hindu Calendar, the day starts with local sunrise and ends with next day local sunrise. As sunrise time is different for all cities, Hindu Calendar made for one city is not valid for any other city. Hence it is important to use location based Hindu Calendar, like this website. Further, each Hindu day consists of five elements, which are called angas. These five elements are -
In Hindu Calendar, all five elements together are called Panchang. (In Sanskrit: Panchang = Pancha (five) + Ang (part)). Hence Hindu Calendar which shows all five elements for each day is called Panchang. In South India Panchang is known as Panchangam.
When Hindu Calendar includes Muslims, Sikh, Christian, Buddhist and Jain festivals, including national holidays, it is called as Indian Calendar. | <urn:uuid:1177fac2-c654-4cdd-a24a-94b7e3aef7f4> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.drikpanchang.com/panchang/month-panchang.html?date=28/02/2063 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400189264.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200918221856-20200919011856-00729.warc.gz | en | 0.882771 | 405 | 2.609375 | 3 |
One of the misunderstood terms in expertise is synthetic intelligence. Theorem proving and mathematical exploration being their residence turf, computer systems have displayed not only human-stage but, in sure respects, superhuman abilities right here. The usage of embedded AI inside software program like CRM, advertising automation, and analytics solutions is permitting users to streamline processes, automate sure duties, and gain a aggressive edge with predictive capabilities.
Such methods have found numerous functions from recreation programs whose play improves with experience to data mining (discovering patterns and regularities in bodies of data). Deep learning makes use of a sure set of machine learning algorithms that run in a number of layers.
People are actually, really good at a majority of these tasks, and traditionally, computers have not been succesful in these areas. There are a lot of companies, together with tech firms, which are investing in and researching ways in which artificial intelligence can assist improve our healthcare system.
Manyika pointed out people are at the moment experimenting with different techniques of machine studying. However as I wrote earlier, it is still improving and studying to be extra intelligent. As a result of they cant get tired, machines can do a whole lot of work and multi tasked work when artificial intelligence is applied, I believe maybe in 2050 or 2090, machines would do almost all the roles performed by people.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Synthetic intelligence (AI) is arguably probably the most exciting subject in robotics. It’s certainly one of the crucial iconic examples of machine learning skills of devices. Furthermore you will get an utilized understanding of Machine Learning and Deep Learning. The evolution of huge knowledge and advanced analytic solutions have made it possible for marketers to build a clearer image of their goal audiences than ever before; and on this hotbed of development lies synthetic intelligence (AI) advertising and marketing.
Transhumanism (the merging of humans and machines) is explored within the manga Ghost in the Shell and the science-fiction series Dune In the Nineteen Eighties, artist Hajime Sorayama ‘s Sexy Robots collection have been painted and revealed in Japan depicting the actual organic human type with lifelike muscular metallic skins and later “the Gynoids” ebook followed that was utilized by or influenced film makers together with George Lucas and other creatives.
Everybody is happy about synthetic intelligence. In addition, AI software will allow academics to individualize learning. Additionally, you will have a good overview of the main AI strategies and an in-depth understanding of tips on how to apply these techniques in no less than certainly one of theareas inside Agent Idea, Human and Machine Reasoning, or Cognitive Modelling.… Read More... | <urn:uuid:c69140ea-902c-4b31-afeb-14c25d26d2a5> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.timberlandshoes-outlet.com/category/computer/computer-store/page/4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662539131.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521143241-20220521173241-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.93965 | 549 | 2.734375 | 3 |
A cheat-sheet guide to the dramatic descent of the Little Rover That Could
UPDATE August 6, 1:42am EDT: The Mars Curiosity rover has safely landed on the surface of Mars! See the scene at mission control when they got word. Spoiler alert! They were psyched.
Later today, at 10:30 p.m. West Coast time, NASA's Curiosity rover is scheduled to touch down on the surface of Mars. If it's successful, the landing will represent not just a step forward for Martian exploration; it will also represent progress for interplanetary navigation.
But ... if it's successful. People are calling Curiosity's impending landing "seven minutes of terror" for a reason: Though there are many reasons to hope that the landing will go smoothly -- more than 2.5 billion reasons, in fact -- there is also much potential for the touch-down to go spectacularly wrong.
Here's a guide to Curiosity's trip as it's gone so far and as it's expected (and hoped) to conclude.
What is Curiosity, exactly?
The rover is basically a really expensive, and really advanced, robotic photographer. Curiosity -- full name: The Mars Science Laboratory -- is, as our Ross Andersen has put it, "a dune buggy equipped with a set of tools and instruments to shame Inspector Gadget." It carries ten instruments in total, among them two rectangular "eyes" -- the first a primary imaging camera featuring different filters and focal lengths, and the second a large, circular camera that can fire a laser that turns rock into vapor. (Another camera on the rover picks up the images from the laser-firer and interprets their composition.)
So "this rover can go around firing laser beams at rocks and other materials to find out what they're made of; I'd say that's one of its most impressive instruments," planetary scientist Michael Mischna told Andersen. And the rover can also gauge Martian weather. It can film in HD. And in 360-degree panoramas.
What does it look like?
Curiosity, our latest emissary to the Red Planet, is slightly larger than a standard automobile: It measures ten feet long by seven feet tall at the top of its mast. That makes it substantially larger than NASA's previous Mars explorers, which have ranged in size from slightly-larger-than-a-Roomba to slightly-smaller-than-a-human. And Curiosity really does look like a dune buggy. Here's one picture:
So, all things considered, Curiosity is actually pretty small! How has that tiny little thing gotten to Mars?
Curiosity has been hitched to an interplanetary spacecraft, tucked inside a protective aeroshell for the duration of the voyage to Mars. It's been traveling, ensconced in that way, for eight-and-a-half months -- and for 345 million miles.
So now that it's approaching Mars, how will Curiosity descend to the Martian surface?
This is the nail-biting part. Curiosity's approach phase will begin 45 minutes before the spacecraft penetrates the Martian atmosphere. To help with navigation, Curiosity will enter that atmosphere 2,188 miles above the center of the planet. It will then barrel into Mars's atmosphere at 13,200 miles an hour, finally making entry "in a burst of fire."
The aeroshell that has protected Curiosity in its voyage to Mars -- at 14.8 feet across, the largest ever used for a Martian mission -- will at that point act as a heat shield as the craft makes that entry.
Then begins the descent and landing (EDL) phase -- the true test of Curiosity's mettle. That phase begins when the craft reaches the atmosphere of Mars, roughly 81 miles above its landing site, and ends when the rover -- fingers crossed! -- touches down on Mars intact. This is the "seven minutes of terror" everyone's been talking about: During those tense minutes, the spacecraft carrying Curiosity -- powered by rockets -- will decelerate from its starting velocity (that mind-boggling 13,200 miles an hour at the top of the atmosphere) to a stationary state. The margin of error here is zero: If the craft doesn't decelerate enough, it will hurl into the Martian surface; if it decelerates too much, it'll lose momentum and crash.
And how, actually, will it land?
Right. As the spacecraft is descending, its heat shield will be jettisoned and its backshell will drop away, allowing the craft's built-in radar system to determine its altitude and velocity. That system will leverage the friction of the Martian atmosphere to slow the spacecraft and trigger the craft's robotic steering.
And "that's one of the unique things about this mission -- the capsule isn't just a ballistic object plummeting through space," Mischna told Andersen. "It actually moves in response to precise conditions in the atmosphere."
To help ensure a gentle landing, The Mars Science Laboratory is making use of the largest parachute ever built for a planetary mission. The device, more than 165 feet in length and more nearly 51 feet across, has 80 suspension lines to keep it secured to its craft. And it's designed to survive the Mach 2.2 punishment it'll take as it hurtles through the Martian atmosphere.
Part of NASA's challenge here was figuring out how to deal with the (relatively!) large size of Curiosity. "The gravity on Mars is about one-third of the gravity we have here on Earth, which means you don't need as much rocket power to make the spacecraft hover -- but it's still a lot of power," Mischna said. "To get something of this size to the Martian surface, you have to come up with a whole new landing system because the air bags, which we used on previous rovers, just aren't going to work. It would be like dropping a piano wrapped in bubble wrap and expecting it to land without damage. We had to completely rethink our approach to landing, but that's a good thing, because we hope this will be the first of many projects like it, eventually leading to human exploration on Mars. And if you're going to send humans to Mars, you're going to need to bring a lot of heavy equipment -- places to live, food, water, etc."
If you want a first-person sense of the intricacies involved in the landing, there's a (free) Xbox game you can play to give yourself an idea.
Where, specifically, will Curiosity land?
The rover is scheduled to make Marsfall at the Gale Crater, an impact crater that measures over 95 miles in diameter. (That would make it nearly as wide as Earth's Chicxulub crater, the impact zone of the asteroid thought to have killed the dinosaurs.) The Gale Crater was formed between 3.5 and 3.8 billion years ago. And it was chosen as Curiosity's destination because scientists believe that the sediment in the crater is likely to contain evidence that there was once a habitable environment on Mars.
Mt. Sharp, in particular -- the official name of which is Aeolis Mons, and which forms the central mound of the Gale Crater -- features an enticing series of layered rock deposits. Those layers could offer scientists a rich source of data about the Martian surface, which is also to say the Martian environment, as it's changed over time.
And there are lots of layers to explore. Mt. Sharp is comparable in height to some of the tallest mountains on Earth:
And yet the Gale Crater was actually controversial as a landing site, Wired notes. Despite Mt. Sharp's promising layers, some engineers dismissed the site as too risky for a landing. Enhanced navigational procedures, however, made NASA determine that the potential reward offered by the site would be worth the landing's considerable risk.
How will Curiosity actually get free of the spacecraft that's carried it to Mars?
Curiosity, as Mischna noted, is too big to rely on airbags to soften its landing. Instead, the spacecraft itself will use a sky crane to connect the rover to the Martian surface. The method relies on a system of steerable rockets, located on the underbelly of the spacecraft, that will both slow the vehicle and mitigate the effects of any horizontal winds it might encounter. Once the craft has slowed to zero velocity, the sky crane system will lower Curiosity on a bridle that will extend about 25 feet to the ground. (Curiosity will actually, at first, be attached to its craft via three nylon -- nylon! -- tethers, along with an "umbilical cord" to provide power and a communication connection.)
The craft's landing system will place the rover on its wheels, allowing mission controllers to check its systems and make sure that it survived the landing intact and ready to roll. As soon as touchdown is detected, though, the bridle will be cut using pyrotechnic cutters -- and the craft itself will launch away from Curiosity's landfall site, crash-landing at a safe distance from the rover.
Will the landing really be as dramatic as everyone is saying?
Yes. Mostly because there are so many ways that it could go wrong, and so many aspects of Curiosity's fate, at this point, that are out of human control. Curiosity's planned Martian descent is "the most daring landing ever attempted on an alien world," as The Guardian put it, because the descent itself is alien to us. All we can do, at this point, is watch.
Speaking of ... can I watch the landing?
Whatever you see, though, won't be happening in real time: For this mission, there's a 14-minute communications gap between Earth and Mars, meaning that even the scientists who created Curiosity will be spectators in the landing itself. The landing's success, or failure, will be determined by the interaction between earthly computers and Mars's gravitational pull. And while the landing itself is scheduled to occur at 1:30 a.m. Eastern, officials have cautioned that confirmation of the touchdown could take several hours -- or even several days. During which time, we'll just have to wait. And hope.
So what if something goes wrong?
Something could go wrong! And really easily. There are multiple steps that coordinate iteratively over the course of Curiosity's "seven minutes of terror." If any of those doesn't go precisely according to plan, the entire mission will be moot. "Failure could set back American-led Mars explorations for years," The New York Times notes.
Then again, though: If Curiosity fails, it won't be the first time NASA has experienced a setback in its overall mission to Mars. In 1999, infamously, the agency lost a Mars orbiter due to confused measurements between metric and English systems. But NASA has also had great successes with rover exploration of the Red Planet. The rover Opportunity, launched in 2003 and landed on Mars in 2004, is still actively exploring the Red Planet. In 2010, NASA finally lost communication with Opportunity's twin rover, Spirit, which, in 2009 -- after nearly five years of Martian recon -- became stuck in Mars's soft soil. So if something goes wrong with Curiosity, "we'll pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off," Doug McCuistion, NASA's Mars exploration program director, told reporters at a news conference on Saturday. "This will not be the end."
What's Curiosity going to do once it's landed?
The rover will ascend up Mt. Sharp, probing its layers for data suggesting that Mars once supported life. "We're looking for habitability, not specifically for life, but for the conditions where life might have thrived," UK Space Agency research fellow Matthew Balme told the Daily Telegraph. He added: "We want to find evidence of standing water." Project scientist John Grotzinger echoes that caveat. "Curiosity is not a life detection mission," he told The Guardian. "We're not actually looking for life; we don't have the ability to detect life if it was there."
And the habitability focus extends, most intriguingly, to humans. NASA will use its Martian soil analysis in part to determine the feasibility of future manned missions to the planet.
How will Curiosity stay energized for its travels?
Curiosity is equipped with two lithium-ion batteries. But its journeys will also be powered by a plutonium-238 fueled electrical generator -- a lump just the size of a marshmallow. And that little lump, actually, makes Curiosity "revolutionary." Because the Little Dune Buggy That Could has, for the first time, a nuclear power source. The decay of the plutonium, Mischna explains, will create heat that will, in turn, generate electricity that will charge the rover's batteries. And that will produce much more power than any of the previous rovers enjoyed. As an additional edge over solar panels, it will also make environmental factors like clouds and dust irrelevant, giving Curiosity a constant stream of energy.
How long will Curiosity spend on Mars?
It's scheduled to spend one Martian year, or 687 Earth days, exploring the Red Planet.
Is it just me, or does this whole thing seem like it could double as a plot for a really nerdy but really fantastic action movie?
It is not just you. And this could be that movie's trailer: | <urn:uuid:6a7dda50-4213-41cf-a17b-7f4f85954832> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/08/curiosity-lands-on-mars-know-what-youre-watching-when-youre-watching-7-minutes-of-terror/260725/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163065880/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131745-00043-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954674 | 2,743 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Fort Stevens (Oregon)
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2009)|
|Warrenton, Clatsop County, Oregon|
|Controlled by||United States Army|
|Battles/wars||World War II attack|
|Location||Fort Stevens State Park, Hammond, Oregon|
|Area||542 acres (219 ha)|
|NRHP Reference #||71000678|
|Added to NRHP||September 22, 1971|
Fort Stevens was an American military installation that guarded the mouth of the Columbia River in the state of Oregon. Built near the end of the American Civil War, it was named for slain a Civil War general and former Washington Territory governor, Isaac Stevens. The fort was an active military reservation from 1863–1947. It is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
The fort was constructed in 1863-64 during the Civil War as an earthwork battery on the south shore of the mouth of the Columbia River, and was known as the Fort at Point Adams. It was later Fort Stevens in 1865, in honor of the former territorial governor of Washington, Isaac I. Stevens who had been killed in action. Fort Stevens was the primary military installation in what became the Three Fort Harbor Defense System at the mouth of the Columbia River. The other forts were the Post at Cape Disappointment, later Fort Cape Disappointment and later Fort Canby, built at the same time as Fort Stevens, and Fort Columbia, built between 1896 and 1904. Both are on the Washington side of the river. The fort was meant to defend the mouth of the Columbia from potential British attack during the Pig War of 1859 and subsequent ongoing regional tensions through 1870 in the San Juan Islands, and was important during the 1896-1903 Alaska Boundary Dispute, when British-American tensions again were and the two countries were on the brink of war.
World War II
On the night of 21-22 June, 1942, the Japanese submarine I-25 surfaced off Fort Stevens and fired 17 shells from her deck gun, making Fort Stevens the only military installation in the continental United States to come under enemy fire in World War II. (The Ellwood oil field near Santa Barbara, California which had been shelled earlier by a Japanese submarine was not a military post.) The Japanese attack caused no damage to the fort itself, only the backstop of the post's baseball field being destroyed. Fort Stevens was decommissioned in 1947. All the armaments were removed and buildings were auctioned. The grounds were transferred to the Corps of Engineers, until finally being turned over to the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department.
Fort Stevens is preserved within Fort Stevens State Park, part of Lewis and Clark National and State Historical Parks. The 3,700 acres (15 km2) park includes camping, beach access, swimming at Coffenbury Lake, trails, and a military history museum.
- Attacks on United States territory in North America during World War II
- Oregon Coast Trail, the northern terminus is in Fort Stevens
- "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2010-07-09.
- "Fort Stevens". The Coast Defense Study Group, Inc. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
- Carey, History of Oregon, pg. 672.
- "Fort Stevens State Park". Oregon Parks and Recreation Department. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
- HARBOR DEFENSES OF THE COLUMBIA, The Coast Defense Study Group, Inc.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fort Stevens (Oregon).| | <urn:uuid:f2b31084-3a5f-46dd-888e-74113be4dc00> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Stevens_(Oregon) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207929096.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113209-00079-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940416 | 742 | 2.765625 | 3 |
At the UN Climate Summit on September 23, Chinese Vice Prime Minister Zhang Gaoli announced that China would try to stop the rise of its carbon emissions “as early as possible.” Minister Zhang stated that “as a responsible major developing country, China will make an even greater effort to address climate change and take on international responsibilities that are commensurate with our national conditions.” Zhang spoke after President Obama, who had declared that the U.S. and China bear a “special responsibility to lead,” Mr. Obama said, “That’s what big nations have to do.” According to the Global Carbon Atlas, China is now the world’s leading emitter of greenhouse gases (GHGs) accounting for 27.6% of global emissions. The U.S. is the second largest emitter. However, the U.S.still emits considerably more GHGs per person, 16 tons per persons compared to China’s 7.2.
President Obama declared that “the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution by more than any other nation on earth, but we have more to do.” The latter portion of his statement was emphasized on September 26 when the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) reported that U.S. carbon emissions from energy use rose in each of the last two years, largely due to the rebounding economy. The EIA report did note that emissions from the transportation sector were flat because Americans were buying more fuel efficient vehicles, that wind and solar energy sources increased seven percent last year, now accounting for 12 percent of U.S. energy generation.
Last week the heirs of oil baron John D. Rockefeller announced that they would divest their $860 million Rockefeller Brother Fund (RBF) of investments in fossil fuels in light of their contribution to global warming and climate change. The RBF has long been a major supporter of environmental causes, contributing to many of the projects I worked on at the Environmental Defense Fund during the early 1980s. But last week’s announcement drew great attention because the fund is the product of a fortune initially made in the oil industry. The RBF indicated that it would take some time to sell its investments in companies in the fossil fuel industry and subsequent reports suggested that the fund may keep its natural gas investments for a longer period of time.
Last May Stanford University, where I went to law school, announced that it will no longer include companies who mine coal for electricity generation in the investment portfolio of its endowment. The university Board of Trustees acted on the recommendation of its Advisory Panel on Investment Responsibility and Licensing. Harvard University has expressly refused requests that it divest its endowment of companies in the fossil fuel industry, citing concerns that such a move might hurt the fund’s returns and the fact that the university uses fossil fuels to heat and light its buildings.
On September 24 the Supreme Court of India upheld a previous decision to revoke 214 coal leases that the Indian government had awarded between 1993 and 2009. The Court found that the leases had been granted to steel, cement and power companies at prices billions of dollars below market rates. The Court not only fined the companies $4.85 per metric ton of coal they had mined under the leases, but it also barred them from receiving future leases. The companies were given six months to wind down their coal operations before turning them back over to a government entity. While some observers expressed fear that the decision could exacerbate energy shortages in India, the Court noted that the leases account for only 7 percent of the country’s coal production and that they may be reallocated in the future. Neha Thirani Bagri, India’s Top Court Revokes Coal Leases, N.Y. Times, Sept. 25, 2014. | <urn:uuid:317abaf0-de4b-4816-abc4-2a11b122ca49> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://globalenvironmentallaw.blogspot.com/2014/09/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987763641.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021070341-20191021093841-00362.warc.gz | en | 0.973021 | 778 | 2.5625 | 3 |
International Conference on Organic Agriculture and Food Security
Rome, 03 - 05 May 2007
List of Documents | Conference Presentations | Press Releases | Photo Gallery
What does "organic agriculture" mean?
Organic agriculture as a holistic production management system that avoids use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and genetically modified organisms, minimizes pollution of air, soil and water, and optimizes the health and productivity of interdependent communities of plants, animals and people. The non-use of external agriculture inputs which results in natural resources degradation (e.g. soil nutrient mining) does not qualify as “organic”. On the other hand, farming systems which do not use external inputs but actively follow organic agriculture principles of health and care are considered organic, even if the agro-ecosystem is not certified organic. On the market place, the organic claim requires certification and related products are distinguished by an organic label. Organic labels can originate from both third party certification and participatory guarantee systems. The term “agriculture” is used in the wider sense to include forestry and fisheries; therefore, organic aquaculture and organic harvesting of non-timber forest products are covered by the Conference. Finally, agricultural harvest includes food, fibers, medicinal and cosmetic raw materials.
What does "food security" mean?
When all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life (World Food Summit, 1996). The multi-dimensional nature of food security includes food availability, access, stability and utilization defined as:
Food Availability: The availability of sufficient quantities of food of appropriate quality, supplied through domestic production or inputs.
Food Access: Access by individuals to adequate resources (entitlements) for acquiring appropriate foods for a nutritious diet. Entitlements are defined as the set of all commodity bundles over which a person can establish command given the legal, political, economics and social arrangements of the community in which they live (including traditional rights such as access to common resources).
Food Stability: To be food secure, a population, household or individual must have access to adequate food at all times. They should not risk loosing access to food as a consequence of sudden shocks (e.g. an economic or climatic crisis) or cyclical events (e.g. seasonal food insecurity). The concept of stability can therefore refer to both the availability and access dimensions of food security.
Food Utilization: Utilization of food through adequate diet, clean water, sanitation and health care to reach a state of nutritional well-being where all physiological needs are met. This brings out the importance of non-food inputs to food security.
The Conference is organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, through its Inter-Departmental Working Group on Organic Agriculture, in partnership with: | <urn:uuid:c7e430fa-4543-48c6-834c-e85b029531fe> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.fao.org/organicag/ofs/index_en.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997877644.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025757-00231-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922087 | 592 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Q&AZ What is the highest and lowest point in Arizona?
With common references to the Valley, Arizonans may be surprised to know we have unusually high elevations.
Through our Q&AZ reporting project, a listener asked what is the highest and lowest point in Arizona?
Arizona’s highest point is Humphreys Peak in Flagstaff at 12,637 feet, while the lowest point is along the Colorado River near San Luis at only 72 feet above sea level.
Kelin Whipple, an ASU professor of School of Earth and Space Exploration, says the elevation difference is rare.
“Many states don’t have anywhere near that much topographic elevation change. It's basically sea level on the one side and then you got high mountains on the Colorado Plateau, so it’s on the high end of what you would see in a state,” he says.
Arizona’s geographic location is what makes us different. We are atop a heated mantle that shifted the tectonic plates and caused our crust to thin and collapse, creating the low points. Simultaneously, we have rivers that repeatedly carried sediment to build up our high points. Another geographic difference is Arizona has volcanos.
Whipple says “Right near Humphreys Peak, the Sunset Crater is a volcano that had an eruption just 1,000 years ago. So there is active volcanism happening in Arizona.”
Arizona used to be home to the tallest peak in the entire continental U.S. It wasn’t until these volcanic eruptions that the peak sank lower to the point it sits today. | <urn:uuid:c11e1530-5bd0-4d6d-89a3-4a52df6cd165> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://kjzz.org/content/1857356/qaz-what-highest-and-lowest-point-arizona | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474440.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223153350-20240223183350-00233.warc.gz | en | 0.953859 | 336 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Orange diets are popular fad diets. There are several different types of orange diets, and while some are based on sound principles, others raise some concerns about their safety and effectiveness. With a little information, you can make the best choice for yourself and your goals. As always, before starting any weight-loss program, speak to a licensed health care professional.
Orange diets come in several forms. One version, the orange juice diet, recommends drinking 1-1/2 liters of orange juice daily. Another popular diet recommends eating fruits, such as oranges, before meals. Yet another diet recommends oranges as part of cleansing diets, which supposedly work by purging the body of toxins, while still other diets go so far as to recommend eating nothing but oranges, a form of fasting, for a period of time.
Some of the more severe orange diets present certain dangers. Long-term fasting robs your body of important nutrients and can cause your muscles to break down, according to registered dietitian Lona Sandon, as quoted by MSNBC. Cleansing diets, whether they include oranges are not, are based on flawed science. A normal person's body is perfectly capable of removing toxins on its own, reports Dr. Nasir Moloo, a gastroenterologist with Capitol Gastroenterology Consultants Medical Group in California, also quoted by MSNBC.
Though the more extreme forms of orange diets pose some safety concerns, milder forms, such as those that encourage you to eat an orange before your normal meal, are based on sound principles. Whole oranges are good sources of fiber, and fiber and they help you feel full on fewer calories. Also, eating low-calorie foods, such as fruits, before meals provides an extra course and helps you keep your intake under control, according to Barbara Rolls, a professor of nutritional sciences at Pennsylvania State University, quoted by USA Today.
Oranges are not miracle diet foods. One cup of oranges contain 81 calories, and 1 cup of orange juice contains 112 calories, according to the USDA National Nutrient Database. Even though oranges are healthy foods, you can gain weight by eating too much fruit a day. Stick to the USDA recommendation of 1.5 to 2 cups of fruit each day.
Though oranges are healthful foods, they can cause problems for those with certain digestive conditions. Those who suffer from frequent heartburn or acid reflux disease can react poorly to acidic foods, reports the National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse, a service of the National Institute of Health. | <urn:uuid:d03c0a4a-baa9-41b5-82f6-53f86d834f8d> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.livestrong.com/article/322030-orange-diet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320338.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624203022-20170624223022-00661.warc.gz | en | 0.952536 | 512 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Parkinson’s disease is a member of neurological disorders, to be more precise it is a degenerative disorder resulting from the death of dopamine-generating cells. It is characterized by progressive neurological deficits. Initially, patients develop movement-related symptoms such as shaking, muscle rigidity and slowness of movement in general. There are also difficulty walking and gait. Further progression of the disease is closely connected with cognitive, behavioral changes as well as dementia, which is a characteristic of advanced stages of the disease.
Pallidotomy for Parkinson’s Disease
Pallidotomy is an invasive surgical procedure where the surgeon heats the globus pallidus with the assistance of a tiny electrical probe. The heating is restricted to 80°C and never exceeds one minute. The goal of the procedure is the destruction of a small area in the brain which is considered an underlying cause of dyskinesis, a common problem affecting individuals suffering from Parkinson’s disease.
The surgeons are precise enough to destroy the globus pallidus (one of the basal ganglia) and leave the surrounding tissues intact. The procedure is highly efficient when it comes to eliminating both tremor and rigidity associated with Parkinson’s disease.
Initially, patients with Parkinson’s disease receive medicamentous treatment. The drugs might be efficient in the beginning but they eventually stop working optimally and patients become more and more affected by neurological deficits and abnormalities. This is when pallidotomy might be indicated. As a matter of fact, pallidotomy is recommended if there are severe motor fluctuations (e.g. dykinesis or on-off responses) which generally develop as side effects of prolonged treatment with levodopa.
Furthermore, the surgery is an option if one deals with disabling tremor, severe muscle rigidity or bradykinesia (slow movement), all of which cannot be managed with suitable drugs any more.
And finally, pallidotomy is a good substitute for levodopa in patients who have not responded well to the drug. Some scientists say that even with the surgery these patients have low response rate.
The highly appreciated effect of the treatment is a significant reduction in dyskinesia precipitated by prolonged intake of levodopa. Patients may show rapid improvement soon after they have been operated. The dose of the drug will reduce and as a result many side effects will diminish or be completely eliminated.
Unfortunately, medical experts cannot say for sure for how long the effects of the surgery will last. Sometimes in spite of great initial response the positive effects of the procedure soon fade leaving patients with the same problems they had prior to the surgery.
Pallidotomy Procedure Safety
Prior to the procedure neurosurgeons use MRI scans of the brain in order to precisely located the area of interest. Patients remain awake throughout the surgery and only local anesthetics are used for numbing the scalp and the part of the skull which is going to be drilled for the purpose of further insertion of an electrical probe. Once the surgeons are sure they have entered the globus pallidus they use the probe and destroy the tissue. After this is done, the wound is closed.
Destruction of the globus pallidus on one side of the brain will improve dyskinesia affecting the other side of the body.
Patients remain hospitalized for a couple of days while the entire recovery lasts o longer than 6 weeks.
Most complications that used to be quite common in the past are today easily prevented. Even if some problems do occur, with adequate treatment these are successfully brought under control. MRI is of major help for identifying the precise location of the globus pallidus which was not possible many years ago and at that time damage was not solely restricted to the globus pallidus but sometimes additionally affected nearby tissue.
One of potential and rather serious complications of pallidotomy is brain hemorrhage (a stroke). Certain percentage of treated patients might fully recover from stroke and eventually benefit from pallidotomy.
Besides, there is a risk of cognitive impairment. This complication is practically irreversible. Infections and seizures may occur as well. If any of the aforementioned occurs, one will remain hospitalized for additional period of time and will require a suitable rehabilitation.
In spite of all the advantages of the procedure, pallidotomy is not commonly performed. Most medical experts recommend deep brain stimulation instead. This procedure is not associated with any damage to the brain and definitely carries less risk compared to pallidotomy.
All in all, pallidotomy is an invasive procedure but shows great results when it comes to patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease. It is not the first treatment option these patients are recommended. However, once their basic therapy starts to trigger many uncontrollable side effects and when the response to administered medications becomes insufficient or even absent, the procedure might deal with certain health issues these patients encounter. Pallidotomy is efficient against muscle rigidity and dyskinesia in general. Although there are risks associated with the surgery, these are reduced to minimum with improved pre and post-operative evaluation and care. | <urn:uuid:cce210b8-1201-428e-b7ba-3cee17db1a91> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://ic.steadyhealth.com/parkinsons-disease-and-pallidotomy-procedure | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665985.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113035916-20191113063916-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.950322 | 1,039 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Come on in and give up. We have you covered,’ blared German loudspeakers as GIs waded ashore. The Americans replied with obscenities. But the enemy was ready for them–an inauspicious beginning for Operation Avalanche, the Allies’ September 9, 1943, amphibious landing at Italy’s Gulf of Salerno. Between Salerno and Agropoli–the American sector–the Germans had sown minefields and established strongpoints. Within 400 yards of the beach were many 88mm guns.
D-day would prove a stern test not only for the GIs but also for the men of the U.S. Navy’s 4th Beach Battalion who landed with them. The sailors had received an assignment critical to the success of Avalanche. Their battalion was to serve as the link between the troops ashore and the ships offshore. Operation Avalanche required them to mark and clear sites to land craft and control beach traffic; unload equipment, supplies and reinforcements; evacuate casualties; salvage and repair boats and equipment; and set up fire control and ship-to-shore communications.
The 4th Beach Battalion, known as the ‘Knee-deep’ sailors, had prepared well for this assignment. After advanced training in North Africa, the sailors had received their baptism of fire in July during the Sicily landings. At the end of operations there, they returned to North Africa for replacements and rest. Before long, however, training resumed. Their instructors were Army Rangers. ‘They were supposed to toughen us up for Salerno,’ recalled Seaman James Townley.
On September 1, the battalion boarded USS Thomas Jefferson at Oran. Joining a sizable Allied armada, Thomas Jefferson entered the Gulf of Salerno on September 8. That evening, D-minus-1, the men aboard the transport enjoyed showers and a hot meal. They also listened over the shipboard radio to Allied commander General Dwight D. Eisenhower announce Italy’s surrender to the Allies. Unfortunately, Eisenhower’s announcement dulled the combat edge of the assault troops. With Italy no longer a belligerent, the men relaxed, expecting an easy walk ashore. ‘They were telling us this was going to be a piece of cake,’ remembered Carpenter’s Mate Warren Baker.
Around midnight on September 8, the battalion began transferring to LCVPs (landing craft, vehicle, personnel). Swells of up to 10 feet made climbing down cargo nets into the smaller boats tricky business, and several men suffered broken limbs.
After a run of some 10 miles in favorable weather, the first attacking wave hit the beaches at 3:30 a.m. The Germans opened fire, guided by the light of chandelier flares. Signalman Fred Bingaman recalled: ‘It was pitch dark, and we started in. I remember…sticking my head up a little bit…and I saw all this stuff flying around: all different color tracers. The first thing I thought about was fireworks back home as a kid.’
Ahead of the landing craft a strip of white sand sloped gently upward to a series of dunes. These, in turn, gave way to a cultivated coastal plain dotted with a few villages. A pair of mountains loomed in the distance, Monte Soprano on the left and Monte Sottane on the right. Opposite the center of what would become a 2,400-yard-wide American beachhead stood the ancient temples of Paestum. Among them a 50-foot stone watchtower, the Torre di Paestum, dominated the surrounding area.
The 4th Beach Battalion landed with the 531st Shore Engineers and elements of the 36th Infantry Division, in the second through the sixth waves. It took until 9 a.m. for all the battalion’s nine platoons to reach their designated beaches. From north to south, these were Red, Green, Yellow and Blue. Battalion headquarters set up on Red Beach, though Lt. Cmdr. James E. Walsh, the commanding officer, remained aboard Vice Adm. Henry K. Hewitt’s flagship, USS Ancon.
About 3:45 a.m., Coxswain Harry Stephens landed with Platoon B-4 (B Company, 4th Platoon) on Red Beach. ‘It was still dark, and those 88s were trying to reach us, but luckily we landed safely,’ Stephens recollected. ‘We dug foxholes where we landed, and prepared for action.’ Platoon B-5 and A Company subsequently joined B-4 on Red Beach.
Ensign Robert H. Burch, Jr., and 26 men of B-4, along with 15 from the 531st Shore Engineers, landed on the northern half of Red Beach, designated Red Beach 1. Machine-gun fire here was nonexistent and artillery fire sporadic. Burch and an engineer sergeant uncovered an exit road and soon had their men laying out a steel-mat roadway so heavy equipment could cross the soft sand between the water’s edge and the road. DUKWs (‘Ducks’–amphibious trucks) brought ashore 105mm howitzers and tanks–artillery and armor that would eventually lend support to the hard-pressed beaches to the south.
Landing on the southern half of Red Beach (Red Beach 2) was a tougher proposition. As the sky brightened, German fire intensified and machine-gunners inside the Torre di Paestum began spraying the beach. The sailors could only hunker down in their shallow foxholes as bullets clipped the beach grass above their heads. ‘The 88s began firing rapidly,’ recalled Stephens. ‘Soon they hit some of our LCVPs that were coming onto the beach. There was a sandbar about 20 to 25 feet from the beach that stopped all LCVPs. When the ramp was lowered, the men were hesitant about getting their feet wet, until 88s hit the water, one on each side of the boat. Needless to say the craft emptied in a hurry.’
Platoon B-6 splashed ashore at Green Beach. German fire, much of it from the Torre di Paestum area, swept the southern half of the beach all through D-day. A rocket-firing scout boat had silenced German guns sited on the northern half of the beach, and DUKWs as well as other craft landed unmolested.
Farther south, Platoon C-7 hit Yellow Beach about 3:45 a.m., followed by C-8. Seaman Al Benevelli remembered: ‘Going in with the landing craft, we hit a sandbar, and I was knocked forward. A bullet hit the ensign behind me right in the chest and killed him. If we hadn’t hit that sandbar, I wouldn’t be here today.’ Once ashore, according to Benevelli, ‘We went up the beach on our bellies, bullets going over our heads….All this time, our own ships were sending shells over our heads.’ Despite the enemy fire, sailors started blowing up sandbars and other obstacles, clearing and marking minefields, placing bangalore torpedoes under barbed wire and establishing communications centers and casualty stations.
Meanwhile, at 3:45 a.m., Platoon C-9 landed on Blue Beach, midway between Agropoli and Paestum. As they waded ashore they could see three German tanks moving up to the beach. Corpsman Elmer ‘John’ Johnstone recalled: ‘They were right behind the sand dunes….We could hear them yelling from one tank to the other.’ Once in position, the tanks soon began shelling approaching boats, sometimes scoring direct hits. The fire was so heavy that the fourth boat wave was the last to land on Blue Beach; the others diverted elsewhere. Top priority for the men who had made it ashore was digging in. As Lieutenant Jud Bentley, a beachmaster, put it, ‘Early on, we were all as far underground as our foxholes would permit.’
There was certainly no cover available on open water, however. Dozens of boats–LSTs (landing ships, tank), LCTs (landing craft, tank) and DUKWs–carrying desperately needed tanks and guns were unable to land because of heavy fire. Many that were able to make it to shore found too few men to unload their cargoes when they got there and simply dumped their loads on the beach. As a result, piles of supplies accumulated at the water’s edge, spilling into the surf, which kept other boats from reaching shore. All of the landing craft had to run the gantlet of 88 fire as they went back out to sea, and many were hit.
The Luftwaffe made an appearance over the beaches as well. Signalman Paul Deese recalled: ‘The German dive bombers began to drop bombs along the beach area, and one LST had a direct hit. Many lives were lost. Our medical personnel had to go aboard and bring out the bodies.’ Deese added: ‘German planes would come out of the sun and strafe the beaches….The German pilots [were] almost at eye level as they went up the beaches. If you were caught in the open, all you could do was to fall on your face and pray–there was no cover.’
On Red Beach, an Army major thought he had found a way to discourage the strafing attacks. Summoning one of his noncommissioned officers, he issued orders to organize a detail and raise a barrage balloon. Carpenter’s Mate Donald Palmer saw what happened next: ‘No sooner did the barrage balloon rise above the sand dunes than the Germans fired one 88 shell over, one short and then one dead center of the balloon. I was standing next to the major when the sergeant reported back to him. ‘Sir, I lost all nine of my men.”
As if this were not enough, the sailors had to dodge friendly fire. Excited gunners aboard landing craft, aiming at low-flying German planes, would shoot wildly toward the beach. Errant fire from ships in the bay hit a British Supermarine Spitfire, and the smoking plane passed over Red Beach before crashing. The pilot bailed out and waded ashore to everyone’s applause. In addition, shells fired from ships offshore occasionally fell short, producing casualties and caving in the sailors’ hastily dug foxholes.
Aware that there were likely to be casualties on the beach, a 4th Beach Battalion medical team had landed with the assault troops and immediately set up an aid station. After treating the wounded, the medical staff took them to LCTs for transport to ships in the bay. Medical units would remain on the beach for 12 days, supervising the evacuation of more than 1,400 wounded men. Due to a shortage of Army medical personnel, even after the beach was secured Navy medics went inland to treat Army casualties.
Corpsman Johnstone’s performance was typical. As the sky rained 88 shells, Johnstone placed a gut-shot shipmate, Seaman Robert Dorey, on a litter. With a reluctant boatswain’s mate helping, he carried Dorey more than a mile along an exposed beach to a waiting LST for evacuation. Sadly, Dorey died while undergoing surgery in the officers’ wardroom of USS Woolsey. One lieutenant recalled: ‘Very few officers showed up for dinner at the wardroom that night. The thought of the young seaman dying on the dining room table a few hours earlier was too much to endure.’
As the morning wore on, there was no movement at all on Blue Beach–nor would there be for much of the day. The sailors there tried to get a boat from Yellow Beach to evacuate casualties, but mortar fire wrecked the craft as it approached. Under heavy small-arms fire, Seaman Andrew Alardi swam 100 yards out to sea with a life jacket to help wounded men in the boat. Two other craft also attempted to land but turned back due to enemy fire.
Meanwhile, increasingly heavy fire shut down Yellow Beach for hours. Mortar shells peppered the area. Artillery pounded landing craft along the shoreline and in the water. One or two tanks had arrived near the Torre di Paestum and added their firepower to the defenders.
The situation for the Americans was desperate. Ironically, it was only the Germans’ own minefields that stopped them from charging down on the pinned down attack force and pushing it into the sea. The word was passed down to the soldiers and sailors on the beach to fix bayonets in anticipation of a German infantry attack. The Germans, however, aware of the extent of their minefields, chose to simply keep pummeling their opponents with shellfire.
About 10 a.m., in an effort to reinforce the men ashore, a wave of nine landing craft approached Yellow Beach. German fire forced them to turn back, but not before a British LCM (landing craft, medium) received a direct hit from an 88. The disabled craft drifted toward the beach, running aground on a sandbar. Braving enemy fire, Seaman Robert Danke rushed to the shoreline and helped pull two badly injured survivors from the burning wreck.
With artillery and armor unable to get ashore, the men on the beaches were dependent upon naval gunfire support from the ships offshore. Unfortunately, a number of radios had been lost in the landings or malfunctioned. With fewer radios available, communicating with Allied ships was difficult. Further complicating the situation was the fact that fire-control parties were scattered and pinned down–some unable to get ashore at all.
Solutions to the communications problems could not come too quickly for the sailors on Blue Beach. Late in the morning, tanks came rumbling toward the beach. German engineers were in the process of clearing a path that would allow their tanks through the minefields.
The sailors’ nearest supporting infantry from the 36th Division, a mile away down the beach, could not be contacted by radio. The radio had not worked properly all day, having gotten wet during the landing. The radio operator did manage to warn off approaching landing craft, as German tanks were only 80 yards from the water. Before the radio went dead, the sailors continued sending signals for fire support and reinforcements. They also reported the position of the enemy armor.
The sailors on Blue Beach found themselves all alone for three hours. When their radio finally died, it was assumed that the beach had been overrun. Admiral Hewitt had the destroyers Bristol, Edison, Ludlow and Woolsey move parallel to the shore and begin shelling the beach to drive the tanks away. Their first two salvoes were short, however, falling at the water’s edge and killing and wounding a number of Americans. Some tried to escape the friendly fire, but Corpsman Johnstone, caring for six wounded men, refused to abandon his charges.
Caught between the Germans to their front and the American ships to their rear, the sailors were desperate. Signalman Bingaman made his way to the water’s edge, where he used a pair of handkerchiefs to semaphore word to the ships indicating the presence of sailors on the beach. Fortunately, the signal was seen and the destroyers transferred their fire to the German tanks that were still threatening the beach. The Navy gunners knocked out several of the tanks and drove the rest away. Bingaman’s action undoubtedly saved Blue Beach for the Americans. He was later awarded the Silver Star for his gallantry.
Brigadier General John Lange, commander of the 36th Infantry Division, which landed in the first wave of the attack, spoke for all the men on the beaches when he said, ‘Thank God for the fire from the blue belly Navy ships.’ Edison alone knocked out 11 tanks during the day, while the cruisers Savannah and Philadelphia, joining the fray, accounted for 10 between them.
Meanwhile, Yellow Beach was also opened up thanks to the efforts of the 4th Beach Battalion. Sailors there used the only operable radio in the area to call in naval gunfire from destroyers in the bay. As the ships dueled with German tanks, other members of the beach party were busy searching for a channel that was deep enough to allow LSTs laden with armor and artillery to reach the beach. Ensign Luther Kern of Platoon C-8, accompanied by two other seamen, boarded a British LCVP to conduct the reconnaissance. The boat was hit three times and sunk, with all British personnel on board lost. Kern was mortally wounded, but he did locate a channel.
Soon thereafter, a British vessel was able to come to the aid of Yellow Beach. Moving close inshore, she poured smoke shells into the Torre di Paestum area, enabling men of the 531st Shore Engineers, reinforced by beach party members, to storm the strongpoint. They neutralized the tanks and machine guns around the tower and cleared out snipers, taking six prisoners in the bargain.
Through the efforts of the 4th Beach Battalion, the situation on the landing beaches was slowly beginning to improve. By midafternoon, most of the German guns and tanks along the shore were silent and air attacks on the beaches had diminished. Finally, boats circling offshore were able to come in. Reserve infantry splashed ashore, and efforts were made to clear beaches jammed with supplies.
The Americans exploited the retreat of the surviving German armor. Lieutenant Bentley remembered: ‘That big Tiger tank, waving its cannon around looking for a target on the beach, finally left, leaving its tracks behind! It did us a real favor. All the 531st Engineers had to do was follow these tank tracks to put in a road off the beach. With our guys laying the metal roadway through the mine fields, the area beyond the beach was open.’
As the infantry made its way inland, the beach parties carried on, transmitting target coordinates, laying miles of telephone wire, unloading ammunition and high-octane gasoline, refloating beached landing craft and repairing disabled boats.
With the dawn of D-plus-1, Lt. Gen. Mark Clark, commanding the Allied Fifth Army, could report that his forces had established a beachhead. Radioman Krumpolz recalled: ‘Things calmed down somewhat by the second day. Some of us dumb beach boys found ourselves in front of the infantry, looking for souvenirs.’ The beach was still a dangerous place, though. That morning, Ensign Glenn Adams was on Red Beach trying to find out why vehicles were coming ashore so slowly when a Messerschmitt Me-109 suddenly swept over the beach and dropped a bomb that scored a direct hit on his jeep. The ensign and two other officers were killed instantly.
By 10 p.m. on September 10, all the troops and vehicles waiting aboard assault craft had been unloaded. Even with the beachhead firmly established, however, the 4th Beach Battalion’s work was not finished. With no port facility available to the Allies, all of the equipment, supplies and reinforcements had to continue coming ashore via the beach. The sailors there were critical to the unloading operations.
Over the next few days, Clark’s GIs moved forward, bypassing some German strongpoints, eliminating others. Caught up in the ground advance, a handful of sailors converted themselves into infantrymen and, contrary to orders, headed inland with the advancing GIs. Perhaps the most daring were Seamen Clifford Christian, Clyde Daugherty and Gilbert Carter. Dodging large German units, they waged their own private guerrilla war. In one instance, the sailors surprised a half dozen German soldiers sitting down to breakfast, captured five and killed one who tried to escape. The trio even liberated a couple of small villages. ‘We haven’t got any particular name–except ‘beach party,” one of the group later told a Stars and Stripes reporter, ‘but the Army started calling us ‘Navy Commandos.’ Reckon that moniker’s about as good as any.’
On September 13, the Germans launched a full-scale counterattack that pushed the Americans back. Late in the day, Clark issued orders to prepare for a possible evacuation of the beachhead. When word of this reached the beach party, the sailors learned they would act as a rear guard. ‘We were expendable,’ radioman William Sprague later surmised. The Germans renewed their offensive the following day, but its momentum was soon spent-much to the sailors’ relief. The Allied toehold on the Italian mainland was now assured.
Most of the 4th Beach Battalion was withdrawn from Salerno on September 23. A skeleton force of six officers and 70 men remained to maintain naval control of the four beaches. Five days later, a severe storm beached scores of landing craft, damaging many. The sailors pitched in to help with the cleanup and salvage work. Finally, on October 16, with the ports of Naples and Salerno open, the sailors were relieved.
On October 21, the final group of sailors to leave the beaches endured one more trial on their way back to Oran on board LST-41 S. Coxswain Stephens remembered that he and some of his buddies were’standingon the starboard side of the LST, enjoying the sun,’ when the situation turned deadly. ‘All of a sudden there were two enemy planes corning at us out of the sun!’ said Stephens. ‘Even before we could react, a torpedo hit the LST’s bow right below us. The concussion threw us back into the ship, but luckily we were able to grab the side of the ship to keep from falling into the chasm caused by the explosion.’ The men on the port side were knocked into the water and could not be located. Meanwhile, damage control parties worked to keep the LST afloat. ‘The next day,’ Stephens recalled, ‘a Canadian subchaser hailed our ship to ask if we had lost anybody overboard. It was our shipmates, the ones who were lost overboard the night before. We sure were happy to see them.’
Admiral Henry K. Hewitt, commanding the Western Naval Task Force, later acknowledged the sailors’ contribution at Salerno: ‘The Fourth Beach Battalion performed its assigned tasks in an outstanding manner under enemy fire.’ Without naval gunfire support, the American beachhead could have been lost; without the sailors operating their radios, this support would have been less effective if not impossible. Yet one beach party member, years later, offered his own modest evaluation of the part his unit played during the Salerno landing: ‘It seemed like the most unorganized thing that ever was, but we won.’
This article was written by Barry Popchock for World War II magazine February 2002. For more great articles subscribe to World War II magazine today! | <urn:uuid:fb7d3f89-1394-4581-b39e-6dc63e4b4392> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.historynet.com/operation-avalanche-us-navys-4th-beach-battalion-assault-on-salerno-during-world-war-ii.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701169261.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193929-00033-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975388 | 4,811 | 2.8125 | 3 |
- slide 1 of 3
History and Information
Asteroids are celestial rocky bodies that orbit the sun. It was Sir William Herschel who first coined the term “asteroid" (Greek for star-like) in 1802. He thought that Ceres and Pallas, discovered in 1801 by Giuseppe Piazzi and Heinrich Olbers respectively, were too small and were remnants of a destroyed planet. The name “star-like" is actually a misperception since new scientific data refer to them as “planetoids", or minor planets.
These small rocky objects orbiting the sun have no atmosphere and are traces from the formation of the solar system. Thousands of asteroids can be found revolving around the sun in an “asteroid belt", an area located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
- slide 2 of 3
How Fast Do Asteroids Travel?
An asteroid has an average orbital speed (how fast an object orbits the sun) of 25 kilometers per second. However, asteroids orbiting closer to a sun will move faster than asteroids orbiting between Mars and Jupiter and beyond. The closest orbiting asteroid found so far is 2004 JG6 with an approximate orbital velocity of over 30 kilometers per second. It was discovered at the Lowell observatory on May 10, 2004.
An asteroid approaching earth is not as fast as presumed. Since asteroids orbit in the same direction around the sun as the earth does, they approach at a slow speed. When an asteroid approaches earth, it gets accelerated by the earth’s gravity and when it hits the atmosphere, various factors determine its speed, including the shape and size as well as air resistance. A smaller odd-shaped asteroid will fall slower through the air than a perfect spherical asteroid.
- slide 3 of 3
Some Notable Asteroids Average Orbital Speed
433 Eros: Found in the main asteroid belt, this odd-shaped near-earth asteroid has an average orbital velocity of 24.360 kilometers per second. With a size twice that of Manhattan island, the asteroid was first discovered by Gustav Witt on August 13, 1898. It is the first asteroid to have been visited by a NASA spacecraft, Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous Shoemaker. The spacecraft landed on Eros’ surface on February 12, 2001.
Ceres: The largest object that orbits in between Mars and Jupiter in the asteroid belt, Ceres has an average orbital speed of 17.822 kilometers per second. It was discovered in 1801 by the Italian monk and astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi. In 2006, Ceres was classified as a dwarf planet.
951 Gaspra: With an average orbital velocity of 19.88 kilometers per second, Gaspra orbits in the main asteroid belt. It was the first asteroid to have been closely approached by the Galileo spacecraft on October 29 1991.
Vesta: The second largest object orbiting between Mars and Jupiter, Vesta has an average orbital velocity of 19.34 kilometers per second. It is also known to be the brightest asteroid in the main asteroid belt. It was discovered by German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers on March 29, 1807.
The NASA spacecraft Dawn entered the Vesta orbit on July 15, 2011 and since then it has been orbiting this giant asteroid with the aim to get a closer look of the asteroid. The information collected so far includes amazing images of the asteroid surface captured with the framing camera aboard the spacecraft.
The Dawn mission is part of NASA’s Discovery program. Launched in September 2007, the spacecraft approached Vesta in July 2011, and will reach Ceres in 2015. The objective of the mission is to study large asteroids like Vesta and Ceres and in order to find out how the solar system was formed.
- “Information on the Asteroid Belt." Essortment http://www.essortment.com/all/informationaste_roto.htm
- “Asteroids: Overview." Solar System Exploration (NASA) http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Asteroids
- Dawn Mission. http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/
- “Unusual Asteroid." Solar System Exploration (NASA) http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/display.cfm?Print=1&News_ID=8339&FIELDNAMES=
- “Asteroids and Comets." National Geographic, http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/solar-system/asteroids-comets-article.html
- Zaitsev, Yuri (Russian Institute for Space Research) “Protecting Earth Against Asteroids", http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Protecting_Earth_Against_Asteroids_999.html
- Image of 433 Eros, NASA/NEAR Project (JHU/APL). Public Domain http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/image/near_20000214_mos2.jpg
- “Asteroids." NASA, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/text/asteroids.txt
- “Asteroid." Britannica Online Encyclopedia http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/39730/asteroid
- "NASA's Dawn Science Team Presents Early Science Results." http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/dawn/news/dawn20111012.html
- Image of Vesta. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/dawn/multimedia/pia14313.html
- Image of Gaspra Asteroid, NASA. Public Domain. http://www.solarviews.com/cap/ast/gaspra3.htm | <urn:uuid:a5b2d82f-0fa3-4a0f-9f51-59bb4d95803a> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.brighthub.com/science/space/articles/64710.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425082.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725062346-20170725082346-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.890507 | 1,237 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Guidelines were released in June by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) regarding technical specifications for designing software to be more accessible for the elderly and disabled as well as every user. Similar in scope to guidelines for website accessibility drafted by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), the ISO guidelines are “intended to provide a road map to software design that takes into account the varying physical and sensory capabilities of users to ensure that it can be used not only by people with visual, hearing, motor or cognitive disabilities, but also by the elderly, the temporarily disabled, and by those with no disability at all.”
Tom Stewart, chair of the committee that developed the new guidelines, said the goal of the standard is to make computer systems more “usable, in particular, more effective, more efficient and more satisfying for all users. We want all users to be able to live and work in harmony with their computer systems,” Stewart told UK internet legal news service, Out-Law.com.
The software accessibility standard is ISO/TS 16071, “Ergonomics of human-system interaction | <urn:uuid:45b188f5-9f3c-4563-90fa-fcea3f82d717> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://ergoweb.com/iso-releases-software-accessibility-standard/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500392.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20230207071302-20230207101302-00793.warc.gz | en | 0.943825 | 230 | 2.703125 | 3 |
How could Gandhi represent the journey of the hero?
I think that there can be many parallels between the heroic journey or quest and the life of Gandhi. Much of the specifics will have to come from the specific vision of the hero that is being used. Yet, some general elements can be integrated into the heroic paradigm. The idea that the hero comes from humble origins or a background that might belie the potential for heroic qualities is present in Gandhi. Born of a middle class barrister background, few would have seen him as being the transformative leader that he was. The "call to action" could be seen in his time in South Africa, where he fully experienced the injustice of racial discrimination or prejudice. The successes that the hero must experience would be his triumphs in South Africa, moments that called the world's attention, specifically India, that one individual possessed the capacity to challenge the mightiest of empires. This was on display in India, where the hero did suffer setbacks, but was never deterred from his vision. In the end, the fact that Gandhi challenged so many forces and so many elements helped to only add to his heroic qualities and further connect how he represented the heroic journey.
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Gut health is a foundation for performance and profitability in animal production.
Antibiotic-free is a hot topic, as both producers and consumers become more concerned about the effects of antibiotics on animal well-being and the meat they produce.
The process of going antibiotic-free can be arduous, but as some producers have been able to demonstrate, it can also be done successfully by putting their focus on gut health.
Scientists believe that 90% of diseases can be traced back to gut health and the microbiome. The establishment of the microbiome as a young piglet, chick or calf will impact that animal for the rest of its life. Also, holistic nutrition and management practices should be provided across all stages of production. This aids the transition towards minimal antibiotic use in a drive to achieve antibiotic-free operations.
To support these strategies, Alltech has created a line of gut health solutions to ensure success within and outside the gut, and with animal health in general.
To optimize animal performance in antibiotic-free or low antibiotic use production systems, it is essential to manage the composition of the intestinal microbial community. This involves accelerating the evolution of the microbial community to a steady state and then maintaining the status quo. As a result, the inherent intestinal health risks of intensive production systems can be avoided.
Seeding the gut with favorable organisms:
A healthy start in life can have a major, long-term impact on animal health and performance. As such, it is vital to first seed the intestine with the correct bacteria as soon as possible after birth or hatch. The first organisms to colonize the gut determine the composition of the flora by creating the microenvironment necessary to establish a complex microbial community and good architectural development.
With the right intestinal microflora now in place, piglets and chicks show improved early growth, feed conversion, uniformity and liveability.
Feeding the favorable organisms:
In addition to seeding the gut with the correct pioneer species, it is crucial to enhance the capacity of the favorable organisms to colonize and rapidly dominate the microbial community of the small intestine.
Once a beneficial microflora community and intestinal ecology is established, the villi will flourish. This is critical for health and feed efficiency: The more healthy villi an animal has, the more efficiently nutrients are absorbed.
Weeding out the unfavorable organisms:
The gut can also contain harmful pathogenic microbes, which can damage the villi. It is important to weed them out before they can attach to the gut lining and replicate enough to cause disease. By blocking the attachment mechanism of unfavorable organisms with a type-1 fimbria blocker, their capacity to compete with the favorable organisms in the gut is reduced.
Minimizing the gut’s exposure to these microbes will help to improve the animal’s natural defenses and shorten recovery time from disease.
Paired with effective biosecurity, water and farm management, the Alltech Seed, Feed, Weed solution helps producers to get one step further on the path of improved performance and reduced antibiotic use.
The aim of the Alltech®️ Antibiotic Reduction program is to create a consistently healthy animal and reduce prophylactic and metaphylactic antibiotic use by focusing on gut health. The program can assist the farmer in developing an action plan.
This program is for animal producers who are interested in achieving higher levels of health in their herd/flock and are committed to taking steps to achieve these goals. The producer is guided and coached by a team of experts. Industry consultants, veterinarians and nutritionists from the Alltech® Gut Health Platform help to develop a bespoke action plan and provide assistance as producers strive to reduce antibiotic use on-farm.
The full Alltech Antibiotic Reduction program implemented on a pig farm in the United Kingdom:
The Alltech®️ Antibiotic-Free program helps reduce the use of antibiotics, with the ultimate goal of transitioning to an antibiotic-free operation. This is achieved by improving gut health and utilizing holistic nutrition and management practices across all stages of production. An action plan is created, including targets, and progress is monitored over time.
How To Control Gut Health in Your Pigs & Poultry
Contact Us For More Information
Alltech Gut Health
A specific strain of yeast designed to feed the gastrointestinal tract
A second-generation, unique, bioactive fraction derived from the outer cell wall of a specific strain of yeast
Provides organic acidifiers, lactic acid-producing bacteria, enzymes and electrolytes
ACID-PAK 2-WAY 2X®
A unique combination of organic acidifiers and electrolytes
A proprietary blend of fatty acids, prebiotic components and readily available mineral forms
A patented formulation of hydrolyzed yeast, natural flavors and organic minerals
A high-quality functional protein from yeast | <urn:uuid:52cb2f70-a217-4fa3-9b85-d34056d41aca> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.alltech.com/gut-health | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347396089.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200528104652-20200528134652-00239.warc.gz | en | 0.910508 | 984 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Food Safety Focus (117th Issue, April 2016) – Incident in Focus
Pesticide Residues in Vegetables
Reported by Ms Shuk-man CHOW, Scientific Officer,
Risk Assessment Section,
Centre for Food Safety
In March 2016, a consumer group reported the levels of pesticide residues and metallic contaminants present in some locally available vegetables. While no samples were detected with excessive metallic contaminants, two vegetable samples (one sweet potato and one bean) were found to contain pesticide residues at levels exceeding the Hong Kong limits. The issue has sparked discussions in social media on whether sweet potato is safe to eat.
Dietary exposure risk assessment will be conducted to ensure that any pesticide residues remaining in the crop will not be harmful to consumers before an MRL is adopted.
Are Pesticides Safe to Use?
Pesticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating pests. They are commonly used in agriculture to enhance and stabilise crop yield, protect the nutritional integrity of food, facilitate storage to assure year-round supplies, and provide attractive and appealing food products.
By their nature, pesticides are potentially toxic to organisms including humans. Pesticide residue levels tend to decline as the pesticide breaks down over time. Nevertheless, small amounts of pesticides may still remain in or on food even when pesticides are applied in the right amount and at the right time. When farmers use a pesticide according to label instructions and Good Agricutlural Practice (GAP), the residues in crop at harvest do not normally exceed the maximum residue limits (MRLs) established in the place of use and are very unlikely to pose a health risk.
What are MRLs?
MRLs are the maximum levels of a pesticide residue that are legally permitted in or on food when pesticides are applied correctly. MRLs for individual pesticide-food pair are established on the basis of appropriate data, obtained mainly from supervised field trials designed to estimate the level of pesticide residues likely to occur in a commodity or crop when a pesticide is used according to GAP. Dietary exposure risk assessment is conducted with the established residue levels and consumption pattern to ensure the amount of residues consumed will not be a concern to human health before an MRL is adopted (Figure). Since MRLs are set at levels well below the amount that could pose a health concern, a residue level above the limit may indicate non-compliance of GAP but does not necessarily imply immediate risk to consumers' health.
How are Pesticide Residues in Food being Regulated?
In Hong Kong, the Pesticide Residues in Food Regulation (the Regulation) specifies a list of MRLs/extraneous maximum residue limits (EMRLs) for certain pesticide-food pairs. The presence of any of these pesticide residues in food at levels exceeding the MRLs/EMRLs is not permitted.
If a food contains pesticide residues for which no MRLs/EMRLs have been specified in the Regulation, except for exempted pesticides, the import or sale of the concerned food is only allowed if consumption of the food is not dangerous or prejudicial to health. To decide if consumption of the food concerned is harmful, risk assessment will be conducted to evaluate both the acute and chronic effects on human health.
Since the enactment of the Regulation till 15 April 2016, 141 vegetable and fruit samples out of 58 500 food samples collected by the Centre for Food Safety (CFS) were detected with excessive pesticide residues. The overall unsatisfactory rate of less than 0.3% compares favourably with places such as Canada, the European Union, New Zealand, and the United States. In addition, previous CFS's Total Diet Studies showed that dietary exposures to the residues of 85 commonly encountered pesticides and some organochlorine pesticides would be unlikely to pose unacceptable health risks to consumers.
In response to the detection of two unsatisfactory samples, the CFS had taken follow-up samples for testing and all pesticide residues results were satisfactory. In the past three years, three out of about 600 tested sweet potato samples contained excessive pesticide residues.
Key Points to Note:
- The proper use of pesticides in food production improves both the quantity and the quality of food.
- Pesticides can be safely used in accordance with GAP.
Occasional intake of food with pesticide residues exceeding the MRLs does not generally pose a health risk to the general public.
Advice to the Trade
- Local farmers should only use Hong Kong registered pesticides inaccordance with GAP.
- Vegetable traders should seek clarification from suppliers to ensure the food sold complies with the Hong Kong food law.
Advice to the Public
- Take a balanced diet to avoid excessive exposure to pesticides from a small range of food items.
- To reduce pesticide residues in vegetables, rinse vegetables several times under running water, then soak them in water for one hour, or blanch them in boiling water for one minute and discard the water.
- For those who would like to further reduce pesticide residues in vegetables, remove the outer leaves or peel of the vegetables as appropriate. | <urn:uuid:9450a72c-79ac-417b-b779-bed7e04ab420> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/multimedia/multimedia_pub/multimedia_pub_fsf_117_01.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251728207.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127205148-20200127235148-00156.warc.gz | en | 0.928602 | 1,052 | 3.296875 | 3 |
American SSTO VTOVL orbital launch vehicle. Edward Gomersall of NASA's Ames Research Center produced a conservative design for an SSTO in 1970. His vehicle was based on realistic structural technology and used a derivative of the J-2S engine.
Through use of strap-on solids it could be used to launch manned lunar spacecraft, 100 tonne space stations, or passengers with the use of a winged spaceplane upper stage. The paper, seen as a threat to NASA's push for a winged shuttle, was suppressed and Gomersall assigned to other duties.
Status: Design 1970.
More... - Chronology...
SSTO Category of launch vehicles. Single Stage To Orbit. More...
VTOVL The concept of a reusable single-stage-to-orbit Vertical Take-Off Vertical Landing (VTOVL) launch vehicle that would reenter and return to its launch site for turnaround and relaunch was first proposed by Philip Bono in the 1960's. The appealing simplicity of the concept has been offset by the technological risk in developing it. The problem with any single-stage-to-orbit concept is that if the empty weight of the final vehicle has been underestimated it will not be able to deliver any payload to orbit, or even reach orbit. Since weight growth of up to 20% is not unknown in aerospace projects, this is a very real threat which has made both NASA and private investors reluctant to invest the billions of dollars it would take to develop a full-scale flight vehicle. More...
Associated Manufacturers and Agencies
NASA Ames American agency overseeing development of rockets and spacecraft. Ames, USA. More...
Hudson, Gary C, History of the Phoenix VTOL SSTO and Recent Developments in Single-Stage Launch Systems, AAS 91-643, included in Proceedings of 5th ISCOPS, AAS Vol. 77, pp 329-351, November 1991.
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© / Conditions for Use | <urn:uuid:43f026d5-488f-40ce-b932-e61f8183bf35> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/gomrsall.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699798457/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102318-00028-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93305 | 409 | 2.640625 | 3 |
What was the strange insect that seemed a mutant cross between a bee and a beetle?
Shawnee National Forest, Illinois
Kudos and all 10 points go to coleopterist extraordinaire Ted MacRae of Beetles in the Bush, who provided the correct answer Coleoptera: Rhipiphoridae: Rhipiphorus .
Rhipiphorus is unusual for a beetle. Coleoptera counts few parasites among its hundreds of thousands of described species. But the wedge-shaped beetles are ectoparasites of bees. Adults can be found on flowers, laying eggs that hatch into little bee-grabbing grubs for transportation back to the unwitting bee's nest.
Yay, I win the universe!
Fabulous shots - I've been hoping to see one of these guys since I got my camera. Macrosaigon spp. are more common here in Missouri.
I think it's interesting that there are a number of bee parasites (like the Bombyliidae) that also are bee mimics, and visit flowers like bees. It's almost like a "body snatchers" movie, where the aliens consume their victim and then take its place . . .
"It's almost like a "body snatchers" movie, where the aliens consume their victim and then take its place . . ."
I remember reading that one of the producers / writers of Alien had a nightmare about insect parasitoids and this gave him a idea about the movie... | <urn:uuid:f5756ade-647d-42d4-b609-4ff02206c8f7> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://scienceblogs.com/myrmecos/2010/06/08/answer-to-the-monday-night-mys-7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487649688.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210619172612-20210619202612-00423.warc.gz | en | 0.950298 | 308 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Fire, Smoke and Repairs
On December 15, 1993, fire swept through the stately Utah Governor’s Mansion. The cause: faulty wiring on the Christmas tree in the Grand Hall.
Smoke traveled quickly from the hall to the nearby stairwell, which channeled heat and smoke up through the house and out the roof nearly destroying the dome over the staircase.
Fortunately, the Governor’s family (Governor Leavitt was not in the mansion at the time of the fire) and staff were able to alert the fire department and escape without injury. The Salt Lake City fire department responded immediately and took special precautions to protect irreplaceable elements of the building. They placed dams across doorways to prevent water from spreading into rooms which did not have to be exposed to the fire-fighting process.
Shortly after the fire was extinguished, representatives of the State Fire Marshal’s Office, the Division of Facilities Construction and Management, and the Division of State History met to assess the damage. Utah Disaster Kleenup was called in to vacuum up water, dry out the mansion and start topical cleaning of all surfaces. A temporary heat source was placed in the building to prevent damp wood from freezing and cracking. These initial actions marked the beginning of an arduous effort to ensure the preservation and restoration of this national treasure. Enough of the mansion’s original materials remained to warrant a comprehensive restoration. What was lost in the fire was replicated to the highest possible standards, while original materials were cleaned and refinished. Delicate original plasterwork was retained in place after the plaster walls and woodwork were removed for cleaning.
Martin Churchill Associates, Inc. of Arlington, Virginia was brought in to supervise smoke and odor removal. The firm determined that virtually all interior wall surfaces would have to be removed and interior wall cavities cleaned. Sponge and grit-blasting were used to clean the interior surfaces of caustic tar, smoke and soot damage. Ozone generators were used to complete the combustion process and eliminate odors before the walls were replastered.
The most extensive exterior smoke damage occurred on the south second level porch. Poultices, soft water washes and chemical washes were tried and were mostly ineffective cleaning tools. Finally, a soft sand-blasting technique was successful. The process left no visible damage to the stone and was used only in small areas. | <urn:uuid:9883c4a9-3c55-47f2-a244-fb3be27c4c01> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://governor.utah.gov/mansion/mansion_firesmoke/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987787444.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021194506-20191021222006-00135.warc.gz | en | 0.973999 | 484 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Kesjermark (“King’s Plain”) lies in central-western Nova Vaasa. Its northern frontier is the Borchava River to the west and the Vaughn Dnar River to the east; its eastern frontier is The Prince’s Road and the Dommark (“Plains of Judgement”); its southern frontier is the Prince’s Road; and its western frontier is the Graenseskov (“Borderwood”), the Old Svalich Woods, the Dyrskov (“Beastwood”), and the Vaesen Foothills. The plain is largely covered by vingraes, a short golden grass with royal purple seeds. This grass lends the plain the moniker of “Højplads’s Carpet”. The Kesjermark is home to bandits that prey upon travellers along the Prince’s Road and farmers along the Borchava River, the Vaughn Dnar River, the Ivlis River and the Volgis River. The Gedfode (“goat-foots”) are native to the rockier western reaches of the Kesjermark.1 The plain largely falls within the Heartland Duchy of the [[Bolshnik family]. Its southwestern corner falls within the Altid Duchy of the Vistins family. | <urn:uuid:5f615ed5-d8ea-4bf1-a682-3b912638ca30> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://evilalwayswins.obsidianportal.com/wiki_pages/kesjermark | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592636.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721145209-20180721165209-00628.warc.gz | en | 0.866204 | 286 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The Extending the Reach of Excellent Teachers infographic was compiled using data from Public Impact and details ways to harness the teaching abilities of successful instructors to improve learning in schools.
Created by Column Five Media, the graphic illustrates how important an effective instructor is in ensuring the success of a student. It discusses the reasons why American children are falling behind despite the fact that the country spends more money per capita on education than the majority of the world.
The company suggests hiring the most effective teachers possible and dismissing those who aren't hitting the mark. They suggest group-oriented workshops to teach less qualified teachers the ropes as well as suggesting that students spend a portion of the day on online and technology-based learning. This way, the graph argues, teachers have time to specialize their strategies and personalize the curriculum to meet each student's learning needs.
Learning Improvement Charts
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Trash-Featured Flow Charts
Spunky Retrograde Illustrations
Car Fuel Cost Charts
Generation Comparing Charts
Privacy Protecting Graphs | <urn:uuid:c09cb4ac-3006-4220-97c4-8a9de410af4e> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.trendhunter.com/trends/extending-the-reach-of-excellent-teachers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982295854.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195815-00075-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910819 | 210 | 2.96875 | 3 |
10 things you should know about IPv6 addressing
Nov 05, 2010, 20:02 (0 Talkback[s])
(Other stories by Brien Posey)
How to Help Your Business Become an AI Early Adopter
"Over the last several years, IPv6 has been inching toward
becoming a mainstream technology. Yet many IT pros still don't know
where to begin when it comes to IPv6 adoption because IPv6 is so
different from IPv4. In this article, I'll share 10 pointers that
will help you understand how IPv6 addressing works.
"1: IPv6 addresses are 128-bit hexadecimal numbers
"The IPv4 addresses we are all used to seeing are made up of
four numerical octets that combine to form a 32-bit address. IPv6
addresses look nothing like IPv4 addresses. IPv6 addresses are 128
bits in length and are made up of hexadecimal characters.
"In IPv4, each octet consists of a decimal number ranging from 0
to 255. These numbers are typically separated by periods. In IPv6,
addresses are expressed as a series of eight 4-character
hexadecimal numbers, which represent 16 bits each (for a total of
128 bits). As we'll see in a minute, IPv6 addresses can sometimes
be abbreviated in a way that allows them to be expressed with fewer
"2: Link local unicast addresses are easy to identify" | <urn:uuid:d70cf2d2-d194-42a3-8635-5d0143ac7338> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://www.linuxtoday.com/infrastructure/2010110502435NWNT | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864958.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623113131-20180623133131-00541.warc.gz | en | 0.90863 | 308 | 3.125 | 3 |
The root differs from the shoot in the characters of its surface tissues, in the absence of the green assimilative pigment chlorophyll, in the arrangement of its vascular system and in the mode of growth at the apex, all features which are in direct relation to its normally subterranean life and its fixative and absorptive functions.
The seed was stalked, and there is an exact agreement in structure between the vascular strands of the stalk and cupule of the seed, and those of the rachis and leaflets of Lyginodendron, thus confirming the evidence from the glands.
At present 435 species of phanerogams and vascular cryptogams are known; the lower orders have been little investigated.
The splitting up of the vascular tube I into separate strands does not depend wholly upon the occurrence I of leaf-gaps.
Neither in this genus nor in the last is there any communication between coelom and vascular system.
Peripatus is an Arthropod, as shown by (1) the presence of appendages modified as jaws; (2) the presence of paired lateral ostia perforating the wall of heart and putting its cavity in communication with the pericardium; (3) the presence of a vascular body cavity and pericardium (haemocoelic body cavity); (4) absence of a Derivisceral section of the coelom.
The water taken up by the root from the soil contains nitrogenous and mineral salts which combine with the first product of photo-synthesis - a carbohydrate - to form more complicated nitrogen-containing food substances of a proteid nature; these are then distributed by other elements of the vascular bundles (the phloem) through the leaf to the stem and so throughout the plant to wherever growth or development is going on.
The primary vascular bundles in a young conifer stem are collateral, and, like those of a Dicotyledon, they are arranged in a circle round a central pith and enclosed by a common endodermis.
The vascular bundle entering the stern from a leaf with a single vein passes by a more or less direct course into the central cylinder of the stem, and does not assume the girdle-like form characteristic of the cycadean leaf-trace.
Since about 1895 this branch has been most actively pursued in England, where the work of Boodle and of Gwynne-Vaughan especially on Ferns) has been the most important, leading to a coherent theory of the evolution of the vascular system in these plants (Tansley, Evolution of the Filicinean Vascular System, Cambridge, 1908); and in America, where Jeffrey has published important papers on the morphology of the vascular tissues of the various groups of Pteridophytes and Phanerogams and has sought to express his conclusions in a general morphological theory with appropriate terminology. | <urn:uuid:07c461c6-b760-41a5-bfa2-e1e3ddf666fe> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.all-dictionary.com/sentences-with-the-word-Vascular | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719273.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00381-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938476 | 598 | 3.171875 | 3 |
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The South Branch of Elkhart River is somewhat unusual in Indiana in that it occupies flat, low ground of glacial outwash sediments. Lakes and depressions are connected by this winding river as it makes its way through higher, intermittent moraines (glacial ridges). The topography in the vicinity of the South Branch ranges from low, marshy areas to rolling fields and woods to steep hills.
The flow of the South Branch is perennial, partly due to the large quantity of water coming from ground water reservoirs. The channel varies in depth, is flat and is slow moving. Most of the upland forests of beech-maple and oak-hickory associations along the South Branch have been cleared for agriculture. However, stands still exist where relatively steep, upland slopes drop to the river. Black willow, green and black ash, cottonwood and soft maple occur naturally in the swampy areas, which function as a natural water filter system.
Surveys conducted as part of a 1972 study indicate that the Elkhart River basin contains some of the greatest variety of wildlife and fisheries resources in Indiana. The South Branch of Elkhart River is relatively unique in that the wetlands associated with the South Branch are all in one piece. The river and wetlands become an "island" for migratory waterfowl amongst surrounding agricultural lands. Besides most waterfowl species common to the Mississippi flyway, many other species of birds have been noted, including the great blue heron, little green heron, woodpecker, kingfisher, bittern, rail, coot, gallinule, snipe, sandpiper, killdeer, marsh wren and osprey. In addition, a large variety of mammals thrive in the area: raccoon, deer, muskrat, gray and red squirrels, cottontails, skunks, voles, mice and moles.
This section flows through the Lloyd W. Bender State Nature Preserve. The river is narrow for about the first two miles as it flows through the wooded nature preserve, but it then widens and opens into wetlands. The South Branch flows slowly as it meanders to the northwest. During low water, canoeists may have to portage around or over an occasional downed tree in the channel, particularly in the nature preserve.
This 7 1/4-mile section of the river passes through some of the best remaining examples of wetlands in Indiana and takes approximately 5 hours to float. The float trip on the South Branch requires paddling due to the river's slow flow rate.
The put-in is downstream of the bridge on the right bank, along the right-of-way of Long Lake Road west of Albion. There is only room for parking two cars along the road shoulder. Take care not to trespass on private land. Stay close to the bridge and be cautious of slick areas where the banks become a bit steep close to the river. To drive to the take-out site from this segment, proceed west and south on River Road to the first right. Turn right (west) on North Road and go to the "T" intersection. Turn right (north) on Long Lake Road and drive north crossing the South Branch. After one and one-half miles turn left (west then turn right (north) on the next road. After approximately 3/4 miles you will come to a "T" intersection with North Road. Turn right (east) on North Road and then left (north) on the next road (C.R. 350 W). Proceed north 1 1/4 miles to the next road to the west. Turn left (west) on C.R. 550 N. and cross the South Branch again. The Department of Natural Resources' Fish and Wildlife Division's (Mallard Roost #3) access site is on the left bank, upstream of the bridge. There is plenty of parking spaces at the access site. If a shorter trip is desired, it may be possible to take-out or put-in between the railroad bridge and the C.R. 400 N. Bridge on the left bank, downstream of the railroad bridge.
This 4 1/2-mile float takes about 2 hours and treats the canoeist to views of extensive wetlands. This segment will take the canoeist through Mallard Roost Wetland Conservation Area, known locally as "the spread." This float begins where the former one ended - at the Mallard Roost #3 access site on C.R. 550 N. There is plenty of parking space at the access site. To get to the Mallard Roost #1 access site, drive east on C.R. 550N. to C.R. 350W. Turn left (north) and proceed to U.S. 6 turning right and then left at the C.R. 600 N. intersection. Turn left (west) on U.S. 6 and drive to the Mallard Roost #1 access site, which is located on S.R. 6 about 3 miles west of Wawaka on the right bank of the river downstream of the U.S. 6 bridge. There is also plenty of parking space at this site. For a shorter trip, the Mallard Roost #2 access site is located on C.R. 600 N. and provides an alternative put-in or take-out site. Emergency medical service is available in Albion. | <urn:uuid:b3b53896-a52f-45f8-861d-1e63500f767d> | CC-MAIN-2016-22 | http://in.gov/dnr/outdoor/4488.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464053209501.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524012649-00127-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943153 | 1,150 | 3.40625 | 3 |
In 1885 US President Grover Cleveland appointed a joint army, navy and civilian board, headed by Secretary of War William C. Endicott, known as the Board of Fortifications. The findings of the board illustrated a grim picture of existing defenses in its 1886 report and recommended a massive $127 million construction program of breech-loading cannons, mortars, floating batteries, and submarine mines for some 29 locations on the US coastline.
Prior efforts at harbor defense construction had ceased in the 1870s. Since that time the design and construction of heavy ordnance advanced rapidly, including the development of superior breech-loading and longer-ranged cannon, making the US harbor defenses obsolete. In 1883, the navy had begun a new construction program with an emphasis on offensive rather than defensive warships. These factors combined to create a need for improved coastal defense systems.
The Endicott Board’s recommendations would lead to a large scale modernization program of harbor and coastal defenses in the United States, especially the construction of modern reinforced concrete fortifications and the installation of large caliber breech-loading artillery and mortar batteries. Typically, Endicott period projects were not fortresses, but a system of well-dispersed emplacements with few but large guns in each location. The structures were usually open-topped concrete walls protected by sloped earthworks. Many of these featured disappearing guns, which sat protected behind the walls, but could be raised to fire. Mine fields were a critical component of the defense, and smaller guns were also employed to protect the mine fields from mine sweeping vessels.
In April of 1898 work began on Angel Island’s first permanent Endicott Battery, Battery Drew, located just south of Camp Reynolds and armed with a single eight-inch M1888 breech loading rifle on an M1892 barbette (non-disappearing) carriage. The battery was named in G.O. 16, 14 Feb 1902 after 1st Lt. Alfred W. Drew, 12th U.S. Infantry, who was killed in action at Angles, Luzon, Philippine Islands, 19 Aug 1899. Construction on this new battery began just three weeks before the start of the Spanish-American War—the war gave impetus to the construction, just as the Civil War had for the original batteries. was completed in 1898 and transferred to the Coastal Artillery for use 1 May 1900 at a cost of $ 34,836.82. Deactivated in 1915.
The second new battery was Battery Ledyard, which was erected on the site of the old Point Knox Civil War battery, and armed with two five-inch rapid-fire guns. The battery was named in S.O. 16, 14 Feb 1902 after 1st Lt. August C. Ledyard, 6th U.S. Infantry, who was killed in action on the Island of Negros, Philippine Islands, on 8 Dec 1899. Battery construction started and was completed in 1900. The battery was transferred to the Coastal Artillery for use 1 Aug 1900 at a cost of $ 20,044.58. Deactivated in 1915 when the guns and carriages were removed.
The third, and last, battery in the series was Battery Wallace, built above and behind Ledyard, and armed with a single eight-inch rifle on a disappearing carriage. The battery was named in G.O. 16, 14 Feb 1902 after 1st Lt. Robert B. Wallace, 2nd U.S. Cavalry, who died 13 Mar 1900 of wounds received in action at Caloocan, Luzon, Philippine Islands, on 10 Feb 1899. Battery construction started in 1899, was completed in 1900 and transferred to the Coastal Artillery for use 1 Aug 1900 at a cost of $40,420.42. Deactivated in 1915.
Battery Drew. A rare photograph of the 8-inch breech-loading rifle on a non-disappearing carriage at Battery Drew, one of the three Endicott Batteries built on the island between 1898 and 1902. The gun was removed some time after WWI – the emplacement still exists on Martar Hill, on the south side of the island. Circa 1915.
Battery Drew, one of three Endicott batteries built on Angel Island. Construction on this battery began in 1898, completed in 1900. An eight-inch M1888 breech loading rifle on an M1892 barbette (non-disappearing) carriage. Decommissioned in 1915.
Following the Civil War the artillery batteries on Angel Island were allowed to decay. This smartly dressed threesome is relaxing in front of three deteriorating 32-pounders at Point Stuart. Circa 1880 | <urn:uuid:33b02520-4c10-40a8-adbc-a6115c1b4db8> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://angelisland.org/history/endicott-batteries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982984973.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200944-00210-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975333 | 962 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Believe it or not, chinchillas have a reputation for being pretty fussy about what they eat and their discerning appetites mean that they like snacking on a few different things throughout the week. But can chinchillas eat almonds?
The answer is yes, chinchillas can eat almonds! In fact, almonds are one of the chinchilla’s favorite snacks. So, regardless of how fussy your pet chinchilla is, there’s a good chance they’ll take an offering of almonds whenever offered.
Below, we’ll go into more detail on feeding almonds to a chinchilla. We’ll look at the nutritional benefits, how to feed almonds to your chinchilla, and some things you need to keep in mind before you do!
What Nutritional Benefits Do Almonds Give To Chinchillas?
Almonds are one of the most nutritious nuts out there. They’re extremely high in protein and contain essential fatty acids such as omega-3s and omega-6s. This means that almonds will help with your chinchilla’s overall health by providing them with nutrients that they need to stay healthy.
In addition to this, almonds also contain antioxidants which may be beneficial to your chinchilla’s immune system. These antioxidants include Vitamin E, Vitamin C, and beta carotene. The antioxidant properties of these vitamins may help protect against diseases such as cancer and heart disease.
Finally, almonds can help your chinchilla’s teeth and gums because they contain calcium. Calcium helps strengthen bones and teeth so that they don’t break down too quickly. If your chinchilla has weak teeth or gums, then they won’t get enough nutrition from their food.
How Can I Feed My Chinchilla Almonds?
If you’d like to feed your chinchilla almonds, then you should start by making sure that you choose the right type of almond. You want to make sure that you buy raw almonds because they’re much better than roasted almonds when it comes to nutrition. Raw almonds provide your chinchilla with all of the same benefits as other types of nuts but without any of the added calories.
Once you’ve purchased your almonds, you’ll want to make sure that they’re stored properly so that they don’t spoil. To store your almonds, place them in a cool, dry area away from sunlight. If you live somewhere where temperatures get particularly hot, you might consider placing your almonds inside a paper bag instead.
Once you’ve made sure that your almonds are safe to consume, you’ll want to give them to your chinchilla in small quantities. A handful of almonds per day is usually enough for a chinchilla. However, if your chinchilla tends to overeat, you might want to decrease the amount that you offer them.
You’ll also want to make sure that your chinchilla has access to fresh water while eating their almonds. Almonds are very rich in fiber, so your chinchilla could potentially choke on them if they aren’t given enough time to digest them first.
Things To Keep In Mind When Feeding Almonds To Your Chinchilla
As mentioned above, almonds are great for your chinchilla’s health. However, there are a few things that you should keep in mind when giving your chinchilla almonds.
First off, you’ll want to avoid giving your chinchilla large amounts of almonds at once. If given the opportunity, a chinchilla will happily eat up to 30 almonds per day. But this isn’t something that you should allow them to do.
The main reason for this is because they’re quite fattening and, despite their nutritional benefits, they have quite a high fat and calorie content. They contain about 15 grams of protein and more than 100 milligrams of cholesterol per ounce. This means that a single serving of almonds contains around 200 calories and 12 grams of fat.
With this in mind, you should only offer your chinchilla just 1 or 2 almonds every couple of days.
You’ll also want to keep an eye out for signs of diarrhea after feeding your chinchilla almonds. Diarrhea is one of the most common side effects that occur when chinchillas have been fed a diet containing too many almonds. This occurs because almonds can be quite hard to digest, and some chinchillas may experience stomach upset as a result.
If you’ve never fed almonds to your chinchilla before, monitor them closely after they’ve eaten their daily allotment of almonds. If you notice that they seem to be having trouble keeping their bowels moving healthily, you should take them to a veterinarian immediately.
Can Chinchillas Eat Almond Butter?
Yes! Almond butter is another nut-based product that you can feed to your chinchilla. Just like whole almonds, almond butter provides your chinchilla with plenty of nutrients and healthy fats. It also makes a fantastic treat for your chinchilla.
It’s also really easy to make your own almond butter. Simply blend together raw almonds and honey until it forms a smooth paste. You can use any type of honey that you’d like, but we recommend using organic honey since it’s much healthier than regular varieties.
One of the benefits of making your own almond butter is that you’ll know exactly what’s gone into it. No more scanning the ingredients label for nasty chemicals additives or preservatives. Just pure, delicious, healthy almond butter that chinchilla will love.
Almonds are a wonderful food source for your chinchilla, providing them with lots of vitamins and minerals. However, as with all types of food, you’ll need to exercise moderation when feeding almonds to your chinchilla. Stick to just 1-2 almonds every couple of days. Any more than this and your chinchilla could quickly gain weight or suffer from some painful digestive issues! | <urn:uuid:97a203c5-941d-40a0-99fe-99b3a785dd5c> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://petfoodfuss.com/chinchillas/can-chinchillas-eat-almonds-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224657735.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230610164417-20230610194417-00144.warc.gz | en | 0.938924 | 1,271 | 2.515625 | 3 |
We are so excited to be back after spring break and can’t believe the countdown to the end of the year has started! We got off to a great start this past week with Mr. Nick on Monday, as usual, and then on Tuesday we did a fun science experiment in the water table. We filled the table with water and took cotton balls, put them in the water and observed what happened.
Beforehand, a couple of the children took some guesses as to what would happen to the cotton balls: “Mine is like dumplings!” “It’s like goop!” “It turning into snow!” Needless to say, the children loved it and we kept the cotton in the water table the rest of the week, adding in different tools like tweezers and different sized cups.
The other big event this week was we got caterpillars! The children were so excited to see them and know that they’d eventually become butterflies. We talked about the stages the caterpillars will go through, the children took some guesses as to how long it’ll be and we learned the word “metamorphosis,” or the process of changing from a caterpillar to a butterfly. It’s quite a tricky word though so the children are still getting the hang of saying it ;). The children are enjoying being scientists and observing the caterpillars as they grow, move and eat and we’ll continue to do that this week! | <urn:uuid:69e0c876-2cbf-4197-b282-e5871682024d> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://themountcarmelecc.org/2019/05/16/happy-may-purple-room/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027313259.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20190817123129-20190817145129-00165.warc.gz | en | 0.975503 | 312 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Next week in Little Rock, Ark., former President Bill Clinton and several presidential candidates will commemorate perhaps America’s most important civil rights battle — the desegregation of Central High School.
Fifty years ago, Democratic Gov. Orval Faubus defied the federal government, tried to stop school integration and created the gravest constitutional crisis since the Civil War.
Story Continued Below
Thankfully, he lost. In the first and most important test of the Brown v. Board of Education ruling, federal law trumped state politics. Had integration failed at Little Rock, it’s hard to imagine it succeeding anywhere.
Sadly, if the past is prologue, those who convene next week at Central High will say the least about the man who did the most to defeat Faubus: President Dwight D. Eisenhower.
In 1997, Clinton stood at Central High and waxed poetic about the event’s significance in the civil rights struggle and in his own life. “It was Little Rock that made racial equality a driving obsession in my life,” he said. But in a 2,600-word elegy, Clinton mentioned Eisenhower only one time.
Clinton was not alone. For years, historians, like photo editors, have airbrushed the Little Rock scene so that Eisenhower hardly appears. Look closely: His vague image might still be seen at the picture’s edge. But if so, he is painted in shades of gray to note his supposed ambivalence.
Yet 50 years ago, Ike’s actions were not hard to see. They were bright, bold and bewildering to many leading Democrats. The political ancestors of today’s Democrats did not share the view that Ike didn’t do enough at Little Rock; they believed he had done too much.
Democrats on the 101st Airborne
As the 101st Airborne soldiers executed Eisenhower’s orders and escorted the Little Rock Nine into Central High in September 1957, many in the Democratic establishment convulsed with rage.
Democratic Sen. John Sparkman of Alabama, who had run against Ike in 1952 as Adlai Stevenson’s vice presidential nominee, complained that “occupying Little Rock has brought about further deterioration of relations and further embitterment between our Negro and white citizens.”
Even deadlier venom was spewed by Democratic Sen. Richard Russell of Georgia. In a letter to the White House, he explicitly compared the 101st Airborne troops to Hitler’s storm troopers.
Meanwhile, Russell’s protégé, Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas, sought a middle ground in the soil of moral equivalence by saying, “There should be no troops from either side patrolling our school campuses anywhere.”
In a letter to former Secretary of State Dean Acheson, he sneered that the president “may find that getting the troops out is a much more difficult proposition than getting them in.”
Sen. John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts even more skillfully navigated the Little Rock minefield. “The Supreme Court’s ruling on desegregation of schools is the law of the land,” he told a reporter, “and though there may be disagreement over the president’s leadership on this issue, there is no denying that he alone had the ultimate responsibility for deciding what steps are necessary to see that the law is faithfully executed.”
In one sentence, Kennedy vaguely reassured Northern liberals that he backed the Brown decision while hinting to Southern Democrats that he did not wholly support the president’s actions. | <urn:uuid:5be28bb3-b77e-48db-a62a-a02eaf6ad1e8> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.politico.com/story/2007/09/eisenhower-was-key-desegregation-figure-005885 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917122886.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031202-00556-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959091 | 743 | 2.859375 | 3 |
At present, plants and agricultural sciences are playing a leading role in providing solutions to problems created by an ever growing world population. Through plant biotechnology scientists are seeking ways to improve crop functions that rapidly promote food production. Agricultural science is being used to experiment with producing plants tolerant to environmental stresses such as drought, salinity and coldness.
Of the plant species, woody plants are producing the most abundant biomass resources, playing important roles in the suppression of carbon dioxide increase and supplying huge energy and resources to human beings in the biosphere.
These Proceedings discuss the recent results of fundamental and applied research for global resource and energy, biomass production and environmental problems from the aspect of woody science.
- Formation of the vascular bundle
- Biosynthesis of cellulose
- Lignin biosynthesis and transgenic woody plants
- Cell and tissue culture, and transformation in gymnosperms
- Micropropagation of woody plants
Molecular Breeding of Woody Plants, 1st Edition
1. Regulation of cellulose biosynthesis in developing Xylem (C.H. Haigler, et al
2. Xylem formation and lignification in trees and model species (E. Pesquet, et al
3. Spatial and temporal regulation of lignification during tracheary element differentiation (Y. Sato).
4. Final and fatal step of tracheary element differentiation (A.M. Jones, et al.
as a model for investigating gene activity and function in vascular tissues (E.P. Beers, Chengsong Zhao).
6. Molecular mechanisms of vascular pattern formation (H. Fukada, et al.
7. The asymmetric leaves2
(AS2) gene of arabidopsis thaliana
regulates lamina formation and is required for patterning of leaf venation (E. Semiarti, et al.
8. Biosynthesis of cellulose (I.M. Saxena, R.M. Brown, Jr.).
9. Functional analysis of polysaccharide synthases responsible for cell wall synthesis in higher plants (R.A. Burton, D.M. Gibeaut, G.B. Fincher).
10. Analysis of secondary cell wall formation in arabidopsis
(S.R. Turner, N.G. Taylor, L. Jones).
11. Organization of cellulose-synthesizing terminal complexes (K. Okuda, S. Sekida).
12. Regulation of dynamic changes in cell wall polysaccharides (N. Sakurai, N. Nakagawa).
13. Microfibrils build architecture: a geometrical model (A.M.C. Emons, B.M. Mulder).
14. Occurrence of high crystalline cellulose in the most primitive tunicate, appendicularian
(S. Kimura, T. Itoh).
15. The role of cortical microtubules in wood formation (R. Funada).
16. Xylan and lignin deposition on the secondary wall of fagus crenata
fibers (T. Awano, K. Takabe, M. Fujita).
17. Isolation of monoclonal antibodies recognizing xylem cell wall components by using a phage display subtraction method (N. Shinohara, T. Demura, H. Fukada).
18. On the mechanism to regulate the ratio of syringyl to guaiacyl moieties in lignin (K. Fukushima).
19. The behavior of exogenous sinapic acid in the differentiating xylem of angiosperm (K. Yamauchi, S. Yasuda, K. Fukushima).
20. Functional analysis of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
gene promoter of poplar (M. Oyanagi, Y. Ozeki).
21. Xylem peroxidases: purification and altered expression (J.H. Christensen, et al.
22. Immunolocalization of enzymes involved in lignification (K. Takabe, et al.
23. Lignin biosynthesis in poplar: genetic engineering and effects on kraft pulping (W. Boerjan, et al.
24. Analysis of transgenic poplar in which the expression of peroxidase gene is suppressed (N. Morohoshi, et al.
25. Transcriptional regulation of lignin biosynthesis by tobacco lim protein in transgenic woody plant (A. Kawaoka, et al.
26. Genetic engineering of pinus radiata
and picea abies
, production of transgenic plants and gene expression studies (C. Walter, et al.
27. Analysis of wood development with a genomic approach: eucalyptus ests and tac genomic library (S. Sato, et al.
28. Modifying populus
environmental responses: impacts on wood quantity and quality (R.B. Hall, E.R. Hart, I. Peszlen).
29. Two insect-resistant genes were transferred into poplar hybrid and transgenic poplar show insect-resistance (Hongyu Rao, et al.
30. Modification of flowering in transgenic trees (R. Meilan, et al.
31. Possible approaches for studying three dimensional structure of lignin (N. Terashima).
32. Involvement of peroxidases and hydrogen peroxide in the metabolism of &bgr;-thujaplicin in fungal elicitor-treated cupressus lusitanica
suspension cultures (Jian Zhao, K. Sakai).
33. A factor controlling &bgr;-thujaplicin production in suspension culture of cupressus lusitanica
(J. Yamada, K. Fujita, K. Sakai).
34. Endogenous plant hormones in protoplasts of embryogenic cells of conifers (H. Sasamoto, S. Ogita).
35. Efficient plant regeneration of larix kaempferi
(S. Ogita, H. Sasamoto).
36. Somatic embryogenesis of Japanese conifers (K. Ishii, E. Maruyama, Y. Hosoi).
37. Application of somatic embryogenesis to tree improvement in conifers (D.R. Cyr, et al.
38. Somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration in pinus armandii
(Y. Hosoi, K. Ishii).
39. Plant regeneration from somatic embryos in pinus thunbergii
(Japanese black pine) and pinus densiflora
(Japanese red pine) (T. Taniguchi).
40. Concepts and background of photoautotrophic micropropagation (C. Kubota).
41. Photoautotrophic micropropagation of tropical and subtropical woody plants (Q.T. Nguyen, T. Kozai).
42. Large-scale photoautotrophic micropropagation in a scaled-up vessel (S.M.A. Zobayed, et al.
43. Mass-propagation of coffee from photoautotrophic somatic embryos (F. Afreen, S.M.A. Zobayed, T. Kozai).
44. Automation in somatic embryo production (Y. Ibaraki).
45. A closed-type transplant production system (Changhoo Chun, T. Kozai).
46. Photoautotrophic micropropagation of rhododendron
(C. Valero-Aracama, et al. | <urn:uuid:b7fb4285-e498-4b48-8432-edde7fe16b92> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://store.elsevier.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780444509581 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661778.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00067-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.732985 | 1,615 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Our society is sending mixed messages about bullies. A couple of decades ago we “discovered” elementary and middle school bullies and the damage they were doing to our kids. So we started spending money trying to stop it. Non-profits were formed; curriculum was developed; kids’ books were written; in-service sessions were held; hall monitors were instructed. In some places police officers were placed in the schools. All with the goal of decreasing or eliminating bullying behavior in schools and on the buses.
Bullying behavior? That’s name calling, pushing, hitting, intimidating another kid or taking away something that was his or hers. But there are exceptions. On the ball field or in the hockey rink pushing, hitting, intimidating and stealing are expected, encouraged even. And we expect the kids to keep the boundaries straight – rewarded here, punished there.
As those kids become adults and some of them stay on the football field or in the hockey rink, the rewards get even bigger. For some the result of pushing everyone else out of the way, grounding the other guy, and stealing the puck or the ball is some really big money. We still expect them to keep the boundaries straight. It is okay to hit the quarterback really hard, but not your girlfriend or your four year old. It is okay to take the ball away from the other team’s offense, but not the electronics from Walmart. It is okay to intimidate the other team’s defense to get what you want, but not your girlfriend.
It seems simple enough doesn’t it? But some of the best players, those who have learned how to be the best bullies, just don’t seem to get it. I’m just saying. What do you think? | <urn:uuid:8c6ef34a-b498-4856-874c-d6272d129234> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://outofthepews.blogspot.com/2014/09/bullies-on-and-off-playing-field.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423764.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721082219-20170721102219-00199.warc.gz | en | 0.978223 | 362 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Independence is the perfect occasion to pay tribute to numerous freedom fighters who had struggled to get independence for the country from British rule. While we know about national-level freedom fighters, most of them from Congress party, there were several others who contributed equally towards the struggle. On this occasion of 74th Independence Day, let us remember five such freedom fighters from the North East India.
Maniram Dutta Barua (1806-1858), popularly known as Maniram Dewan, was a nobleman and a tea planter in Assam who led the first major fight for independence in the state around the time of sepoy mutiny. Maniram Dewan came from an influential family in Assam and his ancestors had held high positions in the Ahom kingdom. In his early life, he was a loyal official of the British government, who was appointed as a Tehsildar and a sheristadar. It was Maniram Dewan who had informed the British officials about the Assam tea grown by local tribes, which led to the British starting tea plantation in Assam.
But later, Dewan’s loyalty shifted to the titular Ahom king Purandar Singha, who had appointed him as the Prime Minister, and he resigned from the posts appointed by British govt. Gradually, Maniram Dewan become an opponent of the British rule, due to various reasons like the unjust tax system, exploitation of local economy, introduction of opium cultivation etc. He was also critical of appointment of Marwari and Bengali people at the post of Mauzadars in Assam, ignoring locals.
Maniram Dewan had filed a petition at the Sadar Court in Calcutta demanding that the administration by Ahom king should be reintroduced, which was rejected by the court. After that, while in Calcutta, he started networking with others working to overthrow the British government. After the Sepoy mutiny started in May 1857, Maniram Dewan saw it as an opportunity to restore the Ahom rule in Assam. With the help of king Kandarpeswar Singha and others, he planned to launched a rebellion against the British, with support from the sepoys deployed in Assam. Several local influential leaders had supported this plan, and were able to enlist sepoys for rebellion.
They had planned the revolt in August 1857, with Maniram Dewan coordinating from Calcutta, and decided that Kandarpeswar Singha will be installed as the king on Durga puja at Jorhat, and after that other towns like Sivsagar and Dibrugarh will be liberated.
Unfortunately, this plot was revealed before it could be executed, as some letters among the leaders were intercepted by British officials. Maniram Dewan was arrested in Calcutta, and was shifted to Jorhat in Assam.
Special Commissioner Captain Charles Holroyd, the officer who had intercepted the letters, was also the judge in the trial, where Maniram Dewan was identified as the main kingpin of the plot. On 26th February in 1858, Maniram Dewan and his associate Piyali Barua were publicly hanged.
Apart from being a govt official and later a freedom fighter, Maniram Dewan was also a prolific businessman. After discovery of tea with his help in Assam, he was appointed as the Dewan of Assam Tea Company in 1839. But after around a year he had left the job to start his own tea plantation, and became the first Indian to grow tea commercially in Assam by starting two tea gardens. Apart from tea, he also ventured into gold procuring, salt production, iron smelting, manufacturing of goods, boat and brick making, ivory work, ceramic, agricultural products etc.
After his death, the tea estates of Maniram Dewan at Senglung and Cinnamara were auctioned by the British govt, which were purchased by British tea company George Williamson at a very nominal price. But this proved a bad investment for the company, as the labourers, who were loyal to Maniram Dewan refused to work with the British owners. Later, Cinnamara tea estate was purchased by Jorehaut Tea Company, now owned by Assam Tea Corporation. The Senglung Tea estate was, however, abandoned and it was lost in time, before it was re-discovered in 2014.
Rani Gaidinliu, popularly known as Ranima, was a Rongmei Naga spiritual and political leader from Manipur. She had led a movement against the British rule in 1930s, to uproot the British govt from Manipur and Nagaland. She was born in Nungkao village in present-day Tamenglong district district in Manipur in January 26, 1915. As she was from a very backward place, she didn’t receive any formal education.
At the age of 13, she joined the Heraka religious movement, started by her cousin Haipou Jadonang. This movement was started to revive the Naga tribal religion. Within the Heraka faith, Rani Gaidinliu was considered as an incarnation of the Goddess Cherachamdinliu.
Later, this religious movement turned into a political movement seeking to drive out the British from Manipur and the surrounding Naga areas. The members of the organisation arranged guns from Cachar, and they started an armed struggle against the British government. By the age of 16, Rani Gaidinliu had become a leader of guerrilla forces fighting against the British forces.
After Jadonang was arrested and hanged by British govt in 1931 following a mock trial, Rani Gaidinliu became the leader of the religious and political movement. She had openly rebelled against the British rule, and had appealed the people to not pay taxes.
Her movement was so successful that the British govt had launched a manhunt to capture her, but she managed to evade the govt forces, moving through several villages in current day Assam, Manipur and Nagaland. The British govt had even announced a 10-year tax holiday for any village that will provide information on her.
But on October 17 in 1932, Rani Gaidinliu and her associates were arrested after a surprise raid by an Assam Rifles contingent led by Captain MacDonald near Kenoma village. After a trial, she was convicted of murder and abetment of murder, and was sentenced to life imprisonment. She lodged in jails in Guwahati, Shillong, Aizawl and Tura. When she was in Shillong jail, Jawaharlal Nehru had met her, and promised to pursue her release. He had also given her the title ‘Rani’, calling her the Queen of the Nagas. Subsequently, Nehru had appealed to the British government her release, which was rejected.
After the interim govt of India was set up in 1946 ahead of full power transfer by the British, Rani Gaidinliu was released from Tura jail on the orders of Nehru, who was the Vice President of the Executive Council in the interim govt.
But her struggle didn’t after India’s independence and her release from jail. She was opposed to the Naga separatist movement seeking secessionism from India. She had advocated for a separate Zeliangrong territory within the Union of India. She also tried to revive the Naga traditional animist religion Heraka, for which the original movement by her cousin was launched. Therefore, both the separatist leaders and Baptist Christian missionaries became her opponents. The Christian leaders had threated of serious consequences if she tried to revive the Heraka religion. As a result, she went underground in 1960. After six years in 1966, she and her followers came overground with an agreement with the union government.
On 17 February in 1993, Gaidinliu died at the age of 78 years. She was conferred with the Padma Bhushan award in 1972, Vivekananda Seva Award in 1983, and was conferred the Birsa Munda Award posthumously.
Pa Togan Nengminja
Pa Togan Nengminja is considered as the first Garo freedom fighter in Meghalaya. He was a Garo warrior, who is known for ambushing a troop of British soldiers in the state. Nengminja was born in Samanda village near Williamnagar in East Garo Hills region of Meghalaya.
In the year 1872, a contingent of British soldiers from Tura went to East Garo Hills to complete the conquest of the region. The British forces were facing resistance from the Garo tribe who were refusing to give way the control of their homeland to the western invaders. The soldiers set up a camp in a village named Matcha Rongkrek near Chiso Bibra.
In an attempt to prevent the British from conquering the region, Pa Togan Nengminja planned an attack on the camp. Accordingly, he and other Garo warriors attacked the camp in the night when the soldiers were sleeping. Though the attackers achieved success initially, the other soldiers roused from sleep by the noise of the attack, and they immediately started a retaliatory attack. The Garo warriors equipped with traditional weapons were no match for British soldiers with gun, and they were soon overpowered.
The team of attackers suffered heavy losses and Pa Togan Nengminja died on the spot due to gunshot.
Pa Togan Nengminja and his warriors had used shields made of plantain banana stems to protect themselves from bullets. He had thought that as soon as the bullets hit the shield, they will cool down and lose its momentum. Needless to say, it didn’t work, but it does point towards the planning of the warrior before the attack.
Kushal Konwar was a freedom fighter from Assam who had participated in the independence movement led by Mahatma Gandhi. Kushal Konwar was born in 1905 at Balijan near Sarupathar in the current District of Golaghat in Assam. While studying at school, Kushal was inspired by the Gandhi and he had participated in the non-cooperation movement against the British. He left school at the age of 21 with many other students to take part in the freedom struggle actively.
He had also established a primary school and worked there as an honorary teacher. But as his economic status had deteriorated due to this, he later started working at a tea garden at the insistence of his father. First, he worked in a tea garden owned by a British planter, but soon switched job to another estate owned by an Assamese planter in 1927.
He worked in the garden as a clerk, but in 1936, he left the job to fully devote to the freedom struggle. Kushal Konwar had joined the Congress party and led the party in the Satyagraha and non-cooperation movement in his area. He had become the president of the Sarupathar Congress Committee, and had become a prominent leader in the party due to his organisational skills.
In 1942, the Congress Working Committee passed the Quite India resolution in a meeting in Bombay, and Gandhi appealed everyone to join the movement. While the British govt quickly arrested all prominent Congress leaders, the movement was led by the public at large. In Assam too, state level Congress leaders were arrested, and local level leaders like Kushal Konwar took the responsibility of running the movement.
Although the call was for non-violent movement, it had turned violent with the formation of ‘Mrityu Bahini’ (suicide squad) by some Congress workers. Several incidents derailing trains, burning bridges etc were done by this squad, to prevent the movement of British military. A believer in Gandhi’s ideology, Kushal Konwar didn’t approve the methods used by the Mrityu Bahini.
On 10 October 1942 at around 2 a midnight, a train carrying British soldiers derailed near the Sarupatha Railway station. It is said that around one thousand soldiers were killed in the accident, which was handiwork of the Mrityu Bahini. They had removed the fish-plates from the track, causing the derailment.
Immediately after the accident, the British army cordoned the entire Sarupathar area and rounded up a large number of innocent people, assaulted and harassed them. Since Kushal Konwar was a prominent Congress leader in the area, he too was arrested, and falsely implicated in the case. Kushal Konwar was not aware about the plan to derail the train, but he was painted as the mastermind behind the plot. The trial for the case was conducted by the District Commissioner of Sivasagar district, not a regular British court.
After a trial only in name, Kushal Konwar, Dharmakanta Deka, Ghanashyam Saikia and Kanakeswar Konwar were sentenced to death, while others were awarded various jail terms. Later, the Governor of Assam revoked the death sentence of other three, but Kushal Konwar’s death sentence remained.
At the dawn on 15th June in 1943, freedom fighter Kushal Konwar was hanged to death by the British in the Jorhat jail.
U Tirot Sing
Tirot Sing, also known as U Tirot Sing Syiem, was a chief of the Khasi tribe in Meghalaya. Born in 1802, he had declared war against the British for their attempt to colonise the Khasi Hills.
After taking control over Assam following the Treaty of Yandabo with the Burmese govt in 1826, the British sought to establish network of roads to reach the various areas under this territory. As part of that strategy, David Scott, the Agent of the Governor-General for the entire eastern frontier, planned to build a road from Guwahati to Sylhet.
As the road have to pass through Meghalaya, Scott met local leaders in the area for permission to build the road. As U Tirot Singh was one of the constitutionally chosen chiefs or ‘Syiems’ in the province of Nongkhlow in the Khasi Hills, Scott arranged a meeting with him. The route through Nongkhlow was chosen by the planners as it would be the fastest route to Sylhet and the rest of the Bengal.
When the British govt approached Tirot Sing for the same, he welcomed the idea, believing that it will improve connectivity in the area, the road will provide him and his tribe access and control over duars or check posts into Assam, and they will be able to extend trade upto the Surma Valley in present-day Bangladesh.
After the consent for the road was given by Tirot Sing and other local leaders in 1827, the construction began soon. But after several months, the king of Ranee in present day Assam disputed Tirot’s claim over the check posts. Tirot Sing went to confront him with a troop of soldiers, believing that the British will take his side. But instead the British forces blocked his path.
By this time, Tirot Sing was also becoming suspicious of British plan in Meghalaya, as he got information that the British govt planned to levy heavy taxes after the road is completed. He also learnt that British forces had brought reinforcements to Guwahati. As a result, he convened a durbar and ordered the British to vacate Nongkhlow. But the British administration ignored his order.
Infuriated, Tirot Sing launched a sudden attack on British officers on 4th April in 1829. His soldiers killed two officers. David Scott had a narrow escape, as he had left for Cherrapunjee shortly before the attack.
Shocked by this sudden attack, the British forces were mobilised immediately for retaliation. British troops were brought from Sylhet and Kamrup, and they were confronted by the soldiers of Tirot Sing. The Khasis used guerilla warfare, and used their knowledge of the hilly terrain to their advantage. But, they were armed with only native weapons like bows, arrows and swords, which were not enough to resist the firepower of guns of the British military.
Facing defeats, several chiefs surrendered before the British, Tirot Singh was also injured and he took refuge in the forest. But he was forced to come out from hiding after his location was revealed by a local bribed by the British. On 9th January in 1833, he surrendered before the British govt. After a brief trial, he was deported to Dhaka, where he died in jail on 17 July 1835. | <urn:uuid:90a761d4-7e2b-460d-be20-ec2c5a5a3d32> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.opindia.com/2020/08/independence-day-remembering-the-forgotten-freedom-fighters-from-northeast-india/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703496947.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20210115194851-20210115224851-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.985848 | 3,493 | 3.59375 | 4 |
The Truth Behind Human Trafficking: Debunking 10 Common Myths
Jun 7, 2021 6:00:00 AM
Human trafficking is an extremely complex and destructive industry. It is the third largest international crime (behind illegal drugs and arms trafficking), and the International Labour Organization estimates that it generates annual profits of $150 billion worldwide. Here are some of the most common misconceptions concerning human trafficking:
Myth #1: All victims are either women or children.
The reality is that anyone can fall victim to human trafficking. Although it is true that women and children are the most susceptible due to their gender and age, men living in adverse or poor circumstances can also be targeted. Traffickers prey on the vulnerable, often with promises of a better life that can include, but are not limited to, a well-paying job, help furthering an education, or any number of opportunities that offer a way out of a desperate situation. A few of the most common risk factors for trafficking include the following:
A prior history of abuse or sexual violence
Unstable living situations
The Global Report on Trafficking in Persons notes there are “considerable regional differences in the sex and age profiles of detected trafficking victims.” For example, in West Africa, most of the victims are children, both boys and girls; while in South Asia, victims are equally reported to be men, women, and children. In addition, in Central Asia, a larger share of adult men is detected compared to other regions, while in Central America and the Caribbean, more girls are recorded.
Myth #2: All trafficking is sex trafficking.
Although sex trafficking is a common form of trafficking, it is not the only type of human trafficking. Forced labor is another type of trafficking where victims are found working in legitimate and illegitimate labor industries, including sweatshops, massage parlors, farms, restaurants, hotels, and domestic service, to name only a few. Human trafficking for organ harvesting and human sacrifice also exists in various parts of the world. It’s important to recognize that all forms of human trafficking are a crime against an individual’s most basic human rights and individual freedoms. The horrific physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual consequences felt by a person who is trafficked are immeasurable.
Each stage of the trafficking process can involve physical, sexual, and psychological abuse and violence; deprivation and torture; the forced use of substances; manipulation; economic exploitation; and abusive working and living conditions. One of the things that differentiates the consequences of trafficking from the effects of singular traumatic events is that trafficking usually involves prolonged and repeated trauma.
Myth #3: We know the number of slaves in the world.
Trafficking is a global issue, and its networks can be vast and formidable to investigate. Conversely, trafficking networks can also be loosely connected and small in nature. The United Nations reports that there are around 40 million modern-day slaves in the world. And the U.S. State Department cites that 600,000 to 800,000 people are trafficked across borders every year. However, the reality is that due to the hidden nature of human trafficking, it is difficult to pinpoint the exact number of people victimized by this horrible industry. Concrete statistics prove to be elusive, and reports can only give us a rough estimate of how many lives have been exploited by this crime.
“While urgency has always marked the fight against human trafficking, the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic have magnified the need for all stakeholders to work together in the fight more than ever. We know that human traffickers prey upon the most vulnerable and look for opportunities to exploit them. Instability and lack of access to critical services caused by the pandemic mean that the number of people vulnerable to exploitation by traffickers is rapidly growing.” (2020 Trafficking in Persons Report)
To unlock the seven remaining myths, click the button below to download your free copy of The Truth Behind Human Trafficking: Debunking 10 Common Myths.
To date, Love Justice International has intercepted over 22,000 individuals to prevent them from being trafficked. Our success of empowering and impacting lives with freedom and hope is a direct result of people like you who have joined us in this crucial fight.
Visit here to learn how you can change the story from slavery to freedom for vulnerable people across the globe at risk of being sold into a life of unimaginable exploitation and abuse.
*All content, data, and statistics current at the date and time of publishing. | <urn:uuid:c8605825-63fc-43fc-b103-bb053ba7f6cd> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.lovejustice.ngo/blog/the-truth-behind-human-trafficking-debunking-10-common-myths | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152144.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210726183622-20210726213622-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.935599 | 921 | 2.921875 | 3 |
As well as providing a giant breakfast bowl to sustain birds during winter, the muck heap is a valuable tool in the battle against soil depletion, as Tim Field explains
Muck heaps are a valuable tool in the battle against soil depletion, Tim Field explains.
For more on farming, find out why winter is no time for farmers to sit back. Read farmers acting as engineers: masters of engineering.
In the quiet of a crisp winter’s morning a gentle plume rises from a field edge. The remnants of a bonfire? No, it is steam rising off a mighty muck heap. A community of billions of fungi, bacteria and invertebrates are industriously composting away, letting off steam in the process. The larger beasties wriggle back and forth, aerating and mixing the outer layers, exposing a few weed seeds and husks on the surface. The combination of warmth, bugs and worms, with a side order of seeds and grains, make this a bird feeder of gargantuan proportions. Every rough shoot should cherish a good muck heap – a giant breakfast bowl to sustain birds through a cold snap.
Cow muck is a familiar scent around stock farms on windless winter days, particularly when it’s being shunted around. The beeping of a reversing Loadall is reminiscent of yard scraping, mucking out and turning. In an ideal world, muck is manoeuvred into a covered store before being carted to field when a suitable weather window appears. In well-endowed farmyards a large, concrete pad and silos will allow regular turning without damaging soil structure. Otherwise, it is in-field composting, heaped on a firm piece of ground far from ditches, drains and watercourses. It is turned every six weeks to aerate.
Patiently waiting a year to compost, the spreader kicks into gear when the ground firms up or a hard, frosty day enables muck mobilisation. The valuable crops most in need of nitrogen will be prioritised, such as winter cereals. Giving a dose of nitrogen from well-rotted manure will help the crop get away in spring. Otherwise it could be stubbles ready for the spring drillings or pastures in line for a hay or silage cut at the start of summer. Once the first cut of silage is taken, the muck spreader follows closely behind to give a boost to regrowth before another cut or grazing.
Nutrient cycling with manure is one of the great values of mixed farming. Muck spreading is the means of shifting nitrogen from feed, via livestock to the next crops. It is often forgotten that an animal by itself doesn’t generate fertility, it merely recycles it. A cow grazing a grass pasture is quietly stripping fertility and over time the field will be less productive; unless, that is, feed, muck or fertiliser is brought in to replenish the nitrogen removed by the grazing cow.
However, the miraculous biology of nitrogen-fixation in leguminous plants (such as clover) and other soil microbiology replenish soil fertility. Therefore, an optimal system will fix fertility in leguminous leys, harvest the “fat from the land” (as silage or hay) during peak growing season, conserve to feed in winter and recycle via manure for future plant growth. A few years of building and redistributing nitrogen in the crop rotation allows for increased productivity without the cost of artificial fertiliser or imported feed.
Areas where muck distribution is more of a challenge, such as the steep slopes of downland or saturated flood meadows, become “unimproved” pastures. Without competition from dominant grasses, the sward diversity flourishes with flowering plants and associated assemblages. After a period of considerate fertility building, the farm will present areas less suited to intensive efforts and biodiversity will benefit. While these areas might still be grazed, hay taken or weeds managed, more intensive treatments of subsoiling, muck spreading or reseeding are directed towards the farm’s soils that make up the bread basket.
The Sustainable Soils Alliance was launched at Westminster in October and we heard Michael Gove rolling out facts and figures on our soil’s capacity to yield only 60 more harvests before we lose them beyond repair. He went on to quote Jared Diamond’s book Collapse, which describes how the fall of civilisation on Easter Island coincided with the destruction of the environment – trees, in that case. Drawing comparisons between us now and the Easter Islander community 60 years before the last tree was felled, we got an encouraging message that our Secretary of State wants to arrest the depletion of soils or face civil disaster.
Soil nutrient recycling of mixed farming systems is, without a doubt, part of the solution and there is a reassuring appetite to value the magnificence of manure. As part of the annual Oxford Farming Conferences in January, Agricology will be hosting a fringe event at Daylesford Farm with six farmers representing their different scenarios of integrating livestock to build soil fertility. On that day and all winter, may steaming beacons of muck symbolise enlightened perspectives on soil husbandry.
Follow Tim and Agricology @agricology | <urn:uuid:6dd3df4e-34f8-4d25-b5b9-e7d2159a3c44> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.thefield.co.uk/country-house/muck-heaps-best-muck-40761 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038119532.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417102129-20210417132129-00442.warc.gz | en | 0.928943 | 1,085 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Reports on people suffering an adverse reaction to immunisation focus on the suffering of one over the safety of many. But immunisation benefits the whole community so we should all bear responsibility for those few who experience an adverse reaction to it.
Immunisation works and to the extent that we no longer see people suffering from diseases we immunise against, it is a victim of its own success. Until polio was effectively eradicated through the use of a vaccine, it was not uncommon to see its residual effect among the population. Such sights often motivated parents to immunise their children.
Another worthy example of the positive impact of immunisation is the story of measles in Australia. Only about half of all Australian children received measles vaccines in the 1980s and the illness circulated freely. From 1976 to 1995, 94 children (nearly five children a year) died from severe measles pneumonia or encephalitis (brain inflammation).
But since the 1990s, the proportion of children immunised against measles has risen to over 90%, and there’s only been one death from the illness since 1995 (in 2004). What’s more, there are now only occasional cases of measles in Australia imported from overseas.
About one in every thousand children who catches measles will develop encephalitis. This is fatal for about 5% to 10% and leaves 15% with brain damage. In contrast, only about one in a million children immunised with live measles vaccine (or the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine – MMR) develops encephalitis, which is one child every four years.
In Australia, immunisation is not and doesn’t need to be compulsory because high rates of immunisation are already maintained voluntarily. Most parents recognise that the benefits of measles immunisation far outweigh the risks. Immunisation benefits individual children and the community because a large number of immunised kids means those who have contraindications to measles immunisation, such as those with immune deficiency or whose parents are conscientious objectors to immunisation, are also protected.
This protection is called “herd immunity” and it means when immunisation levels are high, a virus can no longer circulate so even unimmunised children will not be exposed and catch measles.
But suppose a child is unlucky enough to develop severe brain damage as a result of measles immunisation. Their family would inevitably incur out-of-pocket expenses for special needs, such as wheelchairs and modifications to their house and car. Is it fair that a family suffers because their child was inadvertently injured, through neither their fault nor health-care workers’, by a vaccine endorsed and paid for by the community?
By 2010, 19 countries around the world had accepted that society owes a duty of care (or of gratitude) to the very few individuals damaged by a vaccine and had introduced no-fault vaccine compensation schemes. Germany has had such a scheme for 50 years; New Zealand, the United States, Britain and most European countries have compensation schemes – Australia does not.
So what are the barriers to introducing a no-fault compensation scheme for vaccine injury? Would large numbers of people suddenly try to get vaccine compensation? This has not been the case in other countries, which generally appoint expert committees to consider whether cases of possible vaccine injury justify compensation.
Overseas schemes are funded by one of four methods:
a vaccine tax;
special funding for the scheme from general taxes;
industry contribution; or
compensation as part of a broader national compensation scheme (as in New Zealand).
In the United States, where compensation is funded through a vaccine levy, over 2,500 claimants have received compensation since 1989 and the compensation fund is in surplus by about US$3 billion.
Australia is proud of its emphasis on justice and the principle of giving people a “fair go”. It seems only fair someone injured by a vaccine offered and accepted in good faith to benefit the community should be compensated by that community. It’s certainly a better solution than having people not immunise their children and so expose the whole community to a virus.
High rates of immunisation reflect public trust in its benefits and such trust would only be strengthened by the knowledge that the community will look after the few unfortunate casualties of a highly successful immunisation program. | <urn:uuid:ced98670-8b47-4f9e-ae85-3af56e7ac593> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://theconversation.com/all-for-one-and-one-for-all-no-fault-compensation-for-vaccine-reactions-5837 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823478.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019212946-20171019232838-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.967055 | 873 | 3.4375 | 3 |
I heard about K9 encryption, but I don't know which type of encryption is it and how it work. I just see one example in one site but cant decode the full logic.
ENCRYPTED : 8430727796730470662453
DECRYPTED : the password is mobile
The algo use number association which use something like :
0 => _space
1 => ’
2 => ABC
3 => DEF
4 => GHI
5 => JKL
6 => MNO
7 => PQRS
8 => TUV
9 => WXYZ
I'd say that this is not an encryption algorithm but rather a very, very simple hashing algorithm.
The hashing is easy.
Restoring the original is not possible, as for every number (apart from 0) there are at least 3 possible characters.
For example, another possible decrypted password for your above example would also be:
UGE PAQRWOSE GR ONAGJF.
And that is also the problem with this algorithm: Unlike other secure hashing algorithms, it reduces the number of tries required to find a valid password for the given hash immensely, because many, many different inputs can create the same output, so trying to crack a password, you have many more chances to hit the right "hash" even when the actual password is wrong.
Example: Instead of "THE PASSWORD IS MOBILE" also "UGE PAQRWOSE GR ONAGJF" and many other combinations of letters would be accepted as the correct password.
So while this may be nice to teach children about hashing, please don't use this is a real-world application...
There is no real "one answer" solution to the challenge you linked. If it is not a fraud, any combination of letters that lead to the given number must be deemed valid solutions. Of course "THE PASSWORD IS MOBILE" is one of them.
Without the additional information that the password must be a valid English sentence, this allows for many possible solutions.
Unless they accept any combination of letters that leads to the hash
8430727796730470662453 as a solution, I can not take that page seriously. | <urn:uuid:43fe6d43-f688-4bfe-b16e-776321555c74> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://codedump.io/share/LkmefZDDKZ4Y/1/what-is-k9-encryption-algorithm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540698.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00440-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916604 | 468 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Regional anaesthesia is very much used in the child and develops very quickly. The peripheral accesses represent the majority of the regional techniques used. Continuous injection, after central or peripheral accesses, also progresses. There are complications in podiatry after regional anaesthesias. In most cases, they are not serious permanent problems, but they are probably underestimated. Modern approaches of treatment for the nervous structures (neurostimulators and echographs) are available and are used more often in order to increase the effectiveness. Careful use of the neurostimulator and ultrasonography may probably improve the safety in paediatric regional anaesthesia in the years to come. | <urn:uuid:2fdce641-a5c1-481f-87d7-188d13e88ba7> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.mysciencework.com/publication/show/epidemiology-morbidity-regional-anaesthesia-children-6ff092dc | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257649508.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323235620-20180324015620-00156.warc.gz | en | 0.937362 | 133 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Advances in transportation have changed the world. Important inventions such as the steam engine, the aircraft, the jet engine, and the computer have brought rapid progress to transportation. This book looks at cutting edge designs that have created the fastest, the best, and the most amazing cars, ships, trains, planes, and bikes in the world today. Find out: How do maglev trains work? How could bubble power help submarines go faster than sound? Which cars are the most powerful?
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Rent Transportation 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Mark Morris. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by NA-h. | <urn:uuid:fc3a6254-d443-49fc-9682-b5aa88eaa4ae> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.chegg.com/textbooks/transportation-1st-edition-9781403474292-140347429x | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111365.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00068-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955376 | 141 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Adolf Hitler's number two and founder of the Gestapo who was the highest ranking Nazi official to be tried at the Nuremberg Trials. He was sentenced to death at the Nuremberg Trials for war crimes and crimes against humanity but he committed suicide the night before he was to be hanged.
He participated in the failed coup known as the Beer Hall Putsch, which Adolf Hitler orchestrated in 1923.
He was appointed minister without portfolio, Minister of the Interior for Prussia, and Reich Commissioner of Aviation after Adolf Hitler became Germany's chancellor in January 1933.
He was an ace fighter pilot in World War I, and was awarded the esteemed Pour le Mérite.
He married actress Emmy Sonnemann in April 1935. | <urn:uuid:7a6108cc-c523-4b84-be38-7405c3b800d6> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://famousmore.com/herman-goring | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323842.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629015021-20170629035021-00245.warc.gz | en | 0.983796 | 149 | 2.671875 | 3 |
BP may have known the flow rate from the underwater oil leak in the Gulf of Mexico was two to four times higher than the estimate the company announced last month, according to a technical group commissioned by the US Geological Survey (USGS).
Some, including a Massachusetts congressman, are saying the company may have relied on the lower estimate to prevent future penalties from the federal government, which are based upon the number of barrels released in a spill.
The USGS is reporting the flow rate from the underwater wellhead in the Gulf is between 12,000 and 19,000 barrels per day. BP has stated their estimates put the flow rate at 5,000 barrels per day. At the high end, the new estimate puts the amount of oil released into the Gulf at close to three times the amount spilled after the tanker Exxon Valdez ran aground in Alaska's Prince William sound in 1989.
The USGS collected data using three separate methodologies that analyzed the amount of oil on the surface as well as video feeds that showed the amount gushing from the sea’s bottom. As of May 17, the 27th day of the spill, US Geological Survey Director Marcia McNutt said there was between 130,000 and 270,000 barrels of oil on the Gulf’s surface.
In a press conference with reporters Thursday morning, McNutt put the conflicting numbers into context, saying BP did not have access to NASA technology used in USGS estimates. “The original estimate was based on very limited data approved” by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, the federal scientific agency that is taking the lead in recovery efforts, she added.
“To tell you the truth [BP] did have numbers ranging from 1,000 to 13,000 barrels per day. They had such wildly different numbers all based on surface observations that they decided to take a number somewhere in the middle that they thought was conservative and defensible,” Ms. McNutt said.
BP’s higher estimates are evidence the company was worried more about their potential liability costs, says Rep. Edward J. Markey (D-Mass.) who chairs the Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming. The Clean Water Act subjects companies to fines between $1,000-$3,000 per barrel spilled, depending on whether gross negligence is deemed to have been present.
The USGS estimates put BP’s potential fines between $444 million and $2.1 billion, according to Markey.
"Now we know what we always knew—this spill is much larger than BP has claimed,” Markey said in a statement. “What’s clear is that BP has had an interest in low-balling the size of their accident, since every barrel spilled increases how much they could be fined by the government.”
The technical group that came up with the revised estimates is comprised of federal scientists, academic experts and independent scientists. BP representatives are not included but participated only by supplying the team with raw data upon request. | <urn:uuid:52e0e696-2de3-49db-ae3c-8ea3bc3c5f24> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0527/Did-BP-intentionally-low-ball-the-extent-of-the-Gulf-oil-spill | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738380.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809013812-20200809043812-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.971941 | 618 | 3.078125 | 3 |
10 Study Tips for Middle School and High School Students
It is the beginning of a new school year and you are probably starting your first year of middle school or high school. Everything is going great, and then your teacher announces the date of your first test. Now you’re in panic mode because you have no clue how to study for a test in middle school or how to study for a test in high school! Can I use the same techniques? Are the tests harder? Well I've got good news for you girl gang! Studying for tests and developing good study habits are something that you’ll learn and continue to develop as you get older. Here are some effective study tips to help you through the school year, whether you've just started middle school or high school.
1. Create a Study Schedule
Since we’ve just started the new school year, this is a great time to take out your planner and record all your due dates and tests. If you don’t have specific dates yet, you can track your assignment and exam dates monthly or weekly. You can do this in your planner, on your phone, or using an app like myHomework planner .Tracking your due dates will make it easier to schedule your study sessions among your other responsibilities. When scheduling your study sessions, plan them across several days instead of one or two days before a test.
2. Assign a Designated Study SpaceI know it can be tempting to have all your study sessions in your room on your cozy bed. But your study space should be somewhere that is clean, comfortable, free of distractions, and has good lighting. When you're organizing your study space, try to include a comfortable seat, a clock, and a desk lamp. Adding cute decor that helps boost your mood are also great motivation for your study sessions. These items can be a scented candle, inspirational quotes, or cute stationery. If you are more of a tech lover, organize your desktop with a desktop screensaver from Pinterest or customize one from Canva.
3. Identify Your Learning Style
Before you start studying, it is important to discover your learning style to understand how you learn and remember information. Once you’re familiar with your learning style, you can include the study methods that work best for your learning style into your study sessions. There are four main types of learning styles: visual, auditory, reading/writing, and kinaesthetic. Some students learn best using one type of learning style, while other students learn using a combination of different learning styles.
- Visual learners: learn best by using colourful notes, images, diagrams, and illustrations.
- Auditory learners: learn best by reading their notes out loud and using mnemonics or rhymes.
- Reading/Writing learners: learn best by reading their notes or textbooks and rewriting their notes.
- Kinaesthetic learners: learn best by standing up, walking around, or chewing gum while they study.
4. Create Your Study Notes
When creating your study notes, it is important to write them in your own words so they are easier to understand and memorize. A great way to organize your study material is by creating a cheat sheet or summary page for each topic or chapter.
5. Choose Your Study Methods
There are many study methods that you can use when studying for a test. The study method you choose can depend on the subject you're studying for and your learning style. If you have a math test, you'll complete practice problems and revise your notes. If you are studying for a history test, you'll use flashcards to memorize dates and definitions. What’s important is finding the study method that works for you regardless of the type of test. The following study methods are some other techniques you can try when studying for your tests.
A mind map is a visual layout of topics that you can create to summarize important concepts. Mind maps are effective for visual learners because it's a visual form of note-taking that helps you understand how concepts are related. You can create mind maps by hand with a piece of paper and writing materials or you can create a digital one on Canva. When creating your mind map, write the topic in the middle and use arrows to show the connections. You can also add details to your mind map by including shapes, symbols, and colours.
Flashcards are a useful technique for kinaesthetic learners that involves memorizing concepts by using repetition. Flashcards are convenient for memorizing formulas, vocabulary words, facts, and definitions. They are also a preferred study method because you can keep them in your bag and study anywhere. You can create study decks using physical flashcards or you can create a digital deck using Quizlet. During your study session, flashcards will be grouped into cards you know and cards you don't know well. Each study session will consist of the cards you don't know well until you've learned all the cards in the deck.
Teaching your study material to someone else is a great way to test your knowledge and understanding. When you teach the material to someone else, you can determine whether you are explaining the concepts using your own words and examples. This method is effective for auditory learners because you are saying the material out loud. A great way to teach the material is by explaining it to someone who has no knowledge of the topic, such as a younger sibling or parent.
Practice tests are effective for subjects like math, science, or languages. Completing the practice problems and quizzes from your textbook are a great way to prepare for these tests. Another way you can study for a test is by creating your own practice tests. Kahoot is a fun tool to create your own quizzes on a topic and test yourself or your friends!
For the reading/writing learners, the writing method is the study technique for you. The writing method involves writing down everything you know on a topic. When you review your notes, fill in everything you're missing. Then you repeat another session of writing what you know, until you've learned all the study material. Another way you can use this method is by writing summaries of the material then highlighting or rereading the summaries.
This method will make you excited to study because it involves rewarding yourself with a treat when you meet your study goals. The treating method is completed by placing a small candy (e.g. gummy bear) at the end of each page of your notes or textbook as motivation to continue to the next page. However, for this method to be successful, you should only reward yourself with candy when you're studying. Alternatively, your reward can also be a nap or watching an episode of a Netflix series. Another way you can use this method is by reading a paragraph and trying to repeat the material you need to remember. If you recall the information correctly, you can reward yourself with a treat.
6. Eat Healthy Snacks
Staying hydrated and consuming healthy snacks are essential to a successful study session.The foods you eat when you study can affect your focus and energy levels. When studying, it is recommended to drink water and eat snacks such as almonds, dark chocolate, fruits, yogurt, and popcorn. To stay focused, you’ll want to avoid caffeine and foods high in sugar.
7. Take Timed Breaks
During your study sessions, it is important to include timed breaks to avoid burnout and remain focused. A great technique is the Pomodoro method which involves studying in shorter intervals of 25 minutes and taking a 5 - 10 minute break. After your fourth session, take a 25-minute break. There are great tools that use the Pomodoro method that you can use on your phone or computer. This method is great especially for those of you who have a short attention span. When you take your breaks, avoid using your phone or surfing the web. Try to move your body, take a walk, go to the bathroom, or practice that new TikTok dance you just learned.
8. Create a Study Playlist
Music can be a great study buddy to motivate us during our study sessions. When choosing a study playlist, you'll want to avoid music that has vocals and choose instrumentals. Youtube has tons of playlists to fuel your study sessions. If you are a Harry Potter fan you can study like a Hogwarts student with these ambient playlists. If you want a break from music, you can use the relaxing sounds from a window anywhere in the world with Window Swap.
9. Find a Study Buddy/Study Group
Inviting a friend or group of friends to your study session is a great way to test each other and discuss the material. You could divide the material among each other and create your own quizzes in Kahoot. Your study group could also use the teaching method and each take turns to teach a different concept to the group.
10. Stress Management
Studying for a test can cause a lot of stress and anxiety, especially when we have a busy schedule or have fallen behind in our study schedules. Practicing stress management and breaking your study sessions into manageable chunks are a great way to reduce your stress and catch up with your study schedule. If you’ve become tired and need to take a nap during a study session, a 15 minute nap can help you feel refreshed and energized to continue studying. Avoid cramming for a test the night before because it can increase stress and anxiety which will make it harder for you to focus and remember information.
Now that you've learned some great study tips, you can add them to your study routine. If you already have study techniques and a routine that works for you, you can always stick to your routine. If you like incorporating different study techniques, ask your teacher, parent, or an older sibling to share their best study tips and you'll be ready for that upcoming test. Good luck and happy studying girl gang! | <urn:uuid:5682852d-799c-4f03-af5d-51d43cd0ce57> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://girlgangstrong.com/blogs/news/10-study-tips-for-middle-school-and-high-school-students | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510983.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002064957-20231002094957-00768.warc.gz | en | 0.937305 | 2,048 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Heat Pumps for your Home Heat Pumps for your Home
Whether individual homeowners know it or not, virtually all American homes have a heat pump in them. Now, when most people think about a heat pump they think of something that actually heats their home. However, in reality, heat pumps are used for lots of things other than heating homes. For example, a refrigerator is a heat pump since it takes warm air out of the interior of the fridge and pushes (pumps) that heat out through the fridge vents. That's exactly the same thing a home heating pump does, except the home heat pump takes heat out of the air, the ground or in some cases water and pumps it into your home to heat it. However, heat pumps used for home heating have an extra feature refrigerators don't - home heat pumps can be run in reverse so they pump hot air out of your home in the summer, doing double duty by cooling your home as well as heating it.
A little background on heat pumps
- Heat pumps work on the concept that heat always runs 'downhill', or in other words heat always flows from a warmer area to a cooler area, exactly the same principle an air conditioner uses to cool your home. So, if you think of running an air conditioner in reverse, you can understand how a heat pump works. The heat pump takes warmth from a heat source that could be the outside air, the ground under and around your home, or in some cases a nearby pond or lake, captures it, then carries it into your home to warm it.
- Heat pumps aren't a new idea, in fact they've been used in North America and around the world for years. Besides the refrigerator example, heat pump technology is also used for example,in refrigerated trucks and train cars, where they pump the warm air out of the interior the same way a large refrigerator would work.
- It took a while for the technology to be improved/adapted to provide home heating and perhaps more importantly, the price points to become more acceptable for consumers to start thinking about heat pumps as a viable home heating option.
How heat pumps work
- Heat pumps don't generate heat themselves, they gather heat from an external source, with different designs of heat pumps gathering their heat from various sources. Air source heat pumps are probably he most common type of heat pumps, and gather latent heat in the outside air to provide the heat for your home. While it's difficult to believe there can be any warmth in the January air in Minnesota, there really is some heat out there - (amazingly some Canadian studies have found that even at 0° F, outside air still contains a large percentage of the heat it had at 70°F).
- Other heat pump designs gather their heat from alternate sources. Ground source or geothermal heat pumps literally use the ground around your home (where the underground temperature below 4' remains relatively stable winter and summer), and water source heat pumps gather their heat from ponds or lakes.
- All heat pump systems consist of five basic components –
- a way to gather the heat from the source,
- a 'refrigerant' to carry the heat (used to be Freon but in recent years more ecologically friendly 'refrigerants' have been developed.
- a compressor that increases the temperature by compressing the refrigerant and also pumps the refrigerant though the system
- a fan to blow the heat into a duct/distribution system and throughout your home
- tubing to carry the refrigerant throughout the system.
- Simplistically this is how a heat pump actually works
- All heat pump systems are closed loop systems, so starting on the outside, refrigerant is pumped through coils of tubing where it gathers heat from the heat source (air, water, or ground). As heat is picked up the liquid refrigerant expands into a warm vapor that is then carried to a compressor where while it's being compressed, the temperature goes up. The now hot refrigerant is then carried to coils inside your home where a fan blows over the hot tubing, spreading the heat into the distribution system while cooling the refrigerant. After giving up its heat, the now cool refrigerant is carried back out to the heat source where it once again picks up heat and starts the process all over again.
Are heat pumps more energy efficient than other heating systems?
- Since they only move heat rather than generating it, heat pumps are surprisingly energy efficient. Just think about it, a furnace needs to turn fossil fuels or electricity into heat before it can distribute it, while a heat pump simply gathers existing heat then moves it into your home.
- However, the efficiency of any heat pump is impacted by the difference in temperature between the heat source and the final temperature – the larger this difference, the less efficient the unit. In heat pump terminology the difference between the temperature at the 'source” and the delivered temperature - the 'sink' is known as ' 'lift'. The higher the lift the more energy is required to achieve it and the less energy efficient the heat pump is.
Can you measure the Energy efficiency of heat pumps?
There are at least two accepted ways to measure the energy efficiency of a heat pump
- One 'measurement' is the Coefficient of Performance (COP) - a measurement of the ratio of the change in temperature of the output compared to the amount of energy needed to achieve that change. In simple terms, it tells you how much energy was needed to achieve a particular increase in temperature. For example, a COP of 3 means a heat pump can produce 3 units of heat energy for each single unit of electric energy consumed. In favorable situations some heat pumps can achieve a COP rating of 4 making them much more energy efficient than even a high efficiency furnace that operates at 95% efficiency.
- Another measures of efficiency for heat pumps is the HSPF (Heating Seasonal Performance Factor) that compares a heat pumps estimated seasonal heating output in BTU's compared to the amount of electrical energy it consumes in watt -hours. The higher the HSPF the more energy efficient the heat pump is. Since 2005 all new heat pumps are required to have an HSPF of at least 7.7 and some units can achieve a rating of 10 (a unit with an HSPF of 8 or more is considered high efficiency and is eligible for a US Energy Tax Credit).
So, heat pumps are proven technology and energy efficient can I actually use one anywhere in the country? In an existing home?
- Heat pumps can be used anywhere in the country to provide both heating and cooling - however, realistically in areas where winter temperatures commonly go below freezing, heat pumps likely won't be able to provide enough heat for your home to feel comfortable all the time, and you'll need some form of supplemental heating.
- Similar to a central air conditioner heat pumps can be installed in existing homes that have some type of forced air heating – natural gas, propane, oil or electric. If your home has some other form of heating (electric baseboards, hot water radiators), you would need to install ducts to distribute the heat coming from a heat pump.
If you're considering a heat pump for your home there are some things you do need to consider
- If the winter temperature in your area commonly falls below 40°F in your area, you won;t be able to use a heat pump as your single source of home heating. Many people choose a gas or oil furnace to provide supplemental heat primarily because a furnace will more efficiently maintain the inside temperatures when there is a large difference between the inside and outside temperatures. A dual system like this will provide maximum efficiency since it uses the most efficient way to heat your home relative to the temperature differential (and you will have the advantage of the heat pump's capability to cool your home in the heat of the summer).
Type of heat pump –
- Air source heat pumps are the most common choice and the least expensive to install, since there is no need to dig up your yard to install the large coils of tubing to gather heat from underground. However, air source heat pumps have an inherent problem in that the outside part of the unit tends to frost up in cold weather, forcing the unit to use some of its heat to thaw itself out, rather than heating your home reducing it;s efficiency. Geothermal units don't have an external component that can freeze (all the heat pump's components except for the tubing are in your home) so this isn't a problem with them.
- Ground source /Geothermal heat pumps – Gather the heat from the ground around your home where the temperature is relatively stable winter and summer (and much warmer than the temperature of the outside air in the winter), making them more efficient than air source designs. The temperature increase (the lift) needed to heat your home is less for a ground source heat pump than an air source unit.
- The major downside to geothermal units are the costs associated with the digging and excavation to install the underground tubing. For an existing home, these cost can be substantial depending on the topography and actual layout of your property. Obviously it's possible to minimize these costs by installing a ground source system while a home is under constriction.
Sizing of the unit -
- Similar to a furnace a heat pump needs to be sized properly to work most efficiently in your home. An oversized unit will cycle on and off repeatedly, and won't properly dehumidify your home making it feel drafty and cold in the winter. An undersized unit will have trouble providing enough heat in the winter (and won't properly cool in the summer either).
While understanding the basics of how a heat pump works and the pros and cons of different designs will help a homeowner make an informed decision, actually determining the proper size and type of heat pump for your budget and area of the country is probably a job that should be done in consultations with a qualified heating contractor. | <urn:uuid:c33c15f3-93ed-4f8e-a7ce-660fe8a0c261> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://www.doityourself.com/stry/heat-pumps-for-your-home | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156314.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180919235858-20180920015858-00301.warc.gz | en | 0.94615 | 2,042 | 2.75 | 3 |
As anyone who has experienced a bad smell can likely tell you, experiencing odour can be unpleasant. Historically, we have treated smells as a “nuisance” rather than something that might affect our health. There is a lot we do not know about the relationship between odour and health. Some odorous compounds can have negative health impacts themselves, and they can also indicate the presence of other, health-harming air pollutants—either because they’re emitted by the same sources, or because the smelly substances can be transformed into the harmful pollutants in the atmosphere. These linkages between odour and poor air quality are another important dimension of odour impacts.
Smell Vancouver, or SmellVan, is a web-based app that can now be accessed at smell-vancouver.ca. We want to know when and where people in Metro Vancouver experience bad odours in their outdoor environment. Through SmellVan, members of the public have the opportunity to log odours, report on any health effects they are experiencing, and see what others are smelling. We hope to identify odour “hotspots” in the region so we can take a closer look at these areas from an air quality perspective. The SmellVan app does not replace the typical odour complaint process, so if you want to formally complain about odours, you can submit your concern to Metro Vancouver. Submitting a formal complaint will allow the air quality regulator to determine the source and get them to reduce their emissions of odorous air contaminants.
Naomi Zimmerman and Amanda Giang are a pair of UBC researchers who are studying the different scents that permeate Metro Vancouver. | <urn:uuid:5db07bd1-447e-41ab-83ed-5b7f6448c306> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.rehabmagazine.ca/research/the-leading-edge/the-leading-edge-is-there-something-in-the-air/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305242.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220127072916-20220127102916-00166.warc.gz | en | 0.939227 | 340 | 2.984375 | 3 |
(Electronic Asthma Self-management for Young People)
Asthma is a serious global health problem and its prevalence has been increasing worldwide over the past two decades, particularly in children. It is the most common chronic childhood disease in the UK and affects 1.1 one million (1 in 10) children. Asthma accounts for a higher number of emergency bed-days and emergency hospital admissions than any other paediatric long-term condition. In 2006-7, 38,500 emergency bed-days were recorded in those under 19 with a primary diagnosis of asthma. Studies suggest that up to 75% of hospital admissions with asthma are avoidable with better self-management using action plans2 but that sustained & effective uptake of such tools is currently limited2. This is particularly true of teenagers & adolescent patients. Supporting effective self-mamagement and adherence to treatment remains challenging.
Work supported by the NHS Institute for Innovation & Improvement, Asthma UK, and UCLH/ UCL Partners has focused on imprvoing emergency & urgent care for children and young people with asthma in the London Borough of Camden, It produced a three pronged approach, based on British Thoracic Society Guidelines3:
• Asthma Action Plan
• Asthma Hand Held Record
• Asthma Annual Assessment Proforma4.
These Patient-centred educational tools that support knowledge of treatments have the potential to improve treatement adherence, symptom control and quality of life. Ultimately this self-management empowers patients to increase self-sufficiency in the management of their condition.
Children and Young People rountinely access multimedia tecnologies and web based resources in their everyday lives. Within the next decade, patients with chronic long-term conditions such as asthma will be able to access digital healthcare, transforming how the next generation manage their health & interact with health care providers.
In partnership with Asthma UK, QMUL and Solar Embedded we have developed an innovative Mobile Phone Application (app for Android Mobiles) ‘My Asthma Log’ to support improved education, treatment adherence & emergency self-management (EASY programme) in children and young people with asthma.
The mobile-phone ‘app’ enables patients to manage their health needs with an individualised asthma plan. The ‘app’ is an interactive communication platform which will allow patients to access their emergency self-management plans (including digital images of their inhalers), hand-held records & educational material such as information on the asthma and links videos of correct inhaler
technique. It ultilizes a user-friendly icon/button interface. NHS London will host this ‘app’ on it’s new App store which will be launched this November.
For further information contact the clinical lead for the project, Dr Caro Minasian, Consultant in Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, University College London Hospitals (firstname.lastname@example.org) or Catherine Clapton HIEC Fellow Asthma Children and Young People (email@example.com)
Asthma UK http://www.asthma.org.uk/
2 (DH) Outcomes strategy for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma in England (2011) http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_127974
3 British Thoracic Society (BTS) Guidance (2009) (http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/qrg101.pdf)
4 North East,Central London and Essex Health Innovation and Education Cluster: http://www.necles.org.uk/ | <urn:uuid:d8ba1a72-1a41-4965-b451-e9d5fcde29b5> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://departmentofhealth.ideascale.com/a/dtd/EASY-PROJECT-Electronic-Asthma-Self-management-for-Young-People/51949-15482 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743732.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117185331-20181117211331-00184.warc.gz | en | 0.90609 | 780 | 2.75 | 3 |
Issue Date: August 5, 2013
Incas Doped Their Sacrifice Victims
In 1999, archaeologists discovered the mummies of three Inca human sacrifice victims near the 22,000-foot summit of Llullaillaco volcano in the Andes Mountains. The 500-year-old remains were so remarkably preserved in the cold, arid climate that medical researchers have been able to detect molecular evidence of tuberculosis and other diseases in the remaining body fluids (C&EN, May 20, page 32). A team of scientists led by Andrew S. . . .
To view the rest of this content, please log in with your ACS ID.
- Chemical & Engineering News
- ISSN 0009-2347
- Copyright © American Chemical Society | <urn:uuid:2e92471d-758e-42d5-a327-413a87a84ce2> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://cen.acs.org/articles/91/i31/Incas-Doped-Sacrifice-Victims.html?type=paidArticleContent | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988725470.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183845-00553-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917565 | 151 | 2.671875 | 3 |
If you don’t have firsthand experience with it, you’ve at least heard of a drug called fentanyl. Fentanyl is most commonly prescribed for extreme physical pain, but in a post-OxyContin society, fentanyl is relevant outside of its intended purposes.
With more and more deaths attributed to this deadly drug, having some basis of knowledge about fentanyl is increasingly necessary. Here’s what you need to know about fentanyl.
What is Fentanyl?
Fentanyl is a mostly Schedule I drug, meaning that it is considered to have no medical purpose and a high possibility for abuse. A small amount of fentanyl products are considered Schedule II drugs, meaning that they are considered to have a few medical uses but that same strong potential for abuse.
Schedule II drugs can only be acquired through a non-refillable prescription, which puts the physician in a position to better oversee the patient’s use of the drug. In terms of its approval status, fentanyl was approved once for treating only the most severe pain, but based on recent healthcare data, we’ve seen that fentanyl has been prescribed far more than it should have been. To make matters worse, fentanyl comes in a number of forms that could be more convenient for misuse, such as transdermal patches and lozenges.
Fentanyl is entirely synthetic and works extremely quickly. It is 50 to 100 times more potent than morphine and heroin, which are among the most potent opiates. Binding to pain and emotion receptors in the brain, fentanyl alleviates pain while also inducing feelings of euphoria and relaxation. Over time, the brain adapts to the frequent presence of fentanyl, resulting in physical dependence and addiction.
- Dry mouth
- Constricted pupils
- Slowed respirations
- Decreased heart rate
- Stiff or rigid muscles
- Tight feeling in the throat
- Difficulty concentrating
Among those, slowed breathing and heart rate are probably the most concerning. During an overdose, a person’s breathing can slow to the point of stopping altogether, which can result in the individual effectively suffocating. Known as hypoxia, this can also lead to a coma and permanent brain damage.
While recourse is limited in the event of a fentanyl overdose, a drug called naloxone can, in fact, treat a fentanyl overdose if you’re able to administer the naloxone immediately. Due to the strength of fentanyl, individuals often require multiple doses of naloxone to mitigate the overdose.
So what happens when someone becomes addicted to fentanyl? In short, it takes more than just naloxone to deal with.
Because of how fentanyl affects the brain, it’s easy to become addicted. And once the individual is addicted, the symptoms of withdrawal that would already be unpleasant and compounded due to the fentanyl. Fentanyl withdrawal symptoms include muscle and bone pain, sleep problems, diarrhea and vomiting, cold flashes, and uncontrollable leg movements (i.e. restless leg syndrome).
However, fentanyl addiction doesn’t have to be a death sentence. There are olenty of behavioral therapies that, when used in conjunction with medications meant to ease the symptoms of withdrawal, help patients to overcome addiction.
Fentanyl was created to treat pain, but there’s no denying that it’s caused a lot of harm. But how did fentanyl get to be so prolific?
Fentanyl: A Comprehensive History
First synthesized in the 1960s by Dr. Paul Janssen and the Janssen Company of Beerse, Belgium, fentanyl quickly became popular. Previous attempts at synthesizing opioids resulted in effective yet weaker medications, so fentanyl was developed as Dr. Janssen sought pain medications that work better and faster than morphine.
Fentanyl was initially approved to treat the severe pain of advanced-stage cancer patients in the 1990s, often to restore some quality of life for patients who were terminal or receiving post-surgical care. It would also be used alongside other drugs such as anesthesia, and was eventually developed into dermal patches and lollipop-like lozenges.
Despite overdoses being alarmingly prevalent even in its early days, fentanyl was being prescribed for a growing number of patients. Inevitably, some of this was diverted and resold on the street. But if it was so dangerous, how did it get so popular?
The proliferation of fentanyl is partially due to poorly-conducted studies in the 1980s. At the time, addiction science was still very poorly understood. Whether it was poor research or due to incentives provided by pharmaceutical companies, opioids like fentanyl were promoted as safe with little risk of addiction.
Today, fentanyl is seen as an illicit drug that’s responsible for an alarming surge in opioid deaths in recent years.
One of the biggest issues regarding the proliferation of fentanyl is figuring out how to curb the fentanyl diversion, which refers to when prescribed substances are resold on the street. Currently, a lot of fentanyl is imported illegally from China.
Because of overprescription and illegal import, the effects of fentanyl have been profound.
Fentanyl, Death Rates, and Addressing Them
Fentanyl’s death rates are on the rise. Fatal overdoses have been occurring due to misuse by patients and inappropriate prescriptions by clinicians. Unfortunately, despite attempts to mitigate harm, there is still a lot of work to be done.
Drug overdose deaths from prescription opioids rose to over 17,000 in 2017. Although we then saw a slightly decrease from 2017 to 2019, we have since seen deaths from fentanyl resume an upward trajectory. If we consider non-prescription opioids and heroin as well, that number actually exceeds 80,000.
There’s no denying that fentanyl is a major driver of overdose deaths, attributing significantly to the 7.5-fold increase in deaths from synthetic opioids (primarily fentanyl) from 2015 to 2021.
Moreover, there has recently been a rise in senior overdose deaths with fentanyl believed to have had a lot to do with that. From 2019 to 2020, there was a 53-percent increase in deaths from fentanyl and other synthetic opioids among people aged 65 and older.
In 2016, nearly half of opioid-related overdose deaths involved fentanyl. But according to researchers, increasing awareness about the drug’s potency can help.
By educating the public, clinicians, and first responders about fentanyl equipping them with multiple doses of naloxone to reverse overdose; and expanding access to medication-assisted opioid addiction treatments, we can loosen the chokehold that fentanyl has on millions of people globally.
Take Care of Yourself with Never Alone Recovery
Fentanyl is a dangerous drug, one that can become addictive extremely quickly. Its prolific nature, combined with an overreliance on it as a medication, have made it exceptionally easy to get ahold of. If this has happened to you or a loved one, we encourage you to seek help and support as soon as possible.
At Never Alone Recovery, we partner with many state-of-the-art medical detox programs that can help you. Whether you’re struggling with addiction to opioids or something else, we can find the support you need.
Wondering how to find the right drug rehab, and what treatments are right for you? Follow us on social media today to learn more about the options that we offer. | <urn:uuid:b71b269a-6db4-4c93-9ae5-3920777fc15c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://neveralonerecovery.com/fentanyl-11848/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474852.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229170737-20240229200737-00007.warc.gz | en | 0.960657 | 1,504 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Climate Resilience and Food Security in Central America
Food security in Central America is directly influenced by climate variability and, increasingly, by climate change.
Periods of heavy rainfall, for example, can reduce crop yields and destroy critical infrastructure. Enabling proactive approaches to addressing these issues requires knowledge about the underlying factors that enable food systems and communities to absorb climate shocks and stresses before slipping into emergency situations. For food systems and communities to be truly food secure and climate resilient, a better understanding of these underlying factors and ways to monitor how they change over time is required.
This project aimed to improve climate resilience and food security at different scales in three countries: Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua. To achieve this goal, it explored the factors that influence the resilience of food systems to climate shocks and stresses, and developed practical indicators to monitor such factors at both the community and national levels. The project also looked at how key government policies and programs affect the climate resilience of food systems. Through this analysis, the project led to the development of a new framework designed to support the analysis of community-level food security in the context of climate shocks and stresses, as well as of resilience of food systems at larger scales.
The project's main outputs were two decision-making support tools designed to enable community members and policy-makers to assess vulnerability and resilience of food systems, develop resilience actions and design indicators to monitor that resilience over time. The tools were developed and tested through an iterative process grounded in practical field applications. IISD undertook this project in partnership with Action Against Hunger, Institute for Social and Environmental Transition (ISET), Regional University Center of the Atlantic Coast (CURLA), and the Faculty of Economic and Business Sciences and the Institute Development and Applied Research–Nitlapán of the Central American University (UCA). The project builds on IISD’s work in developing the Community-based Risk Screening Tool for Adaptation and Livelihoods (CRiSTAL) and other tools to support adaptive policies, such as ADAPTool.
How IISD Is Contributing to Inclusive, Global Food SecurityWe are proud to announce the Canadian Food Security Policy Group (FSPG) recently confirmed IISD as an associate member. Read More
Using Process-Based Indicators to Help Design Effective Policies on Food Security in the Context of Climate ChangeThis briefing note presents a series of resilience indicators as examples for measuring the resilience of local food systems based on community Read More
Measuring Local Food Systems’ Resilience: Lessons learned from Honduras and NicaraguaClimate variability and change are already affecting food security of vulnerable populations.Poor communities are particularly exposed to climate Read More
CRiSTAL Food Security 2.0 User's Manual. Community-based Risk Screening Tool - Adaptation and Livelihoods: Focus on Food System ResilienceCRiSTAL Food Security is a decision-support tool for local-level government staff and development practitioners to support climate resilience of food Read More
FIPAT Guidebook: Food Security Indicator & Policy Analysis ToolThe relationship between climate resilience, food security and the policies and actions of multiple levels of government is complex.Government Read More
Climate Resilience and Food Security: A framework for planning and monitoringThis working paper was developed jointly by all partners of the Climate Resilience and Food Security in Central America (CREFSCA) project. Read More | <urn:uuid:80ec8b51-ef63-4859-bc57-5fa6e67903d0> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://cckn.net/project/climate-resilience-and-food-security-central-america | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347396300.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527235451-20200528025451-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.921056 | 692 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Connect with your students on the autism spectrum, and watch them grow!
And it jump-starts our students' natural language development!
In Natural Language Acquisition on the Autism Spectrum, we are introduced to 'invisible' echolalia, the kind we barely pay attention to in our typically-developing youngsters. It slips under the radar, and we think nothing of it. But in autism, it's really late. And obvious. And seemingly pervasive. And that's the subject of this ground-breaking book. Echolalia in our kids with autism is just like the 'typical' variety, just later, much later. The good news, though, is that it communicates, and it jump-starts language development! In-Depth Training Available >
Read this book, and you will learn all you need to know to understand your students who use echolalia. You will learn to listen for meaning, to present language at the right level, and to support your students towards the next steps of NATURAL language development.
Research determined decades ago that kids who use echolalia are communicating — and jump-starting their journey towards self-generated language. NLA builds on that foundation, and reports the progress of students over time. It tells the real stories of real kids, and empowers professionals and parents to track the heart and meaning of children's expression. It gives professionals and parents the freedom to 'be there' with children — to truly listen-and to converse in a form that is meaningful to each child.
NLA does this by acknowledging echolalia as a stage of language development: the one a child is ready for as we shape and support it towards the stages of language development. No longer are we tempted to 'teach' language like a skill. Now we can grow language as true development, natural development: Natural Language Acquisition.
As we learn to implement the principles of natural language acquisition, kids make progress-true, developmental progress. When we tune into the intent of a child's language, the regulatory needs of the child, and the child's life context, we can provide appropriate support for real language development.
Open your mind to a new understanding: our kids with autism are communicating with us! They are doing their best, at their language-development level! And they will be able to develop more sophisticated forms of communication with you as their guide.
Open this book, and share it with the others who support your students on this ride of life. Enjoy!
This book is useful:
It includes all the information a practicing SLP needs to assess and support language development in children who use echolalia, from the beginning stages to the advanced stages of language development.
From assessment protocol and treatment planning to inspiring stories, catchy illustrations, and extensive language samples, this book has everything you need to guide your students through the stages of Natural Language Acquisition!
"Thank you for your work in helping children with Autism. I was floored by how much insight it has given me into my own students!" – SLP, 1/25/2017
"I now own two copies of your book and have read it in its entirety, but have read certain sections repeatedly...sometimes with tears in my eyes, because it is so beautiful. I integrated your work into my grad course in ASD this past July, and shared your writings and ideas with my students." — L.S., PhD, CCC-SLP
"This is the language course we missed in school." — Leslie W, MA, CCC-SLP
"Marge's work will revolutionize your thinking about your child's language and help you understand the depth of meaning behind it!" — Megan S, MS, CCC-SLP
"This book feels very personal, but it's bigger than that: it is profound and awe-inspiring." — Kristen P.L., MS, CCC-SLP
"This book is marvelous!" — Kjersten S, MS, CCC-SLP
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If you still feel unsure about sending your information via internet, please feel free to call us (888-337-3866) and we can process your order over the phone. | <urn:uuid:f7c60d99-a42f-4e84-b0bb-520404ecff00> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.northernspeech.com/parents-seminars-and-materials-for-parents/natural-language-acquisition-on-the-autism-spectrum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814538.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223075134-20180223095134-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.937138 | 1,511 | 2.8125 | 3 |
City trees have a hard life. Polluted, pruned, and squeezed into tiny spaces, but urban forests need to thrive as much for our health as their own. Not that we treat them that way. Most cities stick trees in too little soil, give them minimal attention and hope for the best–usually stunted growth and an untimely death.
A firm called DeepRoot, essentially an architecture firm for the urban forest, is advocating “high performance urban forestry.” It has designed an underground structure called Silva Cell a tiered network of pillars holding up platforms under the pavement, for urban tree roots to grow deeper into the ground instead of breaking up the asphalt and sidewalk. The approach prevents soil compression, allowing trees to mature and grow deep, with healthy roots in loose soil, while better filtering rainwater. The test results are dramatic: larger, fuller trees that create a forest and pay back their investment in less than two decades, just a fraction of their expected lifespan.
Spreading oaks and maples are pleasant, of course, but all of this makes sense to urban planners and cash-strapped municipalities when they better understand the economics. The conventional approach to urban trees–“planting trees in 4 by 4 cutouts and replacing them every 13 years”–is backwards, argues DeepRoot’s Leda Marritz. “We already know we can do better than that,” she writes.
Rather than investing billions of dollars in “gray” infrastructure such as sewers and pipes that lose value (and deteriorate) immediately, we can plant trees that serve similar functions yet appreciate as soon as they are in the ground while supplying ever more benefits as they enter their fifth–or even eighth–decade.
“They require us to plan a little differently, yet the potential payback is enormous,” writes Marritz. DeepRoot first needs to convince cities to recalculate their investment in urban development. It has already met some success incorporating its designs into major projects in Canada and elsewhere. Its selling point is treating trees as utilities that “perform on-site stormwater management, enhance home and property values, traffic safety, public health, and wildlife habitat (among other things).”
A few cities have already started rethinking their zoning and development policies to make big trees a part of their landscape (see a list here). Although that takes a little extra space, DeepRoot estimates trees planted in 1,000 cubic feet of soil (enough to mature to full size) can pay off their investment after about 20 years with substantial economic benefits continuing for many decades beyond that.
It doesn’t take much for that math to add up. In Washington, D.C., the nonprofit group CaseyTrees estimates the capital’s 1.9 million trees provide more than $10 million in annual carbon, air quality, stormwater, energy, and property value benefits. | <urn:uuid:678545af-ca77-4400-a946-97c7a5f5768f> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | https://www.fastcodesign.com/1679324/deeproot-a-new-solution-for-saving-cities-money-by-planting-trees | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607786.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524035700-20170524055700-00132.warc.gz | en | 0.959093 | 602 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The United States faces a looming crisis over its deteriorating water infrastructure, and fixing it will be a monumental and expensive task. In Los Angeles alone, about two thirds of the city’s 7,000 miles of water pipes are more than 60 years old—and nearing the end of their useful lives.
Water main breaks can cause flooding, leading to serious structural damage and soil erosion. Even small leaks can exacerbate water shortages and allow potentially harmful contaminants into our drinking water. But locating a leak within a vast network of underground pipes is almost impossible.
Now, researchers at USC’s Information Sciences Institute (ISI) are developing an autonomous robot that could quickly and inexpensively detect damage in water pipes—even those buried meters below the ground.
Created by Wei-Min Shen, director of ISI’s Polymorphic Robotics Lab and research associate professor of computer science in USC’s Viterbi School of Engineering, the robot is inserted into the water system through existing fire hydrants. The device captures real-time video, using sensors and navigation technology to collect data and log its position as it goes.
Shen has been working with the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) to develop and test the robot, called Pipefish, for the past year. Support for the project comes from real estate magnate and philanthropist Michael Keston who, with his wife Linda, created ISI’s first endowed directorship position in 2015.
“This could be a game changer,” says Shen. “Instead of excavating and replacing every pipe, which is a huge expense, PipeFish can narrow in on specific problems to enable repair before serious damage occurs.”
A fish-eye view
Once the robot is retrieved, the data can be uploaded and analyzed to detect warning signs of defects inside the pipe. Using this system, there is no need to shut off the water supply. Shen and his team are currently carrying out “dry tests” in pipes at the LADWP’s Sylmar West Facility in the San Fernando Valley region. In early 2018, they plan to add water to the system and test the device in different pipes of various diameters under the city.
“The ability to perform accurate and efficient condition assessments on buried pipes will tremendously help Los Angeles and other cities with aging infrastructures,” says Ray Hardjadinata, associate engineer with the LADWP Asset Management Group working with Shen and his team.
“We are pleased to partner with research institutions and universities such as the USC Information Sciences Institute to develop robots that can help us work more efficiently.”
Removing the guesswork
Current leak detection systems are expensive, slow to operate, and often ineffective as sensors signals typically cannot pass through thick infrastructure pipes traditionally constructed from metal and cement.
“Right now, there is no effective way to visually inspect the inside of a pipe, so you can’t tell which section is bad—it’s guess work,” says Shen.
Instead, PipeFish will inspect pipes from the inside, moving passively with the liquid flow. An onboard microcomputer controls lights, sensors, and a 360-degree camera, which records an interior view of the pipe at a minimum of 30 frames per second (fps).
Other sensors will collect additional information, including flow rate, gas space, illegally dumped chemicals and flammable materials. To handle the complex subterranean twists and turns of a vast water network, the team developed PipeSnake, comprising several PipeFish tethered together using flexible joints.
Ultimately, the team hopes a “school” of PipeFish robots could be programmed to traverse specific paths, to enable early and inexpensive detection and repair, ensuring clean, safe drinking water for homes and businesses across LA—and beyond.
“The plan is to eventually send PipeFish through every major water pipe in LA to identify risk, and help officials prioritize which pipes need to be repaired or replaced first,” says Shen. “Every city in the world needs a PipeFish.” | <urn:uuid:08652fa4-ff6e-49d7-b8be-5c59bc8e5251> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://viterbischool.usc.edu/news/2017/11/lies-beneath-pipefish-robot-patrols-city-pipes-detect-underground-water-leaks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578530161.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421020506-20190421042506-00536.warc.gz | en | 0.938394 | 843 | 2.921875 | 3 |
A new NBER working paper (abstract; PDF) by University of Chicago researchers Sara Heller, Harold A. Pollack, Roseanna Ander, and Jens Ludwig analyzes the effects of a Chicago program targeted at “disadvantaged male youth grades 7-10 from high-crime Chicago neighborhoods.” The results of the intervention look promising:
Improving the long-term life outcomes of disadvantaged youth remains a top policy priority in the United States, although identifying successful interventions for adolescents – particularly males – has proven challenging. This paper reports results from a large randomized controlled trial of an intervention for disadvantaged male youth grades 7-10 from high-crime Chicago neighborhoods. The intervention was delivered by two local non-profits and included regular interactions with a pro-social adult, after-school programming, and – perhaps the most novel ingredient – in-school programming designed to reduce common judgment and decision-making problems related to automatic behavior and biased beliefs, or what psychologists call cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). We randomly assigned 2,740 youth to programming or to a control group; about half those offered programming participated, with the average participant attending 13 sessions. Program participation reduced violent-crime arrests during the program year by 8.1 per 100 youth (a 44 percent reduction). It also generated sustained gains in schooling outcomes equal to 0.14 standard deviations during the program year and 0.19 standard deviations during the follow-up year, which we estimate could lead to higher graduation rates of 3-10 percentage points (7-22 percent). Depending on how one monetizes the social costs of crime, the benefit-cost ratio may be as high as 30:1 from reductions in criminal activity alone. | <urn:uuid:688d4ad6-4954-4c34-9d7d-91efa00db506> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://freakonomics.com/2013/05/13/a-youth-intervention-in-chicago-that-works/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119646269.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030046-00123-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946253 | 343 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Blind justice is the focus of an exhibition taking place at the Yale University Law Library from now through December 16, 2011. The exhibition is entitled, The Remarkable Run of a Political Icon: Justice as a Sign of Law. We all know the symbol. A lady, representing justice, is seen with flowing gown, often a set of scales equally balanced in her hand. What is most distinctive, however, is the blindfold. Her eyes are covered, keeping out all sight. To her, all parties, rich and powerful, poor and humble, look the same. The blindfold has come to represent impartiality. She seeks no favors, sees no sides in a dispute, only justice.
It was not always so. As this exhibition reveals, a blindfolded Lady or Lord Justice goes back to the early days of printed books, the late 15th century. However, a blindfolded judge was not a symbol of impartiality then, but rather, of a not very bright judge. A person who couldn't or wouldn't see reality was not one in a position to make wise judgments. Indeed, the blindfolded person was a symbol of a fool. A 1497 edition of Sebastian Brant's Ship of Fools depicts a court jester, a fool, blindfolding Lady Justice, bringing her down to his level.
A 16th century work concerning the criminal law and municipal ordinances for the city of Bamburg takes the image a step further. In this book, a woodcut entitled The Fool Blindfolding Justice depicts four blindfolded judges, wearing jesters' caps, with the caption, “Out of bad habit these blind fools spend their lives passing judgments contrary to what is right.”
Still, it was during the 16th century that we began to see blind justice as representing honesty and impartiality, rather than stupidity and corruption. Andrea Alciati's 1582 Opera omnia shows the central figure at a tribunal as blindfolded, apparently representing fairness. Interestingly, his colleagues are without hands, to show they have received no bribes. This nice touch for showing honesty never caught on. Perhaps one Venus de Milo is enough.
By the 18th century, the modern interpretation of blind justice fully takes hold. The pieces displayed in this exhibition run from the negative of Brant's Ship of Fools in 1497 through 1788. By then, the images have reversed their meaning.
The exhibit is curated by Judith Resnik (Arthur Liman Professor of Law), Dennis Curtis (Clinical Professor of Law Emeritus), Allison Tait (Postdoctoral Associate) and Mike Widener (Rare Book Librarian). It will be held in the Rare Book Exhibition Gallery of the Lillian Goldman Law Library of the Yale Law School.
You may view items from the exhibit online by clicking this link. | <urn:uuid:09068d1b-14e3-4fd4-bd11-63cd31ed1ca7> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.rarebookhub.com/articles/1181 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423992.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722102800-20170722122800-00385.warc.gz | en | 0.96652 | 577 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Oregon Assessment of Knowledge and Skills
About Oregon’s Standardized Tests for 3rd – 8th Grade, and High School
Are your kids preparing for the Oregon Assessment of Knowledge and Skills? Also known as OAKS, these Oregon standardized tests measure the progress of students from 3rd grade to 8th grade, and 10th grade. Parents and caregivers will want to learn more about Oregon’s statewide assessment, which now features OAKS Online, a new online testing system. Results from the OAKS tests provide actionable data that will help parents/caregivers, teachers, and students improve academic performance in reading, math, writing, science, and social studies. OAKS testing also helps determine each school’s Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) as required by the federal No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB).
Time4Learning, an online service that teaches many of the tested skills, offers this page to help you understand the Oregon Assessment of Knowledge and Skills, and how you can help your children with OAKS test practice and preparation.
OAKS at a Glance
Oregon public school students take the following OAKS test:
OAKS: 3rd Grade – 8th Grade and High School
The Oregon Assessment of Knowledge and Skills is aligned to Oregon state standards, which define what students should learn each year. OAK tests are given as follows:
3rd and 6th Grades: OAKS tests in reading and math.
4th and 7th Grades: OAKS tests in reading, math, and writing.
5th and 8th Grades: OAKS tests in reading, math, and science.
10th Grade: OAKS tests in reading, math, writing, and science.
In fifth, eighth, and tenth grades, schools may also give an optional OAKS social studies assessment.
The OAKS Online system is used for reading, math, science, and social studies tests. OAKS Online is a computer-based adaptive test, which means it self-adjusts during test-taking in response to each individual student’s performance. Paper and pencil tests are also available and used for some exams, such as the OAKS writing test.
How OAKS Tests Are Scored
The OAKS assessments are criterion-referenced tests, as opposed to norm-referenced tests. Thus, your child will only compete against him or herself, rather than be compared against the group. The Oregon Assessment of Knowledge and Skills measures how well students have mastered the challenging Oregon Content Standards, and reports student performance in each subject using the following five levels: 1) Exceeds, 2) Meets, 3) Nearly Meets, 4) Low, 5) Very Low.
While students’ OAKS assessment scores will not affect their grade-level promotion or retention, school districts may take action in cases of under-performing students. At a minimum, OAKS test results identify students who need additional assistance. If your child is struggling with OAKS testing, be proactive. Talk to your child’s teachers and find out what you can do to support learning at home.
Other Oregon Standardized Tests
Oregon uses a balanced range of assessments to promote learning for all students. OAKS Extended Assessments are designed to measure the progress of students with cognitive disabilities who require special accommodations. Students who are identified as English Language Learners take the English Language Proficiency Assessment (ELPA), which measures their progress in English language acquisition.
Oregon also participates annually in the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), known as the Nation’s Report Card, where a sampling of students (from grades 4, 8, and/or 12) are tested in several content areas as part of a nationally representative assessment of student performance.
A good resource on Oregon state testing is the Oregon Department of Education’s assessment webpage.
Preparing for the Oregon Assessment of Knowledge and Skills
For general tips on test preparation, please visit our standardized test overview page.
The real preparation for the OAKS tests, or any standardized test, begins with your commitment to your children’s education throughout their school years. Devote time and effort to helping your children learn. Start by making sure your kids do their homework and read every day. Many families also employ tutors or an online learning program, such as Time4Learning, to build fundamental skills.
When preparing for standardized tests, students often benefit from test prep programs and books, which offer guidance and practice with test formats, time restrictions, test-taking strategies (when to guess, when not to), and different types of questions. For instance, when a reading passage is followed by comprehension questions, many test prep programs teach students to scan the questions first in order to know what areas of the passage require close reading. Time4Learning is not a test prep program, it is a program that builds the skills that will be tested.
Time4Learning is a new approach that takes advantage of today’s technology. It’s a convenient, online home education program that combines learning with fun educational teaching games.
The online language arts and math curriculum comprise a comprehensive program for preschool, elementary school, and middle school. Science and social studies programs are provided as a free bonus for most grades.
Time4Writing provides highly effective 8-week writing courses online that help elementary, middle and high school students build writing skills through one-on-one interaction with a certified teacher.
Kids like using the computer to learn and to develop their skills. Time4Learning’s educational teaching games give students independence as they progress at their own pace.
Parents like that it tracks progress and helps kids advance by teaching through individualized learning paths that assure mastery of the skills and concepts that makes kids succeed.
Have a child with math and language arts skills at different grade levels? No problem, just tell us in the online registration process.
Time4Learning is proven effective, has a low monthly price, and provides a money-back guarantee so you can be sure that it works for your family, risk free! | <urn:uuid:529a1c84-a7cd-4f8f-bb86-d82a0329031d> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.time4learning.com/testprep/index.php/oregon-standardized-test-prep/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657131376.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011211-00299-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95103 | 1,275 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Anxiety is a word that often has connotations of worry or fear. It is a feeling we all experience in our day to day lives. For example, you may feel anxious before an interview. The reason why you feel anxious is because the stimulus (job interview) is perceived as a threat by you. It may be perceived as a threat because you hold negative thoughts and opinions about it. Therefore, your mind serves as a tool to reflect and analyse what your thoughts are dwelling on. Hence, if your thoughts are dwelling on what could go wrong, your mind will imagine many scenarios of how it will go wrong.
Meanwhile, the fight or flight system in your body; which cannot distinguish between real and imagined threats will respond by releasing cortisol. Cortisol is a stress hormone, designed to prime you and make you more sharp and vigilant under stress. Naturally cortisol is released to help you cope in real life-threatening situations. However, as explained before, your body will only respond to your perceptions regardless of whether the threat is tangible or not. The way cortisol affects your body is through increasing blood pressure, glucose levels and shutting down the reproductive and the immune system. This is useful in the short term, to help prime your body and brain to give your best performance when required. However if you cannot let go of the worry and panic in your mind, your body will continue to release cortisol and this will negatively affect your health and wellbeing in many ways. For example, chronic stress has been known to increase your chances of getting heart disease; since your blood pressure stays really high.
So how does this effect your mental health? Well eventually, what started off as moderate levels of anxiety will turn into generalised anxiety disorder (GAD). This is anxiety experienced over a long stretch of time and anxiety that is without bias. An individual with GAD will develop obsessive neurotic thinking patterns that repeat themselves over and over, because the person feels reliant on these thoughts as a coping mechanism. Normally fears and stresses can be traced to a specific situation or object; however GAD is not defined in this way. Instead, GAD is feeling fear because fear is all you know and feel.
Paradoxically, when people perceive stress as bad they become stressed about being stressed; or become anxious about being anxious.
Often those that undergo treatment are told:
- “You think too much”.
- “Why are you so stressed?”
- “Just relax”.
This kind of feedback or advice, is never helpful and can add insult to injury for those affected by anxiety. I therefore do not want to feed you with the same nonsense. I know that those with anxiety, are people with good intentions and are trying to keep strong and prepared. Many intelligent people fall under this category, and often others cannot even imagine to the same amount of depth as you can. Therefore, this leads to false advice being shared and more feelings of being misunderstood by those affected. Often, people with anxiety have had to endure a lot traumatic experiences and have had to stay strong for too long without moral support.
I myself have suffered from this in social situations in the past. The experience can feel debilitating and I would often find myself repeating cycles of overthinking and having to plan conversations in my head.
Eventually I got fed up of living like this and make steps to change my lifestyle and diet to reduce the anxiety.
The methods below are what I have tried before, nevertheless I am aware that this should be done in addition to therapy:
- Pursuing a hobby.
- Exercising or being active.
- Removing judgements or “should” statements from your mind.
- Minimise your intake of sugar (bacteria from your gut also contributes to mental health).
- Drink lemon and ginger tea.
- Give yourself SMART (small, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-orientated) goals in life.
- Make time in your week for socialising with friends and family.
- Sleep well (at least 8 hours), keeping distance from technological devices at night.
- Cold showers.
These actions have minimised the symptoms of my stress and anxiety. If you try these things and you still feel anxious then I recommend that you seek help from a mental health professional.
Keep calm and carry on folks. | <urn:uuid:6417424d-de90-4ed3-9527-46b6e7f79687> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://psytechacademy.com/anxiety/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704835901.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20210128040619-20210128070619-00719.warc.gz | en | 0.960713 | 888 | 3.140625 | 3 |
1446 with later alterations and additions. Initial structures of an unfinished cruciform-plan church. Full-height 5-bay gothic chancel with projecting, lower flanking aisles linked by flying and salient buttresses between bays with pyramidal finials and crockets, with a further 2-bay buttressed projection to E. Lower level sacristy to E and later vestry of chamfered square-plan added to W end, 1861 2; beginnings of the E transept walls to W. Cream ashlar sandstone with deeply carved sandstone dressings; grey ashlar sandstone to vestry. Profusely decorated with crockets, niches, and gargoyles. Moulded base course; cill course to traceried windows at ground continuous around door; columned mullions to aisle windows; carved floral hood moulds with mask terminals with further carved foliate motifs around arch; each buttress with richly carved pedestal and canopy (statues now missing); eaves cornice with floreate bosses to aisles; string course at impost level to transept windows, continuous around windows as hood mould with floreate bosses beneath; evenly disposed carved motifs around margins of transept windows; eaves course with heraldic shields and gargoyles. Vestry with set back angle buttresses, upper levels with stepped pyramidal canopies over figures; smaller canopied figures to chamfered angles; hood moulds over door and flanking windows; rose window to W; thick blocking course above floreate bossed cornice with geometric and foliate blind fretwork; trefoil detail to parapet above.
N (ENTRANCE) ELEVATION: 7-bay, grouped 2-5. Moulded round arch with projecting gargoyles in spandrels spanning front face of buttresses at ground in entrance bay to right of centre; architraved doorpiece set back with boarded door; hood-moulded and trefoiled pointed-arched light above; tall window to chancel set back above. Aisle window with chancel window set back above in 2 bays to left of entrance bay with buttresses between. Further aisle window in each bay to penultimate and outer left. Aisle window with cancel window above in bay to right of entrance bay. Blank aisle bay to outer right, a small enclosure formed by adjoining buttress of E transept wall; window to chancel above.
S ELEVATION: round arch spanning front face of buttresses at ground in entrance bay to left of centre with gargoyles in spandrels; deep, hood- moulded pointed-arched doorpiece set back with boarded door; trefoil, pointed-arched light above; tall clerestory window set back above. Aisle window with clerestory window above in 2 bays to right of entrance bay; buttresses between. Further aisle window in each bay to penultimate and outer right. Aisle window in clerestory window above in bay to left of entrance bay. Blank aisle bay to outer left, a small enclosure formed by adjoining buttress of E transept wall; window to clerestory above.
W (VESTRY) ELEVATION: chamfered, square-plan vestry (added) to centre, with part complete E transept walls flanking. Hood-moulded point- arched door at ground to W with deep set, part glazed door; hood- moulded lancet windows set high at ground level in chamfers flanking; circular window above; figures to buttresses flanking; figures to chamfers flanking. Pointed-arched window to ground and upper levels with figure to buttress flanking, to left and right returns.
E ELEVATION: single storey projecting 4-bay block with window to each bay and buttresses between below large bipartite window with circular light above to E end of nave. Further projecting single bay sacristy block set at a lower level to outer left; single window to E elevation; flat-roof; joined to the main block by a short, coped sloping wall.
INTERIOR: extremely richly decorated in carved stone relief. 2-storey, full-height pointed and ribbed barrel vault; 5-bay colonnade with heavily moulded pointed-arches springing from compound piers with carved foliate capitals to separate aisles from nave; low, barrel vaulted side aisles. Pointed-arched windows clerestory walls with hood-moulding, flanking slim cylindrical columns and carved bosses around margins. Transverse aisle to E end behind altar with low barrel vaults and 4 E chapels; bipartite window with light above and extremely decorative stone tracery, mullions and point-arched surrounds to each E chapel; 4-part vaulting ribs and pendants, lavishly decorated; SE pier, the Prentice Pillar, has 4 wreathed spiral bands over multi-shafted column with naive animal carving at the base and a deeply carved foliate capital; large pointed-arched stained glass window to E end wall above. Vestry with organ loft above to W end; wall divided by carved floral frieze above squared entrance to vestry; decorative wrought iron pointed-arched screen as doorway; tall pointed-arched opening spanning entire W wall above, open fretwork screen arch and spandrels with organ loft behind; stained glass light in uppermost part of opening. Steep stair leading to 5-bay, lower level sacristy to SE; ribbed barrel-vaulted with pointed-arched window at far SE end; round- arched doorway to N and S walls flanked by various blank niches.
Stained glass and leaded windows; bipartite, pointed-arched windows with cluster columnar stone mullions and variations on the plate tracery theme to N and S aisles; pointed-arched windows to N and S clerestory walls; rose window, quartered by stone mullions with fleur- de-lys foils to W elevation; upper-half of pointed-arched window above; large pointed-arch window with round arched elements below and quartered circular window above to E end. Barrel-vaulted roof with asphalt covering; flat roofed block to E; crockets to buttresses.
Statement of Special Interest
In ecclesiastical use. Established in 1450 by the 3rd Earl of Orkney and Caithness, William Sinclair. Foundations for the entire chapel were laid and uncovered in the 19th century. It was made Collegiate in 1524 by Sir William St Clair of Roslin and, after restoration in 1861-2, was re-opened for worship as the private chapel for the Earls of Rosslyn. The two aisles of the choir, an ambulatory and four subsidiary chapels is reminiscent of the Cistercian form, perhaps influenced by Glasgow Cathedral c1230. The rich sculptural decoration of the interior was once thought to have been the work of masons from Spain or Portugal but research has found that the workforce probably came to Rosslyn on finishing at Borthwick Castle. The carvings are varied in theme and subject and are both religious and secular; they range from mystical animals, complex foliate carvings to religious figural sculpture, (McWilliam identifies each saint and gives details of positioning within the chapel. He also gives details of the dates and subject matter of the stained glass windows). The Prentice Pillar , situated at the south-east end of the chapel has acquired significance, due either to the importance of its position in the east end and as part of the entrance to the sacristy below, or to the fairly recent story of the apprentice who carved it and who was subsequently killed by the jealous master mason. It has a reeded core overlain by four strips of foliage that spiral around it for 180 degrees. A monument to the Earl of Caithness who died in 1582 lies to the west end and legend says that 10 Barons of Rosslyn lie in their armour in the burial vault below. | <urn:uuid:0b2efc4c-a06e-4726-a738-8f0a416bad52> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB13028 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655896374.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708031342-20200708061342-00111.warc.gz | en | 0.929367 | 1,721 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Ultrathin LEDs create new classes of lighting and display systems
A new process for creating ultrathin, ultrasmall inorganic light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and assembling them into large arrays offers new classes of lighting and display systems with interesting properties, such as see-through construction and mechanical flexibility that would be impossible to achieve with existing technologies.
“Our goal is to marry some of the advantages of inorganic LED technology with the scalability, ease of processing and resolution of organic LEDs,” said John Rogers, the Flory-Founder Chair Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at Illinois.
Rogers and collaborators at the U of I, Northwestern University, the Institute of High Performance Computing in Singapore, and Tsinghua University in Beijing describe their work in the Aug. 21 issue of the journal Science.
Compared to organic LEDs, inorganic LEDs are brighter, more robust and longer-lived. Organic LEDs, however, are attractive because they can be formed on flexible substrates, in dense, interconnected arrays. The researchers’ new technology combines features of both.
“By printing large arrays of ultrathin, ultrasmall inorganic LEDs and interconnecting them using thin-film processing, we can create general lighting and high-resolution display systems that otherwise could not be built with the conventional ways that inorganic LEDs are made, manipulated and assembled,” Rogers said.
To overcome requirements on device size and thickness associated with conventional wafer dicing, packaging and wire bonding methods, the researchers developed epitaxial growth techniques for creating LEDs with sizes up to 100 times smaller than usual. They also developed printing processes for assembling these devices into arrays on stiff, flexible and stretchable substrates.
As part of the growth process, a sacrificial layer of material is embedded beneath the LEDs. When fabrication is complete, a wet chemical etchent removes this layer, leaving the LEDs undercut from the wafer, but still tethered at anchor points.
To create an array, a rubber stamp contacts the wafer surface at selected points, lifts off the LEDs at those points, and transfers them to the desired substrate.
“The stamping process provides a much faster alternative to the standard robotic ‘pick and place’ process that manipulates inorganic LEDs one at a time,” Rogers said. “The new approach can lift large numbers of small, thin LEDs from the wafer in one step, and then print them onto a substrate in another step.”
By shifting position and repeating the stamping process, LEDs can be transferred to other locations on the same substrate. In this fashion, large light panels and displays can be crafted from small LEDs made in dense arrays on a single, comparatively small wafer. And, because the LEDs can be placed far apart and still provide sufficient light output, the panels and displays can be nearly transparent. The thin device geometries allow the use of thin-film processing methods, rather than wire bonding, for interconnects.
In addition to solid-state lighting, instrument panels and display systems, flexible and even stretchable sheets of printed LEDs can be achieved, with potential use in the health-care industry.
“Wrapping a stretchable sheet of tiny LEDs around the human body offers interesting opportunities in biomedicine and biotechnology,” Rogers said, “including applications in health monitoring, diagnostics and imaging.”
Ford Motor Co., the National Science Foundation and the U. S. Department of Energy funded the work.
Contact: John Rogers, Department of Mateirals Science and Engineering, 217/244-4979.
Writer: James Kloeppel, physical sciences editor, UI News Bureau, 217/244-1073.
Photo: D. Stevenson and C. Conway, Beckman Institute.
If you have any questions about the College of Engineering, or other story ideas, contact Rick Kubetz, Engineering Communications Office, 217/244-7716, editor. | <urn:uuid:a40029d3-5435-4f6c-9bf5-746badc982b1> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://engineering.illinois.edu/news/article/2009-08-18-ultrathin-leds-create-new-classes-lighting-and-display-systems | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163053923/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131733-00088-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.890406 | 824 | 3 | 3 |
Left undisturbed, viridans streptococci can cause infections of the mouth and other parts of the body. Viridans streptococci, including streptococcus gordonii, are gram positive bacteria and can be penetrated by detergents and antibiotics. Conversely, in plaque, these bacteria are hardy and prevalent in the oral environment, feeding off carbohydrates that are introduced into the mouth on a daily and frequent basis.
Streptococcus gordonii are considered normal flora in the mouth, and therefore are most commonly blamed for mouth problems like cavities, gingivitis and gum disease. A study published by the Public Library of Science Pathogens identifies oral streptococci as active components of the plaque film that possess specialized survival traits in the mouth. They are able to form a long-lasting bond with the tooth surface by ingesting the carbohydrates that are present in your diet. These multifaceted bacteria proliferate by thriving on the ideal components of the oral environment: temperature, pH and saliva. They use sugars, namely sucrose, lactose and glucose, to form the sticky plaque film, according to a study in the Journal of Oral Microbiology. Sugars also produce acids that contribute to the decay process.
The most serious viridans streptococci infections occur when these bacteria enter other parts of the body. For example, if the bacteria enter the bloodstream, it can cause a serious infection in the lining of the heart, called endocarditis. This heart infection can be fatal and often requires hospitalization and intravenous antibiotics treatment. Patients with compromised immune systems or who already suffer from heart valve problems are especially vulnerable.
According to the Mayo Clinic, poor oral health can contribute to systemic health disorders, from cardiovascular disease to preterm or low-weight births. Additionally, certain chronic health conditions compromise oral health by affecting salivary flow and suppressing the body's ability to fight infection. | <urn:uuid:2277a17c-fa40-4166-8894-4977f1624a42> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://www.colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/plaque-and-tartar/streptococcus-gordonii-bacteria | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141727627.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20201203094119-20201203124119-00428.warc.gz | en | 0.905456 | 393 | 3.96875 | 4 |
On an African safari, seeing the Big Five game animals ranks highly on most people’s lists. A term originally coined by big-game hunters, the Big Five are said to be the most dangerous African animals to hunt on foot. However, this term is now used to talk about five of the most popular African animals. Let’s find out what the Big Five consists of and the best locations to see them at.
Which Animals Make Up the Big Five?
The five African animals collectively known as the Big Five are:
- The African Elephant (Loxodonta africana). This is the world’s largest and heaviest land animal. It is found throughout Africa and within a range of habitats, including both wetlands and deserts. Herds are led by an older matriarch and are made up of mothers with their babies and other female relatives. Male elephants will leave the herd when they reach puberty at around 14 years of age and are often seen on their own or with a loose-knit bachelor herd.
- The African Leopard (Panthera pardus). One of the hardest to find, the leopard is naturally shy and generally spends its days hidden from view, often in bushes and trees along river banks. They are very strong and climb trees to store their fresh kills away from other predators, as well as a lookout to spot prey.
- Cape Buffalo (Syncerus caffer). Cape buffalo are found throughout sub-Saharan Africa in areas which have an abundance of water as they need to drink every day. There are four subspecies of Cape buffalo, with East and Southern African being home to the largest herds. While herds are generally placid, lone males are considered one of the most dangerous animals due to their unpredictable and temperamental behaviour. Cape buffalo are indigenous to Africa, in contrast to Water buffalo which are found in Asia.
- The African lion (Panthera leo). The world’s second largest cat after the tiger, the African lion is known as the king of the sub-Saharan savannah. They are usually more active at night, preferring to sleep for up to 20 hours per day! Unlike leopards and cheetahs, lions are social animals and live in prides. Females are the primary hunters in the pride and often use teamwork to catch their prey.
- African rhinos; the black rhino (Diceros bicornis) and the white rhino (Ceratotherium simum). African rhinos are Critically Endangered and at risk of extinction. While poaching for their horn is a major reason for their decline they also face threats from habitat loss and political conflict. It is estimated that there are only 20,000 white and 5,000 black rhino left in the wild. Rhinos have poor eye sight, but exceptional hearing and sense of smell.
Where Are the Best Places to See the Big Five?
Before you head away on your African safari, although it would be fantastic to see all five of these African animals, there are no guarantees in nature. What you can do though is choose a safari which visits the location where they are most likely to be found. This includes:
- South Africa: Kruger National Park & Private Reserves, Eastern Cape & Madikwe
- Botswana – Chobe National Park & Okavango Delta/Moremi Game Reserve
- Kenya – Masai Mara, Ol Pejeta in northern Kenya
- Tanzania – Ngorongoro Crater, Serengeti National Park
If there are specific African animals you would like to see, contact your safari operator before you book. Having lived in Kenya and travelled throughout Africa for many years, we have the insider knowledge on the best spots to visit, including private concessions and conservancies where you can view wildlife away from the crowds in the National Parks! Which of the Big Five would you love to see? Let us know today and we’ll point you in the right direction of the best African safari for you to book. | <urn:uuid:60cb72a6-5a54-4641-aefd-bf6c8cfe5fd4> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://africanencounters.co.nz/what-are-the-big-five-where-can-i-see-them/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703531429.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210122210653-20210123000653-00087.warc.gz | en | 0.955572 | 831 | 2.71875 | 3 |
About 200,000 bullied high-school students in the United States bring weapons — including guns, knives and clubs — to school, according to a new study.
The researchers found that 9 percent of high school kids who had been bullied in the past year carried a weapon to school, while 5 percent of kids who had not been bullied carried a weapon.
But among the kids who were bullied the worst, 72 percent carried a weapon to school in the last month. This group included kids who had been threatened or injured with a weapon, had been in a physical fight, had their property stolen or damaged, and had missed school because they felt unsafe there.
When the researchers looked specifically at the issue of children bringing guns to school, they found that 6 percent of bullied kids carried a gun to school, compared with 5 percent of kids who were not bullying victims. But again, the rate rose sharply among those who were bullied the worst, with 63 percent saying they had brought a gun to school in the past month. [Fight, Fight, Fight: The History of Human Aggression]
"The figures are staggering," said study author Dr. Andrew Adesman, chief of developmental and behavioral pediatrics at Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York.
"What we are finding is exceptionally high rates of high-school students carrying weapons to school if they have previously been a victim of bullying, and they have otherwise had threats to their safety and property," Adesman told Live Science.
In 2011, about 20 percent of U.S. high-school students reported that they had been bullied within the past year, Adesman noted.
In the study, the researchers examined data from a 2011 nationally representative survey of 15,000 U.S. high-school students conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The students were asked whether they had been bullied in school in the past year, and how often they carried a weapon to school.
The researchers analyzed an additional four factors that could potentially affect kids' likelihood of bringing weapons to school: whether the kids had missed school because they felt unsafe there, had their property stolen or damaged, had been threatened or injured with a weapon, or had been in a physical fight.
The researchers also examined the effect that some or all of these risk factors combined had on the likelihood of bullied kids' carrying weapons on school grounds.
The more risk factors the bullied kids had experienced, the more likely they were to carry a weapon.
"I think we need to not just focus on the bullies themselves, but we need to be mindful of the fact that their victims also pose a potential serious threat to the safety and sanctity of the school environment," Adesman said. "And, clearly, more needs to be done to make sure that high schools and all schools are a safe environment for school children to learn." | <urn:uuid:ce6a2f15-0d34-4318-9d55-0452d16d9eb1> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.livescience.com/45345-bullying-weapons.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1430458521872.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20150501053521-00033-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.989727 | 587 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Personal health, just as the health of our waters and land, is a primary concern of Cornell Cooperative Extension. Our staff provides educational resources to meet the concerns of Long Islanders, whether in diabetes or weight management, nutrition, or the challenges of choosing the most healthful foods on a budget.
Discover Suffolk’s farm stands and farmers’ markets and learn how to make the best choices for yourself and your family when planning meals and snacks. Find tools for seniors and children to determine the most nutritious options and develop healthy eating habits. Learn why physical activity is important to a healthy lifestyle.
It’s important for consumers, especially parents to learn all they can about pure caffeine powder.
Here’s how much physical activity a 150-pound person would have to do to burn off the calories in some popular high calorie snacks.
Hitting the road for a picnic or cookout? Remember these food safety tips!
Most people try to reduce their calorie intake by focusing on food, but another way to cut calories may be to think about what you drink.
Last updated April 6, 2018 | <urn:uuid:aed9882b-d41c-435b-8fa9-acb6eacae2e9> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://ccesuffolk.org/nutrition-and-health | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823228.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20181209232026-20181210013526-00136.warc.gz | en | 0.93375 | 224 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Introduction to Computer Networking Prof. Teodora Bakardjieva .
Computers can do many different jobs because they are programmable. defination : defination any system defined as a group of integrated parts which are desing to achieve a common objective a computer is made up of integrated elements like c.p.u., input & output devices and storage devices.
Introduction To Computers: Hardware and Software In this section of notes you will learn about the basic parts of a computer and how they work. A set of devices often mentioned as … It is usually turned on. People, however, are the most important component of a computer system - people use the power of the computer for some purpose. Data Communication and network have changed the way business and other daily affair works.
An Introduction to Computer Networks, Release 1.9.21 Peter L Dordal Department of Computer Science Loyola University Chicago Contents: CONTENTS 1. 5.Introduction to Computers, C++ and OOP 6.1 .1 Introduction 1.2 What Is a Computer? Introduction to Computers and Programming Page 2 of 23 # 1.1 Why Program? Hardware The three essential parts of a computer are:- INPUT UNIT ,KEYBOARD ,MOUSE SCANNER ,LIGHTPEN ,JOYSTIC ,MAGNETIC TAPE ,MAGNETIC DISK CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT ARITHMETIC AND LOGICAL UNIT CONTROL UNIT RAM MEMORY ROM OUTPUT UNIT ,DISPLAY MONITOR •V, VIDEO ,PRINTER ,MAG. An introduction to the basics of personal computing and information technologies intended primarily for students majoring in humanities, social and behavioral sciences, or business management.
ORT contributes to the strengthening of the national entrepreneurial and innovation ecosystem, and has pioneered the introduction of new study programmes and education technologies in Uruguay. By Chaitanya Singh | Filed Under: Computer Network.
A computer network is a group of devices connected with each other through a transmission medium such as wires, cables etc.
In computer’s reference – the same definition holds value but there is a slight change which is – | <urn:uuid:7da80924-4d5a-47da-b9be-80800266cb2f> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | http://www.joaolima.info/article.php?page=6cada7-grumman-ov-1-mohawk | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107911792.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20201030212708-20201031002708-00116.warc.gz | en | 0.883644 | 442 | 3.515625 | 4 |
King George Sound
Disambiguation: King George Sound may also refer to King George Sound (Tasmania)
King George Sound is the name of a sound on the south coast of Western Australia. Originally named King George the Third's Sound, it was referred to as King George's Sound from 1826. The name "King George Sound" gradually came into use from about 1934, prompted by new Admiralty charts supporting the intention to eliminate the possessive 's' from geographical names.
Located at it is the site of the city of Albany. The sound covers an area of 110 square kilometres (42 sq mi) and varies in depth from 10 m (33 ft) to 35 m (115 ft). The sound is bordered by the mainland to the north, by Vancouver Peninsula on the west, and by Bald Head and Flinders Peninsula to the south. Although the sound is open water to the east, the waters are partially protected by Breaksea Island and Michaelmas Island. There are two harbours located within the sound, Princess Royal Harbour and Oyster Harbour. Each receives excellent protection from winds and heavy seas. Princess Royal Harbour was Western Australia's only deep-water port for around 70 years until the Fremantle Inner Harbour was opened in 1897.,
The first reported visit to King George Sound by a European was in 1791 by the English explorer Captain George Vancouver. Vancouver named it King George the Third's Sound after the reigning monarch.
The next Europeans to visit the sound were whalers Captain Dennis of the Kingston, and Captain Dickson aboard the Elligood, who caught three whales in August 1800. This expedition left an inscribed piece of metal behind to be found by Flinders' crew in the following year.
Matthew Flinders anchored in the sound from 8 December 1801 to 5 January 1802 and explored the area. During this time Robert Brown (ship's botanist) and Peter Good (ship's gardener) collected samples of over 500 plant species.
Nicolas Baudin arrived in the sound in February 1803 aboard Le Geographe to rendezvous with Louis de Freycinet aboard the Casuarina before doing further exploration of the Western Australian coastline. During the course of their stay the ship's naturalist François Péron, collected 1060 new species of shellfish and a large number of starfish from the sound.
Phillip Parker King visited the sound in 1818 aboard the cutter HMS Mermaid while en route to conduct a nautical survey of the North West Cape, and Frenchman Dumont d'Urville visited it in 1826 aboard the Astrolabe.
On 25 December 1826, the New South Wales colonial government brig Amity, under the command of Major Edmund Lockyer, arrived at King George Sound to establish a possessory military settlement. Lockyer named his settlement Fredrick Town after George III's second son, Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, but this name never gained wide acceptance. Instead the settlement and surrounding locality were usually referred to as King George's Sound. In 1832, Governor of Western Australia Captain (later Admiral) James Stirling declared the settlement a town and renamed it Albany, but the broader locality continued to be referred to as King George's Sound for many years.
In 1834 Robert Dale published in London a panorama print of the view from Mount Clarence accompanied by a pamphlet describing the sound and the geography, geology, flora, fauna and native inhabitants of the immediate region.
Until the construction of Fremantle Harbour in 1897, King George Sound contained the only deepwater port in Western Australia, and so was the favoured location for delivery of mail and supplies from abroad to Western Australia. These were then transported to Perth and Fremantle by road or coastal shipping until the early 1890s, when the completion of the Great Southern Railway provided a quicker service.
Albany Port is located on the north shore of Princess Royal Harbour adjacent to the city of Albany. The port was first established in 1826 and has been expanded regularly since. The port now has five berths able to cater to panamax class vessels. The port typically caters for loading of about 120 vessels per annum.
In 1914, King George Sound was the last Australian anchorage for the fleet taking the first Australian and New Zealand soldiers, later to become known as Anzacs, to Egypt. A memorial to the Anzacs of the Desert Mounted Corps has been established on top of Mount Clarence. Albany was where the first commemorative dawn service was held on Anzac Day, 25 April 1923. The contribution of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, president of Turkey from 1923 until 1938 is recognised by naming the entrance into Princess Royal Harbour as Atatürk Entrance.
The Cheynes Beach Whaling Company began operating out of Frenchman Bay, located within the sound, in 1952 with a small quota of 50 humpback whales that was eventually increased to 175. At the peak of the whaling activity in the sound the company was taking between 900 to 1100 sperm and humpback whales in a year. Humpback whaling was banned in 1963 which in turn decreased the viability of the operation.
In 1978 the Cheynes Beach Whaling Company closed down after increasing environmental lobby group pressure. It was Australia's last coastal whaling company.
Dense seagrass beds still exist in King George Sound, although they have been adversely affected by increased nutrient levels and industry in the area. Some of the seagrasses present in the sound include Posidonia australis, Posidonia robertsoneae, Posidonia kirkmanii, Posidonia sinuosa, Posidonia denhartogii, Posidonia ostenfeldii, Amphibolis antarctica, Amphibolis griffithii, Halophila australis, Halophila ovalis, Ruppia megacarpa and Heterozostera tasmanica.
The fringing vegetation around the sound includes both the saltmarshes of Oyster Harbour and Princess Royal Harbour, and the sandy beach vegetation. Saltmarshes contain a variety of species including samphire, seablite, astartea, wattle, greenbush, shore rush, twig rush and saltwater paperbark Freshwater species also occur in areas where substantial freshwater seepage occurs. Sandy beach areas contain a mix of shrubs and sedges such as the grey white cushion bush, coast sword sedge, knotted club rush, sea rocket, pigface and false caper.
The sound comprises a wide variety of habitats that supports an abundance of marine life. Many species of corals are present including Turbinaria frondens, Turbinaria mesenterina and Turbinaria renformis which cover an extensive area. Other coral species that can be found include Scolymia australis, Plesiastrea versipora, Coscinaraea mcneilli and Coscinaraea marshae.
It is estimated that 203 species of fish inhabit the Oyster Harbour, Princess Royal Harbour and King George Sound, with Australian pilchards Sardinops sagax neopilchardus making up 97% of the total fish catch. Other species that are commonly found include Australian herring, leatherjackets, cobbler, King George whiting, tailor, Australian anchovy, garfish, sand trevally, tarwhine, flathead, tuna, snapper, Australian salmon, yellowtail scad, sea mullet, striped trumpeter, long-toothed flounder, dusky morwong and long-finned goby.
Seals are known to inhabit the sound in various locations along the coast and on the islands. The species that are sighted most often are the Australian sea lion and the New Zealand fur seal. Species that have been sighted, but are considered to be occasional visitors, include the subantarctic fur seal and the leopard seal.
Dolphins are also found in the area, and are occasionally caught and drowned in fishing nets or stranded. The common dolphin Delphinus delphis and the bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncates have both been recorded in the area.
Southern right whales and humpback whales frequent the area between July and October when they congregate to mate and calve in the protected waters of the sound. Other whales that have been spotted in the area include minke whales, blue whales, short-finned pilot whales, false killer whales and killer whales. Sperm whales were known to visit the sound during the whaling era but none have been sighted recently, although a pod was detected further out in the Southern Ocean in 2002.
The sound becomes a perfect habitat for migratory wading birds during the summer, when an estimated 2,000-3,000 birds flock to the area to feed in the shallow mudflats of the harbours. Some of the species that can be found during the summer months include the red-necked stint and the red knot as well as sandpipers, grey plovers, red capped plovers, lesser sand plovers, grey-tailed tattlers, whimbrels, common greenshanks, yellow-billed spoonbill, white-faced heron and stilts. Other birds that are commonly seen around the sound include cormorants, pied oystercatchers, sooty oystercatchers, Pacific gulls, Caspian terns, pelicans, ospreys and white-bellied sea eagles.
The Western Australian South Coast is formed along the edge of the southern margin of the Yilgarn craton and is fringed with prominent headlands composed of granite and gneisses formed by Proterozoic tectonic activity. Arcuate Bays that contain beaches backed by holocene dunes are found between the headlands.
King George Sound includes many islands and some islets, these are all composed of granite with accumulations of soil on most.
The tidal range in King George Sound (including Princess Royal Harbour and Oyster Harbour) is 0.4 metres (1 ft) with spring tidal range of 1.1 metres (4 ft). Tidal levels can remain static for periods of time. Semi-diurnal tides are frequent and diurnal tides are occasional.
The temperature of the water in the sound is slightly different from that of the open sea.
|Location||Mean summer temp (°C)||Mean winter temp (°C)|
|King George Sound||20.5||13.6|
The salinity level within the Sound remains relatively constant ranging between 34.8 to 35.5 '‰', the lower levels occurring during heavy winter rain events when large volumes of freshwater enter the sound from the King and Kalgan rivers.
Many wrecks exist within King George Sound. The most recent and best known is the 133 metres (436 ft) guided missile destroyer HMAS Perth, which was scuttled in 2001 in 35 metres (115 ft) of water off Seal Island, to be used as a dive-site.
The former whale chaser Cheynes was sold for scrap in 1961 and subsequently sunk between Michaelmas Island and the northern shoreline of the sound. Another chaser in the fleet, Cheynes II, was blown ashore on Geak Point near Quaranup in Princess Royal Harbour in 1990 and is still there, at approximately 290 metres (951 ft) off-shore.
A wooden barque, the Fanny Nicholson was being used as a whaling vessel when it ran ashore during a gale in 1872. The remains can still be seen in shallow water in Frenchman Bay. Another whaling barque, the Runnymede, met a similar fate when it ran aground during a storm in 1881.
In 1868, Northumberland, a wooden barque laden with 2000 tonnes of coal grounded on a reef off Bald Head near the entrance to King George Sound. The ship was freed and sailed into the sound with a broken rudder, the crew eventually abandoned ship and took to the life boats. Northumberland foundered and sunk between Cape Vancouver and Breaksea Island.
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- "Albany Port Expansion Proposal - Social and Cultural Environment". 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2008. | <urn:uuid:5225736b-eda8-4618-b770-84859a25f08b> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_Sound | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463679.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00094-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892628 | 3,829 | 3.09375 | 3 |
By Haim-Vidal Sephiha
On 31 March 1492, the Spain of three religions (Christianity, Islam and Judaism) followed the example of other European nations. After the fall of Grenada, which marked the end of the Reconquista, the Catholic monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, decided to expel those Jews who refused to convert to Catholicism.
The nearly 200,000 Spanish Jews who went into exile in Portugal, northern Europe and the entire Mediterranean basin were called Sepharades or Sephardim, based on the Hebrew name for Spain, Sepharad (these words have at times been written alternatively with "f" rather than "ph").
In general, the Spanish Jews integrated into existing Jewish communities and adopted their language after a certain time. However, in the north of Morocco and in the nascent Ottoman Empire they retained their Spanish language and imposed it on the resident Jews, and even non-Jewish communities used the language in trade relations.
However, the culture and language of the Spanish Jews was to follow a new path. As it evolved outside Spain, the archaic 15th century Castilian was soon considered to be specifically Jewish. From this came the name Judeo-Spanish, which is used in this text with its accepted linguistic meaning.
For the purpose of this publication, the term Sephardim will be used when speaking of the Judeo-Spanish speakers. This covers all Jews from northern Morocco and from the former Ottoman Empire, including their present-day descendants who are dispersed to the four corners of the earth. These people are helping to preserve the Spanish of 1492, or at least the Judeo-Spanish vernacular which sprang from it. We also include those who adopted this language by integrating into Judeo-Spanish communities.
Therefore, it is to those Jews who so "miraculously" preserved their language and culture for more than four centuries, to their slow agony during the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire, to their fate and to their brutal death under the steamroller of the Nazi regime, that these pages are dedicated.
According to the linguist B. Pottier, when the Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, they took with them the varieties of Spanish - Leonese, Aragonese and especially Castilian (the language of the Court) - that were common to those who practiced the country's three religions. These form the substratum of that which, around 1620, would become the Judeo-Spanish vernacular, known as Spaniol, Judezmo, Judyo, Jidyo (according to Edgard Morin), Spaniolith (Spaniolish for the Nobel Prize winner Elias Canetti) or Espanioliko in the Middle East, Haketiya in northern Morocco or Tetuani in the region around Oran in Algeria. All of these terms designate the Judeo-Spanish vernacular, which would in turn also evolve. We say around 1620, because the process by which travelers from Spain stopped being able to understand the ancestor of their language in the Spanish spoken by the descendants of those they had expelled was a gradual one and attributed Jewishness to these people. Similarly, the Muslim Turks who knew Spanish only via the Jewish minority called the language Yahudije (Yahudice means "Jewish" in Turkish). Thus, by means of a historical mistranslation, the Spanish Jews' language became their identifier. Judyo (Jew) designates both the language (the Judeo-Spanish vernacular) and the speaker of Judeo-Spanish (the Sepharad), as is the case with Yiddish (Ger., Judisch meaning Jew) for the Ashkenazim. By means of a similar mistranslation, we would have probably attributed a Judeo-French language to the French Canadians if they had been Jews! This is absurd, and yet the name Judeo-Spanish has stuck.
Judeo-Spanish, a language of fusion, is essentially 15th century Castilian, colored initially by regionalisms and hispanic Arabicisms, and after 1492 by Moroccan Arabicisms, Turkisms, Italianisms, Hellenisms, Slavisms, etc. taken on in the various host countries. Later, with the creation of the schools of the Alliance Israelite Universelle in 1860, the language was affected by a mania for gallicization, to the point that a new dialect called judeo-fragnol (Judeo-Franco-Spanish) emerged.
We said in our subtitle that Judeo-Spanish is a living museum for 15th century Spanish. Indeed, in 1492 - the date of the Jews' expulsion from Spain - Castilian had not yet undergone the silencing of voiced sibilants or the birth of the jota. Thus, the intervocalic [z] of that time remains, and one continued to say [meza] for mesa, (with [s], "table"). Similarly, one continued to say [ka's'a] for caja, "box" or "crate," or [pa'z'a] for paja, or "straw." It is precisely for this reason that Don Quixote [Don Ki's'o-te], which is now written Don Quijote - with jota - arrived in France as Don Quichotte, with [ch], reflecting the pronunciation of that time.
The distinction between [b] and [v] would also be maintained: [kantava] for cantaba, "I" or "he sang." Other archaic forms also persisted: kavdal - kovdisya - kovdo - sivda etc., which later became caudal in Spanish, "goods or fortune," codicia"cupidity or covetousness," codo "elbow," ciudad "city," etc.
There are also numerous "vulgarisms" from that time: agora - prove - guevo - guerfano, etc. for ahora, "now," - pobre "poor" - huevo "egg" - huerfano "orphan." Similarly, the two forms muevo/nuevo coexist for "new.".
Morphology: The old verbal forms do- vo- so and esto for doy "I give" voy "I go," soy "I am" and estoy both "I am" in English, continued to be used. As in the popular Spanish language, the second person forms of the simple past already had a tendency to take on a final -s. The metathesis >ld of the imperative form also continued to be used: kantadlo>kantaldo "sing it."
These observations obviously provide only a few examples illustrating a much broader topic.
In its subsequent evolution, Judeo-Spanish would develop particularly interesting strategies for hispanizing various loan words. Thus, there is continued use of the frequentative verbal ending -ear, as a verbal hispanizer for all loan words from the Turkish, Arab, Bulgarian, Greek, etc. host countries (adsrates), except for those of French origin, which take the -ar ending. Thus, from the Turkish dayanmak, "resist, endure," we get the Judeo-Spanish form dayanear. In contrast, based on the French "s'amuser" (to enjoy oneself), we have the form amuzarse. On the other hand, the ending -dero, which is very frequent in Spanish, is maintained but is used especially in forming words for obsessions or habits. We see this, for example, in the word arraskadero, whose meaning shifted from "pruritus, itching" to "obsession with scratching."
Vocabulary and semantics (Spanish archaic usages): there are many examples: merkar (to buy), trokar (to change), mansevez (youth), etc. The feminine gender of some nouns ending in -oris also kept, while these have become masculine in standard Spanish.
But along with these archaic usages, which are very understandable given the historical path of the language, there are also some genuine lexical creations based on Ladino (Judeo- Spanish calque), produced by the word-for-word translation from Hebrew into Spanish, which go back to the 13th or even the 12th centuries. All of these terms that are more archaic than the vernacular language are, via the intermediary of Ladino, a faithful reflection of the sacred languages (Hebrew and Aramaic), which makes them semi-sacred. By way of example, akunyadar/ear, which means "to fulfill the Levitical law," (i.e. the obligation found in the law of Moses for the brother of a dead man to marry the dead man's childless widow).
So, we can see that Judeo-Spanish is a language of fusion. Four percent of its loan words come from Hebrew, 15 percent from Turkish, 20 percent from French, two percent from Ladino, etc., with all of these built on the foundation of the 15th century Spanish substratum.
Ladino is not spoken, rather, it is the product of a word-for-word translation of Hebrew or Aramaic biblical or liturgical texts made by rabbis in the Jewish schools of Spain. In these, translations, a specific Hebrew or Aramaic word always corresponded to the same Spanish word, as long as no exegetical considerations prevented this. In short, Ladino is only Hebrew clothed in Spanish, or Spanish with Hebrew syntax. The famous Ladino translation of the Bible, the Biblia de Ferrara (1553), provided inspiration for the translation of numerous Spanish Christian Bibles.
Apart from the phonetic, morphological and syntactic differences mentioned above (which are very rare, especially in the romances and proverbs), the spoken language, Judezmo (the Judeo-Spanish vernacular) does not differ much from peninsular Spanish. However, as mentioned above, Ladino faithfully reflects the sacred languages (Hebrew and Aramaic), making it semi-sacred.
In Spain, two alphabets were used, the Latin and the Hebrew. The Ladino of the Ferrara Bible was written in Gothic-style Latin characters for the Marranos of Spain, who returned to Judaism but knew no Hebrew. Around 1928 in Turkey, at the behest of the new republican power of Mustapha Kemal Pasha, Latin script replaced the Hebrew script. However, for quite some time the elders used Solitreo, Hebrew manuscript writing, which even served as a secret form of writing in the Nazi concentration camps.
Today, Sephardim write their language according to the alphabet used in their country. In this text, we use the French-influenced spelling of the Paris-based Association Vidas Largas for the Defence and Promotion of the Judeo-Spanish Language and Culture.
There are essentially two types: liturgical and secular.
old liturgical literature (Bibles, prayer books etc.) was written in Ladino,
both in the East and the West (Morocco, Bordeaux, Amsterdam, etc.). It
was not until 1730 that texts were written in Judezmo, notably the famous
"Me'Am Lo'ez," a popular 18-volume encyclopedia published between
1730 and 1908. Secular literature was passed on mainly in oral form: proverbs,
romances, "kantigas," tales and fables - all forms which began
by perpetuating the Hispanic heritage and then took inspiration from daily
life in the Ottoman Empire and northern Morocco.
The Sephardic "romancero" - which celebrates more or less recent events, like the execution in Fez in 1820 of Sol Hachuel, a young Jewish woman who refused to convert, or the "Gran fuego," a terrible fire that devastated Salonika in 1917 - has been particularly long-lived.
This oral literature is of considerable importance for Spain as well, because through it one has access to aspects of the country which seemed to have been lost forever. The Jews, faithful to their ungrateful homeland, have conserved this Spanish of old in their living museum.
There has been a progressive westernization of the Sephardic communities under the combined influence of the schools created by the Alliance Israelite Universelle (52 schools in European Turkey alone) and the press (more than 300 newspaper and magazine titles). From this resulted a new intelligentsia that was westernized, gallicized and secularized to some extent and has ushered in new literary genres such as theatre and secular poetry, novels and numerous translations/adaptations of European works.
The French language became increasingly invasive (particularly through teaching), resulting in a new form of the language in the Ottoman Empire - Judeo-Franco-Spanish, as mentioned above.
According to Michael Molho, starting in Istanbul in 1832, the two modes of Judeo-Spanish (Ladino and the vernacular language) have given rise to a significant body of literature: 5,000 to 6,000 works, not including the 300 press titles which then flourished. Hundreds of plays have also been discovered since that time.
The slow dismembering of the Ottoman Empire began in 1699, with the breaking off of Hungary and Transylvania, and ended with the proclamation of the Turkish Republic by Ataturk in 1923. This systematic erosion was aided and abetted by a host of minor interests, including viziers, pashas and partisans of various strains of nascent nationalism, as well as the major powers - Austria-Hungary, Russia, France, England - as they knotted and unknotted their alliances, and recently unified nations like Germany and Italy. The Turkish minorities, or millets - Greeks, Armenians, Jews, etc. - within this veritable republic of nations, were courted by the West. Each State created its own schools. This contributed to the Judeo-Spanish emigrating from both the Levant and in Morocco to Europe and the Americas starting in the end of the 19th century. Wave followed wave until 1939, and longer for Morocco.
Within the Ottoman bloc there was a united Judeo-Spanish bloc, for which the cities of Salonika, Kavalla, Adrianople, Constantinople, Smyrna, Sofia, Sarajevo, Jerusalem, Safed, Alexandria and Cairo served as guiding lights. Rabbis and advisors were sought there by the entire Sephardic world: Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Antwerp, Brussels, Paris, Corfu, London, Venice, Milan, Livorno, Hamburg, Altona, Buenos Aires, Mexico City, New York, Miami, Santiago de Chile, etc.
The dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire brought the disintegration of this bloc. Spanish Judaism had lost its glue. Sephardim again went into exile. In their new host countries, they were faithful to their language and established religious and ethnic communities.
One international magazine, Le Judaisme Sephardi, served as their link. However, in 1948, in the United States, the last Judeo-Spanish newspaper printed in Hebrew characters, La Vara, stopped being published.
World War II and the Holocaust with its genocide would soon decimate the Judeo-Spanish population:
In addition to these victims, there are the Sephardim who emigrated within Europe, where the Nazi occupation took them by surprise. 60,000 perished. In all, around 160,000 Sephardim perished out of the 365,000 counted in 1925. The Sephardim of Morocco were protected, but left the country en masse during the de-colonization process.
Their numbers are, of necessity, approximate, 378,000 in all, broken down as follows: Israel - 300,000; Bulgaria - 3,000; Turkey - 15,000; northern Morocco - 3,000; New York and the US in general - 15,000; Greece - 2,000; France, Belgium and England - 40,000.
This trend continues, because although the number of those who acknowledge Judeo-hispanicity is probably much higher (we are thinking here of Jews in Latin American countries, where the number of those who still speak their language of origin is dropping quickly). Moreover, all or nearly all are bi- or tri- lingual. In Israel, the last major reservoir of Sephardim, the understandable hebraization is also undermining the presence of Judeo-Spanish. The only magazine still written entirely in this language, Aki Yerushalayim, is a sort of symbol for all of the nostalgia concerning Judeo-Spanish throughout the world. In the Turkish weekly Shalom, only one page in between six and ten is in Judeo-Spanish. These are the two survivors of a once- thriving press that boasted over 300 titles.
For more than 30 years, Judeo-Spanish literature, both prose and poetry, has been blossoming. Examples are "En torno de la Torre Blanca," a moving chronicle set in Salonika by the novelist Enrique Saporta y Beja, and "El sekreto del mundo" by Itzak Ben- Rubi, which brings the world of the concentration camp to life. Poets include Clarisse Nicoidski, who writes novels in French and poems in the language closest to her heart, Balkan Judeo-Spanish, Salamon Bidjerano and his "Kantes de Maturidad," and Lina Albukrek, the author of delicious poems that were faithfully compiled by her daughter in a book entitled "87 anios lo ke tengo."
We should add to this all-too-brief list all of those who compiled tales, proverbs and romances, thus helping to safeguard this precious heritage. They include Israeli Matilda Koen-Sarano's compilation entitled "Kuentos del folklor de la Famiya Djudeo-espanyola" and Jaime B. Rosa's book entitled "Sepharad 92," which contains a collection of poems by Avner Perez, Izan Konorti, Isahar Avzaradel, etc.
Finally, there are works in other languages which keep the memory of Judeo-Spanish alive. Some of these include Annie Benveniste's chronicle "Le Bosphore ? la Roquette," Brigitte Peskine's "Les eaux douces d'Europe" and Nelly Kafsky's "Le reve d'Esther," which was adapted very successfully for television.
Today, attempts are being made to recover the remains of this culture. Universities have become involved in this, and the numbers of teaching posts for Judeo-Spanish (language, culture and civilization) are increasing throughout the world. The first was created in Paris - at the Ecole des Langues et Civilisations Orientales Vivantes - in 1967, and the Sorbonne (Institut d'Etudes Hispaniques) and the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes followed suit. The Universite Libre de Bruxelles (Institut Martin Buber) did the same in 1972. In these establishments, where H.V. Sephiha teaches, more than 400 master's and doctoral theses have been written on this discipline, which the author calls Judeo-hispanology.
Judeo-Spanish is also studied in conjunction with the study of dialects in all linguistic courses in Hispanic or Iberian faculties in French universities.
The same goes for universities in Spain, where the Arias Montano Institute in Madrid has published the magazine Sefarad since 1941, which is to Judeo-Spanish what the magazine Al-Andalus is to Spanish Islam.
Germany and other European countries, Judeo-Spanish is taught in the Romance
language department of universities. One example is the Institut fur romanische
Philologie of the Freie Universitat of Berlin. Judeo-Spanish is also a
topic of interest at the universities of Tubingen, Munich, Trier, Aachen,
and Frankfurt, and in Innsbruck in Austria, in Fribourg, Neuchftel and
Geneva in Switzerland, and in the Spanish language departments of the
universities of Venice and Padua. Other universities also touch on the
subject in their departments of Iberian or Hebrew studies. Hispanic studies
departments in England are interested in Judeo-Spanish as well.
In Israel, after a certain rejection of the languages of the Diaspora, awareness began to grow regarding the linguistic and cultural wealth of Judeo-Spanish. At present, this discipline is taught in most Israeli universities.
In addition to the Judeo-Spanish language, the literature and, in particular, the Judeo-Spanish romancero are drawing the attention of specialists in Spanish literature in universities in France and abroad. An example of this is the recent bilingual anthology of Spanish poetry by La Pleiade and the production of many records of Judeo-Spanish songs over the last three decades.
Community education is also important. In France, the Vidas Largas Association for the Defense and Promotion of the Judeo-Spanish Language and Culture was created in 1979, making it possible to bring Judeo-Spanish instruction into the Communities of Paris, Marseille and Lyon. Similar things are happening in the context of the association Los Muestros (http://www.sefarad.org/) in Belgium and throughout the world. And finally, the magazine Aki Yerushalayimis already available on the Internet at the following address: http://www.trendline.co.il/judeospa/.
There has also been a great revival of interest in Judeo-Spanish culture. Examples are the many magazines and bulletins being published throughout the world. There is also evidence of this cultural renaissance on the radio, with daily broadcasts in Israel and Madrid, a bi-weekly program in France and a weekly program in Belgium.
All of the above is very encouraging. Death throes have given way to rebirth. However today, while parents attend to their lucrative occupations, it is often the grandparents who introduce the children to Judeo-Spanish and instill in them an interest in their past.
The message is getting across, and this trend appears to be irreversible, but we must continue to consolidate and protect the heritage of the ancients. It is to this end that Judeo-Spanish workshops are being created everywhere, in collaboration with a growing number of researchers.
Source of the article: http://www.sefarad.org/hosted/english/eblul/preface.html | <urn:uuid:3375773c-55b2-49f4-af75-67846c2f3dad> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.jmth.gr/web/thejews/pages/pages/judeo/pages/jud.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989891.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00209-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95378 | 4,732 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Just like (X)HTML, SVG supports linking to content within the document and to external resources, for example other SVG documents, HTML or XML documents, images, videos or any other kind of typical resource you may want to link to. This tutorial will walk you through how to create links in SVG using XLink—the W3C spec for linking in XML—and cover any specific SVG-related concerns that you man need to know.
If you are not familiar with the
a element or the
href attribute in HTML I recommend reading Christian Heilmann’s HTML links – let’s build a web! article before we start. It is also recommended that you read my article to familiarise yourself with the basics of SVG, if you are not already familiar.
Note: XML doesn’t support linking by default, so the situation is slightly more complex than HTML links. But don't despair - XLink is still not that complicated to get the hang of; after reading this article it should present you with no trouble.
In HTML I can simply set up a link from one document to another using an
a element and an
href attribute like so:
<code><a href="http://example.com/link/">An example link</a></code>
a element is contained in the linking document (the local resource), and the
href attribute points to the document or resource I want to link to (the remote resource). All very straight forward.
In XML and therefore SVG, there is no magic
href attribute that can create links. Instead you have to use a technology called XLink to provide this functionality. XLink is a very powerful technology that provides a lot of complex functionality, such as one-to-many links, but for SVG we only have to care about simple one-to-one links, as that is all that is supported in the SVG specification.
Setting up the XLink namespace
You've already met XML namespaces when defining a SVG template. Usually an SVG document uses the default namespace like so:
<code><svg '''xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"''' version="1.1"> …content goes here… </svg></code>
Since the default namespace is taken up by SVG, if you want to to define the XLink namespace on the SVG element you have to give it a prefix, which by general convention is
xlink (although it can be anything you please). Lets add the XLink namespace to our
<code><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" '''xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"''' version="1.1"> …content goes here… </svg></code>
As you can see, the
xlink prefix is defined using the
xmlns attribute, a colon (:) and the desired prefix. The value is then set to the standard XLink namespace.
Now the XLink namespace is set up, any time you want to refer to a XLink element or attribute on the
svg element or any of its children, you have to use it in combination with the
xlink prefix. The best way to explain this is with an example, so lets start to set up a similar link to the HTML link above.
Next we need to use the SVG
a element in our document to define a link, and the
text element to define the link text:
<code><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1"> '''<a> <text x="10" y="25">An example link.</text> </a>''' </svg></code>
Now we have to add the XLink
href attribute to the
a element to specify the destination of the link, like so:
<code><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1"> <a <strong>xlink:href="http://example.com/link/"</strong>> <text x="10" y="25" >An example link.</text> </a> </svg></code>
xlink namespace is added before the attribute name, using a colon to separate the prefix from the attribute.
Note: It is possible to define the type of link you are using as a simple link using
xlink:type="simple" on the
a element, but this is optional and simple links are the only type of XLink links that are valid in SVG anyway.
a element in SVG doesn't automatically style the link like it does in HTML, so you may want to add some styling to the text, as seen in the completed .
One thing worth remembering is that to set the colour of the text in SVG you must use the
fill CSS property or XML attribute, not
color as in HTML. The text must also be contained in a
text element nested inside the link, unlike HTML where a
a element can contain text immediately between its start and end tags.
You may recall that HTML links can have a
title attribute to describe additional details about the link. This is also available with XLink in SVG:
<code><a xlink:href= "http://example.com/link/" '''xlink:title="The link leads to an example page that is of little interest"'''> <text x="10" y="25" >An example link.</text> </a></code>
If you try out my example, you will see that a tooltip will show up when you hover over the link.
Following a link defaults to opening the linked resource in the same window or tab. You can change this behaviour by using the XLink
show attribute. Using a value of
replace specifies the default behaviour, while changing it to
new will open the link in a new window or tab.
<code><a xlink:href= "http://example.com/link/" xlink:title="The link opens an example page in a new tab/window" '''xlink:show="new"'''> <text x="10" y="25" >An example link.</text> </a></code>
Linking to a specific point in a document
Also like HTML, it is possible to link to a specific point in a document (both in local and remote documents) by specifying an
id on the element you want to link to and adding a fragment identifier to the link. This can be achieved in almost exactly the same way as with HTML:
<code><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1"> <a '''xlink:href="http://www.someurl.com#someid"'''> <text x="10" y="25" >An example link.</text> </a> </svg></code>
You can also link to a specific part of a SVG document, using the fragment identifier combined with the
view element. This can be useful for defining an area of the SVG file that you'd like to zoom in or out of when the user clicks on a link or a button.
The fragment identifier works in exactly the same way as the example above, while the
view element is used to specify the size of the viewport after the URL has been followed. I will show this with another example:
<code><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" width="100%" height="100%"> <a xlink:href="#target"> <text x="10" y="25">Zoom in on shape below</text> </a> '''<view id="target" viewBox="600 600 50 50"/> <rect x="600" y="600" width="50" height="50"/>''' </svg></code>
view element requires at least two attributes, the
id so that the fragment identifier can point to it, and the
viewBox attribute sets the size of the viewport with four values, Minimum x co-ordinate, Minimum y co-ordinate, width and height. When the link is followed, the browser will set the viewport to the co-ordinates and width and height specified on the corresponding view element. Behind the scenes, the browser automatically applies transitions and scaling for you to make the content fit correctly in the
With the example above, you may notice that the rectangle doesn’t fill your browser window. This is because by default it preserves the aspect ratio of the elements. There is a way to define this behaviour using the
preserveAspectRatio attribute. I will cover this in a later article, but if you just want ignore the aspect ratio, you can set the value to
none like so:
<code><view id="target" viewBox="600 600 50 50" '''preserveAspectRatio="none"'''/></code>
Embedding external resources in an SVG document
As well as linking to separate documents, it is possible to embed resources such as images into an SVG document in a very similar manner, again using the XLink href attribute. Images can either be raster images such as PNGs and JPEGS, or another SVG file:
<code><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1"> '''<image xlink:href="circle.png" x="10" y="25" height="100" width="100"> <desc>A perfect circle</desc> </image>''' </svg></code>
desc element provides a means to provide alternative text, in the same way that the HTML
alt attribute does. This will be useful once screen readers begin to support SVG.
Try out my example.
Embedding an SVG image works in exactly the same way:
<code><image '''xlink:href="circle.svg"''' x="10" y="25" height="100" width="100"> <desc>A perfect circle</desc> </image></code>
Note: The XLink
show attribute is used with a value of
embed to include resources in the document, but as this is the default (and only) value allowed for the
show attribute on the
image element, it can be omitted.
Fragments of SVG can be embedded in the document using the
use element - this includes SVG from external SVG files, and fragments that have already appeared in the same document. This allows SVG elements to be defined once and reused many times, and will be the subject of an additional article on reusable SVG, to be published in the future on dev.opera.com.
SVG Tiny 1.2 and above allow for embedding of audio and video, but this is not widely implemented. At the time of writing this only works in a .
Linking multiple elements
In HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.0/1.1, the
a element is inline and thus can not legally contain block level child elements. If you want to for example make an image and adjacent text into the same link, you have to specify additional
a elements with the same
href value. There is no such restriction with SVG - it is perfectly valid to do the following:
<code><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1"> <defs> <linearGradient id="badgeGradient"> <stop offset="0"/> <stop offset="1"/> </linearGradient> </defs> <g id="heading"> '''<a xlink:href= "http://www.opera.com/"> <path id="badge" d="M 29.6,22.8 C 29.2,23.4 24.3,22.4 23.8,22.9 C 23.4,23.3 24.3,28.3 23.8,28.6 C 23.2,28.9 19.4,25.6 18.8,25.8 C 18.2,26.0 16.5,30.7 15.8,30.7 C 15.2,30.7 13.5,26.0 12.9,25.8 C 12.3,25.6 8.5,28.9 7.9,28.6 C 7.4,28.3 8.3,23.3 7.9,22.9 C 7.4,22.4 2.4,23.4 2.1,22.8 C 1.8,22.3 5.1,18.4 4.9,17.8 C 4.8,17.2 0.0,15.5 0.0,14.9 C 0.0,14.3 4.8,12.6 4.9,12.0 C 5.1,11.4 1.8,7.5 2.1,7.0 C 2.4,6.4 7.4,7.3 7.9,6.9 C 8.3,6.5 7.4,1.5 7.9,1.2 C 8.5,0.9 12.3,4.1 12.9,4.0 C 13.5,3.8 15.2,-0.8 15.8,-0.8 C 16.5,-0.8 18.2,3.8 18.8,4.0 C 19.4,4.1 23.2,0.9 23.8,1.2 C 24.3,1.5 23.4,6.5 23.8,6.9 C 24.3,7.3 29.2,6.4 29.6,7.0 C 29.9,7.5 26.6,11.4 26.8,12.0 C 26.9,12.6 31.7,14.3 31.7,14.9 C 31.7,15.5 26.9,17.2 26.8,17.8 C 26.6,18.4 29.9,22.3 29.6,22.8 z"/> <text id="label" x="5" y="20" transform = "rotate(-15 10 10)">New</text> <text id="title" x="40" y="20">Opera Browser</text> </a>''' </g> </svg></code>
Try it out by viewing my example.
After reading this article you should be able to link to documents and resources in SVG using XLink simple links. We have covered the basics or creating a link in SVG using the
a element, adding additional information using the XLink
title attribute, using fragment identifiers to point to a specific part of a document, and how to embed images in a SVG document using the
image element. We have also covered a slightly more complex example, using multiple elements, that can all point to the same destination using one | <urn:uuid:2f419613-eb35-49c9-b263-07c634f421e1> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://www.w3.org/wiki/SVG_Links | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948512208.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211052406-20171211072406-00789.warc.gz | en | 0.726704 | 3,350 | 2.78125 | 3 |
In today’s modern world, parents and guardians are constantly being made aware of new dangers facing our children, from health epidemics to ‘stranger danger’ and what they’re exposed to on the internet.
However, with an ever-increasing emphasis on danger, we could be overlooking the important role ‘risky play’ can have on a child’s ability to solve problems and assess things by themselves.
What is Risky Play?
Risky play involves allowing children to engage in activities which they find physically challenging, thrilling and sometimes even a little scary, in order for them to test their own boundaries and discover their limits. It’s always supervised and ultimately very safe, but has the potential for minor injury as part of the learning process.
Creating opportunities for climbing, jumping, falling, grazing and bruising has a much more powerful influence on a child’s understanding of the world around them and of their relationship with their own body, than an adult simply saying, “be careful, you might fall.”
What are the benefits of Risky Play?
Nurtures self confidence
Beyond understanding their physical limitations and boundaries, risky play also has a vital role in building self confidence and independence. Discovering our physical limitations involves pushing ourselves, which takes bravery and is inevitably followed by a feeling of accomplishment and pride.
During risky play activities, children are encouraged to support each other, celebrating and cheering achievements. They are also able to develop their empathy for others, helping each other up when they fall and being and reassuring friends who may be too scared to climb higher or go further.
Encouraging children to be physically independent can give them the skills and confidence to think laterally, giving them valuable experience of overcoming obstacles.
For children who are reluctant to leave their comfort zones, forcing themselves to try new things helps them realise they’re capable of so much more than first anticipated.
Embracing Risky Play
At Sparks, we’re keen to give children the opportunity to experience risky play in a safe environment, and run forest school activities, such as fire building and climbing trees.
There are many great places in and around Bristol with excellent risky play facilities, such as Felix Road Adventure Playground, where we go on the occasional day trip; the children surprise themselves with their own bravery, jumping from high points onto crash mats like professional stunt people!
We’ve also had the privilege of climbing the rigging of the SS Great Britain and enjoying the fantastic views from the crow’s nest!! It’s during these trips that the children amaze us with their ‘can do’ attitude and their support of one another, cheering everyone on, demonstrating levels of maturity and empathy beyond their years.
We believe it’s vital to give children plenty of chances to experience risk through play to help prepare them for and understand the world around them.
We‘re currently looking forward to our upcoming ‘Wildlife’ themed half-term holiday club from 12-16 February. We have lots of fun activities in store, with opportunities for risky play and free play including an exciting discovery day at Bristol Zoo where the children will be able to get close-up and interact with some of the animals! | <urn:uuid:e6d9288a-157d-4928-9e11-184b90b3646c> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://www.sparks-inc.org/blog/risky-play-why-we-encourage-children-to-challenge-themselves.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891811352.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218023321-20180218043321-00063.warc.gz | en | 0.963321 | 675 | 3.515625 | 4 |
A new federal study on the environmental impact of oil shale and tar sands development in the West is being launched, the Bureau of Land Management announced today.
The new environmental impact statement follows the Obama administrations freezing of oil shale activities that were approved by the Bush administration in its waning days.
In January 2009, just weeks after taking office, Interior Secretary Ken Salazar targeted rules for commercial oil shale development for review.
“Moving forward with commercial regulations for oil-shale development is premature,” Salazar said at the time. “We are going to take a look at all the midnight actions of the Bush administration and see what needs to be changed and which are OK.”
In February 2009, Salazar halted a last-minute oil-shale lease offering set-up by the Bush administration, saying it “didn’t meet the smell test” and he called for a top-to-bottom review of the oil-shale program.
In 2008, the BLM published a programmatic impact statement that expanded the acreage potentially available for commercial tar-sands leasing.
It also amended resource management plans in in Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming to make about 1.9 million acres of public lands available for commercial oil shale development and 431,224 acres for tar sands leasing and development.
The new study will replace that Bush administration plan.
“Final land-use decisions will be made in light of any new information about potential resource needs and impacts, and technological innovations,” the BLM said in a statement.
The BLM, which oversees the shale program, estimates there is the equivalent of 800 billion barrels of oil on approximately 2 million acres of land in Colorado, Wyoming and Utah.
“The BLM remains committed to a thoughtful, orderly, and responsible oil shale development program,” BLM Director Bob Abbey said in statement. “Public involvement is a vital component in this process.”
Public scoping meetings, to determine what issues the new study should address, will be held in May 3 in Rifle, at Colorado Mountain College, and on May 4 in Denver at the Denver West Marriot.
Mark Jaffe: 303-954-1912 or MJaffe@denverpost.com | <urn:uuid:466303dd-f5d9-45c7-8ed7-d35e6fc0045d> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.denverpost.com/2011/04/13/federal-government-to-take-a-fresh-look-at-oil-shale-development-in-the-west/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948738.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20180427002118-20180427022118-00116.warc.gz | en | 0.942944 | 462 | 2.640625 | 3 |
This Is the Technology Behind the US Military's Largest Gun
This video outlines the essential engineering of exactly what railgun technology means.
As the host of Real Engineering points out, guns have been a staple of engineering problem solving for a very long time. Over the years weapons have dramatically evolved and are continuing to do so. Think cannon balls changing to spherical projectiles. The latest weaponry breakthrough will move away from explosive launch power to an entirely new system to artillery launch. Railguns that take advantage of electromagnetic force will power the United States's largest gun.
Using explosives while efficient, has many downsides. The most obvious being that naval ships have to carry large stores of explosives into battle, making them very susceptible to attack. On top of that, the new railgun technology is also just way more efficient. Current railgun designs have already doubled the muzzle velocity of weapons already in production. Some can send out artillery of speeds up to Mach 6! (Current explosive based weapons can only hit a maximum of Mach 3!)
These weapons are not currently in service (that we know of!) mainly because there are still some serious engineering problems to solve before that happens. Railguns use the physics theory of Lorentz Force. But achieving Lorentz Force and simultaneously overcoming the friction generated by it are huge engineering roadblocks. The military is now deep in the research and development of how to make these weapons more agile and consistent for use in service. But refining rail gun technology could also have a big impact on satellite launching technology too. The Real Engineering host offers the suggestion that future sat launches could be just as well achieved via rail gun technology rather than a traditional rocket.
We'll be watching this space to see where this technology goes! | <urn:uuid:8939fb9f-aef3-4b8a-9fe8-8b070e855574> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://interestingengineering.com/video/this-is-the-technology-behind-the-us-militarys-largest-gun | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891277.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20180122093724-20180122113724-00700.warc.gz | en | 0.954138 | 350 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Extra Limbs: Polydactyly vs. Polymelia – Unveiling the Differences
The intricacies of human anatomy are a testament to nature’s complexity, where the development of limbs holds a pivotal role in shaping our physical form. Yet, occasionally, this intricate process deviates from the norm, giving rise to congenital limb anomalies. Among these anomalies, polydactyly vs. polymelia stand as intriguing examples. In the following article, we delve into the distinctions between these conditions, offering insights through real-life examples and factual information.
Polydactyly: Polydactyly is a congenital condition characterized by the presence of extra fingers or toes on an individual’s hands or feet. It is one of the most common limb malformations, occurring in approximately 1 in 1,000 live births. The extent of polydactyly can vary significantly, from a minor, non-functional extra digit to a fully formed and functional finger or toe.
Examples of Polydactyly:
- A baby born with six fingers on one hand.
- Someone having an extra toe on each foot.
- A person with an additional thumb that is fully functional.
Facts about Polydactyly:
- Isolated Condition: Polydactyly often occurs as an isolated anomaly without any associated health issues. However, it can also be part of a genetic syndrome or condition.
- Surgical Correction: In many cases, polydactyly can be surgically corrected, especially when the extra digit is non-functional or causes functional problems.
- Genetic Factors: Polydactyly can be inherited in families, and its prevalence can vary among different populations.
Polymelia: Polymelia is an exceedingly rare congenital anomaly that involves the development of extra limbs, such as arms or legs, beyond the typical human anatomy. Unlike polydactyly, which involves extra digits, polymelia results in the presence of entirely extra limbs. These extra limbs can vary in size and functionality, with some being smaller and non-functional and others being fully formed with muscles and bones.
Examples of Polymelia:
- A person born with four arms, two of which are fully functional.
- An individual with extra legs extending from the pelvic area.
- Rare cases where individuals are born with multiple fully developed, functional limbs.
Facts about Polymelia:
- Extreme Rarity: Polymelia is exceptionally rare in humans, with only a handful of documented cases worldwide. It is considered a severe developmental anomaly.
- Complex Anomalies: The extra limbs in polymelia can vary widely in terms of appearance and functionality, making each case unique.
- Medical Evaluation: Polymelia cases often require extensive medical evaluation and treatment, as the condition can be associated with other internal anomalies.
Conclusion: When considering Polydactyly vs. Polymelia, it’s evident that these congenital limb anomalies vary significantly in the type and placement of additional appendages. Polydactyly manifests as extra digits, such as fingers or toes, and is relatively prevalent, while Polymelia manifests as complete extra limbs, like additional arms or legs, and is exceedingly rare. Both conditions can profoundly affect an individual’s life, but the course of treatment and potential outcomes hinge on the specific case and its accompanying health complexities. Familiarity with these conditions equips medical professionals to provide tailored care and support to individuals and their families facing these unique challenges. | <urn:uuid:9db0c712-00f3-4ed7-b035-8eb25cb92f8a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://itervis.com/extra-limbs-polydactyly-vs-polymelia-unveiling-the-differences/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100489.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203062445-20231203092445-00046.warc.gz | en | 0.919962 | 732 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Neuman Surname History
The family history of the Neuman last name is maintained by the AncientFaces community. Join the community by adding to to our knowldge of the Neuman:
- Neuman family history
- Neuman country of origin, nationality, & ethnicity
- Neuman last name meaning & etymology
- Neuman spelling & pronunciation
Latest Neuman photos
These photos were uploaded by members of the Neuman community on AncientFaces.
Neuman Country of Origin, Nationality, & Ethnicity
No one has submitted information on Neuman country of origin, nationality, or ethnicity. Add to this section
No content has been submitted about the Neuman country of origin. The following is speculative information about Neuman. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
The nationality of Neuman may be difficult to determine in cases which country boundaries change over time, making the nation of origin a mystery. The original ethnicity of Neuman may be in dispute as result of whether the family name came in to being organically and independently in different locales; e.g. in the case of last names that come from a craft, which can crop up in multiple regions independently (such as the surname "Carpenter" which was given to woodworkers).
Neuman Meaning & Etymology
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No content has been submitted about the meaning of Neuman. The following is speculative information about Neuman. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
The meaning of Neuman come may come from a profession, such as the name "Brewster" which refers to a female brewer. Some of these trade-based family names can be a profession in another language. This is why it is essential to understand the country of origin of a name, and the languages spoken by its progenitors. Many modern names like Neuman originate from religious texts like the Bhagavadgītā, the Quran, the Bible, and so on. Commonly these family names relate to a religious phrase such as "Lamb of God".
Neuman Pronunciation & Spelling Variations
No one has added information on Neuman spellings or pronunciations. Add to this section
No content has been submitted about alternate spellings of Neuman. The following is speculative information about Neuman. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
In early history when few people could write, names such as Neuman were transcribed based on their pronunciation when people's names were written in public records. This could have resulted in misspellings of Neuman. Understanding spelling variations and alternate spellings of the Neuman last name are important to understanding the history of the name. Family names like Neuman change in how they're written as they travel across tribes, family branches, and eras over generations.
Last names similar to NeumanNeüman, Neumanarlo, Neumanas, Neumancharles, Neumanczik, Neumand, Neumandevegv, Neumandon, Neumane, Neumanem, Neumaner, Neuman f holst, Neumange, Neumangregory, Neumani, Neumaniskey, Neumanjimmie, Neumanjustin, Neumanm, Neumanmn
Neuman Family Tree
Here are a few of the Neuman biographies shared by AncientFaces users. Click here to see more Neumans
- Rosa Eger Neuman
- Hana Johanna Neuman Gut
- Frederick C. Neuman
- Max Neuman
- Elizabeth Neuman Holley
- Hans Neuman
- Theodor Tedi Neuman
- Herbert Neuman
- Lea BENET Neuman
- Yaakov Hirsch Neuman | <urn:uuid:00f8f08d-e66b-4a00-a8c0-15c520f2e250> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.ancientfaces.com/surname/neuman-family-history/35400 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010962725/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091602-00069-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927607 | 795 | 2.609375 | 3 |
My English 100 classes at Fullerton College are currently reading Gustavo Arellano’s excellent book Orange County: a Personal History, and writing essays about local culture. Today’s theme was “how understanding the past helps us understand the present.” We read together a section from Gustavo’s book in which he gives a very brief and concise history of Orange County, which can be divided into four main eras, which I have paraphrased as follows:
I. Native American Era (8000 B.C.E. - 1769)
For over 8000 years, the area currently known as Orange County was inhabited by native American tribes known as the Kizh (in the north) and the Acjachemen (in the south). They lived sustainably and developed their own culture, language, arts, and trade systems.
II. Spanish Era (1769-1821)
In 1769, Spanish conquistador Gaspar de Portola, along with Franciscan missionaries like Junipero Serra, began conquering and colonizing the land for Spain and the Catholic church. They built missions and forts, enslaved the Kizh and Acjachemen peoples, and began the process of decimating a culture that had existed for millennia. Having already conquered most of Latin America, the Spanish were very efficient at this.
III. Mexican Era (1821-1848)
In 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain, after a costly war. At this time, Mexico also included the present-day American states of California, Arizona, Texas, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Wyoming and Colorado. The Missions were “secularized” (i.e. taken from the Catholic church) and largely abandoned, or incorporated into Mexican farming “ranchos.”
|Before the Mexican-American War|
IV. American Era (1848-present)
The United States saw it as their “Manifest Destiny” to conquer the North American continent from Atlantic to Pacific, and that meant taking mucho land from Mexico. So, from 1846-1848, under president James K. Polk, the U.S. waged the Mexican-American war, which resulted in Mexico losing half its country to the USA, with the Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo. To assuage our guilty consciences about taking all this land by conquest, the U.S. paid Mexico 15 million dollars. California became a state of the Union in 1850, and remains so today.
|After the Mexican-American War|
I shared with my classes an illustrated timeline of Orange County history, based on a trip I took to the Bowers Museum in Santa Ana, which has exhibits documenting all of this. My students were mostly shocked to learn that the Missions were basically west coast slavery, and that the Mexican American War was a war of conquest. Californians don’t typically think of their land in these terms. We tend to see things mainly from the lens of present reality, with a few nice myths thrown in: the “quaint” missions, the Gold Rush, the “Wild West” (our ideas being taken mainly from Hollywood films), and the steady advance of “progress.” But seen from a broader perspective, Orange County history is actually quite disturbing and tragic.
I asked my students why we don’t typically tell ourselves the true story. Why do we prefer comfortable myths? And how does understanding our past, our real past, inform (or transform) how we understand the present? How can approaching the past, through research and reflection, alter our perception of place? How can it transform even how we live, today, in our own times? | <urn:uuid:eaea36da-f7eb-4e59-9333-d3e0274ba0fd> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://jesselatour.blogspot.com/2014/09/four-eras-of-orange-county-history.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824537.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021005202-20171021025202-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.966084 | 778 | 3.28125 | 3 |
01 Oct 2018
Have you ever wanted to learn a bit more about the weather? Would you like a better understanding of the forecast information that you see on TV or online?
Learn About Weather is an exciting course that we piloted last September. The course will run over four weeks, with a few hours of learning per week. Weeks one to three cover the basics of weather, starting with the big picture, moving on to synoptic charts, air masses, fronts, wind and clouds.
Then at week four, we put that theory into practice by looking at some leisure activities that can be impacted by the weather.
Are you a gardener? Alongside the Royal Horticultural Society, we’ll be offering expert advice on how to make the most of the weather, ways to garden in an environmentally friendly way and how you can adapt your garden to the changing climate.
Perhaps you’re a photographer? The weather can have big impacts on outdoor photography, and along with experts at the Royal Photographic Society, we can help you understand the weather and how it might impact your photographs.
Maybe you’re a walker? Being out in all weathers is part of the fun, but we’ll make sure you understand the dangers and implications of hazardous weather, and find out how to make the best of the weather forecast.
The course starts on 6 August 2018, but you can find out more and sign up now. It’s free, and no prior knowledge is required.
Don't worry if you miss the 6 August start - you can join the course after this point (although the later you leave it the less you will be able to take advantage of the live discussion and guidance available!).
To sign up or see more information on the course visit www.futurelearn.com/courses/learn-about-weather. On Twitter use the hashtag #FLLearnAboutWeather | <urn:uuid:3db6a07e-6062-4354-a0fc-9282a38023d8> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.sthelensccg.nhs.uk/news-and-events/learn-about-weather-course/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614880.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124011048-20200124040048-00386.warc.gz | en | 0.934868 | 393 | 3.078125 | 3 |
About the Program
The state of Alaska is known for its cool summers and frigid winters. It’s also the home of Alaska Community Development Corporation (CDC), a nonprofit organization dedicated to ensuring decent and energy-efficient housing for low to moderate-income residents. The organization focuses on energy conservation, weatherization, retrofitting, rehabilitation, construction, and financing. One of the ways it assists income-eligible residents is through its Mutual Self-Help Housing program. Families build their own homes with design plans that are energy-efficient and will increase savings. Since it began the program in 2001, participating families have built 77 energy-efficient homes that meet Alaska’s most stringent energy efficiency standards, according to Patrick Shiflea, executive director of the Alaska CDC.
The Construction Process
Recently, cohorts have started building super-insulated homes, based on building plans from the previous group. In Alaska, with its notoriously long and fierce winters—it can stay below zero degrees for weeks – construction is no easy feat. The families participating in the program are dedicated, sometimes shoveling snow first to allow a path to get to the work area. They try to find ways to work around the weather.
“The best way to get around home construction work in the winter is to start construction in the spring,” Shiflea explained. “That is, however, not always possible because of the timing of getting all the program applicants eligible and also the timing of all funding sources. Winter construction is often possible if we can get the foundations in before freeze-up. We are not able to be as efficient with construction in the winter but can work when the weather does allow it and can usually be productive once we get the homes framed up.”
“They really stretch themselves to build beautiful energy efficient homes,” says Angela Sisco of RCAC, the organization that assists grantees in the western United States to successfully complete single-family housing financed through the program.
To learn more the self-help program at Alaska Community Development Corporation, visit https://selfhelphousingspotlight.org/alaska-cdc/. | <urn:uuid:ee3ad283-b4b2-46d5-bb3f-75499d030c45> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.selfhelphousingspotlight.org/success-stories/energy-efficiency/warm-homes-built-cold-winters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107889173.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025125131-20201025155131-00063.warc.gz | en | 0.945662 | 438 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Buffalo Nearing Extinction But Not Cattle
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Two centuries ago there were more buffalo than cattle in the United States. Even though millions of cattle are killed for beef consumption each year, the cattle population continues to grow while the buffalo are virtually extinct. Why?
Buffalo Nearing Extinction But Not Cattle
It is believed that as many as one hundred million buffalo used to roamed North America, as far South as Mexico and as far North as Canada (Anonymous). Some estimates range from thirty million to one thousand (million) in the fifteen hundreds (Krech 3rd). That day has long passed and it is sad to see such low numbers of the buffalo. Within one hundred years of the Western settlement of the United States, the North American herds of buffalo had nearly disappeared. The slaughtering of the precious animals was continuous until they were practically impossible to find. The buffalo first came close to extinction in the late eighteen hundreds when their number was decreased down to only a few hundred (Anonymous). Krech III explains that "prior to the arrival of Europeans and their powerful, transforming products, desires and structures, American Indians possessed extensive knowledge about the environments in which they lived and made sense of living beings in myriad culturally appropriate ways" (Krech 3rd, pg 1) Or in other words before European settlers came to the United States the Indians were not harming the buffalo population. The primary reason for the near-extinction of the American bison was due to the greedy European settlers who came and destroyed the Indians' way of life.
Three reasons that buffalo are such few in numbers include the fact that Indians used them as a source for food but also every part of the buffalo's body was used for tools or anything they could possible use it for. The settling Americans needed the Indians to move so their thought was to rid the Indians of their primary food source the buffalo. With the Indians' food source gone the settlers expected that he Indians would move more willingly and they would then be out of the settlers way so to speak (Anonymous). Another reason the buffalo needed to be removed from the open plains was because they posed a dangerous threat to the new trains that had tracks running across the country. Without the buffalo roaming around the trains would be more efficient and in less danger. Practically everyone wanted to be lowering the number of the buffalo whether it is for food or safety. This is very sad but the hunters who took part in in clearing the Indians food source were greatly benefiting from the hides that they were selling and this only made them more inclined to hunt the buffalo (Anonymous). The hides were very valuable at the time for making robes and rugs out of the thick fur. All combined together these reasons pretty much accumulate to carelessness by everyone, greed by the settlers, and the reduction of the land that these beautiful beasts once roamed on.
Cows, on the other hand, came to America after the buffalo had already almost become extinct (Anonymous). Cattle made a large supply of food for the settlers who were just coming to America (Krech). Cattle are significantly smaller than buffalo, less aggressive than buffalo and although they don't have as strong of an immune system as buffalo (Krech) they were the meat production of choice when the settlers first came to the United States. The production and breeding of buffalo (being a wild animal) was never really planned because it would have been a wonderful idea if someone would have thought of that earlier. By the time a controlled breeding by the settlers was necessary the buffalo were so few in number that it wouldn't have worked for them. The cattle were great in number and have now become a major product for the Unites States. The buffalo were still unprotected for many years but a few caring people made the preservation of the last few hundred buffalo possible (Anonymous). Cow hides are nice and warm but they are nothing in comparison to the thick furry coats of the American bison.
When it came to the buffalo, people were so focused on making money off of the hides that they were not thinking about future generations who would have no food because of the low number of buffalo (Anonymous). Although an alternative source of meat was found it would have been better if they were conscientious of the future generations and the population of buffalo. The Indians actually used almost every part of the buffalo; the hides without hair were used for "moccasins, leggings, and other clothing, tipi covers and linings, shields, maul covers, cups and kettles, [carrying cases]" the hides with hair or "Robes" were used for "winter clothing, gloves, bedding, [and] costumes." The hair was used for "ropes, stuffing, [and] yarn." The horns were used for "arrow points, bow parts, ladles and spoons/cups, [and] containers." The hoofs were used for glue and the list goes on for a long time (Krech 3rd , pg 5). Yet the Americans wanted to rid the Indians of their food source so they would go around just killing the buffalo just for sport or for hides, not for their everyday needs (Anonymous).
Although buffalo were a good source of food the main reason that they almost became extinct and they are not a major food source today like cattle is because the settlers were not only killing them for food. When the settlers were ridding the country of buffalo just to make the Indians easier to persuade to relocate (Anonymous), they were unknowingly blinded by greed. They could have used the buffalo as their major food source; especially since buffalo meat is healthier for you than beef (buffalo have a much more lean meat than cattle). Anyways, the buffalo were so low in number that breeding them would still not create a large enough food source and it was much more convenient and easy to go ahead and use the domesticated cattle as their mass production of meat to feed the settlers since the cattle were already large in number. Cattle breeding took over from this point for the production of beef, and the number of buffalo is still working on growing today.
Part B: Why do politicians so often support special interest groups?
The Corruption of Politics
I feel that I should start off by saying that "in the idealized democratic society, economic policy is determined by 'one man, one vote" (Grossman 1). This means to me that although this one person (the president of any organization or country) has a goal to make their citizens happy, is primarily in control of each individual decision at some point in time. Through my research I found that some special interest groups tend to hold large amounts of money (Franzese). Politics revolves around money and every politician needs the support of its people and basically their money to make it through their campaign. Although it is simply one man's decision to try and please all it may not be his best benefit to please everyone but rather the special interest groups who can best support him financially; in other words some special interest groups can use money as a bribing token to result in desired policies being passed by fueling a specific candidates campaign (Grossman). Mark C. Schug wonders "if there could be something about basic economics that elected officials see as detrimental to the long-term health of their political careers" (4) and he also claims that "It is possible that the jobs of elected officials would be made more difficult if basic economic concepts were widely understood by voter" (Schug 4). According to these conclusions Schug believes that politicians want the people of the general population to understand as little about how the economy works because the ignorant voters will be less knowledgeable of what goes on behind the curtain; these behind the scene secrets include things like special interest groups swaying a politicians decisions, buying the political vote through financial support. Financial support is supposed to be donations to the politician that you most side with or agree with, not bribery where you pay the politicians to make a certain decision that you are in favor of. Although this is immoral as well as illegal it happens all the time underneath our nose. Why people can get away with this I don't know but it's possible they get paid a pretty penny too.
There are several kinds of interest groups that exist but the one primary type of interest groups are known pressure groups. Pressure groups include narrow interests such as "peanut farmers, autoworkers, or shareholders" as well as broader interests that include "retired workers, capital workers, and those with special concerns for the environment" (Grossman). The activities and influences of interest groups
Anonymous. "How Did Bison Almost Become Extinct." Demand Media, Inc. (2012): Web Accessed December 2012.
Clark, Josh. "Do Special interest groups hurt candidates?" HowStuffWork, Inc. (2012): Web Accessed 4 December 2012.
Franzese, Anthony. Comp II 1213 Professor (2012)
Grossman, Gene M. and Elhanan Helpman. "Special Interest Groups." National Bureau of Economic Research (2009): 1-6. Print.
Krech 3rd, Shepard. "Buffalo Tales: The Near-Extermination of the American Bison." National Humanities Center: Brown University (2006): 1-6. Print.
Schug, M. C., & Lee, D. R. (2012). Why economic education is dangerous for politicians. Journal of Private Enterprise, 28(1), 47-60. Print.
Cite This Essay
To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: | <urn:uuid:9a4e1888-8e6c-4566-b968-ff920e78ee09> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.ukessays.com/essays/history/buffalo-nearing-extinction-but-not-cattle-history-essay.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221219469.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180822030004-20180822050004-00432.warc.gz | en | 0.978617 | 2,030 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Live in the desert but you have an interest in water skiing? There’s a community for you. Want to learn how to play the piano but can’t afford lessons? There’s a community for you. Love stamp collecting but all your friends find the topic boring? There’s a community for you, too! There is a community for nearly any interest or topic, and it’s waiting in the form of a podcast.
A world of information for any classroom
Podcast, a digital way to share information through an audio, video, or radio medium, has been around since the early 2000s. Evolved from web blogging, podcasts have been an outlet for people around the world to share ideas and interests, entertain, and inform. Although very famous individuals manage successful and profitable podcasts, the most intriguing aspect of this digital communication tool is that anyone can have their own podcast and talk about anything that interests them.
Step inside any classroom, and you are likely to find several smartphones, iPhones, iPods, MP3 players, or another sort of portable device capable of accessing podcasts with minimal effort. This is where all this technology can be a major advantage to a teacher. No longer is learning confined to a textbook or a video shown in class. Listening centers don’t have to be filled with outdated cassettes (yes, they still exist out there) or CDs. Any progressive teacher is just a few clicks away from CNN Student News or a podcast on multiplication skills.
Podcasting is not just for students
Absent students is an area of frustration felt universally by educators. A riveting introductory lesson on biomes is worthless to a student who wasn’t in class to hear the material. But through the use of podcasting, a teacher can simply record the lesson as it is being taught, upload the audio content to a podcast, and make the lesson available through the class website or download the podcast onto an MP3 player and send it home with the student. The potential for this technology in the classroom is only limited by the imagination and flexibility of the educator.
A career awaits
Understandably, a skeptic may look at podcasting as another distraction in the classroom or a waste of time for everyone involved. However, in an age of college and career readiness it is more important than ever to expose students to all that exists in the digital world.
Not only can podcasts provide training and career information, but podcasting itself is becoming a profitable career field. Podcast producers, digital programmers, and communication managers are all related jobs that begin with this digital medium and can lead to extended careers in broadcasting or entertainment. A teacher has the power to influence a student’s career track simply by exploring the resources that are already available.
If the goal is to create an original podcast, existing programs make starting a podcast quick and easy. Audacity, Windows Movie Maker, and GarageBand are some of the more popular products. Minimal equipment (computer, microphone, podcast software) is all that’s required to get started. Once a recording is completed, a quick and simple editing is all that’s needed prior to publishing.
Rather than placing another task in the lap of a teacher, allow students to get involved in this process. Not only will there be an abundance of ready volunteers, chances are they will be able to do it faster, easier, and better than the teacher.
The only limitation is you
Book summaries, current issue discussions, or intervention for ESL students are just a few of the different ways podcasts can enhance the productivity of any classroom.
Like any new idea, podcasting has its limitations. If the goal is to expose students to higher-level thinking skills, open the classroom up to a global society, or prepare students for the world that awaits them outside of high school, podcasts are just one tool that can make this happen in a way that is engaging for the students and easy for the teacher. There’s a community for you if you are willing to open up your classroom.
Dr. Jason Perez is the head principal at Heritage Trails Elementary in Moore, Oklahoma, as well as a faculty member at Concordia University – Portland, where he teaches Master of Education in Curriculum and Instruction courses, and an adjunct faculty member at the University of Central Oklahoma, where he teaches Master of Education Administration courses.Learn More: Click to view related resources.
- "Podcasts: The Nuts and Bolts of Creating Podcasts," International Reading Association via readwritethink
- "At a Glance: 7 Benefits of Podcasting," Learning Times
- "What are the Benefits of Podcasting in the Classroom?," Professional Learning Board
- Cliff Ravenscraft, "Podcasting As An Occupation? How Long Before My Podcast Will Start Generating Income? My Thoughts On This And More!"
- "10 Podcasting Projects Teachers Should Try in The Classroom," We Are Teachers | <urn:uuid:c4f5551c-4814-4310-a2d0-febbf4f58230> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.hotchalkeducationnetwork.com/community-of-podcasting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232262600.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20190527125825-20190527151825-00544.warc.gz | en | 0.95078 | 1,019 | 2.875 | 3 |
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