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St. Patrick’s Day falls every year on March 17. In some places spring has already sprung by mid-March, in others it is still weeks away. But regardless of how green your garden is on March 17, the whole world will turn green—at least temporarily–in celebration of all things Irish.
It is a good time to think of plants with Irish associations that might make good additions to your beds, borders, containers and window boxes. Some, like shamrocks come to mind immediately, but others like common foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) have equal claim to Irish origins. As you plan for spring planting, think about adding a little Irish magic.
Shamrocks: What’s in a Name?
Around St. Patrick’s Day, large and small merchandisers sell pots of “shamrocks” with either green or purple leaves. They are lovely and decorative, but they are not Irish. Usually the little plants are species and varieties of oxalis, a plant that originated in Central and South America.
For real shamrocks, you need to lay hands on either white clover (Trifolium repens) or yellow clover (Trifolium dubium), both of which are native to Ireland.
White clover, as many gardeners will attest, grows readily in gardens, lawns and many other situations. Some consider it a weed, but it also makes an excellent ground cover. If you fear that your clover will overwhelm better-mannered garden plants, grow it in a pot. Clover loves full sun, good soil and consistent moisture, but will prevail even in less optimal conditions. The plants pull their weight in the garden by fixing nitrogen in the soil and attracting pollinators.
Whether you call these beautiful plants “foxglove” or “fairy thimbles”, they are Irish natives. Resistant to critters but attractive to humans and pollinators, foxglove can thrive in partial shade with consistent moisture, producing statuesque spires that rise between two and five feet.
The plants, which are also native to other parts of western, southern and central Europe, are biennial, meaning that when grown from seed they form a basal rosette of leaves the first year and flower the second year. Happy foxgloves are also prolific self-seeders. If you do not remove all the spent flower stalks when they finish their late spring bloom period, foxgloves will make themselves effectively perennial by producing numerous offspring. Flower colors in the species are usually shades of purple, pink or white. Pollinators adore them and it is fun to watch fuzzy bumblebees crawling into the tubular blooms.
Moss of the Irish
Great as a ground cover, rock garden subject, or moss garden component, Irish moss (Sagina subulata) is truly Irish, but not a true moss. Instead it is a low-growing evergreen member of the carnation family. Topping out at about two inches tall, it grows slowly, eventually spreading to about twelve inches. The plants are relatively easy-going, but benefit from the addition of a good soil amendment like Fafard® Premium Natural & Organic Compost at planting time. Irish moss thrives in a variety of conditions, but sulks in hot, dry weather, which will cause it to turn brown. Supplemental water is a must, especially in drought periods. Browning may also happen in the winter, but plants will generally rebound with new growth when spring arrives.
Though not prized for its flowers, Irish moss does produce small white blooms in late spring or early summer. This is especially nice for containerized plants, which should be grown in wide, shallow vessels. Depending on climate and site, containers may need winter protection.
Some Like it Wet
Native to both northern North America and northern Europe, including Ireland, bog rosemary (Andromeda polifolia) is unrelated to culinary rosemary, but bears narrow, blue-green leaves that are reminiscent of the herb. That foliage is evergreen and borne on small, shrubby plants. Like other members of the Ericaceae or heath family, including blueberries, bog rosemary is eminently ornamental. In May lovely, small, bell-shaped flowers appear clad in white, edged in pink clustering in umbels of up to eight blooms. The plants grow as tall as two feet, with a spread of up to three feet.
True to its name and heritage, bog rosemary prefers acidic soil and wet, cool conditions, like those found in Irish peat bogs. It can be grown equally well in-ground or in containers. Dry summers and dry soil are the enemies, but under the right conditions, bog rosemary is highly decorative along paths or towards the front of borders. Unlike its herbal namesake, all parts are poisonous.
‘Empress of Ireland’ and More
Only one species of narcissus or daffodil is native to the British Isles, but a good number of daffodils were bred there. Ireland was home to some of the best, because of breeder Guy Wilson, who created, among many lovely varieties, including the eponymous, white-flowered ‘Empress of Ireland’.
Born in County Antrim, Northern Ireland, Wilson, the son of a manufacturer, produced his first crop of blooming seedlings in 1912, when he was twenty-seven. Specializing in white flowers, he went on to introduce 78 white-flowered daffodils with names like ‘Broughshane’ (in honor of his hometown), ‘Cantatrice” and ‘Rose of May’. A number of Wilson’s plants are still available from specialty merchandisers, and might even bloom on or close to St. Patrick’s Day. | <urn:uuid:93556f9c-c53b-4d50-9265-4f3caba0c218> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://fafard.com/irish-plants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511000.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002132844-20231002162844-00723.warc.gz | en | 0.951779 | 1,226 | 3 | 3 |
Grebes / Haubentaucher
Grebes are small to medium-large in size, have lobed toes, and are excellent swimmers and divers. Although they can run for a short distance. Often, they swim low in the water with just the head and neck exposed. Grebes make floating nests of plant material concealed among reeds on the surface of the water. The young are precocial, and able to swim from birth. | <urn:uuid:7a1be01c-21f1-4b5b-837a-abfe5ef069ee> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://moments-in-nature.de/Fauna/Birds/Grebes-Haubentaucher/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439735989.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200805212258-20200806002258-00168.warc.gz | en | 0.961819 | 90 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Of all insect species, at least 97 percent found in the home and garden landscape are beneficials or innocent bystanders, according to the Maine Cooperative Extension Service
Most beneficial insects in their adult state eat pollen and/or nectar. To attract them, plant flowers such as most annuals that bloom for a long time. Small-flowered plants, including many herbs and weeds (such as chickweed) are paticularly attractive to tiny parasitic wasps.
The list of plants that beneficials love includes parsley, dill, fennel, members of the mint family (lemon balm, spearmint, thyme), daisies, coneflowers, and goldenrod.
Other common nectar-producing plants include asters, bee balm, black-eyed susans and other rudbeckia), borage, buckwheat, clover, cosmos, Joe-Pye weed, lavender, marigolds, members of the onion family, rasberries and other brambles, sage, marjoram, and tansy. And the list goes on.
The trick is to have a highly diversified garden and landscape to attract the beneficials that chomp and chew and digest the bugs that eat your veggies.
I keep seeing live beneficial insects offered in catalogs, but I see no sense in bringing them home and offering them nothing for lunch. | <urn:uuid:b465852b-e6e7-4348-afc6-cb413f3adb8c> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://lifegrower.org/2011/03/25/feeding-the-beneficials/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780055601.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20210917055515-20210917085515-00595.warc.gz | en | 0.930805 | 287 | 2.9375 | 3 |
For decades, product design engineers have used computer-aided design (CAD) programs — such as Autodesk’s AutoCAD — to design various parts and components. These sophisticated programs are capable of creating extremely detailed 2D and 3D models.
With building information modeling (BIM) files growing in demand among leading architecture firms, many building product manufacturers consistently ask the question, “Can’t I just convert CAD files to BIM files?” The short answer: No. CAD and BIM file types differ in many ways, making a successful conversion nearly impossible.
So what's the difference between CAD and BIM?
What Is CAD And What Does CAD Stand For?
CAD, or computer-aided design, allows for design and documentation via computer technology. Design engineers use CAD files for projects requiring multiple parts and components to fit precisely within a larger assembly.
CAD users can efficiently produce 2D drawings and 3D models of parts and assemblies to be manufactured from their desired materials. The use of 3D CAD software has transformed manufacturing over the past 30 years, allowing for more complex products to be designed and manufactured faster than ever before.
Who Uses CAD?
For the past 20 years, there has been a widespread adoption of 3D CAD software. It began with manufacturers adapting their processes to meet strict aerospace and automotive manufacturing guidelines and improving their time-to-market for new products. Now CAD has become a strategic imperative throughout the industrial market to create unique, high quality products which get to market faster.
CAD programs are used widely by engineers across a span of industries, from industrial and manufacturing to civil engineering and plant design. Some of the most popular formats for 2D drawings include DXF and AutoCAD DWG, while 3D formats include Solidworks, Creo and a host of standard formats like IGES, STEP and SAT, to name a few.
What is BIM?
BIM is a new process and methodology by which a team of architects, engineers and contractors work collaboratively to design and build a commercial building utilizing the same database and computer model. This allows the team to analyze and visualize design decisions long before a project even breaks ground.
At its core, BIM offers a digital representation of the real facility, including function systems (HVAC, electrical) and aesthetics (walls, roof, windows).
It does so while being a shared resource from start to finish across multiple disciplines participating in the design and build. You can think of BIM as a marriage between work process and technology that creates one communication channel to push a project forward efficiently and collaboratively.
Who Uses BIM And What Does BIM Stand For?
The convenience of a central 3D model lends itself to a more cost and time-efficient process, as well as a significant reduction in errors, which can be discovered much earlier.
Building Product Manufacturers were hit particularly hard during the Great Recession that struck the U.S. economy in 2008. With the economy spiraling downward, commercial building projects were either de-funded or put on indefinite hold. Because of this setback, many BPMs became extremely conservative financially and very insular in their sales and marketing.
Despite these economic setbacks, Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) firms used the economic slowdown as an opportunity to re-tool their operations by adopting Building Information Modeling. BIM is a new approach to design and construction in which all disciplines collaborate to create a complete, virtual model of the building, long before ground is broken.
BIM software tools and the overall process of re-engineering the design-to-construction workflow have become the focus of most architectural and engineering design firms as well as contractors. Similar to the industry-wide transition 2D CAD to 3D solid models in the 1990s, the AEC industry is rapidly re-tooling in BIM as owners demand an as-built BIM model at the completion of the building.
With this increased use of BIM, design engineers and contractors expect manufacturers to provide richer product information in a variety of BIM formats. BPMs of mechanical, electrical and plumbing products, as well as architectural products, are therefore making the path to becoming BIM ready a strategic priority.
What is CAD Used For? How Does It Compare To BIM?
This change in software tools and processes allows designers to discover, among other things, errors in the design before construction begins, avoiding costly change orders. More importantly, design engineers are able to utilize manufacturer specific products in their design to analyze their impact on key goals such as energy usage or sustainability. Many have been anticipating that these new BIM software tools, associated training and an overall process re-engineering of the design-to-construction workflow would become the focus of every new commercial project. Indeed it is expected that most new commercial building projects will be constructed using BIM.
In the building industry especially, 2D CAD (e.g. AutoCAD) is quickly becoming a thing of the past for those seeking real-time model analysis and 3D visualization. File-sharing, interference checking and energy optimization can be completed much more easily by utilizing BIM.
Although, BPMs are more aware of the BIM trend, they are surprisingly unaware of how this change affects the way their products get specified, when in the process and how ‘locking–in’ the specification becomes more of a reality. The punishing recession has made BPMs understandably frugal and content with exercising their traditional selling processes. However, with the increased use of BIM and the fact that design engineers, fabricators and contractors are expecting manufacturers to provide richer product information in a variety of BIM formats, it seems that doing nothing is no longer an option for BPMs.
Today’s architects and MEP engineers rely on BIM technology to create 3D virtual models of their building projects and use manufacturer-specific data in their designs to meet the functional and energy efficiency goals set by building owners.
BIM VS CAD — Which To Use?
CAD is typically used for industrial design of mechanical and electrical assemblies from airplanes to iPhones — while BIM is used exclusively in the design and construction of commercial buildings such as airports, office towers or schools and has more increasingly become the new industry standard. These files also includes important characteristics to allow for virtual collision detection and the discovery of construction-related problems prior to breaking ground.
Let’s take a deeper look at each of these file types to better understand the differences between each format, how they are used, and what their end users require.
Performance Characteristics Of The Files
CAD files are complex file types containing a huge amount of information, including part performance characteristics.
Performance characteristics are critical in ensuring part reliability and longevity. For example, even if a part physically fits in its specified location, this is means little if its pressure ratings are too weak for the application or if it’s made from a material that interacts poorly with a substance in the end system.
Performance characteristics take up a lot of file space and are generally purged during a CAD-to-BIM conversion. An end user looking at such a file would either have to acquire a separate spec sheet or, more likely, contact a different vendor.
Behavior Of The Files
Building information modeling files are designed to behave in specific ways depending on their unique purpose and connection requirements.
In other words, different components of a model “know” what they are supposed to do. A light fixture knows it must be attached to a wall or ceiling and the electrical system; a faucet knows it must be attached to a pipe; an HVAC duct knows it must be installed within a wall. As a model is altered, these types of components self-adjust in logical ways.
You Might Also Be Interested In:
- Demand For Construction Services, BIM On The Rise
- BIM Downloads Soar With Technology Adoption
- The Latest Industrial Activity With Thomas Manufacturing Index
- The Invention Of CAD Technology
CAD And BIM Models' View Settings
CAD models have only one visual representation: highly detailed.
BIM models are designed for plasticity — they can be zoomed in on and out of, expanded, contracted, and so on. Introducing a static, high-detail component like CAD model into a fluid, changeable BIM model will allow for the CAD image to be viewable as intended, in full detail, at only one particular zoom level. Adjusting the scale of the model a little will result in blurring of the CAD component, while adjusting the scale more drastically can cause the image to discolor, become misshapen, appear as a black splotch, or disappear from the screen.
CAD file components lack this knowledge when they are incorporated or converted to BIM file types, failing to self-correct as adjustments are made to the model.
Are you missing valuable specification & bid opportunities? Learn from the Beginner's Guide to Becoming BIM Ready.
How To Generate Leads With CAD And BIM Files
Marketing opportunities can lie in unexpected places. Take CAD and BIM files, for example. Essential for design and information conveyance, they also are extremely valuable to prospective customers.
While most industrial companies offer drawings or specifications for their products, many don’t realize that these files are opportunities for lead generation. In the infographic below titled, What’s the Lead Generation Value of CAD and BIM Files?, Thomas illustrates the true value of CAD and BIM files, and explains how to turn them into a marketing asset for potential new customers. Most of the time CAD models have no data in them and there isn't a thread or a link back to the company website — this presents missed opportunities for manufacturers to get specified and purchased again and again.
Learn more about How CAD Models Drive Lead Generation here.
Key Industry Movements For CAD And BIM
The adoption of integrated, 3D design and analysis tools for BIM in the AEC business is analogous to the transformation of the aerospace and automotive industry in the ‘80s. Products could be designed faster, manufactured more efficiently and errors discovered digitally long before actual production. This massive change put a variety of pressures on parts manufacturers in the supply chain. Suppliers had to quickly adapt their own businesses processes in order to continue to participate and remain relevant to the Tier 1 aerospace and automotive manufacturers. The wide-spread adoption of 3D CAD, ERP systems, electronic ordering, just-in-time deliveries, for example, created significant data and process challenges for suppliers. To just sustain revenues, parts manufacturers were forced to adopt similar tools and processes and deliver new data formats and structures to comply with the new ways of the Tier 1 buyers.
Fast-forward 30 years and there is a similar transformation within the Commercial Building sector. These changes are driven by the need for efficiency in not only the design of the building but through the need to model and understand the building’s ongoing operations and maintenance once the owner takes occupancy. Energy usage, sustainability and better facility management are just some of the areas in which owners are setting specific targets and demanding results in the finished building. It is these demands by owners — the ultimate funders of projects — which has changed the trajectory for BIM from mere productivity tools to a strategic imperative for the industry.
The much expected transition to BIM has arrived, signaling the need for BPMs to adapt. Not unlike the aforementioned suppliers in aerospace and automotive, BPMs need to invest and re-tool to provide BIM-ready product information, in multiple formats, to customers throughout the design-to construction process. An inevitable transition for a very traditional industry steeped in risk mitigation — slow, steady and static. But the genie is out of the bottle, especially for owners. For the AEC supply chain — BPMs in particular — it is no longer a question of whether to act but how, when and with what investment plan.
Learn More About CAD And BIM Files For Your Business
CAD files are critical tools for manufacturers and many of their clients, while new technologies such as building information modeling provide manufacturers — building product manufacturers in particular — with even more sophisticated modeling options. To ensure smooth, timely processes, it’s critical to understand the difference between two, as their unique properties prohibit the possibility of practical CAD-to-BIM conversion.
To learn more about the benefits of providing rich product data for your customers, contact us or check out the additional resources below:
- 5 Steps To Get High Quality Leads With CAD Assets
- How The TraceParts Network Can Help You Generate High-Quality Leads
- How To Meet The Needs Of Industrial B2B Buyers
- How To Create An Online Product Catalog
- The Manufacturer's Playbook For Direct-To-Consumer Selling
Did you find this useful? | <urn:uuid:4f690528-5c2c-495f-b672-680e8c5b8690> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://blog.thomasnet.com/cad-vs-bim-files | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400238038.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926071311-20200926101311-00486.warc.gz | en | 0.942121 | 2,662 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Krupa Castle lies on the road from Chelm to Krasnystaw, built from the early sixteenth century. Until at least the first half of the seventeenth century. The castle consisted of a headquarters and castle grounds. The main part of the castle was built on a square plan was surrounded by an inner moat; bailey protect its surrounding walls with bastions, wetlands and ponds. Led to the castle drawbridge; through the gate entered the large courtyard. The whole building had a defensive character with bastions at the corners of a square foundation. Tower bramna embrasure of the windows located on the first floor vaulted living room for the fire. Above the gate bore Jastrzębiec arms Zborowski. | <urn:uuid:45eb6110-de04-48fa-b893-55701d17b390> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.travellino.net/places/1308 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583822341.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121233709-20190122015709-00204.warc.gz | en | 0.960296 | 154 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The Gods of Ancient Egypt — Anubis
Patron of: mummification, and the dead on their path through the underworld.
Appearance: A man with the head of a jackal-like animal. Unlike a real jackal, Anubis' head is black, representing his position as a god of the dead. He is rarely shown fully-human, but he is depicted so in the Temple of Abydos of Rameses II. There is a beautiful statue of him as a full jackal in the tomb of Tutankhamun.
Description: Anubis is an incredibly ancient god, and was the original god of the dead before Osiris "took over" the position. After that point, Anubis was changed to be one of the many sons of Osiris and the psychopomp (conductor of souls) of the underworld. His totem of the jackal is probably due to the fact that jackals would hunt at the edges of the desert, near the necropolis and cemeteries throughout Egypt.
Prayers to Anubis are found carved on the most ancient tombs in Egypt, and his duties apparently are many. He watches over the mummification process to ensure that all is done properly. He conducts the souls through the underworld, testing their knowledge of the gods and their faith. He places their heart on the Scales of Justice during the Judging of the Heart, and he feeds the souls of wicked people to Ammit.
In some stories, Anubis is the son of Ra and Nephthys, or Set and Nephthys (probably due to Set and Anubis having the same totem animal). Some have Heset as his mother, and still others say Bast. This apparent confusion is still another sign of Anubis' origins in the most ancient of times. He also has a daughter, Kabechet, who helps him in the mummification.
Worship: Worshipped widely throughout all of Egypt, his cult center was Cynopolis.
A combination of the Greek god Hermes and Anubis. As their functions as psychopomps were similar, they were combined by the Greeks into a single form. Hermanubis also appears in alchemical and hermetical literature of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
http://shoowf.net/2013/12/20/the-gods-of-ancient-egypt-anubis/Gods of EgyptAncient Egypt,Anubis,The Gods | <urn:uuid:df4c8dd5-5936-4fa3-ba30-a28d30e0b21b> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://shoowf.net/2013/12/20/the-gods-of-ancient-egypt-anubis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187821088.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017110249-20171017130249-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.969036 | 507 | 2.921875 | 3 |
A dark bit of news landed in the last weeks of the decade on the climate-heating front. Changes in the Arctic – melting ice, higher air and water temperatures – are accelerating, and upheaval is happening faster than anticipated. Perhaps most harrowing is an early indication that thawing permafrost has started to emit carbon dioxide. That could unleash a feedback loop from which it would be difficult for humanity to escape.
As climate change rattles the planet, a few countries – led by the United States – are stymieing the global effort needed to take on the challenge. Disagreement and indecision marked December’s annual United Nations climate meeting.
At the dawn of the 2020s, there is ample reason to feel glum about the future. Was the decade just ending the last chance to make a difference? It’s already been more than a year since the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warned that “Limiting global warming to 1.5 C would require rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society.”
The world is on track to burn far more fossil fuels than are feasible, UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres said when the December climate meeting opened. However, he also said that staying under 1.5 C of warming “is still within reach.”
The 2010s did see progress. A decade ago, there was no urgency, and the technology to make a difference was hardly robust. Today, many people around the world see climate change as the top issue of our time. Action is being taken, in Canada and elsewhere. And the tools are now real, everything from rising sales of zero-emission vehicles to renewable energy that helped end Britain’s reliance on coal power.
Humanity has squandered time, but we have not yet exhausted it. “Every extra bit of warming matters,” the IPCC said last year, which means that every megawatt of low-carbon or zero-carbon power matters. Every shift to cleaner transit matters. Every advance in energy efficiency matters.
Rapid change has defined recent centuries. Measure the distance between today and what the world looked like when your parents or grandparents were born. Major shifts are the norm. An oft-cited story of a problem piling up is London and Manhattan of the late 19th century, when the need for ever more horse-powered transport threatened to bury the cities in manure. The internal-combustion engine rewrote that equation. It’s a reminder that challenges have been overcome before.
The International Energy Agency has shown that it’s realistic to cut global emissions by two-thirds within three decades. The recipe has many ingredients. The agency cited some two dozen factors. One that doesn’t get a lot of attention is nuclear power. Renewable power like wind and solar have major potential, but in a world where electricity demand shoots ever higher – a car may drive itself but it can’t power itself – atomic energy cannot be ignored. Ontario’s move to a cleaner, coal-free electricity system was made possible by nuclear power.
Politics is a central challenge, too. Two-thirds of Canadian voters in the 2019 federal election backed climate action, but denial of climate science is still widespread in Canada, and even stronger in the U.S.
Contrary to the opinion of some, however, climate action does not equal economic death. The Ecofiscal Commission think tank calculated that increasing today’s economywide carbon taxes by about 40 cents a litre on gasoline (refunded through income taxes) would get Canada to its Paris Agreement goals by 2030.
The price sounds high but, in 2019, regular gasoline in Vancouver was already 40 cents a litre more expensive than in Calgary and 30 cents higher than in Toronto. Vancouver is still thriving.
Much more progress is needed, and it has to happen relatively quickly. In Europe, there is a bipartisan consensus for action. Canadian public opinion is leaning in that direction. A new U.S. president could make a big difference. But unless all countries cooperate to reduce global emissions, the planet is in serious trouble.
The 2010s marked the decade when humans finally recognized the looming climate crisis. The 2020s must be the decade we do something big to avert it. | <urn:uuid:df963f25-1494-4cc9-ac33-8ed89b8cfba3> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/editorials/article-why-the-next-decade-could-bring-new-hope-in-the-fight-against-climate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400192778.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200919142021-20200919172021-00106.warc.gz | en | 0.95688 | 889 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Making the Case for Advanced Mathematics
Here are some quick links and resources to help you make the case that all students benefit from advanced mathematics:
- A great place to start is by reviewing the Math Works fact sheets (on issues such as equity, career readiness, and international competitiveness).
- To help guide your efforts - and bust common myths about mathematics for all - check out the Future Ready flex fact sheet (available in PDF or Word).
- To see how advanced mathematics is used in a range of jobs and industries, look through our seven Math at Work brochures (or read the summary document, which is now aligned to the Common Core State Standards).
- For specific math or STEM-related facts around key topics, check out Change the Equation's STEMtistics.
For a round-up of the research behind why all students benefit from mathematics, read Achieve's report on The Building Blocks of Success: Higher Level Math for All Students or other STEM/Math-related research. | <urn:uuid:e211a456-3971-437b-822c-94a2641e96a7> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.futurereadyproject.org/advanced-math-all | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657120446.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011200-00190-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902547 | 201 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Michigan is a great state to live in, and an even better state for the bird lover. Some gorgeous birds can be found flying through the air all year long in this wonderful state. Here are three birds any bird watcher should look for while in Michigan.
A beautiful bird to take notice of while you’re camping in Michigan is the red-winged blackbird. The red-winged blackbird male is a mostly black bird with an area of red found on the shoulder area. The females of the species are completely brown and don’t have any red on them at all. These birds are usually found in habitats like marshes when it’s breeding time, and during the winter they head to croplands and open fields. The birds start their nest construction from March until May.
The indigo bunting is another Michigan bird that is quite a sight to see. When it’s time to mate, the male buntings can be found with ease, sporting a small blue body and a purple crown. The females have brown bodies with blue areas located on the shoulder and tail sections. Breeding for these birds occurs from the months of May to September. The birds take to weedy and brushy areas, like openings, swamps, and farm fields.
Different from other herons, the green heron has a smaller appearance with a stockier body and short legs. They only grow between 16 and 18 inches and have mostly greenish colors in their feathers, with a little green and black mix on the cap and a gray and black color on the feathers. When the birds are still young, their backs have beige spots over a brown and white base, and their chest and chest have brown and white striping. They are usually seen during the breeding season in March and April, which is quite early compared to other herons.
With a bit of skill, these birds should be easy to spot in Michigan. Newcomers and seasoned vets should get a kick out of these beautiful creatures. | <urn:uuid:66022e8f-c43f-4d7b-ab98-0140234ea9fe> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://campmichigan.com/blog/birds-to-find-in-michigan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662539101.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220521112022-20220521142022-00094.warc.gz | en | 0.965834 | 414 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Guglielmo Marconi was born in 1874 into a wealthy family in Bologna, Italy,
and educated by private tutors. He developed an interest in science,
particularly the work of German physicist Heinrich Hertz on the transmission
of electromagnetic waves through the air. Though he failed the entrance exam
at the University of Bologna, Marconi began experimenting with wireless
telegraphy on his own in 1894. He discovered that by connecting his
transmitter and receiver to the earth (grounding them), and then increasing
the height of the antenna, he could extend the range of the signal. Despite
this important technical breakthrough, the Italian government declined to
sponsor his work.
Marconi moved to Great Britain where his work received greater support. In
1896 he patented his first device for wireless telegraphy and in 1897 found
investors for his Wireless Telegraph and Signal Company, which began
manufacturing radio sets that were able to transmit and receive messages
in Morse Code.
||Guglielmo Marconi, n.d.
Marconi began experimenting with wireless
telegraphy on his own in 1894.
From J.A. Cochrane, The Story of Newfoundland
(Montreal: Ginn and Company, 1938) 210.
Telegraph companies still all but monopolized the transmission of messages
through their systems of cables, but the potential of wireless telegraphy to
ships at sea was apparent. The Royal Navy, which for centuries had relied on
signal flags and lights to communicate between ships at sea, equipped three
warships with Marconi sets in 1899. Privately-owned commercial ships soon
followed. Marconi demonstrated the effectiveness of the system in coastal
waters by sending a wireless message across the English Channel to France.
It remained unclear how far a radio wave could travel. Many scientists
understood that a radio wave, as with the part of the electromagnetic
spectrum we see as light, travels only in a straight line from the point
at which it was produced. They doubted whether radio waves could bend around
the curvature of the earth and thus be received over the horizon.
Marconi believed that radio waves would follow the earth's curvature,
making communication to ships at sea feasible, and designed an experiment
to prove his contention. If successful, the experiment would also provide
a "stunt" that would give the relatively new technology, and Marconi's
company, world-wide publicity. This was to be the transmission of a wireless
message across the Atlantic.
Marconi constructed a transmitter at Poldhu, Cornwall, in the west of
England and another at Cape Cod in Massachusetts. When a storm damaged the
Poldhu antenna, and it had to be replaced by a smaller one, Marconi decided
to change the North American destination to St. John's Newfoundland. In any
event, the Cape Cod station was itself destroyed in a storm.
In December 1901 Marconi assembled his receiver at Signal Hill, St. John's,
nearly the closest point to Europe in North America. He set up his receiving
apparatus in an abandoned hospital that
straddled the cliff facing Europe on the top of Signal Hill. After
unsuccessful attempts to keep an antenna aloft with balloons and kites,
because of the high winds, he eventually managed to raise an antenna with
a kite for a short period of time for each of a few days. Accounts vary, but
Marconi's notes indicate that the transatlantic message was received via this
|Kite Aerial, Signal Hill.
A drawing of the kite aerial used at Signal Hill for reception of the first
Transatlantic wireless signal, 12th December 1901.
Artist unknown. From Marconi Company, Marconi Jubilee 1897-1947
(Chelmsford, England: Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company Limited, 1947)
At the appointed time each day his staff in Poldhu transmitted the Morse
code letter "s" - three dots. This signal had been chosen as the most easily
distinguished. On the 12 December Marconi pressed his ear to the telephone
headset of his rudimentary receiver and successfully heard "pip, pip, pip"
- 1700 miles from the transmitter. This demonstrated that transatlantic
wireless communication was possible. While "ground waves" followed the
curvature of the earth for only a short distance over the horizon, "sky waves" also bounced off the ionosphere in the upper atmosphere and returned
to earth, which although unknown at the time, had allowed Marconi to
demonstrate that radio communication over great distances was possible.
||Guglielmo Marconi, December 1901.
Marconi at Signal Hill with instruments used to receive
the first Transatlantic signals.
From Marconi Company, Marconi Jubilee 1897-1947
(Chelmsford, England: Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company Limited, 1947)
Through the cables of the telegraph companies, the news of Marconi's feat
spread throughout North America and Europe. The potential of wireless
telegraphy was immediately apparent, and Newfoundlanders seized the potential
for their country, which could be at the forefront of a new industry. Marconi
was interested in the commercial potential of wireless telegraphy, and the
Newfoundland government encouraged him to construct a wireless station at
Cape Spear, the easternmost point in Newfoundland and Labrador.
But the new technology faced resistance from those who owned the
transatlantic telegraph cables. The telegraph industry had invested a great
deal of money in laying cables, and did not intend to allow a competitor to
enter the business without a fight. In 1854 the Newfoundland government had
granted Anglo-American Telegraph Company a 50 year monopoly upon telegraphic
communication, in exchange for their laying a cable from St. John's to the
island's west coast and across the Cabot Strait to the rest of North America.
The terms of the act included a guarantee no other company would establish
facilities in the colony for telegraphic communication though wires or any
other means. This did not expire until 1904. Marconi knew of the monopoly, and
to avoid Anglo-American blocking his experiment he deceived the press as to
his real purpose in Newfoundland, claiming that he was experimentally
communicating with ships at sea. This deception also avoided embarrassment
if the attempt failed. Within days of Marconi's
successful reception of the first signal, lawyers for Anglo-American served
notice that they would sue for damages if Marconi persisted in receiving
telegraphic messages in Newfoundland. Marconi immediately replied that even
before hearing from Anglo-American's lawyers he had decided against
establishing a wireless telegraphy station in Newfoundland, and promised
to cease his experimentation. As a result, Marconi could not repeat the
transmission for the many government officials and excited members of the
public who wanted to see a demonstration for themselves. They were treated
to a lecture on the theory of wireless transmission, and a demonstration of
how an apparatus could ring a bell at one end of the room by an operator
pressing a switch at the other end.
Whether Marconi intended to establish a wireless telegraphy station in
Newfoundland before Anglo-American threatened to sue for damages is unclear.
The Newfoundland government and public were excited by the possibility that
he would. The local newspapers bristled with letters objecting to
Anglo-American's position, but public opinion mattered little. Regardless of
Marconi's earlier intentions, when faced with the possibility of a protracted
legal battle with a well-financed commercial rival, or having to delay the
construction of his station for three years, he left Newfoundland to find
another site. Sensing an opportunity, the Canadian government was quick to
offer Marconi a suitable site for one of his wireless telegraphy stations,
and he soon constructed his station at Glace Bay on Cape Breton Island, where
no legal monopoly over telegraphy existed.
The difficulties with the Anglo-American Telegraph Company was not the end
of Marconi's association with Newfoundland. He returned to the island in 1904
to install a wireless station at Cape Race, the station that was later to
receive the SOS message from the Titanic in 1912, and in 1920 he was
on Signal Hill to test a long-range transmitter and receiver. In another
dramatic stunt, the S.S. Victorian sailed from England toward
Newfoundland to see at what distance the wireless transmission of the
human voice could be distinguished. Initial contact occurred when the ship
was about 1200 miles from St. John's, and reception improved as the ship
Marconi continued to experiment with long-wave and short-wave transmission
as well as to manage his business interests until his death in 1937. His work,
and that of other scientists and inventors, had revolutionized communications
at sea and on land and had created whole new industries, such as radio
broadcasting. Marconi's patents and investments made him wealthy and his
scientific achievements led to his sharing the Nobel Prize for Physics in
1909. But he is primarily remembered for his reception of the first wireless
signal across the Atlantic Ocean at Signal Hill.
© 2001, Jeff Webb
Sidebar links updated February and July, 2008 | <urn:uuid:ab0d3be7-193a-4a0f-a1f2-14f70498a23e> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.heritage.nf.ca/society/marconi.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637903052.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025823-00057-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958258 | 1,955 | 4.03125 | 4 |
There are several ways to encrypt data, and several tools that can be added to mail programs that will even do it for you. Not all are compatible with each other so we’ll just talk about encrypting by hand, using the underlying technology that many, though not all, of those tools use Gnu Privacy Guard or GPG. This technique works with all mail programs. This is command- line tool. Once installed, open a Windows Command Prompt and run the tool from there. It’s perhaps easiest to simply “CD” to the directory containing the GPG executables. Alternately you can copy all the “G*.exe” executables to a different directory already on your PATH.
Run “gpg” once, and it will create its storage location for keys, which it refers to as your “key ring”. In encryption, the first approach that typically comes to mind is password or phrase encryption. With those techniques, a password is used to encrypt the data, and then must be supplied again to decrypt it. The data without the password is theoretically useless, but anyone with the password can decrypt it.
Public Key encryption uses a different style of algorithm. To begin with, you’ll generate two matching “keys”; a public key, and a private key. The characteristic of these keys is such that data encrypted with one can only be decrypted with the other. By generating a public/private key pair, someone can encrypt data using the public key that can only be decrypted using the associated private key. If all you have is the public key, you can’t even decrypt what you’ve just encrypted.
The intended recipient needs to generate a public/private key pair. In the Windows Command Prompt, enter gpg --gen- key. First select which kind of key you want, as well as the keysize (you can also accept the default which is 2048 bits). You must also specify when the key will expire and to whose email and name it will be valid. Finally, enter a passphrase to protect your key and GPG will begin compiling a key pair. During the process, it’s a good idea to move the mouse or access your drives as this will give the random number generator more info to work with.
At this point your secret key and your public key have been generated, and placed on your key ring (which can be managed via the key ring editor). In order to get the public key to the person who wants to encrypt your data, you’ll need to export it:
c:\>gpg -a --export firstname.lastname@example.org >mykey. pub
This creates “mykey.pub”, a text file that contains your public key. You can now mail this to the person who’s going to encrypt data to be sent to you, or post it publicly if you like. In order to encrypt data, the sender will have to install GPG as above. They don’t need to create their own public/private key pair in order to encrypt your data. All they need is the public key you created above, and made available to them somehow. Start by “importing” your public key onto their key ring. Note the dire warning about making sure you know whose
key you’re dealing with at the end of the encryption process. There are ways to modulate this message but for now, assume you can trust the receiver. The result of this example operation is “example.xls.asc”. This text file is your encrypted data. You can email it with confidence to the intended recipient, knowing that only they can decrypt it with their matching private key. So you’ve passed your public key to the sender, they’ve used it to encrypt your sensitive data, and have emailed you the encrypted results. From your mail client, save the encrypted data to a text file - it’s ok to leave headers and such in the file, the decryption program will ignore it.
To decrypt, you’ll do this:
c:\>gpg -o example.xls --decrypt example. xls.asc
The “-o” parameter specifies the name of the decrypted file to create. Note that you still need to enter the passphrase for your private key. This is only an additional layer of protection on your private key. Without a passphrase, anyone who gains access to your private key would be able to decrypt any messages intended for you. The weakest link in this process if your private key. If an unauthorized person gets a copy or can guess the passphrase on it, your security will have been breached. So it all boils down to this: Keep your private key secure. | <urn:uuid:a3c58e56-d13d-4850-92ea-0665be8d0e1a> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.softwaretipsandtricks.com/guides/articles/92/1/How-to-Encrypt-email-and-data-on-computer/Page1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323730.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628185804-20170628205804-00394.warc.gz | en | 0.926139 | 996 | 3.359375 | 3 |
This article originally appeared on VICE US.
Astronomers have discovered a group of mysterious, dust-enshrouded objects orbiting extremely close to Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy.
Though the nature of the “unusual objects” is still unclear, scientists think they are probably mergers of stars pushed together by the extraordinary force of the black hole, according to a study published on Wednesday in Nature.
In addition to forging these proposed stellar mergers, known as “G objects,” Sagittarius A* may be eating their gassy, dusty runoff. As the black hole feeds, gas and dust becomes superheated and luminous at its boundary, the event horizon, which might explain why the center of the Milky Way has been producing weird light shows recently.
“Here we report observations of four additional G objects, all lying within 0.04 parsecs [0.13 light years] of the black hole and forming a class that is probably unique to this environment,” said the study’s authors, who were led by Anna Ciurlo, a postdoctoral researcher at UCLA.
“No broad consensus has yet been reached concerning their nature,” the team added, noting that while the G objects “show the characteristics of gas and dust clouds,” they also display the “dynamical properties of stellar-mass objects” such as single stars or multi-star systems.
Ciurlo and her colleagues examined more than a decade of observations of the exotic spacescape close to Sagittarius A*, captured by W.M. Keck Observatory in Hawai’i.
Because this supermassive black hole is about four million times more massive than the Sun, its immense gravity warps and tugs at objects that get close to it. We Earthlings are safe from these effects because we live in the outskirts of our galaxy, about 26,000 light years away from Sagittarius A*.
But the G objects “appear to be tidally interacting” with the black hole, Ciurlo’s team said, meaning they look like they are being stretched out into elongated strips whenever their orbits take them closest to Sagittarius A*.
The first two G objects, G1 and G2, have been known to astronomers for years, but the new study has identified four additional objects called—you guessed it—G3, G4, G5, and G6. Though the new objects have very different orbital trajectories from G1 and G2, all of the G objects all appear to be enveloped by debris, and likely share similar origins.
“The new objects show many of the same characteristics as G1 and G2, enough to justify defining them as members of a common new class,” said the team in the study. “These characteristics distinguish G objects clearly from normal stars.”
G2 has been a focus for many astronomers in recent years, because it seemed poised to be devoured by Sagittarius A*, an event that would have produced an impressive explosion of radiation from the galactic center.
The object grazed the black hole in recent years, likely causing Sagittarius A* to suddenly flare up in 2019 after skimming off some gas from G2. But the object seems to have mostly survived the encounter, which the new study proposes is due to the structural integrity provided by a merged two-star (binary) system hidden deep within its dust cloud.
"Mergers of stars may be happening in the universe more often than we thought, and likely are quite common," said study co-author Andrea Ghez, an astronomer at UCLA, in a statement.
"Black holes may be driving binary stars to merge,” she continued. “It's possible that many of the stars we've been watching and not understanding may be the end product of mergers that are calm now.”
In other words, the colossal gravitational influence of Sagittarius A* may act like a stellar matchmaker that mashes individual stars together to form a unified object, veiled behind dust and gas. Given that scientists think a burst of star formation occurred at the galactic center between four and six million years ago, we may be witnessing the marriages of stars born during that recent baby boom.
The results offer “a unique window” into the intense region near the Milky Way’s black hole, and the unusual objects that populate it, Ciurlo’s team said. | <urn:uuid:4b68af66-2730-4974-af14-ecb57dbfc0d0> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.vice.com/en_in/article/y3mvwb/astronomers-find-more-unusual-objects-next-to-milky-ways-black-hole | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594391.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119093733-20200119121733-00519.warc.gz | en | 0.95985 | 941 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The European elections in May left a scenario in which, for the first time, the Social and Christian-democratic parties do not have an absolute majority in the European Parliament. This fact will have a decisive influence on parliamentary arithmetics, since the forces that have dominated European politics so far (European People’s Party and the Party of European Socialists) will require a third pro-European parties (Liberal or Ecologists) to be able to take forward the legislative agenda marked by the new European Commission. Report by Federico Bonaudi.
The European Parliament asserts its institutional role in European policy-making by exercising these various functions: participation in the legislative process, budgetary and control powers, involvement in treaty revision and its right to intervene before the European Court of Justice. Regarding the legislative process, the European Parliament’s role has progressed from a purely advisory role to co-decision on an equal footing with the Council.
In the ninth election since 1979, Europeans chose to renew the 751 members of the European Parliament for the 2019-2024 term. After the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, the number of MEPs will be reduced to 705.
After the elections and according to the official information provided so far, this is the new face of the European Parliament for the 9th term:
So what did we learn?
• Europe matters. There was a higher turn-out compared to previous elections. The democratic legitimacy of the EU is reinforced, due to the highest turnout of voters in 25 years and the fact that 75% of voters still chose pro-European parties.
• The EU has resisted the assault of the extreme right and Europhobic forces thanks to the rise of liberals and greens. The European People’s Party (EPP) and the Socialists (S&D) have lost the absolute majority that they have had for 40 years and will need support to contain the Eurosceptic parties that have performed well in Member States providing an important number of MEPs like France, Italy, the United Kingdom or Poland.
• Traditional parties (EPP and S&D) lost substantial ground to a variety of new-comers: they lost to the centrist liberal-democrats, to the leftist greens and to right-wing conservatives. The EPP is now in a weaker position – especially as S&D, ALDE and the Greens are keen to challenge its leadership in the EU institutions.
• There was a substantial increase in the seats of the ALDE-Renaissance group (liberal-democrats). Not (just) because it gained substantially in absolute numbers, but because its position has become vital for making any sort of coalition.
• The smaller-than-expected gap between the EPP and S&D (combined with poor results of both) will make it harder for EPP to push through their (initial) candidate for the Presidency of the Commission.
• EPP and S&D remain the strongest groups mainly because of the smaller countries. From among the big Member States, these two traditional forces have won only in Germany (EPP) and Spain (PES/S&D). They had big losses in France, Italy, Poland (in the case of EPP), and in Germany, UK and France (in the case of the socialists). The S&D will be, nevertheless, stronger than forecast thanks to their good results in Spain and Italy.
• EPP manages to edge the Socialists thanks to its Central Eastern European strongholds.
• The smaller EPP-S&D gap will also make it even harder for the EPP to lose any of their members, ie. FIDESZ, who scored very high in Hungary and would be EPP’s third largest national party delegation.
• The rise of Eurosceptic forces has been mitigated in some countries (Germany) and neutralised in others (Holland and Austria), thanks, in part, to a participation that has soared for the first time in 40 years of parliamentary elections European. But the four days of voting have unleashed a political shake-up of important dimensions, with a European Parliament without sharp majorities and with several weakened governments like Germany.
• The next European Parliament will be more fragmented than ever and, in legislative practice, coalitions will continue to be made on an issue-by-issue basis. Majorities will be smaller and the votes of a few MEPs will make the difference. This reflects an EU which is increasingly divided and will thus be more difficult to steer and govern. The tensions between Member States that have already emerged over the designation of the new President of the European Commission are illustrative of that.
• Similarly, the impossibility of a grand coalition can have unforeseen effects on the power sharing that happens after each election.
• Three main subjects will be on the agenda of the legislators in the 2019-2024 term: sustainability & climate change, social issues and digitalisation & innovation. In particular, taxing aviation is now high on the agenda of most of the European parties and of the candidates for the role of President of the European Commission.
• A very tough negotiation between the European Parliament and the Member States is currently under way to appoint the President of the European Commission, the President of the European Parliament, the President of the European Central Bank and the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.
ACI EUROPE and the European Parliament
As part of our advocacy efforts to defend our members’ interests, we have traditionally engaged with the European Parliament. So far the different parliamentary committees have been receptive to our main messages thanks to a long-lasting relationship of mutual trust.
After the elections, only 37% of the members of the European Parliament were re-elected. This means that, besides continuing our work with our core of contacts, important educational efforts will need to be made with the 63% of them seating for the first time. An immensely challenging Parliamentary term is ahead, and ACI EUROPE is ready to make its contribution to the agenda. | <urn:uuid:e7ef969f-8853-421e-9060-9a84173a5ea3> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | http://www.airport-business.com/2019/06/new-european-parliament-can-expect/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573098.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20190917161045-20190917183045-00300.warc.gz | en | 0.955748 | 1,231 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The Koran For Dummies
The Koran For Dummies is for non-Muslims interested in the Koran as well as Muslims looking to deepen their understanding. Islamic scholar Sohaib Sultan provides a clear road map, revealing:
- The meaning of Koran and its basic message
- The Koran’s place in history and in Islamic spiritual life
- Explanations of its language, structure, and narrative style
- How to live by the Koran’s teachings
- The Koran’s role in key global issues, such as Jihad vs. terrorism
- Different interpretations of the Koran
No other book provides such a straightforward look at what the Koran says, how it says it, and how believers live according to its guidance. From how the Koran was received by Mohammed and how it was compiled to how it’s interpreted by Islam’s two main branches, you’ll see how to put the Islamic faith in perspective.
Plus, you’ll discover:
- What the Koran really says about women and civil law
- How Islam relates to Judaism and Christianity
- The Koran’s view of God, prophets, mankind, and the self
- How its teachings are lived and recited every day by devout Muslims
- Common misconceptions of the Koran
- How to raise a family the Koranic way
Complete with lists of important passages, Koranic terminology, famous quotes, and further reading resources, The Koran For Dummies makes it easy and enjoyable for you to grasp the teachings and significance of Islam's holy book.
Part I: Revealing the Word of God: The Book.
Chapter 1: Getting to Know the Koran.
Chapter 2: From Revelation to Written Book.
Chapter 3: Mapping Out the Structure of the Book.
Chapter 4: Discovering the Language of the Koran.
Chapter 5: Relating the Koran to Abrahamic Revelations.
Part II: Searching for the Soul of the Koran.
Chapter 6: Interpreting the Koran.
Chapter 7: Understanding Interpretations of the Koran Today.
Part III: Seeing the Koranic Worldview.
Chapter 8: Meeting God, Prophets, and Mankind.
Chapter 9: Divining Nature, the Universe, and the Unseen.
Chapter 10: Taking the Koranic View of Other Faith Traditions.
Part IV: Living the Koran.
Chapter 11: Following in the Footsteps of Muhammad.
Chapter 12: Putting Meaning into Ritual.
Chapter 13: Understanding the Koranic View of Self.
Chapter 14: Achieving Koranic Ethics and Morality.
Chapter 15: Raising a Family the Koranic Way.
Part V: Relating the Koran to the World.
Chapter 16: Connecting the Koran to Society.
Chapter 17: Purifying Society through Islamic Law.
Chapter 18: Struggling for God: Jihad.
Chapter 19: Discussing Women in the Koran.
Chapter 20: The Koran and Modernity.
Part VI: The Part of Tens.
Chapter 21: Ten Misconceptions about the Koran.
Chapter 22: Ten Ways to Dig Deeper into the Koran.
Appendix A: Glossary of Koranic Terms.
Appendix B: Finding Prophets in the Koran.
Sohaib Sultan is a freelance journalist and student of the Islamic tradition who has studied the Koran and Islam extensively with Islamic scholars in the United States and Saudi Arabia.
The Qur'an's overall context of hostility to those who disbelieve in Mohammed's prophecy is downplayed in one forthcoming book, The Koran for Dummies by Sohaid Sultan. Under the heading "Discovering the Basic Messages of the Koran," Sultan lists as Mohammed's basic themes "The unity of God," "Worship and service to God," "Prophets to teach and guide," "Completion of past revelations," "Guidance to a spiritual path," "Movement for social change," "Accountability of deeds." All of which sounds pretty harmless—nothing about making war on unbelievers. (Publishers Weekly, May 10, 2004)
"...provides an introduction to Islam's holy book." (Publishers Weekly, February 9, 2004) | <urn:uuid:eabffeb4-4bb7-41a0-b3c6-f592cb735696> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0764555812.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982939756.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200859-00063-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897987 | 864 | 2.96875 | 3 |
WhyReef - Fun Facts
The white-tip reef shark is one of the most common sharks on a reef. Though it is smaller and less violent than the tiger shark, it is still a top predator on the reef. It has very thick, tough skin, a flat head, and a dorsal fin (the fin on its back) that is far away from its head. Because of these three things, it can stick its head into gaps in the hard coral and other tight spots to find food.
Its color pattern helps it sneak up on fish: when seen from below, its light-colored stomach blends with the bright, sunny waters above, and when seen from above, its dark back matches the ocean floor. This color scheme, called countershading, is sported by most sharks.
- Encyclopedia of Life. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.eol.org, version (08/2009). http://www.eol.org
- Shedd Aquarium. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.sheddaquarium.org, version (08/2009). http://www.sheddaquarium.org/sea/fact_sheets.cfm?id=69
No one has provided updates yet. | <urn:uuid:e2b3f2a2-8fc9-4682-a0bc-5cc26ec57ed7> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://eol.org/data_objects/2738426 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936465487.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074105-00130-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894477 | 254 | 3.234375 | 3 |
STEAM involves the areas of, Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Math.
STEAM at Fayette offers several levels of educational pursuit. These areas include
JR. High STEAM, STEAM 1, STEAM 2, STEAM 3.
In STEAM the students will be introduced to a wide range of activities. These activities include, Computer Programming, Robotics, 3D Design and Printing, Engineering Projects, and Coding Games and Animations. | <urn:uuid:9f86b815-8636-4ec8-a3de-fc59a95a02dc> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.fayettesch.org/junior-highhigh-school/departments/steam | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510983.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002064957-20231002094957-00520.warc.gz | en | 0.903802 | 95 | 2.546875 | 3 |
It’s Nonfiction Picture Book Wednesday!
I am always on the lookout for bright, engaging nonfiction to engage young learners in exploring and asking questions about the world – the world around them or parts and places in the world that are not known at all.
These three titles are books I know would be instantly snatched up in my classroom and have a gaggle of children around them reading, talking and sharing. All of these titles are perfect in the primary classroom for children to explore. All would be great for interactive read alouds and some children would be able to handle the texts independently.
Everything by Sea by Brian Biggs (published 2013)
Reminds me a little of Richard Scary and the countless vehicle books my son adored when he was small. This title is more than just labelled images though. It is filed with funny dialogue, questions and answers and some more detailed explanations like
- What is buoyancy?
- How can a sailor use sails?
- What is an aircraft carrier?
When I was previewing this title, even my eleven year old was giggling and leaning in to ask about certain pages. A great way to build vocabulary and understanding about all things that travel on the water. There are also books about land and air travel in this series.
One Day: Around the World in 24 hours written by Suma Din and illustrated by Christiane Engel (published in 2013)
I like the concept of this book – what are children doing all over the world at a specific time? This title follows fifteen children from around the world through a 24 hour period. All times are expressed using a 24 hour clock so if students were unfamiliar with this way of noting time, there would need to be some pre-teaching. I was confused as each page seemed to pick a random time for one place in the world and all of the other places showed times relative to this time. Still – there is a lot of opportunity for learning about different cultures and habits of children around the world. In the back there is more information about time zones and the history of how time was recorded.
This book also shows how children are doing very different things at different times of the day (really the same time) all over the world. I might give some examples of how to interact with this title – like choosing one of the fifteen children at a time and looking for them on each page to see what kinds of things they do in a day.
How did that get in my Lunchbox? The Story of Food written by Chris Butterworth and illustrated by Lucia Gaggiotti (published in 2011)
Just where do all of the things we eat come from? How are they harvested, produced and shipped to our stores? This book gives us the “back story” on one lunch – from the bread, cheese, fruits and vegetables to the juice and chocolate chip cookies. There is some information about nutrition and food guide choices at the back of the book. I can see this being a great mentor text for possible Where does my favourite meal come from? projects (writing, science, geography, etc)
Thanks to Alyson from Kid Lit Frenzy for the inspiration to read and share more nonfiction picture books in 2014! Follow the link to Alyson’s blog to read about more nonfiction titles.
My goal is to read 65 nonfiction picture books for 2014. Progress: 59/65 complete! | <urn:uuid:88ff489d-6f20-445a-9291-f90c7f98d358> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://thereisabookforthat.com/2014/04/30/nonfiction-picture-book-wednesday-bright-colourful-nonfiction-for-explorers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204969.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326095131-20190326121131-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.964577 | 700 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Flooding, First Nations Land and Buckshee Leases
The recent flooding throughout the Province of British Columbia and specifically the Okanagan region creates unique problems for First Nation Bands and their members. Flooding can have a significant impact on lands located adjacent to lakes and rivers. As the waters recede, there may be health and environmental issues, such as flooded septic fields, that will need to be addressed.
Provincial laws and regulations that are intended to regulate environmental and health related issues that arise from flooding, such as British Columbia’s Environmental Management Act, do not apply on reserves as reserves are federal lands. Section 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867, states that the Federal Government has legislative authority over “Indians and Lands reserved for Indians. Unfortunately, the federal laws and regulations are often inadequate to ensure that the Tenant pays for the health and environmental damage. For example, there is no analogous federal legislation to the Environmental Management Act. As a result, First Nation Bands and their members must rely on the contractual provisions outlined in their leases, band council by-laws and the limited protections outlined federal acts and regulations such as the Indian Act, the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, and the Fisheries Act.
On reserves where there are no land management powers, many of the lease agreements are known as “Buckshee” leases. Buckshee leases are informal leasing arrangements that have not been formally approved by Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. These leases do not provide the tenant with enforceable property rights, and landlords have limited options for enforcing tenant obligations. Despite the enforceability issues, Buckshee leases are common. For example, the Okanagan Indian Band estimates that over 1,500 Buckshee leases exist on their lands.
An important question arises: Who is responsible for addressing the environmental and health related issues on lands where Buckshee leases exist? While many landlords believe their tenants would be responsible in such a situation, this may not be the case. Since Buckshee leases are often unenforceable, a landlord can be exposed to significant liability where environmental and health related issues arise on the lands subject to a Buckshee lease. This underscores the importance of enforceable and comprehensive lease agreements between landlords and tenants on reserve. If you have questions regarding the enforceability of a Buckshee lease or if you would like to convert the Buckshee lease into an enforceable lease, it is recommended that you speak to a lawyer.
Justin Dalton is a lawyer at Pushor Mitchell LLP practicing in the area of First Nations Law. You can reach Justin at 250-869-1234 if you have questions regarding the enforceability of your Buckshee lease or if you would like to convert your Buckshee lease into an enforceable lease. | <urn:uuid:bed7c72e-0212-45e9-8ca0-90e04316d0a2> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://www.pushormitchell.com/2017/07/flooding-first-nations-land-and-buckshee-leases/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583660175.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118151716-20190118173716-00567.warc.gz | en | 0.943762 | 568 | 2.90625 | 3 |
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Storm spotting is a form of weather spotting in which observers watch for the approach of severe weather, monitor its development and progression, and actively relay their findings to local authorities.
Storm spotting developed in the United States during the early 1940s. A joint project between the military and the weather bureau saw the deployment of trained military and aviation lightning spotters in areas where ammunitions for the war were manufactured. During 1942, a serious tornado struck a key operations center in Oklahoma and another tornado on May 15, 1943 destroyed parts of the Fort Riley military base located in Kansas. After these two events and a string of other tornado outbreaks, spotter networks became commonplace, and it is estimated that there were over 200 networks by 1945. Their mandate had also changed to include reporting all types of active or severe weather; this included giving snow depth and other reports during the winter as well as fire reports in the summer, along with the more typical severe weather reports associated with thunderstorms. However, spotting was still mainly carried out by trained individuals in either the military, aviation, or law enforcement fields of service. It was not until 1947 that volunteer spotting, as it exists today, was born.
After a series of vicious tornado outbreaks hit the state of Texas in 1947, the state placed special emphasis on volunteer spotting, and the local weather offices began to offer basic training classes to the general public. Spotting required the delivery of timely information so that warnings could be issued as quickly as possible, thus civilian landline phone calls and amateur radio operators provided the most efficient and fastest means of communication. While phone lines were reliable to a degree, a common problem was the loss of service when an approaching storm damaged phone lines in its path. This eventually led to amateur radio becoming the predominant mean of communication and resulted in the installation of special amateur radio work zones within local weather offices. Volunteer spotters would come into the local office and run a radio net from within, directly relaying information to meteorologists.
The 1950s saw the deployment of the first dedicated weather radars in the United States, and by this time, civilian spotter networks were commonplace. The new reflectivity-only radars provided meteorologists with basic information and helped identify potentially severe storms, but due to the nature of weather radar, most precipitation was detected at a height of 1 kilometer or more above the ground. Ultimately, the radar cannot see what exactly occurs at the surface of the earth, and storm spotters now correlated ground truthing with radar signatures.
New spotter technologies and training techniques have been developing since the 1960s. Prior to the 1960s, the vast majority of amateur radio communication relied on AM-modulated signals and the use of simplex. It was not uncommon for spotters to hear the distant net control station and not hear other mobile or base stations which were much closer. After 1960, amateurs adopted the use of FM repeaters which operated in the VHF spectrum. The use of FM repeaters was a huge advancement for storm spotters; spotters could now hear each other regularly. The low noise floor and greatly improved audio quality meant much better signal reception for all stations. By the 1970s, nearly all spotter radio activity consisted of half-duplex FM repeater use. The next major technology to aid spotters was the development of the cell phone in the late 1970s and early 1980s. It was then possible for non-amateur radio operators to directly report severe weather.
Storm spotting became more popular with the public during the late 1980s and early 1990s. During this period, a number of NSSL (National Severe Storms Laboratory) projects were carried out, some of which were documented and broadcast on television in a number of specials. Spotters and their actions were attributed to saving lives as well as aiding university research groups, who would drop sensors such as TOTO in the path of tornadoes and at times fire rocketsondes directly at or very close to tornadoes. At about the same time, early storm chasers were popularized and associated with spotters. It is believed this association is what has led many in the present era to associate storm chasers and storm spotters as carrying out the same actions or having the same goals.
Technological advances such as the Internet, weather radio, pagers, and cell phones have made spotter activation quick and efficient; however, the basic goal of spotting has remained relatively unchanged to this day. In making these reports, spotters use a specialized set of jargon and slang to describe their observations.
The primary group responsible for storm spotting in the U.S. is known as Skywarn. Many individuals hold Skywarn certification and/or amateur radio licenses. Other spotters are part of organized and highly trained local spotter groups, reporting their observations to the local emergency management office or National Weather Service office responsible for that area. A Skywarn group is either directly or indirectly affiliated or associated with the local weather office, and in many cases other agencies responsible for the well-being of individuals. Today, amateur radio still plays a key role, as most spotters opt to attain their radio licenses; however, cell phones are an ever increasingly popular means to directly relay information, along with other on-line spotter reporting protocols such as The Spotter Network.
Other spotters groups have formed in various countries. Canwarn is the Canadian spotter program run by Environment Canada and similarly the Australian Bureau of Meteorology runs the ASP (Australian Storm Spotters) program in Australia. In the United Kingdom, the TORRO has operated a network of observers since the 1970s. Since the 2000s, about a dozen European countries (including the UK) operate autonomous storm spotting organizations under the auspices of Skywarn Europe.
While there is no question that storm spotting has saved many lives and aided weather agencies greatly, there is concern that storm spotting may actually put individuals in danger. It is a common practice for many spotters to leave their vehicles or places of shelter to better observe, but this also places spotters in a situation where they can be harmed or killed by lightning. Most spotting groups do not recommend that individuals leave their vehicles or places of safety.
Although incidents of near misses and tornado, hail, wind, and lightning impacts occurred, there were no known spotter fatalities caused by weather until May 4, 2007 when a wedge tornado near Greensburg, Kansas killed sheriff's deputy Robert "Tim" Buckman. On May 31, 2013, engineer Tim Samaras, his photographer son Paul, and meteorologist Carl Young, of the TWISTEX project, became the first known storm chaser or meteorologist deaths when a violent tornado struck near El Reno, Oklahoma. Other chasers were also struck and injured and at least one member of the public following the storm also died.
There have also been recent complaints that mobile spotters are a danger to others on the road. One potential danger posed by mobile spotters is distracted driving. Spotters can be distracted while monitoring radar while driving. Another cause for concern is that mobile spotters commonly park their vehicles on the shoulder for a short time while they observe, causing congestion along the roadway. In some areas, parking on the shoulder is only allowed in emergency situations, and it is also believed that spotters pose a distraction to others driving. Most spotter groups do support parking on the shoulder as long as it can be safely done and there is no other alternative. Many spotters have found ways to stay off the roadway altogether by parking in parking lots, driveways (when allowed), or field roads.
The use of amber lights to alert drivers that a spotter vehicle is parked is controversial. Light bars and strobe lights have been becoming increasingly popular with storm spotters and storm chasers since, proponents claim, both groups often travel in less than ideal weather conditions where visibility may be limited. However, in recent years, some spotters and chasers have been seen using red, blue, white, and/or green lighting devices, apparently imitating emergency vehicles. Such actions are illegal in most areas and are highly condemned by both the spotter and storm chaser communities. Said Chuck Doswell, "flashing light bars added to your chase vehicle (similar to those used by law enforcement) may be illegal in some places and their use to imply some sort of official status to your chasing is probably going to get you in trouble". Chris Novy, a trainer of storm spotters throughout the US and a veteran storm chaser, also notes that lights distract and can even unconsciously attract other drivers and that lights may encourage people to drive aggressively or to park in situations they would otherwise avoid and thus increase danger to themselves and to other drivers.
Spotters versus chasers
A storm spotter is volunteer or a paid county or municipal employee who is spotting as a community service. Most spotters work as part of an organized network and are in communication with their community or organization, which is in turn in communication with the National Weather Service. Some spotters are "mobile" spotters in vehicles, but most spot from fixed, strategic locations around the community or county. The purpose of spotting is to alert community officials and the NWS and assist them in warning the public. Schools, hospitals, and other facilities are encouraged to have spotters to alert people in their care of impending severe weather.
Storm chasing involves following a developing thunderstorm to view or photograph severe weather phenomena. Chasing may be done for educational purposes or scientific research but is mostly done for personal fulfillment.
- "Tornado and Thunderstorm Spotting, Getting Started". Retrieved 11 January 2015.
- "Storm Spotting and Public Awareness". Retrieved 11 January 2015.
- Amateur Radio History
- WGBH-TV (March 28, 2000). Nova: Tornado. Public Broadcasting Service. ASIN 6304463235.
- Microsoft Word - edo.doc Archived 2012-02-07 at the Wayback Machine.
- "Weather Glossary for Storm Spotters". Retrieved 11 January 2015.
- "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-29. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
- Dryline Enterprises. "SKYWARN Storm Spotter Guides & Severe Weather Photo Online". Retrieved 11 January 2015.
- "Officer Down". The Officer Down Memorial Page, Inc. 2007-05-08.
- "10th person dies after Kansas tornado". Associated Press. 2009-04-21. Archived from the original on 2014-02-26.
- Draper, Robert (Nov 2013). "Last Days of a Storm Chaser". National Geographic. 133 (11).
- Tony Russell, News On 6. "Troopers Warning Storm Spotters To Obey Rules Of The Road". Retrieved January 4, 2017.
- "Chase Safety". Retrieved 11 January 2015.
- U.S. Skywarn homepage
- Australian Storm Spotters' Guide (Australian BOM)
- Storm Spotting and Public Awareness Since the First Tornado Forecasts of 1948 (Doswell, et al.) | <urn:uuid:8b631e53-3969-4cbd-a338-d7750364d694> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_spotting | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267859766.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618105733-20180618125733-00462.warc.gz | en | 0.960235 | 2,285 | 4.28125 | 4 |
In the Book of Common Prayer of 1662 and later, this collect is listed for "The Twenty-Fifth Sunday After Trinity", with accompanying rubric specifying that this collect "shall always be used upon the Sunday next before Advent". This reinforced the significance of this day as forming part of the preparation for the season of Advent. The rubric is necessary because the last Sunday before Advent does not always fall on the twenty-fifth Sunday after Trinity: Trinity Sunday is a moveable feast and the Advent season is fixed, so the number of weeks in between varies from year to year.
In recent years, most provinces of the Anglican Communion have adopted the practice of the Roman Catholic Church in observing this Sunday as Christ the King (sometimes under the name the Reign of Christ). Popular attachment to the Stir up collect has, however, caused it to be retained (in contemporary language) in the liturgies of several provinces. The Church of England's Common Worship uses it as the Post-Communion, with a rubric stating that it "may be used as the Collect at Morning and Evening Prayer during this week". | <urn:uuid:8fb92abe-c035-42c0-bca0-14ba2024ad00> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | http://www.reference.com/browse/stir-craziness | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463444.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00145-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948329 | 227 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Worms, Life and Death: Cell Suicide in Development and Disease
H. Robert Horvitz, '68, David H. Koch Professor of Biology, MIT
Description: A microscopic roundworm has come to play a dominant role in some of the most pivotal medical research of our time. In the labs of Robert Horvitz and his colleagues, C. elegans has helped reveal cell death as a normal part of biological development. In this talk, Horvitz painstakingly delineates the series of discoveries based on C. elegans that identified the genetics behind programmed cell death (apoptosis), the disorders that emerge if this normal process stalls, and human counterparts to these disorders, which suggest potential targets for therapy. Because the mature roundworm consists of just 959 cells, it was possible for scientists to track the organism's entire lineage of cell divisions, and to characterize what genetic accidents created mutant worms. Scientists figured out genetic pathways that were essential to normal development in the worm, and which, if disrupted, led to harmful mutations. For instance, the immature roundworm contains 131 cells that are not found in the adult, because they are genetically programmed to die. Every animal, Horwitz says, undergoes apoptosis as a -normal aspect of development." Tadpoles lose their tails to become frogs; lots of animals have webbing -sculpted out by the process of programmed cell death." Over years, Horvitz and his colleagues determined the precise genes responsible for programmed cell death in C. elegans, as well as the genes that protect cells from dying, and the way these genes interact. Horvitz's teams also found likely human equivalents to these critical genes and pathways. If these genes go awry, says Horvitz, -then something is going to lead to disease." Cancer, autoimmune diseases and viral infections result from too little programmed cell death. That's because cell division goes unchecked. There are also human diseases that occur because cells die when they should not: neurodegenerative disorders, retinal degeneration, liver disease, and heart attacks. As a result of Horvitz's work, many new targets have emerged for these diseases, some of which Horvitz himself is pursuing. Horvitz is now aiming his sights at different genetic regulators that tell certain types of cells to live or die, leading to novel therapies for some of our most formidable diseases.
About the Speaker(s): H. Robert Horvitz won the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (with Sydney Brenner and John Sulston), for his work on programmed cell death (apoptosis), and for his studies concerning organ development in C. elegans. His apoptosis studies may also improve the understanding of neurological disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a disease that killed Horvitz's father in 1989. In collaboration with others, Horvitz identified a gene involved in the inherited form of ALS, and he is also pursuing other genes involved in the disease. "My hope is that my discoveries will one day lead to advances in medicine that alleviate human suffering and contribute to the world in ways that will benefit mankind," Horvitz has said.
He is also an investigator for the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and a member of the McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT, and a member of the MIT Center for Cancer Research. He holds appointments at the Massachusetts General Hospital in neurology and in medicine.
Horvitz received bachelor's degrees in mathematics and economics from MIT (1968) and an M.A. and Ph.D. (1974) in biology from Harvard University. He was a postdoctoral researcher at the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England. He joined the faculty of MIT in 1978 and became professor of biology in 1986 and an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in 1988.
Host(s): Office of the President, Killian Lecture
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Above: An Emoji With Red Hair. Image: Ginger Parrot
Hair, There, Everywhere
Unicode makes note the following regarding emoji hair color, and how it should be implemented in a diverse emoji world:
Dark hair is recommended for generic images that include hair. People of every skin tone can have black (or very dark brown) hair, so it is more neutral. One exception is Person With Blond Hair, which needs to have blond hair regardless of skin tone.
This is exactly how Apple approached the default emoji faces in the developer builds of iOS 8.3. However the public release of iOS 8.3 curiously changed the default hair color to yellow:
Outside the recommendation for default emoji hair color, the Unicode Consortium does not make specific mention of which hair colors should be used when a skin tone modifier is applied.
In fact, Unicode singles out discussion of "different hair styles and color, use of eyeglasses, various kinds of facial hair, different body shapes, different headwear, and so on" and states that:
It is beyond the scope of Unicode to provide an encoding-based mechanism for representing every aspect of human appearance diversity that emoji users might want to indicate.
Essentially, the choices regarding hair color for each skin tone is to be decided by each company when implementing their own emoji artwork.
What Apple Decided
Here is the current range of skin tone modifiers, and the hair colors that Apple assigns to each. Using the boy emoji as the example:
|Emoji||Modifier||Skin Tone||Hair Color|
|👦🏼||Fitzpatrick Type-3||Cream White||Blond|
|👦🏾||Fitzpatrick Type-5||Dark Brown||Dark Brown|
Type 1 on the Fitzpatrick Scale is defined as:
Pale white; blond or red hair; blue eyes; freckles — Always burns, never tans
Type 2 on the Fitzpatrick Scale is defined as:
White; fair; blond or red hair; blue, green, or hazel eyes — Usually burns, tans minimally
Emphasis mine. So why does the pale boy have black hair in Apple's emoji font? The following hair colors would more closely match the descriptions above:
Above: Mockup with Type 1-2 on the Fitzpatrick Scale showing red hair
The Case Against Red Hair
Red hair is not very common. Very few people, as a percentage of the worldwide population, have red hair:
Red hair occurs naturally in 1–2% of the human population. It occurs more frequently (2–6%) in people of northern or western European ancestry, and less frequently in other populations.
Was this a factor in Apple's decision to omit a redhead from the emoji lineup? If the pale-skin (Type 1-2) emoji had red hair, what option would remain to represent those with white skin and dark hair? Namely those from large slice of Asia.
Finally, there are cross-platform implications. What Apple decides to do with emoji hair color does not mandate that Google or Microsoft do the same.
A Possible Solution
Individual skin tone modifiers for Fitzpatrick Type 1, and Fitzpatrick Type 2 could exist: one with red hair, one with black hair.
Above: Mockup of how six skin tone modifiers could look
There may be some pushback to this approach from vendors, as it would require potentially 100+ new emojis to be supported, given every human would gain this new option.
Should this be implemented, Unicode may also need to become more prescriptive in how skin tone modifiers should represent hair color.
One thing is clear: decisions like these are trickier than they may first appear, and while Unicode may set the standards, it still remains the platform-vendor's choice how to implement them.
It will be interesting to see how these questions are addressed when skin tone modifier support comes to Android and Windows in the coming months.
I am using redhead to describe people with hair that is auburn, copper, orange or ginger. This is the correct terminology according to this article about red hair on Wikipedia which notes "The term redhead has been in use since at least 1510" ↩︎
This may have been due to the similarity between the default emoji appearance (yellow with black hair) and the pale-skin emoji appearance (white with black hair). Especially at small sizes, these were difficult to tell apart in the developer betas. ↩︎ | <urn:uuid:b241b2b5-df7c-4715-9ce3-aa4da3b9dcac> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://blog.emojipedia.org/the-trouble-with-redheads/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370520039.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404042338-20200404072338-00164.warc.gz | en | 0.902843 | 932 | 2.5625 | 3 |
I have been seeking to understand the development of communion as it is practiced in the church today and how communion was practiced in the first century Church. I referred to written works from authors with a Jewish understanding and perspective about the practice of breaking bread and communion, To understand the original intent of the communion practice, I have also looked into the figurative language and word play involved in the culture. The practice of communion in the first century is very different from communion practiced today. 1) Is the communion practiced today on Sunday developed from a ritual? 2) How should the Church today practice true communion on Sunday?
I am not sure what Sunday communion practices today you are referring to. There are a variety of practices. I do not know which you are familiar with and which you are asking about specifically, which makes it hard for me to respond to your question about whether the practice you are familiar developed from a ritual. What I can do, and what is most helpful, is to ask what we find in the Bible and what is the evidence from the very early church as to what they did.
Jesus said, “Do this in remembrance of me.” We have the example of what he did on the night he was betrayed in Matthew, Mark and Luke (somewhat surprisingly, the Lord’s Supper is not described in John). Then we have more detail about the communion from Paul in 1 Corinthians 11. Here is what we know. Jesus used what was the accepted tradition on the night before the Passover–the Jewish Seder–to establish the tradition. During the Passover Seder Jesus took the bread (Matthew 26:26 for example), passed it around, and said that “this is my body.” Most non-Catholics believe that in this Jesus meant that the bread is “like” my body, not that it was literally his body (especially because it was his body holding the bread!). In other words it is a symbol of his body. It was similar with the cup. After the bread, Jesus took the cup of wine, passed it around (although there may have actually been many cups… we do not know for sure) and said “this is my blood.” Probably the most important biblical text on this is 1 Corinthians 11:23-26, where Paul tells us that we are to take the bread and wine “in remembrance of me” (ie. of Jesus). Therefore, as I understand it, this ceremony is principally a remembrance. It is not a reenactment of the crucifixion but a remembrance of it. Like Paul says, when we take the Lord’s supper we remember what he did and we proclaim his death until he returns. We take bread and wine as symbols of his body and blood as a means to remember what Jesus did for us.
How was this practiced in the very early church? The evidence is that there was a very simple ceremony of taking bread and wine together. All evidence points toward this being done at least weekly, on Sundays (or Saturday evenings, as the day went from sundown to sundown, not from 12:00 to 12:00). In the very early church the body of believers also shared a meal together which they called the love feast, but this was separate from the communion. There is strong evidence that the primitive church offered the communion only to believers, but this may have been more for security in a world of much persecution than a theological thing, so whether communion should be “open” is debatable, biblically. The church I attend has open communion.
So, I suggest that this is what we should do today. We do not need “priests” to do the Lord’s supper. We do not need fancy ceremonies or prescribed words. This was not found in the early church and it is not found in the Bible. You ask about today’s practices. In the church I attend we have a simple, weekly ceremony of sharing the bread and wine (actually, we use grape juice). We call people to remember the death, burial and resurrection as they take the elements. We hope it does not become a rote ceremony without meaning. For this reason, we normally have a short homily to focus our thoughts before taking the supper.
Some churches have elaborate rituals–including an entire mass surrounding the communion. Some teach that only “priests” can do the ceremony. Some teach that the communion (they call it eucharist) is a reenactment of the sacrifice of Jesus. Some even take the words of Jesus, “this is my body” literally and believe that when a priest performs a ceremony, the bread is literally changed into flesh and the wine into blood, but this is a theological error. I suggest that you attend a church with a communion service at least somewhat like what is taught in the New Testament and was practiced in the primitive church. | <urn:uuid:b151a97a-07f6-4f60-a3ad-73c86c2f8e18> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://evidenceforchristianity.org/how-was-the-communion-practiced-in-the-primitive-church-and-how-should-we-do-it-today/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487611445.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210614043833-20210614073833-00239.warc.gz | en | 0.981244 | 1,014 | 2.5625 | 3 |
A.T. Kearney’s 2019 Global Cities Index and Outlook reveals the world’s top-performing cities and those with the most potential. Among the 130 cities listed, China boasts as many as 27 cities, overtaking names like Washington and San Francisco
In recent years, the importance of Chinese cities is rising. Not only Beijing or Shanghai, even less known cities are now gaining the attention they deserve. Within a decade, the People’s Republic not only rose through the ranks of favorite destinations for intercontinental tourists but it also climbed the ranks of the world’s most powerful cities.
According to analysts from A.T. Kearney in their last Global Cities Index, Hong Kong, Beijing, and Shanghai are now overtaking names like Los Angeles, Berlin, and San Francisco respectively. This unveils the overall trend that sees the Dragon gaining more and more space in the global arena, a trend that is reflected in many fields.
Published in May, The Global Cities Index and Outlook reveals the world’s top-performing cities and those with the most potential. Analyzing different factors such as the human capital, municipal policies, and the commitment to building a technology pathway into the future, the report highlights which cities are the world’s leaders and which are the frontrunners for the future.
© Unsplash. According to the 2019 Global Cities Index, Hong Kong ranks 5th among the world’s top-performing cities, just above Singapore and Los Angeles.
When A.T. Kearney published the Global Cities report for the first time in 2008, the study ranked 60 cities, seven of which were key cities from China. Now, these Chinese cities are quickly moving up the ladder, leaving the rest of the world open-mouthed. In fact, since the first edition of the report, the average Index scores of the Chinese cities have grown three times faster than that of the North American cities. For what concerns the Outlook, instead, the same cities improved 3.4 times faster than European ones.
This huge increase is largely due to the cities’ business activity even though the strides they made in human capital and information exchange have significantly accelerated their boost. An example is Suzhou, in Jiangsu province, which has leapfrogged 20 rankings thanks to a growing population of foreign students.
Nevertheless, for what concerns cities’ potential, one of the main important factors that drove the Dragon to climb the Outlook ranks is the number of improvements in governance. Indeed, last year, China launched a record number of reforms to improve the business climate and this makes it one of the world’s top 50 economies for ease of doing business, according to the World Bank.
Taking a deeper look at the report, New York, London, and Paris maintain their decade-long dominance as the top three cities in the Global Cities Index. However, the metropolis of the Greater Bay Area, Hong Kong, ranks 5th in the Index while the Chinese capital beats the capital of the United States.
With Beijing ranking 9th ahead of Washington in 10th place, Chinese cities are showing signs to be both able and motivated to climb the ranks and overtake US capitals.
However, according to the report’s analysts, in order to keep rising to compete with Western power centers, China needs to make its cities more open to diversity and more inclusive.
Mike Halens and Jefferson Wang – two report authors – wrote that “Shanghai’s pride week provides an ideal example, ensuring the self-expression of the city’s LGBTQ residents and improving Shanghai’s reputation on the global stage as an inclusive city.” Therefore, by allowing self-expression, Shanghai made it among the top 25 cities of the Index, ahead of Boston and San Francisco.
But the Middle Kingdom is already in the position to be more inclusive and open to diversity. Chinese cities are becoming more international by the day. Chinese people are traveling the world bringing home new trends and knowledge. Moreover, many Chinese cities like Beijing or Shenzhen are attracting foreign workers with their skills and their cultures as well.
Initiative at both the provincial and governmental level to build a higher education, to create room for opportunities, and to support the startup ecosystem help attract foreign talents and keep the local ones. For example, Chengdu, in Sichuan province, hosts a large community of European and Canadian-born Chinese, thus ranking 89th in the report’s list.
In Hong Kong and Macao, Western and Chinese cultures even live together, owing to their British and Portuguese colonial heritage. Therefore, examples of openness to diversity are widespread in the country.
© A.T. Kearney’s 2019 Global Cities Report. China is rapidly gaining ground on the world’s top cities.
The truth is that over the past 40 years, China has made outstanding achievements in the growth and development of its cities. Small towns have become large and modern metropolises while the urbanization rate rose from 18% in 1978 to 60% in 2018. In the meantime, the country’s urban population grew from 170 million to 830 million.
But the qualitative evolution of urbanization rate is due to gradual growth achieved through phases. From Deng Xiaoping’s reforms until 2010, the country’s economic growth developed in conjunction with the transfer of the rural labor force to urban areas, resulting in rapid expansion and fast cities’ growth.
Then, since 2011, rapid urbanization began to slow and Chinese cities focused on quality-oriented development. “This became the key contributor to the fast growth of Chinese cities climbing up the ranks of A.T. Kearney’s Global Cities Index,” the report’s authors wrote.
If it wants to stay competitive, the PRC “will require a transition toward a citizen-centric development strategy that prioritizes healthy populations and happy people.”
According to A.T. Kearney’s study, the next urbanization and development phase will focus on citizens. It means building a sustainable population structure aimed at improving the well-being of citizens.
In 2018, the report recorded the rise of Chinese cities in both the Index and the Outlook. Since the first edition, dozens of the Dragon’s cities were added to the rankings and their performance also overshadowed those from other countries. “The performance of Chinese cities in the Global Cities Index and Outlook cements their status as rising stars among the world’s best urban places,” says the report. However, if the Middle Kingdom aims to compete again, in addition to investing in business, infrastructure, and growth, it now needs to invest in its people.
Nevertheless, the goal of the A.T. Kearney’s annual Index is not only to highlight the cities’ value but it also provides useful information for corporations that are looking for areas particularly relevant for business growth and attractive for foreign employees.
© Pexels. In order to stay competitive, the PRC now needs to invest in its people, shifting to a citizen-centric development strategy.
Among the Global Cities Index’s 130 top-performing cities, the People’s Republic boasts as many as 27 cities this year, 11 of which made it to the top 100 such as Hangzhou and Suzhou, which made the top 100 list for the first time.
But Chinese cities also lead another important listing, the JLL’s City Momentum Index 2019, which reveals where in the world to find the highest levels of dynamism. Among 131 markets across the globe, the Dragon is home to 9 of the top 20 cities today, enabling the Asia Pacific to take a total of 19 seats in all, therefore, highlighting the continuing shift of fast urban growth from the West to the East.
“Chinese cities are evolving of truly global scale, where momentum is more dependent on levels of innovation, entrepreneurship, and liveability. They are home to a new breed of energetic tech-savvy firms that are extending their global footprints, facilitated by the Belt and Road Initiative,” says Jeremy Kelly, Director of Global Research at JLL.
In recent years, Chinese cities and citizens are experiencing massive changes in both urban development and liveability. The A.T. Kearney’s report reveals not only the country’s strategy to compete on the global stage but it also unveils the one last step the Celestial Empire might take to definitively make it to the top 3, thus overtaking Western major cities.
Will China focus on welcoming and valuing the diversities? Surely the citizen-centric shift is already well under way.
MORE ON THIS TOPIC | <urn:uuid:4fe49622-b509-4b50-a01a-9e99bc42e883> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://en.cifnews.com/atkearneys-global-cities-report2019/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601241.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121014531-20200121043531-00299.warc.gz | en | 0.942957 | 1,791 | 2.546875 | 3 |
One of the great things about mathematics is its ability to bring together apparently completely unrelated phenomena, and explain them all with the same simple concept. It turns out that a very basic mathematical idea — power laws — describes the economics of pizza, limitations on the sizes of insects, income inequality, and countless other things.
We recently looked at why it makes sense to buy a large pizza rather than a small. As mentioned in that post, the area of a pizza increases as a function of the square of the radius. Formally, the area of a pizza with radius R is, as we all saw in high school, given by the formula A = πR 2.
The area of the pizza — the actual amount of pizza you get — grows much more quickly than the width. As the NPR piece on pizza prices points out, a 12 inch pizza is 50% wider than an 8 inch pizza. Plug those values into the area formula, and the 8 inch pie gives you about 50 square inches of pizza, but the 12 inch pie gives you about 113 square inches of pizza — a 125% increase, or more than twice as much pizza.
The relationship between the area and width of a circle is an example of a power law: the area is proportional to the width raised to some power, in this case the power of 2.
The Power Law
Power laws are somewhat counterintuitive at first, because we are used to linear relationships. If you work for an hourly wage, you get paid the same amount of money for each hour you work, and so the total amount of money you make in a week is linearly proportional to the number of hours you work in that week.
Power laws grow non-linearly. If you were paid according to a power law, you would get more money per hour for each hour you work, just as you get more pizza per inch of width the wider the pizza is.
Power laws show up in many different contexts. Just as the area of a circle is proportional to the width of the circle squared, the volume of a sphere is proportional to the width cubed, or raised to the third power. The formula for the volume of a sphere with radius R is V = (4/3)πR 3.
Suppose you have two balls, both made out of the same material, but with one ball twice as wide as the other. Then the larger ball will not weigh twice as much as the smaller ball, but will instead weigh eight times as much.
This has serious implications in biology. Take a six foot tall human, and double his height to twelve feet, keeping all of his other proportions the same. His mass, which has a cubic power relationship to his height, will be eight times more than when he was six feet tall. However, the cross-sectional area of the muscles and bones in his legs is proportional to the square of his height, and so at twelve feet tall, he will have only four times as much bone and muscle area, putting far more pressure on his legs.
So, in nature, we see differently sized animals developing different proportions for anatomical features. Rhinoceroses have disproportionately larger leg bones and muscles than do mice. The study of these differences, which tend to follow power laws, is called allometry.
Allometry and the Six-Foot Long Arthropleura
Allometry can help explain one of the stranger moments in the history of life on Earth. In the Carboniferous period, a little over 300 million years ago, the planet was covered with vast rain forests. This caused the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere to be far higher than it is today.
The Carboniferous also featured enormous insects and other arthropods, like the six foot long centipede-like Arthropleura to the left.
Scientists have long speculated that the gigantic arthropods and plentiful oxygen of this period are related. Arthropods do not breathe using lungs and transferring oxygen with blood the way vertebrates do. Instead, they have a series of small breathing tubes, or trachea, running along their bodies, directly bringing air to internal tissues.
A 2007 study of modern beetles showed that the sizes of these breathing tubes grows following a non-linear power law with the size of the insects. As the bugs get bigger, they have to dedicate proportionally more and more of their internal volume to their respiratory systems.
This limits the size of modern insects — at some point, they get so big that, if they kept following the power law governing breathing tube size, they would run out of room for other muscles and organs. Back in the oxygen-rich Carboniferous period, arthropods might have been able to get away with relatively smaller breathing tubes, following a more forgiving power law relationship between overall size and the amount of internal space needed for breathing. This might have allowed them to grow to the absurd sizes the fossil record shows.
Power laws also show up in economics and sociology. The Pareto distribution, which shows, among other things, how wealth and income in a society are distributed, follows a power law. The percentage of the population that makes more than a particular amount of money is proportional to the reciprocal of that amount, raised to some power. This means, as you go up the income scale, you very quickly get fewer and fewer people making at least that much money.
This explains the wide inequalities we see in income and wealth — the largest part of the population falls on the lower end of the income spectrum.
Power laws — relationships between two quantities where one quantity is proportional to the other, raised to some power — describe a huge number of phenomena in our universe. In addition to the examples above, power laws describe the sizes of cities, the strength of gravity on other planets, the frequencies of earthquakes of different magnitudes, and much more. | <urn:uuid:b611f61d-74d6-40b1-86d1-7411af2e53e0> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.businessinsider.com/power-laws-pizza-bugs-and-income-2014-3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912203548.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325031213-20190325053213-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.959752 | 1,196 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Adult Dyslexia - Tips and Tricks for Beating Adult Dyslexia !AAA+++by James Smith
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Dyslexia has been described as a difficulty in processing information which may be linked to deficiencies in short-term memory and visual coordination. It is an inherent weakness in short-term memory, that is either auditory or visual, which can make it extremely difficult for that person to learn and understand the relation between symbols and spoken sounds. This difficulty allows the person to be unable to correctly speak the correct flow of auditory sounds needed to make a word or sentence sound proper.
The range and severity of the problem of adult dyslexia varies widely between dyslexic people. The main areas of difficulty that occur most often are reading, writing, spelling, numeric, personal organization and time-keeping. However, the degree to which individuals may be affected ranges from mild spelling difficulties to severe organizational problems or complete illiteracy. In all reality there really is no such thing as a typical case of dyslexia.
In some cases people with dyslexia are unaware that they suffer from such a problem whereas others haven't had a confirmed diagnosis until adulthood. Adult dyslexia is difficult to recognize and identify as it's a problem that many people either don't realize they have or they try to hide it. Simple tasks that a person with dyslexia may try to perform may become increasingly more difficult, such as taking down a message, which can lead to frustration and anxiety.
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Ungern Sternberg, Mathias Alexander von
Mathias Alexander von Ungern-Sternberg
Commander-in-chief of the Swedish field army in Pomerania (1757)
born March 3, 1689, Stockholm (Sweden)
died January 13, 1763, Äs Manor, Södermanland (Sweden)
In 1706, when he was 17 years old, Ungern-Sternberg joined the French Army. He soon became sub-lieutenant in Colonel Lenck's regiment.
On July 11 1708, Ungern-Sternberg was taken prisoner in the battle of Oudenarde.
In 1709, Ungern-Sternberg switched master and entered into the Dutch service and, on September 11, could witness the Allied victory at Malplaquet. Shortly after this, he went back to Sweden and joined Count Stenbock's army just before the battle of Helsingborg on March 10 1710 where he commanded a squadron of the famous Ascheberg's Dragoons.
Ungern-Sternberg later became major of the Lifdragonerna (Royal Dragoons).
In 1731, Ungern-Sternberg was promoted colonel of the Lifregimentet till häst (Royal Horseguards).
At the outbreak of the Finnish war in 1742, Ungern-Sternberg was forced against his will to participate in the operations. However, before the end of the year, he managed to leave the army and to return to Stockholm where, as lantmarskalk (land marshal or vice-chairman), he led the Swedish nobility and conducted the stormy meeting of the Riksdag of the nobles in the Riddarhuset in Gamla Stan. His involvement in politic as well as his role of vice-chairman of the nobility significantly boosted his military career.
In 1743, Ungern-Sternberg was promoted colonel. Then in 1747, he became lieutenant-general in the cavalry; in 1751, general; and finally in 1753, field marshal.
In 1757, when Sweden joined the Seven Years' War, Ungern-Sternberg was already 68 years old. He took command of the Swedish field army sent to Pomerania, assisted by four relatively able lieutenant-generals: Count Gustaf David Hamilton, Baron Lars Åkerhielm, Count Hans Henrik von Liewen and Count Fredrik Axel von Fersen. Ungern-Sternberg could also count on six major-generals: the commander of the Swedish Artillery, Augustin Ehrensvärd; Baron Bernt von Liewen; Count Adam Horn; Count Fredrik Wilhelm von Hessenstein, natural son of Fredrik I of Sweden with his mistress Hedvig Taube; Colonel Baron Erik Lybecker, the oldest of them all; and the former Major-general Jacob Abrekt Lantingshausen, who was the main organiser of the campaign.
During the campaign of 1757 in Pomerania, the able French ambassador in Stockholm, the Marquis Louis d'Havrincourt, asked for the replacement of Ungern-Sternberg. France had a saying in the command of the army because it subsidized the Swedish participation in the war. To the defence of Ungern-Sternberg, one must say that he was totally crippled by the total lack of any reconnaissance troops. Anyhow, in December 1757, it was Ungern-Sternberg who took the initiative to make a contract with the Pomeranian Captain Count Fredrik Ulrik Putbus of the Posseska Infantry regiment to raise a unit of hussars. In the beginning, Putbus raised 200 hussars, soon known as Blå Hussars. These where the first Swedish troops who had some ability to perform any reconnaissance at all. At the beginning of a very harsh winter, Ungern-Sternberg's army suffered from the aggressive attacks of the Prussian corps under the command of Hans von Lehwald. Field-marshal Ungern-Sternberg was a realist and he fully realised that it would be suicide to counter-attack Lehwald's well trained troops. Accordingly, he wrote to the Rådet (King's Council and actual government) that he was sorry to have to retreat because of the strong enemy forces, the lack of light troops and the harsh winter. He then asked to abandon his command and to be replaced. He was succeeded by General Gustaf Fredrik von Rosen.
Later, the four chambers of the Riksdagen parliament considered that Ungern-Sternberg had done everything to the best of his ability. Accordingly, on July 5 1762, he received a letter from the King's Council, confirming that he could keep his pay as a general.
Mathias Alexander von Ungern-Sternberg died in Äs Manor, in Södermanland, on January 13 1763.
Swedish Wikipedia - Mattias Alexander von Ungern-Sternberg
Gunnar W. Bergman for the initial version of this article and for the photo taken at the "Riddarhuset" in Stockholm. | <urn:uuid:dd98d08b-6e2d-4f25-a89f-a3e8337c9e4f> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=Ungern_Sternberg,_Mathias_Alexander_von | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866772.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524190036-20180524210036-00621.warc.gz | en | 0.949202 | 1,088 | 2.84375 | 3 |
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|Description||Emily Hunt’s 15-Minute STEM: Quick, creative science, technology, engineering and mathematics activities for 5–11-year-olds offers an exciting collection of 40 tried-and-tested, easy-to-resource STEM activities designed to engage and inspire young learners|
|Categories||Primary, Teaching and Learning, Sciences, Mathematics / Numeracy, Support Staff, Teaching staff, Out of school, In school|
|Learning outcomes for participants/users and, where relevant, pupils or students||
Emily Hunt’s 15-Minute STEM: Quick, creative science, technology, engineering and mathematics activities for 5–11-year-olds offers an exciting collection of 40 tried-and-tested, easy-to-resource STEM activities designed to engage and inspire young learners.
From caring for our environment to the digital revolution, the demand for STEM skills is huge and is only set to grow. STEM is therefore an important priority area in modern education, leaving many teachers and parents asking questions such as ‘How do I fit STEM education into my day?’ and ‘What kind of activities should I be exploring?’
Enter 15-Minute STEM with the answers …
Suitable for both teachers and parents.
|Evidence underpinning this approach||
This innovative resource has been designed to reassure teachers and parents that they don’t need to be experts to deliver high-quality STEM education. Each of the 40 activities includes step-by-step instructions, takes just 15 minutes to complete and can be resourced from everyday materials found in the classroom or at home. This means that, with minimal preparation, teachers can slot these cross-curricular activities into an otherwise busy day, broadening their pupils’ learning at no cost to their focus on core curriculum areas.
"Research shows that the perceptions children have about certain jobs and careers are formed at a young age and that gender stereotyping exists from the age of 7. By introducing children to relevant STEM careers we can challenge these early perceptions and stereotypes and widen their career aspirations."
Source: See Nick Chambers, Elnaz T. Kashefpakdel, Jordan Rehill and Christian Percy, Drawing the Future: Exploring the Career Aspirations of Primary School Children from Around the World (London: Education and Employers, 2018). Available at: https://www.educationandemployers.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/DrawingTheFuture.pdf.
The activities make connections to real-world scenarios, helping children to understand how their learning is relevant to their future, and have been linked to conceptually similar STEM-related careers – all of which are individually profiled in a glossary at the back of the book. The practical, problem-solving element of each activity offers a great way for children to develop important soft skills such as creativity, critical thinking and spatial awareness.
|How users/participants can evaluate success||
Accompanying instructions are framed and phrased in a way that encourages the children to lead the learning and exploration – allowing the supervising adult to take a more hands-off, facilitative approach – and opportunities for further investigation are provided in order to broaden the learning focus and extend the tasks beyond 15 minutes. Hand-drawn illustrations and full colour photographs are also included alongside each activity to give an idea of what the end results might look like.
|Follow-up activities and support||
Emily Hunt is an experienced primary school teacher whose role as a science subject leader at a school in Bristol ignited in her a passion for promoting STEM education. During a recent year in the USA she developed a popular website and blog – www.howtostem.co.uk – offering STEM activities and advice for educators working with the 5–11 age range. She also worked within the US education system to deliver science outreach, and holds a Master of Education from the University of Cambridge.
Emily can be contacted at: http://howtostem.co.uk/
Review comments received inclued: Ben Connor, Professor Bill Lucas, Gilly Tyree-Milner, Jo Lancett, Joanne Fitton, Lynda Mann, Tanya Shields and Wonk Magazine. | <urn:uuid:08a26dfb-ef37-44f7-9c3d-b130ace35c96> | CC-MAIN-2019-04 | https://goodcpdguide.com/courses/15-minute-stem | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583700012.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120042010-20190120064010-00346.warc.gz | en | 0.936724 | 882 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Strike A Balance Between Digital Privacy And Cyber Security Needs
Ever since digitalization has become a significant component of the global village, businesses and customers enjoy uninterrupted access to critical information. From a variety of services and products available in the market to their reviews from first-hand experiences – everything is present online.
But with the increasing use of digital devices, cybersecurity rests at risk. The business possesses crucial customer data that needs impeccable security. Without this feature, they would be putting their customers’ privacy at stake.
The difference between privacy and security
In business terms, data privacy is the decision-making capability of a firm to collect, organize, archive customer data, and then protect it in confidentiality. Since much of the company’s database is related to their customers, they need to maintain ethical transparency and privacy of sensitive information.
However, on the other hand, data security is securing the data from unauthorized access and outside control. And with the latest methods cybercriminals use to breach privacy, cybersecurity is a need of the hour. The goal of businesses and companies is to provide excellent customer services and user experiences. For this, they need to create a balance between security and privacy.
It has become crucial to sacrifice privacy to maintain cybersecurity. For example, employees using office devices have their supervisors monitoring all their acts. It enables management to rupture employees’ privacy. Still, this control also allows them to stay secure by detecting unauthorized access beforehand.
Many companies encourage their workers to go for a masters in cybersecurity online to better understand the organizational policies and dynamics. There are several ways to balance digital privacy and cybersecurity needs; let’s look at some of them.
- Manage passwords
Passwords and passcodes are a great way to keep your digital activities safe from an intruder. It is necessary to create strong passwords to ensure access to data is limited. Try not to use predictable passwords like your name or birthday to provide hackers easy access to your private data.
To generate a secure password, include symbols, signs, numbers, capitalization, etc., to make it difficult to guess. Remember that the longer and more complicated the password, the better it is to keep hacking attempts at bay.
Companies should advise their employees not to write their passwords on unsafe devices because it makes them more prone to hacking attempts. Lastly, it is safer not to repeat passwords for different accounts. It gives cyber criminals access to various applications simultaneously, which can be very risky.
- Customer identity and access management (CIAM)
Suppose you are a company that operates on and deals with sensitive customer data. In that case, you might need tactical approaches to strike a balance between security from cybercrimes and privacy of digital activities. Using Customer Identity and Access Management (CIAM) will enable your firm to provide a well-balanced customer experience.
Through this approach, you can control user access to applications and services by closely monitoring them. And simultaneously, you can secure customer identity data by managing your company’s digital performance. Such a policy and related technologies will make your company more efficient in minimizing risk. It would not require you to sacrifice privacy for database security.
- Message encryption
Your emails create a strong link between you and your customer’s personal information, making them highly prone to cyber-attacks. One way to secure your emails from someone else reading them is to encrypt them. Encryption encodes your subject line and the message by scrambling the words and converting them into undetectable codes.
This way, only the actual recipient of your email/message will be able to read what you’ve sent, and the exchange of information will remain safe. Service providers like Gmail, Outlook, and Yahoo already ensure that your emails are encrypted. However, you can also invest in other premium services that fit your bill.
If your business relates to technology, you must be familiar with Automation, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, etc. The needs of the new world also demand the incorporation of these features in your corporate functions. They are more reliable and ensure minimum errors, which leads to lower production costs due to fewer wastages.
Improved functionality allows employees to work their minds on the strategic requirements of the firm and come up with innovative ways to grow the business. But one of the most significant benefits is how these machines make it almost impossible for outside sources to enter your IS, which helps protect your company’s database effectively. AI is a great way to remove unwanted data from entering the Information System.
It can automate techniques to detect threats proactively. Automation will also help customers and clients by notifying them about the cookies and terms and conditions of a company or a website before allowing them to access their personal information. Overall, they are more trustable and reduce the risks of internal threats.
It is crucial to balance cybersecurity and digital privacy to continue with business operations smoothly. The debate between sacrificing one to maintain the other will carry on for some time now.
Still, the good news is that with features such as encryption, AI, Robotics, and the latest cybersecurity tools and software, data protection is more manageable than before. Hence, integrating these ways will allow you to provide a safe and secure user experience to your customers.
Mustafa Al Mahmud is the Founder and CEO of Gizmo Concept and Blogger Concept and also a professional Blogger, SEO Expert as well as an Entrepreneur. He loves to travel and enjoy the free moment with family members and friends. | <urn:uuid:76f85b7f-74be-4d3e-a5a3-d249e63afca9> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.gizmoconcept.com/strike-a-balance-between-digital-privacy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487621519.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615180356-20210615210356-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.944887 | 1,115 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Presentation on theme: " When: approximately from the end of Reconstruction (1877) until the mid- 1950s What: an era in American history when segregation laws, rules, and."— Presentation transcript:
When: approximately from the end of Reconstruction (1877) until the mid- 1950s What: an era in American history when segregation laws, rules, and customs made African Americans second-class citizens Where: primarily, but not exclusively, in southern states. Not just a series of laws, but a way of life
What were the origins of the Jim Crow era in the United States?
Reconstruction: A Summary (Re-) Creating White Supremacy (1865-1890) ◦ Economic ◦ Political and Social Congressional Reconstruction (1866-1877) Reconstruction Collapses: ◦ The Compromise of 1877 ◦ Supreme Court ◦ Voting Restrictions ◦ Violence
Reconstruction (1865-1877): the period after the Civil War during which the federal government attempted to integrate freed slaves into the social and economic life of Southern states Federal laws and constitutional amendments aimed at reducing racial discrimination and increasing political power of blacks and Republicans in the South Republican party leaders supported; most white southerners opposed Radical Republicans wanted to punish the former Confederate states Moderate Republicans wanted to return the South to the Union as quickly as possible
Three immediate questions after the Civil War: ◦ Economic: How should former slaves earn a living in the South? ◦ Political: What kinds of rights and powers should blacks have? ◦ Social: How should blacks and whites relate to each other?
Most freedmen lacked land, money, or education Sharecropping (1870s-1950s): a system in which poor farmers (white and black) worked a plot of land for white landholders in return for a share of the crop
Black Codes (1865-1867): laws passed by Southern states after the Civil War that severely limited civil rights for blacks ◦ NOT Jim Crow laws! ◦ Restricted freedmen’s political rights – voting, jury service, testifying against whites ◦ Vagrancy laws allowed police to arrest unemployed blacks and hire them out to white landowners Ultimate Goal: Control African- Americans and ensure that they do not claim social equality
◦ Radical Republicans ◦ Civil Rights Act (1866): Federal government guarantees that all persons born in US are citizens and have the same civil rights.
Thirteenth Amendment (1865): abolishes slavery Fourteenth Amendment (1868): guarantees citizenship to all persons born in the U.S. and prohibits states from passing laws to take away a citizen’s rights Fifteenth Amendment (1870): no citizen can be denied the right to vote because of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” Enforcement Acts (1870-1871): enforce these amendments using Northern troops in each Southern state
African Americans held local, state, and federal offices Public schools and universities established for African Americans Voting and political participation
Rutherford Hayes (Compromise of 1877) Federal government abandons attempt to enforce 14 th and 15 th Amendments Federal troops withdrawn from Southern states; Democrats regained control
Civil Rights Cases (1883): Supreme Court reviewed 5 complaints Held that Congress had no power to stop private individuals and businesses from racial discrimination Chief Justice Joseph Bradley: it was time for blacks to assume “the ranks of a mere citizen” and stop being the “special favorite of the laws.”
Fifteenth Amendment: qualification for voting ◦ Poll tax ◦ Literacy tests ◦ Grandfather clauses Result: # registered to vote fell from 130,000 in 1894 to 1,300 in 1904. In 1940, only 3% of all African Americans in the South could vote
White Southerners formed terrorist groups to resist Reconstruction by force Ku Klux Klan (formed 1866): secret organization whose members used violence against black and white citizens to enforce racial inequality
On a sheet of scrap paper (I will collect), write your name, section number, and the following: 1. 2 ways government contributed to constructing Jim Crow South 2. 1 way average Americans contributed to constructing Jim Crow South 3. 1 way you knew what was important in lecture
1. What were the 3 major goals of Reconstruction? 2. How did the Black Codes legally disenfranchise African Americans? 3. What are the similarities between Jim Crow laws and Black Codes? What are the differences?
4. What is the difference between a Jim Crow law and Jim Crow etiquette? Is one “stricter” than the other? 5. What are 3 examples of Jim Crow laws? What are 3 examples of Jim Crow etiquette? 6. When the Supreme Court overturned the Civil Rights Act of 1875, how did that affect the rights of African Americans?
What does “separate but equal” is constitutional mean? (ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson) | <urn:uuid:8dab538e-da06-4f1f-aa8d-bc73262c3b39> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://slideplayer.com/slide/4490030/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178389472.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20210309061538-20210309091538-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.925878 | 1,018 | 4.3125 | 4 |
A fun, communicative activity that allows your students to practice inviting people places, and responding to invitations. Students pick from a structured list of invitations and combine it with their choice of locations to create several unique invitations. Students then receive one positive and one negative response to use when speaking with their classmates. They will “invite” different classmates, and record their responses to the invitations. Finally, they will tally the positive and negative responses they received to the invitations! | <urn:uuid:81eea23d-6901-4bc6-a31d-7b2b5ac20daa> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://srtaspanish.com/product/spanish-valentines-day-feliz-dia-de-amor-y-amistad-speaking-activity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337428.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003164901-20221003194901-00793.warc.gz | en | 0.953001 | 100 | 2.625 | 3 |
Back To CourseSupplemental History: Study Aid
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Patricia has a master's degree in Holocaust and genocide studies and 27 graduate credits in American history. She will start coursework on her doctoral degree in history this fall. She has taught heritage of the western world I and II and U.S. history I and II at a community college in southern New Jersey for the past two years.
Absolute monarchy, or absolutism, meant that the ultimate authority to run a state was in the hands of a king who ruled by divine right. Divine right was the claim that a king was given his position by some higher power. The authority of the monarch could include any or all of the following areas: administration, taxes, justice and foreign policy.
One of the most prominent advocates of divine-right monarchy during the 17th century was Bishop Jacques-Benigne Bossuet. According to Bossuet, all governments were ordained by God to allow humanity to live in an organized society. Because kings and queens were given their authority by god, their power was unconditional. Unlike a limited monarchy, the absolute monarch would not share his power with another governing body, such as parliament.
The reign of the French King Louis XIV (reigned 1643-1715) has long been considered the best example of absolutism. In fact, during the 17th century, many other European monarchies imitated the French system. For instance, King Louis XIII was only a child when he ascended to the throne. Because of this, his chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu played a crucial role in policy-making and administration. At the time, the nobility had extreme influence and power in affairs of the state. Recognizing the danger to the king's authority, Richelieu executed many nobles found to be plotting against the king. This greatly strengthened the authority of the monarch.
Louis XIV became king at the age of 23. In keeping with the practice of divine right, Louis XIV referred to himself as the Sun King, an allusion to him as the source of light for his subjects. He immediately made it clear that he intended to make all major decisions on his own, telling his ministers of state, 'I order you not to sign anything, not even a passport.'
Although Louis wanted to retain sole power, the reality was that the nobility still had immense wealth and influence over political affairs. Louis restructured the French government and gave himself decision-making power over all matters of the state. He required the attendance of the nobility at his court so he could keep a close eye on them. His ministers and secretaries could only offer the king advice but had no power to make policy decisions on their own. Louis retained the right to make foreign policy, declare war, oversee religious affairs, and levy taxes. Since Louis was Catholic, he closed down all Protestant schools and banned them from political meetings.
In Russia, Peter the Great ruled from 1689-1725. His reign was also considered an example of absolutism because he both strengthened the central government and reduced the power of the nobility.
He reorganized the government and created a Senate to administer the state. He divided Russia into different provinces to make administration more effective. He forced all landholders to serve in the military or another civil service position. In order to control the Russian Orthodox Church, Peter appointed his own procurator, who made all religious decisions based on his requests.
He also forcefully introduced Western customs to Russian society. For instance, after he witnessed the gender integration of the courts of Europe, he ordered wealthy Russian women to remove traditional veils and mix with the men at social gatherings and court events. He had books of Western etiquette made to introduce these customs to the general population. Peter wanted to create a formidable Russian military by reorganizing the army according to Western practices.
Several notable kings made attempts at creating absolute monarchies but failed. Despite several efforts to consolidate the power of the king, the English system never fully transformed into an absolute monarchy, but remained a constitutional monarchy.
One of these, King Henry VIII (reigned 1509-1547), manipulated the English legal system to separate from the Roman Catholic Church. When he failed to gain permission from the pope to divorce his first wife, he had parliament enact the Act of Supremacy, which declared Henry the head of the Church of England. While Henry gained immense power for himself through this act, he still needed the help of parliament.
Charles I (reigned 1625-1649) also attempted to consolidate the power of the government into his own hands. Throughout his reign, he struggled with parliament. He truly believed he had a divine right to rule and that his power was being unjustly curbed. However, he also failed to eliminate England's constitutional monarchy. Charles' rule ended badly with a trial for treason, which led to his execution.
Absolute monarchy was the principle that the supreme authority to run state affairs rested in the hands of the monarch who ruled by divine right. The reality of this type of government was that the king was still influenced by various political and religious groups.
King Louis XIV of France was considered the best example of absolute monarchy. Immediately after he was declared king, he started consolidating his own power and restricting the power of the state officials. Among his many accomplishments, he retained the power to administer the government, levy taxes, direct religious affairs and declare war. Louis also removed the influence of the nobility from the royal court, thus strengthening his own power.
Peter the Great of Russia took the examples of Western absolute monarchy and used them in his own rule. He strengthened the power of the monarch, changed the structure of the military and assumed control over the Orthodox Church.
While several English monarchs attempted to gain absolute power, they failed to replace England's constitutional monarchy. The popularity of absolutism declined after the French Revolution, which promoted a government based on popular rule instead.
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Back To CourseSupplemental History: Study Aid
1 chapters | 20 lessons | <urn:uuid:d41e373c-f7a8-43a7-bedc-cc4f710582c5> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://study.com/academy/lesson/absolute-monarchy-definition-characteristics-examples.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583512400.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20181019124748-20181019150248-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.976252 | 1,437 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Brief DescriptionBubbles inspire learning, fun -- and they clean desks too. A nice Field Day addition!
Bubbles, recipe, field day
Looking for a memorable conclusion to your field day festivities? Break out the bubbles! Have a contests to see which classroom blows the biggest bubble; the most bubbles at a time; the coolest looking bubbles
You can use bubbles indoors or outdoors. Outdoors is probably best, unless the wind is blowing. Give each student a straw and a paper plate; pour some bubble liquid on the plate and let students experiment with blowing unique bubbles. Using bubbles indoors, however, offers a big advantage you might not have considered. Pour a small puddle of the bubble liquid on each student's desk and, at the end of the activity, the desks will be spotless! (Children must take care to keep the bubbles on their desk; bubbles can harm some carpets.)
More Bubble Activity Resources
AssessmentStudents write a brief paragraph describing their best bubble.
Lesson Plan Source
Originally published 05/30/2003
Last updated 06/02/2011 | <urn:uuid:b15d00ba-3089-43b6-993b-7b6565352e46> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://www.educationworld.com/a_lesson/03/lp315-04.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738662251.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173742-00079-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.854206 | 224 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Rubiaceae of Africa
A project describing and understanding the Rubiaceae (coffee family) flora of Africa. Rubiaceae are key indicators of forest type and condition.
Vangueriopsis shimbaensis A. P. Davis & Q. Luke. A new species from Kenya. Drawing by © Lucy T. Smith
Kew has made a long-standing commitment to tropical African floristics, which continues to the present day with Flora of Tropical East Africa (FTEA), Flora Zambeziaca (FZ) and other long-term projects in Africa, particularly in Cameroon. The Rubiaceae parts of FTEA and FZ works have been completed but there are still numermous new taxa that were recognised but not formally described (e.g. as new species), due to the lack of critical plant material. In addition, exploratory work in West Africa has lead to the discovery of numerous new species, particularly in Cameroon and Guinea.
The aim of this project is to pool knowledge and specimen resources from Kew and other international herbaria, including those in Belgium, Cameroon, East Africa, and the United States, and describe as many new species as possible, and where necessary provide new taxonomic revisions. This work is undertaken within an international collaborative network of Rubiaceae specialists.
In African forests Rubiaceae are usually the dominant family in terms of species numbers, especially in the shrub layer, but they also present in the herbaceous understorey and in the canopy, as large trees, epiphytes and lianas. Most of the new species now being discovered and published by this project are localised and threatened by development, and so IUCN conservation assessments are included in all publications.
Project partners and collaborators
Université de Yaoundé I: Prof. Bonaventure Sonké
National Botanic Garden of Belgium, Meise: Olivier Lachenaud
Coastal Forest Conservation Unit, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi: Quentin Luke
Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri: : Roy Gereau
Key papers published since 2006:
1. Sonke, B., Nguembou, K.C. & Davis, A.P. (2006). A new dwarf Coffea (Rubiaceae) from southern Cameroon. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 151 (3): 425-430.
2. Cheek, M., Corcoran, M. & Howarth, A. (2008). Four new species of Psychotria (Rubiaceae) with bacterial nodes from western Cameroon. Kew Bulletin 63: 405-418.
3. Cheek, M. (2009). Mussaenda epiphytica sp nov (Rubiaceae), an epiphytic shrub from cloud forest of the Bakossi Mts, western Cameroon. Nordic Journal of Botany 27: 456-459.
4. Davis, A.P., Luke, Q. (2010). A new species of Vangueriopsis Robyns (Rubiaceae) from Kenya: V. shimbaensis. Nordic Journal of Botany 28(5): 513–515.
5. Dawson, S.E. & Gereau, R. (2010). New species of Aidia and Polysphaeria (Rubiaceae) from East Africa. Novon 20: 256-264.
Total number of papers published since 2006: 15 | <urn:uuid:526a06a6-84d7-4a46-a272-157bacb291e3> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/research-data/science-directory/projects/rubiaceae-africa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657131545.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011211-00079-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.863118 | 723 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Techniques used to Increase Motivation Among Employees
the two techniques used to increase motivation among employees in an organisation, i.e, (1) Financial Motivators, and (2) Non-Financial Motivators.
(1) Financial Motivators, and (2) Non-Financial Motivators.
A. Financial Motivators:
Financial motivators may be in the form of more wages and salaries, bonuses, profit-sharing, leave with pay, medical reimbursements, and company paid insurance or any of the other things that may be given to employees for performance. The economists and most managers consider money and financial incentives as important motivators. Behavioural scientists, on the other hand, tend to place them low, neither view is probably right.
Money is the most important to people who are young and are raising their families then to those who have aligned at a stage when money needs are less. Money needs go on changing from time to time. He may like to have a comfortable house later on. For some persons money remains to be a motivator and for others it may never be. According to Gellerman money is actually used to retain people in the organisation and not primarily to motivate them. To attract good persons an organisation will have to offer better wages.
Generally, persons engaged in same type of work are offered equal wages. It is seen as a practice that persons on comparable levels get the same or usually the same compensation. Under such circumstances money tends to be dulled as a motivator. Besides all this money can motivate people if their wages are related to their performance.
B. Non-Financial Motivators:
These motivators are in the nature of better status, recognition, participation, job security etc.
Some of these motivators are discussed here:
Every person wants his work to be recognized by his superiors. When he knows that his performance is known to his boss then he will try to improve it more and more. The recognition may be in the form of a word of praise, a pat on the back, a word of praise, a letter of appreciation, entry in annual confidential report etc.
There may also be awards, certificates plaque etc. The recognition may be for better output, saving the time, improving quality of products, suggestions for better ways of doing things etc. These types of recognitions will act as motivator. If the performance of persons is not recognized and everybody treated on the same footing then good persons will not like to put their best efforts.
Participation has been considered a good technique for motivation. It implies the physical and mental involvement of people in decision-making process. It satisfies ego and self-esteem of persons. They feel important when asked to made suggestions in their field of activity. There is no doubt that most of the people know the problems they will face and their possible solutions. Participation results in motivation and knowledge valuable for the enterprise success. Participation gives a sense of affiliation and accomplishment. It certainly acts as a motivator.
Participation should not mean that managers should abdicate their positions. They should encourage subordinates to participate in matters where they can help. Managers should listen various view-points and then to take decisions themselves.
It refers to a social status of a person and it satisfies egoistic needs. A management may create some status symbols in the organisation. This can be done by way of giving various facilities to the persons. These may be superior furniture, carpets on the flood, attachment of peons, personal assistant etc. To get these facilities a person will have to show a certain amount of performance. When a person achieves certain, facilities then he tries to get better status by working more. In this way status needs act as motivator.
In some organisations competition is used as a motivator. Various persons are given certain objectives and everybody tries to achieve them head of others. There may be praises, appreciation letters, financial incentives to those who reach the goals first. The competitions encourage persons to improve their performance.
5. Job Enrichment:
Job enrichment has been recognized as an important motivator by various researches. The job is made more important and challenging for the workers, may be given wide latitude in deciding about their work methods. The employees will also perform the management functions of planning and control so far as the work is concerned.
According to Heryberg, job enrichment would provide an opportunity for the employees’ psychological growth. The employee is given the dealings and quality standards he must meet. Within a framework he is given a free-hand to decide and perform the work. It brings more job satisfaction and high morale. So it is a recognized device of motivation.
Powered by Commerce Pk | <urn:uuid:ff3a5be2-454e-410b-976b-a7c507bb270d> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.commercepk.com/techniques-to-increase-motivation-among-employees/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187828134.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024033919-20171024053919-00813.warc.gz | en | 0.958158 | 964 | 2.53125 | 3 |
TECHNOLOGY IN JAPAN
car vending machine The Japanese invented canned coffee, instant noodles, karaoke, blue-light-emitting diodes and the Walkman. Japan was a pioneer of MP3 technology. Sony and Phillips co-developed the compact disc. In recent years, though, the Japanese have had a hard time coming up with the next bid thing. It was Apple after all not Sony that came up with the Ipod and Iphone.
Japanese are obsessed with the newest thing and the latest technology. Air conditioners are controlled by remotes; televisions speak in English and Japanese; cars tell you where to go; and robots are everywhere. In automated Japan, taxi doors open and close automatically, airports are cleaned by vacuum cleaners that operate without human help and parking lots have talking ticket-taking machines. Japanese scientists are currently trying to develop cars that can drive themselves.
“In April 2012, the Yomiuri Shimbun reported the Chikyu, an 56,700-ton deep-sea drilling ship, set a record for the deepest undersea research drill, reaching a depth of 7,740 meters in waters off Miyagi Prefecture, the agency said, breaking the record of 7,049.5 meters set by a U.S. vessel in the Mariana Trench in 1978. The Chikyu was at anchor about 220 kilometers off Oshika Peninsula, Miyagi Prefecture, to research the focal regions on the seabed around the Japan Trench, which is believed to have generated huge tsunami on March 11 last year. [Source: Yomiuri Shimbun, April 29, 2012]
Japan’s talent for “monozukuri” (“thing making”) has been a key to its success. In the old days, Japanese thirst for new gadgets and new things kept the industry going. Consumers had the money and the proclivity to snatch up new gizmos that they quickly tired of, desiring even newer models, and a pool of engineers to keep them satisfied. Ideas that caught on were promoted in overseas markets. These days Japanese hold on to their gadgets long and have lost some of their enthusiasm for owning the newest thing. Consequently, sales have slackening in Japan and Japan has lost some of its edge for coming up with cutting edge products.
Japan’s aging population is widely seen as an obstacle to innovation. As the population gets older and fewer young people are born there are less young people around to come up with fresh new ideas and more cranky old people around to pooh pooh the fresh ideas that appear.
There are more engineers in Japan than the United States, even though the population of the U.S. is twice that of Japan. Japan often leads the world in patents. Japanese scientists have filed more patent applications for superconductors than the rest of the world combined. More than 600 have come from Sumitomo Electric, Japan's leading manufacturer of electric wires and cables.
Japan produces more patents per capita than any other nation, almost twice as many as the United States. Patent applications in 2004: 26,946 per 100,000, compared to 5,231 per 100,000 in Germany (highest in Europe). In 2004, Japan applied for more patent applications than other countries according the World Intellectual Property Organization. It filed for 540,100 of the 1,599,000 applications worldwide. The United States had the second most with 346,300. South Korea was third with 157,600. Japan was no. 1 again in the world in patent applications in 2005. Japanese filed for 427,000 patents, the United States was second with 391,000.
R&D spending: 3.2 percent of GNP, compared to 2.7 percent in South Korea and 1.9 percent in Taiwan.
Websites and Resources
EarthSimulator supercomputer Good Websites and Sources: Japan Science and Technology Agency jst.go.jp/EN ; Japan Technology Information japantechniche.com ;Japan Advanced Institute of Science of Technology jaist.ac.jp ; Japan Institute of Invention and Innovation jiii.or.jp/english ;Statistical Handbook of Japan Science and Technology Chapter stat.go.jp/english/data/handbook ; 2010 Edition stat.go.jp/english/data/nenkan ; News stat.go.jp MEXT, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology mext.go.jp/english ; Nanotechnology Research Institute aist.go.jp/nanotech ; Aerospace Industry in Japan 2009 ; Trends in Japan: Science and Technology web-japan.org/trends/science ;Japan Technology Information japantechniche.com ;
Good Websites and Sources: Japanese Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association (JIETA) jeita.or.jp/english ; Google E-Book: The Japanese Electronics Industry books.google.com/books ; JETRO Report on Japanese Consumer Electronics jetro.org/content ; Nikkei Electronic Asia techon.nikkeibp.co.jp ; Gadgets and Consumer Electronics Blogs blogged.com/directory/shopping/consumer-electronics ; Companies Listed by Industry mizuho-sc.com ; Japan Shuffle, a blog with info on electronics japanshuffle.blogspot.com ; Trends in Japan: Science and Technology web-japan.org/trends/science ;
Links in this Website: SCIENCE IN JAPAN Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; NOBEL PRIZES IN JAPAN Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; JAPANESE SPACE PROGRAM Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; TECHNOLOGY IN JAPAN Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; GADGETRY AND INVENTIONS IN JAPAN Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; ROBOTS IN JAPAN Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; SONY, TOYOTA AND HONDA ROBOTS Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; UNIVERSITIES IN JAPAN Factsanddetails.com/Japan ;INDUSTRIES IN JAPAN Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; HYBRIDS, FUEL CELLS AND ELECTRIC CARS IN JAPAN Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; HONDA CARS, PLANES, ROBOTS AND RACING Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; JAPANESE ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; JAPANESE ELECTRONICS COMPANIES Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; CANON, SHARP AND TOSHIBA Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; SONY Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; SONY PRODUCTS Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; PANASONIC Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; TRAINS IN JAPAN Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; SHINKANSEN (JAPANESE BULLET TRAINS) Factsanddetails.com/Japan
Good Websites and Sources on Science: Japan Science and Technology Agency jst.go.jp/EN ; MEXT, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology mext.go.jp/english ; Science Links Japan sciencelinks.jp ; Stanford University J-Guide to Science and Technology jguide.stanford.edu ;Japan Advanced Institute of Science of Technology jaist.ac.jp ; Japan Institute of Invention and Innovation jiii.or.jp/english ; Statistical Handbook of Japan Science and Technology Chapter stat.go.jp/english/data/handbook ; 2010 Edition stat.go.jp/english/data/nenkan ; News stat.go.jp ; Trends in Japan: Science and Technology web-japan.org/trends/science ; Book: “Japanese Science From the Inside” by Samuel Coleman (Routledge, 2000).
Science Museums National Museum of Nature and Science kahaku.go.jp/english ; Museum of Natural History Tohuku University dges.tohoku.ac.jp/museum ; Osaka Museum of Natural History mus-nh.city.osaka.jp ; National Science Museum (Ueno Park in Tokyo) kahaku.go.jp National Museum of Nature and Science and Technology Tokyotopia tokyotopia.com ; Research Centers: Tsukuba Science City Wikipedia Article Wikipedia ; Fujitsu Laboratories fujitsu.com/group/labs ; Hitachi Research Laboratories hitachi.com/rd/hrl ; Toshiba Research and Development Center toshiba.co.jp
History of Technology in Japan
Japanese call staplers “hotchkisses,” in honor of the man who invented the stapler, Eli Hubble Hotchkiss, in 1886. Hotchkiss sent the first shipload of them to Japan in 1910.
In the 1950s and 60s many Japan companies pirated their designs almost directly from foreign products. Canon and Nikon cameras were modeled after German Leicas and the first Hondas were patterned on the British MG and Austin Healey.
The Japanese have hundreds of popular products based on American inventions. In the 1950s U.S. companies failed to fully utilize transistors because they wanted to protect their investments in vacuum tubes. This paved the way for companies like Sony to make transistor radios.
The Japanese have made advances in lasers, diodes, CD players, screen technology, video recorders, and music synthesizers based in many cases on physics and chemistry discoveries made at U.S. laboratories like Bell Labs and RCA.
Research in Japan
The private sector accounts for 80 percent of all research and development spending in Japan. Japanese companies often spend 80 percent of their research and development money on developing new technology. Japan is almost totally dependent on the United States for basic technological research.
In 2007, Japan was named the world’s most innovative nation by the business arm of the Economist magazine with innovation being defined as “the application of knowledge on a novel way, primarily for the economic benefit.” Switzerland, the United States and Sweden were ranked second through forth.
The modern high-tech research city of Tsukuba has been dubbed "brain city." In the "zootron" climate room of the Tsukuba Institute of Animal Husbandry cows are outfitted with gas masks that measure the chemical content of the air they exhale.
The National Research Center for Disaster Prevention (NRCDP) has a corrugated-steel Rainfall Simulator, mounted on railroad tracks, that can produce anything from drizzle to a typhoon. This devise is rolled on artificial hills to get a sense of when dangerous mudslide begin. The NRCDP Earthquake Simulator is a giant hydraulically-powered "shaking" machine that is used to test horizontal and vertical movements on bridges, buildings and other structures. [Source: Smithsonian].
Things aren’t so good in Japan’s universities. Many Japanese universities have crowded labs, out-of-date facilities and a lack of funding. Even Tokyo University has been accused of having rundown equipment and out of date curriculums. In the many universities it is not uncommon for students to skip all their classes and get a friend to take the final exam for them.
In an effort to revitalize Japan's scientific research community, the government is allocated more funds to improve labs, do basic research and create more advanced degree programs. Top universities are trying to reduce class size, boost special skills and attract more young and dynamic lecturers and researchers.
Five Nobel laureates have studied at Kyoto University and five have studied at Tokyo University. Tokyo University’s engineering department is currently running a “Nobel Prize” program in which promising researchers are given ¥10 million a year in research money and access to expensive equipment such laser generators in hopes that they will come up with some Nobel-prize winning discoveries.
Industrial Policy and Japanese Innovation
Steve Lohr wrote in the New York Times, “In the 1980s, the Japanese government was widely viewed as the master practitioner of industrial policy, and Japan Inc. seemed poised to overrun one American industry after another, including computers. As we know, it didn’t turn out that way, partly because of steps taken by the American government and industry. A semiconductor trade agreement was intended to pry open the Japanese market, and I.B.M. invested in a crucial but then-struggling supplier, Intel.” [Source: Steve Lohr, New York Times, January 1, 2011]
“More important, however, Japan never became a force in a particularly unruly, imaginative side of computing: writing software. Generalizations are risky, but it seems that Japan, as a society, has not produced enough of that kind of innovative skill, despite being a formidable patent generator. (In that area, Japan is still slightly ahead of the United States by some measures, though Japan’s patent filing pace is slowing.)
“To call Japan’s industrial policy an outright failure would be simplistic. In some industries — autos, machine tools and consumer electronics, for example — it has done quite well. They are still in the game in those industries and going gangbusters — and we are not,” said Clyde V. Prestowitz Jr., president of the Economic Strategy Institute and a former United States trade negotiator. Still, just how strong a hand government policy had in those successes is open to debate.”
Japanese Patents and Papers
Japan was No.2 in patent applications behind the United States in patent applications in 2009 and 2010. By company Panasonic was No.1 in the world. International patent filings in 2010: 1) United States (44,855 patents, down 1.7 percent from the previous year); 2) Japan (32,156 patents); 3) China (12,337 patents, up 56 percent percent from the previous year); 4) South Korea (9,686 patents, up 20.5 percent from the previous year). [Source: World Intellectual property Organization]
According to the technology information company Thomson Reuters the number of scientific papers from Japan in 2009 was 78,500, which was 6.75 percent of the world’s total. Japan has traditionally been strong in physics and pharmacology, accounting for a relatively large share of of the world total. In space science studies, immunology and physics, more than 10 percent of the most-cited papers came from Japan. The frequency in which Japanese scientific papers were cited in the last five years (.98) was second in Asia behind Singapore (1.0).
The number of published papers by Japanese scientists has increased only modestly between 2000, when 72,000 papers published, and 2009, when 78,500 papers were published according to Thompson Reuters. By contrast China had 125,000 papers published in 2009. “A contributing factor to Japan’s underperformance could be the low rate of international collaboration. Research is driven by domestic activity instead of innovative opportunities with quickly developing neighbors,” wrote Jonathan Adams, director research evaluation at Thomson Reuters.
About 11 percent of the scientific paper published in Japan are in physics
High-Tech Factories in Japan
See Factories, Industry
High-Tech Agriculture in Japan
HDTV Television and Japan
Japan is a leader in high-tech liquid-crystal display screens used on computers and cell phones. In 1996, Fujitsu and other Japanese electronic companies introduced the first flat screen televisions using plasma-technology panels. Early models sold for $10,000.
After being heralded as the next big and sucking up $8.3 billion in research and start up costs, analog high definition television (HDTV) was obsolete before it even fully reached the market. It lost out to digital HDTV, which, with the help of an inexpensive "smart box," could combine the function of a television and a computer. Analog uses radio waves to transmit information while digital uses a computer style code that is cheaper to broadcast.
Blue LEDs and Inventor Rights in Japan
In 1990, Shuji Nakamura, an engineer at Nichia Corporation, invented the blue light emitting diode (LED), an important invention used in wide range of display panels in electronics devises that includes everything from cell phone displays to large outdoor screens. Nakamura succeeded in commercializing the LED it in 1993. Even though the technology earned Nichia hundreds of million of dollars in profits Nichia only gave Nakamura ¥20,000 for the invention.
The blue LED combined with existing red and yellow LEDs made it possible to produce all the colors in display panels with LEDS. LEDS are semiconductors that emit light when electricity is run through them. As of 2004, Nicha had earned ¥121 billion in royalties from the patent for the blue LED.
Nakamura was angry that he didn’t receive more compensation and sued Nichia. In January 2004, Nichia was ordered to pay ¥20 billion to Nakamura. The court decided that Nakamura contributed 50 percent to the patent earnings and deserved ro appropriately rewarded. In January 2005, Nakamura accepted ¥840 billion, $8 million, as a settlement with Nichia.
In a decision like the one involving blue LEDs, Hitachi was ordered to pay a former researcher ¥163 million for patent rights related to optical discs. A Canon researcher was awarded ¥33.52 million in compensation for patented laser printer technology he invented. He has wanted ¥1 billion.
Magnetically Levitated Trains in Japan
Japan and Germany are currently experimenting with MAGLEV trains (magnetically levitated trains that float above the track on a cushion generated by superconducting magnet). A Maglev train has been built in Shanghai.
The Japanese program began in 1962, with testing starting in 1997 on the 18.4-kilometer test line between Tsuru and Otsuki, 30 miles north of Miyazaki, in Yamanashi Prefecture on Kyushu. In 1999, the Japanese maglev train has reached speeds of 552 kph (325mph). French high speed trains have reached 515kph.
In April 2003, 480 people were taken on 500kph ride on a maglev test line Yamanishi Prefecture. Describing the ride Hiroyuki Nakamura wrote in the Yomiuri Shimbun, “The train began its run on wheels just like an ordinary electric train. But when it reached a speed of about 169 kph, it shifted into maglev mode...I felt the train rise into the air for a moment. the noise of the wheels stopped, and I heard a sound similar ro that of an airplane housing its wheels after take off...The speedometer installed in the passenger cabin clocked off every 10kph as the speed increased. In about a minute it topped 500kph.
How Maglev Trains Work
Japanese maglev linear engines are powered by the interaction between superconducting magnets (made with a niobium-titanium alloy and cooled to near absolute zero with expensive liquid helium refrigeration systems) on the trains and track. Each train magnet is simultaneously pushed and pulled by a magnet of the same polarity on the side of the track. The polarity of the side magnets is constantly reversing and the speed in which they reverse determines the speed of the train.
The train floats as result of repulsion of magnets of the same polarity on the train and the bottom of the track, which lifts the train above the track. There is virtually no friction, which allows the train to travel so fast. The ride in a maglev train feels like the ride in an airplane.
Problems with maglev trains include: 1) the incredible weight of the magnets and refrigeration systems, causing trains cars to weigh up as much as 100 tons; 2) magnetic repulsion is inherently unstable because of the way the magnets repel one another so the guideway has to be perfectly smooth so the maglev train can float at a constant six inches above the track; 3) heavy shields are needed to protect passengers from the powerful magnets which can stop watches and pacemakers; and 4) trains tend to move back and forth and up and down, an effect which can be dampened with shock absorbers.
Building a maglev line is very expensive. The main expense is the elevated concrete guideway with embedded aluminum loops and magnets. The cost of liquid helium used as a coolant to create superconductivity us also very high. If superconductors are improved to achieve temperatures high enough for liquid nitrogen then the costs will be cut by a factor of 100. For the train to reach ultra-high speeds the track must be straight, and curves must be banked like those on a bobsled course. Limiting factors that prevent the train from reaching higher speeds are air resistance and tunnels.
Japan and Germany have yet to find commercial applications for maglev technology. In February 2000, Germany announced that it was dropping its plan to build a maglev train because of worries about cost and doubts about whether passengers will pay higher fares for the train.
Fuel Cell and Hybrid Cars in Japan
Image Sources: xorsyst blog
Text Sources: New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Daily Yomiuri, Times of London, Japan National Tourist Organization (JNTO), National Geographic, The New Yorker, Time, Newsweek, Reuters, AP, Lonely Planet Guides, Compton’s Encyclopedia and various books and other publications.
Last updated October 2012 | <urn:uuid:842d7433-22e6-489a-93d0-c54e4e962da3> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://factsanddetails.com/japan/cat26/sub163/item875.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474544.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20240224180245-20240224210245-00555.warc.gz | en | 0.922275 | 4,455 | 2.75 | 3 |
|Kingdom Animale | Phylum Chordata | Subphylum Vertebrata|
This aptly named fish is common in the sandy to muddy sublittoral areas but are occasionally seen in shallower waters. It feeds on small fish. (Length up to 6cm).
From A Guide to Seashore Life by Dr Leo W H Tan and Peter K L Ng
Published by the Singapore Science Centre and sponsored by BP
@Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research and Singapore Science Centre | <urn:uuid:eedfbb98-a37e-4827-9126-8cbb03b09cfd> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://mangrove.nus.edu.sg/pub/seashore/text/238.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886116921.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823000718-20170823020718-00682.warc.gz | en | 0.873244 | 104 | 2.671875 | 3 |
|Posted: Dec 11, 2015|
Nanoscale match-heads boost photovoltaic efficiency(Nanowerk News) Crystal growth on a nano/microscale level results in the formation of “match-head”-like, three-dimensional structures that enhance light absorption and photovoltaic efficiency (ACS Nano, "Si radial p-i-n junction photovoltaic arrays with built-in light concentrators").
|Match-head semiconductor nanowires focus incident light for greater overall efficiency. The match heads are naturally formed during the wire-growth process, which can be applied to various materials and structures for photonic and optoelectronic devices.|
|This is the first large structure grown on a nanowire tip and it creates a completely new architecture for harnessing energy.|
|Enhanced light absorption and efficient, photogenerated carrier collection are essential characteristics of highly efficient solar cells. Nanowires with embedded radial junctions are promising building blocks for highly efficient photovoltaics because of their ability to achieve these two characteristics.|
|The new technology in this highlight provides a novel method for enhancing optical absorption and photovoltaic efficiency with crystal growth. Controlled silicon crystal growth on the tops of silicon wires creates a match-head structure. The match head acts as a light concentrator. Light absorptance was increased by 36% and photovoltaic efficiency was increased by 20%.|
|Because the match-head crystal is naturally grown and minimizes surface energy, this technique is applicable for a wide range of materials and device architectures to boost performance.|
|The ability to control the shape of the nanostructure is essential for manufacturing next-generation semiconductor devices, such as photodetectors and light emitters.|
|Source: Department of Energy|
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These articles might interest you as well: | <urn:uuid:38070ab3-de38-44d6-9c9b-b7e93cf60f5f> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology-news/newsid=42101.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703499999.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116014637-20210116044637-00248.warc.gz | en | 0.902042 | 422 | 2.78125 | 3 |
to produce photographic effects which in New York require only a minute; and the further statement of travelers, engaged in copying the antiquities of Yucatan, that they frequently have been obliged to abandon the use of the camera, and take to their sketch-books, have led to some investigations, similar to those at Kew, for determining the intensity of the chemically-active rays in the tropics. Prof. Thorpe experimented at Pará, situated nearly under the equator, in the northern province of the Brazils, and lying on a branch of the Amazon. Of the results. Prof, Roscoe remarks: "Owing to the rainy sear son having commenced when the experiments were made, the changes in the chemical intensity, as observed from hour to hour, and even from minute to minute, are very sudden and remarkable; this is well shown by the zigzag lines of Figs. 5 and 6; and these, compared with the dotted lines below, indicating the corresponding action on the same
day at Kew, show the enormous variation in chemical intensity which occurs under a tropical sun in the rainy season. Regularly every afternoon, and frequently at other hours of the day, enormous thunder-clouds obscure the sky, and, discharging their contents in the form of deluging rain, reduce the chemical action nearly to zero. The storm quickly passes over, and the chemical intensity rapidly rises to Its normal value. By comparing the curves for Pará and Kew on the same days, we obtain some idea of the energy of chemical action at the tropics, and it is at once evident that the alleged failure of the photographer cannot at any rate be ascribed to a diminution in the sun's chemical intensity, which, in the month of April, 1866, was nearly seven times as great at Pará as at Kew." | <urn:uuid:0c83a6bb-e275-488f-ba86-cdb32a344cab> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Popular_Science_Monthly_Volume_7.djvu/35 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997892557.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025812-00205-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960596 | 376 | 2.671875 | 3 |
iPhones Enhance Learning By: Alexander Fryer
This is a paper I wrote for school.
iPhones Enhance Learning
By: Alexander Fryer
Some schools are buying iPhones for students hoping to enhance learning. Apple came out with the iPhone in 2007 and is in its third generation.1 Digital learning consultant Wesley Fryer comments, “Modern cell phones offer a variety of capabilities, which are being used effectively by educators in different schools to support curricular learning objectives and boost student achievement.”2
For example, you can use a free service by Poll Everywhere to conduct a classroom poll. Thirty people can respond to and vote on your poll by texting their information in. There are many useful applications that you can use for learning such as: a graphing calculator, flash cards, and a dictionary. The iPhone can also be used for converting measurements, and taking notes in class. The camera is a useful tool for recording data. There are hundreds of educational applications being created each day.
The iPhone has a built-in iPod. This means that you can watch videos or listen to recorded lectures as podcasts. “Lectures are the worst possible learning format,” said Associate Dean Brian Brooks, according to the Columbian Missourian. “There’s been some research done that shows if a student can hear that lecture a second time, they retain three times as much of that lecture.”3 This will require teachers to record their lectures, but if a student will remember and retain the information it will make the extra work pay off with better test scores.
As a result there are many educational applications, and you can remember lectures three times better the second time. So, contact your school principal and technology director and tell them that you want iPhones in school!
1. Wikipedia article iPhone
2. Teach digital: Cell Phones for learning
3. Columbian Missourian: School of Journalism to require iPod touch or iPhone for students | <urn:uuid:d779950f-d4d1-40fc-a221-cf8f62e0fafe> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://learningsigns.speedofcreativity.org/2009/10/28/iphones-enhance-learning-by-alexander-fryer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655912255.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710210528-20200711000528-00312.warc.gz | en | 0.951088 | 400 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Hunting and fishing are not merely pastimes enjoyed by Colorado sportsmen and sportswomen. Abundant wildlife is as much a part of Colorado’s identity as our majestic landscapes. In a state that relies on tourism, wildlife-related recreation is a vital part of our economy: It generates $3 billion in economic activity in Colorado every year.
The economic contribution of hunting, fishing and wildlife watching is direct and positive for local individuals and communities. Wildlife creates jobs and brings money into the economy through retail, lodging and dining purchases.
Let’s look at the immediate impacts of spending on hunting and fishing activities in Colorado. According to a 2008 study commissioned by Colorado Parks and Wildlife, hunters and anglers spend an estimated $1 billion on travel expenses and sporting equipment annually. The agency spends another $60 million to directly support wildlife-related activities each year. Besides the initial flush of cash, because that money is spent in local communities, it continues to ripple through the state and provides significant secondary activity of nearly $770 million.
When combined, primary and secondary spending brings in more than $1.8 billion annually. Expenditures by hunters and anglers also support an estimated 21,000 full-time jobs.
In addition, the purchase of hunting and fishing licenses provides most of the support for Colorado Parks and Wildlife management programs that sustain all wildlife species. Consequently, hunters and anglers provide direct support to wildlife watching which, according to the 2008 study, generates $1.2 billion of economic activity in Colorado.
The economic contribution of hunting and fishing for all 17 counties in the southwest region of Colorado Parks and Wildlife totals $270 million annually and supports nearly 3,000 jobs. Rural counties feel the positive effects especially when considering that hunting and fishing typically peak during the “shoulders” of the summer tourist season.
The county-by-county totals for the Southwest Region illustrate just how important hunting and fishing are: Alamosa sees $20.3 million in economic activity; Archuleta, $19.1 million; Conejos, $4.2 million; Costilla, $1.2 million; Delta, $27.8 million; Dolores, $2.5 million; Gunnison, $53.1 million; Hinsdale, $3.0 million; La Plata, $43.3 million; Mineral, $4.4 million; Montrose, $29.1 million; Montezuma, $20.7 million; Rio Grande, $13.3 million; Saguache, $3.3 million; San Juan, $3.9 million; San Miguel, $17.3 million; Ouray, $3.4 million.
Now, let’s go beyond those figures to see how hunting and fishing pay for most of the wildlife management in Colorado. Notably, your tax dollars do not fund the wildlife management efforts of Colorado Parks and Wildlife. Instead, license fees paid by hunters and anglers form a critical and essential core of support for wildlife conservation that extends to all 50 states.
Additionally, every time hunters buy a firearm and every time anglers buy fishing equipment — including boats and motors — they pay federal excise taxes that support wildlife conservation.
In 1937, far-sighted hunters and anglers, who understood that millions of people making small contributions combine significantly for the greater good, worked with Congress to pass the far-reaching Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act. Also known as the Pittman-Robertson Act, it tacks an 11 percent excise tax onto hunting equipment. The money is sent back to the states in matching grants for wildlife conservation.
The Pittman-Robertson Act (PR) also designated that the income states receive from hunting and fishing license revenue must be spent only on wildlife management efforts.
Nationally, $700 million is generated by Pittman-Robertson annually. The money has helped protect more than 40 million acres of land to benefit wildlife. In fiscal year 2010-11, Colorado received $11.8 million in Pittman-Robertson funds.
The Dingell-Johnson Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Act, the fishing equivalent of Pittman-Robertson, was passed by Congress in 1950. In the last fiscal year, $8.7 million in Dingell-Johnson funds came back to Colorado.
Waterfowl hunters also purchase federal and state duck stamps. That money is used solely for wetland protection. In Colorado, wetlands comprise less than two percent of our landscape, but benefit over 75 percent of our wildlife species. Wetland improvements also reduce sedimentation in rivers and streams, help to recharge groundwater, aid in controlling of floods, stabilize stream banks and improve overall water quality.
Since 2006, Colorado’s own Habitat Stamp has raised nearly $17 million for conserving important wildlife habitat. In partnership with other government agencies, private landowners and conservation groups, Habitat Stamp program dollars have protected approximately 119,000 acres of land valued at $111 million.
To go further, dozens of private organizations with roots in hunting and angling, such as Trout Unlimited, Ducks Unlimited, Mule Deer Foundation and many others raise millions of dollars for conservation efforts every year.
The conservation easements and habitat projects paid for with hunting- and fishing-related revenues are “value added,” providing open space, educational opportunities, other wildlife-related tourism from bird watching, and other forms of wildlife viewing.
Colorado just wouldn’t be the same place without our wildlife. So the next time you see a hunter or an angler, remember that their contributions benefit all of us.
Be sure to sight-in your rifle before hunting season to increase your chance of success of harvesting a deer or an elk. Go to your local rifle range.
Joe Lewandowski is the public information specialist for the Southwest region of Colorado Parks and Wildlife. | <urn:uuid:c5158215-b736-4066-a676-05d9e939c057> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.pagosasun.com/archives/2011/09September/091511/odwildlifeconservation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223207046.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032007-00056-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928667 | 1,202 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The Uros Indians of Peru and Bolivia are a very interesting people. They live high in the Peruvian and Bolivian Andes and on Lake Titicaca on floating islands. They were forced onto the lake as the Incan Indians pushed further and further into their territory. The Uros Islands are made of reeds which grow naturally on the banks of Lake Titicaca. The reeds are matted down and added to as they disintegrate at the bottom. The islands float on the surface of the lake. The make their homes, their furniture and their boats out of the reeds. They also eat the tender bottoms of the reeds. There are more than 40 floating islands, the largest being Huacavacani, Toranipata, and Santa Maria.
Habitat is important and becomes tricky when you have to adjust from season to season. In the case of the Uros Indians, there are 40 different floating islands that all have to deal with differing climate change. On the largest islands of Huacavacani and Toranipata, it is not unusual for these islands to float around on the surface of the lake during the rainy season, from November to February. For this reason, conditions have been difficult for the Uros and many have decided to move inland, leaving only the strongest to survive along the island dwellings.
The reeds used to make their island, homes, boats, etc. are called tortora reeds. Life on the islands is hard. Many have moved to the mainland leaving only a few hundred on the islands. The islands rot from the bottom very quickly so that new reeds must constantly be added to the top. The surface is spongy and sometimes difficult to walk on. They also have to travel a distance to find fresh water. Legend says that the full-blooded Uros Indians had black blood that protected them from the frigid temperatures on the water and also from drowning.
The Uros were pushed back onto the lake when the Incas took over the region. The Incas considered the Uros Indians to be so poor that the only tax they required of them was a section of hollow cane filled with rice. After a drought worsened their poverty, most Uros left the islands and intermarried with the Ayamara and Quechua-speaking Indians. The last full-blooded Uro was a woman who died in 1959. The Uros who moved back to the islands are actually a mix of Uros, Ayamaras and Incas, though they follow the ways of the Uros. After the Incas and Spaniards quit exerting their influence, the Uros once again became proud fishermen who survive by living off the tortora reeds as well as hunting, fishing, and selling their beautiful handicrafts.
Though life has been difficult, a recent onslaught in tourism over the last few decades has given hope to the Uros Indians. In terms of work, the Uros Indians like many tribes have made a living through artisanship – namely the arts of weaving and embroidery. With the use of reeds, artisans have been able to create antiques that cannot be found in other parts of the world – such as authentic reed boat caricatures and quilts. These beautiful crafts, known for their colorful designs, have lured tourists who have also given the tribe a glimpse of modern life. In addition to artisans, other jobs for Uros residents include fishermen and hunters which are equally important for gathering food. While good for business, many believe that the slew of tourists is also a prominent reason that many Uros Indians have decided to leave the islands to pursue their normal life on the mainland.
Made from the reeds on the Uros Islands, these hand made boats feature tiny clothed figures in the traditionally shaped reed boats.
The Uros Indians are known for their beautiful and intricate handwork, weaving, spinning, and embroidery.
Photos property of Hands Around the World
Puno – The islands are inhabited by the Uros Indians and the flow of Indians departing to live on the mainland has been stemmed by the onslaught of tourism.
CULTUREFOCUS: Peru photos. Pictures from Lake Titicaca.
Puno, Gateway to Lake Titicaca
Puno, Titicaca lake: travel to Bolivia and Peru | <urn:uuid:2064f974-a249-4ccf-897f-e861b4735e1c> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.indian-cultures.com/cultures/uros-indians/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736677402.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215757-00126-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971234 | 885 | 3.59375 | 4 |
@ Your Library
by Beverly Ewart
Can you recite Jabberwocky by heart? What’s the difference between Tweedle Dee and Tweedle Dum? Have you ever been late, late, for a very important date? Does it make you mad as a hatter when your friend gets that Cheshire cat grin on his face? Do politics remind you of life in Wonderland - curiouser and curiouser? Or is that a rabbit hole you’d rather not go down?
Chances are you’re familiar with all of those everyday names and phrases made popular by Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland.
When the calendar flips to March I think of Alice - call me crazy, but I think it’s the March Hare that does it. Here are some titles that re-imagine Wonderland, in case March makes you think of Alice, too:
- After Alice by Gregory Maguire. A tale inspired by Lewis Carroll's beloved classic follows the experiences of Alice's friend, Ada, who, upon tumbling down the same rabbit hole, embarks on an odyssey to find and reclaim her friend from a surreal world.
- The Story of Alice: Lewis Carroll and the Secret History of Wonderland by Robert Douglas-Fairhurst.
- Alice in Tumblr-Land: And Other Fairy Tales for a New Generation by Tim Manley. Disney meets Lena Dunham in this illustrated humor book featuring your favorite fairy-tale characters dating and finding their way in 21st-century America.
- Alice in Zombieland by Gena Showalter. (The White Rabbit Chronicles; Book 1) Alice Bell must learn to fight the undead to avenge her family and learn to trust Cole Holland who has secrets of his own.
- Alice in Wonderland retold by Martin Powell; illustrated by Daniel Perez. A graphic novel adaptation of the tale in which a little girl falls down a rabbit hole and discovers a world of nonsensical and amusing characters.
- Alice Through the Looking Glass: A Matter of Time adapted by Carla Jablonski; based on the screenplay by Linda Woolverton; based on characters created by Lewis Carroll. "Based on events from the film Alice Through the Looking Glass, this unique illustrated novel allows readers to follow Alice, the Mad Hatter, the Red Queen and the White Queen as they journey through time. Each of the four characters has their own distinct art style to accompany their unpredictable adventures. As readers travel along, they will be faced with choices that may turn the world--or at least the book itself--upside down." Amazon.
- Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland [DVD] Paramount Pictures. Alice's fantastic adventures lead her straight to some of the most memorable characters ever imagined, including the Mad Hatter, the Queen of Hearts, Humpty Dumpty, the Cheshire Cat, Tweedle Dee and Tweedle Dum. When Alice falls down a rabbit hole, she is transported to a magical world.
- Alice in Wonderland [DVD] Walt Disney Pictures presents ; a Roth Films production, a Team Todd production, a Zanuck Company production, a film by Tim Burton. Alice, now 19 years old, returns to the whimsical world she first entered as a child and embarks on a journey to discover her true destiny.
- Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass by Lewis Carroll; illus. by John Tenniel.
Baby Storytime is for kids from birth-18 months and their caregivers, no registration needed. Tuesday mornings from 10:00-10:45am. We feature books, bounce rhymes, songs, fingerplays, and social/play time.
Toddler Storytime is for kids from 18-35 months and their caregivers. No registration required! Everyone will enjoy books, flannel board stories, fingerplays, movement and music on Monday mornings from 10:30-11:00am.
Preschool Storytime is for 3-5 year olds and their caregivers. No registration is needed. There will be books, flannel board stories, songs, fingerplays, movement, and crafts on Wednesday mornings from 10:30-11:15am.
Junior Writers Group is for ages 8-12. This group meets the second and last Thursday of the month from 3:30-4:50. No registration is needed. Children are encouraged to brainstorm on a given theme, write and perhaps illustrate a short story, and share it with the group.
Battle of the Books: Please note: the registration deadline for the 2019 Canton Battle of the Books is coming up on Saturday, March 23rd!
Anime Club. Join us on Friday evenings from 5-7 to experience anime both old school and contemporary. We are currently watching Steins;Gate 0.
Casuals Wielding Dice: Join Dave Crowell Wednesdays from 2:30pm to 5pm on Wednesdays for epic adventures through a variety of different tabletop games!
Chess Club: Mondays from 5pm to 7pm.
Game Club now runs on Mondays from 3-5pm. Stop in at the library and try your hand at any of our multitude of games!
Nerd Club is once again being held at Canton High School! If you know a high school student who might be interested, direct them to the library conference room on Tuesdays from 2:30-3:20.
Hours: Canton Free Library (phone: 315 386 3712) is open Monday 9:30am - 8pm, Tuesday 9:30am - 5pm, Wednesday 9:30am - 8pm, Thursday 9:30am -5pm, Friday 9:30am -5pm, and Saturdays from 10am -3pm. Please note that the book drop remains open 24/7 for returns. Rensselaer Falls Branch Library (phone: 315 344 7406) is open Monday 4pm-6pm, and Wednesday and Friday from 3pm -6pm. Morley Branch Library (phone: 315 379 0066) is open Tuesdays & Thursdays from 1pm - 4pm. Please call the branch libraries before visiting, to be sure that they are open; hours may vary.
For more CFL news, “like” the library page on Facebook. Find new additions to our collection on our website: cantonfreelibrary.org. To renew your current checkouts, login to ncls.org; you may also renew via email at email@example.com, or by calling (315) 386-3712.
Tumble into Wonderland @ your library! | <urn:uuid:8f873a55-eff3-4ddb-9e4d-bf83cf7dadfb> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.cantonfreelibrary.org/node/394 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204736.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325234449-20190326020449-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.913226 | 1,360 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Omega-3’s are called “essential” fatty acids because the body requires them for the vital role they play in the health of all bodily cells. Although essential for optimal health, the body cannot manufacture these polyunsaturated fats and they must be obtained through dietary sources. Cold water oily fish and fish oil supplements are the main dietary sources of omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) essential fatty acids. For decades, science has shown that the omega-3’s found in fish oils have numerous positive health benefits.
In addition to favorable cardiovascular protective effects, mounting scientific evidence shows that a diet rich in omega-3’s supports healthy brain function, promotes healthy eyes and vision, supports a healthy immune response and protects nerve and brain cells from oxidative stress and damage. Omega-3’s also promote healthy triglyceride levels, support joint mobility and flexibility, support digestive and gastrointestinal health, promote the metabolism of dietary fat and cholesterol and encourage a healthy inflammatory response. Whew! If you are not eating fish several times each week or taking fish oil supplements, the question is why not?
If the answer is simply that you follow a vegetarian diet or that you really don’t care for fish, be sure that you include plant-sourced alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) omega-3 in your daily meals. ALA can be found in palm, flaxseed, coconut and olive oils, in raw nuts such as cashews, pecans and walnuts, some seeds like chia and flaxseed and in some green vegetables such as kale, spinach and Brussels sprouts. Other dietary options include omega-3 enriched foods, including eggs and fortified dairy foods. As ALA is actually a precursor to EPA and DHA, a vegetarian’s challenge is the reliance on favorable circumstances for bodily processes to convert dietary ALA to the biologically active forms of EPA and DHA. Unfortunately, this conversion is often inefficient and may be negatively affected by age, genetics, health status and poorly designed diets.
Although conversion can be slow or incomplete, sufficient ALA intake may be enough to supply adequate levels to avoid deficiency but may not be enough for optimal health. Evidence shows that vegetarians’ blood and tissue levels of EPA and DHA are about one half that of non-vegetarians. Our body’s abilities to make EPA and DHA from ALA partly depends on the other types of fats we eat. High consumption of omega-6 fats, found in corn, safflower and other blended vegetables oils, can interfere with ALA conversion. Getting enough DHA is particularly troublesome, as possibly excessive amounts of ALA are required to produce more optimal DHA levels.
Ideally, we need a ratio of about 3:1 omega-6 fats to omega-3 fats. Our modern diet is skewed heavily in the direction of omega-6, which is pro-inflammatory and aids blood clotting, and seriously lacking in omega-3, which is anti-inflammatory and an anti-coagulant. Many of us, especially vegans and vegetarians, need to take a closer look at our diets to ensure not only a more balanced ratio, but that we are getting the omega-3’s we require for good health. Adding more plant based omega-3 fatty acids to our diets is a good idea for all us, as these foods also contain vitamins, minerals, fiber and phytonutrients. The amount of omega-3’s contained in fish is closely related to what the fish eat. Fish that eat algae and sea plants that are rich in omega-3’s contain the highest amounts of omega-3’s. Supplementing is a way for those who don’t eat fish to ensure they are getting optimal amounts of these healthy essential fats.
Because there are limited options for vegans and vegetarians to ensure sufficient amounts of DHA through diet, supplementing can reduce the risk of dietary deficiency and provide the numerous health benefits of omega-3’s, especially for those over 60 years of age. Minimizing oils high in omega-6 and cutting back on fried foods will also aid ALA conversion to EPA and DHA. In order to convert ALA, the body needs other nutrients including vitamins B3, B6 and C and the minerals zinc and magnesium. In addition to providing an excellent source of soluble and insoluble fibers, flax seeds is the richest source of ALA for everyone and especially suitable for vegetarians.
Professional Supplement Center offers these and other high quality omega-3 and multi-nutrient supplements for vegans and vegetarians:
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Vegetarian’s Challenge – Optimizing Essential Fatty Acid Status. http://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/020810p22.shtml
Omega-3 Fatty Acid Recommendations for Vegetarians. http://www.veganhealth.org/articles/omega3
Plant Sources of Omega 3s. http://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/heart/prevention/nutrition/food-choices/plant-sources-of-omega-3s | <urn:uuid:3f81a2b3-940c-4aee-8e07-7be244d558d7> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | http://blog.professionalsupplementcenter.com/omega-3s-for-vegetarians/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943809.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20230322114226-20230322144226-00371.warc.gz | en | 0.921632 | 1,374 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Cross memorial on public land debated
High court's Scalia says he has no problem with it
WASHINGTON — As the Supreme Court weighed a dispute over a religious symbol on public land yesterday, Justice Antonin Scalia was having difficulty understanding how some people might feel excluded by a cross put up as a memorial to soldiers killed in World War I.
“It's erected as a war memorial. I assume it is erected in honor of all of the war dead,” Scalia said of the cross the Veterans of Foreign Wars built 75 years ago atop an outcropping in the Mojave National Preserve. “What would you have them erect? . . . Some conglomerate of a cross, a Star of David, and you know, a Muslim half moon and star?”
Peter Eliasberg, the American Civil Liberties Union lawyer arguing the case, said the cross is the predominant symbol of Christianity and commonly used at Christian grave sites, not that the devoutly Catholic Scalia needed to be told that. “I have been in Jewish cemeteries,” Eliasberg continued. “There is never a cross on a tombstone of a Jew.”
There was mild laughter in the packed courtroom, but not from Scalia. “I don't think you can leap from that to the conclusion that the only war dead that that cross honors are the Christian war dead. I think that's an outrageous conclusion,” Scalia said.
The court is considering whether the cross' presence on the land violates the Constitution, despite Congress' decision to transfer the land on which the cross sits to private ownership.
Scalia strongly suggested that he sees no problem with the cross at all. By contrast, lower federal courts did find a constitutional violation and were not convinced that the land transfer fixed the problem.
The case has similarities to the long-running one involving the 29-foot-tall cross atop Mount Soledad in La Jolla. The land the cross sits on was transferred from the city of San Diego to the U.S. Department of Defense as a war memorial in 2006.
Last year, U.S. District Judge Larry Burns ruled that the cross “communicates the primarily nonreligious messages of military service, death, and sacrifice.”
The Mojave cross has been covered up for years following the court rulings. Court papers describe the cross as being 5 feet to 8 feet tall.
Several conservative justices seemed open to the Obama administration's argument that Congress' decision to transfer to private ownership the land on which the cross sits ends any government endorsement of the cross and takes care of the constitutional questions.
The liberal justices, on the other hand, indicated that they agree with a federal appeals court that ruled that the land transfer was a sort of end-run around the First Amendment prohibition against government endorsement of religion.
A decision is expected by spring.
Veterans groups are on both sides of the case. Some worry that other religious symbols that serve as war memorials could be threatened by a ruling against the Mojave cross. Jewish and Muslim veterans object that the Mojave cross honors Christian veterans and excludes others. | <urn:uuid:355f830c-84f8-490d-af0d-144a0fc8e092> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2009/oct/08/cross-memorial-public-land-debated/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257823387.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071023-00300-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959899 | 639 | 2.59375 | 3 |
DF-4 [the "Chingyu" missile]
The two-stage DF-4 (CSS-3) limited-range ICBM was designed initially to hit the US base at Guam and later modified to increase its range to 4750 kms so as to be able to strike Moscow. The launcher is a DF-3 with an added upper stage designed to provide power for boosting a 2,200 kilogram 3-MT warhead over a range of 5,500-6,000 kilometers. The first tests of this system were conducted from Jianshui [Chingyu] in November 1970 and 1971 to an impact area 2,050 nautical miles away. Continued testing and possible deployment were reported over the succeeding years. The testing programs clearly indicated that China had the potential to deploy a missile capable of reaching European Russia, but only limited deployment occurred. In 1972 US intelligence estimated an IOC for this system as being expected in 1974 or 1975. Series production of the DF-1 and DF-2, along with development of the DF-5 might have stretched China's RDT&E capabilities to the limit, resulting in a low priority for deployment of what may have been a marginally effective missile.
Deployment actually began in 1975-76, but only four DF-4s were believed to be in place by 1984; and one report stated that these launchers were without warheads at the time. An estimated 30 DF-4s have been constructed for ballistic missile use. By 1995 between 10 to 16 were deployed, and by 1997 estimates of the deployed force ranged as high as 20 missiles.
China conducted a flight test of a DF-4 on 29 August 2002. The missile was monitored by U.S. intelligence as it was fired from the missile test facility in southern China to a remote impact area in the northwestern part of the country. As of mid-2002 China was believed to have about 20 DF-4s with a range of up to 4,340 miles.
Two launch configurations exist for the CSS-3: a rollout-to-launch site and an elevate-to-launch silo. Many of the DF-4s are stored in tunnels under high mountains, and are launched immediately outside the mouth of the tunnel. The missiles must be moved into the open and fueled prior to firing, an operational mode dubbed chu men fang pao (shooting a firecracker outside the front door), with the fueling operation apparently requiring about two hours.
|Contractor||Chinese Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology - CALT|
|Operator||Second Artillery Corps|
|Firings as of 1972||2|
|Range (km)||4,500 - 7,000|
|Re-entry Vehicle Weight (kg)||2,000|
|Yield||2-3 MT, 3.3 MT|
|CEP (meters)||1,400 - 3,500|
|Launch Preparation Time||60-120 minutes|
|Join the GlobalSecurity.org mailing list| | <urn:uuid:27dce573-f22e-4072-bb00-c0dfeabfd121> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/china/df-4.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258058.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190525124751-20190525150751-00449.warc.gz | en | 0.953843 | 624 | 2.875 | 3 |
National Holiday — Day of the birth of the poet Robert Burns (Robert Burns, on January 25 1759 — July 21 in 1796) is widely celebrated in his native Scotland. The Scots are very proud of their famous compatriot and honor his memory. The holiday is held not only in Scotland, but in many areas of the UK.
Birthday of Robert Burns made in the form of dinner to celebrate (the so-called Burns Supper), conducted on a particular scenario. First — a small stage show, with poems, songs and folk dances. In Scotland, Burns is revered as a symbol of the nation, and therefore the poet's birthday — one of the most popular holidays in the country of the hills — is celebrated widely and loudly.
On this day shotlantsy removed from the wardrobes of costumes. Kilt and pattern fabric — tartan — passed only through the family line and determines the membership of a particular clan. Clans originate from ancient times, when only the Highlanders (Scots living in the mountains, not the plains) were divided into clans family. Belonging to a particular clan is still an important feature of Scottish family.
Festive treat in Burns' birthday is composed exclusively of Scottish cuisine. Hughes is traditionally prepared from finely minced sheep offal with the addition of oatmeal and spices. Together with Hughes at the holiday table served with boiled potatoes and turnips. For dessert, knowledgeable hostess prepares kranihen — whipped cream with raspberries and toasted oatmeal. And, of course, on the table that day — the famous Scottish whiskey.
was born in a farmer's family. Even in school, Robert began writing in a notebook his first poems. He wrote only that he has experienced and felt — the joy and sorrow, love of women, devotion homeland. Burns was a youth in need and hard work and, as usually happens, awakened his love. He had a tumultuous personal life is full of novels. The subject of his poems — it's love, freedom, and the nature of Scottish history. Scottish language was not for him the dying dialect and exquisite poetic tool. Poetry charms with its simplicity, playfulness and amazing musicianship.
Burns lauded as a romantic poet, but his poems and ballads reflect the practical common sense of the peasants among whom he grew up. Creativity Burns marked the heyday of Scottish poetry — lyric, earthy, satirical, sometimes naughty.
And now no Scottish home, where would not be standing on the shelves of books Burns and Burns, where there hung a portrait of him . Especially popular among Scottish Burns poem "In the mountains of my heart» (My Heart's in the Highlands), which is filled with a love of Scotland.
In the mountains of my heart ... Until now I was there,
On the trail of a deer flying through the rocks,
I drive I'm a deer, goat scare,
In the mountains of my heart, and I myself downstairs.
Farewell, my native land! North, farewell —
Fatherland edge of glory and valor.
On the fate of persecuted white light,
I'll stay forever your son! | <urn:uuid:6985d029-aa28-4b4e-bc63-9d7b2c2f847c> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://calendr.net/holiday/98 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221212040.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817104238-20180817124238-00306.warc.gz | en | 0.969568 | 649 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Gambling impacts on Aboriginal communities in New South Wales, Australia: community leaders’ perspectives
© Breen et al.; licensee Springer. 2013
Received: 23 January 2013
Accepted: 27 March 2013
Published: 4 April 2013
Gambling affects communities in many ways, yet relatively little research has investigated community level impacts of gambling in the context of Indigenous communities. To help address this gap in research, this research investigates the impacts of gambling on Aboriginal communities across New South Wales, Australia. Thirteen Aboriginal community leaders were interviewed by an Aboriginal member of the research team. Interviews were semi-structured, in-depth and conducted by telephone. The results showed some culturally distinctive positive and negative gambling impacts were being experienced across different Aboriginal communities. Positive impacts were reported as collective socialising and the opportunity to win money. Negative impacts were said to be community deprivation and cultural obligations not being fulfilled. Several important public health strategies to reduce negative gambling impacts were suggested. These were to enable self-recognition of gambling difficulties by the gambler, to use already established Aboriginal support groups to assist in this process, and to design and provide culturally appropriate public education and gambling awareness programs targeted at a community level. Recognising differences between communities, involvement by local Aboriginal people in developing and providing public health programs is recommended.
“Some communities face widespread problems … Some Indigenous communities fall into this group …” (Productivity Commission, 2010, p. 3.8).
Gambling is an acceptable pastime for many people in society. Internationally, the liberalization of gambling opportunities since the mid-1990s has expanded the variety of gambling types available and increased gambling choices for most people (Reith, 2006). For example, in Australia about 70–75% of adults gamble at least once per year in hotels, clubs, newsagents, casinos, off-course betting agencies and online (Productivity Commission, 2010). Gambling expenditure trends are stabilizing in most states and territories but in New South Wales (NSW) average gambling expenditure rose 4.4% in the past year to $1,318.67 per adult in 2008–09 (Office of Economic and Statistical Research (OESR), (2011). A small proportion of adults in Australia (up to 2.1%) experience moderate risks and problems in controlling their gambling (Productivity Commission, 2010). The harm arising from excessive or problematic gambling affects problem and at-risk gamblers, their families, friends, employers, communities and society in a widening circle. Their physical and mental health may suffer and their wider financial, legal, social, family and community domains are usually affected (Thomas & Jackson, 2004; 2008). Thus, for the general population, gambling problems give rise to serious impacts, the burden of which spread outwards from the gambler.
However, as (McMillen 2009) points out, at the level of local communities, gambling behavior, policy impacts, community harm and wellbeing varies from one locality to another. Gambling can have different local impacts, depending on its regional prevalence and the nature of the areas themselves (Productivity Commission, 1999). Further, how gambling affects smaller cultural and/or disadvantaged groups in the population is not well known. Most gambling studies, (Raylu and Oei 2002) maintain, are Western-based with results often generalized to other cultural groups creating a research vacuum. Certain cultural groups appear to be more vulnerable to gambling uptake and to the development of problem gambling (Raylu & Oei, 2004), a suggestion supported by Marshall and Wynne (2003) in research conducted with First Nations people in Canada. In fact, Williams, Rehm and Stevens (2011) called specifically for more research into impacts of gambling on Indigenous peoples, specifically Canadian First Nations, Australian Aborigines, and New Zealand Maori and Pacific people when assessing the social and economic impacts of gambling. Our paper attempts to reduce this knowledge gap for Aboriginal Australians. While not attempting to assess the socio-economic impact of gambling on Aboriginal communities, this paper investigates the positive and negative impacts of gambling on their communities, as perceived by Aboriginal community leaders.
Aboriginal Australian people comprise a small group in the national population (2.5%) which is relatively young, with about 27% living in remote regions (compared to 2% of non-Aboriginal Australians) and about 30% living in major cities (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2006, 2012). Many Aboriginal Australians are vulnerable in terms of disproportionate levels of community health, social, economic and environmental disadvantage (ABS, 2012; Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2011; Bailie, Stevens & McDonald, 2012). Experiencing higher rates of risk factors for smoking, alcohol and substance misuse (AIHW, 2011), knowledge about gambling and its impacts is very limited (Breen, 2012; Cultural & Indigenous Research Centre Australia [CIRCA], 2011; McMillen & Donnelly, 2008; Stevens & Young, 2009). Any activity increasing financial problems among vulnerable groups can only have a negative effect on their overall well-being (Reith, 2006). In fact (Reith 2006) calls for research to examine the ways and the extent that gambling and problem gambling exacerbates disadvantage.
Gambling has emerged as a significant public health issue for many groups in society (Korn & Shaffer, 1999). Investigating gambling from a public health perspective has broadened the field from just investigating individual gambling and gambling-related problems to investigating the health and wellbeing effects of gambling on individuals, families and community groups. A key reason for this broadening is to identify public health implications of gambling for different groups. Treating gambling within a public health framework also underpins the use of models of gambling harm minimization, the generation of social conditions which protect gambling consumers, for treatment and for early identification of those at risk of developing gambling problems (Korn, Gibbons & Azmier, 2003). Research efforts to identify and potentially limit harmful gambling impacts are an essential component of good public health practice.
Also integral for public health investigations is the need for balanced research, recognizing and documenting positive and negative aspects of gambling. Critical of some gambling investigations, Korn (2000) suggests that when negative impacts are the focus of a gambling investigation, the contrasting positive impacts (if included) are often treated superficially. Korn and Shaffer (1999) argue for a balanced approach stating that an evaluation of social costs and possible benefits must be included when investigating impacts of gambling on communities. In Australia possible benefits of gambling for Aboriginal people have been reported as relaxation (Dickerson et al., 1996), socializing, enjoyment, winning (Breen et al., 2011; McMillen & Togni, 2000) and acceptance (Breen, 2012). Key negative consequences have been identified as financial hardship (Dickerson et al., 1996; McDonald & Wombo, 2006; Stevens & Young, 2009) family and children relationship problems (Breen et al., 2011; CIRCA, 2011; McMillen & Donnelly, 2008;) and community difficulties such as alcohol and other drug use while gambling, crowded housing and hygiene and nutrition impacts on children, their carers and the elderly (Stevens & Bailie, 2012; Hunter, 1993; McKnight, 2002; Phillips, 2003). Most prior research has been conducted in limited geographical regions so it remains unknown if these results are common for Aboriginal people across the state of New South Wales.
Aboriginal Australians, the original people of Australia, are identified culturally as a community. The word community is used to describe Aboriginal groups by their kinship, language or belonging to a particular place or country (Altman & Smith, 1992). Demonstrating belonging to a community, about two-thirds (62%) of Aboriginal adults identify with a clan, tribal or language group (AIHW, 2011). Within Aboriginal law, rights are based in the community where family and community are more important than the individual (Randall, 2003; Wright, 1997). Upholding traditional values, fulfilling reciprocal obligations and maintaining kin relationships are important for the overall health and well-being of the community. Thus, any investigation of Aboriginal gambling should include community impacts.
Therefore the aim of this paper is to explore the impacts of gambling for Aboriginal communities throughout New South Wales, Australia. Using a public health paradigm, we report positive and negative impacts of gambling in Aboriginal communities and how they might be addressed, as identified by Aboriginal community leaders.
Permission for this study was gained from the Aboriginal Health & Medical Research Council of NSW (AHMRC) (Ethics no:760/10) and a university ethics committee (Ethics no: ECN-10-178).
A qualitative, interpretivist approach was used to consult with people knowledgeable about gambling in Aboriginal communities. This approach is based on the assumption that reality is constructed by people interacting with each other, and is focused on empathic understanding of people’s social and cultural contexts (Gubrium & Holstein, 2000).
Thirteen Aboriginal community leaders (nine men and four women), from different regions across NSW comprising three urban, four regional, four rural and two remote locations, consented to be interviewed for this research. Nine participants were democratically elected with a two year mandate to represent their Aboriginal constituents. The other four participants were well-known people appointed to regional positions, representing community health services, welfare and sport. These leaders individually and collectively have a high degree of participation and involvement with their local communities to provide and manage Aboriginal community services. With solid community involvement, their personal experience of gambling, and their observations of and knowledge about gambling in the communities they represent, these 13 participants provided in-depth information about Aboriginal gambling in their home regions.
Can you describe any positive effects of gambling on local Aboriginal individuals and families?
Are there any positive effects of gambling for the community?
Can you describe any negative effects of gambling on local Aboriginal individuals and families?
Are there any negative effects of gambling for the community?
What could Aboriginal people do collectively to reduce negative gambling impacts in their communities?
Thematic analysis was used to analyse the interviews. As suggested by Braun and Clarke (2006) each interview was coded, analysed and interpreted in a process that was reviewed and repeated many times. Eventually important themes were drawn from the raw data. A theme captures something important about the data in relation to the research aim. To further ensure confidence in the results, Nvivo software V.8 was used in the coding and analysis and to review the emerging pattern of themes (QSR, 2008). Using this software also facilitated inter-rater reliability between researchers and joint refinement of themes. Emergent themes are discussed below.
Results and discussion
Key themes explored in the interviews centred on positive and negative gambling impacts and suggestions for reducing identified negative impacts in communities. Quotations highlighting personal experiences reveal examples of issues that impact on communities and the participants as well.
Theme one: collective socialising and the opportunity to win money
In relation to their perception of positive gambling experiences, two themes emerged from the majority (8) of the participants: collective socialising and the opportunity to win money. In contrast, five participants could not see anything positive about gambling.
Collective socialising was said to include socialising with a congenial group, cultural acceptance by companions, the opportunity to reminisce about historical events and having some temporary relief from pressures at home. Group socialising, cultural acceptance and story-telling appear to support some collective elements of Aboriginal society. As a minority group with historically disrupted relationships, many Aboriginal communities have been isolated from one another on cattle stations, religious missions or Aboriginal reserves, so that social activity which re-unites people is highly valued (Randall, 2003). Opportunities for people to gather or congregate are important (Martin, 2008). With an oral tradition of story-telling, remembering and passing on community history is a vital aspect of many Aboriginal societies, including Australian Aboriginal people (Phillips, 2003). Typical responses indicating collective socialising were:
“There are positives … allows that social interaction and people aren’t ostracised in a sense, they know where they fit in. They know there’ll be a group of people doing something where they can participate. That’s a positive”.
“The only positive thing that I can see out of this is our mob coming together. You go to a pub or a club and it’s the only thing and you can see these people and these people. It’s communal”.
“It’s a get together … have a good time and remember the glory days.”
In terms of winning money, the participants reported that the opportunity to win money, to have a life-changing win and being able to purchase items for family needs were important for many community members. For communities experiencing social and economic disadvantage, the chance to win extra money to improve living conditions and aspire to a better life was attractive. Reflecting this theme of winning, some people said:
“Some of our people have won a lot of money. Our people come from a poor background and they see it [gambling] as a way to get that quick fix or to try to get ahead”.
“If you win … it helps them, sets them up for the rest of their life, just to win some nice money”.
“They might be able to go and buy their kids something or for themselves or for the house”.
A mixed response was provided by one person who recognised from prior experience the positive collective socialising features of gambling and negative consequences for him resulting in his abstinence from gambling. He said:
“I know when I used to go in there of a Saturday afternoon and I’d sit around and be with all the brothers sitting there and we’d be laughing and giggling amongst ourselves and that social was the one thing that I really miss because … well if I go to the pub I know that I might be tempted to gamble so I’ll avoid going to the pub altogether, I’ll avoid going to the club altogether. You shut yourself out from all of those things”.
Theme two: community deprivation and unfulfilled cultural obligations
In relation to the perception of negative gambling experiences, two themes emerged from the majority (12) of the participants: community deprivation and unfulfilled cultural obligations due to excessive gambling.
Community deprivation was seen to arise in part from a long-held respect for traditional Aboriginal obligations to share resources with those in need. Based on extensive relationship networks, Aboriginal Australians are expected to be responsible for the care of others and expect reciprocal treatment in return (Randall, 2003). Thus, when gamblers exhaust their funds, they may ask for and expect assistance from others. The provision of extra funds for gambling may lead to a ripple effect of negative consequences within a community. The progression of interrelated losses and debts that affect the gambler may radiate outwards in a circle of harmful consequences affecting many other people, with increasing high economic leakage and social adversity as indicated by McKnight (2002). Consistent with Hunter (1993), the opportunity costs as a result of gambling losses also constrain community development by limiting resources available for other projects. When the burden of debts was shared collectively, the entire community was poorer as a result. A summary of these ideas can be seen in people’s responses:
“If someone gambles all their food money our mob will all bail each other out and buy it for them and provide food for the family to have so they’re not left hungry. So people don’t tend to have to go without, they more or less look after each other”.
“If it gets to the stage where it’s affecting their family and their family has to depend on other agencies to assist them, well the burden it places on the agencies affect the community as a whole … it connects everyone into a poor place”.
Negative cultural consequences were explained as unfulfilled cultural obligations, including a lack of community role models. Ceremonial practices and spiritual values were diminished for communities through a lack of regard for upholding cultural obligations. Important obligations include maintaining harmony within and between different worlds, material and spiritual (Martin, 2008). By developing a dependence on gambling, some leaders, Elders and role models are reported to neglect their responsibility to hand down traditional knowledge, history and culture to younger community members. The eventual cost of such risky gambling behaviour was believed to be serious for them and show a lack of loyalty and respect to their culture and community. A couple of respondents raised this by observing:
“Culturally it’s bad for them as well because … when they’re consumed by some addiction they can’t really open their mind to the rest of things that are important. If they can’t even be loyal to their kids … or family to make sure they’re meeting their obligations, how can they meet their obligations in the community”?
“… they’re sort of gambling way outside their means and it’s affecting them physically, mentally and spiritually, the repercussions could be suicidal tendencies”.
A lack of leadership by role models affected children, families and communities in negative ways. For children a lack of leadership by people who ought to be role models, their parents and grandparents, was perceived to exacerbate the negative effects of gambling losses. The long-term prospects for some children were seen as being impaired by gambling problems in families, an outcome also reported by Stevens and Bailie (2012). For families, deteriorating relationships, a lack of ability to care for others and poverty led to extra responsibilities being placed on community assistance. Poverty affected people quickly, children were adversely affected in many ways and the need for awareness about gambling impacts was obvious to several participants, as these comments reveal:
“Leadership I suppose is one really big thing. Because the kids see what the parents do let alone the grandparents that they’re staying with and finding that we’re always broke and we have to wait until next fortnight. Then they get annoyed with their parents or the people that are spending the money in their families and so the relationships start to crumble”.
“… that gambling is infringing on their ability to care for their family … that’s when it starts becoming a big issue and it not only affects them, it affects their immediate family and in the end the wider community”.
“Obviously we’re all related in some way and we all know each other and if that person is going down then it takes the family with them. They need more support services out there. I think more people are becoming aware now that gambling is an issue in the community”.
Thus, collective socialising and the opportunity to win money were recognised by these leaders as positive for Aboriginal communities in NSW. In contrast, negative gambling impacts were reported as community deprivation due to damaging ripple effects extending through communities and cultural obligations not being fulfilled.
These results can be considered in relation to previous research that has identified a range of potential social and economic impacts of gambling at the community level. In reviewing 492 studies, Williams, Rehm and Stevens (2011) concluded that the most consistent economic impacts across all forms of gambling tend to be: increased government revenue, increased public services, increased regulatory costs, and either positive or negative impacts on non-gambling businesses. The most consistent social impacts across all forms of gambling were found to be: increased problem gambling, increased crime, increased socio-economic inequality, and more negative attitudes toward gambling. Apart from collective socialising, the current study found no evidence that the Aboriginal leaders perceived that their communities received any economic benefit from gambling, apart from the occasional gambling win. However, they did acknowledge substantial negative community impacts caused by gambling-related problems and the potential of gambling to widen socioeconomic inequalities. While gambling contributed to social cohesion, the impacts of more problematic gambling were perceived as being highly detrimental and threatened community and cultural cohesion.
Theme three: what can aboriginal communities do collectively to reduce negative impacts of gambling?
Strategies to reduce negative gambling impacts for Aboriginal communities in NSW centred on recognition of gambling impacts, the creation of local support groups for gamblers and other community members, and the provision of appropriate public education and gambling awareness programs. All 13 participants contributed to these suggestions.
Having the gambler recognise the negative impacts caused by his or her gambling was considered a priority. Several participants saw the need to try to change people’s thinking about their own gambling, to educate them that gambling was not a good way to make money or increase their income. However they realised that this was a difficult task on its own. Efforts needed to be supported by public education and the promotion of gambling awareness in a multi-faceted community approach, one conducted in a variety of places. One suggestion was for communities to take collective leadership for a program to be built around increasing public recognition of gambling impacts, consistent with findings by Stevens and Bailie (2012). Other suggestions were to encourage support for gamblers experiencing a lack of control and to reduce any shame associated with an admission of problems:
“I think we as an Aboriginal community need to get it out there in the community and say ‘this is an issue within communities.’ There are communities that are dealing with it but there are a lot of communities that aren’t … I think it needs to be out there in people’s faces … we need to encourage those people that have an issue with it to seek the appropriate support … It’s not a taboo subject, it needs to be out there with the rest of them … spoken about freely … to take that stigma away from it”.
“I think the more that we get together and do these types of things … local leadership … is the go”.
Empathic support groups were believed to be essential for sharing and maintaining links with other people who understand the nature and effects of gambling problems. These people may have experienced gambling problems and found unique self-help methods of recovery or control. Several participants felt that their communities had plenty of people with gambling experience to assist in setting up support groups to assist those gamblers seeking advice and help. This was considered a local and culturally appropriate step for gaining control over gambling and supported similar strategies proposed by Christie and Greatorex (2009). Participants were aware that mainstream gambling help was available but felt that local support groups would provide a more personal atmosphere and practical advice tailored to community-based conditions. These support groups were predicted to appeal to local Aboriginal people:
“I’m sure an Aboriginal person would be more comfortable in talking to another Aboriginal person in relation to this issue. The way Aboriginal people talk about issues puts Aboriginal people at ease than when you’re talking to a white person. They talk to you like you are just another number. And the whitefella, they don’t understand how to make us comfortable, the majority of them anyway, not all of them”.
“… obviously telling stories like the people who have been through it, who have lost and you can lose more than just your money. You can lose your family and sometimes suicide so it’s talking about those bad situations”.
“… the ability to be able to show people how to deal with it. Certainly if it’s a group effort or in a personal atmosphere, how they wish to take that first step to address the issue”.
Community education and awareness raising activities and resources should be made available at special events, festivals, in job agencies, medical organisations and community centres. By integrating education and awareness programs within community institutions, the overall effect should be a program adapted to specific community conditions and hopefully provided by trained, local people. In addition, other community education programs such as financial management sessions could be added to assist people in understanding their budgets. Budgeting and financial management workshops were proposed to assist people in seeing where their money was spent and in learning how to allocate money to meet future commitments. Participants recommended that financial education start in schools and be available for children. Some suggestions were:
“Communities could have a program, activities … for people to participate in so there’ll be the social interaction. Not be down on someone. Treat them as though it’s a condition, a health condition that it’s hard for people to control and say no to. And be more supportive”.
“Financial workshops … budget type workshops. Showing them how to make sure they prioritise with their money … they can say ‘well this is what I’ve got to pay and this is what I’ve got left over.’ So they can see where if they do these proper things and have money left over then they’ve got more time and can do things with their family. It could help with the social outcomes and the recreational outcomes”.
The next observation reflects many participant responses about the overall benefits of trying to reduce negative impacts of gambling and assist people in setting limits for their gambling so that it remains a social pastime.
“… to what point do you stop promoting because promotions can be an expensive exercise … At the end of the day … it creates more harmony in families and individuals that tends to rub off on the community … so the community benefits overall and our kids are going to school, bills have been paid, everyone has a better outlook. That’s a perfect world. I don’t know if we’ll ever get to that … I think people enjoy the social aspects, let’s not try and do it so it becomes a killjoy but give them something they can manage and to a point where people are happy … happy with the situation and they’re in control of the stuff”.
Thus, three important strategies identified by participants to reduce harmful impacts of gambling are the identification of gambling impacts by gamblers themselves, the creation of local gambling support groups, and the provision of appropriate public education and gambling awareness programs.
Much qualitative and quantitative work remains to be done exploring cultural influences and gambling especially by small groups in the population where vulnerability may be perpetuated through differences in history, socio-economic position and ethnicity. Although there were only 13 participants in this research and the results cannot be generalised, the findings represent the views on and experiences of gambling impacts as told by Aboriginal leaders across NSW. Future research might include larger samples of Aboriginal leaders, samples from other states and territories, and other stakeholders such as those from health and welfare services, community agencies and non-profit organisations.
Prior studies have indicated some variety in the nature of gambling consequences for Aboriginal people in Australia. However no previous in-depth investigation across the state of NSW with Aboriginal community leaders has revealed the nature and extent of gambling impacts on their communities as revealed here. Like many others, Aboriginal communities experience positive and negative impacts of gambling. However, our findings show that, being a culturally collective society and a disadvantaged one as well negative gambling impacts appear to lead to increasing community deprivation and to diminishing respect for meeting cultural obligations. The possibility of reducing community strength and the forfeiture of cultural knowledge linked to gambling losses, all new findings, threaten community well-being and have potentially damaging long-term cultural effects. Traditional Aboriginal priority for community and family values may be overturned if individual rights to gamble take precedence. These findings support ideas by Raylu and Oei (2004) that gambling by certain cultural groups has different meanings and impacts compared with Western-based populations. They also provide evidence for Reith’s (2006) ideas about the intensity of harm and reduction in well-being by disadvantaged groups who gamble.
In contrast, the emergent theme supporting positive gambling impacts centred on collective socialising. This finding is potentially useful for protecting and enhancing public health interests within Aboriginal communities. Aspects of collective socialising, such as setting bet limits and time frames for gambling, could be integrated into culturally appropriate public health strategies designed to suit the individual requirements of Aboriginal communities. Implementing the basic principles of harm minimisation using collective socialising to meet most gamblers’ needs, could make a vital contribution to ameliorating social costs associated with excessive gambling. Allowing for community variations and differences, it is important to seek the input of local Aboriginal people to ensure such strategies are appropriate for each community and thus able to be implemented effectively.
The research found that the participants’ had considered public health options for their communities and provided responses that were practical and relevant. Participants saw the need to develop policies and interventions that promote community well-being by enabling and supporting gamblers as well as all other community members. Putting energy into gambling education and public awareness programs and assisting gamblers with problems through creating local support groups could raise levels of community well-being and reduce negative gambling impacts. These two strategies represent the public health principles of consumer protection and harm minimisation as articulated by Korn and Shaffer (1999) and Korn, Gibbons and Azmier (2003). This finding also demonstrates the positive thinking of these leaders who so obviously strive to enhance well-being within their communities. Ideally, bringing together leaders such as these and policy decisions-makers with access to resources for discussions on public health issues associated with gambling would be beneficial. One potential starting point for these discussions could be the public health principle that possible benefits should always outweigh social costs.
The authors acknowledge and thank the study participants for their generous input. This research was funded by an Australian Research Council Discovery Grant.
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. | <urn:uuid:405f08cf-2ccb-48f7-8f80-52fb454b3c75> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://ajgiph.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/2195-3007-3-10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647545.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320224824-20180321004824-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.937841 | 7,747 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.
Physical Activity and Changes in Adiposity in the Transition from Elementary to Middle School
- Published on Feb 1, 2017
Objectives: This study examined the longitudinal associations of objectively measured physical activity, sedentary behavior, and diet quality with two measures of adiposity and a measure of weight status.
Methods: A total of 658 children from 21 elementary schools (45.1% boys; 40% white, 33% black, 9% Hispanic, and 18% other race/ethnicity) were assessed at least twice in fifth, sixth, and/or seventh grade. Fat mass index (FMI), percent body fat (PBF), and BMI were calculated from body weight, standing and seated heights, and bioelectrical impedance (BIA) measured each year.
Results: At follow-up, both FMI and PBF decreased among boys and increased among girls, while BMI increased in both boys and girls. After controlling for race/ethnicity, parent education, and maturity offset at baseline, growth curve analyses showed that moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was significantly and negatively associated with FMI, PBF, and BMI for both boys and girls. After forming tertiles of fifth grade MVPA, least-square means for FMI, PBF, and BMI were examined by grade and gender. For both boys and girls, higher MVPA was associated with lower FMI, PBF, and BMI at all three grade levels. The relationships between sedentary behavior and diet quality and FMI, PBF, and BMI were not consistent for boys or girls.
Conclusions: As boys and girls transitioned from elementary to middle school, children who participated in higher levels of MVPA maintained more favorable levels of two indicators of adiposity and a measure of weight status. These findings support the need for interventions to help children meet current public health guidelines for physical activity.
- Dowda Marsha 1
- Taverno Ross Sharon E. 2
- McIver Kerry L. 1
- Dishman Rodney K. 3
- Pate Russell R. 1
Department of Health and Physical Activity, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA. | <urn:uuid:cbd9b6ce-d394-42fd-8d7b-80388d851e29> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://theactigraph.com/research-database/physical-activity-and-changes-in-adiposity-in-the-transition-from-elementary-to-middle-school/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141685797.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20201201231155-20201202021155-00622.warc.gz | en | 0.944039 | 480 | 2.875 | 3 |
KentuckyFC writes "Einstein famously believed that the instantaeous effect of quantum entanglement would allow 'spooky action-at-a-distance' in violation of special relativity. Every test of entanglement on Earth has so far agreed with quantum mechanics but naysayers continue to point out various loopholes that might allow the results of these experiments to be determined in advance rather than instantaneously as QM suggests. Today, an international team of scientists is proposing the mother of all entanglement experiments, to be performed in space. The plan is to send entangled photons between an observer on the ground and one on the International Space Station. By the peculiarities of special relativity, the high relative velocity between the observers means that both will always be able to claim to have carried out their measurement first, thereby ruling out the naysayers' arguments (abstract). The experiment, called Space-QUEST, would be housed aboard Europe's Columbus module and would give the much-derided ISS a stab at doing some decent science for a change."
Attend or create a Slashdot 20th anniversary party! DEAL: For $25 - Add A Second Phone Number To Your Smartphone for life! Use promo code SLASHDOT25. Check out the new SourceForge HTML5 Internet speed test. × | <urn:uuid:841f6def-8aaf-4fc9-bb2c-f35deea20cef> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://science.slashdot.org/story/08/06/10/1324204/testing-quantum-behavior-from-earth-to-the-iss | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824819.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021133807-20171021153807-00895.warc.gz | en | 0.903035 | 266 | 2.96875 | 3 |
In March 1697, she married Omie La Grange, Jr. at the Albany Dutch church. The marriage appears to have been childless. Omie and Elsie were alone in an Albany house at the time of the city census in June 1697. However, these La Granges migrated south - finally to Ulster County. Omie La Grange, Jr. died in 1725 - leaving Elsie as executor and principal heir.
In June 1727, the widow re-married. Her second husband was Albany native Barent Egbertse. The marriage was recorded in Albany Lutheran church records but also produced no children. Over the next decade, her name appeared on church rolls as the sponsor in a number of baptisms involving slaves.
Elsie Van Loon La Grange Egberts died in January 1742.
Sources: The life of Elsie Van Loon La Grange Egberts is CAP biography number 6705. This profile is derived chiefly from family and community-based resources.
first posted: 2/29/04 | <urn:uuid:1695a2ec-903c-4a74-a3ae-bc2a5fed174b> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/albany/bios/vkl/elvloon6705.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507443883.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005723-00147-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980303 | 216 | 2.703125 | 3 |
An anthrax outbreak in northern Russia, supposedly triggered by climate change, has led to the death of a 12-year-old boy and hospitalisation of many others in the region.
A total of 72 nomadic herders, including 41 children have been hospitalised in the town of Salekhard in the Arctic Circle, after reindeer began dying en masse from anthrax, reported The Guardian.
After the death of 2,300 reindeers due to the outbreak, the area has been evacuated to prevent any further spread to humans.
Anthrax is a bacterial disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. According to the World Health Organisation, it primarily affects herbivorous mammals, although other mammals and some birds have been known to contract it. Humans generally acquire the disease from infected animals or as a result of occupational exposure to contaminated animal products.
Authorities believe that the outbreak is linked to climate change. For the past month, the region has been experiencing abnormally high temperatures that have reached 95°F or 35°C. The warmer climate has led to the melting of permafrost soil, including areas used as human and animal burial grounds, which could have resulted in the outbreak.
According to Popular Science, the roots of the recent outbreak can be traced back to the previous one that occurred in 1941. It suggests that spores of the dormant anthrax from the corpses of reindeer or people who died of anthrax in the 1940’s might be responsible for this latest wave of infections.
Anthrax in India
Recently, officials from India’s Animal Husbandry department contained a wave of anthrax in Tamil Nadu’s Ambur village. More than 8,500 livestock have been vaccinated in and around the affected village of Bairapalli in Mittalam following the death of an animal due to anthrax attack last week, The Hindu reported.
This story was published with permission from Down To Earth.
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We would be grateful if you would consider joining as a member of The EB Circle. This helps to keep our stories and resources free for all, and it also supports independent journalism dedicated to sustainable development. It only costs as little as S$5 a month, and you would be helping to make a big difference. | <urn:uuid:33ef5e0b-ff4e-46de-b05b-783d32a9b76d> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://www.eco-business.com/news/climate-change-blamed-for-anthrax-outbreak-in-north-russia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912205163.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326115319-20190326141319-00177.warc.gz | en | 0.96564 | 470 | 3 | 3 |
What role do they play in the art market?
In the past contemporary drawings were usually treated as less valuable artworks than paintings. Recently they seem to be enjoying a renaissance among art enthusiasts.
According to Artprice the auction prices for drawings by established artists have been rising for 5 years. The popularity of contemporary drawings is also increasing. What are contemporary drawings? What other kinds of works on paper are popular among art lovers? Which fairs show drawings by contemporary and emerging artists?
What are contemporary drawings?
Drawing is one of the oldest existing forms of visual arts that has evolved through various periods of human history, art movements and theories. It is one of the most efficient techniques of visual communication transporting ideas and emotions through a wide range of motifs, perspectives and techniques. Then and now drawings are continuing to be works of art which use paper as their support. Due to this drawings are usually presented in curated collections alongside other works on paper.
Although drawing has been present throughout many historical periods, its forms started to diversify in the nineteenth century. Starting with the development of technical drawing in the industries like engineering and architecture, further industrial and technological progress encouraged the development of editorial illustration, animation and cartooning.
Artistic drawing established as an independent form of art and often allows an affordable way to purchase a valuable original artwork. While drawings by famous artists belong to the auction masters, contemporary drawings are no longer less valuable than paintings.
The term "collage" describes both the technique and the artwork that consists of pieces of paper, photographs, fabric and other elements that are arranged and combined on a supporting surface.
The original term derives from the French term papiers collés (or découpage). This technique consisted of pasting paper cut-outs onto various surfaces. As drawings and works on paper began to gain more attention as an art form, collage was recognized as an artistic technique at the beginning of the twentieth century.
A contemporary collage can also include other media like painting, portions of other artwork or texts, contain 3d elements or even be composed digitally.
More and more emerging artists take their own approach and modernize the collage technique transforming even more multidimensional expressions into their works.
Mixed forms and techniques
Over the past decade there has been further public and artistic interest in drawing which has embraced much more than figuration. During the ninetieth emerging artists broke significantly from the tenets of modernism. Contemporary drawing has been energised by the vast distribution and easy sharing of imagery through electronic devices. Internet and social media also keep playing a major part in the artistic growth of contemporary drawing sharpening its way of thoughts, ideas and impulses.
The new variety of artistic options influenced the usage of the traditional instruments like graphite, pencils, pen and ink, various kinds of paints, inked brushes, coloured pencils, crayons, charcoal, chalk and pastels. Contemporary drawings and works on paper often feature a new mix of instruments and surfaces like cardboard, wood, plastic, leather and canvas. Especially emerging artists keep challenging drawing as an art form.
Drawings fairs & ehibitions
As works on paper have become a desirable medium for art collectors, more and more well-known art fairs include and highlight drawings as a category. Two younger fairs in Paris, France are even concentrating primarily on contemporary drawings. Drawing Now is oriented towards works of acknowledged artists, DDESSIN is exhibiting the rising ones. Being focused on contemporary art presented by a younger generation of galleries, LISTE Art Fair Basel , Switzerland also exhibits drawings.
Browse some of our artwork collection online and widen your view at your favourite art fair. Contemporary drawings and works by emerging artists provide art lovers an opportunity to buy a unique piece at the fraction of a price of a painting. It's also a way to strengthen a collection of an artist’s work in other media. Take a look at our drawing selection above and get inspired! | <urn:uuid:ace52524-b2fc-41dd-950a-8030ab923887> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://artpiq.net/blogs/news/contemporary-drawings | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100172.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130062948-20231130092948-00804.warc.gz | en | 0.959449 | 809 | 3.015625 | 3 |
“[Annie Daugherty] was the midwife of the entire town. She delivered most of all the children in [Black Mountain] for the people who couldn’t afford to go to the hospital or have a doctor no matter if they were black or white. That was my grandmother,” Katherine Daugherty Debrow told a local filmmaker in 2001.
An African American woman working and raising her own children in the early 1900s, Annie Daugherty provided vital services to mothers in the Swannanoa Valley who otherwise may have had to go through childbirth alone. “I remember stories about her being gotten up in the middle of the night in snowstorms and riding mules and everything else to go to a house to deliver babies,” Katherine continued.
Since being brought to America as slaves, African American women have historically provided midwifery services to both black and white women. According to a study at Kenyon College, “Before and after Emancipation, African American women relied upon one another for medical care…. In caring for themselves and their families, these women developed relationships with strong church, neighborhood, and family ties.”
Born in the High Top Colony community of Black Mountain on April 3, 1888 to parents Robert Morehead and Hannah Carson, Annie Morehead became part of the Daugherty family around 1900 when she married an older man from her neighborhood, Benjamin Daugherty.
The Daughertys have been a presence in the Swannanoa Valley since its beginnings, and the Daugherty name shows up in the valley as early as the 1850 census, but also on early land grants and in the 1858 upper Swannanoa tax scroll. The first African American Daughertys most likely came to the valley as slaves in the late 1700s or early 1800s, but records dating back to that period, especially records of African Americans during the 18th and early to mid-19th centuries, are difficult to track. Ben’s mother, however, according to oral tradition, was a slave of a Caucasian Dougherty family in the valley at the time of his birth.
In 1920, Ben was 70 years old, and he and Annie, who was less than half his age, had seven children—the oldest, Lillie, was 19 and the youngest, Charles, was 5.
Annie was well known in the Black Mountain community not only as a midwife, but also as a Sunday School teacher. The neighborhood children would meet at her house on Sunday mornings to walk with her the two miles from High Top Colony to the church. Annie’s dedication to the community’s children and mothers made her highly respected within the town.
“I can remember going into Black Mountain when I was a little girl,” Katherine Debrow began. “And people that she had delivered babies for, they would always give me money: pennies, dimes, nickels, quarters. I would come home and I’d have two pockets full of money.” Katherine continued, “And they called her Aunt Ann, black and white,” explaining that calling someone who was not a relative “Aunt” or “Uncle” was a sign of respect.
The hospitals that admitted African Americans were located over 15 miles away in Asheville, and thus were used little by black women in Black Mountain. Though there were a multitude of white doctors in the valley at the time, and Annie was delivering babies during the Jim Crow era, she also attended to white women.
Inez Smith Daugherty (1912-2007), Annie’s niece, explained that she only remembered two midwives in Black Mountain—Annie and another woman, Mary Hayden. Both Annie and Mary were black, so for folks—black or white—that couldn’t afford a doctor or didn’t have the time to make it to one, Annie or Mary made house calls regardless of the time of day, weather, or race of the mother.
Historically, midwives were not only called upon for deliveries, but also sent for during times of illness. Inez Daugherty, who was delivered by a midwife in Burke County, recalled in 2001, “If they got sick, the whites sent and got Aunt Annie. And not always just for delivering a baby. They would call her for a lot of other things.” In a 2003 interview, Inez remembered, “My first cousin, she had a baby. And it had jaundice. And Aunt Mary Hayden went down to see, and she told my cousin what to get and what to do, and it cured the baby.”
But in the 1920s, state governments began to require midwives, who had traditionally been trained in the craft by one of their female relatives, to get permission slips from doctors to practice, have their homes inspected for cleanliness, and have their moral character assessed. Around this time, the government also began to ban the use of herbs and poultices traditionally used by midwives, severely handicapping what relief midwives had been able to offer their patients.
These new regulations disproportionately affected African American and low-income families. But Annie continued her practice. She began frequenting the town pharmacy for a tincture of opium called paregoric that eased the pain of childbirth.
Sadly, on March 28, 1959, as restrictions on lay midwives continued to debilitate the traditional practice, Annie Daugherty passed away in a tragic house fire that also took the life of her son, Benjamine.
By 1970 lay midwifery had been outlawed completely, thereby severing many of the strong bonds that had been built between the town’s two African American midwives and the women—black and white—in the community. Now women were forced to pay the steeper prices for doctors and midwives had to attend modern licensing courses or give up the traditions they had been practicing for generations. | <urn:uuid:51da922e-999b-407c-828b-3112bcd0e7f3> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.history.swannanoavalleymuseum.org/annie-daugherty-black-mountain-midwife/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315551.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820154633-20190820180633-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.985396 | 1,245 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Transistors: The Invention that Changed the World
We are currently living in the information age, and one singular invention has made all of this rapid advance possible. Transistors have changed a lot over history and have given way to Moore's law, which soon may be coming to an end. Transistors began as large vacuum tubes, but given how revolutionary the transistor was, it allowed for an unprecedented amount of calculation. Check out the video above to look into the world-changing history of transistors.
NASA "are simply the best in the world at modeling these materials, hands down," SMART Tire co-founder Brian Yennie tells IE. | <urn:uuid:f7e7c60e-05ab-4ed9-8a2a-09cad79454dd> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://interestingengineering.com/video/transistors-the-invention-that-changed-the-world | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710898.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202050510-20221202080510-00022.warc.gz | en | 0.94425 | 131 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Can you get a mole under your fingernail?
Share on Pinterest Subungual melanoma is a cancer that specifically develops under the nails. Melanoma is a cancer of the skin that begins in the melanocytes, which are cells that have skin pigments. Collections of melanocytes can form moles. Some moles are cancerous, but many are not.
What does melanoma look like under the nail?
a light- to dark-brown colored band on the nail that’s usually vertical. a dark band on the nail that slowly expands and covers more of the nail. dark nail pigmentation that expands to the surrounding skin. a nodule underneath the nail with or without a pigmentation band.
Does nail melanoma start at the cuticle?
What does melanoma of the nail unit look like? Subungual melanoma often starts as a pigmented band visible the length of the nail plate (melanonychia). Over weeks to months, the pigment band: Becomes wider, especially at its proximal end (cuticle)
Does melanoma under nail grow out?
Many people first mistake subungual melanoma as a bruise. However, unlike a bruise, the streaks from subungual melanoma do not heal or grow out with the nail over time.
What does melanoma look like on the nail bed?
Sometimes melanoma looks like other conditions that affect the nail bed, such as a bruise. While subungual melanoma is a relatively rare condition compared to other skin cancers, it can lead to serious complications. Early detection and treatment is a must.
Can a nail be affected by subungual melanoma?
It’s important to note that not all cases of this condition cause pigmentation changes in the nail. While this can make the melanoma more challenging to detect, a telltale sign of the condition is that it usually affects one nail at a time. What causes subungual melanoma? Most cases of skin melanoma are caused by sun exposure.
What to do if you have melanoma under your nail?
Treatment To treat subungual melanoma, most healthcare providers will do a minor procedure to excise (cut out) the nail and surrounding nail bed. This procedure is known as a “wide local excision”, and is usually performed with local anesthesia (numbing). 2 Prognosis for nail melanoma
What causes skin to build up on the bottom of the nail?
Nail psoriasis involves many parts of the nail. In the hyponychium and nail bed, the skin cells grow excessively, causing scaling and buildup. This overgrowth is called subungual hyperkeratosis. The skin underneath the nail might look: If the skin becomes very thick, it can cause onycholysis, which is separation of the nail plate from the nail bed. | <urn:uuid:3ec1dcab-06dd-45f9-b49f-4ee9126c69a0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.mbdanceapparel.com/2021/07/16/can-you-get-a-mole-under-your-fingernail/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474360.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223021632-20240223051632-00441.warc.gz | en | 0.916861 | 597 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The True Story of the Gender Pay Gap
Our latest Freakonomics Radio episode is called “The True Story of the Gender Pay Gap.” (You can subscribe to the podcast at iTunes or elsewhere, get the RSS feed, or listen via the media player above.)
The gist: discrimination can’t explain why women earn so much less than men. If only it were that easy.
Below is a transcript of the episode, modified for your reading pleasure. For more information on the people and ideas in the episode, see the links at the bottom of this post. And you’ll find credits for the music in the episode noted within the transcript.
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MEDIA CLIP: Oh, hi. I’m Sarah Silverman, writer, comedian, and vagina owner. Women make up almost half the working population, yet we typically earn just 78 cents for every dollar a man makes in almost every profession.
[MUSIC: Beware Fashionable Women, “Get It” (from Barak Schpiez)]
I’m pretty sure you’ve heard this kind of statistic before — maybe in a political ad.
POLITICAL AD: The gender pay gap is real and women still earn about 77 cents for every dollar a man earns for working the same job.
Maybe even in a State of the Union address.
BARACK OBAMA: Today, women make up about half our workforce. But they still make 77 cents for every dollar a man earns. That is wrong. And in 2014, it’s an embarrassment. Women deserve equal pay for equal work.
The implication is that women are being discriminated against. True, they earn less. But does that mean …
CLAUDIA GOLDIN: Does that mean that women are receiving lower pay for equal work? That is possibly the case in certain places, but by and large it’s not that, it’s something else.
“Something else” – like what? That’s our question of the day on Freakonomics Radio, as we try to figure out the true story of the gender pay gap. If you’re looking for someone to explain the gender pay gap, you couldn’t do much better than today’s guest.
[MUSIC: Chris Dupont, “The Vigil” (from Anxious Animal)]
GOLDIN: Claudia Goldin, I’m a professor of economics at Harvard University.
Goldin has been working on gender economics for years, and has personally done some of the most influential research.
GOLDIN: So, I define my role by thinking about the issues of today and putting them in historical perspective and understanding what the roots are. Because until you see the more distant past you really don’t know whether you’re looking at something that’s a little ephemeral transitory blip or something that’s important.
DUBNER: And how important is it for you to get hold of good data in order to reach those conclusions?
GOLDIN: It’s sort of essential. I always say that I do not live in a data vacuum. I find it very hard to breathe in a data vacuum.
In 1990, Claudia Goldin became the first woman to get tenure in the Harvard economics department. In 2014, she served as president of the American Economic Association, the AEA. Her lecture at the annual AEA meeting was called “A Grand Gender Convergence: Its Last Chapter.”
DUBNER: You have argued — and I’ll quote you to yourself — “The converging roles of men and women are among the grandest advances in the last century.” What do you mean by that, and why is it so grand?
GOLDIN: I’m very much interested in converging roles having to do with the productive capacities of men and women. So that would be their education, their professional degrees, their life-cycle labor-force participation — meaning how many years have they been productive members of the workforce. And so, there are converging roles in these arenas and they have meant that men and women are significantly more alike in terms of how firms and employers would look at them and how they look at themselves.
DUBNER: Now, we hear about the gender pay gap a lot. We’re told repeatedly — including by the President of the United States in the State of the Union — that “women earn much less than men for doing the same work,” is one of the phrases that we hear — seventy-some cents on the dollar. So, first off, can you clarify what that really means? How true is that, when we hear a statement like that, especially in a political arena?
GOLDIN: Well, it is true that if you took individuals in the labor force and took those who were working full-time, full-year, and took all women, took the median annual earnings of those women and took the same thing for men, and divided the two, it would be .77 or around that, OK? And that’s a number that has increased. In early 1970’s it was .59 and there was a mantra, “59 cents on a dollar, that’s not enough, OK? We are equal to men, we deserve more.” So, is this for equal work? Is it equal individuals? What economists do is they use data to figure out whether the individuals are the same; they try to make them comparable as possible; they squeeze out these differences and productive attributes; they look for individuals who have the same education, the same labor-force participation rates over their life cycle, etc. And they squeeze those out and we still get a number that’s less than one. So, does that mean that women are receiving lower pay for equal work? That is possibly the case in certain places, but by and large, it’s not that. It’s something else.
DUBNER: If we are talking about a gender pay gap, of whatever size — somewhere between 23 cents and zero cents less per dollar than a man — let’s look at what factors might contribute to that. So, number one, what about discrimination? What is the evidence that women earn less because they’re discriminated against on some dimension or another?
GOLDIN: It’s hard to find the smoking guns, OK? The smoking guns existed in the past. I have found many a smoking gun where you find actual evidence of firms saying, for example, “I do not hire Negroes.” Or, “I do not hire women.” I mean, you actually find these in 1939. We don’t find those smoking guns now, but what we do try to do is hold everything constant that we can hold, get the best data that we can get. And what remains we don’t call discrimination, we call wage discrimination. Discrimination is such a loaded word that we don’t want to use that, so we use quotes around “wage discrimination.” And so the first thing is, what type of data do you need to do that? It would be incredibly rich data. And a couple of people have put together data using administrative records that are phenomenally good data that can hold lots of things constant, that can track individuals over their lifetimes and get to the answer. And the answer is that it’s a pretty small number, this number for wage discrimination once you hold lots of things constant. It’s probably there, but we’re not quite certain whether these differences are due to the fact that women, even those without kids, have more responsibilities or take more responsibilities in their own families — taking care of their parents, for example. So the answer is that we don’t have tons of evidence that it’s true discrimination.
DUBNER: Talk for a moment about potential categorical differences between men and women that have shown up in some research. The different appetite for competition, as some have labeled it. Or, in another instance, the willingness to bargain on salary or flexibility. How much might those contribute to the pay gap?
GOLDIN: I think there’s no doubt that they contribute to some degree. But let me tell you why I don’t think that they go the real distance. Some of the best studies that we have of the gender pay gap, following individuals longitudinally, show that when they show up right out of college, or out of law school, or after they get their M.B.A. — all the studies that we have indicate that wages are pretty similar then. So if men were better bargainers, they would have been better right then. And it doesn’t look as if they’re better bargainers to a degree that shows up as a very large number. But further down the pike in their lives, by 10-15 years out, we see very large differences in their pay. But we also see large differences in where they are, in their job titles, and a lot of that occurs a year or two after a kid is born, and it occurs for women and not for men. If anything, men tend to work somewhat harder. And I know that there are many who have done many experiments on the fact that women don’t necessarily like competition as much as men do — they value temporal flexibility, men value income growth — that there are various differences. But in terms of bargaining and competition it doesn’t look like it’s showing up that much at the very beginning.
DUBNER: Let me ask you about one more contributory factor. The parent penalty, what’s often called the mommy tax. How significant is that as a contributory factor?
GOLDIN: Well, it seems as if it’s a very large factor. That anything that leads you to want to have more time is going to be a large factor.
[MUSIC: Laura Ault, “Roundabout Ways” (from The Greatest Thing)]
The noted public-policy scholar Anne-Marie Slaughter, in a book called Unfinished Business, singled out what she calls the “care penalty” as a main driver of gender inequity. Here’s how Slaughter sees it:
ANNE-MARIE SLAUGHTER: If you take women who don’t have caregiving obligations, they’re almost equal with men. It’s somewhere in the 95 percent range. But when women then have children, or again are caring for their own parents or other sick family members who need care, then they need to work differently. They need to work flexibly, and often go part-time. They often get less-good assignments because their bosses think that they’re not going to want work that allows them to travel, or they’re not going to be able to stay up all night, or whatever it is. And so then you start — if you’re working part-time, you don’t get the same raises. And if you’re working flexibly your boss very typically thinks that you’re not that committed to your career, so you don’t get promoted.
It is this pursuit, of what Claudia Goldin calls “temporal flexibility,” that Goldin sees as perhaps the most powerful explanation for the gender pay gap. As she told us, it doesn’t seem as though outright discrimination or differences in competitive drive or bargaining ability can account for much of the difference. But that need, or desire, for flexibility in the workplace leads to a split that’s very clear in the data — a split that has to do with job selection.
GOLDIN: Women often take jobs that have different characteristics, different amenities.
When Goldin refers to “amenities,” she isn’t just talking about free lunch at the office or free massages. She’s talking about the ability to work flexible hours, or maybe work at home some days, maybe complete a project outside the typical corporate schedule — all of which can be extremely valuable if you are helping care for your family members in addition to working.
GOLDIN: I like to think about an individual who gets a degree — let’s say a law degree — and it’s a woman, and now I have an individual a man who gets a law degree. And they graduate from law school and they’re both equally brilliant, and they both get jobs in approximately the same type of firm. By and large they’re going to earn approximately the same amount when they start. Things will continue in their lives — they’ll both perhaps find partners, get married, have kids. It’s often the case that women will leave the very large law firms that put a lot of time demands on them and go to smaller firms or become corporate counsel, become part-time corporate counsel, perhaps, for a while. They will go to small firms where the workload is somewhat different. They may work in fact the same number of hours, but they may work hours that are their hours rather than the hours imposed on them by the firm. The woman will then begin to make — if she’s the one who did this — she will make considerably less than the man. And a lot of what we see — not all of it — but a lot of what we see is this choice to go into occupations that have less expensive temporal flexibility, that allow individuals to do their work on their own time.
[MUSIC: Orbit Monkey, “Uh Oh” (from Easy to Love)]
DUBNER: So do you find that there are bigger differences between men and women between different occupations? In other words, what would be a more typical story? A man and a woman, let’s say, who are observationally equivalent in terms of aptitude and education, and so on. What would be more typical, that the female would go into a profession where the average salary is lower than the man? Or that the female would go into the same profession as the man, but choose a particular type of occupation within that profession that might provide more latitude and therefore come with less salary?
GOLDIN: Right, so we have both things going on. So, we know that there is what many people call “occupational segregation.” Nurses are female. Doctors are — they were disproportionately male; in some specialties they still are. We know that nurses earn less than doctors, in general. So one might think that all of the difference in average earnings is going to be the difference because women select more into occupations that look like they’re paying less — big occupational groups that are paying less — and men select into occupations in which they pay more. But, really the lion’s share of the difference is due to the fact that in every occupation, just about, women receive less than men. And they’re receiving less than men for a host of reasons, one of which is that they’re not working the same amount of time. And in many occupations, working more hours or being there when the firm wants you to be there earns you a lot more. So, in fact, something like three-quarters of the difference, if you look at the 469 occupations in the Census, and you look at how much is due to the fact that women are disproportionately in certain occupations, and how much is due to the fact that within each occupation there are differences — 75% is due to the within each occupation. Thus, another way of putting it is, you could hypothetically give women the male distribution of occupations and you would wipe out only about a quarter of the difference in earnings between men and women.
[MUSIC: Cin3ma, “On Your Side” (from Cin3ma)]
DUBNER: Can you talk for a moment about where you see the largest in-sector differences in gender pay?
GOLDIN: So, what I did was I took all of the occupations in the Census and then I looked at the top paying 105 occupations. So, the point that I’m drawing is about $60,000 a year. So, the occupations then divide into those in the corporate and finance sector, those in health, those in science and technology, which I can group together. And then there is this other group that’s just very hard to put in one or the other — lawyers, for example, would be in that one. And what I find — it’s very clear — is that the gender wage gaps, when you correct for the stuff you can correct for in the Census, you find that the biggest wage gaps are in the corporate, the financial sectors, also law, and the health occupations in which there is a high fraction of ownership, of self-employment — so the podiatrists, for example, the chiropractors. So, the ones that have the smallest difference between male and female earnings with these corrections are the technology occupations and the science occupations and the health occupations where there is a small degree of self-employment — as is true today for, for example, pharmacists.
DUBNER: OK, so as best as you can figure the why out, where the gap within the profession is so large, why is it so large?
GOLDIN: By and large, it appears that there’s just a very high cost of temporal flexibility in certain occupations. And part of this is that people don’t have good substitutes for themselves in certain cases. So, you are doing a merger in an acquisition, you’re a lawyer, you are a consultant — whatever it is — the client might say, “I want you there. I want you there all the time. I want to call you at 2 in the morning. I want you to be there on Sunday, on holidays. I want you to go to Japan whenever I say that you should.” Well, that’s a tremendous demand. So an individual who values their family time would say, “I’m not doing that.” So therefore if a woman wants to — law, for example, is a good example — if a woman wants to practice law, she has a law degree, she enjoys practicing law, being a corporate counsel would give her more flexibility. That doesn’t mean that she’s working fewer hours than she would’ve worked otherwise, but she can work her hours, and she gets paid somewhat less.
* * *
The big question of the gender pay gap has to be broken down into a set of smaller questions. And then you have to find the data to answer them. When someone like Claudia Goldin does that, it’s pretty obvious that the statistic cited by everyone from Sarah Silverman to President Obama isn’t quite right. Because women aren’t getting paid twenty-some percent less than men for doing the same work. They are, however, often doing different work, or work that affords more flexibility — which tends to pay less.
Now, it may be that if you put a dollar value on the flexibility, it could offset a lot of the actual, salary dollars. In any case, there would seem to be kinda-sorta good news here, which is that discrimination doesn’t seem to be the main culprit in the gender pay gap. Or at least it’s hard to find a smoking gun, as Claudia Goldin says. But not impossible.
A hack of Sony Pictures e-mails showed that the actresses Jennifer Lawrence and Amy Adams got fewer back-end points than their male counterparts in the film American Hustle. Interestingly, when Lawrence later wrote about this revelation, she largely blamed herself. “I failed as a negotiator because I gave up early,” she wrote. “I didn’t want to keep fighting over millions of dollars that, frankly, due to two franchises, I don’t need… But if I’m honest with myself, I would be lying if I didn’t say there was an element of wanting to be liked that influenced my decision to close the deal without a real fight. I didn’t want to seem ‘difficult’ or ‘spoiled.’”
So, that’s another component to consider when you’re talking about the gender pay gap — that even in the absence of outright discrimination, the playing fields are not necessarily equal. Some of the most compelling evidence for this fact comes from the late 1990s, a study that Claudia Goldin did with Ceci Rouse. The paper was called “Orchestrating Impartiality.”
[MUSIC: Pat Holmberg, “The Water Suite” (from The Water Suite)]
GOLDIN: We found out that the best orchestras in the United States, most of them use a blind when they do auditions. They didn’t in the past, and each one of them adopted this technique for having auditions. And the blind means that the individuals who are making the decision on the sound of the individual’s performance do not get to see the individual; that there is a screen in front of the individual. And so we decided that since the various orchestras adopted this screen, we could figure out whether the huge increase in women in the great orchestras in the United States was in, perhaps, due to the use of this screen.
DUBNER: So I guess one theory might be if orchestras got a lot more female over time, it may have just been that the pool of female applicants had grown a lot or the pool of male applicants had shrunk a lot, right? But you wanted to isolate the effect of the blind auditions, correct? And what did you find?
GOLDIN: We found that blind auditions mattered a tremendous amount. Our best estimate was that it was about 25% of an increase, which is pretty large. And one of the ways that we did it — and this I will say was Ceci’s brilliance — was that because we had the names of individuals, we actually could track individuals who auditioned not blind and then blind for different orchestras.
DUBNER: I’m trying to tell — I may be interpreting this wrong — but are you saying that the use of more blind auditions also had an effect of simply encouraging more females to audition for those top tier orchestras?
GOLDIN: That’s right. It appears to have led to an explosion of auditions.
DUBNER: So that suggests that — gender gap aside, which we’re talking about — that what you might more broadly and much more importantly call an opportunity gap in the gender sphere is something that’s not only omnipresent in certain industries but also really hard to get at, right?
GOLDIN: That’s right. I think that this is a very good example of where individuals might not come out to interview — it’s expensive to do that in some sense, you have to travel to do it, you have to put your pride on the line. And so now there was just a much larger group of individuals doing these interviews.
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[MUSIC: Trentalange, “Reconnected” (from Same Illusion)]
DUBNER: So you’re a Harvard economist. Your partner in life, Larry Katz, is also a Harvard economist. How fair would you consider your pay in relation to his?
GOLDIN: They’re exactly the same, practically. I think I always make slightly more because I’m more senior than he in terms of years, and I think that the administration always thinks that if I get $5 more that that makes it better. And it sort of sure does.
DUBNER: It gives you bragging rights, at least, right?
Goldin and Katz would both show up in the Census data as post-secondary teachers. And in this case, the female teacher earns a few dollars more than her male counterpart. But what if Goldin had decided some years back to find somewhere less-demanding to work than at Harvard? Maybe she needed to care for some family members; maybe she wanted to study opera singing on the side. Whatever. So perhaps she opted out of the Ivy League tenure track for a different teaching job that didn’t pay as much.
Well, if that were the case, she and Larry Katz would still both show up in the Census data as post-secondary teachers — but now the female worker is earning a lot less than the male counterpart. You multiply that story by a few million and you have a huge pay gap between men and women.
In some ways it’s a self-inflicted wound — women make choices that lead to smaller monetary returns. On the other hand, society is set up in such a way that those choices are often not really very optional. So, what’s to be done about it?
Some people have taken matters into their own hands. A record label from Portland, Oregon, called M’lady’s Records, decided to give female customers a 23 percent discount on mail orders to account for the pay gap. They weren’t the only ones to think of this strategy.
MEDIA CLIP: A bar in Brooklyn is charging women just 77% of their bar bills all night to highlight the wage gap between working men and women.
But getting a discount on drinks, or records, isn’t going to accomplish much. What would Claudia Goldin do?
DUBNER: So, let me ask you this. Can you point to examples of countries or cultures or maybe firms that in your view have successfully addressed the real root causes of the gender pay gap?
GOLDIN: In some ways, certain occupations that seem to have successfully addressed them may not have given it any thought. My favorite example is pharmacy, in which there’s virtually no part-time penalty, in which there is very little ownership now in terms of independent pharmacies. We may lament that — I would certainly lament if I lost the wonderful independent pharmacy in Cambridge — but in fact, women tend to shy away from ownership in part because it involves a fair amount of responsibility that is unpredictable. So, there have been changes in pharmacy that have led pharmacists to be better substitutes for each other — the use of highly standardized drugs, for example, less compounding, less individual, less need for a particular pharmacist to deal with you. Information technologies have been absolutely essential. When you go to the pharmacist, it could be any of the pharmacists working there who are intelligent and professional and can read the information about you. So some of what has happened that has been good for women comes from changes that I call organic, and they simply happen because of various technological advances that make each pharmacist a perfect puzzle piece for another pharmacist. And also, I mean, go to Silicon Valley and they don’t talk about family time, they talk about play time, and it’s work-life balance rather than just work-family balance. So the more and more people in our society who value that, the more firms are going to be searching for methods to reduce the cost of this amenity. If the cost is expensive, then it’s going to be the case that individuals who shy away from those jobs are going to be paid disproportionately less and the more people who want those jobs, the more firms are going to find it costly to provide them, and they’re going to come up with ways using information technology to create these puzzle pieces.
* * *
[MUSIC: Debbie Miller, “It’s Been a Day” (from Measures and Waits)]
It may be a natural impulse, when you hear that women earn less than men, to find someone to blame. One obvious villain is: men, presumably for being discriminatory. But as Claudia Goldin told us, there isn’t much evidence to support the discrimination argument.
Another obvious villain is: our institutional setup. If we could change — maybe modernize — a lot of our institutions, and the incentives they offer, wouldn’t that lead to more equality? Let’s assume that’s true. The question would then become: which institutions should be changed, and how?
And should we assume that governments should take the lead? In 2009, President Obama signed into law the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, which expands the right to sue in cases of unequal pay. But that’s a pretty narrow advance. President Obama and others want more legislation to try to close the gender pay gap. I asked Claudia Goldin if she thinks this is a good idea, and if so, what kind of legislation makes sense?
GOLDIN: The best legislation that we can have is to change certain aspects of our school system. If family matters are important here — and I believe they are — it’s not just baby care. Simply doing something for infants isn’t the big deal. Most people I know who have kids will say that life was relatively easy until their kids went to the local public school, which sends them out at two o’clock, which sends them home in June, and the problems that they have are trying then to fill in the time to six o’clock, which used to be filled in in daycare, and fill in the summer, which used to be filled in in daycare. So for the children, alone, it would be worth extending the day and extending the year. This is not cheap, but it’s simply an extension of a public good that we are already producing and it will do a world of good for working families.
DUBNER: Interesting, but you’re not calling for, or advocating at least, as your first choice, legislation that would change the way firms work to create more equal opportunities or more temporal flexibility, let’s say, for women?
GOLDIN: If I could figure out a way of doing that, I would have told you. But I don’t think it’s easy to mandate. How can you mandate that firms all figure out ways of reducing the cost of temporal flexibility and reducing the costs of having people be puzzle pieces? We’re simply not going to do that. It’s going to happen organically.
DUBNER: There are some places where men are required, increasingly, to take family leave when they have a child. So does that kind of legislation — that happens governmentally, but then at the firm level — does that suitably level the playing field by lowering the cost of temporal flexibility?
GOLDIN: Well that doesn’t lower the cost of temporal flexibility. That could change the amount of time that each parent spends with kids. So there are, sort of, two separate ways of dealing with this. One is changing the cost of the amenity, and the other one is changing the supply of the individuals who demand the amenity. And that might change the latter; it’s not necessarily going to change the former at all.
[MUSIC: Teddy Presberg, “82nd Ave Strut” (from Blueprint of Soul)]
DUBNER: Anne-Marie Slaughter, whom we’ve also spoken with about this topic, argues that a lot of the solution for gender equality in the workplace lies with men — that men need essentially to be sort of re-socialized, to better understand their role and women’s role in family care and so on. I’m curious what your thoughts are on that. That’s a strong social norm in our culture, that women are the, “primary caregiver” and so on. I’m curious whether you think that’s a necessary and/or likely change, and that might produce some benefit to everybody?
GOLDIN: Well, that is certainly related to the previous point that you made about paternity leave. That if we mandate that men take paternity leave or give them paternity leave — parental leave that only they could take, that you can’t mandate they take it, you can simply say that if you don’t take it, it evaporates. One of the reasons for doing that in the various countries that have done it is to, sort of, change the social norm and have fathers bond more with their kids, and take more responsibility when their kids are young and then they’re going to do more later. And there are some studies — one in Quebec, for example — that indicates that it does have somewhat of an impact. So, that’s going along the lines of what Anne-Marie Slaughter says, and I couldn’t agree with her more that if in fact men leaned out more the world would be a better place for women. How you accomplish that is more difficult. I think that it would be easier to accomplish getting the price of the amenity down, than as you just said, reprogramming all the men in the United States. So, I think of these issues as these solutions in buckets as: fix the women —that is, make them more competitive, better bargaining skills, better at math. Fix the infants — take care of the infants, that will do it, OK? Fix the men — which is the point that we were just talking about. Or, fix the organizations and the jobs and I’m thinking more about the latter.
DUBNER: What costs come with that convergence of the roles of men and women? Especially hidden costs that we haven’t considered. In other words, we’ve set this up as a goal of equity, especially in the workplace. Can you point to any examples where there are costs, however, to the pursuit of that equity?
GOLDIN: Well, there are always going to be differences. There’s no question. No one’s saying that we want a world in which men and women are identical, in which you look out and you just see androgynous individuals walking around in Mao suits. So, I’m not certain what actual costs there are. Making men kinder and gentler and more interested in their kids — how can there be any cost to that? Making women more respected in their jobs, how can there be any cost to that? Making women fiercer and better bargainers and more competitive? Meh. I can see a cost to that.
DUBNER: I’m just curious, what’s it like for you to hear the kind of stock political assertion about the size of the gender gap knowing that it misses all the nuances that you’ve just described?
GOLDIN: It makes me feel that I have to get back in my office and do better work, and write it up better, and state it with more force. But, I recognize that there are facts, there are truths, and there’s political action. So one simply has to recognize that there are good people out there who want to make the world a better place and they will push what they want even in the absence of hard evidence.
* * *
[MUSIC: Boat, “The Name Tossers” (from Setting the Paces)]
Claudia Goldin admits that her career has turned out pretty well. If you want to be an academic, landing in the economics department at Harvard isn’t bad. Goldin is considered a true expert in her field; she’s won awards, been celebrated. But she’s also been reminded, now and then, that simply being female can carry costs of its own.
GOLDIN: My own story is interesting because I was asked — and I do not do consulting — I was asked to evaluate a project that was done by a leading international agency that will remain unnamed. And the project was that in the organization, it was deemed that women were being treated less well than men. And they did an internal study, and the internal study concluded that women were doing just as well as men and that there were no problems at all — that whatever problems were in the organization were some other things. Maybe there was groping, maybe there was harassment, but that didn’t look like it showed up in terms of their job position and their pay. OK, so this person calls me up and says, we need external people to review it. And he asked me and two other people, who were men, who worked a lot as consultants. And the person said to me, “how about $2,000 for this job?” And I thought, “that’s interesting,” because I thought I was doing it as a favor. “That’s fine, $2,000.” So the three of us evaluated the internal review, found that it looked pretty good, and I received my payment. A couple months go by and I receive a call that said, “By the way” — and remember that the project we were working on was wage- and promotion-discrimination against women — and I receive a call and was told that the other two men had a rate that they asked for and so their pay was about one and a half times or two times mine. So, someone at that organization actually approved three consultants, the woman receiving about half of what the men received. So, there is evidence that the individual who didn’t ask for anything — because I didn’t have a rate — got less than the guys who did ask for it.
DUBNER: Alright, so my one piece of advice for you, Claudia, would be that you need to find out the previously agreed-upon male rate and quote that instead of letting them tell you what you’re going to get, alright?
GOLDIN: Thank you very much. Well, what I’m going to do is, I’m going to call you up and ask you to bargain for me.
DUBNER: It’s a deal. I’ll do it.
* * *
And next time on Freakonomics Radio, how to become a political superforecaster. It is not as straightforward as you think.
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Freakonomics Radio is produced by WNYC Studios and Dubner Productions. This episode was produced by Greg Rosalsky. Our staff also includes Arwa Gunja, Jay Cowit, Merritt Jacob, Christopher Werth, Kasia Mychajlowycz, Alison Hockenberry and Caroline English. If you want more Freakonomics Radio, you can also find us on Twitter and Facebook and don’t forget to subscribe to this podcast on iTunes or wherever else you get your free, weekly podcasts. | <urn:uuid:09ba6fb1-89fd-424b-a613-ecdd2986ca77> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://freakonomics.com/podcast/the-true-story-of-the-gender-pay-gap-a-new-freakonomics-radio-podcast/?c_page=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822480.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017181947-20171017201947-00147.warc.gz | en | 0.974081 | 8,177 | 2.578125 | 3 |
PREVOST DE LA CROIX, JACQUES, colonial administrator; b. 6 May 1715 at Brest, France; d. 9 Oct. 1791 in France.
Jacques Prevost de La Croix’s grandfather, Robert Prevost, a wealthy Parisian banker, had in 1705 secured hereditary nobility for the family by purchasing the office of king’s secretary. His father, Philippe, had moved to Brest and acquired the offices of director of supply and treasurer of fortifications for Brittany. In 1714 Philippe, referred to as écuyer, married Marie-Gabrielle-Élisabeth L’Estobec de Langristain, a nobleman’s daughter. One of Jacques’s uncles became bank agent and king’s counsellor. His own career was marked by determined effort to advance himself and enhance his family’s wealth and status.
Like three of his four brothers, Jacques entered the naval commissariat because Brest was a major seaport and he was related to an important naval family, the Le Febvre de Grivys. Beginning his Marine career in 1729, he was promoted scrivener in 1732. In 1735 he was sent to Louisbourg, Île Royale (Cape Breton Island) as principal scrivener; this post in the commissariat involved supervision of one area of the intendant’s jurisdiction and was often the stepping-stone to the higher grade of commissary. Prevost did not remain in the colony long since he gained the confidence of administrators who sent him to Versailles in 1737 to report on the shortage of supplies. Falling ill after his return, he left for France again in 1738 and did not come back until François Bigot was appointed financial commissary in 1739. Prevost was then assigned commissariat duties for the colonial regular troops and for maritime conscription.
Prevost became Bigot’s protégé and the careers of the two men were closely linked in the 1740s and 1750s. Bigot trained Prevost in colonial administration, promoted his career, and defended him when necessary. During Bigot’s absence from Louisbourg in 1742, Prevost replaced him, but in such a manner that he provoked Commandant Duquesnel [Le Prevost*] to complain to France about the young man’s pretensions. During the 1745 siege Prevost was wounded and, after the capitulation, he returned to Rochefort where he worked on accounts with Antoine Sabatier*. When Bigot was appointed intendant of the fleet of the Duc d’Anville [La Rochefoucauld*], Prevost was promoted naval commissary in 1746 to serve under him. A series of misfortunes then befell Prevost. Two ships on which he sailed were captured by the British, and his belongings were lost in another vessel sunk off Sable Island, Nova Scotia. In 1747 he was appointed to replace the controller at Quebec, Jean-Victor Varin de La Marre, but his ship was forced back into port by the British. After Louisbourg was returned to France by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, Prevost was appointed financial commissary on 1 Jan. 1749, following Bigot’s solicitation. Together with Bigot, who was now intendant of New France, Prevost re-established the civil administration at Louisbourg later that year.
Prevost became the patron of the men he placed in administrative positions at Louisbourg between 1749 and 1755, just as he himself was a client of François Bigot and of Pierre-Arnaud de Laporte, the powerful chief clerk of the Marine colonial bureau. His family was his first concern and the core of his support. By his marriage to Marguerite-Thérèse Carrerot on 14 Feb. 1745, Prevost became allied not only to her prominent merchant-administrative family, but to the Delorts as well [see Guillaume Delort*]. His wife’s father, André Carrerot*, was promoted keeper of the seals for the Conseil Supérieur and principal scrivener shortly before his death in 1749. Two Delorts obtained seats on the Conseil Supérieur and another was employed by Prevost in the civil administration. In 1750 Prevost brought his younger brother, Pierre-François, from France to serve as scrivener and, after many years of requests, secured a promotion for him. Two of Prevost’s sons and a Carrerot were enrolled in the colonial regular troops, one of them even before the age of four.
During Prevost’s years at Louisbourg the civil administration was expanded, and Michel Le Courtois de Surlaville maintained that Prevost employed many more clerks than he could occupy. Jean Laborde, the agent of the treasurers general of the Marine at Louisbourg, was Prevost’s closest ally and benefited from the association by amassing offices and government contracts, as did his in-laws, the Morin, Daccarrette, and Milly families. Laborde’s son was hired by Prevost as an assistant clerk, and in 1749 Jean-Baptiste Morin de Fonfay, who had been Prevost’s secretary, became royal notary and clerk of the Conseil Supérieur. King’s Lieutenant Charles-Joseph d’Ailleboust* and Major Robert Tarride* Duhaget were identified as among several military officers who became the commissary’s “creatures” in return for the special favours he dispensed.
Opposition to Prevost’s empire building, and to his personal vindictiveness, formed quickly. Pierre-Jérôme Lartigue, the king’s storekeeper, and Séguin, the royal controller, opposed Prevost because of irregularities they observed in his administrative practices. In 1749 Séguin’s criticism led Bigot to intercede on Prevost’s behalf and ask the minister to recall the controller. The lieutenant-general of the Admiralty Court, Laurent de Domingué Meyracq, also opposed Prevost, as did Antoine Le Poupet de La Boularderie. In 1750 La Boularderie requested permission to go to Versailles with Lartigue to report on the commissary’s alleged misconduct; however, it was Séguin who is known to have left for France in 1751, because of ill health, and who reported to Versailles. When he returned in 1752 he carried with him instructions aimed at tightening administrative procedures to ensure financial accountability.
The arrival in 1751 of a new governor, Jean-Louis de Raymond, strengthened the dissident elements and caused an irrevocable split in the administration. From totally different backgrounds, Raymond and Prevost were equally headstrong and stubborn. Each came to detest the other to such a degree that personality dominated over policy for two years. Their quarrel became so intense that at one point Raymond contemplated removing Prevost from his position and replacing him with Séguin. For his part Prevost carried on a concerted campaign to remove Lartigue [see Jean-Baptiste Morin de Fonfay] and to discredit Meyracq by appointing judicial subdelegates for the sole purpose of reporting on the activities of the Admiralty Court in the out-ports. Personal animosities reached such a height that the priest Pierre Maillard* was moved later to comment to the new governor, Drucour [Boschenry*] on the “sad things [that] had passed” at Louisbourg.
Material interests were the root of this confrontation among personalities. A report prepared by Surlaville and Raymond revealed the variety of ways in which Prevost attempted to misappropriate or defraud the crown of 32,982 livres on the accounts for 1752. Funds were requested for unfilled administrative posts, the government was overcharged for services rendered, and supplied were purchased above the market value. Contracts were awarded to favourites such as Jean Laborde, Nicolas Larcher, and the Rodrigue brothers, and sometimes they were rigged so that the supplier made unusually high profits. Prevost departed from standard procedure by dispensing with the controller in many financial transactions where his presence was required by regulation. He awarded two contracts for the fortifications to Claude-Audet Coeuret, an associate of the Rodrigue brothers, but the second was vetoed by France because the prices were so exorbitant.
Prevost was also at least aware of the attempt by Bigot and the Grande Société to control the supply of New France for their own profit [see Michel-Jean-Hugues Péan]. When one of the ships used by Bigot, the Renommée of Bordeaux, arrived at Louisbourg with supplies for the administration, Lartigue and Séguin found the cargo short. On reporting to Prevost, Lartigue discovered that the ship captain had preceded him; Prevost berated Lartigue for weighing the flour incorrectly and said he would handle the matter personally. Further, Surlaville and Raymond charged that 20,000 livres requested from the crown for the transport of Acadian refugees in 1752 had been diverted by Prevost to finance a ship sent to the British colonies to buy beef for Bigot.
Complaints lodged against Prevost were neutralized through the counter-offensive he waged in dispatch after dispatch and through the protection afforded him by Pierre-Arnaud de Laporte. In utter frustration Raymond resigned the governorship in 1753, thereby strengthening Prevost’s grip on the administration. One more dissident voice was silenced the following year when Séguin became paralysed and was forced to return to France. Prevost removed Lartigue from his position as storekeeper and replaced him with Jean-Baptiste Morin de Fonfay, despite initial opposition from France due to soaring supply costs and criticism of Morin’s integrity.
Prevost was the undisputed master of the Louisbourg administration after 1753. Not only did Laborde’s government contracts grow, but his son-in-law Michel Daccarrette* and his stepson François Milly also became suppliers to the administration. Expenditures for the colony and the fortifications rose to the highest ever, although they were partially attributable to the preparations for war and to the several thousand Acadians who fled Nova Scotia and sought refuge in French territory in the early 1750s [see Jean-Louis Le Loutre].
When Governor Drucour arrived in 1754 Prevost worked assiduously to cultivate him, and the governor came to rely heavily on his advice. Within a few months Prevost had secured Drucour’s agreement to the appointment to the Conseil Supérieur of four assistant councillors whom he had personally chosen. In 1755 when battalions of the French army were sent to the colonies, Prevost was appointed acting war commissary until the arrival of La Grive Des Assises, the regular quartermaster, the following year. The rapid influx of soldiers overburdened the town’s facilities and led the French army officers, unaccustomed to the rigours of colonial North America, to complain about Prevost’s manner of billeting and according supplies. Prevost also quarrelled with La Grive as he had with Séguin, but once again Bigot interceded, instructing the quartermaster to obey Prevost’s orders as though they came from the intendant. In 1757 Prevost was promoted commissary general, the rank below intendant, with a raise in salary.
Prevost demanded absolute loyalty from his subordinates, and to his enemies he showed no quarter. One officer went so far as to accuse him in 1754 of having engineered the escape from prison of a man who had attempted to kill La Boularderie, his bitter opponent. Yet Prevost worked earnestly to resettle displaced Acadians and won praise from several quarters, notably from Abbé de L’Isle-Dieu, who lauded him to Bishop Pontbriand [Dubreil*l and felt that he would have been intendant if Bigot had been removed. Prevost had opposed Raymond’s foolhardy settlement schemes and there appears to be little substance in the assertion made by James Johnstone, known as the Chevalier de Johnstone, a partisan of Raymond, that Prevost retarded the economic development of ile Royale.
Little precise information is available concerning Prevost’s personal affairs or any profits he may have made while in North America apart from Raymond’s appraisal that Prevost’s estimates for the 1753 colonial accounts were inflated by at least 33,000 livres. Thomas Pichon did note however that both Prevost and the engineer Louis Franquet* were “devilishly fond of money,” and that while work on Louisbourg’s fortifications progressed slowly in the 1750s, “some people wish the work to last a long time.” Before 1745 Prevost was mentioned only as commercial agent for André Carrerot. His meagre investment of 500 livres in privateers in 1744 makes his later claim that he left 50,000 livres in France when he returned to the colony in 1749 appear unlikely, although he may have inherited money. His household staff in the 1750s numbered about ten and he acquired two houses and a piece of land on Île Royale. He rented his properties to the crown for 1,500 livres annually, and the costly addition to his house undertaken in 1754–55 was made at government expense. Prevost apparently loved gambling for he was admonished by the minister of Marine in 1758 for allowing games in his house where sums as large as 20,000 livres were lost. Jean Laborde claimed in 1763 that he had loaned the commissary 10,000 livres at Louisbourg, but after Prevost returned to France he considered buying land valued at 85,000 livres, although he said he intended to borrow for this purchase.
Prevost’s role during the 1758 siege of Louisbourg was limited but critical. He consistently advocated that the French fleet remain in the harbour to defend the fortress and that the ships not be abandoned to augment the garrison. At a meeting of Drucour’s war council on 26 June, he persuaded the military officers to accept Jeffery Amherst’s stringent terms of unconditional surrender because the colonists had suffered at the hands of the British long enough. Yet even in this instance Prevost’s conduct was questioned. Louis-Antoine de Bougainville* maintained that Prevost, like Bigot during the 1745 siege, had advocated capitulation for pecuniary reasons. As the king’s stores were situated behind one of the points of British attack, Prevost had transported the merchandise to safer locations. When the inventory of French goods was prepared, after the surrender, Bougainville claimed that Prevost failed to mention the items placed elsewhere. This booty fell to his profit and that of Louisbourg’s residents.
After the capitulation Prevost returned to France to await reassignment. With the financial commissary from Rochefort, he was ordered to La Rochelle late in 1760 to investigate the large deficit owed by Laborde on his accounts from Louisbourg. The debt was still unresolved in March 1762 when Prevost officially resigned with a pension of 3,000 livres. The following year Laborde was imprisoned in the Bastille where he accused Prevost of having stolen the strong-box in which army funds had been stored. Already suspicious of Prevost for reasons which are not entirely clear, the Duc de Choiseul ordered his arrest on 28 April 1763.
Prevost proved his innocence and convinced the Paris lieutenant-general of police, Antoine de Sartine, who asked Choiseul to release him. Prevost was freed on 14 June but, still under suspicion, he was not permitted to leave Paris until the following April. Choiseul considered him to have been negligent at Louisbourg and ordered that he never again be employed in the Marine department. But Sartine became a new protector who in 1766 persuaded Choiseul’s successor, the Duc de Praslin, to exonerate Prevost officially from any involvement in the Laborde affair.
Considering Prevost’s questionable conduct in Île Royale, and his subsequent tribulations, his rise to prominence during the second half of his career was remarkable, although partially attributable to Sartine, who became minister of Marine in 1774, and to his successor, Castries. Returning to the Marine service as assistant in the Rochefort archives in 1767, the following year Prevost was sent to Corsica as financial commissary. In 1773 the parlement of Paris upheld his family’s nobility, he became financial commissary at Lorient, and he was named knight of the order of Saint-Louis with a pension of 2,000 livres. Three years later he achieved his life’s ambition when Sartine appointed him intendant at Toulon. After serving for five years, Prevost retired with a pension of 16,000 livres. The 52 years he had given to France’s naval and colonial service were ultimately rewarded in 1782 when he was appointed king’s councillor.
Jacques Prevost was motivated by an intense desire to give respectability to the noble status acquired by his grandfather. Despite having spent nearly two decades in Île Royale, he remained a Frenchman imbued with the values of his homeland. His colonial service was a brief interlude in a career dedicated to social ascendancy through the acquisition of wealth, a naval intendancy, land in France, and military commissions for his sons. Yet his ambition and petty vindictiveness made him abhorrent to many such as Johnstone, whose published memoirs so defamed Prevost that most historical comment about the man has been negative.
The French revolution witnessed an end to the aspirations Prevost entertained for himself and his family. His eldest son, Jacques-Marie-André, an army officer, was killed in battle in 1783. Prevost died in 1791 and his second son, naval captain Charles-Auguste, was guillotined in the following year. The youngest son, Louis-Anne, was elected by the Gironde in 1795, but his election was annulled and he died several weeks later.
AD, Charente-Maritime (La Rochelle), B, 275, ff.69, 72, 92v. AMA, Inspection du Génie, Archives, art. 15, pièce 5; Bibliothèque, mss in–4°, 66, pp.108, 134; mss in f°, 205b °, f.49; SHA, A1, 3457; 3498, no.174. AN, Col., B, 89, f.207; C11A, 93, f.352; C11B 23, f.19; 24, f.67; 25, f.169; 34, ff.22, 253; C11, 13, ff.106, 149v; 14, f.105; 16, ff.31–32; D2C, 3, ff.19–19v; 48, f.305; 60, f.23; E, 258 (dossier Lartigue); F2C, 4, f.198; F3, 50, f.494; Marine, C7, 261 (dossier Prevost de La Croix); Section Outremer, G1, 466, no.76; G2, 192/3, pièces 7, 23; Minutier central, LII, 175. ASQ, Polygraphie, LI; LIII; LV; LVI, 15; LVII. Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal, Archives de la Bastille, 12200; 12480; 12506. BN, mss, Fr., 29989, f.10; 31625, f.3310. PAC, MG 18, G8; J10. Coll. de manuscrits relatifs à la N.-F., III, 469, 484. Les derniers jours de l’Acadie (Du Boscq de Beaumont), 126, 133. [James Johnstone], Memoirs of the Chevalier de Johnstone, trans. Charles Winchester (3v., Aberdeen, Scot., 1870–71). La Rue, “Lettres et mémoires,” ANQ Rapport, 1936–37, 400, 433. [Thomas Pichon], Lettres et mémoires pour servir à l’histoire naturelle, civile et politique du Cap Breton, depuis son établissement jusqu’à la reprise de cette isle par les Anglois en 1758 (La Haye, Pays-Bas, 1760; repr. [East Ardsley, Eng.], 1966). Crowley, “Government and interests.” McLennan, Louisbourg. Marc Perrichet, “Plume ou épée: problèmes de carrière dans quelques familles d’officiers d’administration de la Marine au XVIIIe siècle,” Congrès national des soc. savantes, Section d’hist. moderne et contemporaine Actes du quatre-vingt-onzième congrès, Rennes, 1966 (3v., Paris, 1969), II, 145–81.
Cite This Article
T. A. Crowley, “PREVOST DE LA CROIX, JACQUES,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 4, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed March 8, 2014, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/prevost_de_la_croix_jacques_4E.html.
The citation above shows the format for footnotes and endnotes according to the Chicago manual of style (16th edition). Information to be used in other citation formats:Permalink: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/prevost_de_la_croix_jacques_4E.html
|Author of Article:||T. A. Crowley|
|Title of Article:||PREVOST DE LA CROIX, JACQUES|
|Publication Name:||Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 4|
|Publisher:||University of Toronto/Université Laval|
|Year of publication:||1979|
|Year of revision:||1979|
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How to Create a Garden with Limited Space
What do you think of when someone asks if you’re going to plant a garden? Do you imagine a thriving backyard space full of dozens of different types of plants? Do you think of a huge front yard display full of brilliant colors?
Unfortunately, not all of us have the space for a large garden. The good news is that even those who think they have no room at all usually have space for something — whether it’s a smaller plot or even a container.
PLANNING FOR YOUR GARDEN
Be creative when you think of your garden and the space you have in which to plant it. Gardens have been successfully grown in very small patches of land or in pots placed outside of an entranceway. The size of your garden is not nearly as important as the way you treat their plants so that they can grow and thrive.
Start by doing a little bit of research. Not all plants grow well in every geographic location, and the time of year you can start planting without danger of frost varies depending on where you are located as well.
If you want to plant multiple types of plants, you’ll need to determine which can be grown together or near each other and which need to be separated. Do the plants you want to grow need specific amounts of sunlight? Take everything into consideration.
Once you know what plants are most appropriate, determine where you’ll place your garden. Will you be using a small patch of land outside a rented house or apartment? Will you be using window boxes or planters? Different types of plants need to be started at different times of the year, so make sure you have a timeline mapped out as well.
PURCHASING SEEDS AND MATERIALS
Now that you’ve done some research you can purchase the seeds or seedlings you need to start your garden. If you are using planters, make sure they are large enough for your plants to grow without overcrowding each other. They’ll need space to grow, both above and below the soil.
Don’t skimp on potting soil. A high-quality potting soil will give your plants the nutrients they need to survive and thrive. There are dozens of different soil alternatives to choose from, so you may want to ask an expert at your local garden center which type will be best for the types of plants you’re working with.
DEALING WITH PESTS AND WEEDS
Even the smallest gardens can end up with pest problems. Bugs love to feed on plants, but you can control them by mixing in some plants that have naturally repellant scents — like marigolds. Other plants are inviting to spiders and ladybugs, “good” bugs that can help to keep the “bad” bugs away.
Some soils have fertilizers and insect repellants mixed in. Do your best to avoid chemical pesticides as they can be harmful to children and small animals — not to mention your plants. If you must use them, do so sparingly.
Bugs aren’t the only problem your garden will face. Weeds can also choke out your plants, causing them difficulty in terms of growth. Take some time to aerate your garden’s soil and pull the weeds as often as you can. Even potted plants can end up with weeds.
Don’t let the fact that you don’t have a lot of space prevent you from having a garden. It doesn’t matter if you live in a mansion or in a third-floor apartment. If you have space for a pot and time to give your plants some attention and care, you can definitely grow thriving plants. Make a plan and make the most of the space you’ve been given. You’ll be glad you gave small space gardening a shot. | <urn:uuid:777e4362-93dc-4acf-9090-92b8243dc4f9> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://gantdaily.com/2013/04/01/small-space-gardening/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663754.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00177-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954557 | 802 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Thomas Malthus lived from 1766 to 1834. In 1798, he published the Principle of Population where he made the observations that the human race would be likely to overproduce if the population size was not kept under control.
Malthus then focused his studies on the human race. His calculations and theories produced an idea that the human population would increase geometrically while the food supply and natural resources would only increase arithmetically. This is a potential explanation for the predicted poverty and famine. He concluded that as more offspring are born, a more competitive nature would arise. As more offspring come into the population, fewer resources will be available for the population. This has the potential for competition between organisms for survival due to lack of resources. This competitive nature would be necessary for survival of individuals within a large population size unable to be supported by the environment. He believed that this uncontrollable population size would eventually be the cause of famine and poverty among humans. His reasoning behind this idea was divine intervention. He believed that this would be the punishment for man if he became too lazy.
Malthus’ Principle of Population caused Darwin to rethink many issues while coming up with his theory of natural selection. Malthus’ work made Darwin realize the importance of overpopulation and how it was necessary to have variability in different populations. Darwin also used Malthus’ ideas to use competition as well as the survival in numbers idea to come up with his full idea of natural selection.
Campbell, Reece. Biology, Sixth edition. Benjamin Cummings. 2001. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/malthus.html http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Philosophy/Malthus.htm http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa033001a.htm | <urn:uuid:917f5c52-6096-46a2-86d9-8513ccc41e19> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Evolutionary_Biology/Thomas_Malthus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119645898.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030045-00237-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957439 | 384 | 3.9375 | 4 |
Connectograms are graphical representations of connectomics, the field of study dedicated to mapping and interpreting all of the white matter fiber connections in the human brain. These circular graphs based on diffusion MRI data utilize graph theory to demonstrate the white matter connections and cortical characteristics for single structures, single subjects, or populations.
Circular representations of connections have been used in a number of disciplines; examples include representation of aspects of epidemics, geographical networks, musical beats, diversity in bird populations, and genomic data. The connectogram, as a graphical representation of brain connectomics, was proposed in 2012.
Brains colored according to the outer ring of the connectogram. Connectograms are circular, with the left half depicting the left hemisphere and the right half depicting the right hemisphere. The hemispheres are further broken down into frontal lobe, insular cortex, limbic lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, subcortical structures, and cerebellum. At the bottom the brain stem is also represented between the two hemispheres. Within these lobes, each cortical area is labeled with an abbreviation and assigned its own color, which can be used to designate these same cortical regions in other figures, such as the parcellated brain surfaces in the image to the right, so that the reader can find the corresponding cortical areas on a geometrically ac . . . more | <urn:uuid:f6961d0e-5caa-487c-b51b-171b49a87786> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://www.origin.org/one/database.cfm?sl=101058 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703527850.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121194330-20210121224330-00081.warc.gz | en | 0.896294 | 282 | 3.578125 | 4 |
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- noun (common) (futsuumeishi), noun or participle which takes the aux. verb suru
||correct, justice, righteous, 10**40
||hit, right, appropriate, himself
||change, take the form of, influence, enchant, delude, -ization
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Does the end justify the means?
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He tried to rationalize his foolish actions.
He is trying to justify his act.
Can you justify the use of violence? | <urn:uuid:bd95792b-1e17-4aba-b606-e995b01ce766> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.nihongomaster.com/dictionary/entry/36184/%e6%ad%a3%e5%bd%93%e5%8c%96-%e3%81%9b%e3%81%84%e3%81%a8%e3%81%86%e3%81%8b-seitouka | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802767247.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075247-00071-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907104 | 186 | 3.234375 | 3 |
“The United States is THE WORLD’S BEST HOPE … Beware…for if we stumble & fall, freedom & civilization everywhere will go down in ruin.”
-U.S. Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge, 1919 “Done…the SEVENTEENTH DAY of SEPTEMBER, in the year of our LORD one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven.” This is the last line of the U.S. Constitution.
Signer of the Constitution James McHenry noted in a diary entry (published in the American Historical Review, 1906), that after Ben Franklin left the Constitutional Convention, he was asked by Mrs. Elizabeth Powel of Philadelphia:
“Well, Doctor, what have we got, a republic or a monarchy?”
Franklin replied, “A republic, if you can keep it.”
Webster’s 1828 Dictionary defined “REPUBLIC“: “exercise of the SOVEREIGN POWER is lodged in representatives elected by THE PEOPLE.”
In other words, a REPUBLIC is where THE PEOPLE are KING, ruling through their representatives.
The Pledge of Allegiance is to the Flag “and to the REPUBLIC for which it stands.”
When someone dishonor the flag, what they are saying is, they no longer want to be king.
Yale President Ezra Stiles, stated in 1788:
“All the forms of CIVIL POLITY have been tried by mankind, EXCEPT ONE: and that seems to have been reserved in Providence to be realized in America …
Most states of all ages … have been founded in rapacity, usurpation & injustice.”
John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, stated September 8, 1777:
“The Americans are the first people whom Heaven has favored with an opportunity of deliberating upon, and choosing the forms of government under which they should live. All other constitutions have derived their existence from violence or accidental circumstances.”
James Wilson, who signed the Declaration and Constitution and was appointed to the Supreme Court by George Washington, remarked at Pennsylvania’s ratifying convention, November 26, 1787:
“Governments, in general, have been the result of force, of fraud, and accident. After a period of 6,000 years has elapsed since the creation, the United States exhibit to the world the first instance…of a nation…assembling voluntarily… and deciding calmly concerning that system of government under which they would wish that they and their posterity should live.
Click here to see full article: http://bit.ly/2d3bhv6 | <urn:uuid:07e98c18-c829-4d2c-a56d-c531ff74f034> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://theamericanrenewalproject.org/2016/09/the-united-states-is-the-worlds-best-hope-beware-for-if-we-stumble-fall-freedom-civilization-everywhere-will-go-down-in-ruin-u-s-sen-henry-cabot-lodge-1919/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578806528.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190426133444-20190426155444-00317.warc.gz | en | 0.950429 | 566 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Kids can enjoy a free, baseball-themed online education program with an emphasis on math and literacy skills.
We hope that you are staying safe and healthy. While your young sluggers are home, keep them busy with these Phillies-themed educational activities.
You can also follow how the Phillies family - from its players, partners and front office - are responding to the COVID-19 crisis.
Learn the importance of being active through exercise and smart food choices.
America at Bat: The Color of Baseball is an educational piece that asks those utilizing the curriculum to examine, critically think about and understand the history of the Negro Leagues. The curriculum allows for an understanding of what was taking place in the United States, and at times, internationally, while the Negro Leagues were in existence. | <urn:uuid:af7fe982-f9d8-4be1-b623-a02cd91ef023> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://prod-webeng-app.mlbstatic.com/phillies/fans/kids/activities | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141195929.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20201128214643-20201129004643-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.968001 | 160 | 2.703125 | 3 |
News of Riverton, Lander and Fremont County, Wyoming, from the Ranger's award winning journalists.
Energy and eagles to be studied
Oct 23, 2012 - The Associated Press
JACKSON -- It's well understood that pronghorn, mule deer and sage grouse have an aversion to natural gas infrastructure.
For birds of prey such as bald eagles, the effect of gas pads, drill rigs and compressor stations is less clear. Research on it doesn't exist.
In coming years, Jackson Hole biologists Bryan Bedrosian and Susan Patla will begin to fill in the blanks.
Bedrosian, with Craighead Beringia South, and Patla, with the Wyoming Department of Game and Fish, have outfitted six bald eagles with solar-powered GPS transmitters that will record the location of each bird every hour for the next three or four years. The research was funded by a $60,000 grant from the Pinedale Anticline Project Office.
"We'll be gathering super-detailed information on where they're nesting, going to forage and where they're wintering," Bedrosian said.
"The basic premise is to look at if there are any potential impacts on the movement of breeding eagles. It'll be interesting to see if they're selecting areas with noise buffers or light buffers."
Of the six eagles, three are resident adult males, two are migrating males and one is a younger female.
Capturing the seven- to 14-pound birds is "exceptionally difficult" and takes about a week of work for each bird, Bedrosian said.
Floating the New Fork and Green rivers, the biologists used a dead fish stuffed with Styrofoam, wrapped in monofilament nooses and tethered to a floating log. When eagles are spotted perching, the fish are cast into the water in hope the bird's talons become entangled.
Because eagles in Green and New Fork river riparian areas weren't studied before the anticline and Jonah field booms, it'll be difficult to gauge the effect of gas development, Patla said.
"The question is not so much if they've changed their habits, since we can't answer that," she said. | <urn:uuid:d6281495-9118-4479-9668-87dfe548b35d> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.dailyranger.com/story.php?story_id=4088&headline=Energy-and-eagles-to-be-studied | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416931009271.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20141125155649-00096-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958834 | 469 | 2.65625 | 3 |
High blood sugars (hyperglycemia) can come on slowly or quickly depending on the type of diabetes you have and the cause of that particular high.
In fact, your blood sugars may have been sitting at a higher-than-normal level for so long that you don’t really even feel the symptoms of it at all.
Compared to low blood sugars (hypoglycemia), high blood sugars are much more difficult to spot or even notice. They also take longer to correct, and while they carry less immediate danger compared to lows, they have the potential cause much more long-term damage throughout your entire body.
Let’s take a closer look at the causes and symptoms of high blood sugar levels.
Table of Contents
What is high blood sugar?
A healthy human body thrives when blood sugar levels are generally between 70 to 130 mg/dL throughout the day. While everyone — including non-diabetics — will likely experience blood sugar levels above this range because of big meals, this is the general goal range.
With low blood sugars, there’s one number for everyone that is considered “low” — 70 mg/dL — because dipping below this becomes dangerous for everyone. But high blood sugars are more complicated because being slightly above the goal ranges listed below doesn’t equate to immediate danger and may actually be safer for some people based on other health conditions and their age.
According to the American Diabetes Asociation and the Mayo Clinic, optimal blood glucose levels are:
Blood sugar goals for a non-diabetic:
- Between 80 and 120 mg/dL for people age 59 and younger with no additional medical conditions
- Below 100 mg/dL when fasted (before eating)
- Between 100 and 140 mg/dL for people age 60 and older if they have additional health conditions like heart disease, kidney disease, etc.
Blood sugar goals for a person with type 1 or type 2 diabetes:
- Between 80 and 130 mg/dL “fasted” (before meals)
- Less than 180 mg/dL within two hours after meals
High blood sugar levels become dangerous when:
- You’re high for a consistent period of time, even when you wake up in the morning
- You’re running above 180 mg/dL on a regular basis
- You’re running above 250 mg/dL on a regular basis — very dangerous
If you’ve already been diagnosed with any type of diabetes, then seeing a 120 mg/dL on your glucose meter before breakfast isn’t necessarily cause for alarm, but it does mean you’re running higher than your likely goal range.
If you haven’t been diagnosed with any type of diabetes and your fasting blood sugar level is over 120 mg/dL, this is a clear indicator of diabetes and should be discussed in detail with your healthcare team.
Causes of hyperglycemia
- Type 1 diabetes
- Type 2 diabetes
- Gestational diabetes
- Insulin resistance
- Lack of regular exercise
- Diet high in processed, fatty, sugary foods and beverages
- Exceptionally large meals (Thanksgiving, Christmas, Easter, etc.)
- Severe dehydration from repeated vomiting/diarrhea/stomach virus
Symptoms of high blood sugar
Depending on the cause of your high blood sugars, the symptoms could develop quickly or gradually.
People with undiagnosed type 1 diabetes will develop nearly all of the symptoms of high blood sugar very quickly, over the course of a few weeks, because their blood sugar levels are rising rapidly while insulin production is declining rapidly.
People with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes may not notice these symptoms for months or years because gradually increasing insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction can take a long time to become severe enough to produce noticeable symptoms.
Contact your healthcare team if you are experiencing several of these symptoms, and ask to have your blood sugar levels tested.
- Sour fruit smell on your breath
- Lethargy — very heavy feeling in your limbs
- Yeast infections (in men or women)
- Dry mouth
- Weight-loss (type 1) or weight-gain (type 2)
- Shortness of breath
- Confusion / difficulty concentrating
Contact your healthcare team if you are experiencing several of these symptoms, and ask to have your blood sugar levels tested. If you’ve already been diagnosed with diabetes, ask your healthcare team to help you fine-tune your medication dosages to help you achieve healthier blood sugar levels.
Visit your local emergency room immediately if you are experiencing any of these severe symptoms.
Tips for managing high blood sugars if you have diabetes
High blood sugars in a person with any type of diabetes are expected but if you are consistently running higher than your goal range, this means your body is getting too little of something or too much of something else.
In all people with type 1 diabetes and some with type 2 diabetes, insulin is the only way you will be able to maintain healthy blood sugar levels. Without insulin via pump, pen, or syringe, a person with type 1 diabetes will die within a few days.
But taking insulin is complicated. Just 1 unit too much or too little can lead to unwanted fluctuations in your blood sugar. Learning how to adjust, balance and dose your insulin around food, activity, stress, hormones, weight gain or loss, and daily life is a neverending process.
Work with your healthcare to make sure your insulin doses are meeting your body’s current needs.
Non-insulin diabetes medications taken via pill or injection can help a person with diabetes tremendously. Many of these medications work by increasing the amount of insulin you produce if you have type 2 diabetes.
These medications can also decrease the amount of sugar your liver produces, slow down the digestion of your meals to prevent post-meal spikes, and help excess glucose from your diet pass through your urine so it never enters your bloodstream.
But your dosages of these medications need to be adjusted from time to time. If you’re noticing symptoms of high or low blood sugars, talk to your healthcare team immediately to get things fine-tuned.
When your blood sugar is high, you need to drink plenty of water along with anything else you do to help reduce it. Water is going to help flush out excess glucose and ketones. Even mild dehydration as a person with diabetes will only make your blood sugar levels higher because your blood becomes more concentrated.
Reducing the amount of processed, packaged, sugary foods in your diet will help tremendously no matter what type of diabetes you have.
You don’t have to eat a perfect diet, but if you can strive for 80 to 90 percent of whole, real food that leaves you with plenty of room each day for a treat to prevent feelings of deprivation! Look at the bigger picture of your diet rather than striving for perfection. It doesn’t have to be all or nothing.
Yes, you can often lower your blood sugar level by exercising. Regular exercise will help your body need less insulin because the exercise will burn some of the glucose in your bloodstream.
However, if your blood sugar is above 240 mg/dL, check your urine for ketones using ketone strips or a blood ketone meter. If you have ketones, do not exercise. Exercising with severe high blood sugars can increase ketones and put you at risk of DKA.
The closer you are to a healthy body weight, the more sensitive your body will be to insulin. This means your body will simply struggle less to achieve healthy blood sugar levels and need less assistance from larger quantities of insulin or other medications. Even losing 5 or 10 pounds can make a difference in your sensitivity to insulin!
Read “How to Lose Weight with Diabetes” to learn more about healthy weight loss.
Managing stomach viruses, the flu, and repeated vomiting
If you are a person with type 1 diabetes and you get a stomach virus that causes you to repeatedly vomit — which means you are unable to keep food or water down — you need to visit an emergency room immediately. If you have a glucagon kit, consider using it to prevent severe low blood sugar until you are being cared for in an emergency room.
Long-term effects of high blood sugar levels
Left untreated, high blood sugars will wreak havoc on your entire body, because glucose will build-up in your bloodstream and essentially rot the vital nerve-endings throughout your entire body.
- Retinopathy in your eyes, which can lead to blindness
- Neuropathy in your fingers, toes, legs, feet
- Difficulty healing, which can lead to infections and amputation
- Nephropathy in your kidneys
- Gum disease and other oral health issues
- Gastroparesis in your digestive system
High blood sugars are serious and can severely impact your health in the short-term and long-term. Talk to your healthcare team immediately if you believe your blood sugars are consistently running higher than your goal range.
Suggested next post: What Low Blood Sugar Feels Like
If you found this guide to the symptoms of high blood sugar useful, please sign up for our newsletter (and get a free chapter from the Fit With Diabetes eBook) using the form below. We send out a weekly newsletter with the latest posts and recipes from Diabetes Strong. | <urn:uuid:c5b2a6cb-ce69-4699-b9d6-619f59d715c8> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://diabetesstrong.com/symptoms-of-high-blood-sugar/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986685915.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018231153-20191019014653-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.921103 | 1,933 | 3.046875 | 3 |
In a number of domains, humans adopt a strategy of systematically reducing and minimizing a codified system of movement. One particularly interesting case is “marking” in dance, wherein the dancer performs an attenuated version of the choreography during rehearsal. This is ostensibly to save the dancer’s physical energy, but a number of considerations suggest that it may serve a cognitive function as well. In this study, we tested this embodied-cognitive-load hypothesis by manipulating whether dancers rehearsed by marking or by dancing “full out” and found that performance was superior in the dancers who had marked. This finding indicates that marking confers cognitive benefits during the rehearsal process, and it raises questions regarding the cognitive functions of other movement-reduction systems, such as whispering, gesturing, and subvocalizing. In addition, it has implications for a variety of topics in cognitive science, including embodied cognition and the nascent fields of dance and music cognition.
Thursday, September 19, 2013
The cognitive benefits of movement reduction.
This piece by Warburton et al. shows another example of how musical, artistic, or athletic performance can be enhanced by subtle mimicking of the final full-out performance. I certainly use this technique in my piano playing. I notice many more possible refinements, errors, and nuances to tweak during either imagining play or playing very slowly and softly than in the normal more robust performance. Their abstract: | <urn:uuid:4587d53f-098d-4121-b5cc-4d7a08a7b49b> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://mindblog.dericbownds.net/2013/09/the-cognitive-benefits-of-movement.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337803.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006092601-20221006122601-00243.warc.gz | en | 0.950953 | 292 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Install a permanent culvert
Culverts are the most commonly used form of stream crossing. The following tips will enable you to construct a well-functioning and stable culvert.
- Provide a suitable bed for the culvert composed of compactable material.
- Compact fill around and over the culvert in 1-foot lifts.
- The fill above the culvert must be 12 inches or 0.5 times the diameter of the culvert, whichever is greater. For example, a 20-inch culvert must have 12 inches of fill above the pipe, while a 40-inch culvert will need 20 inches of fill above the pipe.
- Apply armoring or vegetation around culverts to prevent erosion, as needed.
(Illustration by Noah Kroese)
For more information about culvert installations, see | <urn:uuid:835aed38-5266-4dea-b6f9-e66817e49657> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.uidaho.edu/extension/idahoforestrybmps/how-to/install-culvert | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986660323.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20191015205352-20191015232852-00170.warc.gz | en | 0.824931 | 169 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Effect constantine s conversion roman society and christia
Constantines effect on christianity
Now in a difficult position, he blamed Christian arsonists. There is much more to learn about Constantine. Many of his actions were designed not to offend pagans or were subject to ambiguous interpretation. Suppression of other religions[ edit ] See also: Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism Constantine's position on the religions traditionally practiced in Rome evolved during his reign. Traditionally, you would need to truly devote yourself to the church and be sincere in your reasons for doing so in order to be accepted. In AD 64, a large fire spread through Rome and nearly destroyed it, crippling its economy and forcing many citizens to flee. Allowing Constantine to have been considered Christian during his reign and to eventually welcome him into the church prior to his death was unconventional to say the least. The definition of doctrinal orthodoxy was brought to the forefront by the Trinitarian controversy, sparked by the teachings of Arius.
The Emperor Constantine. After the Nicene council, and against its conclusions, he eventually recalled Arius from exile and banished Athanasius of Alexandria to Trier.
Constantine impact on history
Little else is known. He built the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem; the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem; churches to commemorate the martyrdom of Peter and Paul; the Lateran basilica; and many others. Pennsylvania: , Was it a figment of his imagination? It was also customary for the candidate to be exorcised many times throughout this stage to ensure that he was 'pure'. Soon after becoming ruler, he made the gradual conversion to Christianity and abandoned his old pagan practices. Diocletian dictated that the Church at Nicomedia be demolished and the scriptures burned. In fact, his coinage and other official motifs, until , had affiliated him with the pagan cult of Sol Invictus.
In the past Christian followers suffered great persecution and the religion itself was forbidden and shunned. Nicaea dealt primarily with the Arian controversy. In it was prohibited for any enemy of the Christian church to serve the palace. Throughout stage three, the catechumen would receive orthodox teachings.
Constantine would certainly now seem to be favouring the Christians, but had he himself become one? At the time of his death inChristians had assumed all imperial ranks, dress, and the duties of the civic elite.
How did christianity change the roman empire
One of the supporters of this persecution was Emperor Diocletian. At the same time, although he was permissive of Christian practice in the empire, he was also lenient toward pagan religious practices. Many of his actions were designed not to offend pagans or were subject to ambiguous interpretation. They may have helped Constantine to see in his experience the monogram of Christ as the Christian interpretation of what he saw. Works Cited 1 Alan Kreider. No longer would they be persecuted, which would inevitably make Christianity a more appealing religion to convert to. A likely explanation is that he did indeed have some kind of experience—a dream, a vision, or both—but that the interpretation was provided by Christian advisers notably Ossius, or Hosius, bishop of Cordoba, Spain. At this sight he himself was struck with amazement, and his whole army also, which followed him on this expedition, and witnessed the miracle. Additionally, his conversion contributed Roman law to the Catholic Heritage of the West, forming a basis of Western thought on law and justice. How did the church respond to Constantine? Prior to the reign of Constantine, becoming a Christian was a very long and strenuous process; a process in which the converts would truly need to be dedicated not only to becoming Christian, but also to changing everything about their beliefs, behaviour, and lifestyles. As a next step, sign up for a brand new online course taught by Everett Ferguson, Church History 1. Constantine commanded his troops to adorn their shields with a Christian symbol the Chi-Rho , and thereafter they were victorious. Your form could not be submitted. He would apply to the church and ask for instruction on how to go about making this possible.
Or, to learn how you can offer this online course at your church or school, contact us today!
based on 23 review | <urn:uuid:df73197e-222a-400a-8828-6b4f55c8f4a8> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://cynozutole.whatshanesaid.com/effect-constantine-s-conversion-roman-society-and-christia595777321be.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738746.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200811090050-20200811120050-00358.warc.gz | en | 0.981582 | 884 | 3.40625 | 3 |
William White (b. unknown – February 1621) White was a Mayflower passenger who settled in Plymouth Colony in 1620 and signed the Mayflower Compact. He was born in England and died in the winter of 1621, in Plymouth Colony.:101
The Mayflower VoyageEdit
White married Susanna in about 1615, and their son, Resolved, was born soon after. They became passengers on the Mayflower which left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. They also took with them two servants, William Holbeck and Edward Thompson.:448 There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the Mayflower spotted land. The Mayflower was supposed to land in the Colony of Virginia, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land at what is now known as Provincetown Harbor.:411-413 They landed on November 21. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other.:411-413
Life in PlymouthEdit
White's second son, Peregrine White, was born on the Mayflower, while it was anchored at Cape Cod. He was the first English child born in Plymouth Colony. White and his servants, Holbeck and Thompson died soon after landing, in early 1621.
White's widow, Susanna, married Edward Winslow in May 1621, which made her the first Plymouth Colony bride. Winslow had also been a Mayflower passenger and later became the second governor of Plymouth Colony.:101 Together they had five children. She and Winslow are buried in the Winslow Cemetery.
- Bradford, William (1856). History of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford, the second Governor of Plymouth. Boston.
- George Ernest Bowman, The Mayflower Compact and its signers (Boston: Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants, 1920). Photocopies of the 1622, 1646 and 1669 versions of the document pp. 7-19.
- Stratton, Eugene Aubrey (1986). Plymouth Colony: Its history and people, 1620-1691. Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing. ISBN 0-916489-18-3.
- Nathaniel Philbrick, Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (New York: Viking, 2006), pp. 89-90
- "Edward Winslow". Pilgrim Village Families Sketch. 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- "Susanna White Winslow (1595 - unknown ) -". Find A Grave Memorial. 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013. | <urn:uuid:6c6c818e-be47-49f7-8396-a56c8bf46d4e> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_White | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337680.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005234659-20221006024659-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.965832 | 561 | 3.3125 | 3 |
School buses are known as the safest mode of ground transportation. They are nearly eight times safer as compared to a normal passenger vehicle. Passenger cars or light trucks have a fatality rate of 1.44 per 100 million vehicle miles travelled (VMT), while school buses have 0.2 per 100 million VMT.
Kentucky school bus tragedies
Ironically, Kentucky school buses were involved in two of the most deadly car crashes in U.S. history, the Prestonsburg Bus Disaster in 1958 and the Carrollton Bus Collision in 1988. Each year, around 450,000 public school buses get on the roads and travel around 4.3 billion miles to take children to and from school. Every school day, 23 million children ride big yellow buses. In Kentucky alone, 1,627 collisions involved a school bus in 2011, stated the Kentucky State Police (KSP). These crashes killed five people and injured 506.
School bus tips
Many children are hurt every year by merely getting on and off their school bus. Several factors contribute to these incidents and among those are distracted drivers. It is essential that we talk to our children about school bus safety so they will know how to protect themselves. Remind your kids to stay away from traffic while waiting for the school bus and to wait until the bus comes to a complete stop before getting on. Also, using handrails when stepping into the bus will make sure they won't fall backwards. Since kids are likely to carry their backpacks with them, tell them to keep their belonging out of the aisle to avoid blocking the exit ways. Most importantly, tell them to listen to the driver and behave so the bus driver can focus on the road.
What drivers should do when they are around school buses
As Kentucky drivers, we have important roles to play to keeping children safe around vehicles. Here are few safety tips when driving near school buses:
- Watch out for children when leaving a garage or backing out of a driveway. Check the sidewalks to see if there are kids approaching before getting in your car.
- Drive slowly, especially around school zones and during school days. Always remember that there may be kids crossing the street or walking on sidewalks.
- Familiarize yourself with the school bus laws in your state. In all states, the red flashing lights indicate that the bus has stopped and that children are getting on or off. Yellow flashing lights mean the bus is preparing to stop.
- Be extra cautious. Kids have a tendency to suddenly dart into the street.
As a Kentucky Accident Attorney, I would love to see the number of road accidents decrease. It's never fun to hear about any accident, but it's even harder to listen to an accident that involves kids. Please always be on the lookout for kids when you drive, especially if you live in a neighborhood or in a city. Also, if you're driving through a school zone, make sure pay attention to the speed limit. Speed limits decrease when kids are arriving at school and are leaving school. | <urn:uuid:348e87aa-438b-4b79-a9d0-bad59173fafc> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.mikeschaferlaw.com/blog/driving-in-school-zones-safety-tips-for-kentucky-drivers.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689471.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923033313-20170923053313-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.970595 | 613 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Dubai: Marine scientists at Atlantis, The Palm, took the first steps on Thursday toward creating a new colony of seahorses to help rejuvenate diminishing native herds of the tiny creatures in UAE waters.
Looking much like the proud father, Dennis Blom, manager of the Lost Chambers at Atlantis, plunged into the clear blue waters off Port Jebel Ali with two plastic bags filled with 50 rare newborn seahorses he gingerly raised in nursery tanks at the hotel marine sanctuary.
On a glassy sea in late morning, Blom then swam to the seabottom three metres below and delicately released his tiny charges, whose scientific name is Hippocampus Hystrix, into thick croppings of dark green seagrass flourishing in the protected waters of a nearby deserted beach.
“As soon as they were in the seagrass, they disappeared,” said Blom after resurfacing near a support vessel loaned to the project by Emirates Marine Environmental Group (EMEG).
The disappearing trick is an innate survival skill in which seahorses’ outer appearance can be changed to emulate the colours and patterns of their environment to give the marine animals superb camouflage.
At a length of roughly four centimetres, the newborn seahorse fry need every evolutionary advantage against larger predators that they can muster in order to survive to adulthood where they can reach 10cm in length and live for up to three years in the wild.
The seahorse release project is important, Blom said.
“Seahorses are native to UAE waters and they are protected in their home waters,” he said. “With projects such as this, hopefully we can increase their numbers. Before, there used to be a lot of them.”
The release site is an ideal setting for the seahorse colony project because the seafloor has large swathes of natural seagrass, a natural home in which the seahorses can hide. Strong tidal flows in the area will ensure that there is lots of natural live food for the seahorses to establish a sustainable colony, Blom said.
“There is a lot of food around here, the low tide brings in a lot of food and it will help them in the long run,” he said. “We are trying to bring back a whole colony here to re-seed other new colonies.”
The project has received the full backing of Trakhees -- Environment, Health and Safety (EHS).
Marine colleagues at Atlantis, The Palm, are rooting for the new seahorse conservation project.
Steve Kaiser, vice-president of Marine Sciences and Engineering at Atlantis, said any project aimed at repopulating depleted marine stocks raises the hopes of everyone.
“The birth of any threatened species helps us further our goal of educating and enlightening people about marine life and ecosystems,” said Kaiser.
“By releasing a number of these new seahorses into the Gulf, we hope to help bring their numbers back from the brink.”
Blom, meanwhile, said that the 50 seahorses released into the wild were only fed live food since hatching to help boost their introduction into the wild where they will continue to eat zooplankton in the lazy ebb and flow of Gulf underwater currents.
As part of this year’s successful breeding program of the species at Atlantis aquariums, about one third were released into the wild while a further 100 seahorses born and bred at Atlantis are being raised in a small protected aquarium designed to help raise public awareness about the endangered species.
Inside the The Lost Chambers Aquarium, two species of seahorses, the Hippocampus Hystrix and Hippocampus Reidii, are on display for curious public visitors.
Atlantis marine scientists encourage visitors to help endangered seahorses, not hinder them by purchasing dried seahorse products used for medicine or for decoration.
• The males carry seahorse eggs for about one month before they hatch
• Seahorses are monogamous and stay their entire lives with their partner
• Seahorses perform intricate dancing rituals in the water before mating
• Juveniles are exact replicas of the adults at birth and are about five-six mm in length.
SOURCE: Atlantis, The Palm | <urn:uuid:7fd93026-6dd4-4e13-a3e6-f99dc44a0b50> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/environment/atlantis-releases-herd-of-seahorses-into-gulf-1.1068019 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702957608/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111557-00017-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947375 | 892 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The ultimate guide to effects: filters
28th Jun 2011 | 14:00
Different filter types explained, and four of our favourite plug-ins
Like many of today's processing must-haves, filters as effects used to be a novelty. Dedicated filter effects were scarce, and early examples of their usage as studio effects usually involved tapping into the filter section of an analogue synthesizer such as the Minimoog or ARP 2600.
It was an unusual gimmick put to good use by Pete Townshend of The Who, who pumped his Lowrey organ through his EMS VCS3 to create the sounds heard in Won't Get Fooled Again. David Bowie, Brian Eno and producer Tony Visconti applied a similar treatment to Robert Fripp's guitar on the Bowie classic Heroes.
While only rarely used as a studio effect, guitarists had been employing filters all along, if only as a part of another, more complex effects chain. The classic wah-wah sound, ubiquitous in the 1970s, was simply a dynamically controlled filter coupled with either a pedal or an envelope follower and shoved into a stompbox.
Still, filters remained a gimmick until they resurfaced in the '90s, wrapped around sampled drum loops. Because most samplers have all the functions of an analogue synthesizer built in, it's a doddle to liven up a static drum loop with a bit of fancy filtering. This sound caught on in a big way and, riding the wave of retro fetishism attached to vintage synthesizers, filters became a de-facto production tool for house and DnB producers who used them to get more mileage from their breakbeat and disco samples.
Manufacturers soon began trundling out dedicated filter boxes and plug-ins by the ton - current artists whose work relies heavily on filters include Deadmau5 and High Contrast.
What makes the filter so appealing? Well, as we've suggested, it can liven up otherwise lifeless or repetitive sounds. Much of today's music production is based on samples, and samples on their own can be a bit dull. Throwing in a modulated filter can add a sense of movement to the proceedings as it sweeps through the signal's frequencies, emphasising others along the way.
Of course, that's just one of the tricks you can perform. To get a better idea of what filters can do, you'll need to learn a bit more about them.
How do filters work?
We probably don't need to tell you that a filter works by removing selected frequencies from a sound. The most common type is the low-pass filter, which, as the name suggests, allows low frequencies to pass through while blocking the highs. Just which frequencies are filtered out is usually determined by a user-definable cutoff parameter.
In addition to this, most low-pass filters will offer a resonance control. Also known as 'emphasis' or 'Q', resonance provides a boost at the selected cutoff value. Some resonance controls can be cranked high enough that they self-oscillate, producing a sine wave, the pitch of which is determined by the cutoff setting.
This combination of low-pass filtering and resonance is responsible for a great many familiar sounds, ranging from the Kraftwerkian 'thwip' to the ever-popular quacking wah-wah. On its own, a suitably endowed resonant filter can produce all sorts of other-worldly whistling effects, even without a signal running through it, a capability historically put to great use by Jean Michel Jarre and Pink Floyd's Rick Wright.
Though the low-pass filter is by far the most common, there are a few other types that you may run into as well. A high-pass filter performs the exact opposite function of a low-pass, allowing high frequencies to squeeze through while blocking the lows.
Band-pass filters lie somewhere between the two (and in fact can be made by using low and high-pass filters in series), allowing a narrow range of frequencies through while filtering out the stuff above and below the selected frequency. Notch filters do the opposite, allowing everything above and below the selected frequency to get through.
There are other, more esoteric filters out there, such as all-pass or comb filters, but you are far less likely to find these in standalone packages. In fact, most dedicated filters combine filter types - these are referred to as multimode or state variable filters. Still others combine filters with dedicated gate sequencers, envelope generators or LFOs to provide a range of dynamic or synchronised filter effects.
You may have seen filters that have been designated as 4-pole or 24dB filters. This distinction describes the cutoff slope of the filter - in other words, it describes exactly how precise the filter is, and how much of the signal immediately surrounding the cutoff frequency will be allowed through.
A 24dB filter has a more precise, sharper cutoff than a 12dB (or 2-pole) filter. The famous Moog ladder filter is a 4-pole design, while Oberheim's SEM called upon a 12dB circuit. Roland's famous TB-303 Bassline employed an unusual 18dB filter design to shape its unique, squelchy timbres.
After poring over the descriptions presented here, you may be thinking that filters very much resemble equalisers - and you'd be right. Indeed, an equaliser is fully capable of performing similar duties. Shelving EQs can be seen as low- or high-pass filters that can be boosted as well as attenuated, and it's perfectly possible to press some EQs into the same squelchy territory as a resonant filter, though the parameters and process might be slightly different depending on the EQ itself. Likewise, you can use one or more filters as an equaliser.
From basic engineering tasks to cutting-edge electronic music productions, filters have become a mainstay of modern music. Chances are that your DAW already has one or two of them among its bundled effects, and there are plenty more to choose from, both commercially and freely available.
Next time you're mixing a drum loop or guitar track, drop one into a track insert and have a play. It could open up a whole new bag of tricks.
Four fabulous filter effects
Sugar Bytes Wow, €79
Sugar Bytes' appropriately named Wow will leave you saying exactly that. A combination of traditional filtering with the addition of formant filtering (which is used to create vocal-like vowel sounds), this little red devil is a real knockout.
TAL-Filter II, Free
Togu Audio Line has made it a mission to provide professional-quality effects for musicians on a tight budget. TAL-Filter looks deceptively simple, but the reserved GUI hides a highly flexible multimode filter with overdrive, dynamic panning and more. It's all designed to sync up with the host DAW's tempo, making it a cinch to whip up rhythmic modulations.
XILS-Lab XILS 3, €220
Do it the old-school way! Many vintage synthesizer emulations can be opened as effects plug-ins, allowing you to route your tracks through their filter sections. XILS 3 was inspired by the EMS VCS3, just like the one Brian Eno used to process his bandmates' instruments in Roxy Music.
Ohm Force Frohmage, Free
An oldie but definitely a goodie, Ohm Force's Frohmage is a free serving of creamy filtering with a potent punch that's sure to leave you gasping for air. The controls are pretty cryptic, but that's part of the fun - discovering new and unusual timbres.
For a comprehensive selection of effects tutorials and techniques, check out Computer Music Special: Effects (issue 47) which is on sale now.
Liked this? Now read:The effects that changed music
Get MusicRadar straight to your inbox: Sign up for the free weekly newsletter | <urn:uuid:359f7eb7-7d25-478f-a35b-5a4dcfe47c38> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://m.musicradar.com/tuition/tech/the-ultimate-guide-to-effects-filters-469352 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131299261.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172139-00276-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952181 | 1,649 | 2.734375 | 3 |
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Homeowners love windows — the light they bring, the views they frame, the feel they give to homes. Energy experts hate windows — the heat they bring, the heat they drain, the added energy consumption they cause. The race is on to develop the technology that will allow homeowners to place windows wherever they want without fear of skyrocketing energy costs.
Windows have continued to improve over the years, first with insulated glass units that provided a buffer zone of air between two panes of glass to reduce the heat loss incurred by single pane units during cold weather. Improvements continued with the advent of low-e or low emissivity coatings. These microthin metallic coatings reflect heat, sending it back where it came from. Low-e coatings significantly improve the thermal quality of insulated glass units, helping homes to stay warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer. Adding argon or krypton gas fill between these coated panes adds to the insulative properties of the window unit.
At the high end of available window technology is spectrally selective coatings. The coatings are applied to the panes of glass to reduce heat gain by blocking selected rays from entering the home. This enhancement to low-e coated glass helps further reduce heat loss from inside and heat gain from outside. It also serves to protect furniture and fabrics within from sun bleaching. With gas-filled, spectrally selective coated glass in a well-constructed insulated glass unit, the R-value of a window can approach that of a well-insulated wall. Still, short of drawing the shades or awnings, beating sun challenges all windows and causes solar heat gain that can compromise any energy budget.
New Window Technology
Companies are now researching technologies that will allow maximum visible light to enter the home while blocking the rays that cause heat buildup within the home. Enter switchable windows that respond with a flick of the switch to darken, lighten, or almost completely block the sun from entering living space. Technology already exists to bring switchable privacy glass (SPG) to homes, but these windows don’t block heat gain or ultraviolet (UV) light penetration. SPG changes from clear to milky white when switched, which allows light to enter the interior space while the view is blocked from outside. Marvin Windows brought this technology to the residential market, but was forced to abandon it due to quality problems.
The prize will be to discover a switchable tinted window that responds to light and heat gain by absorbing rays while allowing light to penetrate. The only problem is that any such technology must clear a number of hurdles before making it to the marketplace. Many companies are in competition to develop an electrochromic or chemical window solution that can darken and lighten windows at the flick of a switch or by automatic sensor.
Building a Better Window
The key stumbling blocks are threefold: durability, thermal stability, and reliability with regard to switching. Gentex Corporation, a Zeeland, Mich., company, known for its electrochromic automobile mirrors that automatically darken and lighten to eliminate glare, is undergoing its own tests for electrochromic windows.
“We’ve made increases in durability, fairly significant ones,” says Tom Guar, Vice President of Chemical Research for Gentex. Still, the goal has to be to produce a window that can stand up for 20 years. “When you think about it, it’s a pretty tough environment,” Guar says of the stresses a window designed to absorb heat must endure. “If you think about your glass pane absorbing great amounts of light and heat, it will get very hot, maybe even crack the glass,” he says.
Add to that susceptibility to water penetration, which is a problem for all insulated glass units (IGUs), and oxygen penetration, and there’s a lot to overcome. Marvin struggled with making sure the film adhered to the glass and the seal remained undisturbed. Any future product will need to address the same issues.
Sage Electrochromics, the Faribault, Minn., makers of SageGlass, has developed an electrochromic window technology that has passed all four levels of testing by the Department of Energy. Electrochromic coatings are much like low-e coatings in that they are comprised of a series of inorganic layers applied to glass. A storage layer holds lithium to power the transition while the electrochromic layer changes from clear, to tinted, to dark. The entire reaction is set off by an electronic signal received from a switch. Sage is now seeking to partner with glass and window manufacturers to create a product that will be available to consumers for home use.
Making Window Efficiency Affordable
“I think their technology is very good,” admits Guar. Still, as he sees it, the key will be to produce a window that is affordable, reliable, and durable. The manufacturing implications are huge, he says. “Handling large sheets of glass is non-trivial,” Guar says. Covering that glass with a chemical film is even harder. “It’s not an easy thing to accomplish,” Guar says. Still, the right partnership would make the glass available to window companies who feel they could provide a dependable seal for this technology. The fact that Sage is partnering with Honeywell to provide the switching capability gives a great boost to their product.
Granted, there are technologies available that use advanced chemical solutions to address energy efficiency. Heat Mirror, from Southwall Technologies in Palo Alto, Calif., is an excellent product that was developed to insulate glass from heat loss and heat gain. Heat Mirror windows have an insulative reflective barrier that is suspended between the panes of glass. It is spectrally selective and allows visible light to enter while blocking near infrared rays that cause heat buildup. It functions like a third layer of insulation and greatly increases the R-value of walls with windows. But, while the R-value with Heat Mirror windows is exceptional, the cost for insulating windows of this caliber is very high. And they’re not switchable.
The key to winning the high-efficiency-window race, most experts agree, is the development of an affordable technology that can be mass produced and last for the lifetime of a standard window warranty.
For consumers, electrochromic technology may revolutionize window placement and home design, allowing designers to place windows on west-facing facades without sustaining the incredible burden that a beating western sun places on the air-conditioning system. It may also mean designing for the glorious morning sun that so many homes currently avoid. Better yet, since this technology is device-controlled, it can even be programmed to darken or lighten automatically so that indoor climates can be effectively controlled even when the homeowner is absent. | <urn:uuid:e9f70be1-538b-4e3e-acbc-8c693488e1ff> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.bobvila.com/articles/475-building-a-smarter-more-efficient-window/?bv=ymal | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171629.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00509-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937739 | 1,451 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Leading the Way to the Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy
Mathis also worked long and diligently from 1948-1956. It was at the National Liturgical Week sponsored by the Conference at Notre Dame in 1959, that Mathis made his last major public appearance. Still recuperating from a major heart attack, Mathis was brought to the conference in a wheelchair and could manage only a momentary appearance on stage. There, this small, now frail man standing with Cardinal Giacomo Lercaro, who had literally worn himself out for the love of the liturgy without any recognition for so many years, was greeted at last with the standing ovation he so richly deserved.
Six months later, exhausted by what a confrere called "his many years of overtime in the service of the Lord," Michael Ambrose Mathis died on March 10, 1960, on the eve of the Second Vatican Council where a number of the very scholars he had brought to Notre Dame over the years would author the Constitution on the Second Liturgy, promulgated in December 1963, three years after Michael Mathis' death. | <urn:uuid:0ed445e7-f96e-40be-bfad-f6f071e5b11d> | CC-MAIN-2016-40 | http://liturgy.nd.edu/about/michael-mathis-c-s-c/leading-the-way-to-the-constitution-on-the-sacred-liturgy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661953.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00260-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979271 | 225 | 2.640625 | 3 |
There is more to color than meets the eye. Ever wonder where the brilliant blue feathers of Steller’s jay come from, or the metallic blue wings of Morpho butterflies? These so-called structural colors arise when visible light interacts with nanostructured materials having short- or long-range order. Morpho butterfly wings illustrate this phenomenon—their color vibrancy differs dramatically depending on the amount of dark pigment underneath the color-causing structures found on the back of their wings.
Researchers are interested in mimicking these optical phenomena found in nature for pigments and dyes.
In a communication in Advanced Materials, Shinya Yoshioka, Yukikazu Takeoka, and co-workers use the structural color of Steller’s jay as inspiration for their own artificial design.
They authors produced amorphous arrays of submicron-sized, fine, spherical, silica colloidal nanoparticles using a layer-by-layer method. The negatively charged silica layers were bound together by positively charged poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (or PDDA) and adsorbed to carbon-black- containing quartz plates. Scanning electron microscopy and visible spectroscopy revealed a homogeneous colloidal amorphous array with short-range order. As the thickness of the array was increased up to 15 layering cycles, the color was much more vibrant for silica particle aggregation prepared on black plates than on transparent plates. When the thickness of the silica layer is increased, the color becomes less saturated and appears white. The authors determined the optimal thickness of the layer to be between 1 and 2 μm, which is comparable to the thickness of the air–keratin structural layer found in Steller’s jay. They also demonstrated that the material exhibited the same color independent of the angle of observation, which is also the case for the Steller’s jay.
The color of the artificial structures can be changed using different-sized silica nanoparticles. For example, particles with a 260 nm diameter appear green, and those with a 300 nm diameter are red-purple. The color saturation of the colloidal arrays on transparent plates can also be manipulated by controlling the blackness of the background via the orientation of two stacked polarizing plates. When one plate is positioned 90° to linearly polarized light, the background is black, while parallel plates produce strong backscattered light.
To find out more, please visit the Advanced Materials homepage. | <urn:uuid:e1bccdc1-4b4e-46f1-a7b4-df7732608d9d> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/mimicking-structural-color-stellars-jay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488519735.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20210622190124-20210622220124-00539.warc.gz | en | 0.89263 | 514 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Nov 2, 2015 N/A
Buddhism: One Teacher, Many Traditions, by His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and Venerable Thubten Chodron, explores the common ground that underlies the diverse expressions of the Buddha’s teachings.
In this course, Venerable Chodron will use the book as our guide to investigate the Pali and Sanskrit traditions of Buddhism, beginning with the origin and spread of the Buddha’s teachings and defining what it means to take refuge in the Three Jewels.
The course will include two teaching sessions each day, discussion, and study time. To prepare, please read Buddhism: One Teacher, Many Traditions before you come.
A dana offering and registration form are requested to reserve your place for the retreat.
Arrive by 5:00 on Monday. Retreat ends after the evening teaching on Sunday with departure any time on Monday the 16th.
For more information, write the office or call 509-447-5549. | <urn:uuid:7972928c-36c8-4602-884c-e1b54b2e87c1> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://thubtenchodron.org/mc-events/buddhism-one-teacher-many-traditions-two-week-intensive/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188926.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00524-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907844 | 213 | 2.75 | 3 |
The earth tilts on its axis twenty-three degrees. In the Northern Hemisphere’s summer, the Arctic ice cap leans into the sun. It performs a systemic function, reflecting the sun’s radiation back into space to keep the planet in the narrow temperate zone that sustains the plants and animals that have evolved on it over the eons. Once the ice cap is gone, that radiation will be absorbed by the dark Arctic waters.
The Arctic ice underlies the temperature gradient responsible for the jet stream and the seasonal highs and lows that govern the rains in northern latitudes. When the ice is displaced by warming seas, and the gradient decreases, the highs and lows will not form as they once did but will shift, or form earlier or later, or grow larger or smaller, or direct the jet stream differently, or do all of these things. The rains will fall where they shouldn’t, when they shouldn’t, in amounts they shouldn’t, instead of where, when, and in the amounts that the seven billion souls on this planet depend on to grow grains and fruits and vegetables.
And each year, it will get worse. Once the ice cap goes, even if just for a few weeks, a self-reinforcing feedback loop will have been set into irreversible motion. The permafrost at the edge of the Arctic will melt and release eons of sequestered methane and carbon dioxide, which will drive yet further warming, and further melting, and further releases. Seasonal weather patterns will be further distorted. From the point of view of agriculture, the atmosphere will experience total systemic failure.
The graph below tracks the extent of the Arctic sea ice over the past decades. The dark gray line is the statistically “expected” or “mean” value based on empirical data from 1989 to 2010. The light gray area represents two standard deviations from the expected value, based on the variability of the empirical data. By definition, two standard deviations cover about 95% of the expected outcomes.
As the colored lines show, all of the outcomes since 2010 have fallen near or below the lower gray band. (In fact, the record of two-standard-deviation losses goes back to at least the 2000s.) This means that events that should happen 2.5% of the time (half of 5%) are happening virtually 100% of the time. And that’s after the band was adjusted from the 1979-2000 timeframe, when it was significantly higher on the y-axis. The bar has literally been lowered.
The shrinking is confirmed by this second graph, which shows the trend of areal ice loss.
Next, and perhaps the most worrisome for being the least broadly recognized, is the trend in volume. Not only is Arctic ice shrinking in area, but it’s thinning—just like ice on a pond in spring. Since 1979, it’s lost 80% of its mass. Here’s a graph from the Polar Science Center at the University of Washington’s Applied Physics Laboratory. Again, note the gray bands which represent two standard deviations from the expected, and how recent values persist below the 2.5% probability level.
Finally, here’s a graphic of the record-low Arctic sea ice extent in September 2012. To see more, go to the NSIDC’s website.
The Arctic ice cap is the idiot light at the top of the world.
So—throw up our hands? That’s one reaction. The other is to get serious and cut carbon emission as much and as soon as possible.
How do we do that? First, we have to believe the situation is real and imminent. Second, we have to believe we can make the changes that need to be made. Third is a World War Two-style effort to enact these two beliefs. Fourth, we need a carbon tax and dividend to harness the power of our economy and drive the needed innovation and conservation, like the one proposed by the Citizens’ Climate Lobby.
There’s nothing wrong with cap-and-trade conceptually; it’ll just take too long. We need need a carbon tax as soon as possible to fund the big, systemic efforts that are going to make the real difference. The time for incremental solutions has passed.
Fifth, to do the big, systemic things, we have to have leaders determined to do it.
The only way any of this happens is if we believe human-caused climate change is real and elect leaders who think the same. | <urn:uuid:95c7f18b-3569-455d-bf8c-b72468bbea0e> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://achangeintheweather.com/ice-cap/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398445080.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205405-00250-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942203 | 940 | 3.9375 | 4 |
Australians were forced to finish their drinks by 6pm for almost 40 years – and what a drinking culture it created!
ON 28 SEPTEMBER 1967, the clock struck one minute past 6pm and premier Don Dunstan raised a glass, as South Australians joined the rest of the nation in being able to legally continue drinking.
It was the first time they had been able to do so after six o’clock since 1916, as legislation extending the closing times of licensed establishments for the first time in almost 40 years came into effect.
Early closing times had been introduced in 1916 as a war-time austerity measure, as well as in response to a growing temperance movement. Before the change most hotels and pubs had closed around 11pm.
Unfortunately for lawmakers, less time didn’t necessarily equate to less drinks. Workers who finished at 5pm rushed off to pubs, ordering as many drinks as they could before the bars closed an hour later.
The resulting pushing, slopping and general raucousness led some to describe the drinking hour as a ‘pig swill’ and so the phrase ‘six o’clock swill’ was coined.
Journalist John Larkin described the six o’clock swill in visceral detail, writing “ankle deep at 5.30pm in a morass of cigarettes… a howling thirsty mass crawling over each other to demand fifteen beers each to drink in the last, desperate guzzling minutes.”
Early closing times, combined with a state-mandated decrease in licensed establishments and the growth of disposable incomes allowed extreme drinking to flourish in Australian states during this time.
The phenomenon was not only reported in newspapers, but made its way into high culture when Australian artist John Brack painted ‘The Bar’ in 1954. The painting, which shows a crowd of men gulping down drinks, later sold for 3.17 million Australian dollars.
The Bar (1954) by John Brack
The ‘swill’ had become part of Australian culture, reported back in England by those who visited, and celebrated by some in the states as exemplifying Australian masculinity.
Despite this cultural resonance, as the years went on, the tide began to turn against the closing hours. Illegal drinking had continued throughout the time and many began to bemoan the fact they couldn’t enjoy a few quiet drinks.
Newspapers that had previously rallied behind temperance began to align the early closing times with an assault upon the freedom of men. | <urn:uuid:9dd4978e-c93a-483d-8bbb-2b917960b062> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://derwombat.net/2019/10/25/now-and-then-australias-six-oclock-swill-australian-geographic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371880945.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409220932-20200410011432-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.981972 | 522 | 3.421875 | 3 |
‘Prospero and Shakespeare’
23rd April 1564 is said to be the birthdate of the world’s greatest playwright, William Shakespeare. A surprising coincidence was that he died 52 years later in the same month and date.
My love for Shakespeare began, when I was in the school, studying, what was then known as III Form( VIII class now). I was weak in Mathematics and my father engaged a special coaching master, a middle-aged man, who was unemployed but who was determined not to serve the colonial masters. He taught me literature, which was his first love, more than Mathematics, which was, he had to reluctantly accept was his bread winner..
He introduced me to Shakespeare through ‘Tales from Shakespeare’ written by Charles and Mary Lamb. The play I liked most at that point of time was ‘The Tempest’. It was like a fairy tale with characters like the ‘blithe spirit’ sweet Ariel, the scary Caliban and the magic master Prospero. My teacher was also a painter and he drew a beautiful sketch of the garden isle to which Prospero was exiled along with his child Miranda by his treacherous brother Antonio, who usurped power. My master asked me to colour what he had drawn, which made me love the play more.
Is the play really a fairy tale? The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries staged this play as a romantic comedy because the play ends well, Prospero forgives his brother and also the co-conspirator Alonso, the King of Naples and agrees to give away his daughter Miranda in marriage to Ferdinand , the son of Alonso. After his shelter in that island, Prospero has enslaved the then only two inhabitants of that place, loveable Ariel and monster-looking Caliban, both he sets free at the end of the play. ‘ ‘All’s well that ends well’ and as such, this play cannot but be a light-hearted romance ‘ is an argument that ,perhaps, cannot be dismissed easily but the 20th century Shakespearean scholars consider ‘The Tempest’ as an intellectually loaded play with multiple layers of meaning. Caliban stands for anti-colonialism and is the spirit of freedom representing an African slave! Ariel stands for freedom in the abstract sense.
The striking point of the play is the whole action taking place in the drama is
slightly less than four hours, not much longer than it takes to perform it on the stage. In the last scene, Prospero invites all his former foes now turned friends, as he has forgiven them, to supper. In Shakespeare’s day, a play used to start at 3p.m and close at 7p.m. which was also the supper time for the audience. It is the only play of Shakespeare where the time taken for the sequence of events in a play agrees with the real time experienced by the audience i.e when illusion and reality have one running identity. Shakespeare, who is known for his utter disregard for the unity of time and space-in fact, in ‘Winter’s Tale’ sixteen years pass within two acts- why has he shown so much concern for the unity of time and for breaking the barriers between the illusion and reality?
The play is all about power games in politics. Prospero himself was overthrown by his brother Antonio in active collaboration with Alonso he King of Naples .Prospero, for his part captures power from Caliban, the former ruler of the island. He enslaves both Ariel and Caliban, the original inhabitants of the island through his magical prowess. After the shipwreck, an illusion created by Prospero, the King of Naples and his brother Sebastian wander in the island, when the latter makes a futile attempt to kill the king to capture power. Not to lag behind the pranks of the high and mighty, the stupid Stephano, the drunken butler, Trinculo, the jester, as bidden by the freedom-loving Caliban, make ridiculous move towards killing Prospero to deprive him of his island sovereignty.
Prospero, a scholar extraordinaire, like Dr.Faust, gets fed up with knowledge but unlike him does not sell his soul to the Devil, but takes exactly an opposite decision, to live like an ordinary human being sans power and unique identity. After his bitter experiences and enjoyment of power dressed in brief authority, Prospero, has come to the conclusion that
‘We are such stuff
As dreams are made on and our little life
Is rounded with a sleep’.
Leonardo de Vinci writes about a stone which has rolled down from the mountain top.. People tread over it, animal hooves trample on it .Leonardo says:’ This is the fate of those who abandon life is solitude, life devoted to
reflextion and contemplation, in order to live in cities among people full of sin,’
We find Prospero in the same mood as Leonardo at the end of the play. In the ‘Epilogue’ he says:
‘And thence retire me to my Milan, where
Every third thought will be my grave!’
‘But this rough magic,
I here abjure ,and when I have required
Some heavenly music…..
I ‘ll break my staff
Bury it certain fathoms in the earth
‘The Tempest’ is Shakespeare’s last play. Prospero’s last words are interpreted as Shakespeare’s bidding adieu to theatre, his renouncement of his ‘magical wand’ , the world of music and language. It is said he lived for seven years after retiring to Stratford-upon-Avon as a country gentleman without uttering or writing even a single word of literary and dramatic import! | <urn:uuid:b47240bb-d095-4d9b-a003-ed6c6311b0d2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://indiraparthasarathy.wordpress.com/prospero-and-shakespeare/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00478-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97474 | 1,205 | 2.859375 | 3 |
In order to machine harvest a blueberry bush, several management considerations need to be made. Bed configuration is one of these. Raised beds bring catch plates closer to the base of the crown of the blueberry bush. Any suckers and low-hanging shoots should be removed from the lowest 14 inches of the plant and the crown must be kept narrow (Fig. 1) to minimize loss of fruit. Wide crowns result in excessive fruit loss when the berries hit the ground. Plant spacing is another important consideration. Between-row spacing should be a minimum of 9-10 feet. There also needs to be a minimum of 30 feet clearance at the end of the each row to allow equipment to turn around. Having period row break (e.g. every 400 ft) is suggested to help with managing harvest tasks such as unloading the harvester. In-row spacing of blueberry bushes should be a minimum of 3 feet, but exact spacing depends on the cultivar and site.
Each blueberry cultivar has characteristics that make it suitable, or not suitable, for mechanical harvest. A suitable cultivar should have the proper plant architecture, which includes good root anchorage, upright growth habit, narrow crown, and a canopy that is not too dense. Suitable cultivars also have an even, condensed maturity period. Fruit should have a small, dry stem scar with no stem retention and a low detachment force when the fruit is mature. Loose berry clusters are easier to harvest than tight clusters and fruit should be firm.
Many blueberries are still hand harvested because the quality of the fruit remains at its highest. There is little impact that machines cause if human hands collect the berries and the demand for blemish-free fruit in the fresh market is high. However, bushes must be harvested frequently (2-4 day intervals) and the labor supply is rapidly dwindling. Price points also decline as the season progresses making hand harvesting labor unprofitable. Therefore, mechanical harvest of blueberries is an expanding option for many blueberry growers for both fresh and process markets. Using machines to harvest for the fresh market is an area of great interest, but problems with packout losses due to too much immature fruit (Fig. 2), ground losses during harvest (Fig. 3), and fruit bruising are problems that currently restrict its use.
Even though mechanical harvest is currently available, there are several challenges that limit this type of harvest, including:
- Fruit missed by harvester that falls to the ground
- Harvest of immature fruit
- Missed mature fruit
- Fruit drop between harvests
- Fruit bruising
- Plant injury
The most common harvester machine type is the over-the-row harvester. The advantages of this type of harvester is that they can harvest a high capacity of fruit, reduce the need for labor, and minimizes the cost of harvest. They are expensive and may be cost prohibitive to medium and small-sized producers. Over-the-row harvesters also have other disadvantages. Because this type of harvester goes over the bush, berries fall quite a distance to the catch plates and can be bruised. Bruising significantly reduces shelf-life and may make berries unmarketable for the fresh market. Once berries are harvested they are dropped into lugs for transport, which can be another source of fruit bruising (Fig. 4). Unripe berries are also harvested at a greater rate than those that are hand harvested.
Other types of harvesters exist too, such as semi-mechanical harvest-assist platforms. These are less expensive than over-the-row harvesters and are used in concert with a shaking device. They are still in the evaluation stages but could soon bring another option to producers with medium or small operations.
Currently, the most common use of machine harvest in blueberries is for the process or frozen market. But, as technology improves, harvesting blueberries for the fresh market will become more commonplace.
Eric Stafne, Mississippi State University
Jeff Williamson, University of Florida | <urn:uuid:4a57c50e-e3b0-4b74-9d7d-db6bbf6d12c1> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://blueberries.extension.org/mechanical-harvesting-of-blueberries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178364764.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20210302190916-20210302220916-00247.warc.gz | en | 0.950075 | 830 | 2.625 | 3 |
With an estimated 10% of the world’s population suffering from chronic kidney disease, it’s no surprise that many people are looking for solutions to help improve their kidney health. Fortunately, many foods can help boost kidney function and improve overall health.
Here’s a comprehensive guide to the top 10 foods that have been proven to be beneficial for kidney health and disease prevention. From tasty fruits and vegetables to protein-rich nuts and seeds, these foods are full of essential vitamins and minerals that can help keep your kidneys in top shape. Learn more about how each of these foods can help support your kidneys and get started on the road to better health today!
Kidney Function and Disease Overview
The kidneys are two small organs located just below the ribcage on either side of the spine. They are responsible for filtering waste, salt, and excess water from the body through the process of urination. They also play a crucial role in regulating blood pressure and blood sugar levels.
Kidney disease is one of the most common causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), which is when a person’s kidneys have completely stopped working. If left untreated, kidney disease can be extremely harmful to your overall health and can even be fatal. Luckily, most cases of kidney disease are preventable, and many can be managed with a combination of healthy eating, exercise, and medicinal herbs.
Benefits of Eating Kidney-Friendly Foods
While many foods and herbs can help protect and improve kidney health, eating a healthy, balanced diet is always the best place to start. Many of the foods listed below are high in B vitamins and minerals such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium which are essential for proper kidney function.
A diet rich in these nutrients can help reduce the risk of developing kidney disease and aid in managing existing conditions. Other benefits of eating kidney-friendly foods include lowering blood pressure, reducing the risk of diabetes, reducing cholesterol levels, and maintaining a healthy weight. By adding these foods to your diet, you can support your overall health and prevent the disease from developing in the first place.
Top 10 Foods for Kidney Function
Berries – Blueberries, blackberries, and strawberries are rich in anthocyanins and other antioxidants that can help reduce inflammation in the kidneys. Leafy Greens – Dark leafy greens such as spinach, kale, and Swiss chard are a good source of magnesium, which is essential for proper kidney function.
Nuts and Seeds: Nuts, seeds, and legumes such as peanuts and lentils are high in B vitamins, which help promote healthy blood flow to the kidneys.
Whole Grains: Whole grains such as quinoa and oats are a good source of potassium, which helps regulate fluid and electrolyte levels in the kidneys.
Beans: Kidney beans and other pulses are full of protein and fiber, both of which are beneficial for the kidneys.
Fish: Salmon, herring, and mackerel are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which have been shown to have a protective effect on the kidneys.
Citrus Fruits: Oranges, lemons, limes, and other citrus fruits are high in vitamin C, which is thought to promote kidney health.
Cruciferous Vegetables: Broccoli, kale, and cauliflower are rich in sulforaphane, a compound that is known to help prevent kidney disease. Herbs and Spices – Cinnamon, turmeric, and cumin have all been shown to help improve kidney function in animal studies.
i. Herbs and Spices
Many herbs and spices are beneficial for kidney function in research studies. These include cinnamon, turmeric, cumin, cloves, and cardamom. Many of these spices are also good for the heart, so you can enjoy the benefits of two health conditions with a single recipe!
Cinnamon has been shown to lower blood sugar and blood pressure levels, which are two risk factors for developing kidney disease. It has also been shown to have antioxidant properties. Researchers believe this may help prevent kidney damage and reduce the risk of developing kidney disease.
Turmeric is perhaps best known for its health benefits as a topical anti-inflammatory cream. However, turmeric also has many internal health benefits as well. Turmeric contains a compound called curcumin that has been shown to help prevent kidney damage and reduce the risk of developing chronic kidney disease and ESRD.
Cumin is the most potent kidney-friendly herb on this list. It is beneficial for the kidneys in many studies. Cumin has been proven to reduce blood pressure, prevent the formation of kidney stones, and help prevent kidney disease.
Cloves are another potent kidney-friendly herb. They have been proven to prevent kidney damage and help reverse the progression of kidney disease.
Cardamom is a potent kidney-friendly herb. It has been proven to be beneficial for the kidneys in many studies. Cardamom has been proven to prevent kidney damage and help reverse the progression of kidney disease.
Recommended Reads: 10 Signs You May Have Kidney Disease and What to Do About It
Kidney health is critical to the long-term health and well-being of the human body. Fortunately, most cases of kidney disease are preventable, and many can be managed with a healthy diet and lifestyle.
The 10 foods listed above are rich in vitamins and minerals that can help boost kidney function and improve overall health. From tasty fruits and vegetables to protein-rich nuts and seeds, these foods are full of essential nutrients that can help keep your kidneys in top shape. By adding these foods to your diet, you can support your overall health and prevent disease from developing in the first place. | <urn:uuid:65bb6ea5-9bde-41f4-b68a-07fc6f321f0d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://detoxmetric.com/healthy-foods/10-foods-that-help-improve-kidney-function/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100705.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207221604-20231208011604-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.959338 | 1,168 | 3.25 | 3 |
By Sarah K.
When I first heard about ENME467: Engineering for a Social Change I didn’t know what to expect. What does an engineering course based on social change entail? Will this really help develop the technical skills necessary to become a profession engineer, as most technical electives are designed to do? This course did all this and more! Not only did it make me a more conscientious engineer, but it also showed me what I could change about my day to day life.
Engineering for a Social Change really opened my eyes to careless habits I had developed. Our topic for this semester focused on waste. Waste includes anything from discarded electronics to food loss and even plastic waste. As an individual, I was shocked at how much trash I would throw out on a weekly basis. After listening to Mark Freedman’s lecture on “Waste to Energy” I decided to try and keep all of the trash I make in a week to see my contribution to the landfill problem. I didn’t even last four days before I had to throw the accumulating garbage out. That was simply eye opening, and without this class I probably would’ve never realized my contribution to the problem. We all think that we are the exception. I’ve personally thought things along the lines of I don’t waste food, I always clear my plate! when in reality, I don’t always finish what I eat and I do throw away leftovers. This class made me realize that even when you think that you aren’t contributing to the problem, you probably are. And the first step to solving the problem is to acknowledge your part in the issue. As engineers, we are tasked with solving the problems of tomorrow. How can we do that if we ignore our own contribution to current issues?
Engineering for a Social Change has also taught me a lot about the discipline of engineering. Engineering is more than just technical know-how. It is the application of technical knowledge in order to solve today’s leading issues and make the world a better place. Engineers can not only do this by using their technical skills, but by also applying their technical knowledge to philanthropic opportunities and to public policy. Engineers should be involved with Engineers Without Borders, or Habitat for Humanity, or even by offering their skillsets to their community in whatever way they can. As engineers, we have the ability to make such an impact on the world, but only by taking advantage those opportunities. We can also make a difference by going into public policy. Engineering and other STEM professionals are needed now more than ever in law. With the rising threat of climate change, the introduction of autonomous vehicles, and the introduction of artificial intelligence, engineers are needed to make federal and state regulations. So often in engineering courses we forget the impact that engineering has on society. Having a class that emphasizes our impact really puts into perspective what engineering entails.
I would highly recommend this course for engineering majors, and even for it to be integrated into the Mechanical Engineering curriculum. It was a great experience to have worked with a real nonprofit organization to come up with a solution they’re facing, and apply to the $10,000 Neilom Engineering for a Social Change Grant. Overall, I think engineering students would benefit by studying social change and ethics. ENME 467: Engineering for Social Change expanded not only my knowledge of the impact of engineering, but also showed me how to be a more careful and meticulous citizen. | <urn:uuid:b4d17d47-f5d9-4c0a-ba51-9c28752f6a31> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://cecd.umd.edu/engineers-problem-solvers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510707.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930181852-20230930211852-00292.warc.gz | en | 0.97122 | 712 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Chevra Kadisha - function, communal role; role of women, secrecy, Kabbalistic influences, money, recruiting, social functions, Zayin Adar; Textual sources: Biblical, Rabbinic, Medieval, modern; Historical Overviews: Jewish Burial Societies - development in Europe and America till today; landsmanshaft, Goodman, Tri-Partite Commission, Kavod v'Nichum; Toward New Policies on Jewish Funeral Practices.
Compassion, Active Listening, Bikkur cholim, illness, Jewish hospitals; healing movement, chaplaincy, hospice, viddui, death preparation: legacy writing, ethical will, organ and tissue donation; teshuvot: helping families make funeral and burial arrangements; counseling of mourners, supporting the mourner beyond shiva.
Organizing, Training, Education - Communal, Chevra Kadisha and leadership; organizing: the basics, raising communal awareness, pre-planning; pre-paying, using agreements and contracts; death education and training for children and adults – pitfalls/blocks. Working with grief: mourning and healing; Issues: Legal, health, role of rabbi, financial, support, structure, first responders, seudah havraha (meal of comfort), leading Shiva services, studying Mishnah in the Shiva House, mourner follow-up, recruiting and training, resources, Hebrew terminology; Use of drashot in training; Prayer.
Ritual Practice - How and why traditional practices evolved: funeral, shiva, shloshim, yahrtzeit, Yizkor, unveiling, keriah; the Funeral Service: hesped, 23rd Psalm, el malei rachamim, pall bearers, procession, stops, burial, book burial, amputations, autopsy, suicide, viewing and embalming, cremation, liners, kaddish, monument design, mausoleums, genealogy, intermarried burials . Legal sources: classic and modern, Orthodox, Conservative, Reform; Theology: God, afterlife, soul.
Funerals and Burials - Ethics, Rabban Gamliel, leadership, ostentatiousness, embarrassment, poverty. Evolution of funeral homes: embalming, viewing; working with funeral homes: building a tahara room, contracts; starting a new funeral home, buying an existing funeral home, non-profit funeral homes; evolution of cemeteries: cave burial, catacombs, communal burial, municipal, military, private, and non-profit ownership, cemetery ownership, landsmanschaft, federations of cemeteries; acquiring land, zoning, cemetery grid layout, recordkeeping, sales, contracts, rules; purchasing: GPL, transportation, service location, casket, opening and closing, liners, monuments, perpetual care; cemetery future: landscaping, sacred ground, consecration, synagogue cooperation, abandonment, corporate buy-out; disaster planning. Federal Trade Commission, Canadian Regulations; medical examiner, autopsy, organ and tissue donation.
By the end of the program, students will have developed theoretical and practical expertise in the halachot, minhagim, logistics and finances surrounding serious illness, death, funerals, burial, mourning, and legacy preparation, including ethical wills. Students will be prepared to work with and assist grieving families before and after death and to organize and train volunteers to perform these mitzvot in their communities.Will students attend? Over 3/4 of a million people have visited www.jewish-funerals.org, Kavod v'Nichumâ's website. The Chevra Kadisha Conferences are well attended and have generated enthusiastic response. There is a hunger for in-depth education. The Gamliel Institute can fill this critical void in education and service delivery and has the potential to change the current culture surrounding end of life issues in the Jewish community – from denial and neglect to awareness, acceptance, and healthy integration into family and community life. Interested in learning more? Rabbi Stuart Kelman 1003 Mariposa Avenue Berkeley, CA 94707 510-524-5886 firstname.lastname@example.org For additional information about Kavod v'Nichum see www.Jewish-funerals.org | <urn:uuid:636660f0-a937-40a4-935f-cf78255f23d5> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | http://gamliel.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587623.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025030510-20211025060510-00243.warc.gz | en | 0.858819 | 902 | 2.6875 | 3 |
By Marc Sorenson, EdD. Sunlight Institute
Part of our brain function is influenced by a naturally produced protein called Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor (BDNF), part of a cascade of proteins that promotes neuron growth and prevents neuron death. Research shows that BDNF has an influence on processes and behaviors such as depression and brain plasticity and has a seasonal variation in concentration that correlates with the amount of ambient sun; BDNF increases in the spring and summer and decreases in fall and winter. The authors of this research summed up their findings thusly: “This finding is important for our understanding of those factors that regulate BDNF expression and may provide novel avenues to understand seasonal dependent changes in behavior and illness such as depression.”
Correct levels of BDNF, however, have many other important and positive effects in the body, including promoting of long-term memory, regulation of mood and perception of pain, reduction of Alzheimer’s disease and Huntington’s disease, and control of epilepsy, depression, anxiety, bipolar disorders, schizophrenia and addiction. In addition, it has positive effects on type-two diabetes, cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer.
BDNF has been shown to increase significantly after bright light exposure, and in what I would consider to be a remarkably important study, both light exposure and treadmill exercise increased the expression of BDNF in rats, or as the researchers showed, exercise and/or bright light promoted neurogenesis (new nerve cell growth) in the adult rat brain. How important is this finding for adults who are worried about cognitive decline? We are actually seeing an example of new brain cells being built by bright light and exercise. But the researchers were not through with their recommendations. They stated this in their summary: “In view of these findings, we propose that moderate exercise or exposure to sun during childhood can be beneficial for neural development.”
Other research has also indicated that physical activity is positively associated with BDNF.
Add one more natural chemical that is inversely associated with depression and directly associated with sun exposure. We now have vitamin D, serotonin, endorphins, dopamine and BDNF.
Want to maintain your IQ and other brain functions? Would you rather not take the chance of suffering from Alzheimer’s? Embrace the sun, and move your body! Be careful not to burn. And remember that the use of sunscreens may negate many of the sun’s wholesome effects.
Molendijk ML, Haffmans JP, Bus BA, Spinhoven P, Penninx BW, Prickaerts J, Oude Voshaar RC, Elzinga BM. Serum BDNF concentrations show strong seasonal variation and correlations with the amount of ambient sun. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e48046.
Juzeniene A. Beneficial effects of UV‐radiation unrelated to Vitamin D. Presentation at International Symposium Biological Effects of Light June 11 ‐ 12, 2015 Homborg, Germany.
Tirassa P, Iannitelli A, Sornelli F, Cirulli F, Mazza M, Calza A, Alleva E, Branchi I, Aloe L, Bersani G, Pacitti F. Daily serum and salivary BDNF levels correlate with morning-evening personality type in women and are affected by light therapy. Riv Psichiatr. 2012 Nov-Dec;47(6):527-34.
Kwon SJ, Park J, Park SY, Song KS, Jung ST, Jung SB, Park IR, Choi WS, Kwon SO. Low-intensity treadmill exercise and/or bright light promote neurogenesis in adult rat brain. Neural Regen Res. 2013 Apr 5;8(10):922-9.
Gomes da Silva S, Arida RM. Physical activity and brain development. Expert Rev Neurother. 2015 Aug 9:1-11. | <urn:uuid:161daa08-2d55-476a-9723-0985bc38107d> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://sunlightinstitute.org/protect-your-brain-with-sun-exposure-and-exercise/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499646.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128153513-20230128183513-00398.warc.gz | en | 0.91648 | 872 | 2.90625 | 3 |
This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers.
Managing is one of the most important soul activities. From the time human beings began forming gathering organizations to accomplish aims and objectives they could not accomplish as individuals, managing has been crucial to guarantee the coordination of individual efforts. As culture continually relied on group energy, and as many orderly groups have become large, the charge of managers has been increasing in importance and complexity.
More broadly, management is the process of conniving and maintaining an environment in which individuals, effective together in groups; efficiently accomplish selected aims (Koontz and Weihrich 1990, p. 4). By prolonging the scope of management the first thing we have as managers, people contain out the managerial functions of planning, organizing, staffing, foremost, and controlling. Second, management applies to any kind of organization. Third, management applies to managers at all organizational levels. Fourth, the aim of all managers is the same to generate surplus. Finally, managing is upset with productivity this implies effectiveness and efficiency. The main theme of this paper is not to address regarding the importance of management, but we are here to pen down some answers pertains to management. This assignment is comprises on three different tasks and 5 different questions which needs immense study and contemplation of the writer. To make this assignment well understandable, we will answer each question under the heading of its particular tasks. The first part of the assignment addresses the theory of motivation, while in the second part we will talk about the stakeholders and companies. In the last section, we will visualize and evaluate the organizational model of an organization. So let's start our analysis.
Ans-A) There are a number of theories of motivation on which the whole concept of motivation based. On the life of every individual the motivational theories are equally applicable. Before going in the details of the different theories pertains to motivation, one must have a very good idea regarding the concept of motivation, and more importantly what value, motivation add in one's life.
A form that starts conduct and gives trend to a being, energizes him and directed him towards achievement of his best goal is called Motivation. It's an inner rider which generally uses to motivate the creature beings but on the stubborn it blunts the actions of the animals as well. The principal party of motivation is to maximize the pleasure and condense the nuisance and hazards of life. Rewards are the best tool vacant to motivate a part at his office. Actually, motivation has two main types on the origin of which a part can motivate pertinently.
The two types of motivation are, Intrinsic Motivation and Extrinsic Motivation. After describing the definition of the motivation, now we are all set to execute a particular premise on a working place if the notion is duly reflected the stance of motivation. When it comes to motivation, the idea which instantaneously comes in front of mentality is the Goal Setting Theory. First we will describe the goal locale system and then realize this concept on a bureau location.
Goal-backdrop system has become one of the most popular theories in organizational psychology. Goals that are testing to achieve and exclusive cultivate to fuel performance more than goals that are not. Goal situation is the energetic constrain which leads a man to achieve his beloved and best goal. Every any one in the intact world sets a goal for him, which he desperately requests to attain instantly. Goal venue schemed gives the same concept likewise, and will help to manage a part's meaning to admire the right path. After describing the major concept of the Goal Setting idea, now we are all set to implement the same on a given workplace. Let's implement this scheme on my delicate life. Likewise any other character, I have also some goals I thought which I want to achieve at any price. I consider once my director gave me a mission which requires immense fear and panel work. Prior I was not agreed to that work because the work is not easy and requires ad hoc responsibility. The thing which induced me to work was the appreciation from my managers and the cloudy incentives behind performing that work. My managers certain me that they will promote me, if I became able to do that forecast according to its prescribed values. Goal setting theory implies the same and it is the great variety to compliment on such class of dealings.
Ans-B) In this answer, we will address regarding some effects which predominantly are the stereotyping and halo effects. Basically we have to identify the significance of both these by implementing these effects on practical issues. First we will talk about the halo effects.
Before leaping over the chief theme instantly, let me first label about the radiance look.
The aura significance describes our untreated bent to be much more naive, tolerant and yielding towards good-looking individuals in differ to the not-so-attractive...Or in other lexis to be inordinately biased in a certain method to people who are good-looking. Of what significance is the radiance produce to internet marketing or any online sphere for that edition? Well the first thing you have to appreciate is the people are only free to buy from a website they feel comfortable with. The logic is austere. That affection of comfort they experience subconsciously translates into expect. Naturally, if you occur to be the possessor of a well-established cast-name spot such as Amazon.com, this make of group is a non-issue. Basically a nimbus prompt is a sort of biasness which is an existent irritate for not so attractive people. The significance of this result is that it motivates the front end people who regularly face the customers. Let guess you hire Angelina Julie in your amass, from her specter several customers will interest on your shop because a imminent and gorgeous lass is running on your store, but you have to compensate her well. This particular made sometimes referred as the most outrageous one for the non attractive people for hire them on job.
Now comes to the minute outcome which is the Stereotyping outcome. Let's first term the stereotyping make along with its significance and then jot down a handy example of this achieve. Stereotyping is the means through which we, both voluntarily or unconsciously, attach certain expectations or qualities to a being. Stereotyping might be based in accuracy, and many people defend stereotyping by pointing to statistics. However, what people bomb to apprehend is that in most gear, the statistics don't determine something about the qualities. Stereotyping look's significance can be gauge from this thing that it is the confidence of yours on a particular guise. The character on which you have complete assurance ultimately does the work your requirement because he knows that you care on him. Suppose a director of British Airways has inclusive devotion on one of his worker John. So when any big plan comes, he give that work to John only and John will also fill the implore of his manager by delivering the work on time and with effectiveness. Likewise the Halo effect it also epitomize the same stance as the Stereotyping effect of biasness whichever in hiring or in performance appraisal of an employee.
Ans-A) Now in this second task, we have to pen down the facilitation of the shareholders. Our main concerned here is to look over the facilitation power of a company. Let's consider a firm on which this entire section will be based on. The company which we have chosen is Tomkins Plc. Let's first define something about the company and then comes towards the main theme.
Tomkins Plc is an engineering and manufacturing firm which manufactures diversified products for industrial, automotive and building across a number of countries like North America, Europe, Asia and rest of the world. The company was incorporated in 1925, with the name of F.H Tomkins Buckle Company which was a small part of a British manufacturer of buckles and fastener.
The company rapidly grew its revenue during the decade of 1980 to 1990, in 1988 the company which previously known as 'F.H Buckle Company' changed its name to 'Tomkins Plc'. The company has a headquarter in London, the United Kingdom, and the said group is been registered on the two biggest stock exchanges in the world, The London Stock Exchange (LSE) and The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). The company has more than 37,000 employees with persistent mounting earning record as the sales of the company are in excess of £3 billion in the second quarter of this year. It is a true fact that the shareholders have only concerned with their investment in the company. They emphasized on the dividend and return they received from the company. To evaluate the same, we have calculate the dividend per share ratio of Tomkins for the period of 2000-2008 and then see, if the company had satisfied their shareholders or not.
As I, mentioned earlier that the Dividend per Share (DPS) ratio is merely use to analyze how much facilitation the company is proving to their shareholders. DPS analyze the value which a company intends to create for its shareholder and how much they are up to their task. After had a close look over the above mentioned DPS table, I observed that the company 'Tomkins Plc' is quite stabilize as far as facilitate the shareholders is concerned even in the year which is the worst one in its corporate history. Little bit downfall had been seen in two consecutive years 2001 and 2002 in which the company cut down its dividend payments to 10.1 cents or (31.46%) and 7.3 cents or (33.18%) respectively as compared to the previous year. Year 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006 are the most stabilize years for the shareholders as the table shows a consecutive average growth of 9.475 cent or 64.4% which eventually boost up the moral of the shareholders as well as the new investors which ultimately affects the investment graph to arise in the company. The best part of the analysis is that, however, the company recorded a corporate loss of $46 million but they did facilitate their shareholders by giving timely dividends to sustain them which definitely leave a positive impact on the existing shareholders as well as the new investors who wish to invest in the company in future. From the analysis, we can say that the company Tomkins has a success story while facilitating their shareholder.
Ans-B) As this world is becoming a global village, the credit for this scenario is being given to none other than the emergence of technology worldwide. Technology is fast becoming the latest energetic force behind what is often called the "generation gap". While people worldwide of every age have become quite comfortable with and dependent on technology. Usage of Technology is not the only chasm between the young and old. Another gap is of the generation's perceptions about technology. Not surprisingly, younger adults are more likely to admit "gadget lust" than that which is true of older adults. Technology is affecting the lives of many people in both positive and negative manners. It is a common saying that, "Technology should be our servant and not our master". We have to prove this statement true with any practical example. Believe or not technology can not do anything by itself. Technology has been made to assist people not to dominate on the people. Let's imagine that you are working in an investment firm where you are a trader, trade on the US securities. In this scenario technology can let you the risk involvement and potential return on your trade but can not execute the trade profitable until and unless you ordered it to do that. Likewise these there are a number of examples like this which involves technology but with the help of human power. So it can be said that "Technology is our servant and not our master".
Organizational Culture is the brainchild in the field of organizational management and their studies. The idea prompts psychology, attitudes, beliefs and personal and organizational values of an organization. A comprehensive definition of the organizational culture is defined as "the precise collection of norms and values that are allocated by groups or people in an organization and that managed the way they correlate with each other and with the shareholders outside the organization" (Richard Kotter and Heskett (1992) define organizational culture, "as an interdependent set of values and ways of behaving that are common to a community and tend to perpetuate themselves, sometimes over a long period of time." Robbins (2002) defines organizational culture as "a system of shared meaning held by members that distinguishes the organization from other organizations. This is a set of characteristics that the organization values. According to Thomas Hobbes, "the power of a man ... is his present means, to obtain some future apparent good" (Sorensen J.B. (2002).The concept of the organizational culture is much wider and deeper than the corporate culture. It defines all the issues and particulars related with an organization and their behaviors towards the organization. The values, psychology, attitudes and beliefs of person or a group work in the organization affect the organizational culture, because as known an atom is the base of mass, so is the a single worker in any organization is the base of organization.
The idea of establishing a business or organization comes into ones mind, when such person wants to make profit and the persons uses much influences and power for promoting and stabling the organization. The use of power and influences in a good manner gives a business sometimes slow but an ethical profit, but if people try to put their power in rough and harsh manner they would get to a peak point very hastily, but fall from their would be very much possible (Sorensen J.B. (2002). The stance of organizational culture influences on the behavior of the individual in a number of manner as it is the thing which change the thinking of the individuals even its employees for the company and a company which has operated in a congenial environment then the employees of that company will be more satisfied than the employees of any other company. Let's now evaluate the model of the used by the managers to manage diversity.
The model above depicts that the organizational culture, control system and power structure has affected the paradigm brutally. With the help of this model a manager can initiate a number of strategies to eliminate the hazards of workplace diversity completely.
Mentioned below are some strategies to eliminate the same. These strategies are of the same Tomkins Plc organization.
The local education should be liberal and must include subjects like human rights and civil which leaves a positive impact on the children's mind.
Law and order system needs a critical review to ensure quick justices.
Religious leaders must take a step to set the minds of the peoples to eliminate issue based on cast and racial discrimination prevailing in the society.
Critical review and verification must be there to ensure the merit base hiring and Government should take decisions to increase employment for the minorities and for other ignoring communities.
Local NGO's and government institution must be encouraged to arrange training and educational program to eliminate racial discrimination.
Racial discrimination has a very negative effect on the children which ultimately effects on their mentality and their performance so the education policy should be developed to promote intercultural education in the children.
Lorene Oikawa, BCGEU Vice-President and Chair of the Equity and Human Rights Committee says (On March 21, International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination):
"Let's embrace the idea of "playing well with others."
He also says
Our workplace and union must get strong when we welcome the people from different racial and ethnic background. We can find a wealth of skills, expertise, abilities and experience from every individual.
Apart from that, organizations must identify training and development needs for all employees and try to departmentalize them according to their experience, expertise and personal interest. Utilize their individual development plans and rotate developmental assignments among them which enhance their conceptual and creativity skills and if they become able to do that then the organization become really a place to work with heart. | <urn:uuid:41b5237e-5bb2-468e-a215-2f1ef1092de1> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.ukessays.com/essays/business/stance-of-motivation-and-organizational-culture-business-essay.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171163.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00227-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965252 | 3,250 | 2.546875 | 3 |
National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program
U.S. Geological Survey
Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4001
Nonpoint and Point Sources of Nitrogen in Major Watersheds
of the United States
By Larry J. Puckett
Estimates of nonpoint and point sources of nitrogen were made for 107
watersheds located in the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality
Assessment Program study units throughout the conterminous United States.
The proportions of nitrogen originating from fertilizer, manure, atmospheric
deposition, sewage, and industrial sources were found to vary with
climate, hydrologic conditions, land use, population, and physiography.
Fertilizer sources of nitrogen are proportionally
greater in agricultural areas of the West and the Midwest than in other
parts of the Nation. Animal manure contributes large proportions of
nitrogen in the South and parts of the Northeast. Atmospheric
deposition of nitrogen is generally greatest in areas of greatest
precipitation, such as the Northeast. Point sources (sewage and industrial)
generally are predominant in watersheds near cities, where they may account
for large proportions of the nitrogen in streams. The transport of nitrogen
in streams increases as amounts of precipitation and runoff increase and is
greatest in the Northeastern United States. Because no single nonpoint
nitrogen source is dominant everywhere, approaches to control nitrogen must
vary throughout the Nation. Watershed-based approaches to understanding
nonpoint and point sources of contamination, as used by the National
Water-Quality Assessment Program, will aid water-quality and environmental
managers to devise methods to reduce nitrogen pollution.
Table of Contents
- Why be concerned about nitrogen?
- What are the major sources of nitrogen?
- Animal Manure
- Atmospheric Deposition
- Point Sources
- Proportions of nonpoint and point
sources of nitrogen
- What are the implications
for national water-quality programs?
- The National Water-Quality Assessment
- References cited
This report is available online in Portable Document Format (PDF). If you do not
have the Adobe Reader,
it is available for free download from Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Adobe Systems Incorporated has information about PDFs and the visually impaired.
This information provides tools to help make PDF files accessible. These tools
convert Adobe PDF documents into HTML or ASCII text, which then can be read
by a number of common screen-reading programs that synthesize text as audible
speech. In addition, an accessible version of Adobe Reader 8.0 for Windows
(English only), which contains support for screen readers, is available. These
tools and the accessible reader may be obtained free from Adobe at Adobe
For further information about this report, contact the National
Water-Quality Assessment Program office. | <urn:uuid:d2f45d6c-5029-4f53-8457-3cdbe3a07b89> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri944001/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163047675/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131727-00036-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.866717 | 593 | 3.34375 | 3 |
This quick "how to" guide covers the basics of using the Student Response System.
About the Student Response System
The Student Response Tool is a formative assessment tool that will allow you to embed quick, direct measures of learning into lectures, workshops, trainings, and other learning experiences. With the Student Response System, you can create a short quiz that students respond to on their mobile device, tablet, or laptop. Results are viewable instantly, allowing you to get a climate reading on how well students are learning, make adjustments to the content or teaching style of your lesson right away, provide students with feedback on their understanding, and offer an engaging opening for conversation. If you’ve ever led a learning experience and wondered if you’re getting through, the Student Response System is an opportunity to engage in formative assessment with easy-to-use technology.
Note: As outlined above, the SRS tool is intended for quick, on-the-spot data collection and review. For longer or more in-depth assessments, which may require more detailed analysis or comparison to past data, we recommend using our Baseline survey tools instead. Feel free to reach out to your Baseline Support Specialist with any questions about which tool is best for your assessment needs.
How It Works
TIP: While the name fields are mandatory, they are not validated. If you would like student responses to remain anonymous, encourage students to enter a random letter in each field.
After they hit Connect, respondents will see a screen that says “Waiting for Question” until you start your poll.
TIP: Have students connect with SRS at the beginning of the learning experience and leave the browser open. As soon as you start your session, it will automatically begin for respondents already connected.
To access your SRS sessions, click on the Student Response button on your Baseline homepage.
Here, you’ll find all your SRS Sessions stored for reference. You can also find your Connect ID at the top of the page. This four-digit number is unique to you as a Baseline user and will not change. You will share it with respondents in order to connect them with any of your sessions.
Click Create a Session to create a new SRS session, and give it a title. Then click Add a Question to begin adding questions.
Insert single response (respondents can only select one answer choice), multiple select (respondents can select multiple answer choices), and open response (respondents enter up to 140 characters of open-ended text) questions one at a time, clicking Save for each one.
Note: Each quiz can have a maximum of fifteen (15) questions, and each single response or multiple select question can have a maximum of five (5) answer choices.
BEST PRACTICE: For multiple choice questions, you can add an exclusive answer choice by clicking on “Add Exclusive Answer” on the lower right-hand side of the question. Respondents will not be able to select an exclusive answer choice along with any others. This is good practice for “opt out” answer choices such as “Not applicable,” “Unsure,” “None of the above,” etc.
Click on the Settings gear in the top right-hand corner of your session to access settings. Choose to set your session as manual or self-paced before starting it. You control the output of each question in a manual session, while a self-paced session will allow students to take each question at their own pace. Other settings available here: Copy your quiz (great for quickly designing pre- and post-tests), Download an Excel spreadsheet of the results after administering, and Delete once you've reviewed the results and have no more need of the poll data.
BEST PRACTICE: Design a manual quiz to check in on understanding at pre-determined intervals in a learning experience. (Teach a chunk of material, check understanding by starting question 1, teach a chunk of material, check understanding by starting question 2, and so on.)
Once you’ve selected manual or self-paced in the settings, start your session at any time by clicking on the green Start button on the top right. This will appear at the top of your quiz in a self-paced setting and at the top of individual questions in a manual setting.
Once responses start coming in, you’ll be able to see answers live.
TIP: You control who can see the live data as it comes in. Sharing with students by displaying results on a projector can provide for an engaging dialogue opportunity. But you can also hide results from students by starting the SRS session on a separate device or turning off the projector while a quiz is in session.
Open-ended questions display as a word cloud. Keywords will be pulled from responses, with those words used most frequently displaying large and bold while those words used by fewer respondents show up small and lightly colored. Click on Generate Word Cloud as soon as a respondent has answered, and regenerate the word cloud as often as you would like.
You can tag individual questions by learning outcome or content for quick reference later. Click on the gift tag icon on the bottom left-hand side of any question to add a tag.
BEST PRACTICE: Use formative assessment results in a summative way with tags. At the end of the academic semester or year, you can review all those SRS questions you asked referring to a specific learning outcome and consider your results. How well did students perform on that learning outcome over time? How would you evaluate the various teaching methods you used this semester in terms of student learning? Which learning outcomes or content came easily, and which required additional review? The answers to these questions can help you better design the learning experience next semester or year.
If you have any further questions or need assistance, please do not hesitate to contact Campus Labs Support (you can also call 716-270-0000 Monday through Friday from 8:00am - 8:00pm EST). | <urn:uuid:c7a4cb7e-b30c-47ef-842d-790fa152c35b> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://baselinesupport.campuslabs.com/hc/en-us/articles/204305195-Using-the-Student-Response-System-A-Quick-How-To-Guide | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662601401.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220526035036-20220526065036-00722.warc.gz | en | 0.923835 | 1,248 | 2.890625 | 3 |
A great deal of excitement has been created in the area of stem cells, with the hope that many currently incurable diseases may in time become curable. Both embryonic and adult stem cells research has recently produced successful results, which may become subjects for drug discovery and disease diagnosis. In spite of significant progress in the early detection and treatment of this malignant disease, “cancer” currently available therapeutic regimens are constrained in their ability to completely eradicate tumors or to prevent recurrence and progression to metastasis.
Tumors and distant metastasis often recur, even after completion of therapy. Moreover, existing therapies are relatively nonspecific and highly toxic, often killing normally proliferating cells as well as tumor cells.
Therefore new cellular and mechanistic insights are needed to decipher why current preventive and therapeutic interventions have limited efficacy, and why tumor metastasis recurs.
View more at: Cancer biology and Therapeutics | <urn:uuid:ff0d4495-75aa-4e70-8a18-01a339b48076> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | https://www.omicsonline.org/blog/2015/05/27/13631-Cancer-Stem-Cells-and-Metastasis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221217006.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820195652-20180820215652-00369.warc.gz | en | 0.954102 | 186 | 2.671875 | 3 |
A third grader’s letter to Santa is a wish of love. A Boston teacher asks his third graders to write 10 letter to Santa throughout 2016. This is one example:
My teacher told us to write to you so I am writing to you. Tylor says that you don’t exist, but how can someone not exist if everyone tells the same story about you every year? Besides, if you didn’t exist, I’d read it in the news or watch it on TV so I think he doesn’t know what he’s talking about. Besides, Reading Rainbow tells your story! Why tell it on TV if it’s fake? Doesn’t that cost money?
I have a weird request. I know that you operate a very popular business in the North Pole but have you ever thought about expanding your business? Instead of just selling toys to kids, you could start doing clothes and books and cookies and stuff.
Think about it, Santa. I like audiobooks, but Tylor doesn’t like audio books. It’s wrong to force him to think of a toy he may or may not want? Besides, I can’t see well, anyway, so why not get me something I can hear? You’ve been selling toys to my house for years, but, can I tell you a secret? I can’t see well so step on them or break them. If you sell other things to other kids that are not toys, they get to use their product longer and they don’t need to write to you next year! Do you see how that makes sense?
Let’s take girls into account as well. Alice wrote to you asking for a movie. What use would she have with a video game or an army toy? I think that if you try my idea, maybe sit down in your office with your elves and talk it over, you all can make a new and improved shop!
If Alice has been good all year, then she should get what she wants. I don’t think she should get a toy she won’t enjoy.
Now, me! I’ve been extra good, so I want cookies. I also want that stuffed wishbone dog I never got. I think you misplaced that file in your office. He’s going to sleep with me, and he’s also going to eat lunch with me too! No one is going to have him except me. Because I’ve been extra good this year, it’s logical that I get extra stuff, if I understand your business correctly. I want a PlayStation
game. I want cookies, and I want that wishbone dog! Seriously, he’s so cute! Please Santa? I will love him forever and ever!
I hope you like my idea. I thought about it for many days! Consider it, please. If you do decide to adopt my new business, can you write to me or Mrs. Amanda? You have my address, and you know where my school is, so let me know? Okay? It’s just being nice to let me know, yes, or no. I have a question. Why do you never write back? Even to hear my side when I do something naughty? | <urn:uuid:c8cc194c-2697-4fd9-baa2-6011477e84cf> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.theblot.com/a-third-graders-letter-to-santa-would-melt-your-heart-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738015.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200808165417-20200808195417-00526.warc.gz | en | 0.970322 | 694 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Indicates that a class can use a markup extension to provide a value, and references a handler to use for markup extension set operations.
Assembly: System.Xaml (in System.Xaml.dll)
Thetype exposes the following members.
|Equals||Infrastructure. Returns a value that indicates whether this instance is equal to a specified object. (Inherited from Attribute.)|
|GetHashCode||Returns the hash code for this instance. (Inherited from Attribute.)|
|GetType||Gets the Type of the current instance. (Inherited from Object.)|
|IsDefaultAttribute||When overridden in a derived class, indicates whether the value of this instance is the default value for the derived class. (Inherited from Attribute.)|
|Match||When overridden in a derived class, returns a value that indicates whether this instance equals a specified object. (Inherited from Attribute.)|
|ToString||Returns a string that represents the current object. (Inherited from Object.)|
|_Attribute.GetIDsOfNames||Maps a set of names to a corresponding set of dispatch identifiers. (Inherited from Attribute.)|
|_Attribute.GetTypeInfo||Retrieves the type information for an object, which can be used to get the type information for an interface. (Inherited from Attribute.)|
|_Attribute.GetTypeInfoCount||Retrieves the number of type information interfaces that an object provides (either 0 or 1). (Inherited from Attribute.)|
|_Attribute.Invoke||Provides access to properties and methods exposed by an object. (Inherited from Attribute.)|
Default implementation for a XAML object writer uses CLR reflection and this CLR attribute to determine if there is an intentional callback for markup extension usages that set values of a type or member. For example, a XamlServices load or parse, or a XamlXmlReader / XamlObjectWriter sequence, will use this attribute and invoke the named callback as part of the operation whenever writing the object node based on a markup extension usage. | <urn:uuid:c9a4e672-cf29-408b-98aa-caf691b1b9cc> | CC-MAIN-2015-11 | https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.windows.markup.xamlsetmarkupextensionattribute.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936464193.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074104-00082-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.692415 | 453 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The circular economy is often cited as a proposed solution to reduce primary raw material demand and environmental impacts. Circular economy measures include improving repairability, extending service life, reusing products or materials, using secondary materials, or recovering materials through recycling. The environmental impact of circular economy concepts can be assessed, for example, using life cycle assessment (LCA) and material flow analysis (MFA). A prospective and systemic evaluation is also required to consider time lags, substitution effects, feedback with the energy system, and interactions between different circular economy approach.
In particular, we consider the following questions:
- How can circular economy concepts support the energy transition?
- How does recycling contribute to the resource-efficient implementation of the energy transition?
- To what extent do second-life approaches contribute to the reduction of environmental impacts? | <urn:uuid:0bcb4c34-9830-4a26-b2b0-9f68b9cf1e1e> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.ffe.de/en/subtopics/how-can-circular-economy-concepts-help-to-enable-the-most-sustainable-possible-use-of-resources/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335350.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929100506-20220929130506-00010.warc.gz | en | 0.898489 | 167 | 3.46875 | 3 |
We kicked off Florida Archaeology Month 2013 with two of our favorites: site excavation and students! After working extensively with the City of Palatka and the Putnam County Historical Society, we planned two days of shovel test excavations for the open space in front of the Bronson-Mulholland House. After a day of initial test excavations, we were ready to bring in the public!
Day 1We hosted fourth grade students. Interlachen Elementary treated 108 students to a field trip to Sunny Point, where they spent two hours with FPAN staff and a fantastic cadre of volunteers to learn all about archaeology and the local past. They arrived on site at 9:45 and divided into four groups. Each group visited the four stations we had set up, spending about a half-hour at each.
The stations were:
Digging and Screening
|Interlachen Elementary 4th-grade students excavate take turns digging a shovel test and screening for artifacts.|
|Students practice measure 5 meters in steps, a skill often used to lay out shovel tests.|
|Working in teams to set up 1meter x 1meter units.|
Museum Tour and Music
|Students took a guided tour of the Putnam Historic Museum to learn about people who lived in Palatka and Putnam County in the past. Photo courtesy of Ken Badgley.|
|Lee Pinkerson treated them to songs about Timucuans and other parts of Florida history.|
|The final station let students learn about prehistory hunting technology and try their hands at using an atl-atl to throw spears.|
|Fourth graders of Interlachen Elementary pose with FPAN staff, our faithful volunteers, and the FAM 2013 poster.|
Day 2We opened the dig up to the public! It was chilly out, but many who came out stayed for the entire day!
|People of all ages joined us to continue shovel testing on the site.|
|Several families joined us for all parts of the process, including screening dirt for artifacts.|
|They even helped with the unglamorous work--backfilling shovel tests once they've been recorded!|
During the two-day event, we worked with volunteers, students, and the public to excavate 63 shovel tests. We found evidence the people who lived in Palatka's long and storied past, from St. Johns pottery (a Timucuan ceramic) to historic building materials. As is typical for archaeological investigations, FPAN will submit a letter report to the City of Palatka once we finish cataloging artifacts and analyzing our finds.
Text by: Amber Grafft-Weiss
Photos by FPAN Staff unless otherwise noted. | <urn:uuid:a571bef0-f3cc-4021-8113-182015732dd7> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://fpangoingpublic.blogspot.com/2013/03/sunny-days.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886133447.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824082227-20170824102227-00538.warc.gz | en | 0.939659 | 570 | 2.703125 | 3 |
How Farmers Use Bamboo
Throughout history, farmers have used bamboo for a multitude of purposes. From rural housing to water pipes, fences and trellis, props, cooking utensils, baskets and buckets, animal sheds and pens, greenhouses, fertilizer, and the list goes on and on.
Unfortunately, many of todays farmers are not familiar with these ancient practices anymore, even though bamboo could still be used as an affordable and reliable alternative in agriculture.
Of course, it must be noted that bamboo is not abundant in every part of the world, especially Europe and North America lack the availability of native and useful bamboos. Western tools and technologies have often replaced traditional practices in tropical countries throughout Asia and Latin America, which contributes to the reduced usage and knowledge of bamboo among local farming communities.
It is therefore important to promote and revive the use of bamboo in agriculture, and to teach people how to grow, care and use bamboo for their own benefit. This page is intended to inspire and to present some practical examples of how bamboo can be used on a farm. | <urn:uuid:5a433841-f8e5-422d-8b04-bfa0cf051dff> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | https://www.guaduabamboo.com/uses/how-farmers-use-bamboo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743353.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20181117102757-20181117124145-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.945396 | 218 | 3 | 3 |
PLASTICS ARE DESTROYING OUR OCEANS. LETS CLEAN UP.
We develop education programs and curriculum for school age children to inspire a passion for engineering and science in concerns to ecological and oceanic conservation.
We do coastal zone marine debris reclamation for the benefit for the ecosystem through technology development and deployment to coastal countries.
We help build and connect community relations through environmental outreach and action within our coastal communities.
SEED is dedicated to educating others on micro-plastic pollution and the impact it is having on our world. We saw a rapidly increasing problem from our global mismanagement of plastic waste that had dangerous implications. Through technological development, educational programs, community outreach, and scientific application, we have set out to tackle one of the greatest threats posed to our ocean and marine ecosystems.
We wanted to help raise awareness on this issue and knew that action needed to be taken.
We aim to plant greater SEEDs of change by providing the public and educators with fun and interactive lesson plans that build upon teamwork through S.T.E.M education. Believing that education is a pathway towards innovation, we offer our learning program to those inspired in taking their first steps in collectively solving our global pollution crisis. | <urn:uuid:8efd719f-62e4-477e-aeab-a2f3c41b32d5> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.seed.world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305341.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220128013529-20220128043529-00083.warc.gz | en | 0.939049 | 258 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Finger pain is pain in one or more fingers. Injuries and many medical conditions can cause finger pain.
Nearly everyone has had finger pain at some time. You may have:
- Change in skin color
Many conditions, such as arthritis, can cause finger pain. Numbness or tingling in the fingers may be a sign of a problem with nerves or blood flow. Redness and swelling can be a sign of infection or inflammation.
Injuries are a common cause of finger pain. Your finger may become injured from:
- Playing contact sports such as football, baseball, or soccer
- Doing recreational activities such as skiing or tennis
- Using machinery at home or work
- Doing tasks at home, such as cooking, gardening, cleaning, or repairs
- Getting into a fist fight or punching something
- Doing repetitive movements like typing
Injuries that can cause finger pain include:
- Smashed fingers, such as from a hammer blow or a car door that crushes the finger.
- Compartment syndrome, which is severe swelling and pressure in an area of muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. A crushing injury can cause this serious condition, which requires immediate medical attention.
- Mallet finger, when you can't straighten your finger. Sports injuries are a common cause.
- Finger strains, sprains, and bruises.
- Broken finger bones.
- Skier's thumb, an injury to the ligaments in your thumb, such as from a fall during skiing.
- Cuts and puncture wounds.
Certain conditions can also cause finger pain:
- Arthritis, the breakdown of cartilage in the joint that causes inflammation with pain, stiffness, and swelling.
- Carpal tunnel syndrome, pressure on the median nerve in the wrist, causing numbness and pain in the hand and fingers.
- Raynaud phenomenon, a condition that results in blocked blood flow to the fingers when it is cold.
- Trigger finger, when a swollen finger tendon makes it hard to straighten or bend your finger.
- Dupuytrens contracture, which causes tissue in the palm of the hand to become tighter. This makes it hard to straighten the fingers. It usually affects the small or ring finger.
- De Quervain tenosynovitis, which causes pain in the tendons along the thumb side of the wrist, most often from overuse.
Often, care at home is enough to relieve finger pain. Start by avoiding activities that cause finger pain.
If finger pain is due to a minor injury:
- Remove any rings in case of swelling.
- Rest the finger joints so they can heal.
- Apply ice and elevate the finger.
- Use over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen (Motrin) or naproxen (Aleve) to reduce both pain and swelling.
- If needed, buddy tape the injured finger to the one next to it. This will help protect the injured finger as it heals. Don't tape it too tight, which can cut off circulation.
- If you have a lot of swelling or the swelling does not go away in a day or so, see your health care provider. Small fractures or tendon or ligament tears can occur, and can lead to problems in the future if not treated correctly.
If finger pain is due to a medical condition, follow your provider's instructions for self-care. For example, if you have Raynaud phenomenon, take steps to protect your hands from the cold.
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Contact your provider if:
- Your finger pain is caused by severe injury
- Your finger is deformed
- The problem continues after 1 week of home treatment
- You have numbness or tingling in your fingers
- You have severe pain at rest
- You can't straighten your fingers
- You have redness, swelling, or fever
What to Expect at Your Office Visit
The provider will do a physical exam, which will include looking at your hand and finger movement.
You will be asked questions about your medical history and symptoms.
You may have an x-ray of your hand.
Treatment depends on the cause of the problem.
Pain - finger
Donohue KW, Fishman FG, Swigart CR. Hand and wrist pain. In: Firestein GS, Budd RC, Gabriel SE, Koretzky GA, McInnes IB, O'Dell JR, eds. Firestein's & Kelly's Textbook of Rheumatology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 53.
Schoener B, Wagner MJ. Hand injuries. In: Walls RM, ed. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 42.
Stockburger CL, Calfee RP. Digit fractures and dislocations. In: Miller MD, Thompson SR. eds. DeLee, Drez, & Miller's Orthopaedic Sports Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 74.
Review Date 10/20/2022
Updated by: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Clinical Professor, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. | <urn:uuid:546834a7-d259-4997-ad30-3ab69d313e6e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003248.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100534.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204182901-20231204212901-00138.warc.gz | en | 0.896055 | 1,154 | 3 | 3 |
CCD vs CMOS | INT338 Task 1
An image sensor or imaging sensor is a sensor that detects and conveys the information that constitutes an image. It does so by converting the variable attenuation of waves into signals. The waves can be light or other electromagnetic radiation. Image sensors are used in electronic imaging devices of both analog and digital types. As technology changes, digital imaging tends to replace analog imaging.
Early analog sensors for visible light were video camera tubes; currently used types are semiconductor charge-coupled devices (CCD) or active pixel sensors in complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) or N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (NMOS) technologies.
The first digital cameras used CCD (Charged Coupling Devices) to turn images from analog light signals into digital
pixels. They’re made through a special manufacturing process that allows the conversion to take place in the chip without
distortion. This creates high quality sensors that produce excellent images. But, because they require special
manufacturing, they are more expensive than their newer CMOS counter parts.
CMOS (Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) chips use transistors at each pixel to move the charge through traditional wires. This offers flexibility because each pixel is treated individually. Traditional manufacturing processes are used to make CMOS. It’s the same as creating microchips. Because they’re easier to produce, CMOS sensors are cheaper than CCD sensors.
Because CMOS technology came after CCD sensors and are cheaper to manufacture, CMOS sensors are the reason that digital cameras have dropped in price.
The Difference / Advantage
- CCD sensors create high-quality, low-noise images. CMOS sensors, traditionally, are more susceptible to noise.
- CMOS traditionally consumes little power. Implementing a sensor in CMOS yields a low-power sensor.
- CCD sensors have been mass produced for a longer period of time, so they are more mature. They tend to have higher quality and more pixels.
- CMOS allowing users to shoot 1080p video and apply complex imaging effects with ease.
- CCD sensors have been thought to produce better-looking images with less visual noise and distortion.
- CMOS sensors scan what is in front of the lens, Beyond Image Quality, Speed, Autofocus and Video, Low-Light Shooting.
- CMOS sensors are already superior to CCD sensors in terms of power consumption. You get a much longer battery life out of a CMOS camera, which means you can take more pictures. | <urn:uuid:7b6976aa-82ba-4332-b4b8-4467fb9c38dd> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://amymgalaxy.wordpress.com/2015/03/07/ccd-vs-cmos-int338-task-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917125532.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031205-00190-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.893761 | 538 | 3.59375 | 4 |
- Year Published: 1915
- Language: English
- Country of Origin: United States of America
- Source: Barnum, R. (1915). Squinty, the comical pig. New York: Barse and Hopkins.
- Flesch–Kincaid Level: 3.5
- Word Count: 2,224
Barnum, R. (1915). Chapter 3: “Squinty is Lost”. Squinty, the Comical Pig (Lit2Go Edition). Retrieved January 19, 2017, from
Barnum, Richard. "Chapter 3: “Squinty is Lost”." Squinty, the Comical Pig. Lit2Go Edition. 1915. Web. <>. January 19, 2017.
Richard Barnum, "Chapter 3: “Squinty is Lost”," Squinty, the Comical Pig, Lit2Go Edition, (1915), accessed January 19, 2017,.
This was the second time Squinty had run out of the pen and into the farmer’s garden. The first time he had been caught and brought back by Don, the dog. This time Squinty did not intend to get caught, if he could help it.
So, after crawling out through the hole under the pen, the little pig came to a stop, and looked carefully on all sides of him. His one little squinty eye was opened as wide as it would open, and the other eye was opened still wider. Squinty wanted to see all there was to be seen.
He cocked one ear up in front of him, to listen to any sounds that might come from that direction, and the other ear he drooped over toward his back, to hear any noises that might come from behind him.
What Squinty was especially listening for was the barking of Don, the dog.
“For,” thought Squinty, “I don’t want Don to catch me again, and make me go back, before I have had any fun. It will be time enough to go back to the pen when it is dark. Yes, that will be time enough,” for of course Squinty did not think of staying out after the sun had gone down. Or, at least, he did not imagine he would.
But you just wait and see what happens.
Squinty looked carefully about him. Even if one eye did droop a little, he could still see out of it very well, and he saw no signs of Don, the big dog. Nor could Squinty hear him.
Don must be far away, the little pig thought, far away, perhaps taking a swim in the brook, where the dog often went to cool off in hot weather.
“I think I’ll go and have a swim myself,” thought Squinty. He knew there was a brook somewhere on the farm, for he could hear the tinkle and fall of the water even in the pig pen. But where the brook was he did not know exactly.
“But it will be an adventure to hunt for it,” Squinty thought. “I guess I can easily find it. Here I go!” and with that he started to walk between the rows of potatoes.
Squinty made up his little mind that he was going to be very careful. Now that he was safely out of the pen again he did not want to be caught the second time. He did not want Don, or the farmer, to see him, so he crawled along, keeping as much out of sight as he could.
“I wish my brothers, Wuff-Wuff or Squealer were with me,” said Squinty softly to himself, in pig language. “But if I had awakened them, and asked them to run away with me, mamma or papa might have heard, and stopped us.”
Squinty did not feel at all sorry about running away and leaving his father and mother, and brothers and sisters. You see he thought he would be back with them again in a few hours, for he did not intend to stay away from the pen longer than that. But many things can happen in a few hours, as you shall see.
“I won’t eat any pig weed just yet,” thought Squinty, as he went softly on between the rows of potato vines. “To pull up any of it, and eat it now, would make it wiggle. Then Don or the farmer might see it wiggling, and run over to find out what it was all about. Then I’d be caught. I’ll wait a bit.”
So, though he was very hungry, he would not eat a bit of the pig weed that grew near the pen. And he never so much as dreamed of taking any of the farmer’s potatoes. He did not yet know the taste of them. But, let me tell you, pigs who have eaten potatoes, even the little ones the farmer cannot sell, are very fond of them. But, so far, Squinty had never eaten even a little potato.
On and on went the little pig, looking back now and then toward the pen to see if any of the other pigs were coming after him. But none were.
And there was no sign of Don, the barking dog, nor the farmer, either. There was nothing to stop Squinty from running away. Soon he was some distance from the pen, and then he thought it would be safe to nibble at a bit of pig weed. He took a large mouthful from a tall, green plant.
“Oh, how good that tastes!” thought Squinty. “It is much better and fresher than the kind the farmer throws into the pen to us.”
Perhaps this was true, but I imagine the reason the pig weed tasted so much better was because Squinty was running away.
Perhaps you know how it is yourself. Did you ever go out the back way, when mamma was washing the dishes, and run over to your aunt’s or your grandma’s house, and get a piece of bread and jam? If you ever did, you probably thought that bread and jam was much nicer than the kind you could get at home, though really there isn’t any better bread and jam than mother makes. But, somehow or other, the kind you get away from home tastes differently, doesn’t it?
It was that way with Squinty, the comical pig. He ate and ate the pig weed, until he had eaten about as much as was good for him. And then, as he saw one little potato on the ground, where it had rolled out of the hill in which it grew with the others, Squinty ate that. He did not think the farmer would care.
“Oh, how good it is!” he thought. “I wish I had not eaten so much pig weed, then I could eat more of those funny, round things the farmer calls potatoes. Now I will have to wait until I am hungry again.”
Squinty knew that would not be very long, for pigs get hungry many times a day. That is what makes them grow fat so fast—they eat so often. But eating often is not good for boys and girls.
Squinty had now come some distance away from the pen, where he lived with his mother, father, sisters and brothers. He wondered if they had awakened yet, or had seen the hole out of which he had crawled, and if they were puzzled as to where he had gone.
“But they can’t find me!” said Squinty, with something that sounded like a laugh. I suppose pigs can laugh—in their own way, at any rate.
“No, they can’t find me,” thought Squinty, looking all around. All he saw were the rows of potato vines, and, farther off, a field of tall, green corn.
“Well, I have the whole day to myself!” thought Squinty. “I can do as I please, and not go back until night. Let me see, what shall I do first? I guess I will go to sleep in the shade.”
So he stretched out in the shade of a big potato vine, and, curling up in a little pink ball, he closed his eyes, the squinty one as well as the good one. But first Squinty looked all around to make sure Don, the dog, was not in sight. He saw nothing of him.
When Squinty awakened he felt hungry, as he always did after a sleep.
“Now for some more of those nice potatoes!” he said to himself. He liked them, right after his first taste. He did not look around for the little ones that might have fallen out of the hills themselves. No, instead, Squinty began rooting them out of the earth with his strong, rubbery nose, made just for digging.
I am not saying Squinty did right in this. In fact he did wrong, but then he was a little pig, and he knew no better. In fact it was the first time he had really run away so far, and he was quite hungry. And potatoes were better than pig weed.
Squinty ate as many potatoes as he wanted, and then he said to himself, in a way pigs have:
“Well, I guess I’ll go on to the brook, and cool off in the water. That will do me good. After that I’ll look around and see what will happen next.”
Squinty had a good nose for smelling, as most animals have, and, tilting it up in the air, Squinty sniffed and snuffed. He wanted to smell the water, so as to take the shortest path to the brook.
“Ha! It’s right over there!” exclaimed Squinty to himself. “I can easily find the water to take a bath.”
Across the potato field he went, taking care to keep well down between the rows of green vines, for he did not want to be seen by the dog, or the farmer.
Once, as Squinty was walking along, he saw what he thought was another potato on the ground in front of him. He put his nose out toward it, intending to eat it, but the thing gave a big jump, and hopped out of the way.
“Ha! That must be one of the hop toads I heard my mother tell about,” thought Squinty. “I must not hurt them, for they are good to catch the flies that tickle me when I try to sleep. Hop on,” he said to the toad. “I won’t bother you.”
The toad did not stop to say anything. She just hopped on, and hid under a big stone. Maybe she was afraid of Squinty, but he would not have hurt her.
Soon the little pig came to the brook of cool water, and after looking about, to see that there was no danger near, Squinty waded in, and took a long drink. Then he rolled over and over again in it, washing off all the mud and dirt, and coming out as clean and as pink as a little baby. Squinty was a real nice pig, even if he had run away.
“Let me see,” he said to himself, after his bath. “What shall I do now? Which way shall I go?”
Well, he happened to be hungry after his swim. In fact Squinty was very often hungry, so he thought he would see if he could find anything more to eat.
“I have had potatoes and pig weed,” he thought, “and now I would like some apples. I wonder if there are any apple trees around here?”
He looked and, across the field of corn, he thought he saw an apple tree. He made up his mind to go there.
And that is where Squinty made another mistake. He made one when he ran away from the pen, and another one when he started to go through the corn field.
Corn, you know, grows quite high, and pigs, even the largest of them, are not very tall. At least not until they stand on their hind legs. That was a trick Squinty had not yet learned. So he had to go along on four legs, and this made him low down.
Now he had been able to look over the tops of the potato vines, as they were not very high, but Squinty could not look over the top of the corn stalks. No sooner had he gotten into the field, and started to walk along the corn rows, than he could not see where he was going. He could not even see the apple tree in the middle of the field.
“Well, this is queer,” thought Squinty. “I guess I had better go back. No, I will keep on. I may come to the apple tree soon.”
He hurried on between the corn rows. But, though he went a long distance, he did not come to the apple tree.
“I guess I will go back to the brook, where I had my bath, and start over again from there,” thought Squinty. “I will not try to get any apples to-day. I will eat only potatoes and pig weed. Yes, I will go back.”
But that was not so easy to do as he had thought. Squinty went this way and that, through the rows of corn, but he could not find the brook. He could not find his way back, nor could he find the apple tree. On all sides of him was the tall corn. That was all poor Squinty could see.
Finally, all tired out, and dusty, the little pig stopped, and sighed:
“Oh dear! I guess I am lost!” | <urn:uuid:f02656fe-1fb9-41b9-8bc8-9212578473b9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/204/squinty-the-comical-pig/4476/chapter-3-squinty-is-lost/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00571-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.991898 | 3,031 | 2.859375 | 3 |
FC: Uranus moon called Miranda.
1: Have you ever wondered about Uranus and it's moon Miranda? If you have question some might get answer and some might not.Ther are still mysters about mirand that scientists still havent figure out.
2: In 1948 G.Kuiper found with the voagery 2 a moon and named it after the greek god and ruler of heaven. After that scientist look more into it and found some amazing features like these. | G.kuiper said that Miranda is more then 3 football filds long. The real number is 31,764 across.He also say that it is like uranus because miranda has ice on the surface .
3: scientist says that miranda formed with cuts and ridges . | when they found it they send up the voagery 2 to get more data . | About 2 billion miles away a tine speak appers in the largest telscoop in teax. | when they got the picturs they figure out it was a moon. | scientist just though it was just a star until scientist looked closer. | they had to get as much pictures then sent them to the headquarters.
4: When they found the moon miranda the voyager 2 had alot of mission to go to miranda.most of the time they hade to stay in space. | there was this picture that the voyager had to take from a distance of 1,745 away from miranda.
5: After a shoot that the voyager took one of there rocket boasters set off and sent them into juptier's gravity pull which made them have to use ther back up boasters.
6: After that terrible thing happened the voyager 2 was almost destroyed. | lucky for engerineers they could fix the voyager 2 and it could go back.
7: Scientist say that miranda is a provocative moon because how it formed with ice capseles. | Scientist still have mysteries about miranda forming the way it formed. | Some say that it could be because of it being so close to urauns its gasses got on it. That would make the ridges and cuts.
8: I like to think that miranda is a provactive moon.the resaon is the strang ways it formed. Still look up websites about it because you never know if they got a reason why it is strange moon.Go to www.nasa.com for more details about miranda, urnaus, voyager2 and the people who found minarda and the cuts, grooves and rides.
9: 1. NASA.24 March 2008.Uranus. 23 Feburay 2007.http://solarsystem.nasa.gov./profile.cfm?object=ura_miranda 2.NASA. 25 March 2008. Uranus. 25 March 2008.http://www.nasa.gov/topic/solarsystem/index.htm. 3. NASA.25 March 2008.Uranus.13 March 2008.http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedial/top 10.cfm. 4.NASA.25 march 2008.uranus.23 Febuary 2006.http:.www.solar views.com/org/solar sys :htm. 5.NASA.25 March 2008.uranus.14 May 2006 http://www.space.com/ | <urn:uuid:1df9d22b-fb19-4adb-8282-b8382bb8afe5> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | https://www.mixbook.com/photo-books/education/tyler-s-book-on-miranda-651509?vk=skmSibmgCB | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541142.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00212-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954024 | 712 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Editor’s note: Scientific American contributing editor Christie Nicholson is traveling with nearly 80 scientists conducting the largest tornado study ever completed. Check out her progress and learn about twisters on SciAm’s Twitter feed, and have a look at the photos she's taking along the way.
TOPEKA, Kan. (June 8, 2009)—When I arrived in Colby, Kansas last Thursday to join the VORTEX2 team’s nearly 160 scientists, students and media participating in the largest tornado-spawning storm study in history, the teams were despondent. The jet stream had been unusually displaced far to the north, resulting in one of the more calm seasons in decades. Even potential supercells—storms most likely to produce a twister—were conspicuously lacking.
With only one week left in this five-week study, the funding, resources and time spent were at risk of being for naught. Instead of having data to download in the evenings, students played catch in hotel parking lots.
Then it happened on Friday: A relatively large, long-traveling tornado touched down in an open area west of LaGrange, Wyo.
I was riding in a mobile radar truck called a DOW, for Doppler-on-Wheels, invented by Josh Wurman, president of the Center for Severe Weather Research and lead researcher of VORTEX2. At first, the tornado-spawning storm appeared unremarkable. Over the radio, Wurman told us to drive four miles south of Meriden, Wyo.
Then, a significant wall cloud formed under a wide, low-level circular cloud. Wall clouds are a good indication of a mesocyclone, the rotation required for most tornadoes. It looked like the sky had already formed a grey V with two pink skies on either side.
Minutes later the Storm Prediction Center announced a tornado warning for the area—a first for VORTEX2. Twenty minutes later our truck was in position just off highway 85, about 10 kilometers south of the core of the storm. The team lowered metal posts to level the truck, and started a radar scan.
That made it possible for Justin Walker, researcher at Center for Severe Weather Research, to confirm that the storm had strong rotation. Two of the crew jumped out, set up tripods, along with a photogrammetry team, which takes detailed photos and video to illustrate the storm from various distances, in order to complement the radar data.
Five minutes later, the radio brought the voice of field coordinator for NOAA’s National Severe Storms Laboratory: “Tornado genesis is imminent.” We were a significant distance from the storm, but waiting had made us anxious.
The radar showed a tight coil like a fiddlehead. Walker confirmed it: The wind shear was well over tornado strength.
“This is officially our first tornado of the season,” he said.
As we looked north across the unobstructed wide plain, a thin gray thread snaked down from below a mass of very dark cloud. As soon as the thread touched the ground, however, it grew thick, into what researchers call a stove pipe. “Wow, I didn’t think it would get that big,” said Anthony McGee, a student of photogrammetry at Lyndon State College.
We stood in the wind, up on a ridge, captivated. A few cars pulled over. Within about 10 minutes the massive V-shaped cone twisted into the heavy rain and disappeared. At least, it seemed to disappear, from our vantage point. Closer to the ground I heard later that the twister had become “rain wrapped,” making it even more visible, but only to those within one mile of it.
The tornado traveled for 25 minutes. We scanned for the duration, until we saw a long skinny tube appear against the dark sky. This was its end, known as the “roping out.”
“The really nice thing about this tornado is that it doesn’t look like it passed over any urban areas,” said Jacob Carley, a graduate student at Purdue University. “And I just heard [over the radio] that we got some really good data from this, so it’s a really good day for science.”
This was, in many ways, the cliché’d “perfect storm,” at least when it came to scientific study. First, and perhaps most important, was that the teams had enough time to get into position before the storm got exciting. Ten mobile radars, circle the storm describing winds typically about 120 meters above ground. An army of low-level instruments -- including about 40 anemometers, four distrometers (lasers that measure precipitation), and four balloon launchers -- are positioned various distances from the storm core. All instruments had access, meaning good roads from which to deploy. A windy road full of hills and trees is no good for tornado study.
Second, we had great visibility, with no rain or cloud obstructing the view of the funnel cloud, and later the twister.
Finally, the tornado lasted a while, traveling at 20 miles per hour for about 25 miles, when most tornadoes can last a mere five or 10 minutes.
It was an excellent case study, so a few days later, with a week left on the trip, the team is still thrilled. But they can’t lose momentum. “One data set is great, and we’re all very excited and happy about that, but it’s not enough, the number of grad students is such that we need several data sets in order to get enough data for everyone,” says Don Burgess, a long-time expert in the field, retired chief of the Warning Research and Development Division NOAA, and now at the Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies at the University of Oklahoma.
So today we’re off for Salina, Kan., on the hunt for more tornadoes.
Top, photo taken north of Kimball, Neb., where a funnel cloud just formed and broke up, by Christie Nicholson/copyright Scientific American. Bottom photo of the June 5 LaGrange, Wyo., tornado, courtesy of Rachel Humphrey of the University of Colorado | <urn:uuid:6e501929-bc1d-4665-9463-7c86f5cf5288> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/news-blog/twister-the-vortex2-team-scores-a-t-2009-06-09/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575860.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20190923022706-20190923044706-00557.warc.gz | en | 0.959491 | 1,311 | 3.171875 | 3 |
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