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Introducing babies and toddlers to books is an exciting part of parenting for many new parents, especially those that love to read themselves.
But, the fear of “book confetti” from torn paper pages, drool damage to pages and covers and other book destruction can make some leery of leaving books in reach of their little ones.
That’s where Indestructibles come in.
Indestructibles are books built just for the way babies read — with their hands and their little mouths. Not only are Indestructibles chew proof, but they are also rip and drool proof.
They are also nontoxic, made of a paper-like substance that holds up to everything a baby puts the book through while reading and playing.
They were created by Amy Pixton, a mother of triplets that got tired of finding pieces of traditional and board books alike in the mouths of her babies.
Each book is made of a synthetic material made from flash-spun high density polyethylene fibers. They feel like a coated paper but liquids can’t pass through and they are difficult even for a full-grown adult to tear.
Indestructibles do not contain BPA (bisphenol A, an industrial chemical used to make certain plastics), phthalates (chemicals used in a variety of products, from plastics to personal care items), PVC (polyvinyl chloride) or lead. They have been safety tested and conform to ASTM-F963 consumer safety specifications for toy safety and Consumer Product Safety Commission guidelines.
Indestructibles don’t have a spine or a cover because the need isn’t there to protect them with one. Each book is sewn together down the middle.
They are aimed at babies from birth to age 2.
Instead of being full of words, Indestructibles have bright, colorful pictures on each page with minimal words to encourage interacting with baby as parents and babies look at the books together.
In the early days, babies enjoy listening to their caregivers talk about each page. As they progress developmentally, baby may begin to chew on the book, turn pages themselves, identify objects and associate what is happening on the pages to talk about it.
Some titles are based on traditional nursery rhymes while others are about towns, neighborhoods, new babies coming home and more.
While Indestructibles will crinkle, wrinkle and become well-loved, they should not tear or otherwise be destroyed.
When they get sticky, have stuff spilled on them, get spit up on or otherwise get dirty, Indestructibles can be washed with mild soap and water. They can even go directly into the bath tub with baby to get washed up that way.
Learn more about Indestructibles or purchase a few at indestructiblesinc.com.
Waste Not is a weekly column highlighting conservation and the responsible, sustainable use of products and resources.
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Today is part two of a two-part series for Autism Awareness & Acceptance Month. Read Part 1 here: Everybody Does That (Part 1)
Everybody Does That
Last week I gave my first response to the statement “Everybody does that,” which I usually hear when I talk about the signs of autism and/or ADHD.
Response #1: “Yes, everybody does that. However, the frequency was the concerning part.”
Today I want to talk about my second response:
Response #2: “I think you mean, you do that.”
Sometimes, when people say “everybody does that,” it’s because they don’t understand that autism and/or ADHD signs happen more frequently to some people than others, to the point where they can become debilitating. They aren’t aware that, just because a certain struggle or behavior is normal/typical, doesn’t mean that it can’t be disordered in a way that becomes problematic.
Other times, I can see pretty plainly that there is a different reason altogether why this person is saying, “everybody does that.” A reason that causes me to sigh, put an awkward smile on my face, and have a debate with myself about whether or not I should say something.
The reason? This person is most likely undiagnosed autistic/ADHD themselves. They just don’t know it yet.
Most people believe that they are more or less “normal.” If we look like, talk like, walk like, act like others in most ways, we just assume that we are completely typical, and that any differences between ourselves and others all come down to personality. Really, it’s not a hard assumption to make. We don’t have much else to go on.
Except, sometimes, these differences aren’t personality. They are a disorder. For example:
- Sometimes being more low-key and less active than others isn’t just a personality thing; it’s a sign of anemia.
- Sometimes being louder than others isn’t just a personality thing; it’s a sign of hearing loss.
- Sometimes being clumsier than others isn’t just a personality thing; it’s a sign of coordination issues or poor vision.
- Being forgetful, scatter-brained, and constantly late are not just personality things; they are signs of ADHD.
- Being uncomfortable around too many people, hating parties, and preferring to be alone are not just personality things; they are signs of autism.
You heard me, right? I said “sometimes.” I am not a medical professional, and I am not saying that these symptoms always indicate autism or ADHD, but sometimes they do. And it’s easier to notice them as an outsider when you look at families as a whole.
Did you know that most neurological differences are highly heritable?
Clinical depression is 50% heritable.
Anxiety disorders are 50% heritable.
Schizophrenia is 80% heritable.
Bi-Polar Disorder is 75% heritable.
ADHD is 77% heritable.
And Autism is 80% heritable.
What does this mean exactly? It means that all of these neurological differences/disorders run in families. It also means that, if a child is diagnosed with an increasingly common disorder like autism or ADHD, it is extremely unlikely that they don’t have at least one biological parent and/or biological grandparent with the exact same disorder. Of course, few parents will have a formal diagnosis, and the chances of a grandparent having a formal diagnosis are slim-to-none. This is simply because not a lot was known about the brain in past generations.
Think of it this way: very little was known about mental health just a few generations ago, and anything we did know was whispered shamefully. I was the first person in my family to be diagnosed with depression. But you know what? The depression was there in my family line all along. It’s pretty obvious, really, in hindsight. Just because I was the first one with a label, doesn’t mean that depression didn’t exist before that. (In fact, the floodgates have opened now in my family. We’ve all got a label or two now, even the older generations!)
As I look at my two beautiful children, one with an autism diagnosis, and one with an ADHD diagnosis, I see traits of both myself and my husband in them. And then I take a look around at some of the grandparents, aunties, uncles, and cousins, and say, “Ohhhhhh…” Yeah, it’s a thing. It might not be a diagnosed thing yet, but it’s there.
When I describe autism and ADHD symptoms to people in my extended family (or to friends who have very unique, colourful families), I often get the “everybody does that” line. And, you know what? That’s probably true enough. It’s probably true that they do that. That their mother or father does that. That their siblings do that. That their aunt or uncle does that. Enough “everybodys” in their life probably do it for it to seem completely normal, because challenges that are indicators of autism and ADHD run in families. It is normal in their eyes because it is normal for people in their family to face these challenges. But that doesn’t mean they have to.
My husband and I are both on waiting lists to have ourselves screened for autism and ADHD. Not because we think having a diagnosis is trendy, but because we know how heritable these differences are, and we want to be equipped to be there for our kids. We want to be able to help them answer tough questions they may have about themselves down the road. We want to be able to say, “You know what, sweetie? Mommy/Daddy struggles with this too. Here are some ways we have learned how to cope with this problem…” We don’t want our kids to feel at a loss.
To sum up, if “everybody” in your family has symptoms of autism or ADHD… you might want to talk to someone about that. Seriously.
It is also not shameful or bad if you are an “everybody” that faces challenges. It is simply a part of your family’s DNA. There may be therapies, support groups, medications, or a whole collection of new friends out there just waiting for you to take the first step toward investigating why you are the way you are.
And finally, the next time someone describes a struggle that makes you think, “everybody does that,” take it as an opportunity to learn about these real challenges, instead of belittling them. Listen, and you might just learn something about yourself.
© 2023 Ashley Lilley – First time commenting? Please read my Comment Policy.
One thought on “Everybody Does That (Part 2)”
I wouldn’t be surprised if I have one or the other, and or a mild case of both.
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Holy Grail is developing full-stack autonomous research systems to find optimal solutions for impactful material science and chemistry challenges. The purpose of their work is to end the burning of fossil fuels. The company aims to solve problems that have caused bottlenecks in the development of electro-chemical batteries in order to achieve full electrification of electric cars, marine freight, grid and flight.
Holy Grail will bring together deep learning, statistics and robotics to move solutions from chemistry to device at a faster rate. Areas they cover include energy storage and catalysis. Holy Grail claims to be creating the biggest and most precise materials dataset in the world. Simulations and predictions are cross validated with automated experimental data that have zero variability. The goal is to improve understanding of materials from crystal structure to multi component devices.
Holy Grail’s system is claimed to provide automated unbiased decision making for design of experiments and exploration of possibilities. Their experiments and device level testing will have zero human input.
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Drag racing is a sport in which automobiles compete against each other, usually two at a time, to be the first to reach the finish line. The race has a short and straight path from the starting point to the finish line at a predefined distance.
Each driver in the race is allowed to perform a burnout before each race which warms the driving tires and puts the rubber down at the start of the circuit, enhancing traction. Then, the vehicle passes through a water box, also known as a bleach box.
Previously, bleach was used with a flammable traction compound, which produced spectacular but dangerous flame burnouts. The danger prompted the NHRA (National Hot Rod Association) to ban the practice.
Nowadays, modern races begin with a system known as Christmas trees. This consists of a column of lights for every driver or lane and two light beam sensors for every lane on the track at the line’s starting.
The modern NHA trees consist of one blue light, three amber lights, one green light, and one red light. When a vehicle’s front tire breaks the first light beam, the car is pre-staged, and the pre-stage indication on the tree illuminates.
There are various drag racing leagues in the world, but the most prominent ones are in the US and Europe. This is because the competition mostly involves using muscle cars with heavy engines, which are not always readily available in different parts of the world.
Big Drag Racing Leagues in the World
1. National Hot Rod Association (NHRA)
The National Hot Rod Association, also known as NHRA, is a drag racing regulating organization that makes rules and organizes events in the United States and Canada. They are the world’s largest racing sanctioning organization, with over 40,000 drivers on their rosters.
Wally Parks founded the association in 1951 in California to establish a governing body to organize and promote the drag racing sport. The first NHRA nationals took place in 1955 at Great Bend, Kansas.
The NHRA Camping World Drag Racing series consists of 24 races a year. It is one of the top leagues in drag racing, bringing together the top drag racers from all over the world. The NHRA US Nationals take place in Lucas Oil Raceway in Brownsburg, Indiana, and are officially known as the US Nationals.
2. International Hot Rod Association (IHRA)
After the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA), the International Hot Rod Association (IHRA) is the second-largest drag racing league. This league was founded by a businessman known as Larry Carrier.
The organization used to operate in the South East of the United States, with its headquarters in Bristol, Tennessee. In the beginning, the IHRA was following the professional class structure of NHRA’s Top Fuel, Funny Car, and Pro Stock until the 1984 season, when it eliminated the elite Top Fuel category.
This decision lasted for three years before being reinstated. The association is also recognized for launching the longest-running drag racing sponsorship deal with R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company’s Winston brand, which expired in 2001.
3. National Electric Drag Racing Association (NEDRA)
The National Electric Drag Racing Association, better known as NEDRA, is a part of the Electric Auto Association. NEDRA does this by arranging and sanctioning electric drag racing events that are safe, silent, and fun.
It is a partnership of drag racing enthusiasts, owners and drivers of electric drag racing vehicles, and people interested in promoting the sport of drag racing. Moreover, they also promote and support EV components suppliers, EV manufacturers, and other environmentally conscious companies and individuals.
It works to raise awareness among the people about electric vehicles and their performance and support advancements in electric car technology with the help of competition.
4. Australian Drag Racing Association (ADRA)
The Australian Drag Racing Association (ADRA) was established in 1973 by the Australian Hot Rod’s federation. It is a drag racing-oriented group known as “the best in the world outside of the United States.”
ANDRA authorizes races at all levels, from junior drags to Top Fuel, across Australia and throughout the year. Top Fuel, Top Alcohol, Top Doorslammer, Pro Stock, and Top Bike together make the ANDRA Drag Racing Series suitable for professional drivers and riders.
5. The New Zealand Hot Rod Association (NZHRA)
The New Zealand Hot Rod Association (NZHRA) is a car club association organization based in Maunganui, New Zealand. It is engaged in improving and encouraging its members to participate and enjoy safe hot rodding or drag racing.
The association also encourages participating in its activities to stimulate the growth, achievement, and success gained due to their involvement with unique and different automobiles and ultimately promoting the sport.
6. The National Auto Sport Association (NASA)
The National Auto Sport Association (NASA) is a motorsports organization based in the United States that came into existence in 1991. It promotes road racing and high-performance driver training. In addition, it organizes High-Performance Driving Events (HPDE), automobile rallies, and time trials.
They’re also known for hosting Mustang and Camaro featured drag races as well as autocross and professional, club-level automobile racing around the United States. The first National Championships of NASA took place in September 2006 at Mid-Ohio, home of the previous SCCA’s “Runoffs.”
7. American Drag Racing League (ADRL)
Jeff Begun founded the American drag racing league, also known as ADRL, in 2004. It is one of the country’s most thrilling and popular racing series, with 285+ MPH Dragsters, Funny Cars, Top Fuels Harleys, Pro Mods, Pro Stock, Jet Cars, Fireworks, a kids fun zone, and even more.
Currently, some of the best performing drivers in ADRL are Mike Quinn and Keith, and they have a class of 7.0 index.
8. Nostalgia Drag Racing League (NDRL)
The Nostalgia Drag Racing League is based in Brownsburg, Indiana. It organizes a series of drag races of about ¼ mile in the Midwest for 1979 and older nostalgic-looking automobiles, with four different classes of competition operating on an index system.
The Pro 7.0 and 7.50 have top speeds of 200 miles per hour, whereas Pro Comp and Pro Gas have indices ranging from 8.0 to 10.0. Cars like Front Engine Dragsters, Altereds, Funny red, early Pro Stock clones, Super Stocks, and Glasses are standard NDRL competition cars.
9. European Drag Racing Summit (EDRS)
Summit Racing EDRS Series has been in operation since February 17th, 2017. Previously known as European Drag Racing Series (ERS), it is run by Speedgroup, which hosted Europe’s largest drag racing series. During 2017, over 800 teams from 12 countries competed in events held under the EDRS banner.
The summit features a wide range of competing classes, including automobiles and motorbikes, as well as junior and senior drag racing. The Summit Racing EDRS combines regional and worldwide racing, and the series gives an appealing idea so that teams and organizers can participate and enjoy the different races.
Drag Racing – A Thrilling Sport
Drag racing is a unique and thrilling sport. It usually involves muscle cars with big, powerful engines. And being a dangerous sport, drag racing takes lots of guts. Hence, many leagues all over the world are working to promote this type of racing and raise awareness among people about drag racing and its thrill.
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Pediatric occupational therapists evaluate and treat children who are having difficulty participating in meaningful activities, “occupations”, relevant to their daily lives.
This includes playing, learning, paying attention, participating in sports, self-care (getting dressed, feeding), and being a friend. Occupational therapists are dedicated to helping children develop all of the abilities they need for the many “occupations” of childhood, including playing with friends, being a student, helping at home, eating, getting dressed, and participating in hobbies and sports, to name a few.
Our occupational therapists provide comprehensive assessments and interventions in the following areas:
- Fine Motor Skills
- Handwriting Skills
- Visual Motor and Visual Perceptual Skills
- Self-Care Skills Such as Feeding, Getting Dressed
- Sensory Processing
- Motor Planning
- Bilateral Motor Coordination
- Strength and Coordination
- Organization and Behavior
- Socialization and Play
- Environmental Adaptations for School and Home
- Teacher Consultation
- Parent Education
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Official Settlement Account
What it is:
How it works (Example):
For example, the Federal Reserve uses official settlement accounts to keep track of its transactions in gold, dollars or other assets with other countries' central banks.
Why it Matters:
The official settlement account is a crucial component in the nation's balance of payments. Though the account may keep track of a specific transactions, it also helps record a country's assets with other banks, whether it is running a deficit or surplus in those assets, and the movement of dollars to foreign governments.
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There are currently no active references in this article.
A shrub or small bushy tree allied to M. acuminata with a dark brown scaly bark that does not become furrowed even on old specimens; young stems densely downy. Leaves smaller and comparatively broader than in M. acuminata, 4 to 6 in. long, 21⁄2 to 31⁄2 in. wide, more rounded at the apex, bases mostly rounded or broad cuneate (rarely cordate as the name would imply), of a deeper more lustrous green above and covered beneath with rather long, matted hairs. Flowers resembling those of M. acuminata in shape but smaller and with the petals yellow on the inside. Bot. Mag., t. 325.
This species was found by the elder Michaux growing wild ‘on open hillsides in upper Carolina and Georgia’ and described by him in 1803. He or his son may have introduced the species to France. There were at any rate two introductions to England in 1801 – by John Lyon to Loddigcs’s nursery; and by John Fraser, a plant collector who travelled in the south-eastern USA and had his own nursery in Sloane Square, London.
According to Prof. Sargent, writing in 1891 (Syh. N. A., Vol. 1, p. 8), M. cordata was at that time no longer known in the wild, though forms approaching it were to be found on the Blue Ridge of Carolina and in central Alabama. But in 1913 the species was rediscovered by Louis Berckmans in Georgia south of Augusta, near the Savannah river, growing in dry oak woodland. Since then it has been found in other localities in Georgia and also in N. Carolina.
Cultivated specimens, deriving from the old introductions, make slow-growing, low, stunted trees, perhaps 30 ft high eventually if they live long enough. At Kew a tree planted in 1906 is only 18 ft high (1959). Others in the collection flowered abundantly when only 4 to 6 ft high. M. cordata varies in the colour of its flowers; they are usually of a rather pale yellow, but forms with deeper-coloured flowers are, or have been, in cultivation; the rarity of the latter may be due to their tenderness.
It should be pointed out that the synonym given under the heading represents Sargent’s earlier view as to the status of this magnolia. In the second edition of his Manual he retained M. cordata as a species.
There has been confusion between this magnolia, which is always shrubby, and yellow-flowered forms of M. acuminata.
Considered as a variety of M. acuminata, its correct name would be var. subcordata (Spach) Dandy (Tulipastrum americanum var. subcordatum Spach; M. acuminata var. cordata (Michx.) Sarg.)
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This week at Forest School, the children spent time on a rope swing we made together, and also spent more time climbing and balancing.
There was lots of problem solving skills as we worked out how to create our rope swing and where it was best positioned.
It is inspiring to watch the children challenge themselves in the woodland. Often, for some children, climbing a tree can present a challenge. As adults we never lift the children up or down from a tree. If a child tries many different ways to climb up and then works out how to climb down by themselves , then they will have risk assessed the situation by themselves, on the way up and down and will know what they need to do to be safe.
Nathan described to his friend how he got up : “you put one foot up, then bring the other foot up then pull yourself up”
Jade spent some time balancing along a long log, she slipped off many times, but achieved her goal in the end with determination and motivation. She also climbed a tree, look at the sense of achievement in her picture.
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Computes the union of
numkeys sorted sets given by the specified keys, and
stores the result in
It is mandatory to provide the number of input keys (
numkeys) before passing
the input keys and the other (optional) arguments.
By default, the resulting score of an element is the sum of its scores in the sorted sets where it exists.
WEIGHTS option, it is possible to specify a multiplication factor
for each input sorted set.
This means that the score of every element in every input sorted set is
multiplied by this factor before being passed to the aggregation function.
WEIGHTS is not given, the multiplication factors default to
AGGREGATE option, it is possible to specify how the results of the
union are aggregated.
This option defaults to
SUM, where the score of an element is summed across
the inputs where it exists.
When this option is set to either
MAX, the resulting set will contain
the minimum or maximum score of an element across the inputs where it exists.
destination already exists, it is overwritten.
Integer reply: the number of elements in the resulting sorted set at
(integer) 1redis> ZADD zset1 2 "two"
(integer) 1redis> ZADD zset2 1 "one"
(integer) 1redis> ZADD zset2 2 "two"
(integer) 1redis> ZADD zset2 3 "three"
(integer) 1redis> ZUNIONSTORE out 2 zset1 zset2 WEIGHTS 2 3
(integer) 3redis> ZRANGE out 0 -1 WITHSCORES
1) "one" 2) "5" 3) "three" 4) "9" 5) "two" 6) "10"
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The Eastern Curlew is a large migratory wading bird that breeds in NE China and Russia. It has a long neck, long legs and a long downward curved bill. It has a brown head and neck and a streaked brown/grey body. It is found in sheltered coastal areas and estuaries typically on mudflats and saltmarsh which are the main feeding habitats and more rarely on ocean beaches. The Eastern Curlew eats mainly small crustaceans, small molluscs and insects. They may feed singly, in small groups or occasionally in large flocks. In Tasmania they are seen on Bass Strait islands and the north and east coasts.
In Tasmania threats are from human interference to feeding and roosting particularly as the birds are very wary and are easily disturbed. Reduction of habitat by coastal developments and pollution near human settlements may affect food availability. Elsewhere the birds are hunted on their migration routes and in the Northern Hemisphere pollution and coastal developments in breeding areas are having a significant impact.
A complete species management profile is not currently available for
this species. Check for further information on this page and any
relevant Activity Advice
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Land Tenure System in Nigeria
The Land Tenure System in Nigeria was established solely for the regulation of land ownership behaviors among Nigerians. The term ‘tenure’ simply means “to hold’. In simple definition, the Land Tenure System refers to the rights, as well as the institution that is concerned with the governing of the use of land in the country.
This aged system of tenure focuses on the rights, responsibilities, duties concerning the ownership security, use, alienation and transfer of land & its resources.
Nigeria has a large land mass, covering an area of 924,768 sq.km. With an annual growth rate of 2.8% in population size, over 200 million people are living in Nigeria. This suggests the need for a system to regulate land use.
The history of Land tenure system in Nigeria
The history of the land tenure system in Nigeria can be traced to the pre-colonial days. Certain structures guided the use of land during the pre-colonial period, as well as the colonial period.
Basically, land tenure system history has 3 categories: pre-colonial period, colonial period, and post-colonial period.
Pre-colonial Land Tenure System in Nigeria
Families and communities owned lands in Nigeria before the colonial masters took over. In fact, Family heads and community heads originally owned lands. Then they allocate to their subordinates based on their needs or family size.
Colonial Land Tenure Structure
Colonial masters regulated land ownership during the colonial period in Nigeria. There were certain legislation guiding the use of Land:
- Treaty of Cession: 1861
- Land Proclamation Ordinance: 1900
- Land and Native Rights Act: 1916
- Public Lands Acquisition: 1917
- State Land Acts: 1918
- Town & Country Planning Act: 1947
Post-colonial Land Tenure Structure
After independence in 1960, only 2 major legislation have been validated.
- Land Tenure Law of Northern Nigeria: 1962
- Land Use Act of 1978
Read Also: TOP 5 MORTGAGE BANKS IN LAGOS
Types of Land tenure system in Nigeria
The Communal Land Tenure System
The Community owns the land in this system. This sets the Community head as the controlling power of the community land. Only farming is allowed on the land. This is a major disadvantage.
Tenancy at Government Will
The use of land in this tenure system is based on the granted permission of the state or federal government. Government supports farmers by giving out land for agriculture. This is a typical example of tenancy at government will. A major setback is that the land cannot be used as collateral for loan.
Inheritance Land Tenure System
In Nigeria, the inheritance Land tenure system makes land ownership rights transferable to a successor, usually after the death of the primary land owner.
Leasehold Land Tenure System
The Leasehold system allows for the temporary ownership of a land or property over a certain period of time. A landlord is the principal owner while a tenant is the temporary owner.
Freehold Land Tenure System
Although the Freehold land tenure system is expensive, it is of greater advantage. You (or a group) can pay an agreed amount of money to acquire the right of ownership.
Open Access Land Tenure System
No one has ownership rights to land in open access land tenure system. Therefore, anyone can access such land for different use like marine residency or animal grazing.
The knowledge of the Land Tenure System in Nigeria is required for a smooth running of a real estate business in Nigeria. In fact, you can become a proud owner of a land or property in Lagos without having to bother about the land tenure system. Contact Property Lagos today!
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One of the biggest mistakes that many feline guardians make is assuming that because most cats are kept indoors away from contact with other animals and/or infectious diseases, that they still do not need regular exams and check-ups. While immunizations are important, especially when cats are younger, it is equally important to take cats for veterinary exams to detect early disease signs.
Cats often mask disease very well, and often do not show their guardians any signs of illness until the disease process is very advanced. Because of their solitary and serene nature, cats may not express signs of illness as readily as do canines or human guardians do. With regular veterinary exams, veterinarians may detect early problems including heart disease or periodontal disease. By mid age, most cats have some degree of periodontal disease, which may lead to not only oral infections and discomfort, but also problems in other organs of the body, including the heart, liver and kidneys. Guardians are often amazed how much more energized and healthier cats become after receiving appropriate dental treatment from their veterinarian.
In addition, preventative blood and/or urine testing may also pick up early kidney or urinary tract disease, liver disease, diabetes, thyroid problems, and even cancer. Subtle signs feline guardians may look for at home which may prompt a veterinary visit include changes in weight or appetite, increases in thirst or urination, as well as changes in breathing or any tendency to chronic vomiting, diarrhea or constipation. The good news is, with early detection and diagnosis, many feline diseases are readily treatable, which can allow our feline companions to be as healthy as possible for years to come.
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The world is fill with water, in fact 70% of Earth is filled with it so it is easy to think that we have a huge resource of it. That simply isn’t true as most of it is salt water and a very miniscule amount is actually fresh. Of course there are water filtering companies out there the can take that salt water and clean it up for washing or drinking purposes but after that there is also wastewater that is created as a result of it. Ironically this wastewater goes back into rivers or oceans and creates the problem we have today. So if you are business that deals with water or has a lot waste as a result of it why not consider recycling it. There are a lot of benefits that can be gained from it especially when it comes to water shortages and the environment. It could also help your business become a more socially responsible company. Still have doubts? Then here are some points that would peak your interest in recycling it.
Your business uses water for a variety of reasons but where does all this water go to once you have finished? They end up going back to rivers and oceans even dirtier than when it was originally picked up. This vicious cycle continues to cause irreparable harm to a precious resource. If the supply the gets tainted more likely the price of water will increase because of lack of clean water.
By doing regular wastewater treatment Christchurch you can clean up this water and use it again for your business. It can be a lot more affordable for you because you won’t need to rely heavily on freshwater which can be costly due to lack of supply.
Tank Clean Up
By having wastewater that means you have a tank that is collecting this waste and it means having to maintain and at times repair these tanks to handle this waste. If you are worried about installing it because of the costs, know that there are ways to fix these problems. Doing regular septic tank maintenance nz will reduce these problems.
If you have a lot of waste to get rid of then you need to take it somewhere to dispose of it and this can be costly for you. Having a recycling machine will stop you from spending money on unnecessary transportation costs.
By recycling this water you are not putting stress on the supply of freshwater available. As a business you would save money and at the same time help the environment out. Dirtying the oceans and rivers is bad and should be avoided.
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At our Before School Program, we provide an engaging, and nurturing environment for children between the ages of 4 and 13 ages to to build supportive relationships while learning new experiences. This program plays an important role in supporting children’s learning, development, health, and well-being through physical activity.
We pride ourselves on the quality of our programs. The overarching goals and objectives of Better Beginnings Better Futures sites are:
- Prevention: to reduce the incidence of serious long-term emotional and behavioural problems in children living in high risk neighbourhoods.
- Promotion: To promote the optimal social, emotional, behavioural, physical and educational development in children.
- Community Development: To strengthen the ability of disadvantaged communities to respond effectively to the social and economic needs of children and their families.
We offer age-appropriate, play-based developmental programming, based on “How Does Learning Happen?” that encourages children to explore freely, learning through play and creativity, at their own pace.
How Does Learning Happen?
Foundations for Learning includes goals for children and expectations for programs. Organized around the foundations of belonging, well-being, engagement, and expression, the goals and expectations integrate the six guiding principles of ELECT. Rather than considering the principles as separate elements in high-quality programs, this pedagogical document helps us to think about how the principles and the goals and expectations work together.
The goals and expectations help educators to strive to provide the best experiences and outcomes for children and families and for educators. These components are outlined in the chart below.
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Editor's Note: This week, American Morning is examining the causes of youth-on-youth violence across the country. Yesterday, in part three of the series, "Walk in My Shoes," we walked to school with two students and witnessed the dangers they face every day. Today, we examine the teenage brain to look for an explanation for some of their behavior.
By T.J. Holmes, CNN
Mix the constant presence of violence kids on Chicago's west side face with the developing teen brain, and researchers say you've got a recipe for danger.
“The frontal lobe right here [points to image], is very late to mature. Not to about age 25,” and so teens are prone to act more impulsively, says Dr. Jay Giedd, a neuroscientist at the National Institutes of Health.
“Whenever there's high emotion then this part of the brain is really taxed. It really has to work extra hard to sort it all out.”
That's true even for teens living in the best of circumstances, but add a constant barrage of violence to a kid's life and that risky behavior can become magnified.
“They misinterpret signs of danger. They overreact to it all the time and they have trouble calming themselves down and seeing the world the way other people see it," says Gene Griffin, assistant professor at Northwestern Medical School.
Dr. Giedd says the brain can actually get used to the violence, taking even more violence to shock it.
“If the world of the teen is violent and that people need to be aggressive in order to survive in that environment the biology will make the brain change and adapt to whatever demands there are.”
The teens we spoke with say they've seen so much violence that they've grown used to it.
“In front of the store from my house, there was a boy with his brains blew out. So really seeing dead people and stuff, it don't even scare me no more,” says student Starr.
But experts say as much as the teen brain can be transformed by excessive exposure to violence or danger, it has the ability to change also, responding to a nurturing environment.
“How is it that we have forgotten that we need to raise children and that they're children? You've got children who are all gasoline, no brakes. It's for parents and society, schools, communities to provide the brakes,” says psychologist Carl Bell.
One such program is Umoja. It partners with Chicago's Manley High School to help teens cope by surrounding them with support, teaching leadership skills, and encouraging students to see a future for themselves.
“There is not a magic thing we say to kids that makes them stop, that will make them stop killing each other. That's not how it works. We connect and we have relationships or none of this ever changes,” says Lila Leff, the founder of Umoja.
When the program started 12 years ago, 10% of the students went onto college. Today, that number has grown to 60%.
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The world-first study filmed the vocal folds of 16 male radio performers, including announcers, broadcasters, newsreaders and voice-over artists and found their vocal folds move and close faster than non-broadcasters.
Speech pathologists, Dr Cate Madill and Dr Samantha Warhurst from the Faculty of Health Sciences, said the research reveals radio performers close their vocal folds with greater speed and force than non-broadcasters. This may be because they have better control of the tension in their vocal folds while speaking.
“Most radio voices are unique in their depth, warmth or resonance but until recently we have been unable to pinpoint what is happening physically with the vocal folds to achieve these qualities,” Dr Madill said.
“This research has uncovered a possible cause for this distinctive sound.”
You can read more about this research study here.
Thanks to radio Info from tipping us off to this story.
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Unseen by its 8 million residents, a water crisis is approaching Hong Kong. Seventy to eighty percent of Hong Kong’s water comes from the Dongjiang river, which also brings water to Macau and other regions in the Pearl River Delta. The Dongjiang river is reaching its “critical limit” and further growth in the region might exceed that limit.
Things only become worse for Hong Kong when considering that the city-state lost 32.5% of its water to leakage and theft. Compare that figure to Tokyo, which dropped its leakage from 20% in 1955 to 2% today.
Hong Kong needs to focus on water loss management to reduce its risks. The Total Water Management (TWM) Strategy was launched in 2008, and it reduced leakage to 15% by 2019. TWM is also trying to get Hong Kong residents to use less water.
I grew up in Hong Kong and never considered that the city was facing a water crisis. I don’t think I use absurd amounts of water, but I also paid little attention to my usage. A study conducted by the OECD across 48 major cities reported that Hong Kong residents have very high domestic water per capita. Hong Kong’s illusion of unlimited water has encouraged residents to overconsume this scarce resource. The TWM strategy [pdf] promotes water-saving devices and conservation awareness in schools, but Hong Kong is consuming more water than ever.
Hong Kong’s water crisis will only worsen unless stricter policies are implemented and additional action is taken.
Bottom Line: Hong Kong’s heavy reliance on the Dongjiang river, leaky pipes, and overconsumption of water risks exposing the city to severe water scarcity in the near future.
* Please help my Water Scarcity students by commenting on unclear analysis, alternative perspectives, better data sources, or maybe just saying something nice 🙂
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HYLE--International Journal for Philosophy of Chemistry, Vol. 3 (1997), pp. 103-106:
Short Biographies of Philosophizing Chemists
This series is intended to present short biographies of chemists
who philosophically reflected their own discipline.
The Austrian Friedrich (Fritz) Paneth studied chemistry at the universities of Munich and Vienna, where he received his Doctorate in 1910 (Üeber die Umlagerung des Chinidins durch Schwefelsäure and Über die Einwirkung von naszierendem Wasserstoff). In 1912, he became assistant of Stefan Meyer at the Institut für Radiumforschung at Vienna, in 1913, the Habilitation (venia legendi) followed. Between 1917 and 1919 he was assistant at the Deutsche Technische Hochschule Prag, then he went as Extraordinarius (associate professor) to Hamburg. In the following, he taught at the universities of Berlin (1922-1929) and Königsberg (until 1933). Although he was a Protestant, his parents had been of Jewish faith. This fact and his rejection of Hitler's politics led him to the decision not to return from a lecture tour in England. Until 1939, he taught as a Guest Lecturer at the Imperial College of Science and Technology and the University of London, where he was appointed Reader of Atomic Chemistry in 1938. He then was called to the University of Durham until his retirement in 1953. During Word War II, he was head of the chemistry division of the Joint British-Canadian Atomic Energy Team in Montreal (1943-1945). Keeping his British citizenship, he returned to Germany in 1953 to become Director at the Max Planck Institute of Chemistry at Mainz. His research interests were widespread: he began as an organic chemist but changed to radiochemistry early. In his collected papers entitled Chemistry and Beyond (ed. by H. Dingle and G.R. Martin, Interscience Publishers: New York-London-Sydney, 1964, 286 pages) there is a complete bibliography divided up into the following sections: Radioactivity and the Transformation of Elements (44 entries), Radioactive Indicators and Adsorption (24), Gaseous Hydrides (24), Free Radicals (12), Helium Investigations (17), Atmosphere and Stratosphere (24), Meteorites (31), Periodic System and Isotopes (24), Historical Studies (45), and Various (5). The mentioned edition includes contributions pertinent to philosophy and history of chemistry, like "Chemical Elements and Primordial Matter: Mendeleev's view and the Present Position", "Goethes Scientific Background", and "The Trend of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry since 1850".
However, Paneth's most central text on philosophical problems of chemistry is his lecture "Die erkenntnistheoretische Stellung des chemischen Elementbegriffs", given to the Königsberger Gelehrte Gesellschaft in 1931, obviously intended as to honour the great old philosopher of Königsberg, whom he later referred to in historical studies on astronomical theories. This lecture was first published - not easy accessible, as the author later admitted - in German: " (Schriften der Königsberger Gelehrten Gesellschaft, Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Heft 4, Max Niemeyer Verlag: Halle, 1931). Fortunately, the article was later translated into English by Paneth's son, Heinrich Rudolph Paneth, and published as "The epistemological status of the chemical concept of element" (The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 13 (1962) 1-14, 144-160). All following citations refer to this English edition. The lecture is divided up into six sections: "The Need for Epistemological Clarificaton of the Fundamental Concepts of Chemistry", "The Concept of Substance in Chemistry", "The Epistemological Standpoint of the Ancient Atomists", "The Epistemological Position of the Concept of Element Introduced by Lavoisier", "The Double Meaning of the Chemical Concept of Element: Basic Substance and Simple Substance", "The Double Meaning of Other Chemical Concepts".
Stating the neglect of chemistry by philosophers, Paneth adds an interesting aspect to the discussion of reasons for that dissatisfying fact, namely the aspect of a supposedly wrong education: "But even today we find a wider spread of physical than of chemical knowledge and interest amongst philosophers, whether this be due to tradition in the profession or the curricula of our secondary schools" (p.1). As far as the columnist is concerned, this topic should be discussed in more detail in the philosophy and education of chemistry.
Two questions are the main concern of Paneths lecture. First, the epistemological/ontological problem: "In what sense may one assume that the elements persist in compounds?" (p.3). Secondly, the methodological problem "...whether or not it is true that chemistry should and will dissolve into physics" (p.3). According to Paneth, chemistry is about qualitative characteristics, is the science of the change of substances, or "...a science in which interest is directed towards the secondary qualities of substances" (p.8). Therefore, chemists are first of all naive realists, epistemologically speaking. Going through the history of atomism and the history of elements, Paneth concludes that certain assumptions are to be added to the primitive initial view-point of chemistry: "As a result of these observations we affirm that some Greek thinkers had already realized that it is the aim of the natural sciences to find the laws of a world that is objectively real, whose changes are indicated in our consciousness by processes quite different in kind; and that to understand the change of properties of substances we require transcendental hypotheses" (p.14).
Since the works of Joachim Jungius, Robert Boyle, and particularly Antoine Lavoisier, elements had been defined experimentally: the preparability rather than the non-decomposability has been significant. "In this way an experimentally determinable criterion was introduced into the definition of element, and the interminable and obscure discussions about the true elements brought to an end" (p.146). Moreover, the characterization of a certain element is given in terms of chemistry by its properties, like colour, taste, solubility, and its reactivity as well. But naive realism seems not to lead us anywhere, if the following question is raised: "What sense at all is there in saying that the element sulphur is preserved unchanged in its compounds, such as the gaseous, colourless, pungently smelling sulphur dioxide?" (p.149). In addition, the assumption of persistence of elements in their compounds is widely and successfully applied in case of the Periodic System. Therefore, Paneth suggested a dual concept of the term 'element'. The first he called 'simple substance' (einfacher Stoff) which refers to the form in which the second, the 'basic substance' (Grundstoff) is presented to our senses. Thus, simple substances are observables in the framework of (naive) realism, whereas the basic substances are non-observables because they belong to the transcendental world. Accordingly, Paneth did not only speak at the same venue as Kant, he also borrowed a great deal of Kantian philosophy. Hence, it is not totally mistaken to point out the correspondence of simple substances and the Phaenomena on the one hand, and basic substances and the Noumena on the other.
Regarding his second topic, reductionism, two quotations may express Paneth's opinion: "Even if the character of chemistry should change essentially in the future owing to penetration by mathematico-physical methods, its history during the nineteenth century, in which it achieved such successes without mathematics, must never be ignored in its philosophic evaluation" (p.8). "Indeed, we may add even when one day this problem [the nature of primary matter, K.R.] is solved, chemistry (...) will still be justified in going no further than the reduction of the phenomena to the chemically indestructible substances, the elements, and thus in retaining qualitative differences in its fundamental concepts" (p.160).
Closing up, I would like to make a remark on the style of argumentation and writing of Fritz Paneth. Different to many scientists - particularly chemists - who write on philosophical issues of their discipline, Paneth attained a consistantly reasonable level and exhibited a mastership in both history of science and history of philosophy. He did not only quote, but also discussed in length thoughts of, for example, Aristotle, Bachelard, Kant, Meyerson, Mill, Rickert, Schlick, and Spinoza from primary sources. Accordingly, it may be judged as a pity that this exceptional scholar had not written more on the philosophy of chemistry. However, his biographer Herbert Dingle stated: "One never had the feeling that he was changing from one subject to another; he was looking at the same subject from another side".(op. cit.)
Copyright Ó1997 by HYLE and Klaus Ruthenberg
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Laminate the sheets with letters (start with sheets with foll form and then work your way to the broken letters and end up with joint letters). The teacher calls out a letter and they find it and circle it on their sheets using whiteboard pens which can then be wiped and reused. At the end the class shouts out “Bingo Bismillah” together 🙂
Posted in Games
Tagged activity, arabic, arabic alphabet, arabic alphabets, arabic game, bingo bismillah alphabet game, bingo game, boardgame, class game, craft, craft activity, language, learning, Qur'anic, Qur'anic Arabic, quran, Quran curriculum, quran syllabus, review, revision, Surah, Surahs
A game idea to teach Arabic alphabet recognition to the younger children.
The children love playing this game. They wear a blindfold (or close their eyes) and guess the letter shape by feeling it. If you use textured (glittery) foam cut out into the letter shape and stuck onto smooth foam, it works really well and really makes the children think about the shape and where the dots are placed.
Posted in Games
Tagged activity, arabic, arabic alphabet, arabic alphabets, arabic grammar, class, classroom, craft, craft activity, early years learning, game, Qur'anic, quran, Quran curriculum, quran syllabus, Surahs. Juz Amma
A fellow Arabic teachers of the younger years at our Islamic Saturday school has shared many of her ideas and games with me on how to teach and review the Arabic alphabets.
Here is the Lollipop sticks game:
This game is a fun way to reinforce the learning of new letters. The children are given lollipop sticks with letters (laminated and velcroed) on them corresponding to the letters they are learning that week; eg: ba, ta, tha. The teacher calls out a letter and they lift the stick they think is correct.
Posted in Games
Tagged activity, arabic, arabic alphabet, arabic alphabets, arabic games, arabic learning games, class game, classroom, craft activity, early years, early years learning, game, games, Juz Amma, Juzz Amma game, language, quran, Quran curriculum, quran syllabus
I’ve been waiting for the opportunity to make these, and so now that Year 10 have caught up with some grammar they should have been taught a few years back – I can do a hand on activity with them.
Introducing the mini foldable book series for Arabic grammar review. I think it will make a good visual resource for revision.
Here is the pdf for Arabic grammar mini foldable book
Here is a video to help you with the instrctions. You only need one sheet of paper and scissors and it’s that easy! Alhamdolilah. I’m not going to give my students this pdf just yet, instead I’ll let them design their own and use my one as one to get the content from.
Hope you enjoy making this with your class or children!
Posted in Arabic worksheets
Tagged activity, arabic, arabic demonstrative pronouns, arabic grammar, arabic grammar review, arabic printables, arabic pronouns, arabic worksheet, assessment, attahed pronouns arabic, class game, classroom, craft, craft activity, detached pronouns arabic, free printable, Juz Amma, mini book, Quran curriculum
One fun way of teaching the Surah order of Juzz `Amma is to create this Accordion folding stick craft activity – what a mouthful! 🙂 I came across this activity as a Butterfly activity and it has many versions such as the Father’s Day one. Here is the link to the Bible craft version on Danielle’s Place of Crafts and Activities as it has excellent pictures that explain how to make it.
There are two ways of making this activity: If you want to hang it, you can attach a ribbon to the top into a loophole or leave the ribbon and use it to tie it together. Also, the Surah order can be either from Surah Naba to Surah al-Nas or the other way around.
What you will need:
- Jumbo Craft sticks: For my class I needed 10 for each student so I had to buy them in bulk from Amazon.
- The Juzz `Amma surah list pdf
- Coloured card strips
For copyright reasons, I don’t think I can include even the instructions – so If you want to make this Accordion folding please head over to the Danielle’s place of Craft and Activities site.
For my class: I have cut the card into strips that fit into the jumbo size I need. If you want to avoid cutting strips because it is a time consuming thing, you can buy colored jumbo lollipop sticks. I have added stickers to jazz it up as well!
Hope you enjoy creating this activity with your class!
Posted in Juzz Amma Craft Activity
Tagged Accordion, activity, arabic, class, class game, classroom, craft, craft activity, fun, Juz Amma resources, Juzz Amma craft activity, quran, Quran curriculum, quran syllabus, review, revision, Surah, Surahs, Surahs. Juz Amma
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Michel Foucault, (born October fifteen, 1926, Poitiers, France – died June twenty five, 1984, Paris), French philosopher as well as historian, one of probably the most important and debatable scholars of the post World War II period.
The son as well as grandson of a doctor, Michel Foucault was created to a solidly bourgeois household. He resisted what he regarded as the provincialism of the upbringing of his and the native country of his, and the career of his was marked by regular sojourns abroad. A notable but at times erratic pupil, Foucault received entry at the age of twenty to the École Normale Superieure (ENS) in Paris in 1946. There he studied philosophy and psychology, adopted and then abandoned communism, as well as established a good reputation as a sedulous, amazing, and eccentric pupil.
After graduating in 1952, Foucault started a career marked by continual movement, both professionally and intellectually. He taught at the Faculty of Lille, then wasted 5 years (1955 60) working as a cultural attache at Uppsala, Sweden; Warsaw, Poland; and Hamburg, West Germany (now Germany). Foucault defended the doctoral dissertation of his at the ENS in 1961. Circulated under the title Folie et deraison: histoire de la folie à l’âge classique (“Madness and Unreason: A History of Madness in the Classical Age”). It won critical praise but had a limited audience. (An abridged version was translated into English and published in 1965 as Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason.)
His other early monographs, written while he taught at the University of Clermont-Ferrand in France (1960-66), had much the same fate. Not until the look of Les Mots et les choses (Things” and “words; Eng. trans. The Order of Things) in 1966 did Foucault start attracting large notice as one of probably the most unique and debatable thinkers of his days. He decided to view his developing ideas from a distance – at the Faculty of Tunis in Tunisia (1966-68) – and was still in Tunis when student riots erupted in Paris of the spring of 1968.
In 1969 he published L’Archeologie du savoir (The Archaeology of Knowledge). In 1970, after a short tenure as director of the philosophy department at the Faculty of Paris, Vincennes, he was given a chair in the history of systems of thought at the Collège de France, France’s most prestigious post secondary institution. The appointment granted Foucault the chance to conduct intense research.
Between 1971 as well as 1984 Foucault wrote a few works, like Surveiller et punir: naissance de la prison (1975; Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison), a monograph on the growth of the contemporary prison; 3 volumes of a record of Western sexuality; in addition to countless essays. Foucault continued traveling widely, and also as his status grew he spent lengthy periods in Brazil, Canada, Italy, Japan, and the United States.
He became especially connected to Berkeley, California, and the San Francisco Bay area and became a visiting lecturer at the Faculty of California at Berkeley for a few years. Foucault died of a septicemia typical of Aids in 1984, the fourth volume of the history of sexuality however incomplete.
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| 0.969183
| 724
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19th Century Fashion in Detail
An up-close look at the defining features of exquisitely crafted nineteenth-century fashion in vivid detail
Fashion in Detail: 1800–1900 showcases the opulence and variety of nineteenth century fashion through exquisite color photography of garment details paired with line drawings showing the complete construction of each piece. From the delicate embroidery on neoclassical gowns to the vibrant colors of crinolines and the elegant tailoring of men’s coats, the richness of the period is revealed in breathtaking detail. The featured garments, drawn from the Victoria and Albert Museum’s world-class collection, were at the height of fashion in their day. They display a remarkable range of colors, materials, and construction details: from the intricate boning of women’s corsets to the patterned silk of men’s waistcoats. Seen up close and further illuminated by detailed commentary, these carefully chosen garments illustrate many of the major themes of nineteenth-century dress.
A new introduction illuminates the history of fashion in the nineteenth century, followed by chapters that cover beautiful details, including gathers, pleats and drapery, collars, cuffs, pockets, and more. Each garment is accompanied by a short text, detail photography, and front-and-back line drawings. A glossary, bibliography, and exhaustive index conclude the book.160 color illustrations and 300 line drawings
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| 0.923841
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If “The Fates” predate the Greek Gods and seemingly have control over their destinies in addition to those of humankind, then why are they not glorified figures in Greek mythology? Greek mythology is centered upon the various Gods and their contributions to every aspect of human life. The people of Ancient Greece worshipped Zeus and his contemporaries and exalted them in several mythological works. In the eyes of the people, the Gods controlled every sector of Greek society. The Moirai, or “Fates”, however, who existed even before the Gods made their mark on the Greek world, determined the fate of humans and deities alike.
This consequently raises the question of why the Fates were not portrayed as glorified figures in the stories of Greek mythology since they had even more power than the Gods themselves. A possible resolution to this question is that more often than not, the prophecy foreseen by the Fates consisted of a negative outcome for the God or human receiving it. As a result, the characters that predicted a doomed future for the Greeks and their beloved Gods were painted as ugly, haggard, witch-like figures in mythological tales.
A classic instance where the Fates exercised their power over the Greek people is in the story of Oedipus. In Oedipus the King, Sophocles recounts that Oedipus “was fated to lie with my mother… and I was doomed to be murdered of the father that begot me. ”1 Although Laius, Oedipus’s father, took all measures possible to try and prevent this doomed fortune from materializing, he ultimately had no control over the word of the Fates. This poor circumstance in which Oedipus found himself reflects the reasoning for the ugly portrayal of the Fates.
Since the predictions of Oedipus’s future were so unfortunate, the Greeks, in a sense, punished the Fates by drawing them as blind, wrinkly women. The paradigmatic case of a God’s doomed destiny prophesied by the Fates is the story of Cronus. In Hesiod’s Theogony, Cronus “learned…that he was destined to be overcome by his own son, strong though he was. ”2 In order to escape this abysmal fortune, “Cronus swallowed as each came forth from the womb to his mother’s knees with this intent, that no other of the proud sons…should hold the kingly office amongst the deathless gods.
”3 The Athenian people and divinities alike admired Cronus and benefitted greatly during his reign of Mount Olympus. In fact, “the deathless gods who dwell on Olympus made a golden race of mortal men who lived in the time of Cronus when he was reigning in heaven. And they lived like gods without sorrow of heart, remote and free from toil and grief: miserable age rested not on them. ”4 To express their gratitude to Cronus, the Greeks dedicated a harvest festival in his name which was subsequently celebrated every year.
5 This deep fondness for Cronus illustrates why the Greeks would disapprove of anyone who might cause him to fail, namely, the Fates. This reasoning further supports why the Fates were drawn as decrepit, ugly figures. The three Fates of Greek Mythology, Clotho, Lachesis and Atropos assigned destinies both to the Greek people and to the Greek divinities. They spun the thread of life at the moment of birth, decided how long each thread should be (namely, how long one should live) and cut the thread at the moment of death.
Due to the Fates’ omnipotence, one would think that they should be depicted in Greek mythology as beautiful, respected personas. However, in almost every account of the Fates, their auguries entail an ill-fated result for the human or deity receiving it. For example, Oedipus was destined to murder his father and marry his mother, and Cronus was destined to have his kingdom overthrown by one of his own children. Therefore, despite their extraordinary power, the Fates are represented as three blind, ugly, old, witch-like characters. This unfavorable portrayal of the Fates represents the aspect of protection in Ancient Greek society.
The Greeks cared so deeply about protecting the Gods’ and each other’s images and reputations, that they painted the Fates in a negative light just because they distributed the predestined doomed futures of the Gods and the people. Regardless of the fact that the Fates themselves did not truly choose these destinies, the Greek people punished them by drawing them as decrepit characters. Works Cited Sophocles. Oedipus the King. 922-925 Hesiod. Theogony. 460,464. Hesiod. Works and Days. Versnel, H. S.. Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion: Transition and Reversal in Myth and Ritual. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1993. Print.
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Sec. Ocean Observation
Volume 8 - 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.691313
Robots Versus Humans: Automated Annotation Accurately Quantifies Essential Ocean Variables of Rocky Intertidal Functional Groups and Habitat State
- 1Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos, IBIOMAR-CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
- 2Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Ecuador
- 3Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
- 4College of Marine Science, University of South Florida St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
- 5Centro de Investigaciones, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador
- 6Departamento de Estudios Ambientales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela
- 7Coastal Sustainability Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
Standardized methods for effectively and rapidly monitoring changes in the biodiversity of marine ecosystems are critical to assess status and trends in ways that are comparable between locations and over time. In intertidal and subtidal habitats, estimates of fractional cover and abundance of organisms are typically obtained with traditional quadrat-based methods, and collection of photoquadrat imagery is a standard practice. However, visual analysis of quadrats, either in the field or from photographs, can be very time-consuming. Cutting-edge machine learning tools are now being used to annotate species records from photoquadrat imagery automatically, significantly reducing processing time of image collections. However, it is not always clear whether information is lost, and if so to what degree, using automated approaches. In this study, we compared results from visual quadrats versus automated photoquadrat assessments of macroalgae and sessile organisms on rocky shores across the American continent, from Patagonia (Argentina), Galapagos Islands (Ecuador), Gorgona Island (Colombian Pacific), and the northeast coast of the United States (Gulf of Maine) using the automated software CoralNet. Photoquadrat imagery was collected at the same time as visual surveys following a protocol implemented across the Americas by the Marine Biodiversity Observation Network (MBON) Pole to Pole of the Americas program. Our results show that photoquadrat machine learning annotations can estimate percent cover levels of intertidal benthic cover categories and functional groups (algae, bare substrate, and invertebrate cover) nearly identical to those from visual quadrat analysis. We found no statistical differences of cover estimations of dominant groups in photoquadrat images annotated by humans and those processed in CoralNet (binomial generalized linear mixed model or GLMM). Differences between these analyses were not significant, resulting in a Bray-Curtis average distance of 0.13 (sd 0.11) for the full label set, and 0.12 (sd 0.14) for functional groups. This is the first time that CoralNet automated annotation software has been used to monitor “Invertebrate Abundance and Distribution” and “Macroalgal Canopy Cover and Composition” Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) in intertidal habitats. We recommend its use for rapid, continuous surveys over expanded geographical scales and monitoring of intertidal areas globally.
Sustained monitoring of the coastal zone is fundamental for the assessment, management, and conservation of living resources over scales ranging from local to global (Miloslavich et al., 2018; Canonico et al., 2019). There still exist major observational gaps across the world. Many protocols available for sampling of marine biota may not be easily implemented, and are time consuming and expensive, limiting their deployment (Titley et al., 2017; Muller-Karger et al., 2018). This has led to a pervasive absence of biodiversity surveys in much of the global coastal zones and ocean, and especially in the global south where resources can be especially limited (Barber et al., 2014).
Machine learning for automated analysis of photoquadrat images can accelerate the flow of information from monitoring programs to decision makers. This facilitates early detection of changes in biological communities and rapid responses to mitigate habitat degradation (González-Rivero et al., 2020). Over the past two decades, the availability of tools that extract taxonomic information from digital imagery of benthic communities has grown. Automated image annotations have already been used successfully in machine learning applications for rapid assessments of the health of coastal and marine habitats, such as in coral reefs (Marcos et al., 2005; Stokes and Deane, 2009; Shihavuddin et al., 2013; Beijbom et al., 2015; González-Rivero et al., 2016; Griffin et al., 2017; Williams et al., 2019; Raphael et al., 2020). Point annotations are typically performed using manual annotation software like pointCount99 (Porter et al., 2002), Coral Point Count with Excel Extensions (Kohler and Gill, 2006), photoQuad (Trygonis and Sini, 2012), or Biigle (Langenkämper et al., 2017). These facilitate the annotation process through graphical user interfaces and tools for the export of occurrence observations in various digital formats. The CoralNet software1 is one of these tools, which also serves as a collaborative research platform that allows multiple users to interact and analyze large common data sets simultaneously.
The use of images to identify benthic organisms and compare analyses between different locations requires standardized annotation, labels, and metadata. Categories for benthic substrates and biota have been proposed by the Collaborative and Automated Tools for Analysis of Marine Imagery (CATAMI; Althaus et al., 2015). The CATAMI categories include several of the biological and ecological Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs; Miloslavich et al., 2018), and thus provide opportunities for conducting standardized global assessment of benthic ecosystems using common indicators with relevance to societal needs. EOVs are being implemented by the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS; Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO), who define EOVs as “…those sustained measurements that are necessary to assess the state and change of marine ecosystems, address scientific and societal questions and needs, and positively impact society by providing data that will help mitigate pressures on ecosystems at local, regional and global scales.”
In this study, we specifically use machine learning to quantify the “Invertebrate Abundance and Distribution” and “Macroalgal Canopy Cover and Composition” EOVs in the rocky intertidal zones of four countries in the Americas participating in the Marine Biodiversity Observation Network Pole to Pole of the Americas (MBON Pole to Pole; Canonico et al., 2019). We evaluate the accuracy of the automated analysis done with the CoralNet software to quantify benthic cover of CATAMI categories. This leads to several recommendations for the implementation of image-based biodiversity surveys of macro-algal and sessile macro-invertebrate coastal communities.
Materials and Methods
Intertidal rocky shore localities in Argentina, Galapagos Islands, Colombia, and the northeastern United States (Gulf of Maine) were surveyed during 2018 and 2019. This was part of a large-scale MBON Pole to Pole collaboration. Five localities were sampled across these four countries (Table 1). At each locality, three sites separated by 1–10 km from each other were selected for sampling (Figure 1). At all sites, the rocky intertidal zone was divided into three strata (low, mid, and high tide level), based on the presence of indicator species in each stratum and tidal height. Due to logistical challenges at the United States sites, particularly of working in areas with very large tidal ranges, only two strata were sampled at these sites. At each level, ten 0.5 m × 0.5 m quadrats with a regular 100-point grid (except United States where quadrats were 0.25 m × 0.25 m) were laid at random locations over the substrate in a stretch of rocky shore that goes along the water for a distance of at least 50 m (ideally 100 m). The taxonomic identity and substrate below each grid intersection were registered in situ. These observations were used to quantify the fractional coverage of sessile fauna, macro-algae, and bare substrate. In this study we call these observations visual quadrats (VQ). A detailed field protocol is available on the Ocean Best Practices System2.
Figure 1. Study workflow showing the location of sampling localities, in situ collection of visual observations, photoquadrat imagery from each locality, and data processing and analysis. The inset map represents the area highlighted with the rectangle containing the four sampled sites in the United States (Marblehead, Pumphouse, Chamberlain, and Grindstone). Visual annotations collected on the field (above the map) were used to estimate percent cover of all taxa to the lowest possible taxonomic level and subsequently aggregated into CATAMI categories. Note that photoquadrats were collected in the same place than visual quadrats. CoralNet software was employed to estimate percent cover of CATAMI categories from direct human annotations and automatically by machine learning after training the algorithm with 100 points randomly distributed over 362 photoquadrats. Outputs from visual and photoquadrat (human and automated) annotations were then compared and statistically analyzed.
Photos of the same quadrats (photoquadrats – PQ) were taken with a digital compact camera fixed to a rigid structure to ensure a focal distance of 60 cm with respect to the substrate (Figure 1). At each site, ten photoquadrats were collected per tidal level for a cumulative total of 362 photoquadrats across all sampled sites. All images were uploaded to CoralNet and are publicly available on the CoralNet website at MBON_AR_CO_EC_US_Human3. A 100-point regular grid was digitally overlaid on each PQ and the identity of the item at each intersection was annotated by the observer (PQ.human). The percent cover for each photoquadrat was determined and the average percent cover was computed per country and tidal level for each category. The same sets of images were manually annotated by an observer, focusing on an independent set of 100 points randomly distributed on each image grid. This was done to train CoralNet automated annotator using EfficientNet-b0 (Tan and Le, 2019) as a feature extractor, and Multi-Layer Perceptron for a classifier. Randomly annotated photoquadrats by human observation, and automated annotation were stored in a different public source in CoralNet4. Photoquadrats were uploaded as an independent set of images to this CoralNet source for fully automated points-annotations (PQ.robot). We aimed to extract three types of percentage cover estimations from each quadrat (VQ, PQ.human, and PQ.robot), with the exception of the United States sites where VQ were not performed in the exact same area as PQ.
We used the confusion matrix provided by CoralNet to evaluate the performance of the classifier. The accuracy metric is calculated by training the robot with 7/8 of the provided annotations (n = 31,853) and using the remaining data points as a test set (n = 4,347). Detailed accuracy for each of the benthic categories was also calculated using the R package “Caret” (Kuhn, 2009).
With the trained classifier, the percent cover estimates for each benthic category were compared between robot and human annotations, and robot versus visual annotations using a generalized (binomial) linear mixed model (GLMM) to detect effects of annotation methods (i.e., human vs. robot). As field percent cover estimates do not record the exact coordinate where the organism occurs below each intersect point in the gridded quadrat, it was not possible to match point annotations produced by the robot. Thus, we compared sets of taxa annotations derived from human observations with those from the automated annotations by the robot [i.e., PQ.robot vs. VQ, and PQ.robot vs. PQ.human] using Bray-Curtis (BC) distance with a generalized (binomial) nested model. BC distances were computed from paired community matrices derived from each of the methods for each of the quadrats. This metric is typically used to quantify differences in community composition between samples (beta diversity), and is adequate to these type of data (counts). Therefore, the analysis will determine the effect of the factors “stratum” and “country” on BC distances and allow to calculate how different estimates of community composition (in terms of percentage of similarity) are between methods. As photoquadrats in the United States were not taken at the exact location as those analyzed visually in the field, data from this country were not included in the comparison with visual observations.
To avoid performance problems of automated annotations due to a low set of training points, we used categories that accumulate up to 95% of all the points present in the quadrats (SC, MAF, MOB, MAEN, and MAA) (see Supplementary Table 1).
All statistical analyses and plots were performed in R (R Core Team, 2020); the GLMM was modeled with lme4 R package version 1.1-23 (Bates et al., 2015).
Biodiversity data were collected at three Atlantic Patagonia sites: Punta Cuevas in the city of Puerto Madryn, Punta Este, and the Marine Protected Area Punta Loma (Figure 1). The three sites are located in Golfo Nuevo at ∼42.5°S, 65°W. Sea surface temperature ranges from 8 to 18°C at all sites. The Patagonian rocky intertidal zone is often exposed to extreme physical conditions, with air temperature variations of up to ∼40°C during the year, maximum wind speeds of ∼90 km/h, semidiurnal tides (Rechimont et al., 2013), high solar radiation, and exposure to prolonged desiccation.
Biological zonation at the low tide level of this rocky intertidal site is characterized by macro-algae assemblages of Corallina officinalis, Ulva sp., Ceramium sp., the invasive Undaria pinnatifida, and mobile invertebrates (Miloslavich et al., 2011). The mid tide level is typically dominated by mussel beds composed of two small species Brachidontes rodriguezii and Brachidontes (Perumytilus) purpuratus, and its predator Trophon geversianus. The high tide level is represented by large areas of bare substrate and partial cover of Ulva prolifera, Balanus glandula, encrusting algae of the Ralfsia genus, and the presence of the pulmonate false limpet Siphonaria lessonii.
The Gorgona National Natural Park, which is part of the Tropical Eastern Pacific Marine Corridor, is a protected area located about 30 km off the Colombian Pacific coast (Figure 1). This island, along with Gorgonilla, is the largest insular territory on the Pacific coast of Colombia (Giraldo, 2012; Cardona-Gutiérrez and Londoño-Cruz, 2020). Tides range 4–5 m and the horizontal extent of the intertidal zone can range from a few centimeters to hundreds of meters depending on the slope of the coastal zone. The sea surface temperature varies between 26 and 29°C, although it can occasionally descend below 19°C during upwelling events at the beginning of the year (Diaz et al., 2001; Zapata, 2001).
Three sites were sampled: La Ventana, Playa Verde, and La Camaronera. The slope at sampled sites is gentle, hence, the intertidal is approximately 100–150 m wide during low tide. The high intertidal zone normally has a steeper slope producing a narrow band. This band is typically devoid of organisms likely due to high temperatures of rocks during daytime. Most inhabitants are mobile or well-adapted to these conditions, like littorinids and Nerita scabricosta. The mid-intertidal is wider, and the lichen Verrucaria sp. is common along with calcareous coralline algae such as Lithophyllum sp. and the green algae Cladophoropsis adhaerens. Snails like Vasula melones, Nerita funiculata, Parvanachis pygmaea, and the bivalve Isognomon janus are common. Chitons like Ischnochiton dispar and Chiton stokesii are relatively common in this zone. The low intertidal is similar in algal composition to the mid-intertidal but with higher coverage. Here, the red algae Ceramium sp. is common. In addition to the mollusks mentioned above, Fissurella virescens normally occupies this zone. Different species of ophiuroids are also present in this stratum.
We repeatedly sampled three sites in the south of Santa Cruz island, in the central part of the Galapagos archipelago near 0.74°S (Figure 1). The sites are Ratonera, the Charles Darwin Foundation (both located within Academy Bay in Puerto Ayora), and Tortuga Bay (located 5 km to the southwest). This area is seasonally influenced by the North Equatorial Counter Current the South Equatorial Current, and the Humboldt Current (Edgar et al., 2004; Palacios, 2004). Sea surface temperature in the study sites ranges from an average low of ∼22°C in the cold season to ∼25°C in the warm season; mean air temperature range from ∼21 to ∼27°C in the cold and warm season, respectively, with high solar radiation conditions all year round due to the proximity to the Equator. The rocky intertidal shores of Santa Cruz are characterized by a black, basaltic substratum of volcanic origin (Geist, 1996; Vinueza et al., 2014). The tides are semidiurnal, spanning 1.8–2.4 m (Wellington, 1975). Low tide level cover is characterized by the presence of Ulva spp. and Zoanthus spp. This is the only stratum where the slate pencil sea urchin Eucidaris galapagensis can be found. The mid-tide stratum has the highest abundance of the endemic thatched-roof barnacle (Tetraclita milleporosa) and the mobile invertebrate Thais sp. The high tide layer is almost entirely composed of bare black lava rock sparsely covered with biofilm (algae-bacterial mat), with macro algae only occurring in crevices and between boulders that retain humidity and are protected from direct sunlight exposure. Mobile invertebrates here are characterized by Plicopurpura sp. The intertidal shores are home to the only marine iguana in the world (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) and the abundant sally lightfoot crabs (Grapsus grapsus), which are important consumers of the macro-algae present in these habitats (Vinueza et al., 2006).
The rocky intertidal zone in the northeast of the United States, specifically the Gulf of Maine (GOM), covers a vast area of the coast. Sea surface temperature in the GOM ranges from an average low of ∼5°C in winter to ∼18°C in summer, although recent years have seen considerably warmer temperatures in both winter (7°C) and summer (20°C). The region is among the fastest warming on the planet, with an increasing number of marine heat waves (Pershing et al., 2015). Tidal amplitude can be as large as 16 m in parts of the Bay of Fundy in the northern Gulf of Maine (Fautin et al., 2010); however, at the sites sampled the tidal range was between 4 and 5 m (Figure 1). Two localities in the GOM were used, the north shore of Massachusetts (MA) and the mid coast of Maine (ME) (Figure 1). Two sites at each locality were used, namely Pumphouse (Nahant) and Marblehead in MA; and Chamberlain and Grindstone in ME. We defined the “high zone” for this study as that corresponding to the upper half of the band defined by the presence of the sessile invertebrates Mytilus edulis and Semibalanus balanoides. The “mid zone” was defined as the lower half of the Mytilus- dominated zone. Moving lower in the intertidal, sessile invertebrates are gradually replaced by macroalgae, specifically Ascophyllum nodosum, and Fucus spp. Mobile invertebrates, such as Littorina littorea, Littorina obtusata, and Nucella lapillus, are usually associated with these macroalgal habitats.
Collaborative and Automated Tools for Analysis of Marine Imagery Label-Set
PQ.human and VQ were annotated using categories developed under CATAMI. The consensus label-set (Table 2) was defined by the same experts that performed VQ annotations.
Table 2. Collaborative and Automated Tools for Analysis of Marine Imagery (CATAMI) classification scheme used in this study.
A total of 18 CATAMI categories were included (Table 2), four of which were common to all the countries (barnacles, encrusting algae, filamentous algae, and hard substrate). Of these, eight categories found are presented in Figure 2. Rocky intertidal sites in Argentina presented more variability of CATAMI groups, with a marked dominance of the consolidated substrate class in the high tide zone, bivalves in the mid tide zone, and algae in the low tide zone. In Colombia and Ecuador, all tidal strata (low-, mid-, and high) presented low cover of algae and invertebrates, resulting in high cover of consolidated substrate. For the United States sites (Maine and Massachusetts) the erect coarse branching macroalgae covered most of the substrate, followed by barnacles (CRB).
Figure 2. Boxplots showing percentage cover estimates of most abundant CATAMI categories [CRB, Crustacea: Barnacles; MOB, Mollusks: Bivalves; SC, Substrate: Consolidated (hard); MAF, Macroalgae: Filamentous/filiform; MAEN, Macroalgae: Encrusting; MAA, Macroalgae: Articulated calcareous; MAS, Macroalgae: Sheet-like/membranous; MAEC, Macroalgae: Erect coarse branching] in each country and tidal strata as determined by different annotation methods. The horizontal bar within boxes represents the median, the lower and upper boxes represent the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively, and the whiskers the 5th and 95th percentiles. Black dots represent outliers above the 95th percentile. (A) PQ.human vs. PQ.robot, (B) VQ vs. PQ.robot. L, low tide level; M, mid tide level; H, high tide level.
Training of the automatic classifier resulted in an average accuracy of 87% (Supplementary Table 2 and Supplementary Figure 1). As expected, the classifier performed better with CATAMI labels that were well represented in the training set (SC, MAEC, MOB, MAF, CRB, MAS, MAA, accuracy between ∼90 and 98%). The accuracy of the classification of rare or less frequent labels was lower (e.g., MOG, WPOT, accuracy between ∼78%). For example, the Encrusting Macroalgae category (MAEN) presented a high number of training annotations (Table 2), but had a low detection rate resulting in a low accuracy (∼78%, Supplementary Table 2). Mollusk bivalves (MOB) had a similar training number to MAEN, but this category was clearly distinguished by humans in the photos and therefore resulted in a higher detection rate than the robot (accuracy ∼98%, Supplementary Table 2). The total accuracy of the classifier improved to ∼89% after classifying groups that aggregate CATAMI labels into broader categories that we refer to as “functional” groups, specifically “hard substrate,” “algae,” “invertebrates,” and “other” (Supplementary Table 3).
Comparisons between the CATAMI labels percent cover estimates from robot and human annotations resulted in non-significant differences in a fully nested GLMM model (Supplementary Table 4), using both the quadrats and sites as random factors. However, high variability was observed in less frequent groups of organisms in both robot and human estimates (Figures 2A,B).
Comparisons of percent cover estimates between PQ.human and PQ.robot revealed that the CoralNet algorithm reliably quantifies relative abundances of the most representative CATAMI categories (Figure 2). In some cases, the PQ.robot indicated presence of MAEC or MAF categories in countries or tidal levels where they were not present. In Argentina, for example, MALCB was misidentified as MAEC in four of the resulting classifications. Disparities between VQ records and PQ.robot annotations were more evident in areas with low percent cover values (Figure 2). Encrusting macroalgae (MAEN) was generally underestimated by the automated annotation in Ecuador and Colombia. Furthermore, percent cover of articulated calcareous macroalgae (MAA) was underestimated by the robot in Argentina whereas it was overestimated in Colombia. The opposite was observed with filamentous macroalgae (MAF), with overestimated percent cover values in Argentina and underestimated ones in Colombia and Ecuador.
Average percent cover of broad classes including algae, invertebrates, and substrate in each tidal level and country were computed by aggregating percent cover values of corresponding CATAMI categories (Figures 3A,B and Supplementary Table 5). Using these broad groups, PQ.human and automated PQ.robot percent cover also presented almost equal estimations, with the exception of algae cover in the high tide level in Colombia and Ecuador because of the misclassifications of the automated annotations. Comparison of VQ versus PQ.robot for the functional groups (hard substrate, algae, invertebrates, and other) showed similar results to PQ.human versus PQ.robot. However, percent cover of invertebrates detected by the robot in Ecuador was slightly lower than that estimated by VQ. Also, a slightly lower cover was estimated by the robot with algae cover in the high tide level of Ecuador and invertebrates in the low tide level of Colombia than that estimated by VQ.
Figure 3. Boxplots showing percentage cover by tidal level in each country for algae, substrate, and invertebrates. The horizontal bar within boxes represents the median, the lower and upper boxes represent the 25th and 75th percentiles, and the whiskers the 5th and 95th percentiles. Black dots represent outliers values above the 95th percentile. (A) PQ.human vs. PQ.robot, (B) VQ vs. PQ.robot. L, low tide level; M, mid tide level; H, high tide level.
To compare the performance of the classifier at community level, we computed the Bray-Curtis (BC) distance between the percent cover of the dominant CATAMI categories and results from the CoralNet classifier (PQ.robot) and PQ annotated by human (PQ.human). We also computed BC distance between functional groups estimated using field annotations (VQ) and the PQ.robot and PQ.human. A BC value close to zero denotes no significant differences between the communities estimated by the two methods.
Functional groups were identified with more accuracy by the CoralNet classifier, thus yielding lower BC distances compared to those based on CATAMI categories (Figures 4A,B versus C,D). High tide strata in Colombia and Ecuador exhibited the lowest BC distances for both CATAMI and functional groups. In general, the largest BC distances were observed at the low tide level at all locations. However, no statistically significant differences were detected when tested with a GLMM nested model (Supplementary Tables 6, 7).
Figure 4. Boxplot of Bray-Curtis distances between the two methods (A,C) PQ.human vs. PQ.robot and (B,D) VQ vs. PQ.robot. (A,B) CATAMI categories, (C,D) functional groups. AR, Argentina, CO, Colombia; EC, Ecuador; US, United States. The horizontal bar inside bars represents the median, the lower and upper boxes represent the 25th and 75th percentiles, and the whiskers the 5th and 95th percentiles. Black dots represent outliers values above the 95th percentile.
Standardized field methods and machine learning allowed to assess changes in Essential Ocean Variables of percent cover of intertidal rocky shore and benthic biodiversity in different locations of the Americas. Intertidal zones, like coral reefs, are potential bellwethers for the ongoing impacts of global climate change (Helmuth et al., 2006). Intertidal invertebrates and algae are exposed to extreme weather and climate variability with large fluctuations in temperature, salinity, and water availability (Madeira et al., 2012). Mass mortality events have been reported from intertidal sites across the globe (e.g., Harley, 2008; Mendez et al., 2021), and the incidence of marine heat waves is increasing (Hobday et al., 2016). It is not clear yet what the potential consequences of these mortality events are for patterns of species distribution, biodiversity, and ecosystem services (Román et al., 2020; Vye et al., 2020).
Using imagery from diverse rocky intertidal habitats we demonstrate that the CoralNet machine learning system can estimate nearly identical fractional abundances of functional groups (i.e., aggregates of CATAMI categories) as those derived from manual photoquadrat annotation. In most cases, results based on automated annotations were comparable to those obtained from in situ visual observations. This approach opens avenues for collecting biodiversity data to monitor rapid changes in marine coastal environments to inform management. Documenting changes in biodiversity using time series has proven incredibly valuable, but such efforts have occurred in only a few locations (e.g., Vye et al., 2020). Long-term records from the global south are rare. The use of artificial intelligence to facilitate analysis of photos, which can be accomplished rapidly by a few people and with relatively few resources, can play a valuable role in the creation of much-needed monitoring networks. They play an important role in locations where access to sites is limited, dangerous, or otherwise restricted. For example, in the Gulf of Maine, visual surveys were not conducted in the lowest part of the intertidal zone because of the extreme tidal range, which can cause very rapid rates of tidal return; coupled with large waves, this makes sampling in this zone for extensive time periods very difficult. The adoption of standardized methods, such as those used here, facilitates collaborative efforts that span wide geographic ranges.
The accuracy of automatic annotation of intertidal image collections depends on many factors. This includes imaging conditions (e.g., light level, angle of view, camera quality, and resolution), the number of training annotations and the variability of taxa sampled. Photos used in this study had similar lighting, camera quality, resolution, angle of view, and focal distances. This provided homogeneity among image sets. Nonetheless, we observed that shadows can affect portions of the photos and rendered them not suitable for automated classifications. We observed poor robot classification capacity in dark shadows or in overexposed areas of the photographs, as well as in areas with water, bubbles, and wind that moves these around. These areas, present in some photoquadrats, lowered the accuracy of the automated results. To provide a more uniform light to the area to be photographed, the target can be illuminated with lights or strobes. Also, shading the area where imagery will be captured with a sun cover over the frame (e.g., using an umbrella) to provide uniform illumination is another option to increase image quality.
By using 100 points per photoquadrat we trained the robot with more than 36,000 annotations. Nonetheless, we often had less than the 1,000 minimum training annotations recommended by CoralNet developers5. A solution to avoid misinterpretation is to use a semi-automated mode (known as “alleviate” mode) that uses classification scores to decide when to register automated annotations and when to leave annotations to be manually registered by humans. For example, Beijbom et al. (2015) showed that by using a level of alleviate of 50%, the quality of the percent cover estimation was not notably affected. In this study, the alleviate mode was not tested. Based on the machine confidence of our data, a 50% threshold would require a manual annotation of only ∼2% of the points (i.e., 724 points).
In situ visual surveys are often more effective than photoquadrats for species-level taxonomic identification and especially for counting rare species and mobile fauna that may be hidden in crevices and under the algal cover. However, we found instances when using photographs was advantageous. For example, we observed that differences between visual quadrat versus photoquadrat-based annotations of sessile (or semi-sessile, such as gastropods) species were likely due to parallax error in visual quadrat observations. The 100-point intersection grid in the visual quadrat is usually placed in the middle of the frame leaving some space between the intersections and the substrate. If the observer is not looking exactly above the quadrat (i.e., ∼0° zenith angle), incorrect annotations may be attributed to parallax (Hill and Wilkinson, 2004; Leujak and Ormond, 2007). Nevertheless, errors due to parallax are difficult to quantify and beyond the scope of this study. We tried to minimize its effect by always looking at the quadrat directly from above.
In addition, we noted that observers often identified rare species when they were located near, but not necessarily exactly on, a grid intersection. This resulted in the recording of rare species as the minimum cover percentage, which might better describe the richness of the site while introducing errors due to differences among observers when comparing sites. Such errors are not reproduced with photoquadrat methods, which use digitally gridded intersections that do not yield parallax errors and minimize the overestimation of rare species that do not fall exactly on the digital grid.
In this study, while the same observer performed visual annotations and photoquadrats analyses, there was a time gap between observations. Therefore, some differences can be expected in the classification of the same quadrat. One of the key benefits of CoralNet automated annotations is that the analysis is consistent across all the images and parallax, and inter-annotation errors will not interfere in the analysis performance (Beijbom et al., 2015). In this sense, typical human errors associated with manual annotations and data entry are minimized by this method, helping to standardize the protocol used. This methodology could be used in regional monitoring programs involving a great amount of samples in different sampling sites/countries.
In Colombia and Ecuador, it was difficult to discriminate among encrusting algae and hard substrate by direct human annotations. This impacted the robot classification performance for the MAEN category. In the field, investigators were able to touch the rock in order to detect the encrusting algae and this resulted in a higher cover estimation on the VQ. In such cases, where a category is difficult to detect in photoquadrats, we expected to find low accuracy in the automated classifier. Manual annotations can diminish this bias, but such errors are a problem for the machine learning tool.
CoralNet is a collaborative platform that can be adopted more widely to help large-scale, collaborative networks and communities of practice such as the MBON Pole to Pole to enhance the spatial coverage and sampling frequency of their biodiversity monitoring programs. This can augment the quality and interoperability of annotations by using a common label-set amongst multiple observers, while training the robot or new users that may use previous annotations for verification. We showed that 36,000 manual point annotations were enough to properly train the most dominant benthic cover categories over four distinctive locations along the American continent. However, combining several countries on the same CoralNet source may lead to confusion among similar categories from different locations. The creation of separate training sets for each country or even for each site should be investigated to avoid confusion among similar categories from different sites. The protocol used in our work gives the capacity to rapidly process a large set of new photos to obtain robust percent cover estimated within hours. Such estimates can then be used to detect rapid changes in biological and ecosystem EOVs resulting, for example, from massive mortality events, macroalgae blooms or the loss of benthic coverage. The protocol performed in our work helps advance ecological studies and can be applied for the detection of rapid changes in benthic coverage which could serve as an early warning of the impacts of contamination events or global climate change.
Image-based biodiversity surveys using automated annotations from CoralNet software were sufficiently robust to characterize the relative abundance of benthic cover categories and functional groups, specifically for “Invertebrate Abundance and Distribution” and “Macroalgal Canopy Cover and Composition” EOVs in rocky intertidal habitat in four countries of the Americas with very different environmental regimes and spanning more than 80° of latitude. We found no statistical differences in percent cover estimates of the dominant functional groups annotated visually by observers and automatically by CoralNet using photoquadrats. Differences between visual quadrats annotated in the field and automated annotations by CoralNet on photoquadrats based on the analysis of community matrices were not significant, resulting in a Bray-Curtis average distance of 0.13 (sd 0.11) for the full label set and 0.12 (sd 0.14) for functional groups set. Our results indicate that automated image-based annotations are a practical source of information for biodiversity monitoring in intertidal benthic habitats to detect rapid changes over large geographic domains, and can optimize sampling effort in the field to expand the area of monitoring sites and sampling frequency minimizing human errors while increasing field safety.
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.
NM, EL-C, GBi, FC, LP, and BH performed field work and visual surveys on intertidal areas. GBi analyzed photoquadrats from Argentina, EL-C from Colombia, NM from Galápagos and FC from United States. GBr and EK coordinated the photoquadrats analysis in CoralNet software and performed statistical analyses. All authors designed the study and wrote the manuscript.
This project was supported by the NASA award titled “Laying the foundations of the Marine Biodiversity Observation Network Pole to Pole of the Americas” (grant number: 80NSSC18K0318), NASA grants NNX14AP62A and 80NSSC20K0017; NOAA U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS grant NA19NOS0120199); ANPCyT-FONCyT (PICT 2018-0969); United States National Science Foundation OCE-1635989; and the United States National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP).
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
The Charles Darwin Foundation (CDF) author would like to thank the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation for funding the staff time, and Sofía Green for her help in the field. This study was conducted under the research permit of the Galapagos National Park Directorate No. PC-41-20. The authors from Argentina thank Juan Pablo Livore, María Marta Mendez, and María Eugenia Segade for field work and technical support. EL-C is deeply indebted to Maria Fernanda Cardona-Gutiérrez and Kevin Stiven Mendoza for field assistance and to Gorgona National Natural Park personnel, particularly Ximena Zorrilla and Luis Payán for logistic support. The authors from the United States thank Tim Briggs, Jaxon Derow, Sophia Ly, Sahana Simonetti, and Jessica Torossian for their help in the field. This publication is contribution number 2392 of the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galápagos Islands and 154 of the Laboratorio de Reproducción y Biología Integrativa de Invertebrados Marinos (LARBIM).
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.691313/full#supplementary-material
- ^ https://coralnet.ucsd.edu/
- ^ https://repository.oceanbestpractices.org/handle/11329/1143
- ^ https://coralnet.ucsd.edu/source/2268/
- ^ https://coralnet.ucsd.edu/source/2048/
- ^ https://coralnet.ucsd.edu/blog/a-new-deep-learning-engine-for-coralnet/
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Keywords: Americas, biodiversity monitoring, machine learning, marine biodiversity, Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs), photoquadrats, rocky intertidal zone, CoralNet
Citation: Bravo G, Moity N, Londoño-Cruz E, Muller-Karger F, Bigatti G, Klein E, Choi F, Parmalee L, Helmuth B and Montes E (2021) Robots Versus Humans: Automated Annotation Accurately Quantifies Essential Ocean Variables of Rocky Intertidal Functional Groups and Habitat State. Front. Mar. Sci. 8:691313. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.691313
Received: 06 April 2021; Accepted: 31 August 2021;
Published: 23 September 2021.
Edited by:Tim Wilhelm Nattkemper, Bielefeld University, Germany
Reviewed by:Boguslaw Cyganek, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
Frederico Tapajós De Souza Tâmega, Federal University of Rio Grande, Brazil
Aiko Iwasaki, Tohoku University, Japan
Copyright © 2021 Bravo, Moity, Londoño-Cruz, Muller-Karger, Bigatti, Klein, Choi, Parmalee, Helmuth and Montes. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Gonzalo Bravo, firstname.lastname@example.org; Enrique Montes, email@example.com
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Your next smartphone or electric vehicle might be powered by a nuclear battery instead of your usual lithium-ion cell thanks to a breakthrough made by University of Missouri researchers. This is bad news for those of you who think that WiFi signals are bad for your health — especially if they’re received by a smartphone situated near your head or gonads — but great news for all of the people who value all-day battery life ahead of increased radiation exposure. The world could probably do with reduced fertility rates anyway, right?
First, just to put your mind at rest: This nuclear battery doesn’t contain a mini nuclear fission reactor — that would be insane (at least given our current grasp of nuclear power generation, anyway). Instead, this battery, developed by Baek Kim and Jae Kwon at the University of Missouri, uses the betavoltaic process to generate electricity. A betavoltaic device, as the name implies, is fairly similar a photovoltaic device — but instead of generating electricity from photons, it generates electricity from beta radiation — i.e. high-energy electrons that are emitted by radioactive elements. A betavoltaic device is constructed in almost exactly the same way as a photovoltaic cell: a piece of silicon (or other semiconductor) is wedged between two electrodes, and when radiation hits the semiconductor it produces a flow of electrons (voltage, electricity).
“But surely having a battery, and thus a mobile device, packed full of radioactive material is a bad idea” I hear you say. And usually, yes, you’d be right. What makes a betavoltaic battery somewhat safe is that beta radiation can be easily stopped with a thin piece of aluminium; gamma radiation, on the other hand, has so much penetrative power that it can only be stopped by a big lump of lead (or other dense metal). This doesn’t mean that beta radiation in itself is safe — it can cause cancer and death — but it’s much easier to control. Just make sure the betavoltaic nuclear battery casing is more than a couple of millimeters thick — and don’t drop it. Ever.
Anyway, back to the University of Missouri’s battery. Basically, Kim and Kwon’s nuclear battery consists of a platinum-coated titanium dioxide electrode, water, and a piece of radioactive strontium-90. Strontium-90 (Sr-90) radioactively decays with a half-life of 28.79 years, producing an electron (beta radiation), an anti-neutrino, and the isotope yttrium-90. Y-90 itself has a half-life of just 64 hours, decaying into more electrons, anti-neutrinos, and zirconium (which is stable). The best thing about using strontium-90 as a fuel is that it produces almost no gamma radiation — so, as far as radioactive materials go, it’s pretty safe and easy to handle. (Still, there’s no avoiding the fact that it’s used extensively in medicine, both for radiotherapy of cancer, and as a radioactive tracer.)
While betavoltaic batteries are fairly old hat — they powered some of the earlier pacemakers, before more advanced chemistries such as lithium-ion arrived — the Missouri researchers say that their addition of water is a key breakthrough. Not only does water absorb a lot of the energy of the beta radiation (in high quantities it’s damaging to the betavoltaic semiconductor), but the beta radiation also splits the water molecules, producing free radicals and electricity.
“Water acts as a buffer and surface plasmons created in the device turned out to be very useful in increasing its efficiency,” Kwon says. “The ionic solution is not easily frozen at very low temperatures and could work in a wide variety of applications, including car batteries and, if packaged properly, perhaps spacecraft.” [Research paper: doi:10.1038/srep05249 – “Plasmon-assisted radiolytic energy conversion in aqueous solutions”]
Ultimately, even if beta radiation can be quite easily contained, I doubt we’ll ever see commercial nuclear batteries. Those headlines about exploding lithium-ion batteries are already scary enough; I can’t imagine Apple or Samsung will ever open themselves up to even worse headlines/lawsuits. (“Smartphone owner dies from acute radiation sickness after dropping his phone”.) There’s also the distinct possibility of terrorists creating a dirty bomb from all of that strontium-90 (which itself isn’t cheap, incidentally).
For now, nuclear batteries will probably only be used in military and space applications, where extreme longevity outweighs any risks. Still, it’s nice to dream of a smartphone or other mobile device that never once needs recharging…
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Corals are mysterious animals that have been around for ages. They are the creators of beautiful reefs. Sadly, the reefs that we love to look at are in danger of overheating and are disappearing from our planet. While this sounds bad, not all corals are affected the same way by warm seawater. Corals from the Red Sea seem to be more resistant to higher temperatures than are corals from other regions. Red Sea reefs are thriving in seawater that is hotter than that in other places. But what is their secret? What makes Red Sea corals stronger and more heat resistant? We know that Red Sea corals not only handle the incredibly high temperatures, but also deal with high salinity (saltiness). This connection between high salinity and high temperature made us wonder: can we find evidence that high salinity makes corals stronger?
Ancient Creatures in Danger of Overheating
Reefs are incredibly colorful, fascinating underwater structures. They are created by some of the world’s oldest animals: corals. Corals have been around since the time of the dinosaurs, but unlike those famous creatures, corals did not go extinct. At least not yet.
This impressive survival track record is in danger, due to stressful environmental conditions that make it hard for corals to survive in today’s oceans. The biggest problem corals are facing is the quickly rising ocean temperature.
Global Ocean warming leads to the whitening of corals around the world, a phenomenon that is known as coral bleaching . But what is coral bleaching and why is it bad for corals?
When we think of animals, we generally think of them as individuals, like a dog or a lion or a fish. But corals are different. Corals live together with plants, tiny algae that provide food and in return are allowed to live inside the tissue, the inner cell layer, of corals or anemones (Figure 1) . This type of teamwork and close relationship is called symbiosis and the partners involved in it, the coral and the algae in this case, are called symbionts. Algae symbionts can perform photosynthesis, a process you may have heard about that plants use to transform sunlight into energy. In our coral symbiosis, the energy coming from all algae symbionts becomes food for the corals. The algae also provide the beautiful colors we see when we look at coral reefs, because corals themselves are colorless.
Corals faced with difficult environmental conditions, for example, high water temperatures, experience the breakdown of this symbiosis. This results in the loss of their colorful algae friends within them, leaving only the see-through coral tissue on the white coral skeleton—a bleached coral. This bleached coral will no longer have the benefit of the additional food provided by the algae, which makes life hard for them. But not all corals are bleaching at the same level. They bleach at different temperatures, depending on the type of corals or algae, and where they live. To understand how bleaching works, we looked at the strongest corals we could find: Red Sea corals.
The Red Sea: Only for the Strongest
When we look at the Red Sea, we can find corals that are more resistant to bleaching than other corals worldwide. But why is that?
Corals in the Red Sea have to handle higher temperatures, yet they seem to grow and do just fine. The Red Sea is a very warm sea compared to other places. There, summer temperatures can reach up to 34°C, while other ocean waters may reach around 29–32°C. Interestingly, corals in the Red Sea are not only living in higher temperatures but also in higher salinity. Salinity is a measure of the amount of salt in the water, and the Red Sea has some of the world’s highest salt levels. That is why we started wondering whether salinity could be a piece of the puzzle and the ability to live in high salinity one of the secrets of the strong Red Sea corals?
To answer this and other questions related to coral bleaching, scientists often use a coral model organism, which means an animal that is easier to study than corals but at the same time is very similar to corals. Meet
Aiptasia is a tiny anemone that shares a similar body structure with corals but lacks the skeleton. Aiptasia also has the same symbiosis with algae that corals have. Aiptasia and corals are closely related and live in similar ways. Besides that, Aiptasia has the advantage that it can be kept in the laboratory and is easy to care for . In contrast, corals need a lot of care. They need big aquarium tanks with lots of technology inside to keep them alive and bringing corals from the reef to the laboratory can be very challenging as well. This makes corals hard to study.
Does High Salinity Make a Difference During Bleaching?
To find out if salinity affects the symbiosis of Aiptasia and its algal symbionts, we thought of an experiment. Aiptasia were kept in three different levels of salinity: low, medium, and high, at a control temperature of 25°C. This temperature is known to be the best for anemones without creating any additional stress. After they got used to their level of salinity, half of the anemones from each salinity level were put under heat stress, by increasing the temperature to 34°C, a temperature that resulted in bleaching. To measure how much the Aiptasia in each group bleached, we counted the algal symbionts living in them. Since bleaching is a visible process (causing see-through vs. brown anemones), we also took pictures to illustrate our results.
After 8 days of heat stress, we looked at our anemones and investigated whether salinity affected how much they bleached. Looking at Figures 2A,B, do you see differences between the anemones in the low, medium, and high salinity after the heat stress?
Indeed, the pictures reveal that anemones that experienced heat stress in the low salinity condition were completely see-through. Compare that with the brownish anemone in the highest salinity level. It seems that there is a difference in the amount of bleaching seen between the different salinities. But wait, pictures can fool us! To measure if our impression was correct, we counted the number of algal cells that were inside the anemones. The bar graph in Figure 2C shows the percentage of algal cells that are still present after heat stress, compared with our control Aiptasia: 100% would mean that the anemone did not bleach, 0% that the anemone bleached completely, and no algae were left. The percentages we calculated from counting the algae confirmed what our eyes told us already. Low salinity anemones bleached more (only 13.6% algae remaining) than higher salinity anemones (30.5 and 37.2% algae remaining).
But what is happening inside the anemones when they are in high salinity to create such an effect?
Exploding Cherries and Salty Corals
Before we talk about what happens with our tiny anemone in high salinity, let us talk about cherries. Yes, cherries—red, sweet, delicious cherries.
If you are lucky enough to have a cherry tree at home with some cherries on it, you may want to check on them after the next heavy rain. Why? Because you will see that some of the cherries will be cracked open (Figure 3A), even though they were perfectly fine before the rain! You may be wondering how rain can crack open cherries and what this has to do with anemones. The answer has to do with the fact that cherries are sweet and with something called osmosis.
Osmosis is the movement of water from an area where there is a low amount of a substance, for example sugar, to an area where there is a higher amount (Figure 3B). If you think about the cracked cherry, this means that the water from the rain moved from outside the cherry, where there was no sugar, to the inside of the sugary cells, filling up the cells until they burst. The difference in the amount of sugar between inside and outside of the cherry is what moves the water. Osmosis plays a role in many things, not only the cracking of cherries. Osmosis also plays a role in what happens to our anemones!
Anemones and corals live at different salinities, but they never break open when the salinity changes. Even if you move an anemone from high salinity to low salinity in our experiment, it will not burst like the cherries. Why is that? It is because corals and anemones do not have a difference in the salinity inside their cells compared with the seawater . Corals and anemones produce and break down molecules that are called osmolytes, in order to adjust their cells to the seawater environment. That way, they can keep the salinity the same both inside and outside their cells. No difference in salinity means no water movement. That way, these animals do not suffer the same fate as the cherries.
So, this means that the anemones in the high salinity condition in our experiment had to increase the amount of osmolytes in their cells, to adjust to the amount of salt outside the cells. This gave us a hint that the production of osmolytes may be connected to the lesser degree of bleaching that we see in certain corals. What it is exactly about the osmolytes that help the coral survive in warm water we cannot say from the results of our experiment. But we know from other experiments that osmolytes sometimes live a double life in cells. They are not only important for salinity adjustments, but also help reduce the amount of other dangerous molecules that can damage the cells. These dangerous molecules are also linked to coral bleaching . A reduction in these dangerous molecules due to the production of osmolytes may explain why the anemones in high salinity are more resistant to bleaching, compared with the anemones in low salinity.
In a Nutshell
By experimenting with our tiny anemones, we were able to uncover the fact that water salinity somehow affects anemone bleaching. We showed that high salinity reduced bleaching during heat stress. This information is also useful for corals, since Aiptasia and corals are very similar. The exact process that is behind this effect is still mysterious, but we are on the right track to understanding it better. Our next experiments will test this high salinity effect in corals from the Red Sea. Here, corals live in conditions with naturally high salinity and are also known to be resistant to bleaching. What happens when corals from the Red Sea are put into conditions of low salinity? Do you have an idea? We surely will find out—stay tuned!
Algae: ↑ Plants that live in the water. They do not flower like land plants and have no roots or stems. You can find them as single cells, for examples, in corals and anemones.
Anemone: ↑ A close relative of the coral. They have the same structure and live the same way as corals, but are squishier, because they have no skeletons.
Symbiosis: ↑ A close relationship in which two living things work together, e.g., algae and the coral or anemone.
Salinity: ↑ The amount of salt in water, for example, in seawater. You can find a range of different salinities in the ocean, depending on the region. The Red Sea has some of the highest levels of salt.
Osmolyte: ↑ A molecule that is involved in the adjustment to salinity. They are produced or broken down to help reduce the salt difference between the inside of a cell and the outside.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Original Source Article
↑Gegner, H. M., Ziegler, M., Rädecker, N., Buitrago-López, C., Aranda, M., and Voolstra, C. R. 2017. High salinity conveys thermotolerance in the coral model Aiptasia. Biol. Open 6:1943–8. doi: 10.1242/bio.028878
↑ Hughes, T. P., Barnes, M. L., Bellwood, D. R., Cinner, J. E., Cumming, G. S., Jackson, J. B. C., et al. 2017. Coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Nature 546:82–90. doi: 10.1038/nature22901
↑ Rohwer, F., Seguritan, V., Azam, F., and Knowlton, N. 2002. Diversity and distribution of coral-associated bacteria. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 243:1–10. doi: 10.3354/meps243001
↑ Baumgarten, S., Simakov, O., Esherick, L. Y., Liew, Y. J., Lehnert, E. M., Michell, C. T., et al. 2015. The genome of Aiptasia, a sea anemone model for coral symbiosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112:11893–8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1513318112
↑ Röthig, T., Ochsenkühn, M. A., Roik, A., Van Der Merwe, R., and Voolstra, C. R. 2016. Long-term salinity tolerance is accompanied by major restructuring of the coral bacterial microbiome. Mol. Ecol. 25:1308–23. doi: 10.1111/mec.13567
↑ Ochsenkühn, M. A., Röthig, T., D’Angelo, C., Wiedenmann, J., and Voolstra, C. R. 2017. The role of floridoside in osmoadaptation of coral-associated algal endosymbionts to high-salinity conditions. Sci. Adv. 3:e1602047. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1602047
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In 1862, 60 young women and girls, some just 12 years of age, arrived in Victoria after 99 days at sea.
During their arduous journey, almost all of them were confined to the bottom level of the ship where they had no windows, no fresh water, no fresh food, no sanitation. They washed themselves with sea water. Many had boils when they landed.
tap here to see other videos from our team.
They left England thinking they would end up as brides in a new land. Two of the wealthier ones became tutors.
The newcomers were greeted by a mob of drunken miners, many of whom had come up from San Francisco for the gold rush.
Tracy McMenemy, a local artist, found out about the voyage of the Tynemouth and turned her research into a multi-media exhibition at the Vancouver Maritime Museum. Her exhibition The Girls Are Coming! is named after a newspaper headline describing the “bride ship” as it came to be called. It opens to the public on Saturday.
McMenemy said she was looking through the maritime museum archives at the request of curator Duncan MacLeod to research an exhibition about women at sea.
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Z1 - Calculation with Metal Sheets For many people, but also scientists, it is only very difficult to understand the functionality of the metal sheets. On the right side you can see the metal sheets of the rebuild Z1 It is a view in the floating point arithmetic unit. The secont image shows the metal sheets of the original Z1 in 1936. With this item Konrad Zuse tested the functionality of the metal sheets for binary calculations. He checked the Boolean Operation AND, OR and the NEGATION. As you know, the basic ooperations of a computer are the Boolean Operations. With them you can realize the addition etc. Question The question is: How is it possible to make calculations with metal sheets. We explain the Negation
The green image right on shows the electrical relization. The switch is on 0 and the lamp is alight, that means 1. The image left shows the logical table and left from this you can see the logical gate.
Above we see the realization of the negation by Konrad Zuse with metal sheets. The model above uses plastic sheets. We have the input X (blue)and the result Y. (orange) The input X can have the two posistions 0 oe 1. The same holds for the result, it also can be 0 or 1. On the right side you see the cycle. The cycle can also be moved from 0 to 1 and back. How does it work? The input X is set to 0 or 1. The the cycle is moved from 0 to 1 and back. Dependent on the input X the result Y moves from 0 to 1 or remains in the 0 position. The next images below show the functionality of the Negation.
Negation Click on the buttons and you can how the negation works. OR - Operation
OR - Operation In the same kind as explained above the OR-operation works in the same way.
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California had a series of storms final week. Did that set an stop to the state’s drought?
The small reply is no.
In spite of common precipitation from a the latest series of winter storms, lots of spots in California are around or underneath 50% of their typical time-to-day rainfall as of the stop of January, according to meteorologist Jan Null of Golden Gate Weather Services.
Central California, the region most affected by previous week’s atmospheric river, is an exception, according to Null, whilst those people destinations also hover under 100% of normal.
In Northern California, San Francisco is at 40% of normal, as is Santa Rosa. Sacramento and Redding are just a minor better, with 45%. To the south, downtown Los Angeles is at 59% of typical San Diego has obtained 53% Riverside, 47% and Irvine, 44% of standard so far. Palmdale stands at 37% and Lancaster at 29%. In the low desert, Palm Springs has gotten 21%. Needles has only been given 3% of regular, and Imperial has gotten %.
Even while the week’s storms dumped massive quantities of snow on the Sierra Nevada, precipitation indices exhibit that the Northern Sierra is at 48% of usual the Central Sierra, 58% and the Southern Sierra, 42%. Snowpack in the Sierra is essential for California’s water supply due to the fact so many crucial reservoirs are fed by snowmelt.
The U.S. Drought Observe displays all of California in some level of drought, from places categorized as abnormally dry to fantastic drought. California’s drought is aspect of the broader drought afflicting the West. The Southwest, in specific, endured a weak monsoon in 2019 followed by primarily a no-display monsoon in the summer months of 2020. With a extensive summer time of report heat, Utah and Nevada had their driest a long time on record in 2020, though other states in the Southwest endured a year that was between the driest in their histories.
This has been element of a drought sample that has prevailed just about continuously for the previous 22 several years. The final result has been that reservoirs on the Colorado River are considerably less than half complete. Millions of people today in the Southwest rely on water from the Colorado, which includes the Los Angeles region.
Lake Mead, for example, behind Hoover Dam, is 143 toes underneath its full stage. An ugly bathtub ring as substantial as a 14-story developing surrounds the lake, indicating exactly where the drinking water level employed to be. The reservoir is as vacant now as it was in the 1960s when Lake Powell driving the Glen Canyon Dam, farther up the Colorado, was remaining stuffed. And Lake Mead, which was at 1,086 toes on Wednesday, was projected to fall to 1,075 feet by the end of this 12 months. The lake is thought of total at 1,229 ft, and is currently at about 40% of its ability.
As climatologist Monthly bill Patzert details out, droughts are significant, influencing not just a neighborhood spot, but the overall Western U.S., for instance. Droughts are long — not just yr to 12 months — in some cases spanning many years. And they are intermittent. That is, the trend may be interrupted by a wet year or two, but the total arc of the drought carries on.
The colossal scale of the Hoover Dam-Lake Mead venture would make it a massive-scale keep an eye on of the size and period of the drought in the U.S. Southwest. “It’s like a huge snow and rain gauge,” reported Patzert.
“Droughts can trick you. Don’t hyperventilate about getting out of the drought from storm to storm,” stated Patzert. “You have to recognize the significant picture.”
Patzert factors to downtown Los Angeles as an instance. For the previous two a long time, rainfall figures present that it has been more dry than damp. Several years such as 2009-10 and 2010-11, or 2016-17 were being damp — adequate so that you could possibly imagine the drought was more than. But these seasons bracket the years 2011-12 by way of 2015-16, which had been the driest 5 a long time in L.A. record.
And the dry a long time that dip under the 143-year ordinary of 14.93 inches had been substantially additional various through the final two decades than the intermittent wet a long time. The final result is a large photograph of about 15% considerably less h2o about the course of 22 decades. If L.A. averaged 2.5 inches fewer rain for every single of 22 yrs, that would complete 55 inches, Patzert details out. That is the equivalent of deducting practically 4 whole normal rain decades around these two a long time.
Patzert acknowledges that there are several definitions of drought, like kinds that are man-produced, but subtracting the equal of entire rainfall seasons a tiny at a time in excess of decades undoubtedly qualifies as one of them. Which is what Patzert usually means by the significant photograph.
Receiving common rainfall isn’t the remedy. “If we had regular rainfall, would we be out of the drought? No, we’re in catch-up manner,” he suggests.
However, a great deal of California and the West are down below ordinary and the fast outlook does not glance promising. As local climate scientist Daniel Swain writes, “There isn’t a terrific deal of more precipitation on the horizon at the minute.”
Which is due to the fact a La Niña in the equatorial Pacific, subsequent its common, predictable pattern, carries on to steer storms absent from Southern and Central California.
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You get out of the bed in the morning and as you take your first steps to the kitchen you feel a burning, stabbing pain on the bottom of your foot. You’re probably asking yourself, “What can I do about my foot pain”? Plantar Fasciitis is one of the most common causes of foot pain. Learn about the causes, symptoms and treatment of plantar fasciitis.
The plantar fascia is a thick band of tissue that runs across the bottom of your foot and connects your heel bone to your toes. It supports the arch of your foot by stretching slightly when you step down and then shortens back to maintain the arch and support your weight as you walk. The plantar fascia absorbs a great deal of weight when walking and especially when running and is therefore prone to injury.
|How to Wear an FS6 Compression Sleeve for Plantar Fasciitis – View Video|
What is Plantar Fasciitis
Plantar Fasciitis is an inflammation of the plantar fascia generally caused by small tears or over-stretching of the plantar fascia.
Common causes include:
- Arthritis can cause inflammation in the joints and tendons and can be a contributing cause of PF
- Excessive pronation (feet roll inward while standing or walking)
- Walking, standing, running for long periods of time, especially on hard surfaces; athletes are at greater risk of experiencing PF
- Wearing shoes that don’t fit well or don’t provide sufficient cushioning when exercising or standing for long periods
Symptoms of Plantar Fasciitis
The most common symptom is a sharp stabbing or burning pain in the heel on the bottom of your foot. Pain is most commonly felt in the morning when first walking and stretching the foot. This is thought to be due to the fact that while you sleep, the plantar fascia shortens and when you stand in the morning, the inflamed or torn fibers of the plantar fascia are stretched, causing pain. Once the foot limbers up, the pain usually diminishes, but it may return after periods of standing, climbing stairs, getting up from a seated position or when exercising. The pain may lessen throughout the day only to return later.
Treatment of Plantar Fasciitis
Give your feet a rest and try not to walk or run on hard surfaces. You can help reduce pain and swelling by icing the foot for 10-15 minutes after exercising and taking anti-inflammatory medicines, such as ibuprofen or aspirin.
Wearing A Foot Brace or Splint
A study done with the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons looked at the recovery times of plantar fasciitis sufferers assigned to a calf stretching regimen vs those assigned to a night splint routine. The results were significant. Patients wearing the night splints recovered within about 18 days. Those with a calf stretching routine recovered in roughly 60 days. (That’s a 40 day difference)
A foot brace or splint that keeps a slight stretch on the arch can be extremely helpful in relieving your foot pain. Choose a splint that that can be worn in shoes during the day or at night, such as the FS6 Compression Foot Sleeve or the 3pp® Arch Lift
Other Treatment Options
- Doing exercises such as calf and toe stretches before you get out of bed and taking your first step is recommended
- Firmly pressing on and rolling a tennis ball under your foot is a good way to get a deep massage
- Wear shoes with good arch support and a cushioned sole
- Orthotics, insoles that go inside your shoes, provide added arch support, especially if you stand or run for long periods of time; wear orthotics in both shoes – even if only one foot hurts
Treatment can last a few weeks, but could take up to several months to a year. It’s important to follow your healthcare providers instructions. Your healthcare provider may prescribe a cortisone shot or if symptoms persist beyond a year of treatment, surgery may be an option.
How Can I Prevent It From Coming Back?
Once the pain subsides, continuing to wear your foot brace when exercising and at night will keep a gentle stretch on the bottom of your foot and the arch tissue loose. If using orthotics, wear them as directed and continue stretching and exercises, especially in the morning.Like what you’ve read? Click here to subscribe to the blog!
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Our blogs are educational in nature and are not intended as a substitute for medical advice. Because your condition is unique to you, it is recommended that you consult with your health care provider before attempting any medical or therapeutic treatments. We are always happy to answer questions about products mentioned in our blogs, however, we cannot provide a diagnosis or medical advice.
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After spending several months scouting out a new ballpark location for his team, Red Sox owner John I. Taylor set his sights upon the Fenway neighborhood of Boston in early 1911. Since 1901, the Red Sox had played at the Huntington Avenue Grounds (where athletic facilities for Northeastern University sit today) but Taylor decided not to renew his club's Huntington lease and began looking at different neighborhoods in Boston instead. As he devised a plan for the park's new home, Taylor had a series of interlocking considerations in mind. Not only was Taylor planning a new ballpark for the Red Sox, he was also considering a possible sale of his team and knew that an attractive spot for relocation could enhance the value of the club. In addition, a sale of the Red Sox could generate money for construction if Taylor wanted to stay involved with the building of the team's new facility, even if he chose to sell a portion of his controlling interest in the club.
In the middle of February 1911, a group of real estate entrepreneurs convened, including John's father, General Charles H. Taylor. The assembly called itself "the Fenway improvement association" and discussed plans for an emerging neighborhood in the Fens section of Boston. Less than two weeks later, General Taylor acquired over 365,000 square feet of land between Ipswich Street and Lansdowne Street at public auction. Four months after that purchase, on June 24, 1911, the younger Taylor publicly announced his intention to build a new home for the Red Sox. John Taylor would subsequently sell half the club to James McAleer in mid-September of that same year, but Taylor stayed on as the overseer of construction, as well as the landlord for the new park as part of the transaction.
With these specifics in place, ground was broken on Fenway Park on September 25, 1911. The team hadn't filed a building permit application with the city until that day and received no assurance that the application would be approved, but with time of the essence and a new season just seven months away, Taylor forged ahead. He chose Charles Logue Building Company for the construction work, with James McLaughlin serving as chief architect and Osborn Engineering Company of Cleveland responsible for civil engineering services. Work began in earnest by the end of the month.
Over the fall and early winter months of the 1911-12 offseason, construction on the new facility moved forward. By the end of the 1911 calendar year, foundations for the park were in place and the roof had been framed, with work re-commencing after the holiday season.
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Handling the next pandemic
Thursday, October 2, 2014
Can the global health system stop Ebola? The answer has more to do with Samuel Kaziraho than you might expect.
Kaziraho is a war-weary 44-year-old who lives in the Bulengo displaced persons camp, in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. This summer he was struck by malaria, like many men in Bulengo. Fevers and chills stole 10 pounds from his frame and a month’s income from his pocket. Responding to a rash of cases, Doctors Without Borders rushed to test and treat patients. But it couldn’t give Kaziraho a bed net to replace his shredded one: Its nets were earmarked for pregnant women, and getting other organizations to step in was achingly slow.
“The first battle is, they have to agree on the problem. Then they have to find and convince the donor,” said Axelle Alibert, a Doctors Without Borders coordinator in Goma. “It will be three months, then by the time they organize it they might not need it anymore.”
- Health Care
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This image was captured by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment camera on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter while flying over the Bonneveille Crater on January 29, 2012. There's a spaceship hidden in plain view, sightly red because of the planet's dust. Can you see it?
It's the "first color image from orbit showing the three-petal lander of NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Spirit mission. Spirit drove off that lander platform in January 2004 and spent most of its six-year working life in a range of hills about two miles to the east." The image covers an area 2,000 feet wide. You can see the lander on the bottom left corner.
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Author: Uri Bar-Noi is Lecturer of Soviet history and diplomacy at the Open University of Israel
The Soviet Union And The Six-Day War:
Revelations From The Polish Archives.[*]
Thirty-six years have passed since the June 1967 war between the State of Israel and its Arab neighbors. Despite the passage of time, the role played by the Kremlin in the events which led to this armed conflict and during the war, remains to this day an enigma. Scholars have debated the question of the extent to which the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was responsible for the outbreak of hostilities in the Middle East on 5 June 1967. Some researchers have argued that Moscow instigated the war in order to increase Arab dependence on Soviet aid, as well as to unify progressive forces in the Middle East and to further consolidate its position in the region. According to one historian, Soviet leaders sought a limited Arab-Israeli war and had no desire to bring about the destruction of Israel. They saw no major risk in a limited armed conflict between Israel and Arab countries, and thought that "…it would be useful to shake up their Arab clients a bit…." Their conception was that the Arab armed forces were well-quipped and sufficiently prepared for any armed conflict with the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF).
Other scholars contend that the Soviet leadership was divided on Middle East policy as a result of a power struggle between members of the collective leadership which had overthrown Nikita Khrushchev in October 1964. According to this interpretation, Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin, President of the Supreme Soviet Nikolae Podgorny, and Minister for Foreign Affairs Andrei Gromyko were skeptical as to whether their Arab clients were prepared to go to war against Israel. They all supposedly advocated a cautious policy towards the Middle East designed to avert the danger of an armed conflict between the USSR and the United States following a war between Israel and Arab countries. The Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party (CPSU), Leonid Brezhnev and his new political ally, Defense Minister Marshall Andrei Grechko, however, pursued an adventurous policy course which led to escalation of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Hence, according to this view, the Six-Day War was a conspiracy designed to precipitate an armed conflict in the Middle East and to improve the domestic position of both Brezhnev and Grechko.
Nikita Khrushchev's memoirs, as well as the reminiscences of Soviet military and intelligence personnel, also indicate that Moscow indeed sought escalation of Middle Eastern tensions leading to the outbreak of another war between Israel and its Arab neighbors. The Soviet high command seemed to have encouraged high-ranking Egyptian and Syrian officers to go to war against Israel, and persuaded the political leadership to support its designs. Moreover, the Soviet military took practical steps to assist Syria in stopping the advance of Israeli troops into Syrian territory toward the end of the war. These steps included a naval landing, airborne reinforcements and air support for ground operations. Military operations were, however, eventually aborted for fear of American retaliation and due to dissension within the Kremlin.
A third interpretation argues that Moscow had no desire to encourage its Arab clients to wage war against Israel. By contrast, it wished to avert the danger of a potential Israeli military attack on Syria. But Egyptian President Gamal Abd el-Nasser misinterpreted Moscow's intensions and blocked the Gulf of Aqaba without the Kremlin's knowledge, or at least without its full consent. This action served as a casus belli for the Israeli Government and led to the outbreak of hostilities in the region.
New archival evidence from Poland sheds light on the role played by the USSR in the events leading up to the outbreak of the Six Day War and during the conflict. This evidence is based on Leonid Brezhnev's secret report at a plenary session of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party (CC CPSU) held on June 20, 1967 entitled "On Soviet Policy Following the Israeli Aggression in the Middle East." A copy of Brezhnev's brief was translated into Polish and subsequently circulated among the leadership of the Polish Communist Party. This Polish record was acquired as part of a recent research project on the Cold War in the Middle East undertaken by the Chaim Herzog Center for Middle East Studies and Diplomacy at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in Israel in cooperation with CWIHP.
Brezhnev's report shows that Moscow had no intention of inciting an armed conflict in the Middle East and that the June 1967 war was the result of grave miscalculations and of Soviet inability to control the Arabs, rather than a conspiracy. The brief documents that throughout April-May, 1967, the Kremlin suspected that Israel was planning an act of aggression against Syria. Determined to forestall the Israeli offensive and to rescue the new radical-left regime in Damascus, the Soviet government informed Egypt that Israel had mobilized its armed forces on the border with Syria. By doing so, Moscow hoped to manipulate Nasser into assisting Syria by concentrating his armed forces on Egypt's border with Israel. The Kremlin estimated mistakenly, as if turned out – that Israel was militarily weak and could not cope with a war on two fronts. Subsequently, Moscow consented to the ejection of United Nations (UN) peacekeeping forces from outposts on the Israeli-Egyptian border, and to the concentration of Egyptian troops on the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip.
Brezhnev's account suggests that after the situation in the Middle East deteriorated in May 1967, Moscow was no longer able to control the crisis. The Soviets were taken aback when Nasser blocked the Gulf of Aqaba without having consulted them. Israel's surprise attack and rapid victory within six days alarmed the Soviet leadership. Moscow, however, was not inclined to take any military action against Israel. Nor it was willing to airlift weapons to its Arab clients while hostilities continued. The Soviet leaders doubted that their Arab clients were capable of fighting any further. They concentrated instead on the diplomatic front and sought cease-fire agreement mediated by the UN. Such an accord would stop the Israeli offensive, restore the status quo ante in the Middle East, and force Israel to withdraw to the prewar border. It was only when the occupation of the Syrian capital by IDF seemed imminent that the Kremlin sharply increased pressure upon Israel and even resorted to military threats. At that point the President Lyndon B. Johnson intervened in the conflict and persuaded the Israeli Government to stop the fighting.
Soviet Perceptions of Israel and the Six Day War
The first part of Brezhnev's report indicates that the Soviet leader's perception of the Six-Day War was rigidly defined by his doctrinaire outlook on international affairs. As the document clearly demonstrates, Brezhnev perceived the Israeli attack on Egypt and Syria as an act of aggression supported by the US and West European powers. He dismissed Western attempts to portray the Six-Day War as a local conflict resulting from the protracted quarrel between Arabs and Jews. He vigorously claimed that the Israeli attack was part of a worldwide campaign designed to suppress the anti-colonial struggle and hamper the turn to socialism in the progressive societies of Asia, Greece, Africa and Latin America.
Brezhnev described Israel as a tool in the hands of Western imperialism, and claimed that the Israeli assault had been planned carefully by the West. According to him, Israel's military campaign aimed at overthrowing the progressive regimes in the Middle East, diminishing the influence of the USSR on its Arab clients, and restoring the predominant position which Western powers had held in this region until the mid-1950s. To support this thesis, the Soviet leader claimed that prior to the June 1967 war, Israel had received massive military supplies from the West and its armed forces had been equipped with the most modern assault weapons.
In the brief, Brezhnev dismissed allegations that the Soviet government had encouraged both the Egyptians and the Syrians to threaten Israel. He claimed that Moscow's military aid to its Arab clients was mainly designed to assist them in their protracted struggle against colonialism, to consolidate their independence, and to improve their capability to defend themselves against both external and internal dangers. Moreover, the Soviet leader indicated that his government feared that a potential suppression of regimes in Cairo and Damascus might lead to the collapse of the anti-colonialist movement in the Middle East. Subsequently, the regional and global balance of power would tilt in favor of the West.
Soviet Miscalculations and Failure to Control the Mid-May 1967 Crisis
In his overview of events which led to the outbreak of hostilities on 5 June 1967, Brezhnev pointed out that in mid-May 1967, Moscow had received information that Israel was contemplating a military campaign against Syria and other Arab countries. In light of this information, the Politburo of the CPSU decided to inform the Egyptian and Syrian governments of Israel's plans for aggression. Unfortunately, Brezhnev refrained from revealing critical information about the controversial Soviet warnings regarding the build-up of an Israeli assault against Syria. He limited himself to saying that "…there were many signs that led us to conclude that a serious international crisis was in the making and that Israel had prepared an act of aggression supported by Western powers…."
Before the CPSU Plenum Brezhnev stressed the fact that the Kremlin had no desire to incite war between Israel and its Arab neighbors. Moscow only intended to contain the State of Israel and to forestall its aggressive plans. The brief reveals that the Soviet government gave its consent to Egyptian actions which led to the withdrawal of UN forces and to the concentration of troops along the 1949 armistice line between Egypt and Israel. It shared the Egyptian's government's view that these steps would deter Israel from waging war against Syria. However, Moscow's reaction to the closure of Straits of Tiran was lukewarm. Brezhnev considered the action misconceived, and he deplored the fact that Nasser had failed to consult the Kremlin before taking such a step. While the Soviet leader agreed that the ill-advised closure of the Gulf of Aqaba had indeed brought some prestige to the Egyptian president, he claimed that it provoked Israel to conduct a wider military campaign against its Arab neighbors.
Brezhnev's report indicates that following the closure of the Straits of Tiran, Moscow was determined to avert further deterioration in the Middle East and to foil Israeli and Western plans for aggression. Fear that the blockade of the Gulf of Aqaba might provoke Israel into war led Moscow to exert diplomatic pressure upon the Israeli government. Simultaneously, Moscow did its utmost to tone down the belligerent rhetoric of Egyptian and Syrian leaders and to assure that no further provocation be taken against Israel. Brezhnev revealed that during a meeting of the CC CPSU held on 30 May 1967, Syrian President Nur al-Din Atassi, then on an official visit to Moscow, had been asked to avoid taking any steps which could be used by Israel as a pretext to wage war against Syria. A similar request was conveyed in a note to Nasser on 26 May 1967. The Egyptian president was asked to do his utmost to prevent armed conflict with Israel. Both Nasser and his Minister of War, Shams al-Din Badran, who visited the Soviet capital on 28 May 1967, assured Soviet officials on several occasions that Egypt did not plan to resort to armed conflict or to provoke Israel to wage war.
Restrain and Concentration on the Diplomatic Front
Brezhnev's report reveals that Israel's surprise attack on three fronts and the rapid victory over Egypt, Syria and Jordan was a bombshell for Moscow. Prior to the outbreak of hostilities, Soviet leadership operated under the illusion that Arab armed forces could easily repel any Israeli offensive and defeat the IDF on the battlefield. In retrospect, Brezhnev assured his audience that the armed forces of Egypt, Syria, Algeria and Iraq were superior to the IDF in number of troops and amount of tanks, planes, ships and armaments. They had been equipped with the most modern weapons, and had received high-level training from Soviet and other East European instructors. However, their fighting capacity and morale were very low. They were backwards, undisciplined and poorly organized. In spite of their alleged superiority over Israel in arms and military personnel, the Arabs lost most of their air power during the initial phase of the Israeli offensive. Left without an air umbrella and anti-aircraft defense, their ground forces suffered heavy losses.
Brezhnev's account of the events clearly shows that following the disintegration of the Egyptian army and the rapid advance of Israeli troops into Sinai, Moscow decided to pursue a policy course designed to stop the offensive and to guarantee the survival of Nasser's regime. The Kremlin, however, had no desire to intervene actively in the fighting on the side of its Arab clients. Nor did it plan to supply them with arms to replace weapon systems destroyed in the fighting. Instead, Moscow concentrated on the diplomatic front. According to Brezhnev, the Kremlin sought an early cease-fire to stop the Israeli offensive. Then it planned to force an Israeli withdrawal to the prewar borders.
Brezhnev's brief reveals that on midnight of 7 June 1967, Egyptian Vice-President Marshal Amr informed the Soviet ambassador in Cairo that the situation on the Egyptian-Israeli front was critical and asked that a cease-fire agreement between his country and Israel be achieved within five hours. One hour later, members of the CPSU Politburo held an emergency session to discuss ways to help Egypt out of this difficult situation. According to Brezhnev's report, members of the Politburo were fully aware that the Egyptian army was in a state of chaos and confusion, and that it could not repel the Israeli attack. They ruled out the possibility of airlifting military supplies to Egypt while hostilities continued, something that would be impossible to arrange within a short period of time. Moreover, they were skeptical whether Soviet aircraft carrying supplies could safely land on Egyptian airfields which had been destroyed by the Israeli Air Force.
The report clearly shows that the Politburo feared that Nasser's regime would not survive the Israeli offensive. Therefore, the Soviet leadership was determined to achieve an early cease-fire agreement, mediated by the UN. On June 7, 1967, the UN Security Council adopted a draft resolution which called for an immediate cease-fire in the Middle East. The IDF continued the offensive, despite this appeal and a second UN resolution calling for an early cease-fire. Subsequently, Moscow issued a stern warning to the Israeli government threatening to reassess its relations with Israel and to consider other means if the offensive continued.
But Brezhnev's report reveals that Nasser, too, was not ready to accept a cease-fire as yet. As the brief indicates, the Soviet leader deplored Nasser's vacillation that in itself served as an obstacle to Moscow's attempts to ensure Israeli compliance with UN resolutions. Only on 9 June 1967, did the Egyptian government announce its willingness to agree to a cease-fire but it was too late. By this time, the IDF had completed its occupation of the entire Sinai desert and had launched an offensive against Syria.
To Moscow policy makers, the offensive against Syria was another stage in the imperialist campaign against radical-left regimes in the Middle East. Determined to save Syria from a humiliating defeat and occupation, the Soviet government attempted to force Israel to comply with the two Security Council resolutions. On 8 June 1967, it instructed its ambassador to the UN to draft another resolution calling for an immediate cessation of hostilities and the withdrawal of Israeli troops to the 5 June 1967 border. The next day, heads of government and the leaders of communist parties in Eastern Europe gathered to discuss the Middle East crisis. At the end of this urgently convened conference, held in Moscow, a communiqué was issued by the Communist delegations condemning Israel as an aggressor, and calling upon the Israeli government to stop the offensive and pull its troops out of Syrian territory without delay.
Brezhnev relates that this communiqué made little impression upon Israel, which continued its campaign against Syria. On 10 June 1967, the IDF captured the town of El-Quneitra, one of the Syrian army's main strongholds on the road to Damascus. Syria's panicked foreign minister informed the Soviet Government that Israeli tanks, supported by aircraft, were advancing on the Golan Heights in the direction of the Syrian capital. He asked that all possible measures be taken by Moscow to forestall the attack, otherwise it would be too late for his country.
The Soviet Government perceived the occupation of El-Quneitra as another critical turning point in the June 1967 war. Subsequently, it rushed to stop the Israeli offensive entirely. A Soviet missile cruiser and a number of submarines based in the Mediterranean Sea were ordered to set sail immediately for the Syrian coast. On the afternoon of 10 June 1967, the Soviet government broke off diplomatic relations with Israel. In a note to the Israeli government, Moscow accused Israel responsible of the brutal violation of successive UN resolutions calling for a cease-fire in the Middle East. The Soviet government also threatened to impose sanctions upon Israel if it did not stop immediately the military campaign.
Other Eastern European countries followed suit and broke off diplomatic relations with Israel. In retrospect, Brezhnev claimed that this was a spontaneous action, and that it had not been planned or discussed by the Soviet and Eastern European leaders during their urgent consultations in Moscow. The USSR and other Eastern European countries felt a sense of urgency following the defeat of their Arab allies. Therefore, they were willing to take concerted action to stop the penetration of Israeli troops into Arab territories.
Brezhnev's report indicates that Moscow simultaneously conveyed an ultimatum to President Johnson. The first part of the Soviet ultimatum was a strongly-worded complaint about Israel's non-compliance with the UN resolutions which called for an immediate cease-fire in the Middle East. The Soviet government then urged the US president to persuade the Israeli government to halt the offensive without delay. It threatened to take any necessary action, including military action, if Israel failed to stop the fighting within the next few hours.
According to Brezhnev's report, this ultimatum bore fruit. Faced with Soviet pressure, Washington forced the Israeli government to comply with the Security Council resolutions and stop the advance of its armed forces into the heart of Syria. Johnson informed Brezhnev that Secretary of State Dean Rusk had sent to the Israeli government an urgent message demanding that Israel immediately implement all Security Council resolutions. In response, the Israeli government expressed its willingness to comply with UN resolutions and, subsequently, ended its offensive against Syria on the evening of 10 June 1967.
Brezhnev's confidential report to the CC CPSU does not shed light on the controversial information regarding the concentration of Israeli troops on the Syrian border, conveyed to the Egyptians by the Soviet government in mid-May 1967. Nor does it link this action with the outbreak of hostilities in the Middle East a few weeks later. The report seems apologetic in tone, with the Soviet leader attempting to avoid being held accountable for the provocation which led Arab leaders to resort to bellicose actions. In turn, these actions spurred the Israeli preemptive attack and resulted in the humiliating defeat of both Egypt and Syria, the disintegration of their armed forces and the occupation of the entire Sinai desert, West bank and Golan Heights by Israel. As the brief indicates, the Soviet leader held Nasser solely responsible for this catastrophe. He claimed that the reckless closing of the Tiran Straits to the passage of Israeli ships provoked Israel to conduct a wider military campaign against its Arab neighbors.
The report suggests that the Kremlin had no desire to incite an armed conflict between its Arab clients and the State of Israel, and that the June 1967 war was a result of Moscow's clumsy diplomacy, grave miscalculations and inability to control the crisis which it had provoked. It grew out of a determination to foil Israel's aggressive plans against Syria and to frustrate what it suspected was a joint Israeli-imperialist scheme to suppress progressive forces in the Middle East. The Kremlin assumed that these plans were part of a Western campaign aimed to overthrow radical-left regimes in the Middle East and to undermine the predominant position which the USSR had maintained in the region since the mid-1950s. The brief demonstrates that Moscow operated under the illusion that Israel was militarily weak and could not risk war on two fronts. It estimated that preventive action would deter Israel from waging war against Syria.
This Polish record indicates that after the outbreak of hostilities, Moscow had no plan to actively intervene in the fighting on the side of its Arab clients, nor did it take any steps to invade Israel, as suggested by some scholars. Brezhnev's account of the Six Day War reveals that during this armed conflict, the Kremlin's occupants preferred the diplomatic front to military action. They were not even willing to deliver vital supplies of armaments, tanks and airplanes to their Arab clients while hostilities continued. Politburo members were fully aware that Egypt's armed forces had disintegrated and could not continue fighting. Brezhnev's brief suggests that Moscow's sole plan was to exert diplomatic pressure upon Israel to agree to an early cease-fire and pull its armed forces out of occupied territories. By pursuing this plan, Moscow hoped to stall the Israeli offensive and guarantee the survival of the radical-left regimes in the Middle East. With the Israeli government defiant and reluctant to comply with a series of UN resolutions calling for an immediate cease-fire, the USSR and the majority of its Eastern European satellites responded in what Brezhnev described as a spontaneous act of breaking off diplomatic relations with Israel. Simultaneously, the Soviet government concentrated a small naval contingent near the Syrian coast. It also put pressure upon the US president to use his influence with the Israeli government to persuade it to stop its military operation against Syria without delay.
To read the document, click on the title
"On Soviet Policy Following the Israeli Aggression in the Middle East" Report By Comrade L. I. Brezhnev to the Plenum of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party, 20 June 1967
[*] I am grateful to Dr. Dror Ze'evi, former Chairman of the Chaim Herzog Center for the Study of Middle East and Diplomacy (CHC) at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev for his encouragement and support, as well as for granting me access to Soviet and East European documents held in this center. The document was obtained from the Polish Archives by CHC researchers. Document translated by Gennady Pasechnik for the CHC. [back]
Michael Oren, Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East (Oxford, 2002), pp.54-55; Jon D. Glassman, Arms for the Arabs: The Soviet Union and War in the Middle East (Baltimore, 1975), pp. 35-36; Peter Mangold, Superpower Intervention in the Middle East (London, 1978), pp. 116-117; Galia Golan, Soviet Policies in the Middle East: From World War II to Gorbachev (Cambridge, 1990), p. 58; Richard Parker (ed.), The Six-Day War: A Retrospective (Gainesville, 1996), p. 36. [back]
Alexei Vassiliev, Russian Policy in the Middle East: form Messianism to Pragmatism (Reading, 1993), pp. 65-66. [back]
Avraham Ben-Zur, Gormim Sovietim ve Milkhemet Sheshet Hayamim [trans. from Hebrew: Soviet Elements and the Six-Day War] (Tel-Aviv, 1975), pp. 174-215; Pedro Ramet, The Soviet-Syrian Relationship since 1955: a Troubled Alliance (Boulder, 1990), pp. 43-44; Richard Parker (ed.), The Six-Day War, pp. 46-48. [back]
Isabella Ginor, "The Russians Were Coming: the Soviet Military Threat in the 1967 Six Day War", Middle Eastern Review of International Affairs [Israel] 4(4) December 2000: 44-59; Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive: the KGB in Europe and the West (London, 1999), pp.473-475; Nikita S. Khrushchev, Vremya, ludi, vlast (Moskva, 1999g.), tom 3, l. 435; tom 4, l. 460. [back]
Yaacov Ro'i, From Encroachment to Involvement: A Documentary Study of Soviet Foreign Policy in the Middle East, 1945-1973 (Jerusalem, 1974), xxxiii-xxxiv; Karen Dawisha, Soviet Foreign Policy towards Egypt (London, 1977), pp. 37-43; Patrick Seale, "Syria", in The Cold War and the Middle East (eds.) Yezid Sayigh and Avi Shlaim (Oxford, 1997), pp. 59-62; Richard B. Parker, "The June 1967 War: Some Mysterious Explored", Middle East Journal 46(2) 1992: 177-197; Walter Laqueur, The Road to War 1967: the Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict (London, 1968), pp. 230, 235; Fawaz Gerges, The Superpower and the Middle East: Regional and International Politics, 1955-1967 (Boulder, Colo., 1994), p. 216; Chaim Herzog, The Arab-Israeli Wars: War and Peace in the Middle East from the War of Independence to Lebanon (London, 1982), pp. 148-149. [back]
This research project found on certain documents from Russian and Eastern European archives. [back]
AAN KC PZPR 2632, pp. 359-360 [back]
Ibid., pp. 360-362. [back]
Ibid., pp. 366-367. [back]
Ibid., pp. 368-369. [back]
Ibid., pp. 370-372. [back]
Ibid., pp. 372-373. [back]
Ibid., pp. 376-379. [back]
Ibid., pp. 379-383. [back]
Ibid., pp. 383-385. [back]
Uri Bar-Noi received his Ph.D. from the LSE. He is a lecturer of Soviet history and diplomacy. His research has concentrated on the USSR's postwar policy towards Britain and the Cold War in the Middle East. Currently, engaged in the writing of a new study entitled: - Containing America: the Soviet Union, Britain and the Formative Phase of the Cold War, 1943-1955. He is also developing a BA course on the Cold War for the Open University of Israel.[back]
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Aage V. Jensen Naturfond bought, in February 2011, 616 hectares of agricultural land east of Bogense from Gyldensteen Gods. At that time the area was drained and predominantly cultivated. After one year of remodelling and enforcing the dikes on the land side, the old dikes were removed and an area of 214 hectares were flooded to create a new coastal lagoon. This happened on March 29 in 2014. The purpose of this huge investment is:
To ensure and improve the existing natural values in the area - including restoring one of Funen's most important bird areas
To give the public the opportunity to experience the natural restored area
To investigate the impact of climate-induced sea level rise in natural areas
To undertake scientific studies of marine biodiversity in the restored lagoon
Before the comprehensive land reclamation and drainage channels made its entrance in the late 1800s, shallow marine lagoons were a hallmark of the Danish coasts. Biological studies in the few remaining lagoons have shown that they have important ecological and environmental functions. Lagoons, with their extensive flora of seagrasses, various green-, brown- and red algae - and benthic microalgae are productive, as light and nutrients are rarely missing. This large biological production is a known food source for benthic invertebrates, fish fry and birds.
The aim of the research project at Gyldensteen coastal lagoon is to provide the society with important information about the development of nature when coastal areas are flooded - both with salt water from the sea and with freshwater from land. The investigation is carried out by researchers from the Department of Biology at the University of Southern Denmark. The studies began one year before flooding with describing the composition of flora, benthic fauna and environmental conditions in the Little Belt outside Gyldensteen coastal lagoon. This provided a baseline of the coastal environment and information on the possible species that could invade the new lagoon. Simultaneously, the soil conditions were thoroughly investigated.
After the removal of the dikes and flooded the area, a monitoring program has been established to describe the early and long-term succession of flora and fauna in the new lagoon. Furthermore the exchange of nutrients and carbon dioxide between the sediment and water, as well as the exchange of nutrients between the lagoon and the surrounding ocean are studied to follow the nutrient and carbon dynamics (sink or source). This intensive program will be repeated during the first 4 years after the flood, followed by a less intensive program the following 3 years. When investigations are completed in 2021, we will have gained unique knowledge about the biological and environmental development in a newly flooded coastal lagoon after 140 years of farming. This knowledge will be valuable in the years ahead as global warming causes sea levels to rise. The project results can help decision-makers in their assessment of an area under pressure from flooding to decide wether it should be maintained by elevating the dikes or whether it should be flooded with seawater. These decisions require both biological, ecological, environmental and economic considerations.
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Whether fish is farmed or caught free, the process of getting delicious seafood onto the plates of consumers is rife with problems. Open sea fishing has severely depleted wild fish stocks, and as a result, roughly half of the seafood sold in the United States is farm raised, rather than caught in the open waters, according to NPR. But like most commercial agriculture, the aquaculture (fish farming) industry struggles with problems of inefficiency and environmental impact. The practice of confining thousands of fish to relatively small pens makes it necessary to use pesticides and antibiotics to prevent the spread of disease. Since aquaculture facilities are usually located in the ocean, discharges of fish waste, cage materials, and pesticide chemicals can damage surrounding ecosystems and threaten wild fish populations. Escapement is also a problem, as escaped fish from these facilities compete with native populations for food.
Furthermore, fish need to be fed, and the question of how to feed farm-raised fish presents yet another challenge, particularly when it comes to carnivorous species such as salmon and tuna. As Food & Water watch points out, farmed fish are often fed with wild species such as krill, with the effect of further threatening wild fish populations by depleting vital elements of our oceans' ecosystems. It's a system that's woefully inefficient: to raise one pound of farmed tuna, for example, 15 pounds of wild fish are converted to feed, according to chef Dan Barber -- wild fish, some argue, that could be used to feed humans instead.
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This paper reviews the evolutionary history and biology of love and marriage. It examines the current and imminent possibilities of biological manipulation of lust, attraction and attachment, so called neuroenhancement of love. We examine the arguments for and against these biological interventions to influence love. We argue that biological interventions offer an important adjunct to psychosocial interventions, especially given the biological limitations inherent in human love.
“Adrenaline means more than fear,” said Fireweed. “And divine love is more then adrenaline and dopamine.”
“Certainly. There’s phenylethylamine and oxytocin. Love is a most complex and difficult problem.” Joan Slonczewski, Brain Plague (2000)
According to the Yusufzai Pukhtun the most powerful love potion in Northern Pakistan is water that has washed the body of a dead leatherworker . In Swedish folklore, to capture the love of someone you should carry an apple in your armpit for a day, and then give it to the intended lover. Since Roman times a long list of foodstuffs and drugs have been supposed to stimulate lust, love and good relationships . Chemically helping love on its way has a long history. While in the past this was based on symbolism and wishful thinking, today the biological underpinnings of love are beginning to be elucidated, enabling science-based interventions into amour’s domain.
Trends in divorce, as well as findings in evolutionary psychology, suggest that love might need a helping hand. The issue is more general than marriage and divorce: what factors make human pair bonding last and can (and should) we do something about it? This paper will discuss the potential for enhancing human love and marriage in the light of the problems of maintaining lasting relationships.Footnote 1
Breakup—“Til Death Do Us Part”
Marriages appear to have become more unstable in recent times. In 2003, there were 166,700 divorces in the UK, around 1.4% of marriages each year (all UK statistics from [56, 57]). Divorce rates rose steeply in the 1960s and 1970s, reaching a plateau at the current level in the 1990s (see figure). At current levels, about two in every five marriages will end in divorce (and in the US divorce has replaced death as the most common end of marriage ).
The divorce rates peak among younger couples, declining with age. Most marriage break ups occur between 5 and 9 years, with the median duration in 2003 at 10.7 years—up from 9.8 in 1990, but still far shorter than till death do us part. This pattern appears to recur worldwide, both in industrial, agrarian and hunter–gatherer societies with high or low divorce rates .
In a 1985 study among Americans, where multiple choices could be made, communications problems was the most common given reason for divorce in women (69.7%). It was followed by unhappiness (59.9%), incompatibility with spouse (56.4%), emotional abuse (55.5%) and financial problems (32.9%), sexual problems (32.1%), spousal alcohol abuse (30.0%), spousal infidelity (25.2%) and physical abuse (21.7%). In men the structure was roughly similar, but fewer simultaneous problems were reported and unfaithfulness was an uncommon reason for divorce (10.5%) . British data also suggests that emotional effects correspond to a large fraction of uncontested divorces.
This rise in divorce has occurred together with a rise in attempts to study marriage scientifically as well as treat it therapeutically. Divorce is usually seen as undesirable, a “social disorder,” despite increasingly becoming a normal state . We will not question this assumption, though plainly when divorce should occur is an important ethical issue.
Why Does Divorce/Breakup Happen?
The independence hypothesis claims that marriages will remain stable as long as the joint utility of staying together outweighs the utilities of being single . Bao et al. found that UK women with a greater degree of economic independence face a higher divorce risk. They did not find much evidence for an impact of gender-role attitudes or of the domestic division of labor, but found a robust effect of children raising the hazard of divorce.
However, existing theories leave out something most people find highly relevant for marriage: love. The Western concept of marriage is heavily based on the assumption of shared love: today it is seen as primarily love-driven. Economic, social and political considerations still play a role but are no longer viewed as legitimate causes for marriage (or divorce). Marriage is expected to express the desires, goals and interests of the partners rather than outside groups . While economic models of divorce rates have been fairly successful and such utilitarian calculations might be going on subconsciously or intuitively, the reasons given for divorce (although possibly rationalizations) seem to point at emotional issues as being important. Our main interest in this paper is the breakup of pair relations, i.e. the failure of love to bond two people.
Evolutionary considerations give us a clue to the emotional aspects of non-attachment. Evolution does not promote human happiness except as a side effect. Pleasure, joy and love all appear to have evolved as adaptations to promote fitness rather than ends in themselves. To us humans, however, they (and many other life goals) are often far more important than the survival of our genes. If human relations could be modified in such a way as to promote love at the expense of the number of children, it seems likely many people would take the chance despite the break with evolutionary imperatives. Indeed, most people forego having as many children as possible to make their own lives go better. An evolutionary ‘is’ does not imply a moral ‘ought’.
Evolution can interfere with marital bliss in three main ways: through conferring different goals on men and women, through evolving relationship structures that promote inclusive fitness rather than happiness, and by way of a mismatch between current possibilities (e.g. lifespan) and evolved adaptations.
Evolutionary theory predicts that genes promoting psychological and physiological traits that lead to a greater number of successful offspring will become more common over time. It has been described as being powered by “selfish genes” that only seek to ensure their own survival, using our bodies as vehicles for their spread . In some situations, this leads to divergent goals for males and females. Due to the difference in effort and risk that having a child represents to the father and mother respectively, the sexes may evolve different and possibly conflicting reproduction (and hence relationship) strategies. If a mutation increases the chance of spreading the affected gene in males and does not have any major negative impact on females it will tend to become more common. This has been a broad (and often fiercely debated) stream of investigation in evolutionary psychology for a long time.
The classic claim is that males would tend towards higher levels of promiscuity since the cost of having many and possibly illegitimate children is small for the father while females, having a greater investment in each child, would be motivated to be more selective in partners and have a stronger incentive to retain their mate. This in turn may lead to differing levels of sexual interest (possibly changing with the duration of the relationship).
Studies have shown that female desire for sexual intimacy decreases as a relationship continues, while the male desire appears constant. Conversely, desire for tenderness declines in men and rises in women. Sexual activity and satisfaction declines in both genders [41, 42]. This discrepancy is likely to cause friction in a relationship and increase the risk of male infidelity over time. Klusmann explains these changes as the product of an evolved design that is fine-tuned to the different life situations of females and males. Males desire sex in this model as a safeguard against cuckoldry, while females seek to maintain a pair bond to ensure male resources.
Adult attachment may based on the same (neuro)psychological systems as the parent–child bond after the initial infatuation period has passed. In both cases, close physical contact, kindness and understanding help form the bond, separation produces the same negative feelings, closeness gives a sense of security and the different bonds have the same physiological regulation. According to Zeifman and Hazan , the high rate of divorce in the first years of marriage reflect failures to form a pair bond as the original state of infatuation declines. There may exist an evolutionary pressure (at least in males) for serial monogamy, making males more willing to break off relations than females. In preindustrial cultures, the reproductive success of remarried men was higher than the success among remarried women . Serial monogamy due to short-lasting marriages has the effects of polygyny. Males remarry more than females and tend to marry younger partners . Since desirable (often high status) men can more easily remarry young and desirable women they can gain greater access to sexual resources, leaving less fortunate men in the cold. This increases disparities in reproductive success and might even increase the risk of rape as an alternative reproductory strategy .
The rapid changes in human culture and environment, in particular those brought about over the last century, have led to discrepancies between our adaptation to a past environment (the “environment of evolutionary adaptiveness” (EAA), roughly corresponding to the Pleistocene hunter–gatherer existence), and our current environment.
In particular, human lifespan is far longer today than in the EEA (≈20–35 years). This is both due to a reduction in risk and to better health. Given the high risks of giving birth in the EEA and, high accident risks for all, many marriages ended by one of the partners dying. Given a life expectancy on the order of 30 years and assuming marriages in the teens, at least 50% of marriages would have ended within 15 years, usually due to the death of one of the partners This is surprisingly close to the current median of about 11 years.
In a high mortality society, a mutation predisposing towards permanent marriages would rarely have an effect, since most marriages ended with one partner dying. There is no selection pressure for very long-term maintenance, a situation similar to that suggested by genetic theories of ageing [39, 44]. A mutation making relations last a short time on the other hand would be self-defeating since the chances of survival of abandoned mothers and children are significantly lowered (among the Ache, a modern hunter–gatherer society, orphaned children were especially likely to be deliberately killed ). Evolution would favor relations just long enough to make the chances of children surviving to adulthood high, yet not much longer than the expected survival of one of the spouses.
Are humans a monogamous species at all? It should also be noted that even in animal species that do ‘mate for life’ extra-pair mating is a common occurrence and ‘divorce’ sometimes occur .
However, even in human societies that allow polygamy it is usually relatively rare (less than 20%) and tied to high economic status [51, 79]. Thus, even when almost 80% of surveyed societies allow polygamy, monogamy is practiced by 80% of their inhabitants. The largest populations mostly belong to officially monogamous societies . It is possible that polygamy is a function of the resources of male and the freedom of the females to select the best partners, even if having to share that partner with others.
The amount of extramarital sex varies significantly between cultures. In some the practice is nearly universal, in others uncommon . In the US 10–15% of women and 20–25% of men report having been unfaithful while married or cohabiting implying more than 80% monogamy throughout marriages. The likelihood of having had extramarital sex increases with having been divorced, with the length of a relationship and in less happy relationships [3, 70, 81].
The conclusion supported by these results suggests that humans so far in human history have had a strong tendency towards monogamy.
Do We Need Marriages?
From a purely hedonic perspective love is (often but not always) desirable. Close relationships promote many forms of human well-being and being married has a strong positive effect on happiness , a happy pair bond being one of the most important determinants of happiness.
Love is healthy: it provides continuing social support, something which in turn reduces cardiovascular reactivity to stress . Strong supportive social ties improve life satisfaction and reduce stress and depression more than ambivalent or weak ties . Interaction with spouses and family members reduce blood pressure . Conversely, social isolation increases the risk of depression and mortality [8, 32]. In long-lasting couples marital conflicts are correlated with poorer immune status .
Breakup/divorce is also unhealthy. The loss of social contact not only extends to the partner but often to many friends and relatives. Needless to say, happiness ratings suffer and depression risk increases among the separated and divorced .
However, this should not be interpreted as implying that being unmarried is bad. In fact, happiness statistics seems to imply that it is better to belong to the ‘never married’ group than to the separated and divorced groups . Some people may feel suffocated by close relationships and should not be forced into them, despite society’s overwhelming pro-relationship bias .
Relationships may also be viewed as good in themselves, either as something valuable in addition to the joy they bring the partners or as something that even transcends their well-being (e.g. as a means of self-development, self-realisation or even duty to a divine plan). While often regarded as overly individualistic in their outlook, aiming just for the well-being of their clients, marital and family therapists in general do appear to value relationships .
Conventional Methods of Helping Relationships
Marital therapy has been one conventional way of helping marriage. While therapy no doubt can help many marriages, one or both of the partners need to notice that something is wrong before it is used. Since the slow fading of emotion is almost undetectable, there is a risk that therapy will not be sought until it is too late.
In the past, marriages have also been kept together through social sanctions or economic need. If the cost of divorce is high, pairs would likely have stronger incentives to keep together and might make an extra effort to love each other. Couples can choose to be married within a contract with “high exit costs” if they decide to part. One strategy employed by some US states, such as Louisiana, is to offer the opportunity to enter a contract (“covenant marriage”) at the time of marriage, with more limited grounds for divorce. Other variants are also possible, such as requiring the partners to undergo counselling if their marriage fails. But creating rules making divorce harder may not only impair personal freedom, it might also merely prevent relationships from becoming legally recognized marriages if the risks of being “tied together” are perceived as great. Engineering economic constraints to promote marriage is also risky for the same reasons, and has all the ethical problems of social engineering. Making divorce harder would also trap more people in loveless or toxic marriages.
Hence other ways of promoting attachment might be useful or useful adjuncts to these.
The Neuroscience of Love
Underlying human love is a set of basic brain systems for lust, romantic attraction and attachment that have evolved among mammals. Lust promotes mating with any appropriate partner, attraction makes us choose and prefer a particular partner, and attachment allows pairs to cooperate and stay together until their parental duties have been completed [19, 20]. The evolutionary systems form a ground on top of which the cultural and individual variants of love are built. They represent human universals which are expressed in different cultural ways [23, 34].
Neuroimaging studies of romantic love have shown activations in regions linked to the oxytocin and vasopressin systems, activation in reward systems, as well as systematic deactivation in regions linked with negative affect, social judgement and assessment of other people’s emotions and intentions. Contrasting maternal and romantic love show overlap in many areas, with some specific differences [5, 6]. The different aspects of love involve widely dispersed systems rather than any particular “love centers.” Brain systems involved in visceral perception, attention and imagination clearly become involved in any romantic or erotic thought.
Much work in social neuroscience has gone into studying the mating habits of monogamous prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) and the closely related but polygamous montane voles (Microtus montanus). The vole pair bonding systems are based on the neurohormones oxytocin and vasopressin, which also modulates other social interactions such as infant–parent attachment and social recognition. The receptors for the hormones are distributed differently in monogamous and polygamous voles . Infusion of oxytocin into the brains of female prairie voles and vasopressin in males facilitated pair bonding even in the absence of mating (while the non-monogamous montane voles were unaffected) [12, 33, 82, 83]. The different systems usually act in concert but can also function independently. In humans, attachment can be non-exclusive and unrelated to targets of sexual drive, just as being in love does not require sexual desire/intimacy or attachment.
In one striking experiment, researchers used gene therapy to introduce a gene (the vasopressin receptor gene) from the monogamous male prairie vole, a rodent which forms life-long bonds with one mate, into the brain of the closely related but polygamous meadow vole . Genetically modified meadow voles became monogamous, behaving like prairie voles.
Attachment is characterized in birds and mammals by mutual territory defence, shared nest building and parenting, mutual feeding and grooming. Attached individuals keep in close proximity and experience separation anxiety. Humans experiencing this kind of companionate love feel calm and secure and experience social comfort and emotional union. This is very different from the driven and excited states of lust and infatuation, and likely based on different neurochemical systems. In particular, long-term attachment is tied to neuropeptides such as oxytocin and vasopressin, as well, possibly, as noradrenaline causing strong learning .
Modulation of Love
The different love-related systems can be modulated by chemical stimuli:
|Role||Seek sexual union with any appropriate partner||Choosing and preferring a partner||Stay together with partner|
|Mediators||Hypothalamus, sex hormones||Corticolimbic, dopamine, lowered serotonin, epinephrine||Oxytocin, vasopressin, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?|
|Ways of modifying||Pheromones, testosterone||Pheromones, stimulants, oxytocin?||Oxytocin, vasopressin, entactogens, CRH?|
Pheromones, odor chemicals that trigger behavioral responses, are important for indicating sexual availability in many species. Smells are important for human sexual attraction and it appears likely that humans have pheromones [24, 84] and that they can act as attractants , although their exact function and attractive effects are contested . That has not prevented the cosmetics industry from selling many products purporting to contain pheromones.
There is also evidence that people learn to recognize each other chemically, possibly based on their immune antigens. People describe body odors as pleasant when they come from people with dissimilar immune systems [76, 77]. This may play a role in the non-conscious detection of relatedness or in giving offspring resistance to parasites.
Smells are likely to be able to affect mood and possibly attraction, but are relatively non-specific. While odor might be used to promote lust and attraction, it may be less useful for pair bonding. Merely dousing the partner in attractive pheromones will not support relationships since equally doused and attractive people are likely to be encountered elsewhere. On the other hand, tailoring immune-related smells might strengthen ties between people.
Administration of testosterone can increase sexual desire in men and women. Subjects report an increase in sexual thoughts, activity and satisfaction [10, 64–66] but do not report increased romantic passion or increased attachment to their partners .
Given the observed growing disparities in sexual interest between men and women as a relationship continues [41, 42] synchronizing the levels of desire—heightening it or lowering it in one or both partners—might help strengthen relationships.
Oxytocin and vasopressin are the two most discussed pair bonding-related substances. They are important for the formation of mother–infant and other affiliative bonds . Oxytocin is a pro-social hormone released during body contact. It is involved in nursing behavior, trust and “mind-reading” [17, 43] as well as counteracting stress and fear .
While the role of oxytocin and vasopressin has been particularly well studied in voles where they play a clear role in the formation of partner preferences this system appears to be conserved among mammals for pair bonding and mate selection . In humans, brain regions activated by seeing beloved people (either partners or children) appear to correspond to regions with oxytocin, vasopressin and dopamine receptors [5, 6].
Adding extra oxytocin would at the very least promote trusting pro-social behaviors that might reduce the negative feedback in some relationships and help strengthen the positive sides.
The strong dopamine and oxytocin signals elicited during the early romantic phase of a relationship and during sexual interaction are likely to act as learning signals: they help imprint details of the partner, positive emotional associations and relationship-related habits [2, 48]. Heightened arousal can also facilitate social bonding . It might be possible to trigger this imprinting artificially . This could be used to reinforce pair bonds by giving the right drugs to subjects while they are in close contact with their partner.
Love is also linked to fear of separation and sadness when it occurs. This may be the stick rather than the carrot in the maintenance of the pair bond. There is some evidence this feeling may be due to the hormone CRH [16, 54]. Upregulating the CRH receptor might promote partner attachment, but may also risk causing depression and anxiety.
Entactogen drugs such as 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA; ‘ecstasy’) promote increasing sociability and an experience of connection with other people , emotional openness and reduction of anxiety . MDMA does not appear to act as an aphrodisiac, but does appear to promote a desire for emotional closeness. This may be due to oxytocin release . There has been therapeutic use of MDMA to develop emotional communications skills , and it is not implausible that it, or similar drugs, could be used to deepen pair bonding.
Given the demonstrated effects of these substances and the rapidly growing knowledge of the cognitive neuroscience of love, it appears likely that far more specific treatments affecting the lust, attraction and attachment systems will become possible in the near future. Drugs affecting particular brain systems at particular times would enable more fine-tuned marital therapy but possibly also modulation of the strength of pair bonding, mate selection and levels of sexual (or emotional) desire.
Love Drugs: Ethics
At present, there have only been crude attempts at interfering in the biology of human attraction and mating. Convicted pedophiles in California are offered “hormonal castration” with hormonal therapy to reduce sex drive as an alternative to imprisonment.Footnote 2 In the near future, as our understanding of the neuroscience of love grows, there will be more opportunities to modify lust, attraction and attachment. We may be able to modify these factors either by blockers or enhancers to achieve a variety of valued outcomes: greater attractiveness to others, initiation of relationships, prevention or termination of relationships and improvement in the quality of relationships, for personal, couple-centered, child-centered or social reasons. We will only consider the use of neuroenhancement to promote love and marriage. There are several strong arguments in favour of the biological enhancement of love and marriage.
There is a long history to the use of love potions. Alcohol is the commonest love drug. We have always tried to use chemistry to influence the chemistry between people. Neurolove potions will just be more effective. There is no morally relevant difference between marriage therapy, a massage, a glass of wine, a fancy pink, steamy potion and a pill. All act at the biological level to make the release of substances like oxytocin and dopamine more likely.
Liberty and “Marital Autonomy”
Western societies are founded on the value of personal autonomy: the freedom to form and act on one’s own conception of the good life. As the father of liberalism, John Stuart Mill put it,
“…If a person possesses any tolerable amount of common sense and experience, his own mode of laying out his existence is the best, not because it is the best in itself, but because it is his own mode.”
Mill valued originality, people discovering what was the best mode of existence for themselves:
“…individuality is the same thing with development, and… it is only the cultivation of individuality which produces, or can produce, well-developed humans…” (p. 121)
The value of personal autonomy extends to human relationships. Couples in a relationship should have privacy and freedom to form and act on their conception of what a good relationship is for themselves. We have called this “marital autonomy” but it applies to all close relationships which constitute a partnership. The use of love drugs and other biological interventions is as a part of the opportunity for “original existence” as having a glass of wine or a cup of tea together, watching a thriller or employing a marital aid. People should be free to shape their relationship in the way which best fits them.
Reasons to Enhance Love
There are many good reasons to take love drugs. In the section “Do We Need Marriages?,” we reviewed the hedonic, health, life satisfaction, social and other benefits of marriage and other stable close partnerships/relationships. We discussed the intrinsic value of love. There are other reasons to promote stable partnerships of relationships. These are a source of sex. This itself is hedonically enjoyable and would tend to maintain relationships in the following way:
An equal desire for the act reduces relationship friction
Helps the relationship through stronger imprinting of the bond.
Assuming that humans are similar to voles in this respect, the simultaneous release of oxytocin/vasopressin from intimate contact and the dopamine from rewarding pleasure might help re-imprint the partner bond.
Marriage is good for children especially if it is happy. There is evidence that stepchildren are abused and even killed at rates 40–100 times greater than children residing with their genetic parents .
Another reason might be one justice. Currently, the natural lottery creates inequality. Some men are successful and some women are attractive, having the widest choice of mates. Others are less desirable. Chemically inducing lust and attractiveness might give those lower on the tree of life a chance to climb higher. This could create a more level playing field and allow those less attractive to compete on other traits.
Religious and Cultural Norms
Adherence to religious and cultural norms provides a special reason to consider love drugs. Most societies in the world are monogamous. For those societies, like Christian societies, where a life-long monogamous relationship is the ideal, love drugs have much to offer. Indeed, such religions are often against human enhancement but the prospect of increasing the probability of a marriage staying together, through targeted biological manipulation, must provide a strong reason to consider love enhancements. Imagine that we could retain the attraction to our life-long partner that we had in the first stages of relationship. Or imagine a long-term couple using drugs to stimulate sexual appetite for each other rekindling intimacy and all the relationship stabilizing effects of sex. Alternatively, in those couples where interest in sex is different, desire could either be dampened or increased in one partner.
Religions that value monogamy should embrace those technologies which promote stronger, more stable bonds. The US religious conservatives who introduced the option of covenant marriages with high exit costs should, if they are to be consistent, offer the option of committing to the use of love drugs as well as counseling during troubled marriage to promote its stability.
Duty to Love?
Kant famously based his argument against a duty to love on the lack of commandability of love:
“Love is a matter of feeling, not of willing, and I cannot love because I will to, still less because I ought to (I cannot be constrained to love); so a duty to love is an absurdity.”
Understanding the biology of love calls into question Kant’s famous claim that love is not under voluntary control. While it is true that we cannot will to love, we can make love more probable by manipulating its biological determinants, in the same way as setting the lighting to a romantic level. If there is a duty to be faithful to one’s partner, or a duty to do the best for one’s children (and so remain in a stable relationship), these could ground a duty to try to influence love through biological enhancementFootnote 3.
Maintaining vs. Enhancing Love
Many people see the use of love drugs to maintain an existing previously loving relationship as acceptable, but are more troubled by the idea of using love drugs to initiate love. This view may be mistaken.
Imagine John and Betty are in love and have been for 10 years. But John becomes prone to mild depression. This affects their relationship adversely. He starts to lose interest in Betty, becomes absorbed in himself, grumpy, withdrawn and painful to be around. He takes an antidepressant and their love is maintained. From the point of view of their relationships and his life, he has good reason to take the drug.
Jack and Gill are not in love. Jack is depressed and this prevents love developing. They stay together because Gill became pregnant by accident and they have a child. They intend to stay together for the sake of their child. Jack could take a drug which would facilitate them falling in love—Prozac. He has the same reason as John, but in this case it creates rather than maintains love. His taking the pill seems as acceptable as John’s.
Adaptation and Addiction
To what degree the brain would adapt to these exogenous substances is an open question. This, however, represents an important concern when one begins interfering in parts of the pleasure pathways and rewards systems of the brain. Addiction is well documented to all substances and activities which stimulate these primitive reward centers, including sex. It would be important to ensure that such substances were used in a manner which prevented addiction, which one of us has argued is a very strong desire for pleasure .
Wrong Attachment and Bad Relationship
It is possible to reinforce or create attachment to the wrong person, a person to whom one is not suited in terms of shared values. There could be the illusion of shared values, when there are none. This would be an objection only to using love drugs to initiate a relationship, but not to their use in an established, committed relationship.
A stronger version of this objection is that neuroenhancement of love may foster or protect a bad relationship. Imagine a man who beats his wife. They might both agree to take love drugs and so remain in a relationship which is abusive and bad.
In order to judge whether love drugs are initiating or promoting a bad relationship, one must judge the quality of a relationship. This can be done in two ways.
Firstly, marital autonomy expresses the idea that two people go forwards together, both autonomously choosing how their relationship will develop. To be autonomous, a decision to take love drugs must be freely made by both partners, with full knowledge of their foreseeable consequences, their risks as well as benefits.
Secondly, we judge the value of a relationship in three ways, which mirror the three basic theories of well-being [27, 59]. Hedonistic theories of well-being are defined in terms of mental states. The simplest view is that happiness, or pleasure (understood broadly as a mental state) is the only intrinsic good and unhappiness or pain the only intrinsic bad. On this view, provided a couple is happy, their relationship is good. According to desire fulfillment theories, well-being consists in having one’s desires fulfilled. Economic theory commonly employs a related notion of value, and such accounts are widespread in philosophy and the social sciences in general. On the most plausible desire fulfillment theories, desires should be informed (of the relevant facts) and freely formed to count towards our well-being. On a desire fulfillment theory, whether a decision to take love drugs is good is determined by whether both parties desire, in the presence of the facts, to take such drugs.
According to objective list theories of well-being (sometimes called substantive good or perfectionistic theories), certain things can be good or bad for a person and can contribute to well-being, whether or not they are desired and whether or not they lead to a “pleasurable” mental state. Examples of the kinds of things that have been taken as intrinsically good in this way are gaining knowledge, having deep personal relationships, rational activity and the development of one’s abilities. So, whether a relationship is good in objective terms turns on whether the couple together flourish objectively, developing within the relationship, developing their talents outside, maintaining deep friendships outside of the relationship as well as in, raising children and achieving worthwhile things.
Each of the three theories of well-being outlined above seems to identify something of importance but all have problems. Because of this, many philosophers opt for a composite theory in which well-being is seen as requiring aspects of all three theories. On this composite view, a good marital relationship is one which both parties desire and which gives each pleasure, and allows or facilitates each to lead lives which are objectively valuable.
Thus, consider the hypothetical example of Joan, who takes such drugs in order to tolerate her husband Peter’s promiscuity. If the relationship is one which Joan and Peter both endorse, which gives them pleasure, and if it also allows Joan to develop as a person, exercising her talents, having other deep personal relationships and achieving worthwhile things, then it is a good relationship, despite Peter’s promiscuity. If, however, Peter constrains her development, prevents her from developing friendships or having children, will not allow her to exercise her talents and keeps her unhappy in a relationship which represents a prison, then the drug merely serves to perpetuate a bad relationship.
Concerns over whether enhancements threaten authenticity have been prominent in recent debates . Would chemical enhancement of relations render love inauthentic?
It is important to recognise that we are not suggesting that such biological interventions would cause love to occur, like some magic love potion. Biological interventions can simulate or produce the phases of the evolution of a loving relationship: lust, attraction and attachment. They can increase the probability of a loving relationship occurring but they cannot by themselves cause love.
Love is both an emotional feeling and a social relationship between two people involving important cognitive elements. It has an intentional object combined with evaluative judgements of that object. These evaluative judgments are heavily influenced by the nature of a person. The nature of attraction makes us blind to the flaws and appreciative of the individuality of the loved one, but how this blindness and appreciation are expressed differs from person to person. One person may adore a particular little personal habit; another may make grand analogies between the loved one and nature. If an intervention removed this personal aspect of love it would make love inauthentic, or not even love at all.
In the case of love between two people, there is usually some form of compatibility, some shared values, some event or aspect of personality that enables and leads to the love. The feeling has an “autobiographical anchor,” making it authentic.
Again, it is important to distinguish between the use of love potions to create new love and to foster existing love. The use of drugs to instill a new love is more likely to create inauthentic love, since the causal reasons for the love may lie in the drug (and external events surrounding the situation), rather than the particular person loved. This would not be the case in an established loving relationship that is losing its momentum.
Yet even in the case of initially inauthentic falling in love, an authentic pair relation may develop over time as shared interaction and experiences construct a relation that is tied to the unique persons involved. This is similar to how arranged marriages can produce stable and caring pair relations that appear to be authentic. The authenticity of a lasting relation is based on the social and emotional interactions between the partners, not on their origin.
This argument suggests that drugs that help maintain or even deepen the bond between the partners may not face the authenticity objection at all. The authenticity already exists there. It is not unlike how a careful restoration of a classic artwork preserves its authenticity while strengthening its colors. There will always be a debate on how far one can go without going too far, as many current art debates show, but restoring it to a state closer to the original appears relatively uncontroversial.
Even if love were not authentic, authenticity is not an overriding or exclusive value. People can trade a degree of authenticity for other values in their lives. Thus, for people who must enter arranged marriages, or marry in order to have children, or for economic reasons, the ability to have control over one’s feelings, including feelings of love, is empowering.
Moreover, authenticity may not be a problem for some of the phases of love. For example, lust often appears outside voluntary control, and an artificially strengthened (or weakened) libido would not seem to change much of value. The change in intensity is not different from what is normally experienced due to natural hormonal variations, ageing, immune status, subconscious reactions or the other myriad factors determining it. Lust does not appear targeted towards a particular unique individual like attraction and attachment, instead only urging sex with a suitable partner. This frees lust enhancement from the issues surrounding authenticity in social relationships.
One form of bad relationship is where one party is coerced into remaining in it. This is a breach of marital autonomy. A milder form would occur if one spouse wants to deepen the attachment and the other either thinks it is strong enough or that the treatment is undesirable and it would be better to let the relationship fade. While it is simple to appeal to autonomy and say that any use of love drugs should be voluntary on the part of both parties, the ties of a relationship limit the ability and will to disagree.
Untangling these conflicts is, however, no different from conflicts over joining marriage therapy. Principles such as those espoused in professional codes of ethics of marriage and family therapists of informed consent, avoiding exploitation, respecting and strengthening autonomy, beneficence and confidentiality may help, but in practice this is where the craft of human interaction and empathy come into play. Even if pair bonding enhancements turn out to be safe and effective, it is likely that for best effect their use should be guided by professionals and that they (then, as now) would act as a safeguard against problems in the self-understanding or goals of the pair.
Such initially regulated use would also address the concern of such drugs leading to harm to others. Just as alcohol increases the risk of sexual abuse, so too might the indiscriminate use of such drugs cause social problems. Regulated use within a professional setting, the use of short acting interventions and the developments of contracts creating personal liability for misuse might reduce these risks.
Change Relationships/Environment, Not People
One standard objection to human enhancement which applies with great force to neuroenhancement of love is that we should change social relations between people, not change people. In the disability debate, this goes under the slogan: “change society, not people.” In terms of suboptimal relationships, this objection holds it is desirable to undergo marital therapy, or individual psychotherapy, or some other social or environmental intervention, rather than undergo biological interventions.
One of us has argued elsewhere that how well our lives go is determined by four factors: natural environment, social environment, our psychology and our biology. Which of these we should alter depends on which we have most reason to alter. We should consider all modifications, and choose the modification, or combination of modifications, which is best or most effective. The same applies to human relationships. As our review of the biology of human relationships indicates, there may be many inherent biological obstacles to a good and enduring marriage. There may be good reasons to prefer psychological or social interventions, rather than biological interventions:
They are safer
They are more likely to be successful
Justice requires their employment (based on the limitations of resources)
But absent such reasons, we should consider biological interventions. Indeed, such reasons may speak in favour of the employment of love drugs.
Value of Suffering, Effort and Mystery
One of the major concerns over human enhancement which applies to love drugs is that these represent a cheat, a short cut that will render life meaningless. As the President’s Council expresses this,
“…there appears to be a connection between the possibility of feeling deep unhappiness and the prospects for achieving genuine happiness. If one cannot grieve, one has not truly loved. To be capable of aspiration, one must know and feel lack.” (p. 299)
On this view, we must strive to attain what is valuable and such potions deny us the opportunity to work together. They remove the mystery of love and reduce it to a cocktail of chemicals.
The simple fact, however, is that relationships are failing despite marital therapy and efforts to support them. Moreover, these objections all ignore the basic fact that we live in a probabilistic world, the effects of which ensure that neuroenhancement will never eliminate difficulty or guarantee the success of a relationship.
Evolution has not created us to be happy, but rather created happiness to keep us alive and reproducing. But from our human perspective our—and our loved ones’—happiness and flourishing are the primary goals. We might desire children, but the desire is very seldom based on a conscious decision to promote the survival of the species or to further our genes. In a conflict between human values and evolution, we might very well ignore what evolution would promote. There is no human moral imperative to obey evolution. Yet evolution has constructed our motivational systems and emotions, making any ethics or social system that goes counter to these constraints unstable. Our evolutionary adaptations are based on an ancestral environment utterly unlike our present, and some adaptations promote competitiveness and unhappiness rather than happiness .
Chemical and other biological manipulation of our emotion is a way to circumvent this bind, allowing human desires to influence the underlying biology. This represents an important move towards “biological liberation,” that is, to us being liberated from the biological and genetic constraints evolution has placed on us and that now represent impediments to us achieving a good life or other valued goals.
Love can be like a three legged race between a fat tall man and a skinny small woman. Targeted neuroenhancements can allow men and women to synchronise and co-ordinate their drives and desires, to better work together as a couple. Just as there is physical and intellectual disability, there can be “marital disability” where a close relationship between two people becomes an impediment rather than a support to their search for meaning and well-being. Many relationships are disabled. Indeed, nearly 40% of them so disabled they terminate. We should utilize neuroscience as well as folk wisdom, crude drugs, history and literature to address this problem.
Love is one of the fundamental aspects of human existence. It is to a large part biologically determined. We should use our growing knowledge of the neuroscience of love to enhance the quality of love by biological manipulation.
In the following we will call a stable pair bond a marriage, regardless of its social framing, the genders involved etc.
California Penal Code section 645.
There are many different kinds of love: love for one’s partner, love for one’s children, friends, pets etc. We have focussed on love for one’s partner. But these other kinds of love might also be capable of enhancement. For example, it may be possible to influence attachment of mothers to their children, combating the effects of postnatal depression. There would be strong reasons to influence love in this way, for the sake of the child.
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Cite this article
Savulescu, J., Sandberg, A. Neuroenhancement of Love and Marriage: The Chemicals Between Us. Neuroethics 1, 31–44 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-007-9002-4
- Pair bonding
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Learning through simulations: The ship simulator for learning the rules of the road
The user study presented in this paper has investigated the potential benefits of incorporating simulation into the learning process. Simulation-based learning has been employed in the field of science and technology to improve the quality of teaching and learning. How effective is simulation in the enhancement of learning, especially compared with traditional learning techniques, is an important research question that can lead to significant benefits. The work presented in this paper has examined the differences between two instructional techniques: using simulation, and respectively, studying online material. For this purpose, we used a simulation that helps students learn about the rules of ship navigation, with the hypothesis that simulation is better than online study for learning difficult concepts. The study used simulation and online material in a self-study environment, with the research aimed at identifying the best of the two learning methods. The results show that the participants who used simulation during their self-study increased their knowledge from pre-test to post-test. These results also suggest that, compared with traditional learning techniques, integrating simulation into education would be a better approach to enhance learning.
Jose, Sonu, Siming Liu, Sushil J. Louis, and Sergiu M. Dascalu. "Learning through simulations: The ship simulator for learning the rules of the road." In 16th International Conference on Information Technology-New Generations (ITNG 2019), pp. 477-484. Springer, Cham, 2019.
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
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problemtype (initial-state goal num-expanded iterative?)
A problem is defined by the initial state, and the type of problem it is. We will be defining subtypes of PROBLEM later on. For bookkeeping, we count the number of nodes expanded. Note that the three other fields from the book's definition [p 60] have become generic functions; see below.When we define a new subtype of problem, we need to define a SUCCESSORS method. We may need to define methods for GOAL-TEST, H-COST, and EDGE-COST, but they have default methods which may be appropriate.
successorsmethod ((problem problem) state)
Return an alist of (action . state) pairs, reachable from this state.
goal-testmethod ((problem problem) state)
Return true or false: is this state a goal state? This default method checks if the state is equal to the state stored in the problem-goal slot. You will need to define your own method if there are multiple goals, or if you need to compare them with something other than EQUAL.
h-costmethod ((problem problem) state)
The estimated cost from state to a goal for this problem. If you don't overestimate, then A* will always find optimal solutions. The default estimate is always 0, which certainly doesn't overestimate.
edge-costmethod ((problem problem) node action state)
The cost of going from one node to the next state by taking action. This default method counts 1 for every action. Provide a method for this if your subtype of problem has a different idea of the cost of a step.
nodetype (state parent action successors unexpanded depth g-cost h-cost f-cost expanded? completed?)
Node for generic search. A node contains a state, a domain-specific representation of a point in the search space. A node also contains bookkeeping information such as the cost so far (g-cost) and estimated cost to go (h-cost). [p 72]
expandfunction (node problem)
Generate a list of all the nodes that can be reached from a node.
Make the starting node, corresponding to the problem's initial state.
solution-actionsfunction (node &optional actions-so-far)
Return a list of actions that will lead to the node's state.
solution-nodesfunction (node &optional nodes-so-far)
Return a list of the nodes along the path to the solution.
solvefunction (problem &optional algorithm)
Print a list of actions that will solve the problem (if possible). Return the node that solves the problem, or nil.
print-solutionfunction (problem node)
Print a table of the actions and states leading up to a solution.
compare-search-algorithmsfunction (problem-fn algorithms &key n)
Run each algorithm on N problems (as generated by problem-fn) and compare the results for nodes expanded and for path cost.
print-structuremethod ((node node) stream)
display-expandmethod ((problem problem) node)
Possibly print information when a node is expanded.
general-searchfunction (problem queuing-fn)
Expand nodes according to the specification of PROBLEM until we find a solution or run out of nodes to expand. The QUEUING-FN decides which nodes to look at first. [p 73]
Search the shallowest nodes in the search tree first. [p 74]
Search the deepest nodes in the search tree first. [p 78]
Do a series of depth-limited searches, increasing depth each time. [p 79]
depth-limited-searchfunction (problem &optional limit node)
Search depth-first, but only up to LIMIT branches deep in the tree.
best-first-searchfunction (problem eval-fn)
Search the nodes with the best evaluation first. [p 93]
Best-first search using H (heuristic distance to goal). [p 93]
Best-first search using estimated total cost, or (F = G + H). [p 97]
Best-first search using the node's depth as its cost. Discussion on [p 75]
make-initial-queuefunction (problem queuing-fn)
Get rid of nodes that return to the state they just came from, i.e., where the last two actions just undo each other.
Get rid of nodes that end in a state that has appeared before in the path.
eliminate-all-duplicatesfunction (nodes node-table)
Get rid of all nodes that have been seen before in any path.Here are examples of search algorithms that use these methods. In retrospect, a better organization would have been to have GENERAL-SEARCH take two arguments, a problem and a strategy, where the strategy would have a queueing function and an expansion function as components. That way, we wouldn't have EXPAND generate nodes that we are just going to throw away anyway.
Do depth-first search, but eliminate paths with repeated states.
Do breadth-first search, but eliminate immediate returns to a prior state.
Do breadth-first search, but eliminate all duplicate states.
Search the nodes with the best f cost first. If a node is ever reached by two different paths, keep only the better path.
looping-node?function (node &optional depth)
Did this node's state appear previously in the path?
Is this a node that returns to the state it just came from?
csp-problemtype (forward-checking? legality-checking? variable-selector)
A Constraint Satisfaction Problem involves filling in values for variables. We will use a CSP-state structure to represent this.All CSPs use integers as names for both variables and their values. Constraints on variables var1, var2 are represented by a table, indexed by var1, var2, with each entry a list of all allowable pairs of values for var1, var2.
csp-statetype (unassigned assigned constraint-fn modified)
csp-vartype (name domain value conflicts)
goal-testmethod ((problem csp-problem) node-or-state)
STATE is a goal if all variables are assigned legally.
successorsmethod ((problem csp-problem) s)
csp-backtracking-searchfunction (problem &optional queuing-fn)
csp-forward-checking-searchfunction (problem &optional queuing-fn)
print-structuremethod ((state csp-state) stream)
filter-domainsfunction (name value unassigned constraint-fn)
csp-modificationsfunction (s &optional variable-selector-fn)
modify-assignmentfunction (s var name new assigned constraint-fn)
csp-legal-valuesfunction (name values assigned constraint-fn)
csp-legal-assignmentpfunction (name value assigned constraint-fn)
csp-explicit-checkfunction (name1 value1 name2 value2 constraints)
csp-conflictsfunction (var vars constraint-fn)
Iterative Deepening Tree-A* Search [p 107].
dfs-contourfunction (node problem f-limit)
Return a solution and a new f-cost limit.
hill-climbing-searchfunction (problem &optional stopping-criterion)
Search by picking the best successor according to heuristic h. Stops according to stopping-criterion.
simulated-annealing-searchfunction (problem &optional schedule)
Like hill-climbing-search, except that we pick a next node randomly; if it is better, or if the badness of the next node is small and the 'temperature' is large, then we accpet it, otherwise we ignore it. We halt when the temperature, TEMP, hits zero [p 113].
random-restart-searchfunction (problem-fn &optional n)
Random-restart hill-climbing repeatedly calls hill-climbing-search. PROBLEM-FN should return a problem with a random initial state. We look at N different initial states, and keep the best solution found.
hill-climbing-until-flat-n-times-searchfunction (problem &optional n)
Do hill climbing, but stop after no improvement N times in a row.
local-minimumfunction (current next)
Stop when the next state is worse than the current.
minimum-or-flatfunction (current next)
Stop when the next state is no better than the current.
Return a function that stops when no improvement is made N times in a row.
csp-terminationfunction (current next)
make-exp-schedulefunction (&key k lambda limit)
Return an exponential schedule function with time limit.
tree-smafunction (problem &optional memory-size)
tree-get-next-successor returns the next successor of n, if any (else nil)
tree-get-next-successorfunction (n q memory-size problem)
tree-backup-f-cost updates the f-cost for a node's ancestors as needed
tree-backup-f-costfunction (node q &optional was-open?)
tree-prune-open removes the worst node from the open list.
The node is discarded from the open list, and its successors are
dumped to recycle memory. If the parent was closed, it must be
re-opened, with an updated f-cost (no need to do this until now
because it wasn't on the open list anyway). Closed parent or not,
the worstnode becomes an unexpanded successor of the parent.
tree-unexpand-successorfunction (successor parent)
minimax-decisionfunction (state game)
Return the best action, according to backed-up evaluation. Searches the whole game tree, all the way down to the leaves. This takes too much time for all but the simplest games, but it is guaranteed to produce the best action.
minimax-valuefunction (state game)
minimax-cutoff-decisionfunction (state game eval-fn limit)
Return the best action, according to backed-up evaluation down to LIMIT. After we search LIMIT levels seep, we use EVAL-FN to provide an estimate of the true value of a state; thus the action may not actually be best.
minimax-cutoff-valuefunction (state game eval-fn limit)
game-successorsfunction (state game)
Return a list of (move . state) pairs that can be reached from this state.
Return the values of the state for each player.
alpha-beta-decisionfunction (state game eval-fn &optional limit)
Return the estimated best action, searching up to LIMIT and then applying the EVAL-FN.
alpha-valuefunction (state game alpha beta eval-fn limit)
beta-valuefunction (state game alpha beta eval-fn limit)
In the description of a game, a player is an atomic name: X or O,
or BLACK or WHITE. The current state is kept as an instance of
GAME-STATE (which we do not expect to create subtypes of).
We use GAME->ENVIRONMENT to turn an instance of a game into an
environment, which we can then run. The function RUN-GAME
provides a simple interface to do this. Corresponding to player X
there is an agent with name X who has an agent program that
chooses a move for X, given a game-state as the percept.
gametype (initial-state best worst)
A game is defined in terms of the starting position (the initial-state), the rewards for winning and losing, and three generic functions: LEGAL-MOVES: a list of moves that can be made in this state MAKE-MOVE: generate a new state GAME-OVER?: are we finished? You provide methods for these for each new subtype of game.
game-statetype (board players scores terminal? previous-move)
Everything you need to know about the state of the game. The players are given as a list of names, with the player whose move it is first. A property list keeps the scores for each player. In some games, scores are accumulated as you go, in others a score is awarded only at the end.
legal-movesmethod ((game game) state)
Return a list of legal moves
make-movemethod ((game game) state move)
Return the new state that results from making this move.
game-over?method ((game game) state)
Is the game finished?
game->environmentfunction (game &key agents)
Convert a game into an environment. AGENTS can be a list of agents or agent types.
run-gamefunction (game &key agents)
Build an environment around this game, and run it.
update-fnmethod ((env game-environment))
performance-measuremethod ((env game-environment) agent)
Look up the agent's score in the current state.
get-perceptmethod ((env game-environment) agent)
We assume all agents can perceive the whole state.
initializemethod ((env game-environment))
Install an agent program (based on the agent's algorithm slot) in each agent. The program makes sure an agent only moves when it is its turn. Also initialize the name of each agent, and the environment's state.
termination?method ((env game-environment))
assign-agent-scoresfunction (state env)
legal-move?function (move state game)
agent-with-namefunction (name env)
print-structuremethod ((game game) stream)
print-structuremethod ((state game-state) stream)
display-environmentmethod ((env game-environment))
An environment in which to solve problems. The state of the environment is one of the states from the problem, starting with the initial state.
get-perceptmethod ((env problem-solving-environment) agent)
All agents can access the complete state of the environment.
update-fnmethod ((env problem-solving-environment))
Set the state to the result of executing the agent's action.
performance-measuremethod ((env problem-solving-environment) agent)
Score of 1 for solving problem; 0 otherwise.
initializemethod ((env problem-solving-environment))
Get the initial state from the problem, and supply agents with programs.
problem-solving-programfunction (search-algorithm problem)
Given a search algorithm, return a program that at the start searches for a solution, then executes the steps of the solution, then stops.
termination?method ((env problem-solving-environment))
Stop when the problem is solved, or when an agent says stop.
problem->environmentfunction (problem &key algorithm)
Convert a problem into an environment. Then we can pass the environment to RUN-ENVIRONMENT, and the agent will search for a solution and execute it.
print-structuremethod ((env problem-solving-environment) stream)
The problem is to move M missionaries and C cannibals from one side of a river to another, using B boats that holds at most two people each, in such a way that the cannibals never outnumber the missionaries in any one place. See [p 68].
goal-testmethod ((problem cannibal-problem) state)
The goal is to have no missionaries or cannibals left on the first side.
successorsmethod ((problem cannibal-problem) state)
Return a list of (action . state) pairs. An action is a triple of the form (delta-m delta-c delta-b), where a positive delta means to move from side 1 to side 2; negative is the opposite. For example, the action (1 0 1) means move one missionary and 1 boat from side 1 to side 2.
cannibal-statetype (m1 c1 b1 m2 c2 b2)
The state says how many missionaries, cannibals, and boats on each side. The components m1,c1,b1 stand for the number of missionaries, cannibals and boats, respectively, on the first side of the river. The components m2,c2,b2 are for the other side of the river.
take-the-boatfunction (state action)
Move a certain number of missionaries, cannibals, and boats (if possible).
The cannibals feast if they outnumber the missionaries on either side.
ttt-gametype (n k)
Define an NxN tic-tac-toe game in which the object is to get K in a row.
make-ttt-gamefunction (&key n k players)
Define an NxN tic-tac-toe game in which the object is to get K in a row.
legal-movesmethod ((game ttt-game) state)
List all possible legal moves.
make-movemethod ((game ttt-game) state move)
Return the new state that results from making this move.
game-over?method ((game ttt-game) state)
Checks if the last player to move made a complete row, column, or diagonal of length k, or if the board is full. If so, assign scores and return true; otherwise return nil.
check-k-in-a-rowfunction (board x y n k dx dy player)
Does player have k in a row, through (x y) in direction (+/-dx +/-dy)?
count-pieces-in-directionfunction (board x y n dx dy player)
Count player's pieces starting at (x y) going in direction (dx dy).
Define an NxN tic-tac-toe-like game. The object is to get K in a row.
make-cognac-gamefunction (&key n k players)
Define an NxN Cognac game in which the object is to get K in a row.
legal-movesmethod ((game cognac-game) state)
List all possible legal moves. Like tic-tac-toe, except in each column you can only move to the lowest unoccupied square.Everything else is inherited from ttt-game.
nqueens-problemtype (n explicit?)
make-nqueens-problemfunction (&rest args &key n explicit?)
nqueens-initial-statefunction (n &optional explicit? complete?)
nqueens-constraint-fnfunction (var1 val1 var2 val2)
A problem involving moving among polygonal obstacles in 2D space. A state is the current vertex.
make-path-planning-problemfunction (&key scene)
Define a constructor to build a problem, using the scene properly.
successorsmethod ((problem path-planning-problem) v1)
Return a list of (action . state) pairs, where the state is another vertex that is visible from the current vertex v1, and the action is a delta (dx dy) from v1 to the new one.
edge-costmethod ((problem path-planning-problem) node action vertex)
The cost of an action is its distance.
h-costmethod ((problem path-planning-problem) vertex)
The heuristic cost is the straight-line distance to the goal.
vertextype (xy c-neighbor a-neighbor visible)
print-structuremethod ((v vertex) stream)
linetype (xy1 xy2)
polygontype (vertices n)
scenetype (polygons start goal)
Functions for testing whether one vertex is visible from another
vertices-visible-fromfunction (v1 scene)
Find all the vertices that can be seen from this vertex.
vertices-in-viewfunction (v scene)
Find all the other vertices that can be seen from v.
visible-pfunction (xy1 xy2 scene)
Predicate; return t iff xy1 is visible from xy2.
line-intersects-poly?function (line poly)
Predicate; return t iff line intersects poly.
intersectsfunction (l1 l2)
create-scenefunction (&key start goal polygons)
START and GOAL are xy points; polygons is a list of lists of vertices.
The scene in Figure 4.17 [p 120] with 8 obstacles.
1 2 3 1*9^0 + 2*9^1 + 3*9^2 8 . 4 is represented by: + 8*9^3 + 0*9^4 + 4*9^5 7 6 5 + 7*9^6 + 6*9^7 + 5*9^8 = 247893796 We represent actions with the four symbols <, >, ^, V to stand for moving the blank tile left, right, up and down, respectively. The heuristic functions implicitly refer to the goal, *8-puzzle-goal*. Call the function USE-8-PUZZLE-GOAL to change the goal state if you wish.
To be defined later
The sliding tile problem known as the 8-puzzle.
successorsmethod ((problem 8-puzzle-problem) state)
Generate the possible moves from an 8-puzzle state.
h-costmethod ((problem 8-puzzle-problem) state)
Manhatten, or sum of city block distances. This is h_2 on [p 102].
move-blankfunction (state from to)
Move the blank from one square to another and return the resulting state. The FROM square must contain the blank; this is not checked.
Find the number of the square where the blank is.
random-8-puzzle-statefunction (&optional num-moves state)
Return a random state of the 8 puzzle.
Return a state derived from this one by a random move.
The squares that can be reached from a given square.
The moves that can be made when the blank is in a given square. This is a list of (direction destination-square) pairs.
Return the (x y) location of a square number.
8-puzzle-statefunction (&rest pieces)
Define a new state with the specified tiles.
8-puzzle-reffunction (state square)
Return the tile that occupies the given square.
8-puzzle-printfunction (state &optional stream)
8-puzzle-display-fnfunction (node problem)
A vector indexed by tile numbers, saying where the tile should be.
Define a new goal for the 8 puzzle.
Return the location where the tile should go.
Raise 9 to the nth power, 0 <= n <= 9.
Number of misplaced tiles. This is h_1 on [p 102].
misplaced-tile?function (state square)
Is the tile in SQUARE different from the corresponding goal tile? Don't count the blank.
The problem of finding a route from one city to another on a map. By default it is a random map. A state in a route-finding problem is just the name of the current city. Note that a more complicated version of this problem would augment the state with considerations of time, gas used, wear on car, tolls to pay, etc.
successorsmethod ((problem route-finding-problem) city-name)
Return a list of (action . new-state) pairs. In this case, the action and the new state are both the name of the city.
edge-costmethod ((problem route-finding-problem) node action city)
The edge-cost is the road distance to the next city.
h-costmethod ((problem route-finding-problem) city-name)
The heuristic cost is the straight-line distance to the goal.
citytype (name loc neighbors)
A city's loc (location) is an (x y) pair. The neighbors slot holds a list of (city-name . distance-along-road) pairs. Be careful to distinguish between a city name and a city structure.
road-distancefunction (city1 city-name2)
The distance along the road between two cities. The first is a city structure, the second just the name of the intended destination.
straight-distancefunction (city1 city2)
Distance between two cities on a straight line (as the crow flies).
find-cityfunction (name map)
Look up the city on the map, and return its information.
random-route-mapfunction (&key n-cities width height min-roads max-roads)
Return a random map with n-cities in it, and some roads between them. Each city is connected to between MIN-ROADS and MAX-ROADS other cities. The default is from 2 to 5. The road between any two cities has a length of 1 to 1.5 times the straight-line distance between them.
build-roadfunction (city1 city2)
Construct a road between two cities.
Turn an integer into a symbol. 1-26 go to A-Z; beyond that use Ci
A representation of the map in Figure 4.2 [p 95]. But note that the straight-line distances to Bucharest are NOT the same.
A route-finding problem on the Romania map, with random start and goal.
Note: the TSP is NP complete in the general case, but there are some good
algorithms for finding approximate solutions, particularly when the
triangle inequality is satisfied (that the path from A->C is always
shorter than A->B->C). Many of these algorithms are based on the idea of
building a minimum spanning tree, converting it into a tour, and perhaps
modifying it. We don't go into that here (because we are more interested
in hooking up to the general search procedures than in special-purpose
algorithms), but note that our tsp-h heuristic function is a relaxed
version of a minimum spanning tree.
make-tsp-problemfunction (&key map start)
Constructor for TSP problems. The map must be a complete graph.
edge-costmethod ((problem tsp-problem) node action state)
h-costmethod ((problem tsp-problem) state)
A lower bound on the cost is the distance to ???
successorsmethod ((problem tsp-problem) state)
Return a list of (action . state) pairs. Actions are just the name of the city to go to. You can only go to a city you haven't visited yet, unless you've visited them all, in which case you can only go back home.
goal-testmethod ((problem tsp-problem) state)
The goal is to leave no unvisited cities and get back to start.
tsptype (visited to-visit)
A state for a TSP problem lists cities visited, and remaining to see.
nearest-neighbor-distancefunction (name candidate-names map)
Find among the CANDIDATE-NAMES of cities, the one that is closest to city NAME, and return the distance to it.
path-lower-boundfunction (city-names map)
Find a lower bound for a path through these cities.
random-tsp-mapfunction (&key n-cities)
The current city: the last one visited.
vacuum-statetype (orientation dirt m n on location)
vacuum-problemfunction (m n &optional dirt dirt-probability)
Create a Vacuum World problem.
vacuum-initial-statefunction (m n dirt dirt-probability)
Is this a goal state?
Return a list of (action . state) pairs.
An agent that applies a search algorithm to a problem to find a solution, and then follows the steps of the solution, one at a time, and then stops.
An agent that plays n-player games. The ALGORITHM slot is filled by a function that takes state and game arguments, and returns a move.
A game-playing agent that picks randomly from the legal moves.
A game-playing agent that asks the human user what to do.
pick-random-movefunction (state game)
ask-game-userfunction (state game)
A game-playing agent that uses ttt-eval to do alpha-beta search.
Evaluate a TTT board on a scale from -1 to +1.
|AIMA Home||Authors||Lisp Code||AI Programming||Instructors Pages|
|
<urn:uuid:ca16393e-fa81-4930-8493-cb0fd3861813>
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CC-MAIN-2016-50
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http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/lisp/doc/overview-SEARCH.html
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The earth is known as the blue planet, because there are about 1.4 billion cubic kilometers of water on it. Water covers almost two thirds of the earth’s surface. Someone would say that is is an abundant source of water, but the human population has caused water pollution to an extend that it affects us and our environment including plants, animals, soil, and air.
The amount of freshwater that is suitable for human use comes down to only about 0.8% of all water resources available on our planet. Apart from glaciers, rivers, underground water and lakes are the only sources of fresh water.
It becomes clear that we need to learn to treat our water in a way that will help us to make the best of what we have. Water filter production is just one tiny step into the right direction to create water saving technologies.
Liquid Logic water filters are really helpful when it comes to providing great tasting, safe and healthy drinking water. Our advanced filters are able to remove almost any harmful organism like bacteria or fungi or even a virus, including hazardous minerals like lead. A low carbon footprint makes these filters really efficient in treating water. Using one of our filters, you can feel safe while consuming your tap water that also tastes great.
Water filtration is the most important process in water treatment. We are using high quality materials during the flexible manufacturing process to produce ceramic or carbon water filter that can be applied to various uses. We are doing our best in order to provide our customers with low cost, low tech colloidal silver enhanced ceramic water purifiers and carbon membrane filters.
The aim of water purification
What is the main goal of our water treatment filters? To provide the whole world with an abundant source of fresh drinking water that is necessary for the survival of not only us, but all plants and animals on this planet as well. At this point of time the demand for fresh drinking water is higher than ever before. Water treatment is more than a necessary process that we need to apply with great care in order to make sure that we continue having fresh water that we simply cannot live without. Having clear and pure water will contribute to the protection of natural resources in the most sustainable way and keep our beautiful planet and ourselves healthy.
|
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http://www.liquid-logic.com/technology/
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|
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| 0.950754
| 454
| 2.78125
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In terms of warfare, Railway Coverage allows for tactical flexibility and serves wartime industry as well as mobilization. Railways provide access to vital areas of a given nation and may be used to indicate a developed infrastructure. For the purposes of the GFP final ranking, the more usable roadway coverage the better a country's infrastructure.
The values below are displayed in Kilometers (km).
Partial Sources: CIA.gov, CIA World Factbook, wikipedia.com, public domain print and media sources and user contributions. Some values may be estimated when official sources are lacking.
|
<urn:uuid:71841962-49f6-4597-a6cd-e941b967d4c1>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-52
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http://www.globalfirepower.com/railway-coverage.asp
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|
en
| 0.85605
| 115
| 2.765625
| 3
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20 May 2014
By Navi Pillay, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Recently, new laws have been adopted to punish, or silence, lesbians and gays in a number of countries. Such laws, and the resulting discrimination -- which often affects transgender people too – violate universal human rights.
Last month, thousands of Ugandans joined a “celebration” of the country’s new Anti-Homosexuality Act, which punishes gays and lesbians with life in jail and cracks down on human rights organizations that defend them. In January, Nigeria’s President signed new legislation that punishes same-sex unions with up to 14 years in jail. They are among at least 77 countries that criminalize homosexuality. Five – including Saudi Arabia and Iran –prescribe the death penalty for adult, consensual homosexual relationships.
In several countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, members of parliament have recently called for laws to punish any attempt to present “non-traditional” — and specifically, homosexual —relationships in a positive light, restricting freedom of expression and assembly. In both Kenya and the Democratic Republic of Congo, members of parliament have called for severe anti-homosexuality legislation. Brunei’s new penal code, which is due to take effect shortly, prescribes the death penalty for consensual same-sex conduct. In February, during a televised speech to commemorate the country’s independence, the Gambian President called for the country to fight homosexuals "the same way we are fighting malaria-causing mosquitoes, if not more aggressively."
This apparent hardening of attitudes targeting lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people may be a deliberate tactic – fuelled by well-funded religious groups – to distract attention from real problems such as poverty. Homophobia panders to prejudice and misconceptions. Among them: the notion that homosexuality is somehow “unnatural”; that gay people are more likely to be paedophiles or target children; that decriminalizing homosexuality will automatically lead to same-sex marriage; or that equal rights for LGBT people will somehow infringe religious freedom.
In reality homosexuality is a fact of nature, observed in every human society throughout history; it has been tolerated for centuries in many societies, and has only recently surfaced as a political issue. There is no evidence whatsoever that homosexuals “target” children more often than heterosexuals do – paedophilia is a crime, whether the perpetrator is homosexual or heterosexual, and nobody wishes to change that. Calling for an end to the persecution of LGBT people is a call to end discrimination and violence, a basic premise of our universal human rights. It is unrelated to same-sex marriage, a topic that societies may choose to debate at the national level. Furthermore, religious freedom does not mean the freedom to persecute, or to act with prejudice and bigotry.
To counter these prejudices, my Office last year launched Free & Equal -- an unprecedented United Nations campaign to raise awareness of the rights of LGBT people. We did so because human rights are for all human beings. Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is just as irrational, just as wrong, as discrimination on the basis of skin colour, and just as clearly violates human rights.
Moreover, the resulting violence endured by so many LGBT people is appalling. For laws generate action. Police action – such as the recent raid on a health project in Uganda because it was allegedly "training youths in homosexuality". Judicial action: trials and jail sentences for people who should not be seen as criminals. And action by members of the public, for one side-effect of such laws is likely to be that people feel they sanction physical abuse of LGBT people; vandalism to their property; death threats; and the so-called "corrective rape” of lesbians. Another unintended side-effect is blackmail. Even a false claim that someone is gay may create such reputational damage and legal difficulty that he or she will pay for silence.
Some may argue that time will eventually take care of this problem: in the past, LGBT people faced prosecution by the legal systems of many countries where they can now live freely But we cannot simply wait. If any other group of millions of individuals were to be forced to live with such fear and stigma, the international community would surely unite in condemnation and demand action now. The fact that some countries refuse to recognize the scale of the problem – and that some actively fuel the flames of prejudice– makes it more urgent, not less, to keep pressing for change. The key will be enabling a better-informed debate that dispels innuendo, myth and slander – and reminds us that LGBT people have an equal right to dignity and freedom.
For more information on the United Nations Free & Equal campaign visit www.unfe.org
|
<urn:uuid:7c6f0b10-eed3-45f6-9e0d-0a957ea7563d>
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CC-MAIN-2020-50
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https://ohchr.org/AR/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=14620&LangID=C
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|
en
| 0.951062
| 975
| 3.21875
| 3
|
Abraham Lincoln in 1860
|Born||February 12, 1809
Hardin County, Kentucky
|Died||April 15, 1865
|Years of service||April 21, 1832 – July 10, 1832|
|Commands held||Rifle company of the 31st Regiment of Militia of Sangamon County, 1st Division|
|Battles/wars||no combat experience, aftermath of Battle of Kellogg's Grove and Battle of Stillman's Run (Black Hawk War)|
|Other work||Illinois State Representative
United States Congressman
President of the United States
Abraham Lincoln served as a volunteer in the Illinois Militia April 21, 1832 – July 10, 1832, during the Black Hawk War. Lincoln never saw combat during his tour but was elected captain of his first company. He was also present in the aftermath of two of the war's battles, where he helped to bury the militia dead. He was mustered in and out of service during the war, going from captain to private and finishing his service in an independent spy company commanded by Captain Jacob Early.
Lincoln's service had a lasting impression on him and he related tales about it later in life with modesty and a bit of humor. Through his service he was able to forge lasting political connections. In addition, he received a land grant from the U.S. government for his military service during the war. Though Lincoln had no military experience when he assumed command of his company, he is generally characterized as an able and competent leader.
Angered by the loss of his birthplace via prior disputed treaties, and against the best interests of other tribes affected, Black Hawk led a number of incursions across the Mississippi River beginning in 1830. Each time, he was persuaded to return west without bloodshed. In April 1832, encouraged by promises of alliances with other tribes and the British, he again moved his "British Band" into Illinois.
On April 5, 1832, Black Hawk and around 1,000 warriors and civilians recrossed the Mississippi River into Illinois in an attempt to reclaim their land. About half of Black Hawk's band were combatants and the rest were a combination of women, children, and elderly. The band consisted of Sauk, Fox, some Potawatomi, and some Kickapoo; in addition, some members of the Ho-Chunk nation were sympathetic to Black Hawk.
Black Hawk's reasons for crossing into Illinois were to reclaim lost lands, and perhaps create a confederacy of Native Americans to stand against white settlement. Promises of aid from other Illinois tribes were made to the British Band, and Black Hawk believed that promises of assistance were made by the British in Canada.
|Map of Black Hawk War sites
Battle (with name) Fort / settlement Native village
Symbols are wikilinked to article
Despite this, Black Hawk found no allies, and he attempted to return to Iowa, but ensuing events led to the Battle of Stillman's Run. A number of other engagements followed, and the state militias of Wisconsin and Illinois were mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk's band. The conflict became known as the Black Hawk War.
At the time of Black Hawk's incursion into Illinois, Lincoln was living in New Salem, where he had lived for two years. Prior to the Black Hawk War, in March 1832, Lincoln announced his candidacy for the Illinois House of Representatives, but the election was several months away. One month later, he responded to the governor's call for volunteer militia.
On April 21, 1832, Lincoln and the other volunteers gathered at the property of Dallas Scott. Lincoln rode a horse from New Salem to Richland Creek, where neighbors had gathered to form a company of volunteer militia near Beardstown, Illinois. The men were officially sworn in and they began the process of choosing a company commander. The men voted for a captain, and between Lincoln and William Kirkpatrick, Lincoln received three-fourths of the votes and was elected captain. Many years later, Lincoln said this election as militia captain was "a success which gave me more pleasure than any I have had since."
Lincoln was commissioned as a captain in the 31st Regiment of Militia of Sangamon County, 1st Division and put in charge of a rifle company of the 4th Regiment of Mounted Volunteers within Samuel Whiteside's brigade by April 30.
The men spent time in Beardstown, where they drew provisions and weapons (as many of the men, including Lincoln, owned no weapons). Other downtime in Beardstown was occupied by inter-company rivalry. An incident occurred on April 22, when Lincoln was challenged for a prime camping spot. Lincoln and his challenger wrestled for the spot and Lincoln was beaten before a crowd of fellow soldiers. After the wrestling match, Lincoln and the other commanders spent April 23–26 conducting light drills and drawing supplies. On April 28, Lincoln's company was enrolled into state service by Colonel John J. Hardin, and Lincoln drew further supplies (including whiskey, food staples, and tin pans). The volunteers marched to Rushville, a distance of 10 miles (16 km), on April 30, 1832.
Following their arrival in Rushville, the troops continued marching for several days toward the mouth of the Rock River. Much of the rest of early May was spent marching and resupplying. General Samuel Whiteside, the brigade commander, moved the volunteers to the Prophet's Village, which they burned on May 11, and then continued the men toward Dixon's Ferry, another 40 miles (64 km) upstream. The men reached Dixon's Ferry on May 12, and the next day, Isaiah Stillman and David Bailey led their troops toward Old Man's Creek, where it was rumored that Black Hawk and his men were encamped.
Lincoln engaged in no combat during the Black Hawk War, as Lincoln's own recollections of this time attest. He did, however, see scalped corpses and witness the results of the war's atrocities. Lincoln was 23 years old at the time of the Black Hawk War, and his experience in the volunteer militia was his only military experience prior to becoming president.
Various sources, many compiled at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, document the movements of Lincoln's company after the outbreak of hostilities at the Battle of Stillman's Run. On May 15, 1832 Lincoln's company set out under the command of Whiteside and reached the site of Stillman's Run by sunset. According to letters from Whiteside to militia commander Henry Atkinson, the soldiers, including Lincoln, arrived to find militia men dead, scalped, and mangled.
In a 2006 article, author Scott Dyer asserted that Whiteside's men, including Captain Lincoln, "paraded" the area the morning after, and buried the dead from Stillman's Run. Their movements were in an unsuccessful effort to draw out the Sauk, after which they returned to Dixon's Ferry. Lincoln's presence at Stillman's Run was still under investigation as of 2003[update].
The marble facade on the Stillman Valley monument, erected in 1901, commemorating the battle, includes the reference to Lincoln's presence at Stillman's Run, "The presence of soldier, statesman, martyr, Abraham Lincoln assisting in the burial of these honored dead has made this spot more sacred."
Still, other sources assert that it was General Whiteside who originally buried the dead in a common grave on a ridge south of the battlefield, marked with a rudimentary wooden memorial. These sources make no mention of Lincoln.
Two days after Stillman's Run, Lincoln and his company drew 10 quarts of meal and 10 pounds of pork from supply at Dixon's Ferry, Illinois. After a 20-mile (32 km) march on May 25, Lincoln's company camped near Paw Paw Grove. The next day, Lincoln and his company marched another 20 miles (32 km) and camped two miles (3 km) above the mouth of the Fox River. On May 27, Lincoln's company was mustered out of service. Lincoln was discharged from his command, and he re-enlisted as a private in the company of Captain Elijah Iles in Ottawa, Illinois.
Henry Atkinson, a militia commander, arrived in Ottawa on May 28, and on May 29 Lieutenant Robert Anderson formally mustered Lincoln and a hodgepodge of 71 other former officers into a company of mounted volunteers under Iles. Atkinson left and met with Governor Reynolds; Atkinson then returned to Ottawa on May 30 and decided not to pursue Black Hawk until further militia reinforcements arrived on June 15. On June 6, 1832, Captain Iles' company, including Lincoln, began the march to Dixon's Ferry; they arrived during the afternoon of June 7.
From June 8 to June 10, the company moved on orders toward Galena; on June 8, the group camped 20 miles (32 km) from Dixon's Ferry, and on June 9 near the Apple River Fort. The company found the people in Galena demoralized and was ordered to return to Dixon's Ferry on June 11. On the march back, the group made camp at the same campsites it used on its march toward Galena. The men arrived back in Dixon's Ferry on June 13, and on June 16, Anderson mustered them out of service at Fort Wilbourn.
From June 16 until July 10, Lincoln served as a private in Captain Jacob Early's independent company. Early's company was known as an "independent spy company", which was ordered into federal service by Atkinson and meant to operate separately from the other brigades.
Later, Lincoln told William Herndon, "I was out of work and there being no danger of more fighting, I could do nothing better than enlist again." Early's company was officially mustered into service on June 20, and two days later it was ordered to report to General Hugh Brady at Dixon's Ferry. The company remained at Dixon's Ferry through June 25, 1832. Early's company was then dispatched to Kellogg's Grove at 4 p.m. on June 25.
A number of sources assert that on June 26, 1832, the morning after the Second Battle of Kellogg's Grove, members of Early's company arrived at Kellogg's Grove to help bury the dead. Lincoln assisted with the burial, and later made a statement about his experience connected with the battles of both Kellogg's Grove and Stillman's Run.
I remember just how those men looked as we rode up the little hill where their camp was. The red light of the morning sun was streaming upon them as they lay head towards us on the ground. And every man had a round red spot on top of his head, about as big as a dollar where the redskins had taken his scalp. It was frightful, but it was grotesque, and the red sunlight seemed to paint everything all over. I remember one man had on buckskin breeches.
The Lincoln quote appeared both in William H. Herndon and Jesse W. Wiek's Life of Lincoln and in Carl Sandburg's Lincoln biography, Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years. Documentation for the U.S. National Register of Historic Places listing for Kellogg's Grove cites Lincoln's presence as part of its historic significance.
The same day, on June 16, Captain Early wrote to General Atkinson, describing the situation in his own words.
I arrived here by day brake this morning [26th] & found Gen. Posey's men encamped here The circumstances connected with the attack on Maj. Dement's Bat[talion].are as well as I can gather substantially these Yesterday morning the Maj. ordered out a small party for the purpose of examining a trail leading to the Mississippi The detachment had not proceeded more than half a mile when they discovered a few Indians at a small distance from them the men rushed on them in a disorderly manner till they came to the main body of Indians where they were secreted in a thicket on seeing the Indians the men wheeled & fled precipitately & all the efforts of Maj. Dement to rally them were unavailing (for at the time the men commenced retreating before the Indians Maj. Dement came up with a reinforcement from the garrison The Maj. stated to me that his force on the field was equal in numbers to that of the enemy After the men retreated to the fort the Indians surrounded the house & commenced killing the Horses, they kept up a constant fire on the House & Horses for 2 or 3 hours. Major Dement Lost 5 killed & several wounded but none mortally when the Indians left the ground they retreated toward their encampment on the 4 lakes
When Gen Posey came up about an hour by sun he sent a regiment in the direction in which the Indians had retired. When they had proceeded about ½ mile the Indians showed themselves from a thick wood which skirted the praeria . . . they [regiment] retired to their camps without engaging the enemy. The trail spoken of above has not yet been examined. Gen Posey says he will send a detachment with me to examine it. As soon as I see it you shall have the best information in my power to give you.
Early's company, including Lincoln, remained at Kellogg's Grove until June 28, when they began their march back to Dixon's Ferry. They arrived sometime around 6 a.m. on June 29.
On July 10, 1832, Atkinson decided he had too many men and mustered Early's company, including Lincoln, out of service. Lincoln's military career ended less than three months after it began. In his last duty as a soldier, Lincoln wrote out the company roll for Lieutenant Robert Anderson, the man who had mustered him into service in his second company under Iles.
Lincoln's horse, along with a comrade's, was stolen the night before he was discharged from service; thus they made their way back to New Salem mostly on foot and occasionally on another comrade's horse. Once in Peoria, Lincoln and his wartime compatriot bought a canoe and made their way down the Illinois River to Havana. At Havana, they disembarked and made the final 23-mile (37 km) jaunt on foot.
Lincoln had no military experience when he was elected captain of his company, but a large number of sources have described him as a capable commander and a popular leader. Lincoln himself expressed a desire to get into combat, though his company has been described as wild and the outcome of such a fight may not have been positive for Lincoln. John Todd Stuart noted that during Lincoln's Black Hawk War service, he stood out for his great strength and athletic ability, as well as his kind manner and as a story teller.
One popularly repeated story from Lincoln's Black Hawk War service illustrates Lincoln's qualities of honesty, and courageous, competent leadership. It involves a Potawotami who wandered into Captain Lincoln's camp. Lincoln's men assumed him a spy and wanted to kill him. The story goes that Lincoln threw himself between the Native American and the men's muskets, knocking their weapons upward and protecting the Potawotami. The militia men backed down after a few heated seconds.
Another popularly repeated story about Lincoln's leadership during the war illustrates his inexperience as a military commander. The story goes that Lincoln was marching his company and encountered an open gate, through which his formation needed to pass. Unable to remember the proper command to direct his men through the gate, Lincoln called "Halt!" and ordered the men to fall out for two minutes and then reform on the other side of the gate.
Other negative accounts of Lincoln's ability as a military leader came in the 1870s, when J. F. Snyder interviewed several of Lincoln's men from the Black Hawk War days. Snyder claimed the men, "never spoke of malice of Lincoln but always in a spirit of ridicule" and that they characterized Lincoln as "indolent and vulgar", "a joke, an absurdity", and the men "had serious doubts about his courage".
On April 16, 1852, by act of Congress from 1850, Lincoln received a 40-acre (160,000 m2) land-grant in Iowa for his service during the Black Hawk War. Soldiers in the Indian Wars often received land grants in exchange for their service. Lincoln received 160 acres (0.65 km2) in total, with the other 120 acres (0.49 km2) given to him in 1856. Besides the tangible rewards, Lincoln's service during the Black Hawk War helped him cultivate political connections throughout Illinois. David Herbert Donald stated in his 1996 work Lincoln:
Meeting volunteers from different parts of the state was useful to him politically, for it extended his reputation. While he was in the army, he came into contact with a number of rising young political leaders of the state, like Orville Hickman Browning, a cautious, conservative Quincy lawyer, who would become one of his most influential and critical friends. More important was his acquaintance with John Todd Stuart, a Springfield lawyer, who served as major in the same battalion as Lincoln.
Later, in 1859, Lincoln referred to his service during the Black Hawk War fondly, noting his election as captain as one of the proudest moments in his life. His Black Hawk War service has been referred to as a "shaping circumstance in his life", as well as something he later referred to with modesty and self-depreciation. Lincoln made one tongue-in-cheek remark concerning his Black Hawk War service during an 1848 speech before the U.S. Congress in which he referenced his Black Hawk War service, mentioning the Battle of Stillman's Run by name.
By the way Mr. Speaker, did you know that I am a military hero? Yes sir, in the days of the Black Hawk War I fought, bled and came away . . . I was not at Stillman's defeat, but I was about as near it as Cass was Hull's surrender, and, like him, I saw the place very soon afterwards . . . If he saw any live, fighting Indians, it was more than I did; but I had a good many bloody struggles with the mosquitoes, and although I never fainted from the loss of blood, I can truly say I was often very hungry.
Some have regarded Lincoln's brief stint in the militia as important to his presidential leadership later on, during the American Civil War. The 2002 essay collection, Rediscovering Abraham Lincoln, described Lincoln's familiarity with military affairs during the Civil War as "alien", noting that he regarded his own military service as a subject suited to mockery.
While he was campaigning for president, the story of how Lincoln stopped his men from killing the Potawatomi they encountered before the outbreak of the war made its way into a campaign biography. Reporting by The New York Times during the campaign of 1860 noted Lincoln's war time service as a captain. The same article implies that his bravery during the Black Hawk War may have led to his post-war appointment as postmaster in New Salem. Following Lincoln's assassination, Ralph Waldo Emerson gave a speech in Concord, Massachusetts, which highlighted Lincoln's Black Hawk War service.
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When you’re in pain, sleep can come hard and reluctantly no matter how tired you might be. While the science of understanding, exactly, what sleep is and what it specifically does for us is being continually researched, doctors do know that without sleep our physical and mental condition deteriorates rapidly. During sleep, the body slows down, but the brain fires up and becomes extremely active. Current sleep theory suggests the mind is sorting and organizing information and memories during the critical Rapid Eye Movement phase of sleep.
Pain can not only make it harder to fall asleep, it can interrupt sleep as the nerve impulses of the discomfort flare and spike. Sleep that doesn’t reach the REM phase is far less effective at helping us rest. Tossing and turning isn’t just annoying, it can be dangerous if it leads to sleep deprivation. Without being able to stay asleep long enough to enter and complete REM sleep cycles, you’re getting only a fraction of the necessary benefit of sleep.
Perversely, when we’re sleep deprived, we tend to feel pain more acutely. This can create a sort of cycle, where the pain keeps us from being well rested, and the fatigue makes the pain more noticeable, and leads to even worse sleep. The best way to prevent this is to consult your doctor for effective pain management, so you can get rest and heal more effectively.
Pain makes it hard to sleep, and lack of sleep makes the pain hurt more. Break the cycle. #HealthStatus
- 1Our bodies are very active when we are sleeping with a lot of our systems functioning fast.
- 2Any pain, whether it is chronic or acute, can affect your quality of sleep.
- 3Poor sleep also can increase your pain because we need to be well rested to recover from our ailments.
See the original at: https://www.amerisleep.com/blog/connection-between-sleep-pain/
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Key Points of This Article:
- A new school year can serve as an excellent time to be reminded of the importance of the good driver behaviors we are all responsible for, such as staying patient and always alert.
- Each year in the U.S., about 100 children are killed while traveling to or from school, and 25,000 sustain serious injuries as a result of school zone crashes, according to Safe Kids Worldwide.
- Congested intersections and crosswalks, inattentive and distracted drivers, and motorists who speed through intersections or drive too close to bicyclists are some of the leading causes behind school year accidents.
- Drivers should especially be cautious and on the lookout for kids at crosswalks and riding bicycles, in drop-off zones, and students crossing the road to enter or exit their school bus.
7 Back-To-School Driving Tips for Students and Parents
Navigating morning and afternoon traffic congestion, sharing the road with school buses, and stopping more often for pedestrians and young bicyclists at crosswalks are all signs that school is in session in Kentucky. But before the bell rings, here a few important reminders for both teen drivers and parents to slow down and pay attention.
- Prepare in Advance
Get ready for changes to your family’s morning and afternoon routines. You may have to adjust daily commute schedules and travel a different route, move car seats and booster seats into other vehicles, check to ensure bikes are tuned and helmets are ready, have discussions with teen drivers about their added risks, and wake a bit earlier to avoid work distractions that might tempt you to check emails and take calls while driving.
- Get Familiar with Your School’s Drop-Off and Pick-Up Rules
Schools often have very specific drop-off and pick-up procedures. If you don’t know your school’s rules, ask to find out more information. In general, the following applies to all school zones.
- Don’t double park; it blocks visibility for other children and vehicles.
- Don’t load or unload young children across the street from the school.
- Carpool to reduce the number of vehicles at the school.
- Obey crossing guards and follow school drop-off signage that directs you where to go.
- Remind Teens About Driver Responsibility
Kentucky has one of the highest teen crash rates in the nation even though young drivers account for 6% of all motor vehicle operators, according to the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KTC). About 72% of teen drivers aged 16-18 admitted to having engaged in risky behaviors like texting while driving or speeding. Parents can help teens start the schoolyear by reminding them to slow down, always drive sober, to ignore distractions, teach them how to drive safely in parking lots and through busy intersections, and still to be prepared for changes in traffic patterns.
- Share the Road with School Buses
According to research by the National Safety Council, most of the children who lose their lives in bus-related incidents are 4 to 7 years old, and they’re walking and either hit by the bus or by a motorist illegally passing a stopped bus.
The Kentucky Department of Education has made an infographic explaining how the school bus stop law works. We encourage our blog readers to review the guide and share it with others on your social networks to help prevent a school bus crash tragedy.
- Avoid Distractions
Distracted driving has become a crisis on all roadways, and driver inattention is a leading cause of school zone crashes. Nearly 80% of crashes involve some form of distraction, including texting or phone use, within three seconds before the event. And while all distractions can endanger drivers’ safety, cell phones and personal technology are often a cause because using these handheld devices involves all three types of distraction.
- Watch for Crossing Guards, Bicyclists, and Increased Pedestrian Traffic
Never stop to close to a crosswalk when stopped at a red light or waiting to make a turn. Never intimidate children into moving faster by creeping into an intersection, or rev your engine, yell or honk at them. These are aggressive driver behaviors that cause confusion and will too often force pedestrians and bicyclists into moving traffic. And always stop for a school patrol officer or crossing guard holding up a stop sign, even if you have the right of way.
Children riding bikes can create unique problems for drivers because they can usually not determine traffic conditions properly. The most common cause of the collision is a driver turning left in front of a bicyclist. Motorists who speed or drive too close to bicyclists are also leading causes behind these types of schooltime crashes. If your child is riding their bicycle to school, a helmet that fits properly and is the right size for their age can help prevent a traumatic brain injury if hit by a vehicle.
- Avoid Speeding
Even just a little bit over the designated limits, drivers who speed are dangerous to everyone sharing the road. Slow down and operate at the marked speed limits.
- 65 MPH on interstate highways and divided highways with four or more lanes
- 55 MPH outside business or residential districts
- 35 MPH in business or residential districts
- 15 MPH on off-street parking facilities
Speed limits in school zones tend to be five to 10 MPH below the regularly posted speed. Be prepared to slow down.
Like most tragic car crashes, the ones that occur in school zones are almost always avoidable. And while holding another driver accountable can feel like a complicated process, the legal team at Rhoads & Rhoads wants you to know it is not impossible. We are here and can assist you as soon as you are ready.
Kentucky’s Leading Personal Injury Law Firms with Offices in Owensboro and Madisonville
If you or someone in your family has been injured in a car accident this school year, we know it will be necessary for you to get things back to normal as quickly as possible. One way our team of experienced trial attorneys and support staff at Rhoads & Rhoads can help you through this difficult time is to get you the financial recovery you deserve.
We offer free initial consultations which can be done virtually or facilitated under safe social distancing practices. All cases are taken on a contingency fee basis. Call us at 888-709-9329 to schedule your consultation.
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Back in the days when sugar barons own large pieces of land that makes a hacienda, Negros was the biggest sugar producer in the country. The wealth of the island of Negros is from its volcanic soil, which is ideal for agriculture. The collapse of the textile industry in the 19th century attracted Spaniards from Spain and Manila, the French and people from neighboring provinces, which started the sugar industry. But what are known as the Negrense Hacienderos (sugar barons) are from its neighbor Ilo-ilo in origin and ancestry.
The expansion of the sugar industry in the 1850’s and the opening of the Suez canal flooded Bacolod with European fineries and artworks. Baroque churches and sprawling mansions rose across the Negros landscape and Spanish culture blossomed in the tropics.
Silay’s most famous landmark is the Church of San Diego.
The Negrenses lived the good life in those days. The golden years of the sugar magnate, however came to an end in the 1980’s and the sugar industry swiftly declined leaving many tycoons landless.
Many however held on to their ancestral homes, turning them to galleries or museums. Some actually still live in it like that of our hosts’ residence, where we stayed during our stay. The house was once used as a set for Oro Plata, Mata, a well-acclaimed film of period setting.
Silay and its neighboring towns such as Talisay abound in well-preserved ancestral homes and aside from staying in one, we dropped in on some. Come, let’s explore some of these houses together.
Balay ni Tana Dicang
One house that is in perhaps the best state of preservation is the stately 1880 “bahay-na-bato” (literally house of stone) of Don Efigenio Lizares y Tyeres and Doña Enrica “Dicang” Alunan y Labayon built in coral stone and various hardwood. Engaged in the production of sugar and owning several haciendas, they built their 1st house of modest size, it however was burned down by the guerillas during World War I. What is standing today is their 2nd house built in 1880 in Talisay, larger than the first hence the name Balay Dako (big house). The couple had seventeen children, Efigenio died in 1902, leaving his widow to raise fifteen children (2 died early) on her own for the next 4 decades. Kapitana Dicang as she was popularly known (which was later shortened to just Tana Dicang) assumed the management of the haciendas and continued to acquire more. She was an extremely enterprising lady, apart from being a great haciendera, she was a grocer, cigar manufacturer and a famous confectionery as well. How she raised her children was one that was instilled in stern discipline in the family and her sons and daughters took her word as law.
The bust of Don Efigenio and Tana Dicang
That’s a set of encyclopedia.
Windows were made of capiz shells
This recently opened balay, although not as famous as Balay Negrense, echoes the lifestyle of past splendor down to the chinas, furnitures and other accessories.
The ground floor houses K (for Kapitana) gallery and the stairway leads to the entrance hall on the 2nd floor. The floors are from “balayong” wood custom cut – meaning the floor planks stretched from one point to the other in one piece.
Balay ni Tana Dicang 36 Rizal St., Talisay City Negros Occidental For details call: (34)4952104
More houses to come… For a glimpse of other worlds, click here.
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Scientist Stumbles On A Nursery for Manta Rays
A scientist researching manta rays in a US marine park has discovered what is thought to be the first identified nursery for the giant pelagics.
Joshua Stewart, doing his PhD in the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary in the Gulf of Mexico, was intrigued when he repeatedly saw rarely observed juvenile manta rays (Mobula birostris).
'The juvenile life stage for oceanic mantas has been a bit of a black box for us since we're so rarely able to observe them,' said Stewart, who is also the executive director of the Manta Trust, a global manta conservation programme. 'Identifying this area as a nursery highlights its importance for conservation and management, but it also gives us the opportunity to focus on the juveniles and learn about them. This discovery is a major advancement in our understanding of the species and the importance of different habitats throughout their lives.'
Oceanic mantas are typically found in subtropical and tropical waters around the world with aggregation sites commonly found far from coastal areas, making their populations hard to access and study. For this reason, major knowledge gaps remain in their basic biology, ecology, and life history. Baby mantas are virtually absent from nearly all manta populations around the world, so even less is known about the juvenile life stage.
Stewart has spent the past seven years studying manta rays and encountered hundreds of adults in the wild, but his sighting of a juvenile at Flower Garden Banks in 2016 was a rare encounter for him. After noticing several other small mantas in the area, he talked with the marine sanctuary staff to see if this was a regular occurrence.
Working with marine sanctuary staff, Stewart and colleagues looked through 25 years of dive log and photo identification data collected by sanctuary research divers. Mantas have unique spot patterns on their underside that can be used to identify individuals, much like a human fingerprint. Using the photo IDs and observational data, Stewart and the marine sanctuary staff determined that about 95 per cent of the mantas that visit Flower Garden Banks are juveniles, measuring an average of 2.25m (7.38 feet) in wingspan.
Stewart and colleagues describe the manta nursery in the study, 'Important juvenile manta ray habitat at Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico,' published in the journal Marine Biology.
'This is exciting news for the manta rays in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico,' said George P Schmahl, superintendent of Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary. 'The understanding that the mantas are utilizing the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary, and possibly other reefs and banks in the region, as a nursery has increased the value of this habitat for their existence.'
Flower Garden Banks is a pristine sanctuary about 100 miles south of Texas with coral reef ecosystems that have remained far healthier than other reefs in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. These coral communities have grown on top of hard substrate thrust out of the seafloor by the development of salt domes. The researchers suspect that the juvenile mantas are spending time at the relatively shallow banks to recover body temperature after accessing deep, cold waters off the continental slope.
Certain types of zooplankton are most abundant in these deeper habitats and are known to be a favourite prey item for mantas. The northern Gulf of Mexico is home to several species of large sharks, which may make basking at the surface a perilous way to warm up for small, juvenile mantas. Instead, the study's authors suspect that they retreat to the relative safety of the banks after diving into cold offshore waters. To confirm this, researchers at the sanctuary plan to begin tagging juvenile mantas at the banks to track their movements and diving behaviour.
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Preface – Arthur McKee, a forest ecologist, friend of the Water Closet and an occasional contributor, has sent an account of dynamic changes in the ecology along the streams and rivers of Yellowstone Park’s Northern Range. Changes along our Ipswich River have been the topic of many Water Closets in the past eight years. Our animals aren’t as big or our river as large. We simply observe and report. Art’s friends do that and then study to determine causes.
LIVES ALONG THE RIVER ARE A CHANGIN
by Arthur McKee (not Bob Dylan)
An appealing short film asserts that the reintroduction of wolves into the Yellowstone National Park has had remarkable positive effects on the riparian1 vegetation along river banks. While it is true that the presence of wolves has caused dramatic changes in bison and elk feeding habits, moving them away from the river’s edges, the story is not quite so simple. Two of my colleagues at Oregon State U, Bill Ripple and Bob Beschta (a landscape ecologist and hydrologist respectively) have promoted this idea largely based on analyses of satellite imagery, and it has received considerable attention in the media.
Another pair of scientists at the not-for-profit Yellowstone [pullquote]wolves have had an impact on deer, elk and bison populations and behavior[/pullquote] Ecological Research Center (YERC), a landscape ecologist and wildlife ecologist specializing in wolf-coyote-fox interactions, have conducted long-term research at Yellowstone since the late 80s, well before wolf reintroduction. YERC’s field crews have sampled changes in vegetation and wildlife behavior/population dynamics for 20-plus years, covering the pre- and post-wolf reintroduction periods.
Both groups agree there is no question that wolves have had an impact on deer, elk and bison populations and behavior, and that there is less browsing of riparian vegetation. But, just a few years after the wolf reintroduction, a major flood occurred across the Northern Range. The timing created near perfect seed beds for germination and growth of cottonwood and alder seedlings. And, cuttings from beaver activity of willows and other stream-side shrubs were widely dispersed and buried in the sediments. A wave of tree and shrub regeneration took place that was way beyond anything previously observed, far outstripping the browsing capacity of the deer, elk and bison. With all the new food available, the heavily browsed shrubs were free to grow. They took off, with many rapidly outgrowing the grazers’ height limits.
A serious five-year drought occurred in the early 2000s that severely harmed vegetation away from streams and reduced the seasonal flooding and erosion. This in turn allowed the stream sides to stabilize. It’s hard to separate the one-two punch of the flood and drought on the riparian vegetation from the wolf-driven trophic-cascade effect2. Either could have caused the changes observed. Both undoubtedly played roles, but ranking one over the other remains in doubt.
[pullquote]Wolves prey on coyotes which in turn prey on foxes[/pullquote]Wolves prey on coyotes which in turn prey on foxes. Following the reintroduction, the YERC scientists saw coyote populations drop and fox populations increase. The rabbit/hare/mice populations stayed about the same, while ground squirrel and pocket gopher populations soared for reasons that will be described below. The fox populations have also benefited from the increases in squirrels and gophers. Beaver populations remained pretty constant for years but have started to gradually increase in response to enlarged resources. Otter populations have stayed about the same.
In addition, the natural vegetation away from streams died back from drought and increased grazing by deer, elk, and bison — who avoided the tall shrubs and new trees along the streams as well as regenerating aspen groves. That new vegetation provided cover for wolves, and their prey preferred to be in the open grasslands where they could see the wolves approaching. This combination of drought and heavy grazing led to rapid expansion of invasive weedy species, in particular Canadian thistle. The latter produces, and partly spreads by, rhizomes3 that are rich in carbohydrates and are a preferred food for ground squirrels and pocket gophers.
Ground squirrels and gophers collect and cache huge quantities of the rhizomes, which have become a major alternative fall food for grizzly bears during their gorging phase just prior to hibernation. Grizzlies used to rely on the seed crops of white-bark pine, but that species is dying out from blister rust. This changing situation poses a management dilemma for the Park and adjacent National Forests, mandated to maintain viable populations of native species and eradicate exotic ones. If the Canadian thistle is reduced through some management activity, grizzlies, which appear to be nearing the system’s carrying capacity anyway, are apt to go into decline.
Nope, it’s not a simple straightforward story at all*.
* Note: In biology class you probably studied food webs. You can see how very complicated they can be. Let’s play a bit with Sir Walter Scott’s famous lines from his poem Marmion by replacing deceive with relieve. –
Oh what a tangled web we weave /When we first practice to relieve. (i.e. relieve the pressure in a food chain)
1 Riparian – area along a river or stream
2 Trophic cascade – the changes resulting from the addition or removal of top predators in a food chain.
3 Rhizome is an underground stem.
WATER RESOURCE AND CONSERVATION INFORMATION
FOR MIDDLETON, BOXFORD AND TOPSFIELD
|Precipitation Data* for Month of:
|30 Year Normal (1981 – 2010) Inches
|2013 – 14 Central Watershed Actual
|0.00 as of 3/4**
Ipswich R. Flow Rate (S. Middleton USGS Gage) in Cubic Feet/ Second (CFS):
For March 4, 2014: Normal . . . 114 CFS Current Rate . . . 63 CFS
*Danvers Water Filtration Plant, Lake Street, Middleton is the source for actual precipitation data thru Jan. Normals data is from the National Climatic Data Center.
**Updated Feb and March precipitation data is from MST gage.
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Today we’re talking about alternative weaving materials. It’s time to either weave with what you already have or what you can find!
We are on week 3 of Earth Month! Every Wednesday this month we are talking about how you can have a more sustainable weaving studio and practice.
Sometimes sustainable weaving means not buying anything new (Reduce!) and trying out something you may not have considered before (Reuse and Recycle!) Using these alternative weaving materials can be rewarding for you and the environment.
Weaving doesn’t always have to be a formal process. It can be fun and fulfilling to try out new materials and weave outside the traditional loom and yarn.
You can and should do this occasionally even if you’re not trying to save the planet one weaving at a time.
Not to mention – we’re all staying home right now so finding new materials from around and just outside your house can get you up and moving at a time when we all feel a little stuck.
Also, sometimes trying out new techniques can be a great way to inspire new work! Anytime you step outside of your comfort zone you can be inspired by the material, process, or act of having to think a different way.
We can all use a little more inspiration.
So how do you make a weaving without purchasing new yarn? Here are a few examples of ways you can break out of your weaving rut using alternative weaving materials without contributing new waste.
This post may contain affiliate links. If you purchase something through these links then I will receive a small commission that helps keep the blog going – at no extra cost to you! Please read our DISCLAIMER for more info. Thanks for the support!
Weave With Paper
There are many different ways you can weave with paper.
Weaving paper strips might conjure up the image of brightly colored construction paper like that used in elementary school. This is generally the first introduction that most people have to weaving.
Don’t let this deter you!
To take it outside of the elementary school days you can use higher quality paper and/ or try out intricate weaving patterns.
Watercolor paper is a great choice because it is really stiff and you can paint it to add color!
Due to the stiffness of the paper, the patterns can really pop and become three dimensional. These patterns will really shine with proper lighting.
If you don’t have watercolor paper – don’t worry. Any paper will do. Newspaper, scrapbook paper, and old journals are all great options.
Paper strips can also be supplemented into your more traditional yarn weavings! Keep in mind, if you are using stiff paper then the warp will be visible. This means the color of your warp yarn may be extra important.
Learn more about weaving with paper in THIS post!
Idea: Use tissue paper to create a tapestry! Since tissue paper is more pliable then some others it will compress in a similar way to yarn if you cut it into strips. Use an x-acto knife and self-healing mat* or a paper cutter* to get clean cuts or go for a more organic edge by ripping your paper into strips first.* I don’t recommend buying these things if you’re only going to use them 1 time. Seriously, make sure that you can get a lot of use out of it before you go out and buy anything new. Maybe even check to see if you can get them used first! *
Weave With Organic Material
How about going for a walk?
Get out and enjoy some sunshine while searching for organic material that can be woven into your next piece!
If it’s malleable like grass you may be able to weave multiple rows, but if you find some wild flowers with long woody stems then they might have to extend past your selvedges. Take advantage of this and let the nature of the flowers shine! Consider cutting them to different lengths so they extend past your weaving in interesting ways.
You can also use twigs or really any long organic material in your weaving.
The only limit is what you can find.
A possible downside is that organic matter will die and dry the longer it sits. Only use material you will be happy with after time takes its toll. A lot of flowers are still beautiful when dried, but others will just fall apart.
Use organic material as the only weft or as supplement to your yarn! Experiment and have fun – just don’t steal flowers from your neighbor…
Idea: Walk around your neighborhood and only use the materials you find on that walk in your weaving. This weaving is now a physical embodiment of that walk or experience. This is a fun way to record your time to look back on later.
The weaving shown below was woven on an upcycled picture frame with my loom waste from my spring scarf (FREE PATTERN HERE!) as the warp and weft. I supplemented it with some forsythia that grows in my backyard.
Weave With Trash
What’s that old saying?
One person’s waste is another person’s weft?
Yeah, that sounds right.
If you want to go beyond strips of paper, you can also take plastic bags and cut them into long strips. If they are thin enough, plastic bags will compress like yarn for use in tapestry. Bags that are strong enough could even be used as warp on a frame loom.
Also consider food packaging, netting, old clothes, fishing line, or anything that can be cut down or embedded into the weaving.
If you can put it into a weaving, you are saving it from a landfill.
Speaking of fishing line. This can be a really fun albeit challenging material to use. Fishing line has a lot of ENERGY and likes to do it’s own thing. I don’t recommend this for when you are first starting, but if you are looking for a challenge – this could be right up your alley.
Just because you are using trash, doesn’t mean your weaving aesthetic has to suffer. You are already using alternative weaving materials so why not consider painting on the piece or using only trash that is a certain color. Using a little color theory can take your found materials and make them into something inspired.
Read about making yarn from plastic bags HERE.
Idea: Consider taking inspiration from the colors first and then figuring out how to incorporate it into the weaving later. This will make you think about the weaving differently and might just inspire a whole new concept, color pallet, or series. Giving yourself challenges occasionally makes your brain work a little harder. If you are feeling stuck this can kick-start your creative process.
What’s the weirdest place you’ve found alternative weaving materials? Let me know!
⇣ Love It? Share it! ⇣
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What is Narrative Therapy?
Narrative therapy was first developed by Michael White and David Epston during the late 1970’s and early 1980’s. Narrative therapy catapulted to fame in the 1990’s with the publication of their novel, Narrative Means to Therapeutic Ends.
The purpose of narrative therapy is to allow you to share your story (narrative) with your therapist. The main goal of narrative therapy is to help you focus on your own personal story and understand the depth of your life experiences. During narrative therapy you learn how to make sense of your life and recognize how your assumptions influence how you see yourself and the world around you.
For example, you may tell your therapist about a time when you felt insecure or inadequate. Sharing this story with your therapist may help you realize that you have always felt insecure and/or inadequate. In other words, you have secretly always felt this way, but did not recognize it. Once you can admit that you have always harbored feelings of insecurity and inadequacy then you and your therapist can work together to change your perception of yourself and the world around you. Once you can accurately tell your story then you can begin to see your problems in a realistic way and therefore work together to effectively resolve those issues.
What Happens During Narrative Therapy Sessions?
During narrative therapy your beliefs, competences, values and experiences play a significant role in helping you solve your problems and regain your life. Your narrative therapist plays the role of “investigator” who is not the focal point of the investigation, but still regarded as an essential part of the therapeutic process. The goal of your therapist is to help you explore, assess and alter your perspective when it comes to your problems.
The premise of narrative therapy is the belief that although your problems appear to be complicated and/or challenging, you are still alive and you still have an opportunity to solve your problems and turn the situation around. Your problems have not destroyed you.
Your therapist assists in the therapeutic process by asking questions that help you accurately tell your story and investigate the causes of your problems. He/she may ask you to discuss how your problems have influenced your quality of life. Once you have a good understanding of why you are having problems than your therapist can help you think of ways to effectively resolve your issues. He/she helps you “remember” certain experiences by asking you about the influential people in your life. Who influences you most in life? How has that person contributed to your problems or lack of problems?
It is not unusual for “outside witnesses” to be invited into one or more sessions. These “witnesses” are friends, family members, acquaintances and/or co-workers who are invited to listen to your story. They typically have inside knowledge of your problems and/or previous experience with similar problems.
During a “witness” session, the “witness” listens to your story without interrupting. Then your therapist interviews the “witness” with strict instructions not to judge, analyze or critique what he/she has heard. The role of the “witness” is simply to articulate what phrase or part of the story stood out for him/her and to share any experiences that resemble the experience you shared with him/her. Lastly, your therapist asks the “witness” if, after hearing your story, he/she feels differently about his/her own life struggles and experiences.
The benefit of having an “outside witness” is that it teaches you that you are not the only person who has ever had that problem and it helps you see yourself and others in a new light. Narrative therapy helps you realize that you are not alone. It improves your self-esteem and helps your reclaim your life. This approach helps you find alternative solutions to your problems by empowering you and helping you take control of your life.
How Does a Narrative Therapist Approach Psychological Issues?
Narrative therapists concentrate on your story. They work with you to help you develop a more in-depth narrative (story). Your therapist may prompt you to share detailed descriptions of experiences and life events that may be creating problems in your life. He/she helps you see that you are not the sum of your problems; instead you are separate entity. A common narrative saying: “You are not the problem, the problem is the problem.”
Most narrative therapists utilize the family therapy approach when treating psychological problems. It is not uncommon for authors, social workers, educators, psychologists, counselors, psychotherapists, physicians and other mental health professionals to use narrative therapy when working with the various individuals, children, families and groups.
Narrative therapists believe that by focusing on the effects of your problems instead of linking your problems to you as a person, distance is created. Distance helps put the problem into perspective so that you can more easily deal with it and find alternative ways to resolve it. In addition, telling your story helps you reframe how you see the experience or event that is causing distress. It helps you pull out the positive aspects of that previous experience so that you can “retell your story” in a more positive light. This type of therapy helps you recognize your hopes, dreams, true intentions and commitments so that you can successful solve your problems.
Dulwich Centre Publications. (2004). Narrative therapy and research. The International Journal of Narrative Therapy and Community Work, 2, 29-36.
Madigan, S. (2010). Narrative therapy (Theories of psychotherapy). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
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In “Artifacts as Expressions of Society and Culture…” Leone and Little raise questions about the accuracy of history that does not examine itself. They suggest Peale and Nicholson’s work in post-Revolutionary War America, purported to be legitimate histories, were essentially “myths” seeking to justify the social hierarchy as predestined, and control the newly independent population, using the weight of science and government. Both intended to visually instruct others how their world came to be and how to be model citizens in it, without the public questioning anything. Whether they were successful is unknown but Peale’s work in ordering human and natural objects set the standard for natural history museums and Nicholson’s Maryland State House remained unchanged for over two centuries. Yet Peale’s problematic categorizations demeaned certain races and would be used against museums in repatriation efforts as these “genealogies” proved museums could not be trusted with native artifacts. Manipulating perspective, the state house emphasized church and state authority, encouraging citizens to be watchful of themselves and their neighbors. Historians, the authors conclude, must be willing to reevaluate earlier peers’ work rather than readily accept the status quo.
This week’s essays consider the importance of seeing history/information with a critical eye and gaining fresh perspectives. Leone and Little argue we must be able to honestly assess our own past and its preservation. Despite their recaps, however, it was often unclear what they were trying to say. In “Technology…” Isaac maintains that the overuse of media to tell the story of Native Americans led to the messenger – technology – becoming the message and the objects little more than window dressing. Yet I appreciate the museum’s focus on people, not things. They resisted interpreting objects and shaping our vision of the culture. As opposed to Peale’s myth-making, NMAI invited close observation of their process (thereby implying criticism of past gatekeepers, i.e., historians, museums and society. Rader and Cain analyzed the fundamental redesign of natural history and science museums in the twentieth century. I imagine moving away from taxidermy to live, hands-on collections (e.g., The Exploratorium) likely resulted in more meaningful encounters with scientific subjects that inspired many STEM careers. In “Thinking through Art”, Burchenal and Grohe’s SPP program opens young students’ eyes, encouraging them to look at and discuss artworks that interest them. In addition to improving students’ critical thinking skills, this program creates ease with the unfamiliar, removing barriers that traditionally cause people to avoid museums. Greater self-confidence will surely follow, resulting in a lifelong relationship for these students with museums and learning, a positive outcome for society in general.
When does technology in museums become “too much”? What role do generational differences play in deciding whether to make heavier use of modern storytelling devices?
(c) 2019 MuseumHawk, all rights reserved.
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Mites and ticks belong to the class Arachnida, the arachnids, which include the spiders, harvestmen and the pseudoscorpions. Many members of Acari are microscopic, whilst others are larger reaching up to 20 mm in length. The mites are mostly free-living creatures and are not parasties, although some are, as are the ticks, which can suck the blood of most animals and pass on diseases such as Lyme disease.
Acarines are extremely diverse. They live in practically every habitat, and include aquatic and terrestrial species. They outnumber most other arthropods found in soil, organic matter and leaf litter.
Eriophyidae (Gall Mites)
Bdellidae (Snout Mites)
Ceratozetidae (Ceratozetoid Mites)
Oribatida (Oribatid Mites)
Parasitidae (Predatory Mites)
Ixodidae (Hard Ticks)
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Description: This stout perennial is in the rose family and grows 2-3 feet tall. Sulfur cinquefoil is very leafy, hairy, and can grow in large colonies. The flowers bloom May-August and have 5 slightly notched petals in hues of yellow or cream.
Ecological Threat: Grazing animals will not eat this plant and it is considered a weed of native grasslands.
Biology & Spread: This invasive grows in disturbed areas such as along roadways and waste grounds as well as in prairies, banks of streams, and tops of bluffs. This plant can reproduce by seed or vegetatively.
Threat in Oklahoma: This plant is not eaten by livestock and can survive in disturbed areas, making it very invasive. Sulfur cinquefoil has a woody root crown which makes mowing an ineffective means of controlling it.
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Related: The Sabbath; Old Man and New Man; The Jordan
The Old Creation. Before we talk about New Creation, we need to be reminded of the Old Creation. The Old Creation is described in Genesis 1; God formed the world as we know it in six days including Adam and Eve. God rested on the seventh day from all His work which He had made. But shortly, God's Sabbath rest was broken by man’s sin (Rom. 5:12). In John 5, we find that because sin entered, the Father and Son could not rest (John 5:17). God cannot have sin in His presence, so He dwelt in thick darkness, at a distance from creature man. Still, even separated from sin, He could not rest with sin in His creation. God must either destroy the corrupted creation out of His sight, as He did in the flood (Gen. 6:7) and promised not to do again (Gen. 9:11), or He must work in grace to redeem man from sin. His love, of course, made Him work, for Christ came “not to judge the world, but that the world through Him might be saved” (John 3:17)! Adam was the “head" of that old creation, a fact shown by the animals coming to Adam to be named. All who descend from Adam – his race – “bear the image of the earthly” (1 Cor. 15:49). When Adam “fell” through sin, his whole race fell with him (Rom. 5:12-end). The wages of sin is death, and so “in Adam all die.” Those of Adam’s race are characterized by certain qualities and behaviors, referred to as the “Old Man”. Paul summarized the old man as a character that “corrupts itself according to the deceitful lusts”. This is the old creation.
The New Creation. When Christ rose from the dead, He became the beginning and head of a New Creation (Rev. 3:14) where sin can never come! God can find all His rest and satisfaction in the Person and work of His Beloved Son! It is into this New Creation, far beyond the reach of sin, that we have been brought by our death and resurrection with Christ; "if any man be in Christ, there is a new creation" (2 Cor. 5:17). That New Creation will be extended out to the physical universe when God's dispensational purposes are accomplished to the glory of Christ. The full “rest of God” will not be fully restored until the elements melt, and God makes a new heavens and earth (Rev. 21:1-8). The Old Creation began with a heavens and earth, and was completed with a head, the First Man placed over it. The New Creation began with a head, the Second Man, and will be completed with a new heavens and earth! Several features of the New Creation are:
- Christ is the beginning or head of the New Creation (Rev. 3:14). Christ's death and resurrection are the foundation of the New Creation. As the firstborn from the dead, Christ is the beginning of that creation, and He is head over it, just as Adam was head over the Old Creation. As Head, the whole creation takes its character from the risen Christ… all in the New Creation have “put on the new man, which according to God is created in truthful righteousness and holiness” (Eph. 4:24).
- Our standing “in Christ" brings us into New Creation (Eph. 2:10). The entire New Creation is “in Christ”; i.e. the creation itself is in Christ’s standing before God… therefore; "if any man be in Christ, there is a new creation" (2 Cor. 5:17). This is why justification isn’t mentioned in Ephesians, because in Ephesians we are on new creation ground. A nice example of this is Noah's ark. The ark is picture of Christ, and those in the ark speak of the believer's standing "in Christ". Only those "in the ark" were able to step out, after the judgment had passed, into a new world... a picture of new creation.
- Death and resurrection with Christ puts us onto New Creation ground (Col. 3). A complete and radical change transitions a person into the New Creation. All that we were in Adam is gone in the sight of God; dead and buried with Christ. Furthermore, we are risen with Him, and brought into the new sphere. "If ye then be risen with Christ, seek those things which are above, where Christ sitteth on the right hand of God. For ye are dead, and your life is hid with Christ in God." (Col. 3:1-3). This is pictured in the Old Testament by Israel crossing the Jordan river in order to enter Canaan. The river had to be crossed to enter that promised land. Practically, being dead with Christ means that believers "should not henceforth live unto themselves, but unto him which died for them, and rose again" (2 Cor. 5:15).
- In the New Creation, Christ has brought us to Heaven positionally (Eph. 2). Christ went where we were (death) and took the cup of wrath for us. Now we have been quickened with Him, raised with Him, and seated with Him where He is now in heaven. He has given us life and a justified standing, and left us in the world; but this is what we call "wilderness" doctrine, where Philippians sees us and where Romans ends. But God has done much more than that, He has brought us to where He is. We have been brought to heaven positionally; this is the new creation.
- In the New Creation we share Christ’s resurrection life (John 20:22). Christ rose as Head of a sphere of life that is beyond death. On the resurrection day, the Lord breathed the breath of the new-creation-life into the gathered apostles. We too share in that life.
- In the New Creation we are “one kind” with Christ (John 12:24). Christ as the corn of wheat, fell into the ground and died, has sprung up again, and has borne “much fruit.” The grains of wheat (individual Christians) have the same life as the risen stalk (Christ in resurrection). Hebrews 2:11 says “we are all of one [kind]”. God is so pleased with His Son that He wants to make many more sons just like Him!
- In the New Creation we have Oneness and Union with Christ. Oneness we get in John’s ministry, and Union we get in Paul’s ministry. Christ is head of the New Creation, and He is head of the Body. We are one with Christ in resurrection life, and we are united to Him by the Holy Ghost as members of His body. These are two distinct but connected lines of Christian truth. Therefore, New Creation is prerequisite to the formation of the Body of Christ (Eph. 2:14-15). God's work of bringing Jew and Gentile into New Creation “that he might form the two in himself into one new man”, has forever made peace between them; the middle wall of partition has been broken down.
- In the New Creation, manhood is brought into an exalted condition. Christ, as Son of Man has brought manhood into a condition that is “above angels” (Heb. 2). There is a new order of manhood!
- In the New Creation, natural relationships and distinctions have no place (Gal. 3:28). God’s work of creating us anew in Christ has the effect of erasing natural distinctions; gender, social class, ethnic background, etc. In this new condition of manhood, a distance is placed between the believer and the old creation. So striking is this change, that even if a Christian had known Jesus before the resurrection, in the New Creation we don’t know Him that way anymore (1 Cor. 5:16). Mary Magdalene was told “touch me not” (John 20:17), while Thomas was later told to touch. The Lord was making a point with her. She could not have the Lord in the same way she had previously known Him. Old things were passed away, and all things had become new. A nice example is James, who addressed himself, not as the brother of the Lord, but as His servant. An illustration of this from the Old Testament is Elisha. When Elisha was first called by Elijah in 1 Kings 19, he was not prepared to cut the ties with nature ("my father and my mother"). But after walking with the man of God, and crossing the Jordan with him, and seeing him go up, he says "my father, my father"... the old creation no longer had a hold on him. This fact extends to all our relationships; "henceforth know we no man after the flesh" (2 Cor. 5:16).
- In the New Creation, we have nothing to do with the world and religious flesh. God is looking for one thing (Christ), and through Christ’s work on the cross we see that He has got His aim. He wants to see Christ in us, the New Creature. Circumcision and uncircumcision alike for the believer are gone, because they are connected with the old creation. All that is left is Christ. “But God forbid that I should glory, save in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom the world is crucified unto me, and I unto the world. For in Christ Jesus neither is circumcision anything, nor uncircumcision; but new creation.”Galatians 6:14-15
- New Creation is enjoyed in the measure that we disconnect with the Old Creation (2 Cor. 12). Paul relates his experience under the abstract label of “a man in Christ” caught up to the third heaven. He was so disconnected from the Old Creation that he could not discern whether he was in or out of his physical body. The Spirit of God shows us what life would be like if we enjoyed the New Creation with the final tie to the old (physical body) removed. What was Paul’s report? “Unspeakable things said which it is not allowed to man to utter.”We are not going to be “caught up” until the rapture, but in the measure that we disconnect ourselves from earthly things, we will enjoy the New Creation.
- Enjoyment of the New Creation does not make us "no earthly good" (1 Cor. 5:19-20). Though we are in the New Creation, we are still on the earth, and God has given us a work to do. We are here for the purpose of representing Christ as ambassadors with the ministry of reconciliation.
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Topic: “The Sea”.
This week’s focus: “The Lighthouse Keeper’s Lunch” by Ronda and David Armitage / the seaside
his week’s learning
· Our trip to Bexhill went really well despite the rain. Thank you to those who came along with us.
· Maths: Money – recognising all coins; making amounts to 20p using different coins; finding change from 10p.
· English: Writing the story of “The Lighthouse Keeper’s Lunch” in their own words.
· Science: We planted bean seeds and discussed what they need to grow.
Next week’s focus: “Lost on the Beach” by Ian Beck / the seaside
Next week’s learning
· Maths: Measuring and comparing the capacity of different containers. Telling the time to the hour and o’clock.
· English: Writing their own story based on “Lost on the Beach”. Revision of –ed ending to make the past tense, eg jumped, washed, etc.
· Science: Observing the growth of seedlings and potatoes. Learning about garden and wild flowers.
Important Dates / Reminders:
Friday 12th May: Class photos.
We still need more families to look after the guinea pigs at weekends. Please let us know if you would like to. Thank you to those who have already offered.
We also need someone to have them 21st July – 8th August and 24th August – 5th September.
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Periods of disturbed sleep are common for most of us some time in our life. While short periods of disrupted sleep are annoying but not detrimental, extended periods of sleep problems can greatly affect mental and physical health. Glycine - a natural sleep aid, may be beneficial for any people suffering with sleep problems.
In fact several studies have confirmed that sleep problems increase the risk of heart disease, obesity, diabetes/ metabolic syndrome, and mental health problems such as depression and anxiety.
There are several options to treat sleep problems. The first option should always comprise proper sleep hygiene. This involves getting to bed at a regular time, limiting coffee intake, reducing night-time lights, and having a comfortable bed.
Medication can often be prescribed by medical practitioners to help improve sleep, however, their long-term use is problematic as it can lead to dependence and ‘rebound’ insomnia.
There are several natural options available to help improve sleep with increasing research supporting the benefits of an amino acid called glycine.
In one randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled study (gold standard study design), 3 grams of glycine given to adults with sleep problems over 3 consecutive nights significantly improved sleep quality . Compared to the placebo, the volunteers reported greater improvements in “fatigue”, “liveliness and peppiness”, and “clear-headedness”.
In another study by the same researchers, 3 grams of glycine improved sleep quality, and shortened time to fall asleep (measured through changes in brain waves) .
Finally, in another study published in the journal, Frontiers in Neurology, the effects of glycine on daytime sleepiness, fatigue, and mental performance in sleep-restricted healthy adults was investigated . Sleep was restricted to 25% less than the usual sleep time for three consecutive nights, and participants were given either 3 grams of glycine or placebo before bedtime. People who were given glycine were not as sleepy during the day and reported less fatigue following this period of sleep restriction. A computerised performance test also revealed significantly better psychomotor vigilance (compared to the placebo). This is positive news for people who are experiencing a period of reduced sleep restriction due pressures at work, home or school.
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Heart disease, or cardiovascular disease, is the leading cause of death among Americans, responsible for 600,000 deaths each year. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report that heart disease causes one in four deaths. Because heart disease and its risk factors are so closely related to obesity and nutrition, Seattle Sutton’s Healthy Eating program is ideal for improving your heart health, whether you are concerned about risk factors for heart disease such as coronary heart disease, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, or stroke.
Overweight and obesity, high LDL cholesterol levels, and high blood pressure (hypertension) are among the top risk factors for heart disease. Two-thirds of American adults are overweight or obese, one-third of adults have high LDL cholesterol and one-third have high blood pressure. Other risk factors for heart disease are high blood levels of total cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, and high triglycerides. You can address every single one of these risk factors by losing weight. The SSHE program can help you lose weight while eating heart-healthy nutrients and restricting the unhealthy ones.
Since losing weight requires balancing calorie intake and burning calories, our menus are calorie-controlled. We limit calories by providing nutrient dense foods, while limiting the fat and sugar content. Each menu on our low-fat program provides less than 25 percent of total calories from fat. Experts, including the American Heart Association, suggest such calorie-controlled, low-fat programs for healthy weight loss. As you lose weight, you reduce the strain on your heart and can lower cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure and blood sugar.
The SSHE menus meet criteria from the American Heart Association (AHA) for a heart-healthy diet. Our meal plans provide less than 7 percent of total calories from cholesterol-raising saturated fat and are free from heart-damaging artificial trans fats and partially hydrogenated oils. Our menus provide less than 200 mg of cholesterol daily and are far lower than the typical American diet in sodium, which raises blood pressure and increases the risk of stroke and coronary heart disease. We also include heart-healthy omega-three fatty acids, antioxidants, fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and nuts to give customers a well-rounded diet.
If you have ever tried but have been unable to lose weight and keep it off, you know that some of the challenges are finding time to grocery shop, knowing what to eat and preventing boredom. Our program avoids all of these problems. We plan menus, and do the shopping and cooking for you. Our menus are nutritionally balanced and in accordance with the AHA, as well as the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. In addition, you are not limited in variety with the SSHE menu, which is on a 5-week rotation and includes more than 100 different meals in both its traditional and vegetarian plans.
The menus assist in fighting hunger as you lose weight because they are high in lean proteins and dietary fiber. These hunger-suppressing nutrients fill you up as you lose weight. As a bonus, dietary fiber also lowers cholesterol levels and improves heart health.
You receive your meals every week through our local SSHE stores or National Home Delivery. Each customer that orders the weekly full meal plan receives 7 weekly breakfasts, lunches, and dinners in two partial-week cycles. You may pick up from one of our many retail locations, or we can deliver meals to your home or office. And, these portable meals are convenient to take with you wherever you need to go!
Are you ready to lose weight and make your heart healthier with SSHE? Click on the “Order Now” button!
For more information, or if you have medical-related concerns, please call Paula Heaton, BSN, RN at 817-689-0265.
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Orchids are one among the many magnificent flowering plants found in gardens and green areas. These flowers have several different varieties and each has a unique appearance.
The flowers that these plants bear are of a different appearance than general flowers and have a very elegant and attractive look to them.
Orchids are also one among the most varied group of plants with flowers. There are more than 25,000 different species of the orchid found all around the world.
These flowers are very attractive and appeal to bees, insects, butterflies, and other pollinators. They are available in several colors and are also usually sweetly scented.
These showy qualities of the orchid make it a very attractive garden plant. Orchids are available in various types and these can either be grown outdoors in your house gardens or even as indoor plants to enhance the beauty and display of the interiors.
Being the showy and sophisticated flowers, that orchids are, they also need to be cared for and tended well. Once you are well acquainted with the demands of this plant, they would grow well and be the additional accents to your décor elements.
The light requirement for the orchid plant is something to learn about. There are several rights and wrongs when it comes to light supply and also either too much or too little sun.
Various species have varying light needs and they require a balanced and proper supply of sunlight to bloom and add to the display of the gardens and your rooms.
Table of Contents
- 1 Orchids and their light requirements:
- 1.1 Light supply is the key feature to a good bloom:
- 1.2 How to know what intensity of sunlight your orchid plant is receiving?
- 1.3 General light requirements for an Orchid plant:
- 1.4 Where to place your Orchid plant?
- 1.5 Sunlight requirement depending on type of Orchids:
- 1.6 Signs that the Orchid is not getting proper sunlight:
- 1.7 What happens when orchid plants are exposed to too much direct sunlight?
- 2 Conclusion:
Orchids and their light requirements:
Generally speaking, the orchid requires a strong but indirect source of light. The bright and indirect supply of sunlight is the ideal kind, but it all also depends greatly on the type of orchid that you own.
Different types of this flowering plant prefer different light conditions. Some orchids like a low-intensity sunlight supply.
Some other orchid varieties grow better under moderate to high sunlight conditions. Depending on your orchid species, the light supply and placement of the plant must be chosen.
Light supply is the key feature to a good bloom:
Proper lighting is very necessary for your orchids as their other requirements like increase or decrease in temperature water needs, etc. are all indirectly associated with a successful source of light.
Adequate sunlight supply during the growing season of the orchids is very important, thus light source, the quantity of supply, placement of the orchid plant, etc. must be regulated according to its light needs.
Insufficient lighting can result in decreased flowering and lowered quality of foliage. Also, more than necessary amounts of sunlight can cause adverse effects on the plant. A balance is required when it comes to sunlight supply for orchid plants.
Orchids are generally supposed to have light green colored foliage. A yellowish-green leaf color with upright leaves is an ideal orchid appearance. If your orchid plant’s leaves are a darker and grass-green shade with long and flaccid leaves, then it is an indication that the orchid plant isn’t receiving enough light.
How to know what intensity of sunlight your orchid plant is receiving?
Placing the potted orchid plant by a direct or indirect light sourcing window may not be enough. At times, the amount of light you assume your plant to be receiving may be deceitful.
There is a way to check and find out about how much light and in what intensity is the light being supplied to your orchids.
There are automated meters and scales that can measure the amount of light, but if not you can use your hand and it will be just as fine.
On a bright and clear day, place your hand between the source of light and the orchid plant, making sure that your palm is at a 12inch distance from the foliage. The shadow that your palm casts on the plant determine whether there is enough light for the orchids or not.
If there is no shadow of your hand over the plant, then it means that the plant is not getting enough sunlight for any orchid species to grow.
If the shadow of your palm is light and faded over the plant then it indicates that the level of light is low and this kind of light works for many orchid types.
In case the shadow of your hand falling onto the plant is sharp, dark, and clear, it is an indication that the light is bright and high enough. This intensity of light is likely sufficient for those orchid species which need more light to grow.
General light requirements for an Orchid plant:
Orchids grow in strong and indirect sunlight. They require an adequate light supply for the blooming of the flowers.
A strong but at the same time, indirect sunlight supply must be made available to the orchid plants. Direct sunshine can affect the bloom and cause sunburns in the foliage of the plant.
Where to place your Orchid plant?
Taking into consideration the light requirements of your indoor potted orchid plants, the placement and positioning of the plant is a key factor which assists in good light supply.
The potted orchids are best suited to the sunlight conditions when placed by either south-facing window or east-facing window.
These provide a bright exposure to the plant without the harshness and the heat of the sun. South or east side window locations are ideal for the placement of an orchid plant and provide the optimal intensity of sunlight.
A west located window is too hot and exposes the orchid plant to harsh afternoon rays of the sun which are direct and can cause leaf damage. If placing the orchid plant by a west-facing window, it is best to place it behind a sheer curtain so that the light rays are indirect but bright at the same time.
If the orchid plant is kept by a north-facing window, it won’t get enough sunshine and light which is required for blooming.
Sunlight requirement depending on type of Orchids:
As we have already discussed, there are two varieties of orchids depending on light needs. Orchids can be classified under two – Tropical Orchids and Terrestrial Orchids.
Tropical varieties of orchids are native to forests where they receive sunlight which reaches them through the canopies of bigger trees. Thus, they are accustomed to growing in indirect sun and prefer a light intensity bright sunlight condition.
In homes or gardens, these tropical orchid plants must be grown in low and warm light and direct heat as well as light rays of the Sun must not be allowed to hit the foliage. Phalaenopsis, Lady Slipper, Oncidium, Paphiopedilum, etc. are few among the tropical orchids. These can be placed in north or east-facing windows or a protected and shaded west and south window.
Terrestrial orchids, as the name suggests, grow in the soil and mostly in open ground areas rather than forests. They do not have a cover over them and hence, they grow under the full and bright sun. They are not too vulnerable to damage due to direct sunlight exposure.
They also prefer soaring temperatures and can tolerate more light as compared to tropical orchids. These types of orchids are also popularly called hardy orchids. They can be kept by a west or south-facing window and a thin sheer curtain to block extreme sunlight is advised to keep them protected and to prevent burning of the foliage. They like growing in warmer households. Cattleya, Vanda and Dendrobium are some such terrestrial orchid varieties.
Signs that the Orchid is not getting proper sunlight:
The color of the foliage is a great element which can determine the health of the orchid plant. If there is an insufficient supply of light or over-sufficiency of sunlight, it can be made out by just checking the following signs in the foliage of the orchid plant;
– If the leaves of your plant have a dark green hue and tend to be droopy, then it is a sign that it has a lack of light supply. Due to less light available to be absorbed by the plant, the leaves grow in area to be able to absorb more light, this results in bigger and heavier leaves which tend to droop downwards.
To correct this, move your plant to another window location where exposure to sunlight is comparatively more. You can also shift your indoor orchid plant to the outdoor garden and let it sit under a shady tree where it can get enough indirect light supply.
– If the foliage of the orchid plant is turning yellow or red, then it is a sign that they are receiving too much sunlight. Too much sunlight exposure causes harm and burns to the foliage. If the leaves are more yellowish, then it is time for you to shift your orchids to a more sun-protected area.
You can also check if the intensity of sunlight it too much by touching the leaves of the plant. If they feel warm then it is a sign that they are suffering from high-intensity sunlight and heat. These orchid plants must be immediately shifted to a more indirectly bright source of light to avoid damage.
– Bright yellow-green leaves are a representation of healthy orchid leaves that are receiving enough sunlight and do not need any alteration.
What happens when orchid plants are exposed to too much direct sunlight?
Some orchids may prefer a direct source of the sun and others like a more indirectly lit positioning. But there is always a chance of damage to the foliage, improper growth, and reduced blooming of flowers caused by direct and intense rays of the sun.
The supply of light is less than what is necessary then the effects of it on the plant would not be as adverse as when the light is too much and too intense.
The very early indication that the plant is getting too much light is seen on the leaves. The foliage slowly turns into a more yellow shade of color. If this condition is not immediately corrected by placing the orchid plant in indirect light supply, then this can eventually turn worse.
The yellow portion of the foliage can slowly turn whitish. Once the leaf starts to turn white, the damage caused in the plant cannot be reversed. This white area is a sign that the leaf has suffered sunburn.
The white patch on the leaf will slowly turn brown as the sunburnt portion dries up.
If the orchid plants are kept in the direct sun for too long, then it starts to lose its chlorophyll and the green color begins to turn yellow. If this losing of chlorophyll is stopped in the early stage, the damage can be controlled. If the dried spots turn white, the leaf portion cannot be saved anymore.
To save the plant from further yellowing and drying out due to sunburn, it should be moved to a safer environment.
If the plants are suddenly exposed to a lot of sunlight, it can facilitate damage in the foliage. The plant in the initial stage must be kept in a partially shaded area and then slowly and gradually moved to a sunnier position.
Even while changing the potting position after the winter for the growing season; it must be carried out eventually so that the plant is not suddenly traumatized by the change.
Therefore, even though the orchid plant won’t die readily due to direct sunlight, but it will go through a lot of chlorophyll loss, sunburn, and deficiencies due to improper photosynthesis.
Over time, these conditions will not only affect the appearance and flowering of the orchids but also will lead to the slow drying up of the entire plant.
Eventually, due to too much light and heat, the plant will suffer adverse issues and this will result in permanent damage and the death of the orchids.
Thus is it very necessary to keep a check on your potted orchids from time to time. Make sure the leaves maintain their fresh color and have a proper temperature.
In case the plant shows any sign of damage that we discussed before, immediately take action and shift the plant to regulate its needs. With all the correct steps in mind, the plant will turn out great and will keep your home environment unique and beautiful with its attractive and fragrant flowers.
Hi there! My name is Constance and I am a professional botanist. My enthusiasm for organic farming has led me to start this blog about gardening for beginners!
I write articles and tips on improving your home and garden with less work. I also share my own advice from the perspective of someone who loves all things green – like how to grow vegetables in containers or how to make compost out of kitchen scraps.
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|Carries||2 lanes of US 101 and bicycles|
|Locale||Astoria, Oregon / Pacific County, Washington, USA|
|Maintained by||Oregon DOT|
|Total length||21,474 feet (6,545 m)|
|Width||28 feet (8.5 m)|
|Longest span||1,233 feet (376 m)|
|Number of spans||8 (main)
|Piers in water||171|
|Clearance below||196 feet (60 m) at high tide|
|Designer||Oregon and Washington transportation departments|
|Construction begin||November 5, 1962|
|Construction end||August 27, 1966|
|Construction cost||$24 million|
|Inaugurated||August 27, 1966|
|Opened||July 29, 1966|
|Toll||none (since December 1993)|
The Astoria–Megler Bridge is a steel cantilever through truss bridge that spans the Columbia River between Astoria, Oregon and Point Ellice near Megler, Washington, in the United States. Located 14 miles (23 km) from the mouth of the river, the bridge is 4.1 miles (6.6 km) long and was the last completed segment of U.S. Route 101 between Olympia, Washington, and Los Angeles, California. It is the longest continuous truss bridge in North America.
Ferry service between Astoria and the Washington side of the Columbia River began in 1926. The Oregon Department of Transportation purchased the ferry service in 1946. This ferry service did not operate during inclement weather and the half-hour travel time caused delays. In order to allow faster and more reliable crossings near the mouth of the river, a bridge was planned. The bridge was built jointly by the Oregon Department of Transportation and Washington State Department of Transportation.
Construction on the structure began on November 5, 1962. The concrete piers were cast at Tongue Point, 4 miles (6.4 km) upriver. The steel structure was built in segments at Vancouver, Washington, 90 miles (140 km) upriver, then barged downstream where hydraulic jacks lifted them into place. On August 27, 1966, with more than 30,000 people in attendance, Governors Mark Hatfield of Oregon and Dan Evans of Washington opened the bridge by cutting a ceremonial ribbon. The cost of the project was $24 million, equivalent to $177 million today, and was paid for by tolls that were removed on December 24, 1993, more than two years early.
The bridge is 21,474 feet (6,545 m) in length and carries one lane of traffic in each direction. The cantilever-span section, which is closest to the Oregon side, is 2,468 feet (752 m) long, and its main (central) span measures 1,233 feet (375.8 m). The bridge was built to withstand 150 mph (240 km/h) wind gusts and river water speeds of 9 mph (14 km/h). As of 2004, an average of 7,100 vehicles per day use the Astoria–Megler Bridge. Designed by William Adair Bugge (July 10, 1900 - November 14, 1992), construction of the cantilever truss bridge was completed by the DeLong Corporation, the American Bridge Company, and Pomeroy Gerwick.
The south end is located at long inclined ramp which goes through a 360° loop while gaining elevation to clear the channel over land. The north end is at and connects directly to SR 401. Since most of the northern portion of the bridge is over shallow, non-navigable water, it is low to the water.beside what used to be the toll plaza, at the end of a 650-metre (2,130 ft)
Repainting the bridge was planned for May 2009 through 2011 and budgeted at $20,000,000 to be shared by the states of Oregon and Washington. However, a four-year planned paint stripping and repainting project is planned for March 2012 through December 2016.
Normally, only motor vehicles and bicycles are allowed on the bridge—not pedestrians. However, one day a year, usually in October, the bridge is host to the Great Columbia Crossing. The event uses the 4 miles (6.4 km) long bridge to cross the river. The entire route is 10 kilometres (6.2 mi). Participants are taken by shuttle to the Washington side from where they run or walk to the Oregon side. Motor traffic is allowed to use only one lane (of two lanes) and is advised to expect delays during the two-hour race.
The bridge itself is featured prominently in the movies Short Circuit, Kindergarten Cop, and The Goonies. It stands in for the doomed fictional Madison Bridge in Irwin Allen's 1979 made-for-TV disaster movie The Night the Bridge Fell Down.
- Astoria Bridge. Structurae. Retrieved on July 5, 2015.
- "National Bridge Inventory Database". Retrieved 2015-07-05.
- "July 29, 1966: Pacific Coast Route Completed With Opening of Astoria–Megler Bridge". Retrieved 2011-11-17.
- "Lewis & Clark's Columbia River – 200 Years Later: Astoria–Megler Bridge". Retrieved 2013-01-25.
- Holstine, Craig E.; Hobbs, Richard (2005). Spanning Washington: Historic Highway Bridges of the Evergreen State. Washington State University Press. p. 100. ISBN 0-87422-281-8.
- Astoria–Megler Bridge. Archived June 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Astoria & Warrenton Area Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved on May 14, 2008.
- Smith, Dwight A.; Norman, James B.; Dykman, Pieter T. (1989). Historic Highway Bridges of Oregon. Oregon Historical Society Press. p. 299. ISBN 0-87595-205-4.
- Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
- "Oregon Coastal Highway Bridges". Oregon Department of Transportation. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
- NBI Structure Number: 07949C009 00241.[permanent dead link] Nationalbridges.com. Retrieved on May 14, 2008.
- "Google Maps route". Retrieved 2011-11-17.
- "Astoria–Megler Bridge Painting". Archived from the original on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
- "Astoria Megler Bridge Painting - Phase 2". Retrieved 2011-11-17.[permanent dead link]
- Oregon Department of Transportation: Oregon Coast Bike Route Archived May 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
- Cool Ship Watching Spots On the Lower Columbia
- passport2oregon.com: Astoria
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Astoria-Megler Bridge.|
- Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. OR-50, "Columbia River Gorge Bridge at Astoria, Spanning Columbia River at Oregon Coast Highway (U.S. Route 101), Astoria, Clatsop County, OR", 3 photos, 1 color transparency, 2 photo caption pages
- funbeach.com: Astoria–Megler Bridge
- oldoregon.com: Astoria–Megler Bridge
- Great Columbia Crossing
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Lyndon Johnson Signs Wilderness Act of 1964
"Lyndon Johnson Signs Wilderness Act of 1964" was the headline on September 3, 1964. Unlike many other Great Society legislative bills, this one went through over sixty drafts before it was completed. The original version is credited to Howard Zahniser, a member of the Wilderness Society.
What Is the Wilderness Act of 1964?
The Wilderness Act of 1964 created a legal definition of wilderness still used by the federal government today. The Act applied to roughly 9.1 million acres of federal land. It spelled out a process for formally designating additional lands as wilderness areas and thus off-limits to logging, mining, most types of agriculture and many recreational activities. Commercial uses like grazing, mining, water usage and logging that existed in the wilderness area may continue as “grandfathered” as long as they do not significantly impact the area. However, the rules and regulations that permit such activity tend to become more restrictive over time, driving out human usage.
While fishing, hunting and hiking may be allowed in the wilderness areas, the lack of permanent roads mean most visitors to federal lands never reach wilderness areas.
Lands declared wilderness under the Wilderness Act become part of the National Wilderness Preservation System or NWPS. After an area is added to the National Wilderness Preservation System, only an act of Congress can remove it from that designation. Land can be added to the National Wilderness Preservation System by an act of Congress, as the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act did. Two million acres were added in 2009 as part of the Omnibus Public Management Act.
Wilderness Areas Created by the Wilderness Act
The Wilderness Act of 1964 created 54 wilderness areas at its onset. These areas include but are not limited to the Ansel Adams Wilderness in California, Bridger Wilderness in Wyoming, Diamond Peak in Oregon, Mazatal in Arizona, Mount Adams in Washington, Mount Hood and Washington in Oregon, San Pedro Parks in New Mexico, Teton in Wyoming, White Mountain in New Mexico and the Bob Marshall Wilderness in Montana.
National Wilderness and Federal Lands
All designated wilderness is federal land. Only a portion, roughly a sixth of all federal land, is designated wilderness.
Around 109 million acres are part of the NWPS today, with land in 44 states and Puerto Rico. This is around 5% of all land in the U.S. This is not all of the federally held land in the United States. The U.S. government has direct ownership of around 650 million acres of land, including military bases, NWPS lands, Native American reservations, national parks and reserves. This network of federally owned lands is managed by many different agencies, from the Bureau of Land Management to the U.S. Forest Service to the National Park Service. Military basis are managed by the Department of Defense while reservations are managed by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
Another difference between designated wilderness and conventional federal land is the restrictions on its use. Designated wilderness is not allowed to have permanent roads, and motorized vehicles are prohibited except for recreational purposes, medical evacuations, maintenance and restoration of wilderness areas, fight fires, protect private property, control insect infestation and so forth. Commercial services except for recreational purposes are not allowed under the Wilderness Act in wilderness areas. Scientific research is allowed in wilderness areas if it is deemed non-invasive.
Permanent structures and installations are not allowed, except in wilderness areas in Alaska.
National park backcountry is not legally classified as “wilderness” but may be put off-limits by federal agency regulations. National park backcountry can be recommended for addition to the wilderness system but cannot be legally converted to such without Congressional approval.
Did You Know?
Of lands in the National Wilderness Preservation System, around 56% is managed by the National Park Service, 18% by the U.S. Forest Service, 22% by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and 2% by the Bureau of Land Management.
The largest wilderness area is the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska. It is often abbreviated as ANWR.
A re-interpretation of the “no motorized vehicles” rule for wilderness to include bicycles has led many bikers to oppose the designation of new wilderness areas.
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TOWN OF NEWBURGH.
WHILE Newburgh is the most important and impressive place in Orange County, Newburgh Town, outside of the city,
has its facts and points of interest.
After the annulment, in 1669, of the patent purchased of the Indians by Governor Dongan, and conveyed by him to
Captain John Evans in 1684 in which patent was included the territory of the Newburgh precinct, the entire district
was conveyed, between 1703 and 1705, in small patents, ten of which were in the Newburgh precinct, and a list of
which is given in the chapter on Newburgh city.
All patents were conditioned upon a payment of quit rent, sometimes in money, sometimes in wheat or other commodity.
The Palatine settlement, including a portion of the present city of Newburgh
and a portion of the town, is elsewhere considered. So are the changes and troubles that followed the coming of
the new Dutch and English settlers, resulting in a decision of the council which practically terminated "The
Palatine Parish by Ouassaick." Ruttenber says that when this decision was rendered the original members of
the parish had long previously removed from it or been laid away in the quiet churchyard, and adds: "As a
people they were earnest, good men and women. Wherever their neighbors of subsequent migrations are met, their
record compares favorably with that of immigrants from any other country. No citizens of more substantial worth
are found under the flag of this, their native land, than their descendants: no braver men were in the armies of
the Revolution than Herkimer and Muhlenberg. Had they done nothing in the parish but made clearings in its forests
and planted fields they would be entitled to grateful remembrance. They did more; they gave to it its first church
and its first government; and in all subsequent history their descendants have had a part."
As to the other patents: The Baird patent included the settlement of Belknap's Ridge. later classed at Coldenham.
It was issued to Alexander Baird, Abraham Van Vieque and Hermans Johnson, and was sold to Governor William Burnet.
The Kipp patent included the district east, north and west of Orange Lake, and adjoined the Baird patent on the
south. It was issued to Jacobus Kipp, John Conger, Philip Cortlandt, David Prevost, Oliver Schuyler and John Schuyler.
It was divided into six parts, and these were subdivided into farms. About 1791 a company of Friends from Westchester
County settled on the patent. They were Daniel, Zephaniah and Bazak Birdsall, John Sutton and John Thorne. The
first purchasers on the Bradley patent are supposed to have been Johannes Snyder and John Crowell. The Wallace
patent, issued to James Wallace alone, was afterwards purchased by John Penny, who sold 200 acres of it to Robert
Ross, and settled, with his seven sons, upon the remainder. The Bradley patent was to Sarah, Catherine, George,
Elizabeth and Mary Bradley, and was taken in their name by their father, Richard Bradley, who thus secured six
tracts, of which that in Newburgh was one. The Harrison patent was to Francis Harrison. Mary Fatham, Thomas Brazier,
James Graham and John Haskell. It included the present district of Middlehope, and its settlers were influential
in the control of the town during its early history. The Spratt patent was in two parcels, 1,000 acres in Newburgh
and 2,000 acres in Ulster. It was issued to Andrew Marschalk and John Spratt, the latter taking the Newburgh tract.
This was purchased in 176o by Joseph Gidney, and took the name of Gidneytown. The Gulch patent was to Melichor
Gulch and his wife and children of the original company of Palatines. The Johnson or Jansen patent adjoined the
Gulch patent, and was the first occupied land in the northwestern part of the town.
The settlement of these patents resulted in dividing the old precinct of the Highlands in 1762 into the precincts
of Newburgh and New Windsor, the former embracing the towns of Marlborough and Plattekill in Ulster County with
the present town and city of Newburgh, and the latter covering substantially the same territory as now.
The next April, 1763, Newburgh's first town meeting was held at the house of Jonathan Hasbrouck, now known as
Washington's Headquarters, and these officers were chosen: Jonathan Hasbrouck, supervisor; Samuel Sands, clerk;
Richard Harper, John Winfield and Samuel Wyatt, assessors; Daniel Gedney and Benjamin Woolsey, poor masters; Jonathan
McCrary, John Wandel, Burras Holmes, Isaac Fowler, Muphrey Merritt and Thomas Woolsey, path masters; Nathan Purdy
and Isaac Fowler, fence viewers and appraisers.
Ten years later Marlborough and Plattekill settlements were set off as New Marlborough, and left Newburgh with
almost the same territory as that of the present town and city. The first supervisor of this reduced town was John
Flewwelling and the first clerk was Samuel Sands.
The territory of the present town embraces 26,882 acres in the extreme northeast portion of the county, The soil
along the river front for a distance of five miles is warm, productive and well cultivated. The rock formations
are largely slate and lime. In 1875 its population was 3,538, and the census of 1905 places it at 4,885 persons.
Subsequent to the incorporation of the city of Newburgh, April 25, 1865, the town of Newburgh was invested with
the government of its own officers. The following supervisors have been elected:
Nathaniel Barns, 1866; C. Gilbert Fowler, 1867; Nathaniel Barns, 1868 to 1870; W. A. Pressler, 1871: John W. Bushfield,
1872 to 1877; Henry P. Clauson, 1878 to 1880; W. A. Pressler, 1881 to 1885; Oliver Lozier, 1886; John W. Bushfield,
1887; Oliver Lozier, 1888 to 1891; William H. Post, 1892 to 1899; Henry P. Clauson, 1900 to 1906; Fred S. McDowell,
1907 and 1908.
But little need be added to what has elsewhere been sketched regarding Newburgh's part in the war for independence,
Its people were prompt in patriotic response to the non importation resolutions of the Continental Congress, It
was one of the five precincts to publicly burn the pamphlet assailing those resolutions, entitled, "Free Thoughts
on the Resolves of Congress," and on June 27, 1775, at a public meeting, appointed a Committee of Safety:
Wolves Acker, Jonathan Hasbrouck, Thomas Palmer, John Belknap, Joseph Coleman, Moses Higby, Samuel Sands, Stephen
Case, Isaac Belknap, Benjamin Birdsall, John Robinson and others. When the pledge to support the acts of the Continental
and Provincial Congress was ready 174 names were voluntarily signed to it and twenty one of the fifty four men
who refused to sign afterward made affidavit that they also would abide by the measures of Congress and pay their
quota of all expenses. Some of the thirty three Tories who stood out were imprisoned and some were executed. The
Newburgh patriots as promptly reorganized the militia of the precinct. They furnished two companies for a new regiment
in September, and in December helped to constitute a regiment of minute men, and provided its colonel in the person
of Thomas Palmer. They also, in 1776, organized as rangers or scouts to prevent attacks from hostile Indians. Throughout
the war the citizens of Newburgh were conspicuous as volunteers in the regular army and as local militiamen in
the cause of the Revolution, and were subjected to much inconvenience and many privations in consequence of the
presence of other troops, as elsewhere stated. Many of them were killed and many more taken prisoners in the defense
of the Highland torts, after which the poor taxes were increased from £50 to £800 and special donations
were collected for those who had been deprived of their husbands or parents.
The history of Washington's doings and sayings in and near Newburgh is so familiar that they need not be repeated
The Benevolent Society of the County of Orange was formed in January, 1805, with the following officers: Hugh
Walsh, president; Gen. John Skey Mustache, vice president; John McAuley, treasurer; William Gardner, Secretary.
In the sketch of Newburgh village and city mention has been made of the charter provision for a Glebe fair. This
fair is believed to have been held occasionally as late as 1805, as there has been found in an old newspaper notice
of one to be held in October of that year, with an offer of $125 as a premium to the jockey riding the best horse
on the course of Benjamin Case, $50 to another jockey riding the best horse on the following day, and $25 to the
jockey riding the best filly on the third day.
The Newburgh Bible Society was organized September 9, 1818, at a meeting held in the Presbyterian Church of Newburgh
village, after a discourse by Rev. Tames R. Wilson. The first article of the constitution declared that its "sole
object shall be to encourage a wider cireulation of the Scriptures, without note or comment." The following
officers were elected: Jonas Story, president; Isaac Belknap and Joseph Clark, vice presidents; Rev, John Johnston,
corresponding secretary; Charles Miller, recording secretary; Benjamin J. Lewis, treasurer.
In 1823 the Newburgh Society for Aiding Missions was formed. The report said: "Its design is to be auxiliary
to the cause of missions in general; its funds, at the disposal of a board of managers, are to be appropriated
from time to time to such societies or other missionary objects as may seem to have the most pressing claim to
The Newburgh Sabbath School Society was organized in 1816, and the following officers are found recorded, as chosen
in 1823; sixteen years afterward: Superintendents, Mrs. Agnes Van Vleeck, Mrs. Mary G. Belknap, Mrs, Harriet M.
Bate, Miss Joanna Schultz; secretary, Miss Louisa Lewis; treasurer, Miss Jane Carpenter. The secretary, in her
report, stated that the school then consisted of more than 300 scholars, the average attendance being 200, and
that there were thirty two classes instructed by forty six teachers and assistants. She stated that the number
of verses committed to memory during the year was 21,440 and of divine songs 8,684.
Eager reports a meeting of the Orange County Medical Society in Newburgh in October, 1823, which invited the members
of the Newburgh Lyceum to attend, Medical and scientific essays were read by Drs. John M. Gough, Francis L. Beattie
and Arnell, other essays by George W. Benedict and Rev, James R. Wilson, and "the merits of each underwent
an able discussion."
Just outside the legal boundary line north of the city of Newburgh is the fashionable suburb of Balmville, named
after a large Balm of Gilead tree, which is estimated to be one hundred and fifty or more years old, and nearly
twenty five feet in circumference. The population is large and wealthy, inhabiting charming country seats. Continuing
northward about two miles is the village of Middlehope, formerly known as Middletown. It is the center of a prosperous
fruit section where many varieties of fruit originated with men foremost in pomolog. North of "is settlement
is Cedar Hill Cemetery. The grounds are from the design of August Hepp, and are under the control of the Cedar
Hill Cemetery Association. which was organized in 1870, mainly through efforts of Enoch Carter. Roseton, four miles
north of Newburgh, on the banks of the Hudson, was named after John C, Rose, who established extensive brick yards
here in 1883. Brick yards have multiplied in this section, and destroyed the natural attractions of a once pretty
cove. The Dans Kammer, a promontory just beyond, marks the northern extremity of Newburgh Bay. Hampton, now known
as Cedar Cliff Post office, is a landing on the Hudson, adjoining the Ulster County boundary line, Savilton, formerly
Rossville, is a small district eight miles northwest of Newburgh city, named from Alexander Ross. Gardnertown is
a small settlement four miles northwest of the city, and was named from the old and numerous family of Gardners
who settled there,
Orange Lake, now a noted summer resort, was called by the early settlers Dutch Bennin Water, and later Machen's
Pond, from Captain Machen, an engineer employed by Congress in 1777 in erecting fortifications in the Highlands
and stretching the huge obstructing chain across the Hudson, It was also called Big Pond as distinct from Little
Pond in New Windsor. The lake covers about four hundred acres and is kept well fed by creeks and large springs.
Numerous cottages dot its shores, and an amusement park is conducted under the management of the Orange County
Traction Company, Extensive improvements were made in 1907, including the erection of a large theatre and other
Quassaick Creek is a fine stream entering the Hudson between Newburgh city and New Windsor, and is formed by the
united waters of Orange Lake outlet and Fostertown and Gidney's Creeks. It has supplied many mills and factories
King's Hill is a high boundary elevation in the northwest part of the town affording an extensive view in all directions.
Bacon Hill is another, north from King's Hill, at the edge of the town. Limestone Hill is a ridge running north
and south two miles northwest of the city.
Fostertown Creek, one of the tributaries of Ouassaick Creek, is a small stream which rises in Ulster County and
drains a narrow valley several miles in extent. Bushfield Creek also rises in Ulster and is one of the streams
which feed Orange Lake.
Among the "remarkable incidents" of early times mentioned by Eager, are the following: In 1803 the
formation of a Druid society, composed, it was said, wholly of deists, whose proceedings were secret. In January,
1805, a son of Warren Scott, 14 years old, was torn in pieces by wolves in the west part of the town while feeding
his father's sheep. The wolves at this time also came down and killed sheep near the village of Newburgh. In 1816
the owners of the Newburgh ferry first used a horse boat, and on August 13th of that year the boat Jason Rogers
crossed the river with two horses attached to a coach and a wagon, seventeen chaises and horses, another horse
and fifty passengers. In 1817 Government officers inspected ninety tons of cannon made by Mr. Townsend on Chamber's
Creek, and all proved good. They were the first manufactured in the State, and were of sterling ore from the town
of Monroe, November 24, 1824, the schooner Neptune, on the way from New York to Newburgh. was upset and sunk, and
the most of her fifty or more passengers were drowned. She had forty or fifty tons of plaster on hoard, and the
heavy wind shifted it, which caused the accident.
[Also see History of the City of Newburg, NY.]
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As the school year begins, teachers will be greeting not only new students but also first year teachers. Experienced teachers and administrators will be engaged in mentoring these new educators so that the transition from college graduation to the classroom can be successful.
The first year of teaching students can be challenging and, at the same time, a wonderful experience that will lay the foundation for many years ahead. Colleagues and administrators will offer various pieces of advice whenever it comes to presenting lessons, working with parents, and meeting the needs of each student in the classroom. The most progressive schools will provide special in-service training support to the first year teachers so that they can continue to evolve as leaders in the classrooms.
Among the “ABCs For First Year Teachers”, published by Education World, one specific tip stands out among the others. This one is linked with “H” and states “Have the courage to try something else if what you're doing isn't working”. New teachers will discover that some teaching strategies can be very successful while others may need improved. The most successful teachers agree that whenever something does not work during a lesson…it is best to re-examine that lesson and make changes as needed.
One suggestion regarding how to do this involves the use of post-it-notes. It is important that teachers reflect on how the lessons were executed and whether the students were engaged in a successful learning experience. In the situation when a lesson may have not been as successful as the new teacher had hoped, writing down notes regarding what happened and what should change can be very beneficial. Specific notes written on post-it-notes can easily be placed within the teacher resource book as reminders for teaching follow-up lessons and/or lessons during the second year of teaching.
It is also recommended that when lessons and/or strategies are successful, new teachers make note of those. These notes can act as encouragement to the first year teacher. One tip is to color code the post-it-notes. For example, yellow notes would indicate ideas regarding improvement while green notes designate the strategies that should be used again.
Congratulations to all Saint Vincent College education majors who have been hired and are teaching for the first time in classrooms. The Education Department wishes you success and hope that you will continue to stay in touch as you embark on your first year!
Below is a list of a few helpful websites that provide important information for first year teachers:
(Tips and Strategies from First Year Teachers)
(back to school ideas for preK-12 teachers)
Donna Hupe teaches ED 101 – Field Experience I and has been a Pre-Student Teacher/Student Teacher Supervisor at Saint Vincent College for the past five and a half years.
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It’s not that social media is good or bad, the real question is: What we are willing to trade for likes, views, and follows?
This is a great conversation to have with children and teens over Christmas break. You could ask:
- What do they hope to get out of using social media?
- What will they have to give up to have those expectations met?
- Are their expectations realistic, or are they willing to do anything for their shot at fluke viral fame?
Instead of “rules,” collaborate with your teen to co-create and take ownership of their social media ethic. Also be mindful that the most vulnerable children/teens online are those with needs that aren’t getting met through parent, peer, and support relationships.
I believe social media links us in a way that can help us be more aware of social issues and more empowered in pieces of our identities that might have once been a source of shame. It can provide a world of opportunity and encouragement to do the thing that we do uniquely in the world, but it can be tricky.
For children, teens and adults alike, here is how we can be empowered in our social media use:
- Practice tuning-in to your internal experience when using social media.
- Curate your feed to bring you the content that builds you up.
- Set boundaries around what you will and will not share.
- If the desire for more and more engagement feels overwhelming, check-in with yourself about what that need might be saying, and consult with a therapist for more support if needed.
- Be mindful of what you’re consuming
- Tip: You could use this worksheet to help cultivate a practice of being mindful!
Recommended reading for further insight:
Much research is being done regarding social media’s impact on the growing mind (and on adults!). Here are a few that begin to explain this link:
- Article: Minimizing Online Risks: Qualitative Study of Teenagers’ Online Exposure and Parental Internet Mediation
- Article: Exploring the Role of Social Media Use Motives, Psychological Well-Being, Self-Esteem, and Affect in Problematic Social Media Use
- Article: Frequent Use of Social Networking Sites Is Associated with Poor Psychological Functioning Among Children and Adolescents
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From AMS Glossary
- A sudden, brief increase in the speed of the wind.
It is of a more transient character than a squall and is followed by a lull or slackening in the wind speed. Generally, winds are least gusty over large water surfaces and most gusty over rough land and near high buildings. According to U.S. weather observing practice, gusts are reported when the peak wind speed reaches at least 16 knots and the variation in wind speed between the peaks and lulls is at least 9 knots. The duration of a gust is usually less than 20 s.
Same as cloudburst.
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220.127.116.11 Solar retrofits of residential, institutional and commercial buildings
Solar retrofit performed in Europe under the IEA Solar and Cooling Program achieved savings in space heating of 25–80% (Harvey, 2006, Chapter 14). The retrofit examples described above, while achieving dramatic (35–75%) energy savings, rely on making incremental improvements to the existing building components and systems. More radical measures involve re-configuring the building so that it can make direct use of solar energy for heating, cooling and ventilation. The now-completed Task 20 of the IEA’s Solar Heating and Cooling (SHC) implementing agreement was devoted to solar retrofitting techniques.
Solar renovation measures that have been used are installation of roof- or façade-integrated solar air collectors; roof-mounted or integrated solar DHW heating; transpired solar air collectors, advanced glazing of balconies, external transparent insulation; and construction of a second-skin façade over the original façade. Case studies are presented in Boonstra and Thijssen (1997), Haller et al. (1997) and Voss (2000a), Voss (2000b) and are summarized in Harvey (2006), Chapter 14).
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The woman closest to the viewer, tending three children playing with two hoops, two dogs and a ball, is shown as if the central actor on a stage — the nanny, with supporting players and props.
The frieze-like stillness of the three other nannies, who stand lined up beside a stone balustrade, enhances the sense of movement conveyed by the legs of the boys, the shivering curved back of the small black dog and the turning head of the nanny in the foreground as she looks down at the small girl. Behind are five more dogs and a line of horses and carriages presumably waiting to convey the nannies and their charges home.
As suggested by the fallen leaves on the far right of the screen, the setting was a garden — the Tuileries Gardens near the Place de la Concorde, Paris. The gardens had been enlarged in 1889, and were described in the guidebook for travellers, Baedeker, as the ‘most popular promenade in Paris and the especial paradise of nursemaids and children’.
There was a growing demand for decorative screens in Paris in the 1890s, partly because of the popularity of Japanese art and traditional objects. Bonnard’s enthusiasm for Japanese woodblock prints is evident here in the simplified use of colour (brown, black, blue, yellow and red), the ‘empty’ space, the deployment of incidents from top to bottom down each panel, and the all-over pattern and flattening of the three nannies’ billowing cloaks.
Lithographs of this size were something of a technical marvel at the time — in a letter to his mother Bonnard referred to this screen as ‘the eighth wonder of the world’. With four lithographs strung together like this the eye has to travel between one detail and another, giving the viewer a sense of being in the scene.
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Sleep apnea is a commonly experienced sleep disorder. Patients with sleep apnea often have trouble sleeping well at night due to frequent interruptions in their breathing patterns. In most cases, the patients wouldn’t even know that they suffer from sleep apnea, which could delay the initiation of treatment. Though it may seem harmless, the symptoms of sleep apnea tend to grow more severe over time and can significantly affect an individual’s everyday routine.
Sleep apnea is a sleep cum oral condition caused due to the frequent interruptions in the patient’s breathing. This is caused due to the partial or complete blockage of the patient’s airway, making them wake up in the middle of their sleep, often feeling traumatized. In minor cases of sleep apnea, the patient experiences short pauses in breathing, which may go unnoticed. However, the patients’ bedmate would indeed notice this as it is quite apparent.
Obstructive sleep apnea: OSA or Obstructive Sleep Apnea is caused due to the blockage of the airway by the collapse of the roof of the throat. The muscles of the body relax when you sleep, and in patients with sleep apnea, the tissues in the throat may relax a tad too much. This causes their collapse, which can cut off the supply of oxygen to the lungs.
Central sleep apnea: CSA or Central Sleep Apnea is caused due to the malfunction of the brain, which may fail to signal the lungs to inhale at the right time. Due to this, the patient’s lungs would be deprived of air, making them wake up with a sudden jolt and disrupting their peaceful sleep.
Minor cases of sleep apnea are treatable by making a few changes to one’s everyday routine. Some of the necessary changes are:
In any case, it is best to get the condition diagnosed by a doctor. Once you are diagnosed with sleep apnea, your dentist may suggest oral appliances to counter the condition if it is severe. A popularly recommended oral appliance is the MAD or Mandibular Advancement Device. It is custom-fabricated according to each patient’s condition and has to be worn before going to bed. The device helps to bring the lower jaw forward and keeps the roof of the throat from collapsing, thereby keeping the airway open at all times.
Patients with extreme cases of sleep apnea could benefit from a CPAP device. It helps to maintain a continuous positive airway pressure, which supplies the necessary oxygen to the lungs and keeps the roof of the throat from collapsing.
Please do reach out to us on call or by scheduling an online consultation with our dental professionals, and we’ll be glad to assist you further.
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A hydrocele is a build-up of fluid in the membrane that surrounds the testicle.
Types of hydrocele include:
- Communicating—present at birth, generally found in infants and young children
- Noncommunicating—acquired, occurs at any age, mostly in adults
A communicating hydrocele is more common in infants and children. It occurs during fetal development. Testicles develop in the abdomen. They eventually move into the scrotum through a small channel. This channel should close after the testicles pass through it. When the channel does not close, fluid can pass from the abdomen into the membrane covering the testicle.
A noncommunicating hydrocele is more common in adults. It may be caused by an injury or infection that causes fluid build-up. It can also be a complication of surgery. In some cases, the cause is unknown.
Factors that may increase the chances of a hydrocele:
- Premature birth
- Injuries to the testicles or scrotum
- Infections, including those that are sexually transmitted
A hydrocele may not always cause symptoms. When they do appear, a hydrocele may cause:
- Swelling of the scrotum
- Feeling of heaviness or soreness in the scrotum
- Swelling with activity or standing—especially with a communicating hydrocele
You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. A hydrocele is usually diagnosed by physical exam. The doctor may want to do tests to confirm a cause or rule out other conditions.
Tests may include:
- Transillumination—A bright light is shined through the swollen part of the testicle.
- Ultrasound—May be done if the diagnosis is unclear or to rule out other causes such as a testicular mass.
Treatment options include:
A communicating hydrocele generally goes away on its own during the first year of life. A noncommunicating hydrocele may also resolve on its own or with treatment of a related condition. Watchful waiting is simple monitoring for any changes with treatment if the problem worsens or does not go away.
Fluid may be removed with a needle. It may be done for a large hydrocele that causes discomfort or obstruction. Aspiration may need to be done more than one time because fluids can return.
For adults with a hydrocele, fluid aspiration may be followed by sclerotherapy. A needle is inserted into the same area with a sclerosing agent. The sclerosing agent causes scar tissue in the channel which blocks the flow of fluid.
A hydrocelectomy may be advised if the hydrocele:
- Remains or develops after the first year of life
- Becomes large enough to threaten testicular blood supply or to cause discomfort
- Is associated with a hernia
During a hydrocelectomy to treat a noncommunicating hydrocele, an incision is made into the scrotum (or groin area). The fluid is drained, and the hydrocele sack is removed. During a hydrocelectomy to treat a communicating hydrocele, the incision is made in the groin, the fluid is drained, and the hydrocele sack is removed. Surgery usually corrects the problem without recurrence.
Some hydroceles cannot be prevented. However avoiding testicular trauma, such as by wearing protective gear during contact sports, may reduce the chances of developing some types of hydroceles.
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Adrienne Carmack, MD
- Review Date: 03/2018 -
- Update Date: 10/03/2016 -
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I heard that there is a community college in Summit County that has a four-year bachelor’s program in sustainability studies? What is that program exactly and how can I learn more?
— Alice, Breckenridge
We are so lucky in Summit County to be home to two Colorado Mountain College sites – one in Dillon and one in Breckenridge. Colorado Mountain College is a community college serving an area of 12,000 square miles in north-central Colorado. With more than 20,000 students in that region, CMC has a unique opportunity to provide education through place-based learning in the mountain west. In 2011, CMC rolled out its first two four-year bachelor programs. The first was a Bachelor of Arts in sustainability studies and the second was a Bachelor of Science in business administration. As a flagship campus for these programs, CMC Summit has seen consistent growth in enrollment, allowing students the opportunity to contribute to action-based learning in their community.
So what is sustainability studies exactly? The answer is as complex as our global society, but it’s not complicated. In the face of emerging social, environmental and economic challenges of our time, sustainability seeks to minimize the human impact on the planet’s environment and resources while providing the opportunity for earth’s citizens to meet their basic needs. Said another way, sustainability is about maintaining human life for generations to come. What is unique about sustainability is that it’s a holistic way of thinking that looks for the interconnections between one’s actions and the result it has on not only the environment, but also society. In the sustainability studies program at CMC, students learn to identify social, economic and environmental challenges as well as how those challenge are interrelated to one another. For example, a population’s overall heath (social challenge) is related to the types of food that they eat and have access to (economic) as well as where the food is grown (environmental). By recognizing the interconnections in a system and understanding how concepts are related, sustainability students can approach problem solving from a collaborative and creative perspective. Students also take into consideration the impact that actions today will have on future generations.
Students study a variety of theories and applications from several different academic fields including biology, ecology, history, ethics/philosophy, anthropology, international studies and more. They graduate with a knowledge of global as well as local systems, an ethic of leadership and stewardship, an understanding of green business, a commitment to social justice, and hands-on experience with community engagement. The program also allows for internship opportunities so that students can gain practical experience in the real world. Interns partner with organizations throughout Summit County to conduct research, implement projects and make recommendations based on their learning in the classroom. These invaluable experiences are not only key to a student’s success post-graduation, but also provide much needed support to organizations in the community.
As an example, CMC interns work with the High Country Conservation Center’s Summit CSA project every summer. The Summit CSA is part of HC3’s Sustainable Food Program. CSA traditionally stands for “community-supported agriculture” and means that community members buy into shares of a farm at the beginning of the growing season and share the risk of food cultivation with the farmer. The farmer grows food for 15 weeks during the summer and members pick up their shares on a weekly basis. In HC3’s case, CSA also stands for “cultivating students of agriculture” because the program involves students from CMC in the management of the farm. Student interns help the farmer to grow the food as well as conduct research to enrich the agricultural program. Student research includes compost tea organic fertilizer methods, small scale agricultural markets, high altitude growing processes, and food access for low-income residents.
CMC is a forward looking institution that recognizes their responsibility as a community college to help improve the regions in which it operates. In today’s complex, globalized world, the need for holistic thinking and problem solving is more important than ever. CMC’s Sustainability Studies program allows students to explore a variety of social, economic and environmental challenges while participating in community-based action research to find solutions. If you’re interested in learning more about earning your Bachelor of Art’s degree in sustainability studies, visit www.coloradomtn.edu. For more information about what you can do to conserve resources and contribute to the sustainability of your community, visit www.highcountryconservation.org.
Ask Eartha Steward is written by the staff at the High Country Conservation Center, a nonprofit organization dedicated to waste reduction and resource conservation. Submit questions to Eartha at firstname.lastname@example.org.
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By Heidi Shierholz
Labor Market Economist
Economic Policy Institute, Washington, DC
email@example.com, (202) 775-8810
In the late 1970s, after a long period of holding fairly steady, the gap in wages between men and women began improving. In 1979, the median hourly wage for women was 62.7 percent of the median hourly wage for men; by 2012, it was 82.8 percent. However, a big chunk of that improvement – more than a quarter of it — happened because of men’s wage losses, rather than women’s wage gains.
With the exception of the period of labor market strength in the late 1990s, the median male wage, after adjusting for inflation, has decreased over essentially the entire period since the late 1970s. Between 1979 and 1996, it dropped 11.5 percent, from $19.53 per hour to $17.27 per hour. With the strong labor market of the late 1990s, the median male wage partially rebounded to $18.93 by 2002. It then began declining again; at $18.03 per hour in 2012, the real wage of the median male was 4.7 percent below where it had been a decade earlier.
This cannot be blamed on economic stagnation. Between 1979 and 2012, productivity – the average amount of goods and services produced in an hour by workers in the U.S. economy — grew by 69.5 percent, but that did not translate into higher wages for most men. Over this period, the real wage of the median male dropped 7.6 percent. This is a new and troubling disconnect: In the decades prior to the 1970s, as productivity increased, the wages of the median worker increased right along with it.
Furthermore, looking at the median wage understates the losses many men have experienced since the 1970s. For men with a high school degree, real wages have fallen by more than 14 percent. It is not the case, however, that men’s wages have fared poorly since the 1970s because men do not have the right education or skills. In the last 10 years, even workers with a college degree have failed to see any real wage growth.
Nor are men’s losses are due to women’s gains. The forces that were holding back male wage growth were also acting on women’s wages, but the gains made by women over this period in educational attainment, labor force attachment, and occupational upgrading, along with greater legal protections against discriminatory pay, initially compensated for adverse forces. In the last decade, however, women’s wages have also dropped.
Unlike the postwar period, when economic policy supported the expansion of good jobs, for the last 35 years, the focus has been on policies that were advertised as making everyone better off as consumers through lower prices: deregulation of industries, the Federal Reserve Board’s prioritizing low inflation over full employment, weakening of labor standards including the minimum wage, a “stronger” dollar — which costs manufacturing jobs by making our goods relatively more expensive around the world and imports relatively cheaper to US consumers — and the move toward fewer and weaker unions. The decline in unionization alone explains about a third of the rise in male wage inequality (and about a fifth of the increase in female wage inequality) over this period.
Together, these policies have eroded the individual and collective bargaining power of most workers, depleting access to good jobs. In other words, these policies have served to make the already-affluent better off at the expense of the rest.
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Obits as Research Tools
One of the most helpful documents readily available to the amateur genealogical researcher, and often an underappreciated source of information in constructing a family tree, is the obituary. Basically a posthumous news article, obituaries report the recent death of a person, along with an account of the person’s life, and specifics about pending funeral arrangements or memorial services. But they can also be very useful in providing information about families, not just the deceased.
Two types of advertisements are related to obituaries. One, the Death Notice, is a paid announcement omitting most biographical details and may be printed as a legally required public notice. The other type, a paid Memorial Advertisement, is usually written by family members or friends, sometimes with assistance from a funeral home. Both types are usually run as classified ads.
Obituaries can be divided into two parts. The first part relates specific details about the life of the deceased; date and place of birth, date and place of their passing, dates or era of military service, place and date of attendance at educational institutions, and place and date of a marriage. The second part talks about the family of the deceased. It is in this second part of the obituary where information can be found that might otherwise go unknown. A surprising number of people researching their ancestors carefully study statements about the departed and implement only casual reading through the names of family members.
A listing of immediate next of kin in an obituary can provide an excellent platform for creating a family tree, often listing a female spouse’s maiden name and names taken in previous marriages. In addition, the names of parents, brothers, sisters, nieces, nephews, children, grandchildren, stepchildren, and their spouses, if applicable, are sometimes included encompassing two or three generations of a family. In more recent times, with more non-traditional and complex familial structures being created, obituaries may also include the names of “significant others”, same-sex partners, non-adopted children of a cohabitating partner, as well as significant companions and caregivers. Often family connections that were not revealed when a person was alive are presented in an obituary; the existence of an unknown sibling, the occurrence of a previous marriage. The names of relatives, location of birth, final resting place, method of disposition, occupation, religious affiliation, volunteer work, and other details of how a person lived and enjoyed their existence are but a few examples of the wealth of information that can help flesh out the details of a life that has ended.
Even the family’s request that donations, in lieu of flowers, be made to specific charities, organizations, or other entities that may have played an important role in, or provided an invaluable service to, the comfort and enjoyment of the deceased, may provide clues to background information that may be useful in filling out the branches of the family tree.
An important part of investigative procedure is to pay special attention to the details unearthed in researched documents. Obituaries require that same scrutiny. Not only do they provide facts about the deceased, but they can also provide excellent leads concerning family members, friends, and affiliations of the departed. To join and consolidate names and events found in even a couple of obituaries can prepare fertile ground for a healthy, growing family tree. Remember, the next time you pull up an obituary, read about the living as well as the dead.
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As the old song goes, diamonds are a girl’s best friend. But what imparts to diamonds the value that compels a young man to express his undying love by offering the gem to his intended bride? Is it the permanence of diamond, one of the hardest, least compressible and stiffest materials known to man, able to withstand extreme tempuratures, impervious to most acids and alkalis? Perhaps it is the diamond’s radiant luster, conferred by the highest reflectance and index of refraction of all transparent substances.
While such properties (and no small amount of marketing from the jewelry industry) have made diamonds the world’s most popular gemstone, they also make diamonds invaluable in many industrial applications. Many industrial diamonds are cultured, or lab-grown, by such methods as detonation, high-pressure-high-tempurature, ultrasonic cavitation and chemical vapor deposition. Due to their hardness (ten on the Mohs scale), they are used commercially as super abrasives for grinding and polishing, and are imbedded in coatings on tools such as drill tips and sawblades.
Diamonds are also exceptional thermal conductors, are electrically resistant, have an extremely low thermal expansion, are transparent from the far infrared through the deep ultraviolet, and are one of only a few materials with a negative work function (electron affinity). Their increased availability due to lab production vastly extends their potential use of both the fluorescent and non-fluorescent forms.
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In a pump line, concrete moves in the form of a cylinder or slug separated from the pump line wall by a lubricating layer of water, cement, and fine sand. To keep moving through the line, the mix must be dense, cohesive, and have sufficient mortar. When concrete is pumped, if spaces or voids between aggregates are not filled with mortar, or if the mortar is too thin and runny, pump pressures cause segregation, forcing water through the mix. When this happens, the lubricating layer is lost, causing coarse particles interlock, friction to increase, and the concrete to stop moving. To prevent plugs, the pressure at which segregation occurs must be greater than the pressure needed to pump the concrete. This can be accomplished by filling the spaces between aggregate particles with smaller aggregate.
The properties of coarse aggregates that affect pumpability are maximum size, shape and surface texture, porosity, and gradation. Generally, the line diameter must be 3.5 to 4 times greater than the maximum aggregate size. Shape and surface texture are important because concretes made with angular, rough particles usually have to have a high mortar content to be pumpable. For best pumpability, coarse aggregate grading should fall in the center of the gradation specifications. Porosity will affect pumpability if a significant amount of mix water is absorbed by the aggregate during pumping. When absorption causes problems, one solution is to thoroughly wet the aggregate stockpiles before batching the concrete.
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Read "The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man" by James Weldon Johnson. See if the readers notice similar themes or writing styles. Ask the students to present a report on the book to the class.
Write a list of interview questions for Johnson. Have one person play the journalist and the other Johnson. Have the students present their interview to the class.
Find video interpretations of the author's work and present them to the class. The video clips may be found via Youtube or other online search engine. Ask the students to answer the following question; How is Johnson's work interpreted?
Create photo collages of events or symbolism depicted in one of Johnson's poems. The collages should be presented to the class.
Letter to Johnson
Write letters to Johnson asking him to explain one of his poems or one aspect of his...
This section contains 608 words
(approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page)
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Click to enlarge.
|Metz, the citadel, known as "La pucelle," the world's strongest fortress, was our next objective. Its capture would have meant a terrific sacrifice. The Armistice coming when it did was fortunate for America.|
German Cries "Kamerad"
On November 5 President Wilson notified the German government that it might apply to Marshal Foch for an armistice, and on the next day Germany appointed Mathias Erzberger to head a delegation for this purpose. On November 8 the Allied commander-in-chief, handed his terms, which had been prepared in advance, to the Germans, making them subject to acceptance or rejection without change within three days. According to these terms, Germany must evacuate France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and Alsace-Lorraine within fourteen days, and all territory on the left bank of the Rhine within one month. All of this territory was to be taken over by the Allied armies, which were also to occupy the bridgeheads of the Rhine at Cologne, Coblenz, and Mainz to a depth of thirty kilometers on the right bank. On this bank a neutral zone ten kilometers wide was to extend from Switzerland to the Dutch frontier.(See map Pershing report, section one, page 41). (Use browser's back button to return here.)
All German forces must be withdrawn from East Africa, Turkey, Rumania, and Russia, and Germany must renounce the treaties of Brest-Litovsk and Bucharest. All cash taken from the National Bank of Belgium and all gold taken from Russia and Rumania must be returned. She must surrender the railways and all stores of coal and iron in Alsace-Lorraine. Within two weeks she must hand over to the Allies 5,000 locomotives, 150,000 railroad cars, 50,000 wagons, and 10,000 motor lorries in good working order. She must surrender all submarines, fifty destroyers, ten battle ships, six battle cruisers and eight light cruisers, and must disarm the rest, together with all naval aircraft. There must be an immediate repatriation, without reciprocity, of all Allied prisoners. The existing Allied blockade of Germany was to continue without change, and all German ships found at sea were to be liable to capture.
Foch's terms were not peace terms; they were merely designed to make it impossible for Germany successfully to resume the war, once she had carried them out. It is known that General Bliss, America's representative on The Supreme War Council, remonstrated with Foch that the terms imposed on Germany were too severe. Foch was adamant. A wise old owl was Tasker Bliss. The German delegates were in a difficult position. Bavaria had proclaimed a republic, Ludendorff had been dismissed from his post in the army, mutiny had begun in the navy. During the three-day period for consideration, the empire collapsed, a Socialist ministry proclaimed the German Republic, and the Kaiser fled from Spa to Holland. Germany was in chaos; there was little to do but accept the Allied terms. In the Forest of Compiegne the German delegation signed the Armistice at five o'clock on the morning of November 11, and the news was flashed to an expectant worldbut not to the boys in the linethat fighting would cease that day at 11 A.M.
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What is early childhood development it is physical, cognitive, social and emotional development. This is a time when babies are born and they have very little skills or abilities to anything. It is very important when a mother find out that she is having a baby to get her proper rest and prenatal care. It is very important for the mother to go see a doctor as soon as she as she finds out that she is having a baby. The most important development and time for the newborn is in the early stages of life. The bond between a parent and child is the most important bond that should take place early on. And it has been noted that children who do not have this type of bond can have difficulty with thriving in their environments. With physical development it is based on patterns of physical growth and when one matures. And it also comes from genetic and human characteristics as well as abilities and neurological with this development it helps with the motor skills. Cognitive is the changing in a person’s thinking and reasoning and memory. Social-emotional to the changes that occur in a person's feelings, ability to handle feelings and situations, and moral ideas. And I think that the best early childhood teaching is to show the child how to express their feelings, social and emotional interaction which can be child play. When planning working with children you first must observe them so that you can lean their strengths, weakness, interest, fears and joys. This is very important because each child is different and you must be able to deal with them in a different way. Childhood depression is becoming a major issue. And it should not be taken lightly and if you think your child or one that you are in contact with is going thru this please get them help. Now it so many kids killing themselves because of this especially bullying. This happened because kids do not know how to hand the stress or issues they are having. Childhood depression and childhood development of 3
Lifespan go hand in hand because if the child is having problems at an early age and does not receive the proper help. This can lead to childhood depression and other mental illness.
Synopsis of the Lifespan Professional Interview
The topic that I will be talking with my interviewee about is Early Childhood Development and little on Childhood Depression. The person whom I interviewed was Mr. Darren White a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who works with children 0-5 and children and teens ages 8-16. Mr. White has been working with children with mental illness and behavior issues for 14 years now. And when I asked Mr. White did he enjoy what he did, he informed me that he would not change it for the world. Below you find a list of questions that I asked Mr. White. 1. What do you think is the hardest part about trying to understand children’s mind set? The hardest part is trying to get the child to open up to you first and let them know that you are there to help them and not harm them. Because so many of the kids have been abused and mistreated that it is hard for them to open up to you. (D.White Personal Interview August 2012) 2. Do you think that some of the mindset and the behavior of the children are biological? Yes because if a child lives in a negative environment which has abuse and neglect this can cause a lot of emotional and mental problems. This can cause the child to suffer from depression and panic attacks and even eating disorders. And sometimes the children even grow up to have violent behavior or some even turn to drugs. (D.White Personal Interview August 2012) 3. Can some of the way the children are acting come from when they were in the mother’s womb? Some of this behavior can especially if the mother did not take care of herself in the proper manner. A lot of times mother’s think if they get stressed it will not harm the baby but it does
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This treatment, although not in its final stages and with its limitations, shows promising results for a hybrid treatment to reduce stuttering severity and increase the quality of life of some school-aged children who stutter.
In a recent blog, I spoke about promising research that is being conducted by Cheryl Andrews and her colleagues targeted at treating school-aged children with syllable-timed speech therapy. This phase 2 study included 22 school-aged children between the ages 6-11 years who stuttered. Of the Participants, 16 were male and 6 were female. Throughout the course of the treatment, 3 of the children were withdrawn as they did not meet the requirements to graduate into Stage 2 of the program.
One of the more promising points about this study, was that the patients had a diverse range of co-morbidities and exposure to previous therapies. This was unlike some previous studies, that did not resemble a varied population sample and give the study external validity.
In the current study:
- Previous treatments had been undergone by 14 of the children with 6 having had more than one course of treatment
- Co morbidities were present in 9 children including language learning impairments, speech sounds issues, ADHD, literacy problems, and obsessive-compulsive disorders
- More than one language is spoken by 17 of the children however all were fluent English speakers with none speaking a syllable-timed language
- A range from mild to severe stutters were included
A range of outcome measures was also used including stuttering severity, satisfaction with treatment and quality of life to measure real world outcomes that affect children and their families. An average of 10.7 sessions conducted over an average of 21.6 weeks (range from 9-39 weeks) was required for the 16 participants to complete the program and outcomes were measured at several points.
The percentage of syllables stuttered fell from an average of 8.4% to 1.9%. This is a 77% average reduction however; there was a wide range of individual outcomes with 2 children not responding at all to the treatment. No child ceased stuttering completely, however 5 of the children stuttered less than 1 in every 100 syllables (i.e. very mildly) 12 months after the end of the first stage of treatment.
The children’s own assessment of their stuttering severity were consistent with the percentage of syllables stuttered. They reported an average 64.9% reduction in their stuttering severity. 11 out of the 16 children reported reduced avoidance of social situations compared to pre-treatment; however, social avoidance did remain an issue. All the children reported they were more satisfied with their speech fluency apart from one child whose satisfaction levels did not change.
A statistically significant improvement on a standardised quality of life assessment was measured for all but one child and the children’s speech in normal conversation did not sound more rhythmic after the treatment.
This approach to therapy provides sufficient evidence of a possible treatment effect to warrant further studies and provides speech pathologies and families with a much-needed evidence-based treatment to continue providing tailored support to school-age children who stutter.
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OCR automation provides an industry solution that digitizes extraction from a pdf file or scan documents containing predefined text or written. It is transformed into an MRZ form that is further used for a collection of data, analysis, and processing. Optical character recognition is advanced automation used in several organization operations to smooth down the procedure of extraction from pdf files. It is competent of diminishing the overall time it takes in manually information uprooting and entry.
The automation started prevailing in the early 1990s while automating the famous newspaper. It then came through various surprising corrections that today it is able to seamlessly uproot data from pdf files and digitize the universal industry procedures. With the constant technological uprising in the past few years, optical character recognition has reached an extraordinary accuracy of more than ninety percent. Hence, man-made reasoning is being joined into OCR services to think of an adaptable and dependable robotized measure. The working component of such frameworks depends on three significant stages and requires no manual impedance.
However, AI is being deluged into optical character recognition to come up with resilient and authentic automated procedures. The functional mechanism of such software is based on 3 main stages and acquires no human interference.
For historic optical character recognition, the pictures are preprocessed utilizing various processes.
De-skew is the documents that need to line up without any tampered or crumpled edges in order to precisely uproot data from it. It can use techniques tilts the pdf files a few levels to make it accurately flat and upright. However, in this procedure, the sides of documents are seamless and smudges are eliminated.
It is a method of transforming the flushed to duplicate pictures into such as black and white. It is vital as the majority of optical character recognition methods work on binary images for the purpose of simplicity. It also impacts the recognition standard to an essential extent for utilizing precise decisions on the informed input.
Removal of line
It recognizes the paragraphs, distinct blocks by filtering our non-icon boxes and lines, especially in the solution of layouts. This feature influences the recognition quality to a vital pre-processing allows optical character recognition technology to recognize information and data written in the form of a pillar so that information uproot is rigorous and no information is left un-scanned.
In multilingual pdf files, the text may alter the degree of words which makes the recognition of scripts vital before the character recognition procedure. It assists in increasing the information extraction as the precise optical character recognition can be invoked for the specified script.
Optical Character Recognition works in two ways:
Optical character recognition solutions in two ways
- Design recognition
It works on the matrix matching design which differentiates the picture from stored pictures. This allows working seamlessly for the typewritten in the exact font.
- Highlight Extraction
Pattern recognition can be uncertain on account of multilingual archives. Rather than distinguishing the character overall, highlight extraction recognizes the individual segments of a specific character by deteriorating it into “highlights” for example lines, line convergences, shut circles, line headings, and so forth
To sum this up,
As the sphere is transferring towards automation, OCR online market is booming. Therefore it’s about to know your customer essentials or prevention attacks, IDV is becoming a major driver of every organization. Those days are gone when clients used to authenticate their platforms require digital authentication and document authentication is a vital driver of address verification.
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Search Keywords: glass, liquid, surface interface
In this tutorial we will discuss the rendering of reflective surface interfaces with V-Ray.
To create a metallic material, we need to add a reflection layer. Then we have to increase the reflection amount using the reflection IOR value. The reflection IOR value is located in the Fresnel effect inside the reflection layer mapping.
How to created a metallic material?
Basic Chrome material:
- Add a reflection layer
- click on the “M” near the Reflection color. You will see the fresnel effect enable by default.
- Increase the IOR value 20.
We considerate metallic reflection an IOR value between 6 to 26.
IOR value between 1 to 5 are mostly plastic reflection.
By default the color of the reflection is white, But you can tint the reflection using the reflection “Filter”. This option allows you to change the color of the reflection producing different metals color.
In the reflection layer you will find two glossiness option. The Hilight glossiness and the reflection glossiness. The Hilight is create by reflecting a very bright light source in the material. The Hilight Glossiness control the shape of the Hilight. The Hilight value has to be the same of the Reflection Glossiness in order to be physically correct. Some types of material do not reflect the light clearly due they have uneven surfaces. In that case we use the Reflection Glossiness to control the sharpness of the reflection. You could find this effect in some matte finish metal, wood, plastics, etc.
All of these materials were rendered with the same Hilight and Reflection glossiness (0.8). Notice that the reflection is not 100% sharp. With the glossiness we can add some blurriness to the materials and in this way we could make anodize metals and blurry metal. The same option should be use to make blurry plastics and some wood materials.
You can increase the glossiness subdivision to improve the quality of the glossiness and remove the noise. This option will increase the rendering time on this material. A good value for the subdivision could be something between 22 - 40. We usually recommend 32 for the subdivision.
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CC-MAIN-2018-13
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Ohms Law for AC Series & Parallel circuits
Ohms Law for AC -- Alternating Current -- is different from Ohm's Law for DC -- Direct Current -- circuits because DC circuits have only pure resistance. AC circuits may contain Inductive(coil) and/or capacitive(capacitor) reactive circuits. These circuits affect the phase of the voltage and current. This phase shift must be taken into account when analyzing the circuit.
Inductor or Coil symbol "L" is Measured by it's inductance in units of Henries
A capacitor or condenser symbol "C" is Measured by it's capacitance in farads.
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http://www.6pie.com/electronic-theory/ohms-law-for-ac-circuits.php
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The pituitary is a gland that hangs down from the base of the brain, into the sphenoid sinus that lies behind the nose. It makes many hormones, including thyroid hormone, cortisol, growth hormone, prolactin, oxytocin, anti-diuretic hormone and the sex hormones (FSH/LH & testosterone).
Pituitary tumours comprise about 15% of adult brain tumours. Many are found incidentally, when someone has a brain scan for unrelated problems such as headaches. Otherwise, they can produce too much of one type of hormone, destroy the normal production of the other hormones or grow upwards to compress the optic nerves and give rise to blurred vision. Rarely, there can be sudden blindness due to bleeding into the tumour, a neurosurgical emergency.
Pituitary tumours are diagnosed using blood tests (if they produce excessive hormone) and MRI brain scan.
There are many ways of looking after pituitary tumours :
- If they are not causing any problems and are small, observation can be considered. But if they grow on successive MRI scans, they should be treated.
- Surgical excision offers the chance of cure, provided the tumour has not spread sideways into the cavernous sinuses. It also allows us to examine the tissue to confirm the diagnosis. Most pituitary tumours are soft and can be resected through the nose (transsphenoidal surgery). Others may require an approach through the skull (craniotomy).
- Radiation therapy. Radiosurgery (Gamma Knife?, X-knife?, Brainlab? etc) involves treating the tumour in a single outpatient session, to kill the tumour cells and stop its growth. This can be considered if the optic nerves are not too close to the tumour. Otherwise, some form of fractionation may be required (stereotactic radiosurgery, conformal radiotherapy), where the tumour is treated with small doses of focused radiation over several weeks. Radiation is used to treat residual tumours or as the first treatment when the patient is not fit for an operation.
- Medical therapy. The treatment of choice for prolactin-secreting pituitary tumours is medicine (bromocriptine, cabergoline). Surgery is then offered if the side effects cannot be tolerated or the medicine does not work.
Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery via bilateral sphenoidotomies. Since 1997, Dr Alvin Hong has been resecting pituitary tumours using endoscopes, together with Dr Sethi, an ENT surgeon who specialises in surgery of the nasal sinuses. In this minimally invasive approach, the pituitary tumour is approached directly via the back of the nose, avoiding the more traditional approach of a cut in the gum above the teeth or in the nasal septum in the front of the nose. The scopes allow one to look around the corner, to inspect the sphenoid sinus and also the cavity in the pituitary gland after the tumour has been resected. He has done more than 200 of such operations.
The pituitary team. Patients with pituitary problems are managed by a team of specialists including the surgeons (neurosurgeon & ENT surgeon), hormone specialist (endocrinologist), eye specialist (ophthalmologist) and radiation specialist (radiotherapist).
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<urn:uuid:bb36f540-4250-4cbc-8176-2fbbc4ca660c>
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CC-MAIN-2021-49
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https://www.emenders.com/pituitary-surgery/
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Construction sites are characterised by numerous activities that take place simultaneously. In any construction, there are often concerns relating to waste management, material management, and workers safety, all of which need to be addressed in advance. It is the duty of the project manager to ensure that all the necessary arrangements have been put in place to guarantee the smooth flow of activities.
Dealing with demolition waste
Part of construction involves demolishing previous structures, which results in the generation of waste. There is a need to manage such waste. Contractors or project managers may hire one of the construction waste management companies in the area to facilitate the disposal of all the generated waste. The nature of the generated waste dictates how it is disposed of. For example, if the waste is comprised of steel bars and concrete waste, there may be a need to separate the two. This allows for the steel and any other metal waste to be recycled, reducing the total volume of waste that requires to be disposed of. Other forms of waste may include wood, plastic waste, and electric cables. Emphasis should be placed on recycling as much waste as possible. Some waste, such as electric cables and pipes, may also be reused if they appear to be in good condition. The aim is to reduce the waste to its smallest quantities possible in a bid to lower the stress on landfills.
This is an essential aspect of project management. As a project manager, you are expected to keep track of the construction materials at all times. You should be aware of the quantity of materials that have been used up in construction and those that have remained in the inventory. Proper material management reduces the chances of pilferage around the construction site. It also comes in handy in ensuring that any diminishing materials are restocked in a timely manner so as not to affect the project’s progress. To achieve all that, it is essential to adopt an efficient inventory system around the construction site.
Construction companies have both an ethical and legal duty to preserve the safety of their employees. On a construction site, there are usually many activities that pose a threat to the safety of workers. For example, the presence of bulldozers and other heavy machinery moving building materials from one point to another pose a safety risk. Workers’ safety may also be at risk in the course of undertaking their activities. A worker using a ladder risks falling and suffering physical injuries. The same applies to painters. They deal in paint that often has pungent smells that could easily result in both respiratory and eye irritations. All such workers require to be provided with pieces of protective gear such as helmets and nose masks. This goes a long way in preserving their well-being.
At the end of the day, a construction project is only as successful as the level of planning made. Through planning, it becomes possible to anticipate and eliminate future challenges, resulting in a smooth project.
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<urn:uuid:d0152d62-b9a6-4d46-82c1-9d191a7da77a>
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CC-MAIN-2020-05
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https://www.dayooper.com/a-look-at-construction-project-management-and-how-to-go-about-it/
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| 0.953129
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Yellow Brick: History, Specifications, and Notable Structures
Welcome to our article on Yellow Brick, a unique building material that has made its mark in architecture and construction. In this article, we will explore the history, specifications, and notable structures associated with Yellow Brick.
Introduction to Yellow Brick
Yellow Brick is a type of brick known for its distinct yellow color. It is widely used in construction and has been a popular choice for centuries due to its aesthetic appeal and durability. The vibrant yellow hue of these bricks adds a touch of warmth and character to buildings, making them visually striking.
Yellow Brick Specifications
Yellow Bricks are typically made from clay and fired at high temperatures to achieve their strength and durability. The clay used in their production contains iron oxide, which gives them their characteristic yellow color. The size and shape of Yellow Bricks can vary, but they are commonly rectangular and come in standard dimensions suitable for construction purposes.
Origin of Yellow Brick
The use of Yellow Brick can be traced back to ancient civilizations, where it was valued for its aesthetic appeal and practicality. Yellow Bricks became particularly popular during the Victorian era in the 19th century, as they complemented the architectural style of the time. The Industrial Revolution also contributed to the mass production of Yellow Bricks, making them more accessible for construction projects.
Common Structures Built Using Yellow Brick
Yellow Brick has been extensively used in various architectural styles and structures around the world. Its versatility and visual appeal make it suitable for a wide range of applications. Many historic buildings and landmarks feature Yellow Brick as a prominent material, adding to their architectural significance.
One notable structure constructed using Yellow Brick is the University of Iowa Old Capitol Building in the United States. Built in the mid-19th century, the Old Capitol Building showcases the elegance and grandeur of Yellow Brick in its neoclassical design. The use of Yellow Brick contributes to the building's historical and cultural importance, making it an iconic symbol of the university and the region.
In conclusion, Yellow Brick is a distinctive building material known for its vibrant yellow color. Its durability, versatility, and visual appeal have made it a popular choice in construction throughout history. From historic landmarks to contemporary structures, Yellow Brick continues to leave its mark in the architectural landscape.
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<urn:uuid:d3470271-a218-4bb9-a9d7-87cdf2951d16>
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https://www.thebrickcalculator.com/bricks/yellow-brick.html
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en
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According to Voith calculations, the SteamTrac, which is connected to one of the two engines, generates an additional input power of 24 kW. Initial measuring trips already came up with an additional power of 19 kW. The extra output has a positive impact on fuel consumption and therefore CO2 emissions. On average, reductions of at least 4 up to a maximum of 12% can be achieved - depending on the driving profile.
Superheated steam from the waste heat of combustion engines is forwarded to the SteamTrac via a heat exchanger. The SteamTrac converts this steam into additional mechanical energy, which is then redirected straight to the driveline.
Since March, a SteamTrac has been operating in a rail test vehicle of SWEG. It is fitted with two 250-kW diesel-hydraulic drive systems with Voith turbo transmissions.
A modular expander concept will enable nominal outputs of 15 kW to 160 kw with other expander sizes.
The same technology allows significant fuel reductions also in off-road vehicles, marine applications and stationary drives with combustion engines.
Voith Turbo has developed a technology, based on a thermodynamic cycle which can be used for all drives with combustion engines. The major difference between the SteamTrac and other thermodynamic systems is that the SteamTrac has been developed especially for cyclical operation in vehicles. It therefore meets the weight and installation space requirements of mobile applications. Such an intelligent heat management and exhaust heat recovery system is an important milestone on the way to meet future environmental requirements using as little fuel as possible.
Apart from its ecological advantages and thanks to lower fuel consumption the SteamTrac system also significantly enhances the economy of the drives
If you liked this article, please give it a quick review on ycombinator or StumbleUpon. Thanks
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CC-MAIN-2015-18
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http://nextbigfuture.com/2011/10/waste-heat-recovery-of-superheated.html
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| 0.943548
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During the 1970s and 1980s feminists increasingly came to recognize how the eroticization of women's inferiority, and male sexual violence are both central to the maintenance and perpetuation of male power over women. These issues were largely taken up by radical and especially revolutionary feminists. Marianne Hester, in this book, attempts to explain how women's experience of male sexual violence, through rape and sexual abuse, can lead to an understanding of male power over women. Her analysis also helps us to understand male power in other historical periods. The book focuses on two very separate events and periods: the development of a revolutionary feminist theory of sexuality in response to male sexual violence in the present day, and the witch hunts of early modern England. While stressing the socio-historical specificity and distinct characteristics of men's and women's lives within the 20th-century on the one hand and the 16th and 17th centuries on the other, she argues that the witch hunts may be seen as an historically specific example of male violence. This book should be of interest to students of women's studies, history, and sociology.
"synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title.
Book Description Routledge, 1992. Paperback. Book Condition: New. 1. Bookseller Inventory # DADAX0415052092
Book Description Routledge, 1992. Paperback. Book Condition: New. New item. Bookseller Inventory # QX-022-29-2862402
Book Description Routledge, 1992. Paperback. Book Condition: New. Bookseller Inventory # P110415052092
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https://www.abebooks.com/9780415052092/Lewd-Women-Wicked-Witches-Study-0415052092/plp
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| 0.940076
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Practice recognizing and spelling noun sight words by matching letter tiles to the correct alphabet letters on these template pages.
Words included are the following: apple, baby, back, ball, bear, bed, bell, bird, birthday, boat, box, boy, bread, brother, cake, car, cat, chair, chicken, children, Christmas, coat, corn, cow, day, dog, doll, door, duck, egg, eye, farm, farmer, father, feet, fire, fish, floor, flower, game, garden, girl, good-bye, grass, ground, hand, head, hill, home, horse, house, kitty, leg, letter, man, men, milk, money, morning, mother, name, nest, night, paper, party, picture, pig, rabbit, rain, ring, robin, Santa Claus, school, seed, sheep, shoe, sister, snow, song, squirrel, stick, street, sun, table, thing, time, top, toy, tree, watch, water, way, wind, window, wood.
Each card is 1/3 of a page. There is space above each word to place the letter tiles. Each card also has an image accompanying the word to the side(s).
(Letter tiles are not included.)
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CC-MAIN-2021-31
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https://homeschool.rebeccareid.com/product/letter-tiles-sight-words-nouns-templates/
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en
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Description: Male same sex couples often have unique needs, expectations, and definitions that must be taken into account in order to be an effective counselor with this population. This process starts with an exploration of the heteronormative narratives and biases that often guide our work when it comes to couples and relationships. We will also go into basic terms that you need to know in order to work effectively with male same sex couples.
From there, we go into specific issues that male same sex couples face, including internalized homophobia, attachment trauma, negotiating open relationships, sex and gender roles, starting families, substance use, HIV, shame, and toxic masculinity.
We’ll go on to explore the research that has been done in this area as well as techniques and theories that have been proposed for working with male same sex couples.
Finally, we’ll take a look at how civil rights, technology, and medical breakthroughs are rapidly altering the landscape for same sex male couples, and how to adapt your practice.
Once you have a solid understanding of your own biases, the classic issues, and the quickly shifting landscape, you’ll have a solid background upon which to project the specific and unique issues that each male same sex couple presents with.
This workshop is designed to help you:
Explore your own heteronormative biases when it comes to relationships
Define basic terms that are common in male same sex relationships
Recognize common issues that male same sex couples present with
Summarize relevant clinical research and theory
Utilize effective techniques in a clinical setting with male same sex couples
Adapt your practice to accommodate for the latest shifts in LGBTQ culture
Identify at least one heteronormative bias that is informing my work with couples
Define basic terms that apply to this population
Identify at least two unique issues that male same sex couples present with
Explain relevant research and theory for clinical work with this population
Employ at least two specialized techniques when working with this population
Describe recent cultural shifts and their effect on this population
First half hour – Intro and guided self exploration
Hour 1 – Specific issues with examples/case studies
– Internalized Homophobia
– Attachment Trauma
– Negotiating Open Relationships
– Sex and Gender Roles
– Starting Families
– Substance Use
– Toxic Masculinity
Hour 2 – Theoretical Approaches with specific considerations/modifications
– Emotion Focused/AEDP
– Person Centered
– Warnings about conversion therapy
Hour 3 – Exploring Today’s Landscape
– Civil Rights Advances
– Medical Breakthroughs
Final Half hour – Summary, final case study, Q+A
Presenter Bio: Nick Fager is a psychotherapist in private practice in New York City. He is the Cofounder and CEO of Lighthouse (www.lighthouse.lgbt), a rapidly growing new startup that matches LGBTQ people with nearby, LGBTQ affirming doctors and therapists. He graduated from the counseling psychology program at Columbia University and started his career at the LGBT Center of Manhattan. Follow Nick on Instagram for daily affirming messages @gaytherapy.
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<urn:uuid:83fa928a-6360-41d8-a53b-8b2f5035aba6>
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CC-MAIN-2020-29
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https://modernsextherapyinstitutes.com/product/working-with-male-same-sex-couples-4-ces-presenter-nick-fager-lmhc/
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en
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Like most people, you probably just came back from vacations, wishing that your kids’ school starts soon again. After all, the summer break was quite long (especially here in Spain), and, like every year, kids start getting bored, a clear sign that they need again a more regular daily routine.
Here is the question: How many times did you read with your kids this summer? Or, in case they already read by themselves, how many books did they read for fun?
For people who love reading, reading is not only a magnificent way to discover new cultures, to see the world through somebody else’s eyes or just to learn, amongst many other things. For kids, being in contact with books is enormously important; it is fun, opens new perspectives and, on top, trains their linguistic competence.
Reading habits and comprehension skills are the trigger for your child’s learning abilities
“Linguistic competence” might sound like rather theoretical concept; fact is that it is THE core competence of learning. Reading habits and comprehension skills are the trigger for your child’s learning abilities. In other words, the more he is reading, the better he gets at it, and the better he understands written text, the better he performs at school. In case you have any doubt about this, just look at the following graph, which shows the correlation between reading skills and school results.
Every time you read with your kids or give them a book they love, you are opening the door to a better future for them. And, the earlier you start, the better. Life does not stop. Life does not wait. Every day counts. Don’t look for excuses to start tomorrow, start right now, or this afternoon when you come home. Life is moving, and everything we are not doing today we cannot recover. We are mistaken believing that for one day nothing happens.
This summer, one of the books I read was Jugar con el corazón (“Playing with the heart”) from Xesco Espar, coach of the FC Barcelona handball team that won the Champions League in 2005. He talks about success and failure, both in sports and life. “Failure does not come from making a big mistake, but is the result of not doing many important things for a long period of time.” This phrase summarizes very well the importance of being proactive to make a difference in life. Knowing that reading skills are key for our kids’ development is meaningless if you don’t read with them, if you don’t give them books whenever you can.
And please, don’t say that your children do not like books, every child that’s born loves books and enjoys listening to stories read aloud by their parents… a completely different issue is how we educate them over the years. Let me finish with just some small ideas on how to foster reading at home. First, want it or not, you are the role model for your kids, if they see you reading, they will read. Then, it is important to convey the joy of reading, motivating kids in a playful way without any pressure. This starts with looking for books that reflect their interests, with stories they like and that are adequate for their age. The interplay of various media - books, eBooks, interactive apps and audiobooks - brings fun and variety to the everyday reading experience.
Life is now. Start reading.
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<urn:uuid:a570e7a7-3670-45b2-86dc-49c5c37ed31f>
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CC-MAIN-2017-17
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http://www.boolino.es/es/blogboolino/articulo/life-is-now-start-reading/
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en
| 0.96239
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Impact of Climate Change on the Adaptation of Plant Species in Western Himalaya
By: Dr. Sanjay Kumar*
The Himalaya Mountain is among the most prominent bio-geographical entities that separates Indian subcontinent from Tibetan Plateau. Evolved during the Cenozoic era, Himalaya covers a total area of 750,000 km2 in an arc of about 2400 kilometers in length to wrap northern Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and the northern and eastern parts of India. The Himalaya harbors 33,050 km2 of glaciers that give rise to at least eight largest river systems including Ganga, Yamuna, and Brahmaputra and hence this mountain is also known as “water tower of Asia”. This mountain system is home to about 25,000 species of plants (~10% of the world's total) and acts as ‘sink’ for carbon dioxide through its green and the forest cover. Himalaya in India covers an area of 0.537 million km2 with a width of 250-300 km. Importantly, Himalaya houses 13 of the 825 ecoregions of the world. The Himalayan ecosystem in India supports about 50% of the total flowering plants of which 30% flora is endemic to the region. There are about 816 tree species, 675 edibles and nearly 1743 species of medicinal value found in the Indian Himalayan region. Within Indian region, Himalaya is classified into three major zones: western Himalaya (encompasses administrative boundaries of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and part of Uttarakhand), central Himalaya (comprises of hills of Uttarakhand) and eastern Himalaya (represented in Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Darjeeling). Western Himalaya has two distinct regions. One region has typical mountainous zones consisting of valleys, mid and high mountainous zone, whereas the other region is trans Himalayan zone that houses cold deserts (in Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh and Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir).
Climate change is impacting the mountain ecosystems including Himalaya, by affecting water resources and vegetation. One of the most evident consequences of climate change is warming that is a major driver ecosystem change. For example, global warming of 1°C to 2 °C might shift southern boundary in Siberia northward and shrink the areas occupied by tundra and forest/tundra in Eurasia from 20 to 4%. Warming of Himalaya was estimated to be @ 0.04ºC–0.09ºC/year wherein Regional Climate Model did suggest the largest warming at highest altitudes in Himalaya. Meteorological data showed a rise of about 1.6°C in air temperature during the century wherein minimum temperature increased at a slower pace as compared to the maximum temperature. Precipitation showed a significant decreasing trend in monsoon precipitation in northwestern Himalaya though winter precipitation indicated an increasing but statistically insignificant trend. Increase in air temperature was possibly a reason for decreasing winter snowfall in some portions of Pir Panjal Range. Plant adaptation studies assume central importance in Himalaya, since vegetation in the region has limited migratory zones; any adverse change in climate might lead to extinction of species, more so since some of the species are at the edge of their spatial distribution.
A change in climate affects plant performance directly and also indirectly by affecting the other associated abiotic and biotic factors. For example, increased air and soil temperature would reduce plant duration, increase the rate of respiration, modulate the pest population dynamics, affect nutrient mineralization in soils, alter nutrient-use efficiencies, increase evapo-transpiration, and affect organic matter transformations in soil and so on. Some interesting questions under the climate change scenario are: which group of plants C3 or C4, will perform better? How the nitrogen fixers versus nitrogen fixers would behave? Will tree species be benefit more and affect the performance of under-story species due to restriction in radiations? Several studies suggested alteration in genetic diversity and species richness towards desirable biospheric properties that would lead to increase in the niche security. A few studies showed exudation of organic matter into the soil leading to stimulation of useful microbes. Such studies in Himalayan zone lead to important conclusions.
High altitude environment is often considered akin to that of preindustrial era and hence, though not in very strict sense, studies along altitudinal gradient would serve interesting site to study the impact of climate change on plant performance and response.
Enhancing CO2 uptake the nature’s way: a solution under climate change scenario
One of the major concerns under the climate change scenario is on how to sequester more CO2 in the high CO2 environment and what role the plants could play and how? Low partial pressure of CO2 at high altitude offer clues. Photosynthesis is one of the major components of carbon sequestration pathway and hence, enhancing photosynthetic efficiency is at least one of the major routes for enhancing carbon sequestration. Interestingly, photosynthesis rate does not exhibit significant alteration with change in altitude in spite of changes in partial pressure of gases. This suggested modulation in photosynthetic metabolism at different altitudes. Radiotracer studies coupled to biochemical and physiological analyses showed that C3 plants recruited phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) and a few more enzymes along with ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) to capture more CO2 at low partial pressure of high altitude. Also, such an efficient carbon fixation mechanism would contribute to compensate for the relatively short growing period of the plants at high altitudes. Using the tools of molecular biology, it is possible to transfer the mechanism in crop plants for enhancing CO2 and it might lead to higher carbon sequestration.
Alleviating the oxidative stress
Global warming and regional cooling are inevitable under the climate change scenarios. Therefore, intense efforts are directed to dissect the temperature responsive plant processes with the possibility to manipulate the processes in desired plant species. Series of publications showed a negative correlation between the level of oxidative stress and plant growth; the species which experienced lesser oxidative stress, exhibited better growth under the harsh climatic conditions. Particularly, the enzymes such as glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were identified to be important. Further studies using plants growing at higher elevations (~4500m amsl) yielded a highly efficient SOD that tolerated very high temperature (~121°C) and functioned from sub-zero temperature to >40°C. Crystal structure of the enzyme showed it to be the most compact amongst the reported SODs. The said SOD improved the performance of arabidopsis and potato under drought and salt-stressed conditions, at least by enhancing lignifications of vascular tissues.
Rise in leaf temperature during drought is usual when the leaf temperature can be as high as 45-50°C in the extreme cases. Under such situations production of superoxide radical is to be expected. Since SOD scavenges superoxide radical, there is a need to have the enzyme that would be stable at these temperatures for reasonable periods. Therefore, a SOD was engineered by replacing one amino acid at targeted position to obtain a highly thermostable protein. The engineered SOD in transgenic plants will confer tolerance to abiotic stresses including high temperature and drought, which are the most prevalent cues during climate change.
A multi-pronged approach for tolerance to environmental cues
There are efforts to develop plants tolerant to environmental cues or insensitive to climate change. This requires knowledge on transferable genetic machinery. The preceding discussion offered targeted approach, which at times, offers limited tolerance to plants against stresses. Hence efforts are being made for a holistic approach to address the problem. Since plants growing in high altitude are exposed to very “harsh” environment, these provided insight into the adaptive mechanisms for tolerance to abiotic stresses. Such plants have evolved strategies to express: (i) a battery of genes such as those encoding chaperons to protect the metabolic machinery, and (ii) modulate the genes that permit growth and development under stress conditions. Therefore, either suitable transcription factor(s) regulating the expression of target genes or co-expression of multiple genes would be desirable for such manipulations under the control of a vector with suitable regulatory elements involving promoters.
A comprehensive knowledge on the responses of Himalayan flora to climate change parameters is crucial not only to strategize conservation policies, but also for bio prospecting activities. There is a need to establish appropriate infrastructure such as artificial rain plots, and series of meterological stations in the region. Efforts on monitoring changes in the past and future will be rewarding. An integrated approach encompassing the fields of ecological genomics, chemical ecology and ecological proteomics will provide fine insight into the plant adaptation mechanisms, particularly when the experiments are carried out in the long term permanent monitoring plots.
*Head, Biodiversity Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176062 (HP).
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Three chords to rule them all!
Three chords in your song!
Use these three chords to rock and roll —
You almost can't go wrong!
Yes! The legend is true.
If you crack open the nut at the heart of rock and roll,
three major chords will pop out.
These chords are called major not because of how incredibly important they are, but because they have big (major) thirds, unlike some other chords which have small (minor) thirds.
All chords are named after their root note, the root being the note that inspires the whole chord into existence. The roots of these chords are the first, fourth, and fifth notes of the major scale, and so these three chords are named one, four, and five.
The one chord is historically called the tonic chord. A tonic is something that cures just about anything that ails you, and the tonic chord has more goodness than any other chord.
If we were going to give one a new name today, we would probably call it the home chord.
The five chord also has a historical name that reflects its dominant role in musical narrative. The five chord is called the dominant chord.
The four chord is one step below the dominant, hence it's the subdominant chord. You can tell that the people who made up these names didn't think much of the four chord! Indeed, the music of 200 years ago was all about the fight between one and five, while four barely made an appearance. Not so in today's rock music, which is as much about hanging out as it is about fighting. Four is totally cool with hanging out, but is handy in a fight as well, and in the rock era four has finally assumed its rightful place on the fretboard.
Now, if you flip through a rock songbook, you could see hundreds of chords. In light of that vast universe of chords, you might think we're going overboard by spending all this much time on just three chords. But in fact almost all of those other chords unfold from these three. So it's not a waste of time if you spend a few weeks getting to know these chords intimately.
Of course, to actually play one, four, and five, you have to decide first what key you are playing in. In the key of C, one is C, four is F, and five is G.
In the key of D, one, four, and five are D, G, and A.
In A: A, D, and E.
In G: G, C, and D.
In E: E, A, and B.
In F: F, B♭, and C.
Note: It's okay if you have to look up these chord names while you're learning, but you should aim to know the one, four, and five chords in every key without even stopping to think. Like you know the names of your best friends, your favorite beers, and the street you live on.
Tuesday is Beastly Fundamentals Day.
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Bunbury, J. and Gajewski, K. 2012. Temperatures of the past 2000 years inferred from lake sediments, southwest Yukon Territory, Canada. Quaternary Research 77: 355-367.
Bunbury and Gajewski obtained sediment cores from Jenny Lake (61.04°N, 138.36°W) that "yielded chironomid records that were used to provide quantitative estimates of mean July air temperature." As to how this was done, they write that "inference models were developed to estimate mean July air temperature from the fossil chironomid data using 145 modern sites from Barley et al. (2006), 39 sites from Wilson and Gajewski (2004), and an additional two sites from Bunbury and Gajewski (2008)," which exercise, in their words, "resulted in a new chironomid calibration dataset containing 186 samples, 74 species, and 17 environmental variables." This effort revealed the existence of "relatively warm conditions during medieval times, centered on AD 1200, followed by a cool Little Ice Age, and warming temperatures over the past 100 years." And from the authors Figure 8, reproduced below, it can be estimated that the Medieval Warm Period at Jenny Lake extended from about AD 1100 to 1350, and that the most recent (AD 1990) of their temperature determinations was about 0.8°C cooler than the peak warmth of the Medieval Warm Period.
Figure 1. Chironomid-inferred mean July air temperatures for Jenny Lake, Canada. Adapted from Bunbury and Gajewski (2012).
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Most Tasmanians know a little about the local insects. They are our constant companions during summer camping trips, and every so often insects move into homes or onto our pets. Unluckily, 1% of the Tasmanian population have to carry epipens just in case they have a stinging encounter with our bounding jack jumper ant. Hopefully this website will be a window revealing the wonderful diversity of the insect species in the island state.
If you ask most people there would be about 20 types of insects:
Why be interested in insects?
Learning more about insects can be a very satisfying pastime. You may be interested to see why your garden plants are ailing, you may have just found something that looks weird and you want to know what it is and does. For parents it is a fantastic "treasure hunt" for children to learn to identify wildlife, without having to travel at all. Gardens, parks, under a rock offers wealth of insect hunting opportunities. If you have the inspiration to make new discoveries, you still can! Many Tasmanian insect groups have been poorly researched and there are many new species to be found.
What's so special about Tasmania?
Tasmania is Australia's Island state. It has an area of just over 64,400 km2 and takes up less than one percent of Australia's total land mass. Tasmania's cool temperate climate is controlled by the prevailing westerly winds (the Roaring 40's) and the oceans around protect the state from temperature extremes.
Tasmania has a wide diversity of habitats. The Western half of Tasmania is largely World Heritage Area covered with cool temperate rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest. The eastern half is drier, and was once covered in dry sclerophyll forests. It is more populated by people and has lost a higher percentage of its native forest to farmland and urbanisation.
Tasmania has been isolated from mainland Australia for
around 10 000 years. The isolation has enabled some unique fauna to
evolve or survive. Many species you can find are endemic to the state.
Most children can immediately tell you about Tasmanian Devils and the
extinct Tasmanian Tiger, but few would know of all the unique
Why this website?
The move from film to digital cameras opened up opportunities to take multiple photos of very uncooperative subjects. Most Tasmanians take some interest in our insect cohabitors, whether it be with irritation or fascination, but it has been difficult for everyday people to access information about them.
In 2007 doors were opened to the non-scientific community with the publication of "Wings an introduction to Tasmania's winged insects" by Elizabeth Daley. Suddenly locals could grab a Tasmania specific field guide from their bookshelf or local library to narrow down what they'd found in the backyard. It is no coincidence that many of the earliest photos in this website are dated 2008. This book is the obvious no-network accompaniment for anyone interested in identifying insects.
A book has some natural limitations, however. It can only give a sample of the insect species. Websites can grow, show video of behaviours and show multiple angles and colour diversity that could not be achieved in an affordable volume. We recommend this book as an excellent launchpad into investigating the insect world, and as a guide to know where to start looking on this site!
This website has a number of aims
We hope you find it useful!
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Permitted Context: %text
Content Model: %text, but no nested anchors
The anchor <A> element is used to define the start
and/or destination of a hypertext link. In previous versions of HTML it provided
the only means for defining destination anchors within documents, but you
can now use any ID attribute as a destination anchor so that
links can now be made to divisions, paragraphs and most other elements.
The <A HREF="http://www.w3.org/">World Wide Web Organization</A>
provides information on Web related standards, mailing lists
and freeware tools.
The text between the start and end tag defines the label for the link.
Selecting the link takes the reader to the document specified by the HREF
attribute, in this case, the W3O home page. The label can include
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For FIG elements, the anchor element
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- An SGML identifier used as the target for hypertext
links or for naming particular elements in associated style sheets.
Identifiers are NAME tokens and must be unique within the scope of the
current document. This attribute supercedes the "NAME" attribute, see
For example, the following paragraph is defined as an anchor named
<P ID="potomac">The Potomac river flows into Boston harbour,
and played an important role in opening up the hinterland
to early settlers...
Elsewhere, you can define a link to this paragraph, as follows:
<A HREF="#potomac">Boston</A> is a historic city and
a thriving center of commerce and higher education.
The reader can select the link labelled "Boston" to see further
information on the Boston area.
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It can be used by parsers to select language specific choices for
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separated by a period. The CLASS attribute is most commonly used to
attach a different style to some element, but it is recommended that
where practical class names should be picked on the basis of the
element's semantics, as this will permit other uses, such as
restricting search through documents by matching on element class
names. The conventions for choosing class names are outside the scope
of this specification.
- The HREF attribute implies that the anchor acts as the
start of a hypertext link. The destination is designated by the value of
the HREF attribute, which is expressed in the Universal Resource
Identifier (URI) notation.
- Specifies a message digest or cryptographic checksum for the
linked document designated by the HREF attribute. It is used when you
want to be sure that a linked object is indeed the same one that the
author intended, and hasn't been modified in any way. For instance,
MD="md5:jV2OfH+nnXHU8bnkPAad/mSQlTDZ", which specifies an MD5 checksum
encoded as a base64 character string. The MD attribute is generally
allowed for all elements which support URI based links.
- This attribute is used to define a named anchor for use as
the destination of hypertext links. For example, the following defines an
anchor than can be used as the destination of a jump into a description
of the Boston area.
The <A NAME="potomac">Potomac river</A> flows into Boston
Note: the NAME attribute has been superceded by the ID
attribute. User agents should include support for NAME to
ensure backwards compatibility with legacy documents produced using
previous versions of HTML.
- This attribute is used within figures to
define shaped hotzones for graphical hypertext links. Full details of how to use this
feature will be given with the description of the figure element.
The attribute value is a string taking one of the following forms:
- Used to define a default link for the figure background.
- "circle x, y, r"
- Where x and y define the center and r specifies the radius.
- "rect x, y, w, h"
- Where x, y define the upper left corner and w, h define the width
and height respectively
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- Given n pairs of x, y coordinates, the polygon is closed by a line
linking the n'th point to the first. Intersecting polygons use the non-zero
winding number rule to determine if a point lies inside the polygon.
If a pointer event occurs in a region where two or more shapes
overlap, the distance from the point to the center of gravity of each
of the overlapping shapes is computed and the closest one chosen. This
feature is useful when you want lots of closely spaced hotzones, for
example over points on a map, as it allows you to use simple shapes
without worrying about overlaps.
Note: The x coordinate increases to the right, and the y
coordinate increases downwards in the same way as IMG and image maps. If both
numbers are integers, the coordinates are interpreted as pixel offsets
from the upper left corner of the figure. Otherwise, the coordinates
are interpreted as scaled values in the range 0.0 to 1.0 across the
figure. Note the syntax is tolerant of repeated white space characters
- This is informational only and describes the object
specified with the HREF attribute. It can be used for object types that
don't possess titles, such as graphics, plain text and Gopher menus.
- Used to describe the relationship of the linked object
specified with the HREF attribute. The set of relationship names is not
part of this specification, although "Path" and "Node" are reserved
for future use with hypertext paths or guided tours. The REL attribute
can be used to support search for links serving particular relationships.
- This defines a reverse relationship. A link from document A
to document B with REV=relation expresses the same relationship
as a link from B to A with REL=relation. REV=made is sometimes
used to identify the document author, either the author's email address
with a mailto URI, or a link to the author's home page. Tables
of contents can use anchors with REV="ToC" to allow software to insert
page numbers when printing hypertext documents. The plain text version
of this specification was generated in this way!
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Breaking News Emails
The United States is about to begin destroying its largest remaining stockpile of chemical-laden artillery shells. The Pueblo Chemical Depot in southern Colorado plans to start neutralizing 2,600 tons of aging mustard agent in March as the U.S. moves toward complying with a 1997 treaty banning all chemical weapons.
"The start of Pueblo is an enormous step forward to a world free of chemical weapons," said Paul Walker, who has tracked chemical warfare for more than 20 years, first as a U.S. House of Representatives staffer and currently with advocacy group Green Cross International. The Army will use two methods for the stockpile. Shells that are leaking or damaged will be placed in a sealed steel chamber with walls up to nine inches thick. Explosives will tear open the shells and the mustard agent will be neutralized with chemicals.
The remaining hundreds of thousands of shells will be run through a $4.5 billion plant starting in December or January. It will dismantle the shells, neutralize the mustard agent in water, and then add bacteria to digest and convert the remaining chemicals. The end product can be disposed of at a hazardous waste dump.
Nearly 90 percent of the U.S. stockpile has been eliminated at depots in Alabama, Arkansas, Indiana, Maryland, Oregon, Utah and Johnson Atoll in the Pacific, mostly by incineration. Pueblo expects to finish the job in 2019 — more than 55 years after some of the shells there were produced.
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Libraries & Spaces
Tilting at Windmills: Don Quixote at 400
Tilting at Windmills: Don Quixote at 400 celebrates the four-hundredth anniversary of Part I of The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote de la Mancha by Miguel Cervantes, and is one of the few exhibitions in the United States to commemorate this milestone in the history of world literature. Tilting at Windmills: Don Quixote at 400 includes art and rare books from the Georgetown University Library's Special Collections division, including a series of engravings by eigteenth-century English master printmaker William Hogarth, ten embossed color etchings by Canadian artist Lucille Gilling, a color woodcut by Hans Alexander Mueller, a color wood engraving by Stanley Bate, and a lithograph by Czech artist Bohumil Krátký; and handsome editions of the novel, such as a 1780 set from Madrid and a nineteenth-century tome illustrated by Gustave Doré.
Don Quixote and the Prints Inspired by the Novel: An Introduction
by Roderick S. Quiroz
Popularity and Significance of the Novel
El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha (The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of Mancha), Part I published in 1605 and Part II in 1615, often is considered to be the greatest novel ever written. Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Victor Hugo, Sir Walter Scott, and others have given it the highest praise. The German philosopher Friederich von Schelling considered Don Quixote and Goethe’s Wilhelm Meister to be the two greatest novels of all time.
Part I of Don Quixote had seven distinct editions, in Madrid, Lisbon, and Valencia, in1605. Cervantes knew of thirteen editions in his lifetime, published in Spain, Portugal, Belgium, and Italy. The first English edition dates from 1612.
The novel is rich in stylistic approaches, including even a false lead about its authorship, a comic ploy that anticipates later techniques by modern writers: In Chapter 9 of Part I, the author speaks of finding the manuscript of Don Quixote, written in Arabic, among old notebooks and papers offered for sale by a youth in Toledo; and claims that he had it translated into Spanish by a bilingual Moor, in exchange for fifty pounds of raisins and three bushels of wheat.
The work became the most frequently translated and reprinted in the histories of the world’s secular literature. Many hundreds of copies of the novel were shipped to America in the early 1600s. Indeed, the collection of Juan Sedó, of Barcelona, includes around 2000 editions, dating from 1605 to the mid 1900s, with translations into more than fifty languages, including such remote or unexpected tongues as macaronic Latin, Esperanto, Kashmiri, Gaelic, Basque, Mogul, Provençal, Tagalog, Basque, Japanese, Korean, and many others.
Don Quixote (modern spelling, Quijote) has inspired numerous musical compositions (such as the comic opera by Antoine Alexandre Henri Poinsinet and François Danican Philidor included in this exhibition, and works by Richard Strauss, Maurice Ravel, Jules Massenet, Henry Purcell, Manuel de Falla, and others). The Spanish National Orchestra will be playing works based on Don Quixote in Mexico in October 2005.
Artistic works based on the novel include hundreds of fine prints, drawings, sculptures, and paintings, going back to the 1600s. These dwell on many aspects of the novel - the scores of varying episodes, characters, imagery, and special themes.
There is a total of 126 chapters in the novel (52 in Part I, 74 in Part II); and in the small format Aguilar edition (Madrid, 1963), almost every chapter is accompanied by one or more prints, dating from 1618 on. (A chronological discussion of these printmakers, century by century, will be found on pp. 129-141 of that edition.) Gustave Doré alone completed 370 illustrations, based on visits to the places that figure in the novel, and a few of which are shown in this exhibition. About half of these illustrations appear in the 1860 London edition, as published by Putnam in New York in 1863.
An account of the overall character of the work is beyond the purpose of this article. As everyone knows, humorous episodes abound; these will elicit laughter in its young readers (there have been many editions for children). But the humor often is touching and multi faceted in meaning, and older readers will smile and will reflect on the subtle philosophical and societal implications. As in the roughly 700 songs by Franz Schubert, who set to music poetic texts by more than one hundred writers, Don Quixote touches on a seemingly infinite range of human concerns and feelings, including friendship, the nature of love, tolerance, morality, religion, philosophy, aesthetics, criminality, and madness. For this writer, the most impressive aspect of Don Quixote is the attention given to the need for tolerance, including both religious tolerance and racial harmony.
The Theme of Tolerance
Tolerance as a theme is brought out most beautifully, I believe, in the extended episode of the Christian captive, beginning in Chapter 33, where we are first introduced to Zoraida, an attractive, devout Moorish woman. For this episode there are five prints accompanying the text, in the Aguilar edition. In the 1863 American edition (Putnam, New York), where all the illustrations are by Gustave Doré, there are six prints related to the same episode. Also noteworthy are illustrations of the early title pages in the six-volume Spanish edition of 1905, which celebrated the three-hundredth anniversary of the novel. In this episode, we learn that a Christian naval captain was captured in the Mediterranean area and held prisoner in North Africa. The largely open air prison is next to the house of a rich Moor, father of Zoraida. She becomes attracted to the Christian captive, and communicates with him by means of messages dropped from her window. The two are united, and with strong insistence from Zoraida they escape to Spain, not without some harrowing difficulties. (Doré contributes a beautiful print depicting an attack on their vessel by a French boat.) They finally arrive at a Spanish inn, she on a mule with the Christian man walking at her side. She wishes to be called "Maria," recalling the tales of a Christian servant who regaled her with accounts of the Virgin Mary. As with Joseph and Mary, there is no room at this Spanish inn, although Dorotea, a prominent figure in the novel, welcomes her and provides hospitality. At the inn, the Christian captain relates his story to Don Quixote and others with him.
The degree of tolerance between Christians and Moors in Spain varied strongly from the time of the Moorish invasion (711 C.E.) to the taking of Granada (1492) and on the expulsion of the Moors around 1600. A beautiful graphic illustration of racial compatibility in Spain in medieval times is the illuminated miniature from the great document, the Cantigas de Santa Maria (ca. 1270), which shows two musicians making music together, one Christian and the other Moorish. The history of "convivencia" (harmonious living) in Spain is long and complex. There were ups and downs in Christian Moorish relations from the year 711 up to the time of Cervantes. But scholars have concluded that in the early centuries when the Moors dominated Spain, there was a relatively high degree of Moorish tolerance of the Christians. From about 1300 on, as the Christians recovered more and more of Spain, there generally was increasing intolerance of the Moors.
Since the Moorish expulsion occurred around the time that Cervantes was writing the novel, his depiction of compatibility between the Christian captive and Zoraida is especially daring. It also may be of interest to note that, in the novel, there is an episode involving a morisco (a Moor who lingered on in Spain), only to be expelled in 1609. In this rather humorous story, found in Part II of the novel, the morisco, Ricote, had returned from Germany, fancifully dressed in the French manner, and seeks out Don Quixote’s sidekick Sancho Panza, his former Christian friend of earlier days. Ricote offers him a meal of typically Spanish food, including ham and the dressings, obviously in the hope that he will not be "profiled" as a Moor. Sancho is delighted to encounter and welcome his old friend, in their two-way demonstration of their old-time spirit of tolerance.
Roderick S. Quiroz is a meteorologist, scholar of Spanish literature, and collector and connoisseur of fine prints and other works of art. A World War II-era veteran of the U.S. Air Force and career scientist with the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration until his retirement in 1985, Mr. Quiroz received his M.S. in Spanish Literature from Georgetown University in 1991. He is the co-author of The Lithographs of Prentiss Taylor: A Catalogue Raisonné, and numerous articles for the Washington Print Club Quarterly. He has been a generous donor to the Georgetown University Library of works by Prentiss Taylor and other artists. This article was based largely on an essay by the writer prepared at Georgetown University in 1993, titled "El moro en Las cantigas de Santa Maria: una nueva perspectiva" ("The Moor in Las cantigas de Santa Maria: a New Perspective"), and on data from the Aguilar edition of 1963 (described in the text).
Illustrations: top: Windmills by Lucille Gilling (1905-1997), from A Portfolio of Ten Etchings by Lucille Gilling based on Don Quixote de la Mancha, by Miguel de Cervantes (Willowdale, Ontario: The Studio, 1968); color etching; ed. 14/100; 24.8 x 21.3 cm; Georgetown University Fine Print Collection; lower: Tilting at Windmills by (Paul) Gustave Doré (1832-1883), from The History of Don Quixote by Cervantes, ed. J. W. Clark, and a biographical notice of Cervantes by T. Teignmouth Shore; illus. by (Paul) Gustave Doré (New York: P.F. Collier, 1863).
Lauinger Library has in its collection nearly four hundred items related to Don Quixote, including translations of the novel; scholarly studies; video recordings of dramatic productions, the musical, and lectures; sound recordings of music inspired by the great novel; and the works of art and rare books in this exhibition.
Lucille Gilling began her art studies at the Kansas City Art Institute. After graduating, she continued her art training overseas in Paris, Italy, and England, where she met and married her second husband, a Canadian military officer, in 1942. After the war they moved to Ontario, where Gilling studied etching under the noted artists Nicholas Hornyansky and Guillermo Silva Santamaria. She joined the Society of Canadian Painter-Etchers and Engravers in 1958 and exhibited her work in several galleries in the environs of Toronto. In 1966, Gilling created a portfolio of ten color etchings based on Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, the success of which led her to undertake this second literary-inspired portfolio, on Cervantes’ Don Quixote in 1968. Her Don Quixote was exhibited at the Houston Galleria in 1972. Gilling’s autobiography, Bright Shines the Sunlight, was published in London in 1986.
Commissioned by the Real Academia de la Lengua in Madrid, and produced by the preeminent eighteenth century publisher Joaquín Ibarra y Martín (1728-85), this is one of the finest early editions of Cervantes’s masterpiece. With this elaborate, critical edition, the Academia decisively embraced Cervantes’s epic as a classic of Spanish literature and culture, well after its critical reception in England and France.
Volume I (unfortunately, missing from Georgetown’s holdings) contains an introduction with a biography of the author, an analysis of the novel, and a chronological outline of the adventures and exploits of the wandering Don. The volume also features a double-page map of Spain, and an engraved portrait of Cervantes. The four-volume set is embellished by engraved frontispieces and thirty-one full-page engravings after drawings by various artists including Antonio Carnicero, José del Castillo, and Gregorio Ferro. Printed on rich, heavy paper, by the finest artists and artisans of the day, it is a monument of Spanish printing and book production.
The frontispiece to volumes I and II, shown here, reveals the heroic knight about to be crowned by a hovering Cupid. The books burning in the left corner may be an allusion to the anti-clerical sentiment of the reign of Charles III, with the substitution of a goat-devil for the curate who burned Quixote's books of knight-errantry in Part 1, chapter 6 of the novel. The lion beside him is a reference to chapter 17 of Part 2, when the Don is made “Knight of the Lions,” after his perceived triumph over a caged lion. The woman attired as a jester to his right, an allegorical representation of folly, holds a mirror to his face bearing the image of Dulcinea. Rachel Schmidt explains in Critical Images: The Canonization of Don Quixote Through Illustrated Editions of the Eighteenth Century (Montréal, Ithaca: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1999), how this frontispiece parodies the traditional memorializing devices of contemporary visual allegory. This mock-heroic parody, in keeping with the befuddled delusions of the Don, seems a fitting subversion of the traditional use of allegory to elevate the author or patron on a book’s frontispiece.
William Hogarth, the preëminent satirist of eighteenth century British society, submitted six engravings for the 1738 edition of Don Quixote published by J. and R. Tonson, as commissioned by John, Viscount Carteret. His illustrations, however, were not included in that publication, but those of another artist, John Vanderbank, were. It is not known exactly why the Hogarth works were rejected, whether the artist did not appreciate Carteret's control over the project; or whether Carteret and the publishers favored the more passive drawings by Vanderbank, which often presented a more subtle interpretation of the narrative.
The Hogarth plates, purchased by Tonson, were acquired by print publisher John Boydell and published by him in 1790, as well as by the engraver William Heath in 1822.
Georgetown University Library owns four of the six engravings, titled above. The other two are: The Funeral of Chrysostom and Quixote Being Cared for by the Innkeeper’s Wife and Daughter. All scenes are from Part 1 of the novel.
The prolific, virtuoso etcher and engraver Gustave Doré completed illustrations for several classic works of literature, including La Commedia by Dante Alighieri, Paradise Lost by John Milton, and The Bible. The approximately 180 illustrations eventually published for Don Quixote in 1864 are among Doré's most famous, and have been reproduced in editions in a number of languages. This edition is open to Doré's depiction of Don Quixote's reference to "a great lake of pitch, boiling hot, and swimming and writhing about in it, a swirling mass of serpents, snakes, lizards, and many other kinds of grisly and savage creatures..." during his argument with the canon, from chapter 50 of Part 1.
Cervantes describes Don Quixote as "about fifty years of age, of a sturdy constitution, but wizened and gaunt-featured...." Doré's image of the knight-errant as an elderly, haggard man with a long beard has had wide influence on later artistic representations, as can be seen from other illustrations in the exhibition. According to The Cervantes Encyclopedia, "Doré's romantic vision of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza, together with his superb evocation of the legendary world of chivalry, have made this the single most reprinted and imitated set of graphic interpretations of Miguel Cervantes' novel." (Howard Mancing, The Cervantes Encyclopedia, Volume 1: A-K [Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2004], 247.)
This frontispiece portrait by French engraver Adolpe Lalauze is based on various earlier prototypes, all derived from the presumed portrait of Cervantes attributed to Juan de Jáuregui (c. 1570 - 1640) in the Real Academia Española (Spanish Royal Academy) in Madrid. Lalauze, winner of several medals at the annual Paris Salon exhibitions and Chevalier of France's Legion of Honor, engraved thirty-seven plates for this four-volume edition published in Edinburgh in 1879.
This two-volume Don Quixote was one of the early issues from the Limited Editions Club, founded during the Great Depression by publisher George Macy (1900 - 1956) to provide quality cloth editions of classic and important contemporary books, with fine illustrations, by annual subscription for a middle-class market. Macy would contract with printers around the world to produce the books; Don Quixote was printed by Oliva de Vilanova of Barcelona, which hired noted Barcelona portraitist and illustrator Enric-Cristófol Ricart. This engraving facing the title page shows Ricart's Art Deco interpretation of the famous "imagination" scene from chapter 1, represented elsewhere in this exhibition with works by Doré and Mueller. A catalogue raisonné of Ricart's prints was published in 1988.
Bohumil Krátký is a Czech lithographer, illustrator, and designer of fine ex libris, or book plates. He studied at l'École des Beaux-Arts in Paris and the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague. After the Second World War, Krátký settled permanently in his wife's hometown of Telc, south of Prague. Beginning in 1968 with the "Prague Spring" invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Soviet Union and its allies, Krátký became an active protestor against those forces, and as a result was banned from creating or exhibiting art works for many years. Today he is a highly esteemed and actively collected graphic artist, and is the recipient of numerous national and international prizes. He has created more than 470 ex libris prints, including a series of twelve based on Don Quixote, and has exhibited throughout Europe, India, and Japan.
After four centuries, editions of Don Quixote continue to be issued. This Signet Classic paperback, with a new introduction from 2001, features on its cover a masterful 1955 ink drawing by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso (1881 - 1973), now in le Musée d'art et d'histoire in Saint-Denis, France. The incongruous pair of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza has become so famous that these abstract silhouettes (against a backdrop of the tell-tale windmills) are immediately recognizable.
Most of the quotations from Don Quixote in this exhibition have been taken from this translation.
This condensed, juvenile edition of Don Quixote by Arvid Paulson and Clayton Edwards was selected for its attractive cover paste-down illustration. The book interior includes four color plates by Florence Choate and Elizabeth Curtis, New York illustrators who worked together on more than a dozen children's books in the first half of the twentieth century. Both women had studied at the Art Students League in New York and in Paris.
Henry Morin was born in Strasbourg and trained at l'Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris. In his thirties, the artist became an established illustrator of children's books, and from 1897 to 1925 was one of the main contributing artists of the popular serial Mon Journal. Later in his career Morin became devoted to religious subjects and designed stained glass windows for various churches, most notably those of the Le Mans cathedral southwest of Paris.
This intriguing abstract line representation of Don Quixote with his lance atop his faithful steed Rocinante was the "membership edition" for the Albany Print Club in 1951. In the presentation essay for the print, Bate's Don Quixote was said to be "the sad old gentleman distilled to essence." One can speculate on the influence of the "wire sculptures" of Alexander Calder (1898-1976) in conceiving the work's formal approach.
Hans Alexander Mueller was one of several prominent masters of woodcut and wood-engraving in Germany who were influential in the past century. (Among his protégés was the young Lynd Ward (1905-1985), who introduced the wood-engraved wordless novel to the United States, and who was the subject of the previous Fairchild Gallery exhibition, Lynd Ward: A Centennial Appreciation.) Mueller provided forty-six color wood-engraved illustrations for the 1941 New York/Random House edition of a translation of Don Quixote by Peter Anthony (né Pierre Antoine) Motteux (1660-1718) (see also in this exhibition the 1879 Edinburgh/William Paterson edition of Motteux). Of Mueller's work, editor and critic Edwin Seaver (1900-1987) wrote in the foreword, "Not since the drawings of Gustave Doré, it seems to me, have there been any illustrations for Don Quixote that can match these...."
For his popular 1939 text Woodcuts & Wood Engravings: How I Make Them (New York: Pynson Printers, 1939), Mueller used one of his illustrations being prepared for the 1941 Don Quixote to demonstrate how the midtone (color) plate and the black plate (for shadows and details) combine against the white paper to produce images well-defined in volume and depth.
In 1950, a few years before the semiseptcentennial of Don Quixote, Mueller was commissioned by the Cleveland Print Club to produce a "membership edition" of a scene from the novel. (Print clubs often offer, as a benefit of membership, an original commissioned work available exclusively to members.) Mueller produced this charming two-color woodcut, representing as a "castle in the sky" the flurry of imagination that preceded Don Quixote's quest; his first adventure as a "knight-errant" was to be in chapter 2 at the inn, which he saw as "a castle with four turrets, the pinnacles of which were of glittering silver...."*
* Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, The first part of the life and achievements of the renowned Don Quixote de la Mancha; trans. Peter Motteux (New York: Random House, 1941).
Cervantes fought against the Ottoman Turks in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, and joined his brother in the company of Manuel Ponce de Leon a year later. The Trinitarian Friars secured Cervantes' release from an Algerian prison with the sum of 500 gold pieces in 1580, after five years' incarceration and four escape attempts. Close to the end of his life, Cervantes became a member of the order of San Francisco. The Franciscans buried don Miguel de Cervantes, by then known as "the prince of the ingenious," in a Trinitarian convent in Madrid on April 23, 1616. Coincidentally, this was the same day as Shakespeare's death at Stratford-Upon-Avon in England. It often is speculated that the bard could have read Part I of Don Quixote, as the first English translation by Thomas Shelton was published in 1612.
These watercolor views are of the Trinitarian convent with the memorial on its façade to Cervantes, and the Cervantes monument on the Plaza de España in Madrid. The watercolors were acquired by Georgetown University's Francis L. Fadner, S.J. (1910-1987), Third Regent of the University's School of Foreign Service and professor of history, during one of his sojourns in Spain. They are by a Spanish artist born in Bilbao, who founded an artists' society in that city called Nueva Bohemia; he was a noted painter of landscape and still-life.
The Cervantes monument in Madrid's Plaza de España, with its statues of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza, was created by Lorenzo Coullaut-Valera in 1928-30. A popular and prolific Spanish sculptor, C.-Valera executed a number of monuments in parks and gardens throughout Madrid and Seville, where he was born in 1876.
François-André Danican Philidor was an early composer of "comic operas," who collaborated with librettist Antoine Alexandre Henri Poinsinet on a number of Philidor's more commercially and artistically successful works. Sancho Pança Dans Son Isle is based on the episode from chapter 45 of Part 2 of Don Quixote in which the knight-errant's sidekick is made governor of the island of Barataria. This opera is one of several works in the exhibition that highlight the continuing influence of Don Quixote on not only the visual arts, but in other art forms as well.
Reference: Grove Music Online
The beloved Broadway musical Man of La Mancha had 2,328 performances in an original run of nearly six years, and in 1972 was made into a motion picture. Man of La Mancha presented a challenging dramatic concept, with the leading role alternating between the character Don Quixote and the author Miguel Cervantes.
The cover of the theatre program featured the Gustave Doré illustration of Don Quixote in the first chapter absorbing the books of chivalry that had become his obsession: "His imagination became filled with a host of fancies he had read in his books - enchantments, quarrels, battles, challenges, wounds, courtships, loves, tortures, and many other absurdities. So true did all this phantasmagoria from books appear to him that in his mind he accounted no history of the world more authentic." Declaring that "No character in literature has been as copiously illustrated as the MAN OF LA MANCHA," the program featured a spread of some of the better-known depictions, including by Honoré Daumier (1808-79) and the William Hogarth Adventure of Mambrino's Helmet shown in this exhibition, along with original illustrations.
Famed caricaturist Al Hirschfeld (1903-2003), who specialized in entertainment figures, drew the illustration for the cover of the best-selling soundtrack from the musical, which featured Richard Kiley (Don Quixote), Joan Diener (Aldonza), and Irving Jacobson (Sancho Panza).
The foolish knight-errant Don Quixote became a nearly triumphant figure in the instant-classic hit from the show, "The Impossible Dream":
To dream the impossible dream,
To fight the unbeatable foe,
To bear with unbearable sorrow,
To run where the brave dare not go....
And the world will be better for this,
That one man, scorned and covered with scars,
Still strove, with the last of his courage,
To reach the unreachable stars!
As critic Brooks Atkinson notes in the program, "Although Don Quixote is a fool, no one can afford to be complacent about him. In worldly terms his foolishness consists of being an idealist. There is a touch of nobility behind the clown's mask."
Although there were ballet productions of Don Quixote as early as 1740 with a staging in Vienna by Franz Hilverding, the version most popularly performed today had its debut at Moscow's Bolshoi Theater in 1869. The choreographer and librettist, Marius Petipa created a four-act ballet to music by Ludwig Minkus incorporating the more comic episodes from the second part of Cervantes' novel featuring the coquettish innkeeper's daughter Quiteria (known in the ballet by the Russian Kitri), and her suitor, a barber named Basilio. The Petipa work quickly became a classic of both the Bolshoi Theatre and the Kirov Theatre of Leningrad; and was re-staged with subtle changes by Aleksandr Gorsky in 1906, and others throughout the first half of the twentieth century. Don Quixote was performed outside of Russia in a two-act version, danced by Anna Pavlova and her company, first in England in 1924. The complete, full-length ballet was staged in the West first in 1962 by England's Ballet Rambert.
The scenes in the ballet open with a traditional square in Barcelona, and move on to a Gypsy camp and a fantasy sequence in which Don Quixote falls asleep and dreams of Dulcinea in her garden. The elaborate sets and designs typically include live horses and/or donkeys in some of the scenes. The final act is a grand classical wedding at the court of a Duke and Duchess, presided over by the Don and his faithful partner Sancho Panza. Two of the greatest dancers of the twentieth century, Rudolf Nureyev and Mikhail Baryshnikov, have immortalized the role of Basilio, while ballerinas from Anna Pavlova and Maya Plisetskaya to Gelsey Kirkland have triumphed as Kitri.
The Russian-born choreographer George Balanchine, founder of the New York City Ballet, was inspired by his favorite muse, the young ballerina Suzanne Farrell, to create an entirely new staging of Don Quixote with a commissioned score by Nicolas Nabokov. As a youth, Balanchine had performed in the Petipa/Minkus version at the Marynisky Theater in 1916. At his premier in 1965, Balanchine himself appeared as the Don, with Suzanne Farrell as Dulcinea. Unlike the joyous Petipa production, his version of the story highlights the Don's self-deluding fantasies and alienation from society. At the center of the work is his idealized love for the pure and beautiful Dulcinea, whom he idolizes as his savior. Her ethereal performance in this role established Farrell as a star and she was promoted to the rank of principal dancer. After her retirement in 1989 and subsequent rift with Balanchine's successor, Farrell established a chamber troupe with the financial backing of Washington, D.C.'s Kennedy Center, where her company revived the forty-year-old ballet in a performance this past summer.
The following persons are acknowledged for their support of and assistance with this exhibition:
Roderick S. Quiroz M.S. '91
Joseph A. Haller, S.J., Curator Emeritus
George M. Barringer, Associate University Librarian for Special Collections
Prof. Barbara Mujica, Department of Spanish and Portuguese
Karen H. O'Connell, Reference Librarian
David Hagen, Graphic Artist
Jennifer Taylor Louchheim '06, intern
Jan Halaska '06
Matting by Frames By Rebecca, Silver Spring, Maryland
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What is a cataract?
Cataracts are a slow, natural clouding of your eye’s lens. A healthy lens works to precisely bend and focus light onto the retina to give you a clear image of objects at varying distances. As cataracts begin to cloud the lens, you may experience blurry vision, dulled colors, and glare. These symptoms make it difficult to do everyday activities like reading and driving.
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In traditional cataract surgery, the patient must use eye drops for a period of time following surgery to help the eye heal and to achieve the best possible results. DropLess cataract surgery involves administering a specifically compounded medication during surgery which may allow patients to avoid the hassles and high costs associated with post-surgery eye drops. Ask your Mississippi Eye Consultants surgeon if DropLess cataract surgery is right for you.
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How long does recovery take?
Most people notice a significant improvement in their vision and are back to most normal everyday activities within 24 - 48 hours following cataract surgery.
Is cataract surgery safe?
Cataract surgery is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures and is known to have very high success rates. More than 95 percent of the 3 million cataract surgeries performed in a year were done so without complications.
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Sometimes the biggest act of courage is a small one.
Years ago I scooched my chair up to a kindergartner during writing workshop. He was writing line after line of scribbles across the page. I’d learned that no matter what young children wrote — whether it was strings of random letters or simple pictures of rainbows and stick figures – there was often a detailed story behind it. And if I just asked any five-year-old to “read” their writing to me, I’d see just how sophisticated their storytelling could be.
So I asked this boy, “Could you read your writing to me? I’d love to hear your story.”
He replied, “Nope. I just write ‘em. I don’t read ‘em.”
I couldn’t help it. I burst out laughing before I stifled myself. He gave me a quick glare, as if to say, “I’m doing important work here! Don’t interrupt me with your silliness!” And then he continued on — writing, writing, writing strings of letters and shapes across the page.
I’ve been thinking of that boy as I look at teachers struggling to implement new standards and policies in schools. Take, for instance, the Common Core State Standards. I’m not going to debate here the value of these standards. What’s not debatable for me as an editor is how poorly some of them are written. We link specific standards to instructional materials at different places on the Choice Literacy website. The copy editor and I sometimes scratch our heads at the poor grammar and awkward syntax in many of these verbatim excerpts from the documents given to teachers. It’s a dilemma for us. Should we correct an obvious grammatical error or add a needed comma within a run-on sentence when we are supposed to only be quoting, not editing?
These experiences are a reminder that this stuff is written by real people, who are sometimes really tired. I can forgive anyone’s mistakes since I make plenty of them myself. But I also think of all the time that is wasted in classrooms and schools when we try to implement policies or programs that were written or accepted at the last minute in a board meeting late at night, when people were tired and itching to get home. Or the many times teachers are forced to set aside a smart unit or activity that has worked for years, because someone well beyond their classroom had a misplaced inspiration to slap a new policy or program from a different place onto the district without taking time to think it through with teachers. They just write ‘em, yet we’ve gotta read ‘em . . .and somehow bring them to life in our classrooms.
When I see teachers spending hours trying to ferret out the different meanings of “argument” or “opinion” in a standards document, as if these words have come down on a stone tablet from Ultimate Perfect Learning Mountain, I think it’s time to remind ourselves that they haven’t. Maybe these documents will stand the test of time, and maybe they won’t. But we’ve got plenty of writing about literacy instruction that deserves to be revered, parsed, and reread, because hundreds of thousands of teachers have read this writing, used the methods in their classrooms for years, and seen with their own eyes that they work. Books by Nancie Atwell, Debbie Miller, Donald Graves, and Donald Murray (among many others) document the reading and writing growth of actual students, what quality teaching looks like, and the logical progression of acquiring reading and writing skills. Trust the teachers you’ve always trusted. In the meantime, I hope we have the courage sometimes to ask an administrator, “Can you read this new policy to me and tell me what it means? Because if you can’t tell me the story of how this will work in my classroom beyond a glib promise by a marketer for higher test scores, then maybe we need to rethink whether this is worth our time.”
This week we look at ways to help struggling learners. Plus more as always — enjoy!
Free for All
[For sneak peeks at our upcoming features, quotes and extra links, follow Choice Literacy on Twitter: @ChoiceLiteracy or Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/ChoiceLiteracy or Pinterest: http://pinterest.com/choiceliteracy/]
Katie DiCesare has wise advice for helping readers who are falling behind their peers but don’t qualify for additional services:
We’re continuing our classics series, in celebration of our tenth year. Franki Sibberson shares why Fitness Boot Camp Helps Me Understand Struggling Readers:
What’s a parbunkell? This is the fascinating story of what one obscure word can reveal about language, the web, and communities:
For Members Only
Franki Sibberson explores the varied needs of young readers and writers in Beyond Explicit Instruction: What Do Struggling Learners Need?:
In this week’s video, Beth Lawson confers with Michael, a fourth-grade writer who struggles with focus and basic conventions:
Stella Villalba finds she needs new strategies for assisting a young autistic English language learner:
Andie Cunningham and one of her kindergarten students share something in common at the start of the school year — tears as they struggle to find their place in a new community:
In an encore video, Sean Moore confers with second grader Teague, masterfully demonstrating how to move between instruction and celebration when conferring with a child who struggles with reading:
That’s all for this week!
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One of the most important—and most sensible—principles of green building is developing in areas that already have the necessary infrastructure and public transportation systems in place.
One of the most important - and most sensible - principles of green building is developing in areas that already have the necessary infrastructure and public transportation systems in place. But green building programs around the country deal mostly with single-family homes - the kinds of homes that most Americans want - and low-density, multifamily buildings averaging only two to three units.
And since rentals and condos are what most builders build in those very urban areas that do get developed, there are no end-users asking for energy efficiency or low VOC paints. In these cases, green means expense and hassle, and if there isn’t someone to demand it, builders see no reason to cut their margins by volunteering it.
|Battery Park City, where six new green high-rise apartments will be built, sits at the southwestern tip of Manhattan in the shadow of Wall Street and the World Trade Center. Photo by Stan Ries.
But what if building green was not an option, but a requirement? Usually that word implies limits, but in New York City there is some pretty stiff competition to get the chance to build high-rise apartments on six sites in the much sought-after Battery Park City - despite some very specific green requirements.
Battery Park City, located at the southern tip of Manhattan, is a strip of land that was created in the early 1960s when the excavated dirt and rock from the site of the neighboring World Trade Center was dumped where 20 piers on the Hudson River used to stand. No longer important to shipping, the area became a 92-acre landfill and was master planned in 1969 (and revised in 1979). In the 40 years since it has become its own little city, with residential, shops, restaurants, schools, rapid transit and parks, and it is home to the World Financial Center, the Mercantile Exchange and the Museum of Jewish Heritage.
There are few sites left to develop at Battery Park City, but the Hugh L. Carey Battery Park City Authority (BPCA), the public benefit corporation created in 1968 by the state legislature to oversee it, decided they should be developed with environmental concerns and future occupants’ health in mind.
The BPCA recently worked with Fox & Fowle Architects, notable for creating the Condé Nast at Four Times Square office building, to develop green guidelines for residential building at Battery Park City. According to the BPCA, the purpose of these requirements is "to establish a process for the creation of environmentally responsible residential buildings that are appreciably ahead of current standards and practices for development."
Last January New York Governor George E. Pataki issued a Request for Proposals (RFPs) for the development, saying that he was proud that Battery Park City is creating a public/private initiative to build the first comprehensive green high-rise residential building in the northeast - and possibly in the nation.
"This hi-tech high rise will not only reduce harmful emissions, it will also reduce electric bills and operational costs. These vital goals will be achieved through the use of recaptured ‘gray’ water, daylight dimming systems, double glazed windows, landscaped roof gardens that reduce heat gain and loss and renewable technologies such as integrated photovoltaic panels and fuel cells."
The authority has chosen Albanese Development Corporation to build the 26-story, 337,000 square foot apartment building on the first site. Nine other companies submitted proposals for the 18,000 square foot site.
Sky-High Green Guidelines
"We proposed a dramatic step up from the state of residential building in the city," says Peter Weingarten, AIA of Fox & Fowle. With these green guidelines, he adds, developers must "do things [they’re] not accustomed to doing in New York City, like energy efficiency, air quality and water conservation."
The requirements set forth are prescriptive by nature, and each proposal submitted by developers must address how they would meet each requirement. Albanese Development’s solution, for instance, to the requirement that the building had to achieve a 30% reduction in energy use over the state energy code was a central chilled and heated hot water system for heating and cooling fueled by a natural gas absorption chiller.
The requirements cover five major categories: energy efficiency, indoor environmental quality (IEQ), material and resource conservation, operations and maintenance and water conservation and site management. Each category is then broken down into specific requirements suited to its high-density, multifamily purpose.
Drafting the BPCA Residential Environmental Guidelines was a challenge, says Weingarten, because the document is really the first of its kind. Much of what can be found in local HBA-sponsored green building programs proved inapplicable to Battery Park’s unique situation, and the proposed high rises fall somewhere between USGBC’s LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Commercial rating system and the LEED Residential system, which is still in the development stages.
According to Russell Albanese, building to these requirements will be a challenge, but he thinks the finished product will be worthy of LEED certification. To this end, Albanese Development has amassed a team of architects, designers, engineers and consultants with expertise in the design and implementation of environmental systems in both commercial and residential applications.
"We have a lot of experience in multifamily and some of our commercial projects have some high energy efficiency features and green technologies," says Albanese. "But this is the first entirely green building [that we’ve done] that will be going for a LEED rating."
The 250-unit high rise is estimated at $95 million, and construction is due to begin in early 2001 and be finished in late 2002. The Battery Park City Authority has already sent out RFPs for the next two developments.
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https://www.probuilder.com/nyc-high-rises-be-built-green
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864303.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621231116-20180622011116-00028.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954922
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Morocco is located in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa. Officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco, it neighbors Algeria to the East, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritania to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the North. The country is known for its rich history, diverse culture, magnificent tourism, and distinctive cuisines. Although Rabat is Morocco’s capital city, the largest city by population is Casablanca.
Morocco’s history has been influenced by its geographic position bordering both the Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. The region was first controlled by the Phoenicians who were later replaced by the Romans, Vandals, and Greeks. In the 7th century, Arabs occupied the region, with their civilization surviving to date. Morocco became a French protectorate in 1912 following the Treaty of Fes. After the Second World War, it began to agitate for freedom and independence through the Independence Party Movement led by Sultan Mohammed V who was exiled in France in 1953. His predecessor Mohammed Bin Aarafa took over and persistently pushed for Morocco’s independence, which was granted on March 2, 1956.
Morocco’s landscape comprises of mountain slopes that transition to plateaus and valleys. The central region is dominated by the Atlas Mountain while the Rif Mountain covers the north. The Jebel Toubkal is the highest point in Morocco rising 13,665 feet above sea level while Sebkha Tah is the lowest level rising 180 feet below sea level. The south eastern region of the country is covered in a blanket of the world’s third largest desert, Sahara desert that stretches 3,600,000 square miles. The main source of water in the country is the Moulouya River which gets its water from the Atlas and empties into the Mediterranean Sea.
Morocco has a population of 34,343,219 people, comprising of the Arabs, Berbers, and Sunni Muslims. The Berbers are indigenous groups from North Africa and have dominated Morocco for over five thousand years. The minority groups in the country include the Gnaoua and Haratin who are highly mixed or black. There are also Jewish minority groups and foreign residents from Spain and France. The age structure of the population comprises of 30.5% aged between 0-14 years, 64.3% aged between 15 and 65, and 5.2% aged over 65, meaning the majority of the population is productive.
Being a constitutional monarchy kingdom, Morocco is considered to have a liberal economy governed by the law of supply and demand. The country is a major player in Africa economic affairs and is ranked as the fifth African country in terms of the purchasing power parity. The service industry accounts for over half of the country’s GDP while agriculture, manufacturing, and mining make the other half. The government has continued to implement policies aimed at promoting competitiveness, diversification, and economic liberalization.
Morocco is ethnically diverse and rich in culture and civilization. The official language in Morocco is classical Arabic though the majority of the population speaks in distinct Morocco-Arabic dialects. French is an unofficial language and is used primarily for economic purposes. Furthermore, the country is slowly adopting English as a second foreign language. Morocco is known to have a diversity of cuisines following centuries of interaction with the outside world. In particular, Moroccans love drinking mint tea sweetened with sugar. As part of their culture, the people of Morocco love football, which is the country’s most popular sport among all generations.
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CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/where-is-morocco.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806715.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123012207-20171123032207-00047.warc.gz
|
en
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I already have an entire series of posts about stellar evolution. But another "evolution" Creationists try to deny is the so-called "chemical evolution". What this might mean differs depending on which Creationist you're talking to (or more commonly, by how far you've forced them to move their goalposts), but one context they frequently mean is the process by which the universe became enriched with heavy elements via the processes associated with stars.
Now, take a look at this picture from a recent survey paper:
It doesn't take a χ2 fit to see what's going on here. The X axis has two different sets of units that display essentially the same thing. Along the bottom it has the redshift which essentially gives a measure of distance. Applying our understanding of cosmology, we can alternatively display that as a time since the Big Bang. So things all the way to the left are things that happened in our local universe and are going on (in a cosmological time scale) now. Things way off to the right are things that are far, far away, and as such, their light has taken a long, long time to reach us.
These far away things tell us what the universe used to be like. The Y axis is a measure of the "metallicity" (the percent of elements heavier than helium) of the objects being studied, which, in this review paper by Sandra Savaglio at the Max Plank Institute, is Gamma Ray Bursts (GRB) and Quasars (QSO). This is normalized so that the metallicity of the Sun is 1 and the whole thing is on a logarithmic scale.
Putting all of this together it becomes painfully obvious: The amount of heavy elements in the universe has been increasing. It has a lot of scatter to it (which is to be expected since some galaxies in which these objects exist would be more active than others), but the overall trend definitively shows that the metal content increases as you move to the present (to the left)!
Of course, I'm already expecting a Creationist to stop by and try to point out just how far off some of those GRB data points are from the dashed-trend line (the solid one is the fit of a model). However, there's a reason to expect this too: The author suggests it's "due to the different regions probed by the two populations. GRBs tend to occur in regions with high star-formation, therefore in regions closer to the galaxy center, where metallicity is on average larger than in a random galaxy sightline."
For this reason, GRBs may not be the best detector of metallicity (since they're prone to being in regions polluted by high rates of star formation and death and getting extra enriched compared to the rest of the universe), but the quasars definitively reveal the trend and Creationists, yet again, will have to move their goalposts.
Sandra Savaglio (2009). The Cosmic Chemical Evolution as seen by the Brightest Events in the
Universe arXiv arXiv: 0911.2328v1
|
<urn:uuid:7c4bec46-0018-4bb5-b7de-ce689835cc47>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
http://angryastronomer.blogspot.com/2009/11/evolving-chemicals.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280086.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00162-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
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There is general consensus that the Scots were among the first who invented golf, although there is some evidence that the game was started in Holland as the word “golf” is derived from the Dutch word “kolf”. However, it is known that the Scots developed the game using a number of clubs to hit a small leather ball stuffed with feathers (called a feathery ball) to a hole in the ground (typically these were rabbit holes). Many thousands of rabbits roamed the Scottish coast (play was primarily on the east coast as the west coast was too wet to play).
The first true golf course was St. Andrews, Scotland. The first golf played in North America that was documented was in Charleston, South Carolina (as it was noted in the local newspaper “The Gazette” that mentioned events at the South Carolina Golf Club in 1786).
Where did golf terminology come from?
The term “Birdie” originated in the United States in 1899. A foursome playing at the Atlantic City CC, one individual hitting a great shot said “that was a bird of a shot” (Bird was American slang for anything great). They determined when one plays one under par that it be called a “Birdie”.
The term “Eagle”, a score that is two under par, being a big birdie should be called an “Eagle” as it is a big bird.
The term “Par”, is a standard term in sports, where it simply means level or even.
The term “Bogey”, comes from a song that was popular in Britain in the 1890’s, “The Bogey Man”. Looking for the Bogey Man was as difficult as hitting a perfect score.
Golfing terms came into use much the same way that new words are being invented and added to dictionaries and used on the internet.
The first set of written “Rules” (13 rules) was in Edinburgh in 1744. To keep the grass cut back they used cattle and sheep to help the golfers from not losing balls.
St. Andrews has become known as “the home of golf”.
|
<urn:uuid:f3fd0987-be7f-43b0-a38a-8f400e61bf17>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
http://www.golfinsurance.org/golf-insurance-reviews/archives/09-2011
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806509.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122065449-20171122085449-00045.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.988253
| 463
| 3.234375
| 3
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