Datasets:

NaiveNeuron
/

parlir

tags:
  - sentence-transformers
  - sentence-similarity
  - feature-extraction
  - dense
  - generated_from_trainer
  - dataset_size:59612
  - loss:CachedMultipleNegativesRankingLoss
  - loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
base_model: intfloat/multilingual-e5-base
widget:
  - source_sentence: >-
      query: Erasmus students at Liverpool John Moores University

      Could the Commission provide details of how many Erasmus students studied
      at Liverpool John Moores University between 2004 and 2014?
    sentences:
      - >-
        passage: The Jean Monnet Action offers chairs and modules to support
        scholars in developing European Union studies.

        However, no scholars from Liverpool John Moores University have
        benefitted from Jean Monnet Action's support between 2004 and 2014, nor
        before.
      - >-
        passage: r Hogano

        n behalf of the Commission(16.2.2018)

        The Commission is aware of the widespread use in Mexico of the term
        'manchego' associated to a type of cheese whose c

        haracteristics greatly differ from the EU geographical indication 'Queso
        Manchego', which has never been protected in Mexico.

        'Queso Manchego' is one of the geographical indications submitted by the
        EU to Mexico for protection under the modernised F

        ree Trade Agreement. Negotiations on geographical indications are
        on-going and the Commisson will make all efforts to obtain the most
        satisfactory result possible on every term submitted to Mexico.
      - >-
        passage: Statistics for Erasmus mobility broken down at the level of
        detail requested by the Honourable Member are available only since the
        beginning of the Lifelong Learning Programme in 2007. Since the academic
        year 2007/2008 until the academic year 2012/2013, the last year for
        which data are currently available, the four higher education
        institutions received the following numbers of Erasmus students :

        Manchester Metropolitan University: 1.631

        Salford University: 1.299

        University of Liverpool: 823

        Liverpool John Moores University: 447

        The full breakdown of the data by academic year and institution of
        destination is attached.
  - source_sentence: >-
      query: Seat of the European Parliament

      What are the Council’s intentions as regards the seat of the European
      Parliament? Though Parliament extends over three cities, only one has
      genuinely been regarded as its seat from the outset: Strasbourg.

      Transport links to and from Strasbourg are improving all the time - the
      high-speed rail link and the new airlines there are major factors in this
      - and ensuring security on the Strasbourg site is much more
      straightforward than in Brussels.

      Can the Council make a clear statement in favour of upgrading Strasbourg?
    sentences:
      - >-
        passage: Article 341 of the TFEU provides that the seat of the
        institutions of the Union shall be determined by common accord of the
        Governments of the Member States. In accordance with paragraph (a) of
        the sole article of the sixth protocol annexed to the Treaties, 'the
        European Parliament shall have its seat in Strasbourg where the 12
        periods of monthly plenary sessions, including the budget session, shall
        be held.'

        With regard to the questions posed by the Honourable Member, the Council
        has not discussed these issues and is not in a position to give an
        answer.
      - >-
        passage: The Commission has referred the questions on how the European
        Food Safety Authority (EFSA) strives to ensure that its workforce is
        representative of European citizens to the EFSA, as the Authority is an
        independent EU agency with responsibility for its staff matters. The
        response will be communicated directly to the Honourable Member as soon
        as possible.
      - >-
        passage: The matter of the location of the seats of the institutions is
        addressed by Protocol No 6 to the Treaty.

        It is not for the Council to comment on the seat of the European
        Parliament.
  - source_sentence: >-
      query: What more can the European Fisheries Control Agency do to have a
      workforce that is representative of EU citizens?

      Previously, the Commission has stated that ‘the Commission strives to be
      representative of the increasingly diverse European citizens it serves’
      (response to Written Questions [REF], [REF] and [REF]).

      How does the European Fisheries Control Agency think it’s currently doing
      on having a workforce that is representative of EU citizens?

      What more can the European Fisheries Control Agency do to be more
      representative of EU citizens?
    sentences:
      - >-
        passage: The Commission has asked the European Fisheries Control Agency
        (EFCA) to provide a response to the question raised by the Honourable
        Member. The Agency's reply will be sent by the Commission to the
        Honourable Member as soon as possible.
      - >-
        passage: As a follow-up to its recent response to written questions
        [REF] and [REF][1] on how the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)
        strives to ensure that its workforce is representative of European
        citizens, the Commission has provided to the Honourable Member on behalf
        of the EFSA, an extensive list of activities EFSA is undertaking to
        ensure that its workforce is representative of the European Union
        citizens.

        To respond to the present question, the Commission has asked EFSA to
        provide 10 examples of its efforts to be representative of EU citizens
        in practice. The response will be communicated directly to the
        Honourable Member as soon as possible.

        [1]
        http://www.europarl.europa.eu/plenary/en/parliamentary-questions.html
      - >-
        passage: The President of the European Council has undertaken to reply
        to parliamentary questions in so far as they concern his own political
        activities. As discussions held in the context of the EU-Ukraine Summit
        of 27 April 2015 fall outside the scope of this commitment, the
        President of the European Council is not in a position to answer the
        question put by the Honourable Members.
  - source_sentence: >-
      query: Update on the case involving two Italian marines

      Can the Commission report on how discussions are progressing with the
      Indian authorities on the case involving two Italian marines - a sequence
      of events which started in 2012 but seems no closer to a conclusion that
      would definitively return the two navy riflemen to Italy?
    sentences:
      - >-
        passage: The EU has been following the case of the two Italian marines
        since its beginning, in close contact with both the Italian and Indian
        authorities. The High Representative Catherine Ashton has consistently
        raised this issue in her encounters with representatives of the Indian
        government in recent months.

        On all these occasions the EU has encouraged India to find a rapid and
        satisfactory outcome to this dispute as soon as possible, based on the
        UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and international law. The EU has
        also stressed several times that the delays in the trial against the two
        marines are totally unacceptable.

        The EU welcomes the decision of India's Supreme Court to let one of the
        two marines go back to Italy to receive medical treatment after he
        suffered a stroke at the end of August.
      - >-
        passage: The Commission is aware of mounting price pressure in the dairy
        sector since the beginning of the year, following a period of
        historically high prices, and as a consequence of oversupply.

        The Commission does not rate Member States on the application of the
        “Milk Package” For details about how Member States and operators make
        use of the “Milk Package” the Honourable Member is referred to the
        Commission Report of 13.6.2014[1].

        The Commission can confirm that Spain has satisfactorily implemented the
        Rural Development measures on 'Modernisation of agricultural holdings'
        and 'Increasing the added value of basic agricultural and forestry
        production'.

        [1] COM(2014)354
        http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/milk/milk-package/com-2014-354_en.pdf
      - >-
        passage: The EU has been following the case of the two Italian marines
        in close contact with the Italian government and has repeatedly called
        for a swift solution to this longstanding case in accordance with
        international law and the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
        On 9th April 2015 the Indian Supreme Court decided to extend Mr.
        Latorre's medical leave in Italy until 15th July 2015.

        The EU continues to support efforts towards a mutually acceptable
        solution that would allow the return of the two marines.
  - source_sentence: >-
      query: Atlantic Trench

      In its answer to question [REF] from this Member, the Commission noted
      that, under Article 35 of the Euratom Treaty, the Commission can verify
      Spain’s monitoring of marine radioactivity, but that, currently, ‘it is
      not included in the Commission verification mission planning for
      2018-2020’.

      1. Is there any possibility of including it in said planning or in the
      next one?

      2. What steps are required to ensure this monitoring is included in the
      verifications conducted by the Commission?
    sentences:
      - >-
        passage: Implementation of Article 16 of the Tobacco Products
        Directive[1] is an ongoing process. Last year the Commission published a
        feasibility study[2] which was followed by a targeted stakeholder
        consultation. The feasibility study contained an initial mapping of
        available technologies for security features. The preparatory work for
        drafting the necessary implementing acts continues and will include a
        public consultation, stakeholder workshops and an implementation study.

        [1] Directive 2014/40/EU of 3 April 2014, OJ L 127, 29.4.2014, p. 1

        [2]
        http://ec.europa.eu/health/tobacco/docs/2015_tpd_tracking_tracing_frep_en.pdf
      - >-
        passage: The Commission has not received any evidence that new studies
        on the state of radioactive waste in the Atlantic trenches are
        necessary.

        Monitoring of marine radioactivity by Spain can be covered by
        verification mission by the Commission under Article 35 of the Euratom
        Treaty. Currently, it is not included in the Commission verification
        mission planning for 2018-2020.
      - >-
        passage: Euratom Article 35 verifications are carried out according to a
        three-year rolling programme, which is updated by the Commission
        services every six months. This programme takes into account general
        principles such as: adequate coverage of all Member States; inclusion of
        installations across the complete spectrum of the nuclear fuel cycle as
        well as nation-wide monitoring systems. Verification targets are
        selected according to their radiological significance or public
        interest.

        The Commission services have, in June 2018, identified marine monitoring
        on the coast of Galicia as a verification target in 2019. The Commission
        is following the situation and will review the verification planning in
        December 2018, where verification targets for 2019 will be confirmed.
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers

SentenceTransformer based on intfloat/multilingual-e5-base

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from intfloat/multilingual-e5-base. It maps inputs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Sentence Transformer
Base model: intfloat/multilingual-e5-base
Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 768 dimensions
Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity
Supported Modality: Text

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'transformer_task': 'feature-extraction', 'modality_config': {'text': {'method': 'forward', 'method_output_name': 'last_hidden_state'}}, 'module_output_name': 'token_embeddings', 'architecture': 'XLMRobertaModel'})
  (1): Pooling({'embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode': 'mean', 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize({'module_input_name': 'sentence_embedding', 'module_output_name': 'sentence_embedding'})
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("sentence_transformers_model_id")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'query: Atlantic Trench\nIn its answer to question [REF] from this Member, the Commission noted that, under Article 35 of the Euratom Treaty, the Commission can verify Spain’s monitoring of marine radioactivity, but that, currently, ‘it is not included in the Commission verification mission planning for 2018-2020’.\n1. Is there any possibility of including it in said planning or in the next one?\n2. What steps are required to ensure this monitoring is included in the verifications conducted by the Commission?',
    'passage: Euratom Article 35 verifications are carried out according to a three-year rolling programme, which is updated by the Commission services every six months. This programme takes into account general principles such as: adequate coverage of all Member States; inclusion of installations across the complete spectrum of the nuclear fuel cycle as well as nation-wide monitoring systems. Verification targets are selected according to their radiological significance or public interest.\nThe Commission services have, in June 2018, identified marine monitoring on the coast of Galicia as a verification target in 2019. The Commission is following the situation and will review the verification planning in December 2018, where verification targets for 2019 will be confirmed.',
    'passage: The Commission has not received any evidence that new studies on the state of radioactive waste in the Atlantic trenches are necessary.\nMonitoring of marine radioactivity by Spain can be covered by verification mission by the Commission under Article 35 of the Euratom Treaty. Currently, it is not included in the Commission verification mission planning for 2018-2020.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities)
# tensor([[1.0000, 0.7552, 0.6100],
#         [0.7552, 1.0000, 0.5385],
#         [0.6100, 0.5385, 1.0000]])

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 59,612 training samples
Columns: anchor, positive, and negative

Approximate statistics based on the first 100 samples:

	anchor	positive	negative
type	string	string	string
modality	text	text	text
details	min: 29 tokens mean: 235.8 tokens max: 483 tokens	min: 37 tokens mean: 327.66 tokens max: 512 tokens	min: 94 tokens mean: 392.99 tokens max: 512 tokens

Samples:

anchor	positive	negative
query: EU support for the Vál valley narrow-gauge railway After a delay of several months, Prime Minister Viktor Orbán inaugurated the Vál valley narrow-gauge railway, co-financed by the EU, on 30 April 2016. In October 2013, by Order 1693/2013 (X.2.), the Hungarian Government had declared the narrow-gauge railway project a priority investment, and set aside EU development funding from the Central Transdanubia Operational Programme (KDOP-2.1.1.) for it. In the summer of 2015, a foundation belonging to the Mayor of Felcsút, Lőrinc Mészáros, the ‘Felcsúti Utánpótlás Nevelésért Alapítvány’, which is worth billions and which runs the football academy, secured non-refundable EU funding of HUF 600 million from the European Regional Development Fund. However, this sum was not enough to pay for the construction of the line, with its three stops, so the government contributed a further HUF 257 million. The narrow-gauge line, which is 5.7 km long, has been built in the village where the Prime Mi...	passage: The Commission asked the Hungarian authorities to provide additional information on the project mentioned by the Honourable Member. On the basis of the information received, there is no evidence to prove the existence of irregularities in this project. It is necessary to underline that cohesion policy is implemented in the framework of the so-called shared management, whereby Member States are responsible for the selection of operations under an operational programme. According to the information available to the Commission, data provided in the application and in the grant contract with the beneficiary of the project regarding amount expected of passengers do not correspond with those presented by the Honourable Member. The mandatory results to be achieved (including the passenger numbers) were agreed between the programme's managing authority and the beneficiary and are included in the grant contract. They will therefore be verified before carrying out the final payment to t...	passage: The state of development of the two core network corridors and the priorities for their further development are detailed in the Coordinators' work plans[1]. The two Spanish branches of the Mediterranean corridor are both integral parts of the Corridor and not variants; they have the same priority. Projects along the core network corridors receive EU co-funding once selected following a competitive tendering procedure open to all Member States. They are selected notably on the basis of their relevance for the corridor development and their maturity. Under the "use-it-or-lose-it" principle, EU funds, allocated to a specific project by a Member State, may be re-attributed to other projects if the funded project is severely delayed or not implemented. The Commission is well aware of the technical and financial challenges arising from the different gauge used by the Spanish railway network. The Commission welcomes the policy of the Spanish authorities to implement the European gaug...
query: Effectiveness of fines for breaking commercial laws The EU is based on the rule of law. Imposing dissuasive sanctions for not complying with European law is justified. Yet it seems that sanctions are being imposed on large enterprises more and more often, which is worrying in terms of the rule of law. In the case of Google, the regularity and severity of the fines imposed by the EU has raised doubts about their effectiveness in changing the behaviour of large enterprises. Nevertheless, the reports recently submitted by Google to the Commission have not resulted in more fines or sanctions, with the Commissioner concerned insisting that progress had been made. The severity of the sanctions imposed on Google may have persuaded other large enterprises not to break commercial laws. That being said, an exploratory survey has been initiated on commercial practices at Amazon. I would therefore like to ask the Commission the following questions: (1) Will the sanctions we have seen thus f...	passage: 1. The purpose of the fines imposed on undertakings for infringements of Article 101 or 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) is two-fold. While fines are set in each individual case at a level that has a deterrent effect to sanction the undertaking concerned (specific deterrence), they are also aimed at deterring other undertakings from engaging in, or continuing, behaviour that is contrary to Articles 101 and 102 TFEU (general deterrence). The impact of the fine imposed in a specific case therefore is of broader relevance for the market as such. As regards the fines imposed on Google during the last years, the cases concerned addressed different types of conduct. While the prohibition decision in Google Shopping of June 2017 dealt with Google's abuse of dominance in the market for general search which comprised Google treating more favourably its own comparison shopping service in its search results, the prohibition decision in Google Android of J...	passage: Under EU competition law, the Commission investigates and sanctions possible abuses of dominant position, including by companies in the digital sector. In its two decisions of 27 June 2017 and 18 July 2018, the Commission found that Google engaged in various abuses of dominant position and imposed fines of EUR 2.42 billion and EUR 4.34 billion[1]. The Commission also assesses if mergers by large IT players could strengthen the market position of the merging companies and harm consumers and small businesses. The Commission has for instance carefully investigated if Facebook’s purchase of Whatsapp could lead to competition concerns in consumer communications apps or strengthen Facebook's position in online advertising. In the future, the Commission will continue to enforce competition law in the digital sector based on an analysis of the evidence in each case. Competition enforcement is complementary to data protection rules. The Commission also seeks to set rules to protect bus...
query: The journalist Can Dündar and Turkish support for ISIS The Cumhuriyet newspaper, a prominent supporter of Turkey’s opposition party, recently published evidence proving that the Turkish Government has supplied arms to Islamic terrorist groups in Syria. Photos show vast amounts of weapons crossing the Turkish border hidden in humanitarian aid convoys, escorted by the Turkish army and police. The government has reacted by threatening the journalist behind the exposé, Can Dündar, for which it has been quite rightly condemned by the international community. I have long accused Turkey of financing and supporting international Islamic terrorism, and the secret services of numerous countries have proved me right. 1. What further evidence does the Commission need for it to accept that Turkey is supporting terrorist barbarities? 2. Does the Commission not believe that the time has come to place Turkey on the list of ‘rogue’ states and to subject it to appropriate sanctions? 3. Does it no...	passage: The High Representative does not have evidence to support press allegations that Turkey has been assisting ISIL. The Turkish authorities have repeatedly dismissed such allegations. Turkey is a key partner in the coalition against ISIL, as recognised in the Foreign Affairs Council Conclusions of 9 February 2015. It is also providing outstanding humanitarian support to more than 2.5 million Syrian and Iraqi refugees fleeing violence across the border. At the same time, the situation in Syria and Iraq to which the Honourable Member refers demands closer EU/Turkey foreign policy dialogue and cooperation. The Enlargement Strategy 2014-2015[1] highlights that Turkey has made clear its readiness to play an active role in the coalition against ISIL/Da'esh. The efforts to tackle ISIL/Da'esh should be further strengthened. Therefore we are expanding and intensifying our political dialogue with Turkey on foreign and security policy. The EU continues to encourage Turkey to develop its for...	passage: The Commission is following with concern the situation in regards to the freedom of expression and fundamental rights in Turkey. The Commission continues to closely monitor the situation of journalists in Turkey, including Can Dündar and Erdem Gül from the opposition daily newspaper, Cumhuriyet. The EU is aware and has taken note of the request from the Director-General of Reporters Without Borders for the creation of a UN mechanism for protecting journalists. The Commission has repeatedly called on Turkey to ensure that existing legislation complies with European standards and is implemented in a manner which ensures proportionality and equality before the law, in line with Article 10 of the European Convention for Human Rights[1] and the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. Turkey, as any country negotiating EU membership, needs to ensure the respect of human rights, including freedom of expression. These are non-negotiable benchmarks for Turkish accession and a c...

Loss: CachedMultipleNegativesRankingLoss with these parameters:

{
    "scale": 20.0,
    "similarity_fct": "cos_sim",
    "mini_batch_size": 8,
    "mini_batch_num_tokens": null,
    "gather_across_devices": false,
    "directions": [
        "query_to_doc"
    ],
    "partition_mode": "joint",
    "hardness_mode": null,
    "hardness_strength": 0.0
}

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

per_device_train_batch_size: 32
num_train_epochs: 1
learning_rate: 2e-05
warmup_steps: 0.1
fp16: True
seed: 15
dataloader_num_workers: 2
batch_sampler: no_duplicates

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

per_device_train_batch_size: 32
num_train_epochs: 1
max_steps: -1
learning_rate: 2e-05
lr_scheduler_type: linear
lr_scheduler_kwargs: None
warmup_steps: 0.1
optim: adamw_torch_fused
optim_args: None
weight_decay: 0.0
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
optim_target_modules: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
average_tokens_across_devices: True
max_grad_norm: 1.0
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
bf16: False
fp16: True
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: None
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
use_liger_kernel: False
liger_kernel_config: None
use_cache: False
neftune_noise_alpha: None
torch_empty_cache_steps: None
auto_find_batch_size: False
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
include_num_input_tokens_seen: no
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
disable_tqdm: False
project: huggingface
trackio_space_id: None
trackio_bucket_id: None
trackio_static_space_id: None
per_device_eval_batch_size: 8
prediction_loss_only: True
eval_on_start: False
eval_do_concat_batches: True
eval_use_gather_object: False
eval_accumulation_steps: None
include_for_metrics: []
batch_eval_metrics: False
save_only_model: False
save_on_each_node: False
enable_jit_checkpoint: False
push_to_hub: False
hub_private_repo: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_always_push: False
hub_revision: None
load_best_model_at_end: False
ignore_data_skip: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
full_determinism: False
seed: 15
data_seed: None
use_cpu: False
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
parallelism_config: None
dataloader_drop_last: False
dataloader_num_workers: 2
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
dataloader_multiprocessing_context: None
dataloader_in_order: True
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
train_sampling_strategy: random
length_column_name: length
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
ddp_static_graph: None
ddp_backend: None
ddp_timeout: 1800
fsdp: None
fsdp_config: None
deepspeed: None
debug: []
skip_memory_metrics: True
do_predict: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
local_rank: -1
prompts: None
batch_sampler: no_duplicates
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional
router_mapping: {}
learning_rate_mapping: {}
warmup_ratio: None

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	Training Loss
0.0268	50	2.2394
0.0537	100	0.6713
0.0805	150	0.4274
0.1074	200	0.3913
0.1342	250	0.3676
0.1610	300	0.3400
0.1879	350	0.3518
0.2147	400	0.3311
0.2415	450	0.3545
0.2684	500	0.3267
0.2952	550	0.3253
0.3221	600	0.3495
0.3489	650	0.3104
0.3757	700	0.3170
0.4026	750	0.3122
0.4294	800	0.3115
0.4563	850	0.2795
0.4831	900	0.2809
0.5099	950	0.2867
0.5368	1000	0.3012
0.5636	1050	0.2657
0.5904	1100	0.2778
0.6173	1150	0.2811
0.6441	1200	0.2919
0.6710	1250	0.2686
0.6978	1300	0.2649
0.7246	1350	0.2599
0.7515	1400	0.2616
0.7783	1450	0.2710
0.8052	1500	0.2566
0.8320	1550	0.2414
0.8588	1600	0.2438
0.8857	1650	0.2673
0.9125	1700	0.2625
0.9393	1750	0.2457
0.9662	1800	0.2556
0.9930	1850	0.2477

Training Time

Training: 16.0 minutes

Framework Versions

Python: 3.14.4
Sentence Transformers: 6.1.0
Transformers: 5.20.2
PyTorch: 2.14.1+cu130
Accelerate: 1.15.0
Datasets: 5.1.0
Tokenizers: 0.23.3

Additional Resources

Training and Finetuning Embedding Models with Sentence Transformers: the end-to-end guide for training or finetuning Sentence Transformer models.
Introduction to Matryoshka Embedding Models: variable-size embeddings that can be truncated with minimal quality loss.
Binary and Scalar Embedding Quantization for Significantly Faster & Cheaper Retrieval: post-training compression of embedding vectors.
Multimodal Embedding & Reranker Models with Sentence Transformers: use text, image, audio, and video models through the same API.
Training and Finetuning Multimodal Embedding & Reranker Models with Sentence Transformers: train multimodal embedding models, with a Visual Document Retrieval walkthrough.

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

CachedMultipleNegativesRankingLoss

@misc{gao2021scaling,
    title={Scaling Deep Contrastive Learning Batch Size under Memory Limited Setup},
    author={Luyu Gao and Yunyi Zhang and Jiawei Han and Jamie Callan},
    year={2021},
    eprint={2101.06983},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.LG}
}

MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

@misc{oord2019representationlearningcontrastivepredictive,
      title={Representation Learning with Contrastive Predictive Coding},
      author={Aaron van den Oord and Yazhe Li and Oriol Vinyals},
      year={2019},
      eprint={1807.03748},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.LG},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.03748},
}