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Introduction\nFood\tprovides\tenergy\tand\tbuilding\tmaterials\tfor\tcountless\tsubstances\tthat\tare\tessential\tfor\tthe\ngrowth\tand\tsurvival\tof\tevery\thuman\tbeing.\tThis\tsection\topens\twith\ta\tbrief\toverview\tof\tthe\tdigestion,\nabsorption,\ttransportation,\tand\texcretion\tof\tnutrients.\tThese\tremarkabl... | [
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molecules\tin\tfood\tinto\tindividual\tnutrients\tready\tto\tbe\tused\tin\tmetabolism.\tMacronutrients\t(proteins,\nfats,\tand\tcarbohydrates)\teach\tcontribute\tto\tthe\ttotal\tenergy\tpool,\tbut\tultimately\tthe\tenergy\tthey\nyield\tis\tavailable\tfor\tthe\twork\tof\tthe\tmuscles\tand\torgans\tof\tthe\tbody.\tThe\tw... | [
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integral\tparts\tof\tthe\tbody\tand\tcontribute\tto\tproper\tfunctioning\tdepends\theavily\ton\tthe\tphysiologic\nand\tbiochemical\tprocesses\tthat\tgovern\ttheir\tactions.\tIt\tis\tnow\tknown\tthat\tthese\tmetabolic\tprocesses\nare\n\taltered\tin\tthe\tpresence\tof\tacute\tand\tchronic\tinflammation.\tUnderstanding\tt... | [
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other\tindicators\tof\tinflammation\tis\ta\tcritical\tcomponent\tof\tnutrition\tassessment.\nFor\tthe\thealth\tprovider,\tnutrition\tassessment\tis\tthe\tfirst\tstep\tin\tthe\tnutrition\tcare\tprocess.\tTo\nimplement\ta\tsuccessful\tnutrition\tplan,\tthe\tassessment\tmust\tinclude\tkey\telements\tof\tthe\tpatient’s\ncl... | [
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clinical,\tmedical,\tand\tsocial\n\thistory,\tanthropometric\tmeasurements,\tbiochemical\tand\tlaboratory\nvalues,\tinformation\ton\tmedication\tand\therbal\tsupplement\tuse\tfor\tpotential\tfood–drug\tinteractions,\nplus\ta\tthorough\tfood\tand\tnutrition\tintake\thistory.\tGenetic\tresearch\tis\trapidly\tclarifying\t... | [
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and\tnutrition\tare\tinterrelated.\tNutrigenomics\tis\tthe\tstudy\tof\tthe\teffects\tof\tfoods\tand\tnutrients\ton\ngene\texpression\tand\tthus\tnutritional\n\trequirements.\tThus\tthe\tchapters\tin\tPart\tI\tprovide\tan\torganized\nway\tto\tdevelop\tthe\tskills\tneeded\tto\tmake\tan\tassessment\tin\tthe\tnutrition\tca... | [
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1\nIntake:\tGastrointestinal\ndigestion,\tabsorption,\tand\nexcretion\tof\tnutrients\nKelly\tA.\tTappenden,\tPhD,\tRDN,\tFASPEN\nKEY\tTERMS\namylase,\tpancreatic\namylase,\tsalivary\nbrush\tborder\tmembrane\nchelation\ncholecystokinin\t(CCK)\nchyme\ncolonic\tsalvage\ncrypts\ndiffusion,\tfacilitated\ndiffusion,\tpassive... | [
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dysbiosis\nenterocytes\nenterohepatic\tcirculation\nenterokinase\nenzymatic\thydrolysis\nepithelial\tcells\ngastrin\nghrelin\nglucagon-like\tpeptide\t2\t(GLP-2)\ngut–brain\taxis\nisomaltase\nlactase\nlipase,\tgastric\nlipase,\tpancreatic\nlipase,\tsalivary\nlipolytic\tenzymes\nmaltase\nmicelle\nmicrobiome\nmicrobiota\n... | [
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microvilli\nmotilin\nmucosa\nparietal\tcells\npepsin\nperistalsis\nprebiotic\nprobiotic | [
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proteolytic\tenzymes\nsecretin\nsegmentation\nsomatostatin\nsucrase\nsynbiotic\ntransport,\n\tactive\ntransport,\tpassive\ntrypsin\ntrypsinogen\nunstirred\twater\tlayer\t(UWL)\nvilli\nOne\tof\tthe\tprimary\tconsiderations\tfor\ta\tcomplete\tnutrition\tassessment\tis\tto\tconsider\tthe\tthree-step | [
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model\tof\t“ingestion,\tdigestion,\tand\tutilization.”\tIn\tthis\tmodel,\tconsideration\tis\tgiven\tto\teach\tstep\tto\nidentify\tall\tareas\tof\tinadequacy\tor\texcess.\tIf\tthere\tis\tany\treason\twhy\ta\tstep\tis\taltered\tfrom\tphysical,\nbiochemical,\tor\tbehavioral-environmental\tcauses,\tthe\tnutrition\tprovider... | [
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nutrition\tdiagnosis\tfor\twhich\tintervention\tis\trequired.\tIntake\tand\tassimilation\tof\tnutrients\tshould\nlead\tto\tnutritional\tand\toverall\thealth.\nThe\tgastrointestinal\ttract\nThe\tGIT\tis\tone\tof\tthe\tlargest\torgans\tin\tthe\tbody,\thas\tthe\tgreatest\tsurface\tarea,\thas\tthe\tlargest\nnumber\tof\timm... | [
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number\tof\timmune\tcells,\tand\tis\n\tone\tof\tthe\tmost\tmetabolically\tactive\ttissues\tin\tthe\tbody.\tThe\tunique\nstructure\tof\tthe\tGIT\tenables\tample\tnutrient-processing\tcapacity\tin\thealthy\thumans.\tThe\thuman\tGIT\nis\tabout\t9\tmeters\tlong,\textending\tfrom\tthe\tmouth\tto\tthe\tanus\tand\tincluding\t... | [
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structures,\tesophagus,\tstomach,\tliver\tand\tgallbladder,\tpancreas,\tand\tsmall\tand\tlarge\tintestine\t(\nFig.\n1.1\n).\nFIG.\t1.1\nThe\tdigestive\tsystem.\nThe\tGIT\tis\tdesigned\tto\t(1)\tdigest\tthe\tmacronutrients\tprotein,\tcarbohydrates,\tand\tlipids\tfrom\ningested\tfoods\tand\tbeverages;\t(2)\tabsorb\tfluid... | [
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elements;\t(3)\tprovide\ta\tphysical\tand\timmunologic\tbarrier\tto\tpathogens,\tforeign\tmaterial,\tand\npotential\tantigens\tconsumed\twith\tfood\tor\tformed\tduring\tthe\tpassage\tof\tfood\n\tthrough\tthe\tGIT;\t(4)\ncoordinate\ta\tresponse\tto\tmicrobes\tand\tantigens\twith\tthe\tsystemic\timmune\tsystem,\tresultin... | [
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controlled\tlevels\tof\ttolerance\tor\tinflammation;\tand\t(5)\tprovide\tregulatory\tand\tbiochemical\tsignaling\nto\tthe\tnervous\tsystem,\toften\tinvolving\tthe\tintestinal\tmicrobiota,\tvia\ta\tpathway\tknown\tas\tthe\t\ngut–\nbrain\taxis\n. | [
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The\thuman\tGIT\tis\twell\tsuited\tfor\tdigesting\tand\tabsorbing\tnutrients\tfrom\n\ta\ttremendous\tvariety\tof\nfoods,\tincluding\tmeats,\tdairy\tproducts,\tfruits,\tvegetables,\tgrains,\tcomplex\tstarches,\tsugars,\tfats,\tand\noils.\tDepending\ton\tthe\tnature\tof\tthe\tdiet\tconsumed,\t90%\tto\t97%\tof\tfood\tis\t... | [
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most\tof\tthe\tunabsorbed\tmaterial\tis\tof\tplant\torigin.\tCompared\twith\truminants\tand\tanimals\twith\ta\nvery\tlarge\tcecum,\thumans\tare\tconsiderably\tless\tefficient\tat\textracting\tenergy\tfrom\n\tgrasses,\tstems,\nseeds,\tand\tother\tcoarse\tfibrous\tmaterials.\tHumans\tlack\tthe\tenzymes\tto\thydrolyze\tth... | [
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bonds\tthat\tlink\tthe\tmolecules\tof\tsugars\tthat\tmake\tup\tplant\tfibers.\tHowever,\tfibrous\tfoods\tand\tany\nundigested\tcarbohydrates\tare\tfermented\tto\tvarying\tdegrees\tby\tbacteria\tin\tthe\thuman\tcolon;\tthis\nprocess\tcan\tcontribute\t5%\tto\t10%\tof\tthe\tenergy\tneeded\tby\thumans.\nThe\tstructure\tof\... | [
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The\tstructure\tof\tthe\tsmall\tintestine\n\tis\tcarefully\tdesigned\tto\tallow\tfor\ta\tvery\tlarge\tsurface\tarea\tthat\npermits\tthe\tadequate\tdigestion\tand\tabsorption\tof\tthe\tnutrients\tfrom\tfood.\tThe\tlining\tof\tthis\thollow\ntube,\tcalled\tthe\t\nmucosa\n,\tis\tconfigured\tin\ta\tpattern\tof\tfolds\tthat\... | [
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crypts\nand\tfingerlike\tprojections\tcalled\t\nvilli\n\t(\nFig.\t1.2\n).\tThese\tcrypt-villus\tunits\tare\tlined\twith\ta\tsingle\tlayer\nof\t\nepithelial\tcells\n,\tmany\tof\twhich\tare\t\nenterocytes\n\tthat\tcontain\teven\tsmaller\tcylindrical\textensions\ncalled\t\nmicrovilli\n.\tThe\tepithelial\tcells\tlining\tth... | [
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5\tdays,\tand\tthen\tthey\tare\tsloughed\tinto\tthe\tlumen\tand\t“recycled,”\tadding\tto\tthe\tpool\tof\tavailable\nnutrients.\tAs\tthe\tcells\tmigrate\tfrom\tthe\tcrypt\talong\tthe\tvillus,\tthey\tmature\tand\tdevelop\tgreater\ndigestive\tand\n\tabsorptive\tfunction.\nFIG.\t1.2\nStructure\tof\tthe\thuman\tintestine\ts... | [
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The\thealth\tof\tthe\tbody\tdepends\ton\ta\thealthy,\tfunctional\tGIT.\tBecause\tof\tthe\tunusually\thigh\nturnover\trate\tand\tmetabolic\trequirements\tof\tthe\tepithelial\tcells,\tgastrointestinal\tfunctions\tare\nparticularly\tsusceptible\tto\timpairment\tdue\tto\tmicronutrient\tdeficiencies,\tprotein-energy\nmalnut... | [
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malnutrition,\n\tand\tdamage\tresulting\tfrom\ttoxins,\tdrugs,\tirradiation,\tfood\tallergy\treactions,\tor\ninterruption\tof\tits\tblood\tsupply.\tApproximately\t45%\tof\tthe\tenergy\trequirement\tof\tthe\tsmall\tintestine\nand\t70%\tof\tthe\tenergy\trequirement\tof\tcells\tlining\tthe\tcolon\tare\tsupplied\tby\tnutri... | [
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0.03714074939... |
through\tits\tlumen.\tAfter\tonly\ta\tfew\tdays\tof\tstarvation\tor\tintravenous\tfeeding\t(parenteral\tnutrition),\nthe\tintestinal\tmucosa\n\tatrophies\t(i.e.,\tthe\tsurface\tarea\tdecreases\tand\tsecretions,\tsynthetic\tfunctions,\nblood\tflow,\tand\tabsorptive\tcapacity\tare\tall\treduced).\tResumption\tof\tfood\ti... | [
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cell\tproliferation\tand\treturn\tof\tnormal\tGI\tfunction\tafter\tonly\ta\tfew\tdays.\tThis\tknowledge\tjustifies\tthe\nclinical\tpractice\tof\tfeeding\tan\tindividual\torally\tand/or\tenterally\t(via\ttube),\tas\topposed\tto\nintravenously\t(or\n\tparenterally),\twhen\tadequate\tGIT\tfunction\tis\tpresent\t(see\t\nCh... | [
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0.013940458185970783,
0.03640823... |
Chapter\t12\n).\nBrief\toverview\tof\tdigestive\tand\tabsorptive\tprocesses\nThe\tsight,\tsmell,\ttaste,\tand\teven\tthought\tof\tfood\tstarts\tthe\tsecretions\tand\tmovements\tof\tthe\tGIT.\tIn\nthe\tmouth,\tchewing\treduces\tthe\tsize\tof\tfood\tparticles,\twhich\tare\tmixed\twith\tsalivary\tsecretions\tthat\nprepare... | [
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0.0890427976846695,
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0.05746708810329437,
0.11017946153879166,
-0.017455220222473145,
0.04561261087656021,
-0.02666... |
by\t\nsalivary\tamylase\n,\tbut | [
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0.15610630810260773,
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-0.0... |
digestion\tin\tthe\tmouth\tis\tminimal.\tThe\tesophagus\ttransports\tfood\tand\tliquid\tfrom\tthe\toral\tcavity\tand\npharynx\tto\tthe\tstomach.\tIn\tthe\tstomach,\tfood\tis\tmixed\twith\tacidic\tfluid\tthat\tcontains\t\nproteolytic\n\tand\nlipolytic\tenzymes\n.\tSmall\tamounts\tof\tlipid\tdigestion\ttake\tplace;\tsome... | [
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0.004407708533108234,
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0.10023461282253265,
-0.05641873553395271,
0.021118948236107826,
0.03268874... |
due\tto\tdenaturation\tand\tpartial\tdigestion.\tWhen\tfood\treaches\tthe\tappropriate\n\tconsistency\tand\nconcentration,\tit\tis\tnow\tcalled\t\nchyme\n\tand\tpasses\tfrom\tthe\tstomach\tinto\tthe\tsmall\tintestine,\twhere\nmost\tdigestion\ttakes\tplace.\nThe\tfirst\t100\tcm\tof\tthe\tsmall\tintestine\tis\thighly\tac... | [
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0.03808201476931572,
0.0895349532365799,
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0.04143332317471504,
0.0055469... |
most\tingested\tfood\t(\nFig.\t1.3\n).\tHere\tthe\tpresence\tof\tfood\tstimulates\tthe\trelease\tof\thormones\tthat\nstimulate\tthe\tproduction\tand\trelease\tof\tpowerful\tenzymes\n\tfrom\tthe\tpancreas\tand\tbile\tfrom\tthe\ngallbladder.\tStarches\tand\tproteins\tare\treduced\tto\tsmall-molecular-weight\tcarbohydrate... | [
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0.07042240351438522,
0.09966769069433212,
-0.06185589358210564,
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0.02... |
medium-size\tpeptides.\tDietary\tfats\tare\treduced\tfrom\tvisible\tglobules\tof\tfat\tto\tmicroscopic\tdroplets\tof\ntriglycerides,\tthen\tto\tfree\tfatty\tacids\tand\tmonoglycerides.\tEnzymes\tlocated\ton\tthe\tbrush\tborder\nmembrane\tof\tthe\tenterocytes\tfurther\treduce\tthe\tremaining\tcarbohydrates\n\tto\tmonosa... | [
0.041867807507514954,
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0.034374937415122986,
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-0.011690018698573112,
0.08492196351289749,
0.06575780361890793,
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0.0612289160490036,
0.08010030537843704,
-0.05465058237314224,
-0.020084161311388016,
0.0... |
to\tmonosaccharides\tand\nthe\tremaining\tpeptides\tto\tsingle\tamino\tacids,\tdipeptides,\tand\ttripeptides.\nFIG.\t1.3\nSites\tof\tsecretion,\tdigestion,\tand\tabsorption.\nLarge\tvolumes\tof\tfluid\tare\tused\tto\tdigest\tand\tabsorb\tnutrients.\tTogether\twith\tsalivary\tand\tgastric | [
0.01179372426122427,
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0.009341487661004066,
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0.01698216237127781,
0.09104455262422562,
0.03798955678939819,
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0.04446594417095184,
0.10166290402412415,
-0.03436410054564476,
-0.0182177871465683,
-0.006665... |
secretions,\tsecretions\tfrom\tthe\tpancreas,\tsmall\tintestine,\tand\tgallbladder\tsecrete\t7\tL\tof\tfluid\tinto\tthe\nGIT\tlumen\teach\tday—far\tmore\tthan\tthe\t2\tL\tingested\tthrough\tdietary\tintake\teach\tday.\tAll\tbut\t100\tmL\nof\tthe\ttotal\tfluid\tentering\tthe\tlumen\n\tis\treabsorbed:\tabout\t7\tL\tin\tt... | [
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0.09654418379068375,
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0.07040926814079285,
0.09274785220623016,
-0.045644450932741165,
0.0665367916226387,
0.02... |
the\tlarge\tintestine.\nAlong\tthe\tremaining\tlength\tof\tthe\tsmall\tintestine,\talmost\tall\tthe\tmacronutrients,\tminerals,\nvitamins,\ttrace\telements,\tand\tfluid\tare\tabsorbed\tbefore\treaching\tthe\tcolon.\tThe\tcolon\tand\trectum\nabsorb\tmost\tof\tthe\tremaining\tfluid\tdelivered\tfrom\tthe\tsmall\tintestine... | [
0.01768677495419979,
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0.06084264814853668,
0.06895074993371964,
-0.032081447541713715,
0.03150688484311104,
0.02416... |
and\tonly\ta\tsmall\tamount\n\tof\tremaining\tnutrients.\tThe\tmovement\tof\tingested\tand\tsecreted\tmaterial\tin\nthe\tGIT\tis\tregulated\tprimarily\tby\thormones,\tnerves,\tand\tenteric\tmuscles.\nMost\tnutrients\tabsorbed\tfrom\tthe\tGIT\tenter\tthe\tportal\tvein\tfor\ttransport\tto\tthe\tliver\twhere\tthey | [
0.07932812720537186,
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0.0611991323530674,
0.0010282326256856322,
-0.11485874652862549,
0.01449504867196083,
0.13004861772060394,
-0.02582620084285736,
0.04073391854763031,
0.08224713057279587,
0.11517982929944992,
-0.03398419916629791,
0.03971763327717781,
0.0266667027... |
may\tbe\tstored,\ttransformed\tinto\tother\tsubstances,\tor\treleased\tinto\tcirculation.\tHowever,\tend\nproducts\tof\tmost\tdietary\tfats\tare\ttransported\tinto\tthe\tbloodstream\n\tvia\tthe\tlymphatic\tcirculation\nbecause\tthey\tare\tnot\twater\tsoluble\tprior\tto\tlipoprotein\tmetabolism\tin\tthe\tliver\t(see\t\n... | [
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0.03410014510154724,
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0.05418563634157181,
0.01411459594964981,
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0.047131046652793884,
0.14028450846672058,
-0.024698467925190926,
0.04846266284584999,
0.0... |
Chapter\t28\n).\nNutrients\treaching\tthe\tdistal\tsmall\tintestine\tand\tlarge\tintestine,\tmost\tnotably\tfermentable\tdietary\nfiber\tand\tresistant\tstarches,\tare\tfermented\tby\tthe\tmicrobiota\tlocated\twithin\tthe\tlumen\tof\tthese\nintestinal\tsegments.\tFermentation\tproduces\tshort-chain\tfatty\tacids\t(SCFA... | [
-0.031130997464060783,
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0.0006224485696293414,
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0.035370517522096634,
0.06416627019643784,
0.07277342677116394,
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0.031002692878246307,
0.1283276081085205,
-0.025245152413845062,
0.013108115643262863,
0.0... |
and\tgas.\tSCFAs\tprovide\na\tpreferred\tfuel\tsource\tfor\tcells\tof\tthe\tintestine,\tstimulate\tintestinal\tcell\trenewal\tand\tfunction,\nenhance\timmune\tfunction,\tand\tregulate\tgene\texpression.\tIn\taddition,\tsome\tcarbohydrates\thave\n“prebiotic”\tfunctions\tthat\tinduce\tthe\tgrowth\tand\tactivity\tof\tbene... | [
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0.03766622021794319,
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0.0017765563679859042,
0.10321944206953049,
0.033515654504299164,
0.011098037473857403,
0.06380344182252884,
0.10267025232315063,
-0.0803060382604599,
0.022306665778160095,
0.07569... |
microbiota.\tThe\tlarge\tintestine\talso\tprovides\ttemporary\tstorage\tfor\twaste\tproducts.\n\tThe\tdistal\tcolon,\nrectum,\tand\tanus\tcontrol\tdefecation.\nEnzymes\tin\tdigestion\nHumans\tdigest\tfood\tusing\tthe\tchemical\tprocess\tcalled\t\nenzymatic\thydrolysis\n.\tCofactors\tsuch\tas\nhydrochloric\tacid,\tbile,... | [
0.013379198499023914,
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0.02814479172229767,
0.02038678154349327,
0.06688796728849411,
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0.06460171192884445,
0.10633248835802078,
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0.04735878109931946,
0.07760... |
synthesized\tin\tspecialized\tcells\tof\tthe\tmouth,\tstomach,\tand\tpancreas\tare\treleased\tinto\tthe\tGIT | [
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0.06303112953901291,
0.00777879822999239,
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0.01437... |
lumen,\twhereas\tdigestive\tenzymes\tsynthesized\n\tin\tenterocytes\tof\tthe\tsmall\tintestine\tremain\nembedded\twithin\tthe\tbrush\tborder\tmembrane.\tExcept\tfor\tfiber\tand\tresistant\tcarbohydrates,\ndigestion\tand\tabsorption\tof\tfood\tis\tcompleted\tessentially\tin\tthe\tsmall\tintestine.\t\nTable\t1.1\n\tsumma... | [
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0.017668532207608223,
0.015383763238787651,
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0.10032425075769424,
0.045966822654008865,
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0.055449943989515305,
0.0813334584236145,
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0.004711657762527466,
0.02... |
summarizes\nkey\tenzymes\tinvolved\tin\thuman\tdigestion.\nTABLE\t1.1\nSummary\tof\tEnzymatic\tDigestion\tand\tAbsorption\nSecretion\tand\nSource\nEnzymes\nSubstrate\nAction\tand\nResulting\tProducts\nFinal\tProducts\nAbsorbed\nSaliva\tfrom\nsalivary\nglands\tin\nmouth\nα-amylase\nStarch\t(α-linked\npolysaccharides)\nH... | [
-0.0014981143176555634,
-0.12650750577449799,
-0.02672400325536728,
0.011569475755095482,
-0.014094267971813679,
0.02829822339117527,
0.04215239733457565,
0.05666140839457512,
-0.03311635181307793,
0.0456993393599987,
0.07635627686977386,
-0.006292286328971386,
-0.018191708251833916,
0.031... |
Hydrolysis\tto\tform\ndextrins\tand\nmaltose\n—\nLingual\tlipase\nTriglyceride\nHydrolysis\tto\tform\ndiglyceride\tand\nfree\tfatty\tacids\n__\nGastric\tsecretion\nfrom\tgastric\nglands\tin\nstomach\nmucosa\nPepsin\t(activated\tfrom\npepsinogen\n\tin\tthe\npresence\tof\nhydrochloric\tacid)\nProtein\nHydrolysis\tof\tpep... | [
0.000011226810784137342,
-0.12084542959928513,
-0.0005365015240386128,
-0.02691379003226757,
-0.04016389697790146,
0.01324862614274025,
0.02972443960607052,
0.06261953711509705,
-0.006883163005113602,
0.061566270887851715,
0.11778988689184189,
-0.05549316853284836,
-0.015755584463477135,
0... |
bonds\tto\tform\npeptides\tand\namino\tacids\n—\nGastric\tlipase\nTriglyceride\nHydrolysis\tto\tform\ndiglyceride\tand\nfree\tfatty\tacids\n—\nExocrine\nsecretions\nfrom\npancreatic\nacinar\tcells,\nacting\tin\nduodenum\nLipase\nFat\t(in\tthe\tpresence\nof\tbile\tsalts)\nHydrolysis\tto\tform\nmonoglycerides\nand\tfatty... | [
0.005835389718413353,
-0.08580110967159271,
0.004197538830339909,
0.003572419285774231,
-0.09890894591808319,
0.007562778890132904,
0.05405179411172867,
0.046997226774692535,
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0.04464954882860184,
0.10244972258806229,
-0.05317753180861473,
-0.03688230738043785,
0.0487... |
incorporated\tinto\nmicelles\nFatty\tacids\n\tinto\nmucosal\tcells;\nreesterified\tas\ntriglycerides\nCholesterol\testerase\nSterols\t(such\tas\ncholesterol)\nHydrolysis\tto\tform\nesters\tof\ncholesterol\tand\nfatty\tacids;\nincorporated\tinto\nmicelles\nCholesterol\tinto\nmucosal\tcells;\ntransferred\tto\nchylomicron... | [
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0.009255778044462204,
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0.012110590003430843,
0.03835199773311615,
0.017850620672106743,
-0.005615310277789831,
0.12128514796495438,
-0.024402007460594177,
-0.04925050958991051,
0.0... |
α-Amylase\nStarch\tand\tdextrins\nHydrolysis\tto\tform\ndextrins\tand\nmaltose\n—\nTrypsin\t(activated\ntrypsinogen)\nProteins\tand\npolypeptides\nHydrolysis\n\tof\tinterior\npeptide\tbonds\tto\nform\tpolypeptides\n—\nChymotrypsin\t(activated\nchymotrypsinogen)\nProteins\tand\npeptides\nHydrolysis\tof\tinterior\npeptid... | [
-0.030023537576198578,
-0.10916583985090256,
-0.05190981552004814,
-0.0033607291989028454,
0.014589572325348854,
0.029229402542114258,
0.09244021028280258,
0.053871672600507736,
-0.016197748482227325,
0.045356977730989456,
0.06314151734113693,
0.019814718514680862,
-0.07840094715356827,
0.... |
peptide\tbonds\tto\nform\tpolypeptides\n—\nCarboxypeptidase\n(activated\nprocarboxypeptidase)\nPolypeptides\nHydrolysis\tof\nterminal\tpeptide\nbonds\t(carboxyl\nend)\tto\tform\namino\tacids\nAmino\tacids\nRibonuclease\tand\ndeoxyribonuclease\nRibonucleic\tacids\n(RNA)\tand\ndeoxyribonucleic\nacids\t(DNA)\nHydrolysis\t... | [
-0.0500248521566391,
-0.10128428786993027,
-0.05565010383725166,
-0.07347409427165985,
-0.027575943619012833,
0.013721666298806667,
-0.008654803968966007,
0.04501545429229736,
-0.005896491929888725,
0.08286751806735992,
0.08106756210327148,
0.00013080744247417897,
-0.07743148505687714,
0.0... |
Hydrolysis\tto\tform\nmononucleotides\nMononucleotides\nElastase\nFibrous\tprotein\n(elastin)\nHydrolysis\tto\tform\npeptides\tand\namino\tacids\n—\nSmall\tintestine\nenzymes\n(embedded\tin\nthe\tbrush\nborder\nmembrane)\nEnterokinase\nTrypsinogen\nActivates\ttrypsin\nDipeptides\tand\ntripeptides\nAminopeptidase\tand\n... | [
-0.051822759211063385,
-0.11047398298978806,
-0.005933820735663176,
-0.024937888607382774,
-0.012102658860385418,
0.0012993025593459606,
0.03221754729747772,
0.057372018694877625,
-0.014673193916678429,
0.06311430037021637,
0.08101681619882584,
-0.02053975686430931,
-0.04742816463112831,
0... |
dipeptidase\t(also\nlocated\twithin\tthe\nenterocyte\tcytosol)\nPolypeptides\nCleavage\tof\tamino\nacids\n\tfrom\tthe\namino\tterminus\tof\nprotein\t(N-\nterminus)\tor\npeptide\tsubstrates\nAmino\tacids\nSucrase\nSucrose\nHydrolysis\tto\tform\nGlucose\tand | [
-0.017297174781560898,
-0.11045536398887634,
-0.01469721831381321,
0.010194286704063416,
-0.032319534569978714,
0.014902716502547264,
0.054396852850914,
0.061762675642967224,
0.04182308167219162,
0.05545039474964142,
0.10067377239465714,
0.01380964182317257,
-0.028667012229561806,
0.051790... |
glucose\tand\nfructose\nfructose\nα-Dextrinase\n(isomaltase)\nDextrin\n(isomaltose)\nHydrolysis\tto\tform\nglucose\nGlucose\nMaltase\nMaltose\nHydrolysis\tto\tform\nglucose\nGlucose\nLactase\nLactose\nHydrolysis\tto\tform\nglucose\tand\ngalactose\nGlucose\tand\ngalactose\nNucleotidases\nNucleic\tacids\nHydrolysis\tto\t... | [
-0.057167161256074905,
-0.09608226269483566,
-0.040442392230033875,
0.010663637891411781,
-0.016249077394604683,
0.011368145234882832,
0.0011433074250817299,
0.033966775983572006,
-0.032706357538700104,
0.07516060769557953,
0.051957450807094574,
0.0007812281255610287,
-0.08694726973772049,
... |
nucleotides\tand\nphosphates\nNucleotides\nNucleosidase\tand\nphosphorylase\nNucleosides\nHydrolysis\tto\tform\npurines,\npyrimidines,\tand\npentose\tphosphate\nPurine\tand\npyrimidine\nbases\nRegulators\tof\tgastrointestinal\tactivity:\tNeural\tand\thormonal\tmechanisms\nMultiple\tlayers\tof\tsmooth\tmuscle\tcontract\... | [
-0.008296717889606953,
-0.11720699071884155,
-0.009776569902896881,
-0.055807579308748245,
-0.05599743127822876,
0.005235616117715836,
0.03830775246024132,
0.08395085483789444,
-0.04817911237478256,
0.08478730916976929,
0.05356385186314583,
0.0070611899718642235,
-0.014487724751234055,
0.0... |
along\tthe\n\tGIT.\tThese\tsmooth\tmuscle\tmovements\tare\tregulated\tby\tthe\tenteric\tnervous\tsystem\tand\nenteroendocrine\thormones\tand\tfacilitate\tmixing\tof\tchyme\tand\tdigestive\tsecretions\t(\nsegmentation\n)\nor\tpropulsion\tof\tluminal\tcontents\talong\tthe\tlength\tof\tthe\tGIT\t(\nperistalsis\n).\tTo\ten... | [
0.052454955875873566,
-0.0844259262084961,
0.035643793642520905,
0.00020995415979996324,
-0.11611701548099518,
0.017570123076438904,
0.10589495301246643,
0.024239500984549522,
0.01694156415760517,
0.049974922090768814,
0.13540203869342804,
-0.02768995799124241,
0.0272884052246809,
0.044107... |
peristalsis\n).\tTo\tenable\tsuch\ncoordinated\tactions,\tthe\tenteric\tnervous\tsystem\tis\tintegrated\tthroughout\tthe\tlining\tof\tthe\tGIT\tand\nresponds\tto\tmucosal\treceptors\n\tthat\tsense\tthe\tcomposition\tof\tchyme\tand\tdistention\tof\tthe\tlumen\t(i.e.,\nfullness)\tand\tsend\timpulses\tthat\tcoordinate\tth... | [
0.05417940393090248,
-0.09075868874788284,
0.02641054056584835,
-0.02266695536673069,
-0.12184227257966995,
-0.012725436128675938,
0.07638472318649292,
0.029567917808890343,
0.03445843234658241,
0.0837058424949646,
0.10447327792644501,
-0.002887931652367115,
0.048088788986206055,
0.0399297... |
immunity.\nNeurotransmitters\tfrom\tthe\tcentral\tnervous\tsystem\tinterface\twith\tthe\tenteric\tnervous\tsystem\tto\ncoordinate\tgastrointestinal\tfunctions\tsuch\tas\tmotility,\tsecretion,\tand\tblood\tflow.\tThe\tGIT\tthen\tlargely\nregulates\tits\town\n\tmotility\tand\tsecretory\tactivity.\tHowever,\tsignals\tfrom... | [
0.029903769493103027,
-0.06887630373239517,
0.045031480491161346,
-0.011184950359165668,
-0.09108984470367432,
0.04867412894964218,
0.08300815522670746,
0.00980105996131897,
-0.05017709359526634,
0.091013103723526,
0.08294375240802765,
-0.056287091225385666,
0.006827936507761478,
0.0706490... |
can\toverride\tthe\tenteric\tsystem\tand\taffect\tGIT\tfunction.\tHormones,\tneuropeptides,\tand\nneurotransmitters\tin\tthe\tGIT\tnot\tonly\taffect\tintestinal\tfunction\tbut\talso\thave\tan\teffect\ton\tother\nnerves\tand\ttissues\tin\tmany\tparts\tof\tthe\tbody.\tSome\texamples\tof\tneurotransmitters\treleased\tfrom... | [
0.01653803139925003,
-0.08196098357439041,
0.06466617435216904,
-0.019938316196203232,
-0.05606013908982277,
0.011263291351497173,
0.10984023660421371,
0.00881208386272192,
-0.0017572706565260887,
0.05036650598049164,
0.07368967682123184,
-0.018845628947019577,
0.048555053770542145,
0.0329... |
enteric\tnerve\tendings\tare\tlisted\tin\t\nTable\t1.2\n.\tIn\tpeople\twith\tgastrointestinal\tdisease\t(e.g.,\tinfections,\ninflammatory\tbowel\tdisease,\tirritable\tbowel\tsyndrome),\tthe\tenteric\tnervous\tsystem\tmay\tbe\noverstimulated,\tresulting\tin\tabnormal\tsecretion,\taltered\tblood\tflow,\tincreased\tpermea... | [
0.04449719190597534,
-0.09477265179157257,
0.061977140605449677,
-0.014855326153337955,
-0.10937058925628662,
-0.013706840574741364,
0.09078101068735123,
0.029444236308336258,
-0.03519018739461899,
0.05922101438045502,
0.09466970711946487,
-0.03862093761563301,
0.03266020119190216,
0.05494... |
altered\timmune\tfunction.\nTABLE\t1.2\nExamples\tof\tNeurotransmitters\tand\tTheir\tActions\nNeurotransmitter\nSite\tof\tRelease\nPrimary\tAction\nGABA\nCentral\tnervous\tsystem\nRelaxes\tlower\tesophageal\tsphincter\nNorepinephrine\nCentral\tnervous\tsystem,\tspinal\ncord,\tsympathetic\tnerves\nDecreases\tmotility,\t... | [
0.05578536167740822,
-0.12167023122310638,
0.04439730569720268,
-0.019120344892144203,
-0.14691174030303955,
0.015752039849758148,
0.0530889518558979,
0.045151300728321075,
-0.023091156035661697,
0.09803891181945801,
0.07356858998537064,
-0.03675779700279236,
-0.010236271657049656,
0.07138... |
sphincters,\tinhibits\tsecretions\nAcetylcholine\nCentral\tnervous\tsystem,\tautonomic\nsystem,\tother\ttissues\nIncreases\tmotility,\trelaxes\tsphincters,\tstimulates\nsecretion\nNeurotensin\nGI\ttract,\tcentral\tnervous\tsystem\nInhibits\n\trelease\tof\tgastric\temptying\tand\tacid\nsecretion\nSerotonin\t(5-HT)\nGI\t... | [
0.01413557305932045,
-0.16608884930610657,
0.012369447387754917,
-0.0073515926487743855,
-0.1621662676334381,
0.00988148245960474,
0.046518027782440186,
0.060475341975688934,
-0.008229547180235386,
0.05665212497115135,
0.09161009639501572,
0.010519389063119888,
0.020140426233410835,
0.0929... |
GI\ttract,\tspinal\tcord\nFacilitates\tsecretion\tand\tperistalsis\nNitric\toxide\nCentral\tnervous\tsystem,\tGI\ttract\nRegulates\tblood\tflow,\tmaintains\tmuscle\ttone,\nmaintains\tgastric\tmotor\tactivity\nSubstance\tP\nGut,\tcentral\tnervous\tsystem,\tskin\nIncreases\tsensory\tawareness\t(mainly\tpain),\tand\nperis... | [
-0.002717597410082817,
-0.13801252841949463,
0.01737763173878193,
-0.030232612043619156,
-0.10737929493188858,
0.004989124834537506,
0.06132126599550247,
0.10266945511102676,
-0.007209326606243849,
0.04126767814159393,
0.06817781925201416,
-0.0061617945320904255,
0.05318273603916168,
0.066... |
5-\nHT\n,\t5-hydroxytryptamine;\t\nGABA\n,\tα-aminobutyric\n\tacid;\t\nGI\n,\tgastrointestinal.\nAutonomic\tinnervation\tis\tsupplied\tby\tthe\tsympathetic\tfibers\tthat\trun\talong\tblood\tvessels\tand\tby\nthe\tparasympathetic\tfibers\tin\tthe\tvagal\tand\tpelvic\tnerves.\tIn\tgeneral,\tsympathetic\tneurons,\twhich | [
0.013176330365240574,
-0.12418773025274277,
0.04730222374200821,
-0.04093601554632187,
-0.1466665416955948,
-0.018983859568834305,
0.07485067844390869,
0.031779710203409195,
-0.033862195909023285,
0.050444815307855606,
0.09619662165641785,
-0.07175137102603912,
-0.004022861830890179,
0.040... |
are\tactivated\tby\tfear,\tanger,\tand\tstress,\ttend\tto\tslow\ttransit\tof\tintestinal\tcontents\tby\tinhibiting\nneurons\taffecting\tmuscle\tcontraction\tand\tinhibiting\tsecretions.\tThe\tparasympathetic\n\tnerves\ninnervate\tspecific\tareas\tof\tthe\talimentary\ttract\tand\tcontribute\tto\tcertain\tfunctions.\tFor... | [
0.012745852582156658,
-0.08700733631849289,
0.009279744699597359,
-0.022358722984790802,
-0.0785907432436943,
-0.013504895381629467,
0.1631869375705719,
0.028946340084075928,
-0.0285464059561491,
0.028218038380146027,
0.08721990138292313,
-0.043874893337488174,
0.02800026908516884,
0.03076... |
sight\tor\tsmell\tof\tfood\tstimulates\tvagal\tactivity\tand\tsubsequent\tsecretion\tof\tacid\tfrom\t\nparietal\tcells\nwithin\tthe\tstomach.\tThe\tenteric\tnervous\tsystem\talso\tsends\tsignals\tto\tthe\tcentral\tnervous\tsystem\tthat\nare\tperceived\tas\tpain,\tnausea,\turgency\tor\tgastric\tfullness,\tor\tgastric\te... | [
0.042060259729623795,
-0.07343187928199768,
0.06276541203260422,
0.025541706010699272,
-0.08316674828529358,
0.0025452820118516684,
0.0613364540040493,
-0.04269876703619957,
0.030567843466997147,
0.07127193361520767,
0.14453624188899994,
-0.042133916169404984,
0.04231657087802887,
0.022157... |
way\tof\tthe\tvagal\nand\tspinal\tnerves.\tInflammation,\tdysmotility,\tand\tvarious\ttypes\tof\tintestinal\tdamage\tmay\tintensify\nthese\tperceptions.\nGastrointestinal\thormones\nRegulation\tof\tthe\tGIT\tinvolves\tnumerous\thormones\tthat\tare\tsecreted\tby\tenteroendocrine\tcells | [
0.06826017051935196,
-0.1068090945482254,
0.07255459576845169,
-0.009565304033458233,
-0.10989048331975937,
0.036736056208610535,
0.08946836739778519,
-0.004325337707996368,
0.0004927871050313115,
0.09955409914255142,
0.09077928960323334,
-0.06335686147212982,
0.027388785034418106,
0.03797... |
located\twithin\tthe\tepithelium\tlining\tof\tthe\tGIT.\tThese\thormones\tcan\tregulate\tfunction\tof\tthe\tcell | [
0.04371953010559082,
-0.033730048686265945,
-0.03287271410226822,
-0.04087673872709274,
-0.1079653948545456,
-0.015545316971838474,
0.08299926668405533,
0.03336767479777336,
0.07399154454469681,
0.018361257389187813,
0.10742422193288803,
-0.04441606253385544,
0.0434989370405674,
-0.0096409... |
from\twhich\tthey\twere\tsecreted\t(autocrine),\n\ton\tneighboring\tcells\t(paracrine),\tor\tdistant\tcells\tby\ntraveling\tthrough\tthe\tblood\tto\ttheir\ttarget\torgans\t(endocrine).\nMore\tthan\t100\tpeptide\thormones\tand\thormone-like\tgrowth\tfactors\thave\tbeen\tidentified.\tTheir\nactions\tare\toften\tcomplex\t... | [
-0.01172060240060091,
-0.04469824582338333,
0.009654012508690357,
-0.04221314936876297,
-0.0992802157998085,
0.010386120527982712,
0.10050059109926224,
0.019993029534816742,
0.015282453037798405,
0.060167040675878525,
0.1114717572927475,
-0.04273395240306854,
0.063698410987854,
0.007867146... |
cholecystokinin\t[CCK]\n\tand\tsomatostatin\tfamily)\talso\tserve\tas\tneurotransmitters\tbetween\tneurons.\nThe\tGIT\tsecretes\tmore\tthan\t30\thormone\tfamilies,\tmaking\tit\tthe\tlargest\thormone-producing\torgan\tin\nthe\tbody\t(\nRehfeld,\t2014\n).\tGastrointestinal\thormones\tare\tinvolved\tin\tinitiating\tand\tt... | [
-0.0057313148863613605,
-0.110531747341156,
0.042767684906721115,
0.014210473746061325,
-0.1036965623497963,
0.007087905891239643,
0.05551910772919655,
0.027915097773075104,
-0.0019657392986118793,
0.06451550126075745,
0.11523023247718811,
-0.060615986585617065,
-0.005950393155217171,
0.02... |
feeding,\tsignaling\thunger\tand\tsatiety,\tpacing\tmovements\tof\tthe\tGIT,\tgoverning\tgastric\temptying,\nregulating\tblood\tflow\tand\tpermeability,\tpriming\timmune\tfunctions,\tand\tstimulating\tthe\tgrowth\tof\ncells\t(within\n\tand\tbeyond\tthe\tGIT).\t\nGhrelin\n,\ta\tneuropeptide\tsecreted\tfrom\tthe\tstomach... | [
0.04335710406303406,
-0.044997043907642365,
0.048192404210567474,
-0.02067989856004715,
-0.10678812116384506,
-0.017417414113879204,
0.08881101757287979,
-0.017826948314905167,
0.005680255126208067,
0.08696913719177246,
0.10517191141843796,
-0.06117252632975578,
0.01129472628235817,
0.0104... |
Ghrelin\n,\ta\tneuropeptide\tsecreted\tfrom\tthe\tstomach,\tand\tmotilin,\na\trelated\thormone\tsecreted\tfrom\tthe\tduodenum,\tsend\ta\t“hungry”\tmessage\tto\tthe\tbrain.\tOnce\tfood\nhas\tbeen\tingested,\thormones\tPYY\t3-36,\tCCK,\tglucagon-like\tpeptide-1\t(GLP-1),\toxyntomodulin,\npancreatic\tpolypeptide,\tand\tga... | [
-0.05170273780822754,
-0.08412693440914154,
-0.013699161820113659,
-0.01056064572185278,
-0.040881212800741196,
-0.006402118597179651,
0.1105920597910881,
0.052018821239471436,
0.01610555872321129,
-0.0011240008752793074,
0.09886506199836731,
-0.019537288695573807,
0.016461508348584175,
0.... |
hunger\tand\tincrease\tsatiety\t(\nRui,\t2013\n).\tSome\tof\tthe\tGI\thormones,\tincluding\tsome\tof\tthose\tthat\naffect\tsatiety,\talso\ttend\tto\tslow\tgastric\temptying\tand\tdecrease\tsecretions\t(e.g.,\tsomatostatin).\tOther\nGI\thormones\t(e.g.,\tmotilin)\tincrease\tmotility.\nThe\tsignaling\tagents\tof\tthe\tGI... | [
0.020270876586437225,
-0.07123687863349915,
0.07081393897533417,
0.021993355825543404,
-0.11291252821683884,
0.03295819088816643,
0.1266382336616516,
-0.00791444256901741,
-0.0007340000593103468,
0.04567127674818039,
0.0897490605711937,
-0.07775493711233139,
0.0035236699040979147,
0.016795... |
dependent\tinsulinotropic\tpolypeptide\t(GIP)\tand\tGLP-1\tare\tcalled\tincretin\thormones\tbecause\tthey\nhelp\n\tlower\tblood\tsugar\tby\tfacilitating\tinsulin\tsecretion,\tdecreasing\tgastric\temptying,\tand\tincreasing\nsatiety.\tSeveral\tof\tthese\thormones\tand\tanalogs\tare\tused\tin\tmanagement\tof\tobesity,\ti... | [
-0.03079662285745144,
-0.03329618647694588,
0.05283049866557121,
0.001062306808307767,
-0.06339056044816971,
0.04035863280296326,
0.1108599603176117,
0.021695250645279884,
0.023232588544487953,
0.053684547543525696,
0.10968109220266342,
-0.02107660099864006,
0.009196831844747066,
0.0746239... |
bowel\tdisease,\tdiarrhea,\tdiabetes,\tGI\tmalignancies,\tand\tother\tconditions.\tThis\tarea\tof\tresearch\tis\ncritically\timportant.\nSome\tfunctions\tof\tthe\thormones\tthat\taffect\tgastrointestinal\tcell\tgrowth,\tdeoxyribonucleic\n\tacid\n(DNA)\tsynthesis,\tinflammation,\tproliferation,\tsecretion,\tmovement,\to... | [
-0.016030244529247284,
-0.08390265703201294,
-0.007177615072578192,
-0.026541953906416893,
-0.10292811691761017,
0.009304781444370747,
0.036347273737192154,
0.004140540957450867,
-0.03609074652194977,
0.10670776665210724,
0.11975008249282837,
-0.009980103932321072,
-0.024323884397745132,
0... |
fully\tidentified.\tKnowledge\tof\tmajor\thormone\tfunctions\tbecomes\tespecially\timportant\twhen\tthe\tsites\nof\ttheir\tsecretion\tor\taction\tare\tdiseased\tor\tremoved\tin\tsurgical\tprocedures,\tor\twhen\thormones\tand\ntheir\tanalogs\tare\tused\tto\tsuppress\tor\tenhance\tsome\taspect\tof\tgastrointestinal\tfunc... | [
-0.005258077755570412,
-0.02327008731663227,
0.050742242485284805,
-0.03415008261799812,
-0.101836197078228,
-0.015033037401735783,
0.07283709943294525,
0.014777418226003647,
-0.009007208980619907,
0.08747310936450958,
0.1282399296760559,
-0.061072397977113724,
-0.01179282646626234,
0.0367... |
Glucagon-\nlike\tpeptide-2\t(GLP-2)\n\tis\tan\texample\tof\ta\thormone\tsecreted\tfrom\tthe\tdistal\tGIT\tthat\tincreases\nintestinal\tsurface\tarea\tand\tenhances\tnutrient\tprocessing\tcapacity.\tAn\tanalog\tof\tGLP-2,\tnamed\nteduglutide,\trecently\thas\tbecome\tavailable\tfor\ttreatment\tof\tpatients\twith\tshort\t... | [
-0.016845811158418655,
-0.02702699974179268,
0.0485084243118763,
0.01688392646610737,
-0.08453558385372162,
-0.009753048419952393,
0.10304843634366989,
0.03742789477109909,
-0.005570921581238508,
0.004297144245356321,
0.09283976256847382,
-0.024137672036886215,
-0.019725725054740906,
0.016... |
are\tdependent\ton\tparenteral\tnutrition\tto\tmeet\ttheir\tnutrient\tand\tfluid\trequirements\t(\nSeidner\tet\tal,\n2013\n;\tsee\t\nChapter\t27\n).\tThe\tkey\tGIT\n\thormones\tare\tsummarized\tin\t\nTable\t1.3\n. | [
0.0024533041287213564,
-0.046779826283454895,
0.05093146115541458,
-0.053801000118255615,
-0.1053084135055542,
0.04489712789654732,
0.09940563887357712,
0.024115120992064476,
0.025443414226174355,
0.037598248571157455,
0.0774933248758316,
-0.046975281089544296,
0.033967189490795135,
0.0039... |
TABLE\t1.3\nFunctions\tof\tMajor\tGastrointestinal\tHormones\nHormone\nSite\tof\tRelease\nStimulants\tfor\nRelease\nOrgan\nAffected\nEffect\ton\tTarget\tOrgan\nGastrin\nG\tcells\tof\tgastric\nmucosa\tand\nduodenum\nPeptides,\tamino\nacids,\ncaffeine\nStomach,\nesophagus,\nGIT\tin\ngeneral\nStimulates\tsecretion\tof\tHC... | [
0.030304066836833954,
-0.11598970741033554,
-0.00707689905539155,
-0.0168165136128664,
-0.07959815859794617,
0.00904165767133236,
0.035914406180381775,
0.038203783333301544,
-0.013398949056863785,
0.08034684509038925,
0.08919736742973328,
-0.031120162457227707,
0.026267021894454956,
0.0458... |
Stimulates\tsecretion\tof\tHCl\tand\npepsinogen\nDistention\tof\tthe\nantrum\nIncreases\tgastric\tantral\tmotility\nSome\talcoholic\nbeverages,\nvagus\tnerve\nIncreases\tlower\tesophageal\nsphincter\ttone\nGallbladder\nWeakly\tstimulates\tcontraction\n\tof\ngallbladder\nPancreas\nWeakly\tstimulates\tpancreatic\nsecreti... | [
0.041905779391527176,
-0.18275468051433563,
0.014723559841513634,
0.016183553263545036,
-0.14700977504253387,
0.03116164728999138,
0.06381508708000183,
-0.019982701167464256,
-0.005959894508123398,
0.07714014500379562,
0.08912079781293869,
-0.015751101076602936,
0.03221488371491432,
0.0847... |
secretion\tof\tbicarbonate\nSecretin\nS\tcells\tof\tduodenum\nAcid\tin\tsmall\nintestine\nPancreas\nIncreases\toutput\tof\tH\n2\nO\tand\nbicarbonate;\tincreases\tenzyme\nsecretion\tfrom\tthe\tpancreas\tand\ninsulin\trelease\nDuodenum\nDecreases\tmotility\nIncreases\tmucus\toutput\nCCK\nI\tcells\tof\tduodenum\nPeptides,... | [
-0.015405000187456608,
-0.12331340461969376,
-0.04170725867152214,
-0.04264484718441963,
-0.09812109917402267,
0.03242252767086029,
0.06903187930583954,
0.023938138037919998,
-0.0060466923750936985,
0.0968494564294815,
0.10243222117424011,
-0.03194142505526543,
0.020270803943276405,
0.0539... |
acids,\tfats,\nHCl\nPancreas\nStimulates\tsecretion\n\tof\tpancreatic\nenzymes\nGallbladder\nCauses\tcontraction\tof\tgallbladder\nStomach\nSlows\tgastric\temptying\nColon\nIncreases\tmotility\nMay\tmediate\tfeeding\tbehavior\nGIP\nK\tcells\tof\tduodenum\nand\tjejunum\nGlucose,\tfat\nStomach\nReduced\tintestinal\tmotil... | [
0.03136563301086426,
-0.1513236165046692,
0.021178260445594788,
-0.011489581316709518,
-0.13033701479434967,
-0.0019015974830836058,
0.007390530779957771,
0.016730334609746933,
-0.01238571759313345,
0.0276081170886755,
0.09890525043010712,
-0.031818561255931854,
0.030147084966301918,
0.059... |
Motilin\nM\tcells\tof\tduodenum\nand\tjejunum\nInterdigestive\nperiods,\nalkaline\tpH\tin\nduodenum\nStomach,\nsmall\nbowel,\ncolon\nPromotes\tgastric\n\temptying\tand\tGI\nmotility\nGLP-1\nL\tcells\tof\tsmall\nintestine\tand\tcolon\n(density\tincreases\tin\ndistal\tGIT)\nGlucose,\tfat,\nshort-chain\nfatty\tacids\nStom... | [
-0.018872955814003944,
-0.10962161421775818,
0.0033503281883895397,
0.007214754819869995,
-0.08153305947780609,
-0.001517405384220183,
0.08288982510566711,
0.05741971358656883,
0.007787590846419334,
0.010612335056066513,
0.09511552006006241,
-0.00514723127707839,
0.015692759305238724,
0.06... |
Stomach\nProlongs\tgastric\temptying\nPancreas\nInhibits\tglucagon\trelease;\nStimulates\tinsulin\trelease\nGLP-2\nL\tcells\tof\tsmall\nintestine\tand\tcolon\n(density\tincreases\tin\ndistal\tGIT)\nGlucose,\tfat,\nshort-chain\nfatty\tacids\nSmall\nintestine,\ncolon\nStimulates\tintestinal\n\tgrowth\tand\nnutrient\tdige... | [
0.03295314684510231,
-0.11095324158668518,
-0.017009835690259933,
0.011488264426589012,
-0.11181917041540146,
-0.02379673533141613,
0.055372919887304306,
0.06712037324905396,
-0.031706321984529495,
-0.0020356238819658756,
0.09837657958269119,
-0.024930790066719055,
0.013110041618347168,
0.... |
nutrient\tdigestion\tand\tabsorption\nCCK\n,\tCholecystokinin;\t\nGI\n,\t\ngastrointestinal;\t\nGIP\n,\tglucose-dependent\tinsulinotropic\t\npolypeptide;\t\nGIT\n,\tgastrointestinal\ttract;\t\nGLP-1\n,\t\nglucagon-like\npeptide-1;\t\nGLP-2\n,\tglucagon-like\tpeptide-2;\t\nH\n2\nO\n,\twater;\t\nHCl\n,\thydrochloric\taci... | [
-0.03931860998272896,
-0.08209413290023804,
-0.008746015839278698,
-0.005486117210239172,
0.0026213813107460737,
-0.00044744834303855896,
0.052478574216365814,
0.040916912257671356,
-0.000987939303740859,
-0.0008629636140540242,
0.0618758425116539,
-0.03594650328159332,
0.014666485600173473,... |
H\n2\nO\n,\twater;\t\nHCl\n,\thydrochloric\tacid.\nGastrin\n,\ta\thormone\tthat\tstimulates\tgastric\tsecretions\tand\tmotility,\tis\tsecreted\tprimarily\tfrom\nendocrine\t“G”\n\tcells\tin\tthe\tantral\tmucosa\tof\tthe\tstomach.\tSecretion\tis\tinitiated\tby\t(1)\timpulses\tfrom\nthe\tvagus\tnerve,\tsuch\tas\tthose\ttr... | [
0.00699618412181735,
-0.023350821807980537,
0.06947978585958481,
-0.024811940267682076,
-0.06416672468185425,
0.042770061641931534,
0.07533059269189835,
-0.02967972867190838,
0.01761670410633087,
0.04670443758368492,
0.11403341591358185,
-0.06123403087258339,
0.030598441138863564,
-0.00322... |
after\ta\tmeal;\tand\t(3)\tthe\tpresence\tof\tsecretagogues\tin\tthe\tantrum,\tsuch\tas\tpartially\tdigested\nproteins,\tfermented\talcoholic\tbeverages,\tcaffeine,\tor\tfood\textracts\t(e.g.,\tbouillon).\tWhen\tthe\tlumen\ngets\tmore\tacidic,\n\tfeedback\tinvolving\tother\thormones\tinhibits\tgastrin\trelease\t(\nChu\... | [
0.023320836946368217,
-0.05837487056851387,
0.0718839019536972,
-0.022277530282735825,
-0.11329619586467743,
0.0476917140185833,
0.09540698677301407,
-0.04706776142120361,
0.05978352203965187,
0.030835643410682678,
0.10577123612165451,
-0.050964679569005966,
0.016266509890556335,
0.0103954... |
Chu\tand\tSchubert,\n2013\n).\tGastrin\tbinds\tto\treceptors\ton\tparietal\tcells\tand\thistamine-releasing\tcells\tto\tstimulate\tgastric\nacid,\tto\treceptors\ton\tchief\tcells\tto\trelease\tpepsinogen,\tand\tto\treceptors\ton\tsmooth\tmuscle\tto\nincrease\tgastric\tmotility.\nSecretin\n,\tthe\tfirst\thormone\tto\tbe... | [
-0.035644758492708206,
-0.07859551906585693,
0.04581998288631439,
-0.07092801481485367,
-0.12880466878414154,
0.0013892498100176454,
0.1365424245595932,
0.022559883072972298,
0.034505486488342285,
0.027997424826025963,
0.12522464990615845,
-0.028219234198331833,
0.03609118238091469,
-0.005... |
small\tintestine\tinto\tthe\tbloodstream.\tIt\tis\tsecreted\tin\tresponse\tto\tgastric\tacid\tand\tdigestive\tend\nproducts\tin\tthe\tduodenum,\twherein\tit\tstimulates\tthe\tsecretion\tof\tpancreatic\tjuice\tand\tinhibits\tgastric\nacid\tsecretion\tand\temptying\t(the\topposite\tof\tgastrin).\tNeutralized\tacidity\tpr... | [
0.06091951206326485,
-0.07987282425165176,
0.05400971695780754,
0.026607783511281013,
-0.08890804648399353,
0.0067472802475094795,
0.10430368036031723,
0.03126796707510948,
-0.00977043155580759,
0.06936964392662048,
0.10142898559570312,
-0.047840338200330734,
0.002366882748901844,
0.049569... |
mucosa\tfrom\tprolonged\texposure\tto\tacid\tand\tprovides\tthe\tappropriate\tenvironment\tfor\tintestinal\nand\n\tpancreatic\tenzyme\tactivity.\tThe\thuman\treceptor\tis\tfound\tin\tthe\tstomach\tand\tductal\tand\tacinar\ncells\tof\tthe\tpancreas.\tIn\tdifferent\tspecies,\tother\torgans\tmay\texpress\tsecretin,\tinclu... | [
0.0047669559717178345,
-0.02905881591141224,
0.056695327162742615,
-0.02354094758629799,
-0.10072346031665802,
-0.006924290210008621,
0.0856732726097107,
-0.015478742308914661,
-0.0030998012516647577,
0.049749188125133514,
0.12124444544315338,
-0.07005590945482254,
0.044228728860616684,
0.... |
colon,\theart,\tkidney,\tand\tbrain\t(\nChey\tand\tChang,\t2014\n).\nSmall\tbowel\tmucosal\t“I”\tcells\tsecrete\t\nCCK\n,\tan\timportant\tmultifunctional\thormone\treleased\tin | [
0.0443277545273304,
-0.029059667140245438,
0.09596265852451324,
-0.036695823073387146,
-0.11460097879171371,
0.014999588951468468,
0.11585208773612976,
-0.043792739510536194,
0.04549570754170418,
0.04694989323616028,
0.07235968112945557,
-0.04433433338999748,
0.02327790856361389,
0.0309520... |
response\tto\tthe\tpresence\tof\tprotein\tand\tfat.\tReceptors\n\tfor\tCCK\tare\tin\tpancreatic\tacinar\tcells,\npancreatic\tislet\tcells,\tgastric\tsomatostatin-releasing\tD\tcells,\tsmooth\tmuscle\tcells\tof\tthe\tGIT,\tand\tthe\ncentral\tnervous\tsystem.\tMajor\tfunctions\tof\tCCK\tare\tto\t(1)\tstimulate\tthe\tpanc... | [
-0.023836906999349594,
-0.05803358927369118,
0.0342656746506691,
-0.018784046173095703,
-0.08676262944936752,
-0.004637387115508318,
0.09762147814035416,
0.03654351830482483,
0.04238884896039963,
0.060621846467256546,
0.08003422617912292,
-0.0391198992729187,
0.026391638442873955,
0.045420... |
enzymes,\tbicarbonate,\tand\twater;\t(2)\tstimulate\tgallbladder\tcontraction;\t(3)\tincrease\tcolonic\tand\nrectal\tmotility;\t(4)\tslow\tgastric\temptying;\tand\t(5)\tincrease\tsatiety.\n\tCCK\tis\talso\twidely\tdistributed\tin\nthe\tbrain\tand\tplays\ta\trole\tin\tneuronal\tfunctioning.\nMotilin | [
-0.015289923176169395,
-0.12738992273807526,
0.04928973689675331,
-0.0408058762550354,
-0.08639255166053772,
0.005053686443716288,
0.05929426848888397,
0.042259544134140015,
-0.013058831915259361,
0.04650503769516945,
0.06203245371580124,
-0.06183215603232384,
-0.04825298860669136,
0.08318... |
the\tbrain\tand\tplays\ta\trole\tin\tneuronal\tfunctioning.\nMotilin\n\tis\treleased\tby\tendocrine\tcells\tin\tthe\tduodenal\tmucosa\tduring\tfasting\tto\tstimulate\tgastric\nemptying\tand\tintestinal\tmigrating\tcontractions.\tErythromycin,\tan\tantibiotic,\thas\tbeen\tshown\tto\tbind | [
0.022872956469655037,
-0.077172189950943,
0.03509743884205818,
-0.02373916283249855,
-0.09831000864505768,
0.029497744515538216,
0.09312194585800171,
0.06841505318880081,
-0.0038374997675418854,
0.057994235306978226,
0.09695960581302643,
-0.02329433709383011,
-0.008844656869769096,
0.09372... |
to\tmotilin\treceptors;\tthus\tanalogs\tof\terythromycin\tand\tmotilin\thave\tbeen\tused\tas\ttherapeutic\tagents\nto\ttreat\tdelayed\n\tgastric\temptying\t(\nWijeratne\tet\tal,\t2016\n).\nSomatostatin\n,\treleased\tby\t“D”\tcells\tin\tthe\tantrum\tand\tpylorus,\tis\ta\thormone\twith\tfar-reaching | [
-0.05295430123806,
0.022412393242120743,
0.01493124570697546,
-0.08408228307962418,
-0.08819248527288437,
0.011684204451739788,
0.09068166464567184,
0.0502866730093956,
0.03149285167455673,
0.023617012426257133,
0.09288816154003143,
-0.03018875978887081,
0.026264464482665062,
0.02821973524... |
actions.\tIts\tprimary\troles\tare\tinhibitory\tand\tantisecretory.\tIt\tdecreases\tmotility\tof\tthe\tstomach\tand\nintestine\tand\tinhibits\tor\tregulates\tthe\trelease\tof\tseveral\tgastrointestinal\thormones.\tSomatostatin\nand\tits\tanalog,\toctreotide,\tare\tbeing\tused\tto\ttreat\tcertain\n\tmalignant\tdiseases,... | [
0.009870373643934727,
-0.10372743755578995,
0.02140665613114834,
-0.01444264966994524,
-0.07520408928394318,
0.031495463103055954,
0.09994983673095703,
-0.004436567425727844,
-0.0035960767418146133,
0.1108383983373642,
0.08017513900995255,
-0.026076151058077812,
-0.053015876561403275,
0.05... |
malignant\tdiseases,\tas\twell\tas\tnumerous\ngastrointestinal\tdisorders\tsuch\tas\tdiarrhea,\tshort\tbowel\tsyndrome,\tpancreatitis,\tdumping\tsyndrome,\nand\tgastric\thypersecretion\t(\nVan\tOp\tden\tBosch\tet\tal,\t2009\n;\tsee\t\nChapters\t26\n\tand\t\n27\n).\nDigestion\tin\tthe\tmouth | [
0.0027769175358116627,
-0.04493529349565506,
0.008176150731742382,
-0.05951915681362152,
-0.06288382411003113,
0.0008271264960058033,
0.08442874252796173,
0.039608363062143326,
-0.024872256442904472,
0.07406476885080338,
0.06881370395421982,
-0.014424494467675686,
0.04013104364275932,
0.00... |
;\tsee\t\nChapters\t26\n\tand\t\n27\n).\nDigestion\tin\tthe\tmouth\nIn\tthe\tmouth,\tthe\tteeth\tgrind\tand\tcrush\tfood\tinto\tsmall\tparticles.\tThe\tfood\tmass\tis\tsimultaneously\nmoistened\tand\tlubricated\tby\tsaliva.\tThree\tpairs\n\tof\tsalivary\tglands—the\tparotid,\tsubmaxillary,\tand\nsublingual\tglands—prod... | [
-0.002421695739030838,
-0.06684021651744843,
-0.004691735375672579,
-0.012288723140954971,
-0.08829225599765778,
0.00036273658042773604,
0.08074669539928436,
0.03025796264410019,
-0.03255185857415199,
0.02326134778559208,
0.12109289318323135,
-0.0372932069003582,
0.03322666138410568,
0.022... |
lipid\tis\tinitiated\tin\tthe\tmouth\tdue\tto\tthe\tpresence\tof\tamylase\tand\t\nsalivary\tlipase\n,\trespectively,\tin\nsaliva.\tThis\tdigestion\tis\tminimal,\tand\tthe\tsalivary\tamylase\tbecomes\tinactive\twhen\tit\treaches\tthe\nacidic\tcontents\tof\tthe\tstomach.\tSaliva\talso\tcontains\n\tmucus,\ta\tprotein\ttha... | [
0.007341933902353048,
-0.10474581271409988,
0.026151018217206,
-0.00791086908429861,
-0.1491335779428482,
0.011102881282567978,
0.07922021299600601,
-0.019864801317453384,
0.005105363670736551,
0.06591705977916718,
0.12869411706924438,
-0.019281087443232536,
-0.007026584818959236,
0.005608... |
mucus,\ta\tprotein\tthat\tcauses\tparticles\tof\tfood\tto\nstick\ttogether\tand\tlubricates\tthe\tmass\tfor\tswallowing.\nThe\tmasticated\tfood\tmass,\tor\tbolus,\tis\tpassed\tback\tto\tthe\tpharynx\tunder\tvoluntary\tcontrol,\tbut\nthroughout\tthe\tesophagus,\tthe\tprocess\tof\tswallowing\t(deglutition)\tis\tinvolunta... | [
0.027488678693771362,
-0.06377413868904114,
0.05491902306675911,
-0.02336380071938038,
-0.08785338699817657,
-0.003842293517664075,
0.08215305954217911,
-0.0090117072686553,
0.044918499886989594,
0.06398946046829224,
0.12702149152755737,
-0.04212987422943115,
0.0478818453848362,
0.05376413... |
moves\tthe\tfood\trapidly\tinto\tthe\tstomach\t(see\t\nChapter\t39\n\tfor\ta\tdetailed\tdiscussion\tof\tswallowing).\nDigestion\tin\tthe\tstomach\nFood\tparticles\tare\tpropelled\tforward\tand\tmixed\twith\tgastric\tsecretions\tby\twavelike\tcontractions\tthat\nprogress\tforward\tfrom\tthe\tupper\tportion\tof\tthe\tsto... | [
0.01702556572854519,
-0.10620661824941635,
0.055001817643642426,
-0.04988323897123337,
-0.0619945265352726,
-0.022736061364412308,
0.059584878385066986,
-0.03565682843327522,
0.019250182434916496,
0.08604739606380463,
0.12806987762451172,
-0.02297138422727585,
0.033970948308706284,
0.01308... |
then\tto\tthe\tantrum\tand\tpylorus.\tIn\tthe\tstomach,\tgastric\tsecretions\tmix\twith\tfood\tand\tbeverages\nproducing\ta\tsemiliquid\tslurry\tcalled\tchyme,\twhich\tis\t50%\twater.\tAn\taverage\n\tof\t2000\tto\t2500\tmL\tof\nfluid\tis\tsecreted\tdaily\tin\tthe\tstomach.\tThese\tgastric\tsecretions\tcontain\thydrochl... | [
0.004388913977891207,
-0.0352870374917984,
0.0521211139857769,
-0.00808813888579607,
-0.0621575266122818,
-0.0006634276360273361,
0.13755175471305847,
-0.029679298400878906,
0.006064557004719973,
0.052892591804265976,
0.12965898215770721,
-0.08750919997692108,
0.02800532430410385,
0.022665... |
the\tparietal\tcells),\tpepsinogen,\tgastric\tlipase,\tmucus,\tintrinsic\tfactor\t(a\tglycoprotein\tthat\tfacilitates\nvitamin\tB\n12\n\tabsorption\tin\tthe\tileum),\tand\tgastrin.\tThe\tprotease,\t\npepsin\n,\tis\tsecreted\tin\tan\tinactive\nform,\tpepsinogen,\twhich\tis\tconverted\tby\thydrochloric\tacid\tto\tits\n\t... | [
0.010231642052531242,
-0.07960036396980286,
0.04198592156171799,
-0.05174579098820686,
-0.09525353461503983,
0.030558772385120392,
0.0912879928946495,
0.037158749997615814,
0.00033594141132198274,
0.06536348164081573,
0.0973421260714531,
-0.016960754990577698,
0.0029816944152116776,
0.0457... |
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