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Introduction\nFood\tprovides\tenergy\tand\tbuilding\tmaterials\tfor\tcountless\tsubstances\tthat\tare\tessential\tfor\tthe\ngrowth\tand\tsurvival\tof\tevery\thuman\tbeing.\tThis\tsection\topens\twith\ta\tbrief\toverview\tof\tthe\tdigestion,\nabsorption,\ttransportation,\tand\texcretion\tof\tnutrients.\tThese\tremarkabl... | [
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molecules\tin\tfood\tinto\tindividual\tnutrients\tready\tto\tbe\tused\tin\tmetabolism.\tMacronutrients\t(proteins,\nfats,\tand\tcarbohydrates)\teach\tcontribute\tto\tthe\ttotal\tenergy\tpool,\tbut\tultimately\tthe\tenergy\tthey\nyield\tis\tavailable\tfor\tthe\twork\tof\tthe\tmuscles\tand\torgans\tof\tthe\tbody.\tThe\tw... | [
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integral\tparts\tof\tthe\tbody\tand\tcontribute\tto\tproper\tfunctioning\tdepends\theavily\ton\tthe\tphysiologic\nand\tbiochemical\tprocesses\tthat\tgovern\ttheir\tactions.\tIt\tis\tnow\tknown\tthat\tthese\tmetabolic\tprocesses\nare\n\taltered\tin\tthe\tpresence\tof\tacute\tand\tchronic\tinflammation.\tUnderstanding\tt... | [
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other\tindicators\tof\tinflammation\tis\ta\tcritical\tcomponent\tof\tnutrition\tassessment.\nFor\tthe\thealth\tprovider,\tnutrition\tassessment\tis\tthe\tfirst\tstep\tin\tthe\tnutrition\tcare\tprocess.\tTo\nimplement\ta\tsuccessful\tnutrition\tplan,\tthe\tassessment\tmust\tinclude\tkey\telements\tof\tthe\tpatient’s\ncl... | [
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clinical,\tmedical,\tand\tsocial\n\thistory,\tanthropometric\tmeasurements,\tbiochemical\tand\tlaboratory\nvalues,\tinformation\ton\tmedication\tand\therbal\tsupplement\tuse\tfor\tpotential\tfood–drug\tinteractions,\nplus\ta\tthorough\tfood\tand\tnutrition\tintake\thistory.\tGenetic\tresearch\tis\trapidly\tclarifying\t... | [
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and\tnutrition\tare\tinterrelated.\tNutrigenomics\tis\tthe\tstudy\tof\tthe\teffects\tof\tfoods\tand\tnutrients\ton\ngene\texpression\tand\tthus\tnutritional\n\trequirements.\tThus\tthe\tchapters\tin\tPart\tI\tprovide\tan\torganized\nway\tto\tdevelop\tthe\tskills\tneeded\tto\tmake\tan\tassessment\tin\tthe\tnutrition\tca... | [
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1\nIntake:\tGastrointestinal\ndigestion,\tabsorption,\tand\nexcretion\tof\tnutrients\nKelly\tA.\tTappenden,\tPhD,\tRDN,\tFASPEN\nKEY\tTERMS\namylase,\tpancreatic\namylase,\tsalivary\nbrush\tborder\tmembrane\nchelation\ncholecystokinin\t(CCK)\nchyme\ncolonic\tsalvage\ncrypts\ndiffusion,\tfacilitated\ndiffusion,\tpassive... | [
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dysbiosis\nenterocytes\nenterohepatic\tcirculation\nenterokinase\nenzymatic\thydrolysis\nepithelial\tcells\ngastrin\nghrelin\nglucagon-like\tpeptide\t2\t(GLP-2)\ngut–brain\taxis\nisomaltase\nlactase\nlipase,\tgastric\nlipase,\tpancreatic\nlipase,\tsalivary\nlipolytic\tenzymes\nmaltase\nmicelle\nmicrobiome\nmicrobiota\n... | [
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microvilli\nmotilin\nmucosa\nparietal\tcells\npepsin\nperistalsis\nprebiotic\nprobiotic | [
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proteolytic\tenzymes\nsecretin\nsegmentation\nsomatostatin\nsucrase\nsynbiotic\ntransport,\n\tactive\ntransport,\tpassive\ntrypsin\ntrypsinogen\nunstirred\twater\tlayer\t(UWL)\nvilli\nOne\tof\tthe\tprimary\tconsiderations\tfor\ta\tcomplete\tnutrition\tassessment\tis\tto\tconsider\tthe\tthree-step | [
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model\tof\t“ingestion,\tdigestion,\tand\tutilization.”\tIn\tthis\tmodel,\tconsideration\tis\tgiven\tto\teach\tstep\tto\nidentify\tall\tareas\tof\tinadequacy\tor\texcess.\tIf\tthere\tis\tany\treason\twhy\ta\tstep\tis\taltered\tfrom\tphysical,\nbiochemical,\tor\tbehavioral-environmental\tcauses,\tthe\tnutrition\tprovider... | [
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nutrition\tdiagnosis\tfor\twhich\tintervention\tis\trequired.\tIntake\tand\tassimilation\tof\tnutrients\tshould\nlead\tto\tnutritional\tand\toverall\thealth.\nThe\tgastrointestinal\ttract\nThe\tGIT\tis\tone\tof\tthe\tlargest\torgans\tin\tthe\tbody,\thas\tthe\tgreatest\tsurface\tarea,\thas\tthe\tlargest\nnumber\tof\timm... | [
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number\tof\timmune\tcells,\tand\tis\n\tone\tof\tthe\tmost\tmetabolically\tactive\ttissues\tin\tthe\tbody.\tThe\tunique\nstructure\tof\tthe\tGIT\tenables\tample\tnutrient-processing\tcapacity\tin\thealthy\thumans.\tThe\thuman\tGIT\nis\tabout\t9\tmeters\tlong,\textending\tfrom\tthe\tmouth\tto\tthe\tanus\tand\tincluding\t... | [
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structures,\tesophagus,\tstomach,\tliver\tand\tgallbladder,\tpancreas,\tand\tsmall\tand\tlarge\tintestine\t(\nFig.\n1.1\n).\nFIG.\t1.1\nThe\tdigestive\tsystem.\nThe\tGIT\tis\tdesigned\tto\t(1)\tdigest\tthe\tmacronutrients\tprotein,\tcarbohydrates,\tand\tlipids\tfrom\ningested\tfoods\tand\tbeverages;\t(2)\tabsorb\tfluid... | [
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elements;\t(3)\tprovide\ta\tphysical\tand\timmunologic\tbarrier\tto\tpathogens,\tforeign\tmaterial,\tand\npotential\tantigens\tconsumed\twith\tfood\tor\tformed\tduring\tthe\tpassage\tof\tfood\n\tthrough\tthe\tGIT;\t(4)\ncoordinate\ta\tresponse\tto\tmicrobes\tand\tantigens\twith\tthe\tsystemic\timmune\tsystem,\tresultin... | [
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controlled\tlevels\tof\ttolerance\tor\tinflammation;\tand\t(5)\tprovide\tregulatory\tand\tbiochemical\tsignaling\nto\tthe\tnervous\tsystem,\toften\tinvolving\tthe\tintestinal\tmicrobiota,\tvia\ta\tpathway\tknown\tas\tthe\t\ngut–\nbrain\taxis\n. | [
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The\thuman\tGIT\tis\twell\tsuited\tfor\tdigesting\tand\tabsorbing\tnutrients\tfrom\n\ta\ttremendous\tvariety\tof\nfoods,\tincluding\tmeats,\tdairy\tproducts,\tfruits,\tvegetables,\tgrains,\tcomplex\tstarches,\tsugars,\tfats,\tand\noils.\tDepending\ton\tthe\tnature\tof\tthe\tdiet\tconsumed,\t90%\tto\t97%\tof\tfood\tis\t... | [
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most\tof\tthe\tunabsorbed\tmaterial\tis\tof\tplant\torigin.\tCompared\twith\truminants\tand\tanimals\twith\ta\nvery\tlarge\tcecum,\thumans\tare\tconsiderably\tless\tefficient\tat\textracting\tenergy\tfrom\n\tgrasses,\tstems,\nseeds,\tand\tother\tcoarse\tfibrous\tmaterials.\tHumans\tlack\tthe\tenzymes\tto\thydrolyze\tth... | [
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bonds\tthat\tlink\tthe\tmolecules\tof\tsugars\tthat\tmake\tup\tplant\tfibers.\tHowever,\tfibrous\tfoods\tand\tany\nundigested\tcarbohydrates\tare\tfermented\tto\tvarying\tdegrees\tby\tbacteria\tin\tthe\thuman\tcolon;\tthis\nprocess\tcan\tcontribute\t5%\tto\t10%\tof\tthe\tenergy\tneeded\tby\thumans.\nThe\tstructure\tof\... | [
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The\tstructure\tof\tthe\tsmall\tintestine\n\tis\tcarefully\tdesigned\tto\tallow\tfor\ta\tvery\tlarge\tsurface\tarea\tthat\npermits\tthe\tadequate\tdigestion\tand\tabsorption\tof\tthe\tnutrients\tfrom\tfood.\tThe\tlining\tof\tthis\thollow\ntube,\tcalled\tthe\t\nmucosa\n,\tis\tconfigured\tin\ta\tpattern\tof\tfolds\tthat\... | [
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crypts\nand\tfingerlike\tprojections\tcalled\t\nvilli\n\t(\nFig.\t1.2\n).\tThese\tcrypt-villus\tunits\tare\tlined\twith\ta\tsingle\tlayer\nof\t\nepithelial\tcells\n,\tmany\tof\twhich\tare\t\nenterocytes\n\tthat\tcontain\teven\tsmaller\tcylindrical\textensions\ncalled\t\nmicrovilli\n.\tThe\tepithelial\tcells\tlining\tth... | [
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5\tdays,\tand\tthen\tthey\tare\tsloughed\tinto\tthe\tlumen\tand\t“recycled,”\tadding\tto\tthe\tpool\tof\tavailable\nnutrients.\tAs\tthe\tcells\tmigrate\tfrom\tthe\tcrypt\talong\tthe\tvillus,\tthey\tmature\tand\tdevelop\tgreater\ndigestive\tand\n\tabsorptive\tfunction.\nFIG.\t1.2\nStructure\tof\tthe\thuman\tintestine\ts... | [
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The\thealth\tof\tthe\tbody\tdepends\ton\ta\thealthy,\tfunctional\tGIT.\tBecause\tof\tthe\tunusually\thigh\nturnover\trate\tand\tmetabolic\trequirements\tof\tthe\tepithelial\tcells,\tgastrointestinal\tfunctions\tare\nparticularly\tsusceptible\tto\timpairment\tdue\tto\tmicronutrient\tdeficiencies,\tprotein-energy\nmalnut... | [
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0.07131748646497726,
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0.014233153313398361,
-0.0135... |
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