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lines. Notably, the majority of evidence\nsupporting interventions to reduce car-diovascular risk in diabetes comes fromtrials of people with type 2 diabetes. Norandomized trials have been speci fically
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designed to assess the impact of cardio-vascular risk reduction strategies in peo-ple with type 1 diabetes. Therefore, therecommendations for cardiovascular riskfactor modi fication for people with type 1\ndiabetes are extrapolated from data ob-\ntained in people with type 2 diabetes\nand are similar to those for people...
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and are similar to those for people with\ntype 2 diabetes.\nAs depicted in Fig. 10.1 ,ac o m p r e h e n -\nsive approach to the reduction in risk ofdiabetes-related complications is recom-mended. Therapy that includes multiple,\nconcurrent evidence-based approaches
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concurrent evidence-based approaches\nto care will provide complementary re-d u c t i o ni nt h er i s k so fm i c r o v a s c u l a r\noutcomes, including kidney, retinopathy,\nneurologic, and cardiovascular complica-\ntions. Management of glycemia, blood\npressure, and lipids and the incorpora-tion of speci fic therap...
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cular and kidney outcomes benefi t( a s\nindividually appropriate) are consideredfundamental elements of global risk re-\nduction in diabetes.\nTHE RISK CALCULATOR\nThe American College of Cardiology\nASCVD risk calculator (Risk Estimator Plus)is generally a useful tool to estimate\n10-year risk of a first ASCVD event
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10-year risk of a first ASCVD event\n(available online at tools.acc.org/ASCVD-Risk-Estimator-Plus). The calculator was\ndeveloped to stratify cardiovascular riskand identify those people who will bene fitmost from statin therapy and from treat-
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ment with antihypertensive medications(16). The calculator includes diabetes as arisk factor, since diabetes itself confers in-\ncreased risk for ASCVD, although it should\nbe acknowledged that these risk calcula-tors do not account for the duration ofdiabetes or the presence of diabetes com-\nplications, such as album...
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plications, such as albuminuria. In addition,\nthe majority of people with diabetes shouldbe treated with statin therapy, and hyper-tension should be promptly treated. As\nwe will discuss below, comprehensive\nmanagement of hypertension, hyperlip-idemia, and hyperglycemia using man-\nagement approaches with established
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agement approaches with established\nbene fit are important strategies to re-\nduce cardiovascular risk.\nHYPERTENSION/BLOOD PRESSURE\nCONTROL\nAn elevated blood pressure is defi ned as\na systolic blood pressure 120 –129 mmHg\nand a diastolic blood pressure <80 mmHg\n(17). Hypertension is de fined as a systolic\nblood pr...
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blood pressure $130 mmHg or a diastolic\nblood pressure $80 mmHg (17). This is in\nagreement with the de finition of hyper-\ntension by the American College of Cardi-\nology and American Heart Association\n(17). Hypertension is common among\npeople with either type 1 or type 2 diabe-tes. Hypertension is a major risk fac...
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ASCVD, heart failure, and microvascular\ncomplications. Moreover, numerous studieshave shown that antihypertensive therapyreduces ASCVD events, heart failure,\nand microvascular complications. Please\nrefer to the ADA position statement“Diabetes and Hypertension ”for a de-\ntailed review of the epidemiology, diag-\nnos...
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nosis, and treatment of hypertension\n(18) and recent updated hypertensionguideline recommendations (17,19,20).\nScreening and Diagnosis\nRecommendations\n10.1 Blood pressure should be mea-\nsured at every routine clinical visit.\nWhen possible, individuals found tohave elevated blood pressure (systolicblood pressure 1...
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diastolic <80 mmHg) should have blood\npressure con firmed using multiple read-\nings, including measurements on a sepa-\nrate day, to diagnose hypertension. A\nHypertension is de fined as a systolic\nblood pressure $1 3 0m m H go rad i a -\nstolic blood pressure $80 mmHg based
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stolic blood pressure $80 mmHg based\nFigure 10.1— Multifactorial approach to reduction in risk of diabetes complications. *Risk re-\nduction interventions to be applied as individually appropriate.S180 Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management Diabetes Care Volume 47, Supplement 1, January 2024\n©AmericanDiabetesAsso...
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on an average of two or more meas-\nurements obtained on two or more\noccasions. AIndividuals with blood\npressure $1 8 0 / 1 1 0m m H ga n dc a r -\ndiovascular disease could be diag-nosed with hypertension at a singlevisit. E\n10.2 All people with hypertension
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10.2 All people with hypertension\nand diabetes should be counseled tomonitor their blood pressure at homeafter appropriate education. A\nBlood pressure should be measured at ev-
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Blood pressure should be measured at ev-\nery routine clinical visit by a trained indi-vidual and should follow the guidelinesestablished for the general population:measurement in the seated position, withfeet on the floor and arm supported at
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heart level, after 5 min of rest. Cuffsize should be appropriate for the up-per-arm circumference (21). Elevatedvalues should preferably be con firmed\non a separate day; however, in indivi-duals with cardiovascular disease andblood pressure $180/110 mmHg, it is
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reasonable to diagnose hypertension ata single visit (19). Postural changes inblood pressure and pulse may be evi-dence of autonomic neuropathy andtherefore require adjustment of bloodpressure targets. Orthostatic blood pres-sure measurements should be checkedon initial visit and as indicated.\nHome blood pressure self...
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Home blood pressure self-monitoring\na n d2 4 - ha m b u l a t o r yb l o o dp r e s s u r em o n -itoring may provide evidence of whitecoat hypertension, masked hypertension,or other discrepancies between offi ce and\n“true”blood pressure (22,23). In addition\nto con firming or refuting a diagnosis of
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to con firming or refuting a diagnosis of\nhypertension, home blood pressure assess-m e n tm a yb eu s e f u lt om o n i t o ra n t i h y p e r -tensive treatment. Studies of individualswithout diabetes found that home meas-urements may better correlate with ASCVDrisk than of fice measurements (22,23).
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Moreover, home blood pressure monitor-ing may improve medication-taking behav-ior and thus help reduce cardiovascularrisk (24).\nTreatment Goals\nRecommendations\n10.3For people with diabetes and hyper-
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Recommendations\n10.3For people with diabetes and hyper-\ntension, blood pressure targets shouldbe individualized through a shared deci-sion-making process that addresses car-diovascular risk, potential adverse effectsof antihypertensive medications, and in-\ndividual preferences. B\n10.4 The on-treatment target blood\...
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10.4 The on-treatment target blood\npressure goal is <130/80 mmHg, if\nit can be safely attained. A\n10.5 In pregnant individuals with dia-\nbetes and chronic hypertension, a bloodpressure threshold of 140/90 mmHg for\ninitiation or titration of therapy is associ-\nated with better pregnancy outcomesthan reserving trea...
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pertension, with no increase in risk of\nsmall-for-gestational-age birth weight. A\nThere are limited data on the opti-mal lower limit, but therapy should\nbe deintensi fied for blood pressure\n<90/60 mmHg. EA blood pressure tar-\nget of 110 –135/85 mmHg is suggested\nin the interest of reducing the risk foraccelerated ...
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Randomized clinical trials have demon-\nstrated unequivocally that treatment ofhypertension reduces cardiovascular events\nas well as microvascular complications\n(25–31). There has been controversy on\nthe recommendation of a specifi c blood\npressure goal in people with diabetes. The\ncommittee recognizes that there h...
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committee recognizes that there has been\nno randomized controlled trial to specifi -\ncally demonstrate a decreased incidenceof cardiovascular events in people with\ndiabetes by targeting a blood pressure\n<130/80 mmHg. The recommendation\nto support a blood pressure goal of<130/80 mmHg in people with diabetes is
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consistent with guidelines from the Ameri-can College of Cardiology and AmericanHeart Association (18), the InternationalSociety of Hypertension (19), and the Euro-\npean Society of Cardiology (20). The com-\nmittee ’s recommendation for the blood\npressure target of <130/80 mmHg derives\nprimarily from the collective ...
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primarily from the collective evidence of\nthe following randomized controlled trials.\nThe Systolic Blood Pressure Interven-tion Trial (SPRINT) demonstrated thattreatment to a target systolic blood\npressure of <120 mmHg decreases car-\ndiovascular event rates by 25% in high-
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diovascular event rates by 25% in high-\nrisk individuals, although people withdiabetes were excluded from this trial\n(32). The recently completed Strategy\nof Blood Pressure Intervention in theElderly Hypertensive Patients (STEP) trialincluded nearly 20% of people with dia-\nbetes and noted decreased cardiovascu-
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betes and noted decreased cardiovascu-\nlar events with treatment of hypertensionto a blood pressure target of <130 mmHg(33). While the ACCORD (Action to Control\nCardiovascular Risk in Diabetes) blood pres-sure trial (ACCORD BP) did not confi rm\nthat targeting a systolic blood pressure of<120 mmHg in people with diabe...
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sults in decreased cardiovascular eventrates, the prespeci fied secondary outcome\nof stroke was reduced by 41% with inten-sive treatment (34). The Action in Diabetes\nand Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diami-\ncron MR Controlled Evaluation (ADVANCE)\ntrial revealed that treatment with perindo-\npril/indapamide to an ac...
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pril/indapamide to an achieved systolic\nblood pressure of /C24135 mmHg signifi -\ncantly decreased cardiovascular event ratescompared with a placebo treatment with\nan achieved blood pressure of 140 mmHg(35). Therefore, it is recommended that\npeople with diabetes who have hyperten-sion should be treated to blood pres-
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sure targets of <130/80 mmHg. Notably,\nthere is an absence of high-quality dataavailable to guide blood pressure targets in\npeople with type 1 diabetes, but a similar\nblood pressure target of <130/80 mmHg\nis recommended in people with type 1diabetes. As discussed below, treatment\nshould be individualized, and trea...
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should be individualized, and treatment\nshould not be targeted to <120/80\nmmHg, as a mean achieved blood pressureof<120/80 mmHg is associated with ad-\nverse events.\nRandomized Controlled Trials of Intensive\nVersus Standard Blood Pressure Control\nSPRINT provides the strongest evidence to\nsupport lower blood press...
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support lower blood pressure goals in indi-\nviduals at increased cardiovascular risk, al-\nthough this trial excluded people with\ndiabetes (32). The trial enrolled 9,361 indi-\nviduals with a systolic blood pressure of$130 mmHg and increased cardiovascular\nrisk and treated to a systolic blood pressure\ntarget of <12...
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target of <120 mmHg (intensive treat-\nment) versus a target of <140 mmHg\n(standard treatment).The primary compos-\nite outcome of MI, coronary syndromes,\nstroke, heart failure, or death from cardio-\nvascular causes was reduced by 25% in the\nintensive treatment group. The achieved\nsystolic blood pressures in the t...
[ 0.02185974270105362, 0.034751877188682556, -0.03482449799776077, 0.01558995246887207, -0.000460509501863271, -0.0446753054857254, -0.06490489840507507, 0.2039489895105362, 0.004393487237393856, -0.040169812738895416, 0.018451161682605743, -0.0033768019638955593, -0.007146192714571953, 0.00...
systolic blood pressures in the trial were\n121 mmHg and 136 mmHg in the intensive\nversus standard treatment group, respec-\ntively. Adverse outcomes, including hypo-\ntension, syncope, electrolyte abnormality,\nand acute kidney injury (AKI), were more\ncommon in the intensive treatment arm;
[ -0.06899737566709518, 0.013818345032632351, -0.02074340730905533, -0.03239797055721283, -0.037856124341487885, -0.024438537657260895, -0.06385274231433868, 0.10676112025976181, -0.023999832570552826, -0.007737195584923029, -0.0038033430464565754, 0.03182158246636391, -0.08501271158456802, ...
common in the intensive treatment arm;\nrisk of adverse outcomes needs to beweighed against the cardiovascular bene fit\nof more intensive blood pressure lowering.diabetesjournals.org/care Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management S181\n©AmericanDiabetesAssociation
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ACCORD BP provides the strongest di-\nrect assessment of the bene fits and risks\nof intensive blood pressure control in peo-\nple with type 2 diabetes (34). In the study,a total of 4,733 individuals with type 2\ndiabetes were assigned to intensive ther-\napy (targeting a systolic blood pressure<120 mmHg) or standard th...
[ -0.024240104481577873, 0.04108892381191254, -0.051498085260391235, -0.014681028202176094, -0.011953075416386127, 0.041814178228378296, 0.050036150962114334, 0.10946082323789597, -0.009539731778204441, 0.0013337817508727312, -0.020625697448849678, -0.04591389372944832, -0.052913863211870193, ...
ing a systolic blood pressure <140 mmHg).\nT h em e a na c h i e v e ds y s t o l i cb l o o dp r e s s u r e swere 119 mmHg and 133 mmHg in theintensive versus standard group, respec-tively. The primary composite outcome of\nnonfatal MI, nonfatal stroke, or death\nfrom cardiovascular causes was not signi fi-
[ -0.01809917576611042, -0.0023827108088880777, -0.04335520416498184, 0.018194522708654404, -0.05059916898608208, 0.008716692216694355, -0.03686358034610748, 0.08828908950090408, 0.0008313950966112316, -0.035051748156547546, 0.04495639353990555, -0.03398862108588219, -0.005625967402011156, -...
from cardiovascular causes was not signi fi-\ncantly reduced in the intensive treatmentgroup. The prespeci fied secondary out-\ncome of stroke was signifi cantly reduced\nby 41% in the intensive treatment group.Adverse events attributed to blood pres-sure treatment, including hypotension,syncope, bradycardia, hyperkalemia...
[ -0.0007895377930253744, 0.07620187103748322, 0.009809058159589767, 0.08368951082229614, -0.02214171178638935, -0.0019053563009947538, -0.09149293601512909, 0.09978535771369934, -0.011949578300118446, -0.019863849505782127, 0.059083737432956696, 0.028224561363458633, -0.0280813779681921, -0...
elevations in serum creatinine, occurred\nmore frequently in the intensive treatmentarm than in the standard therapy arm(Table 10.1 ).\nOf note, the ACCORD BP and SPRINT tri-\nals targeted a similar systolic blood pressure<120 mmHg, but in contrast to SPRINT,\nthe primary composite cardiovascular endpoint was nonsigni ...
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ACCORD BP . The results have been inter-preted to be generally consistent betweenboth trials, but ACCORD BP was viewed asunderpowered due to the composite pri-mary end point being less sensitive to\nblood pressure regulation (32).\nThe more recent STEP trial assigned\n8,511 individuals aged 60 –80 years with\nhypertens...
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hypertension to a systolic blood pres-\nsure target of 110 to <130 mmHg (in-\ntensive treatment) or a target of 130 to<150 mmHg (33). In this trial, the primary\ncomposite outcome of stroke, acute cor-onary syndrome, acute decompensated\nheart failure, coronary revascularization,\natrial fibrillation, or death from card...
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atrial fibrillation, or death from cardio-\nvascular causes occurred in 3.5% of indi-viduals in the intensive treatment group\nversus 4.6% in the standard treatment\ngroup (hazard ratio [HR] 0.74 [95% CI0.60–0.92]; P= 0.007). In this trial,\n18.9% of individuals in the intensivetreatment arm and 19.4% in the stan-\ndard...
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dard treatment arm had a diagnosis of\ntype 2 diabetes. Hypotension occurredmore frequently in the intensive treat-ment group (3.4%) compared with the\nstandard treatment group (2.6%), with-\nout signi ficant differences in other adverseevents, including dizziness, syncope, orfractures.\nIn ADVANCE, 11,140 people with t...
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In ADVANCE, 11,140 people with type 2\ndiabetes were randomized to receive ei-ther treatment with a fixed combination\nof perindopril/indapamide or matchingp l a c e b o( 3 5 ) .T h ep r i m a r ye n dp o i n t ,acomposite of cardiovascular death, nonfa-tal stroke infarction, or worsening renal or\ndiabetic eye disease,...
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diabetic eye disease, was reduced by\n9% in the combination treatment. Theachieved systolic blood pressure was/C24135 mmHg in the treatment group and\n140 mmHg in the placebo group.\nThe Hypertension Optimal Treatment\n(HOT) trial enrolled 18,790 individualsand targeted diastolic blood pressure<90 mmHg, <85 mmHg, or <8...
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(36). The cardiovascular event rates, de-fined as fatal or nonfatal MI, fatal and\nnonfatal strokes, and all other cardio-vascular events, were not signi ficantly dif-\nferent between diastolic blood pressuretargets ( #90 mmHg, #85 mmHg, and\n#80 mmHg), although the lowest inci-
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#80 mmHg), although the lowest inci-\ndence of cardiovascular events occurredwith an achieved diastolic blood pressure\nof 82 mmHg. However, in people with dia-\nbetes, there was a signi ficant 51% reduc-\ntion in the treatment group with a targetdiastolic blood pressure of <80 mmHg\ncompared with a target diastolic blo...
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compared with a target diastolic bloodpressure of <90 mmHg.\nMeta-analyses of Trials\nTo clarify optimal blood pressure targetsin people with diabetes, multiple meta-\nanalyses have been performed. One\nof the largest meta-analyses included73,913 people with diabetes. Comparedwith a less tight blood pressure control,
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allocation to a tighter blood pressure\ncontrol signi ficantly reduced the risk of\nstroke by 31% but did not reduce therisk of MI (37). Another meta-analysis\nof 19 trials that included 44,989 individ-\nuals showed that a mean blood pres-sure of 133/76 mmHg is associated witha 14% risk reduction for major cardio-\nvasc...
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vascular events compared with a mean\nblood pressure of 140/81 mmHg (31).This bene fit was greatest in people with\ndiabetes. An analysis of trials including\npeople with type 2 diabetes and im-\npaired glucose tolerance with achievedsystolic blood pressures of <135 mmHg\nin the intensive blood pressure treat-ment group...
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in the intensive blood pressure treat-ment group and <140 mmHg in the\nstandard treatment group revealed a10% reduction in all-cause mortality anda 17% reduction in stroke (29). More in-tensive reduction to <130 mmHg was as-\nsociated with a further reduction in strokebut not other cardiovascular events.\nSeveral meta-...
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Several meta-analyses strati fied clinical\ntrials by mean baseline blood pressure ormean blood pressure attained in the in-tervention (or intensive treatment) arm.Based on these analyses, antihyperten-\nsive treatment appears to be most bene-\nficial when mean baseline blood pressure\nis$140/90 mmHg (17,25,26,28 –30). A...
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is$140/90 mmHg (17,25,26,28 –30). Among\ntrials with lower baseline or attained\nblood pressure, antihypertensive treat-\nment reduced the risk of stroke, reti-nopathy, and albuminuria, but effectson other ASCVD outcomes and heartfailure were not evident.\nIndividualization of Treatment Targets
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Individualization of Treatment Targets\nPeople with diabetes and clinicians shouldengage in a shared decision-making pro-cess to determine individual blood pressuretargets (17). This approach acknowledges\nthat the bene fits and risks of intensive\nblood pressure targets are uncertain and
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blood pressure targets are uncertain and\nmay vary across individuals and is consis-tent with a person-focused approach to\ncare that values individual priorities and\nhealth care professional judgment (38).Secondary analyses of ACCORD BP andS P R I N Ts u g g e s tt h a tc l i n i c a lf a c t o r sc a nh e l p
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determine individuals more likely to bene fit\nand less likely to be harmed by intensive\nblood pressure control (39,40).\nAbsolute bene fit from blood pressure\nreduction correlated with absolute base-\nline cardiovascular risk in SPRINT and in
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line cardiovascular risk in SPRINT and in\nearlier clinical trials conducted at higherbaseline blood pressure levels (40,41). Ex-trapolation of these studies suggests that\npeople with diabetes may also be more\nlikely to benefi t from intensive blood pres-\nsure control when they have high absolutecardiovascular risk.T...
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tent with guidelines from the American\nCollege of Cardiology and American HeartAssociation, which also advocate a bloodpressure target of <130/80 mmHg for all\npeople, with or without diabetes (18).\nPotential adverse effects of antihy-
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Potential adverse effects of antihy-\npertensive therapy (e.g., hypotension,syncope, falls, AKI, and electrolyte abnor-malities) should also be taken into account\n(32,34,42,43). Individuals with older age,
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(32,34,42,43). Individuals with older age,\nC K D ,a n df r a i l t yh a v eb e e ns h o w nt ob ea thigher risk of adverse effects of intensiveblood pressure control (42). In addition, indi-\nviduals with orthostatic hypotension, sub-
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viduals with orthostatic hypotension, sub-\nstantial comorbidity, functional limitations,S182 Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management Diabetes Care Volume 47, Supplement 1, January 2024\n©AmericanDiabetesAssociation
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or polypharmacy may be at high risk of ad-
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verse effects, and some individuals mayprefer higher blood pressure targets to en-hance quality of life. However, ACCORD BPdemonstrated that intensive blood pres-sure lowering decreased the risk of cardio-vascular events irrespective of baselinediastolic blood pressure in individuals whoalso received standard glycemic ...
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whoalso received standard glycemic control(44).Therefore, the presence of low diastolic
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blood pressure is not necessarily a contrain-dication to more intensive blood pressuremanagement in the context of otherwisestandard care.\nPregnancy and Antihypertensive Medications\nThere are few randomized controlled trialsof antihypertensive therapy in pregnantindividuals with diabetes. A 2018 Cochrane
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systematic review of antihypertensive ther-apy for mild to moderate chronic hyper-tension included 63 trials and over 5,909w o m e na n ds u g g e s t e dt h a ta n t i h y p e r t e n -sive therapy probably reduces the risk ofdeveloping severe hypertension but maynot affect the risk of fetal or neonataldeath, small-fo...
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the risk of fetal or neonataldeath, small-for-gestational-age babies, orTable 10.1 —Randomized controlled trials of intensive versus standard hypertension treatment strategies
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Clinical trial Population Intensive Standard Outcomes\nACCORD BP (34) 4,733 participants with\nT2D aged 40 –79\nyears with prior\nevidence of CVD or\nmultiplecardiovascular risk\nfactorsSBP target:\n<120 mmHg\nAchieved (mean)\nSBP/DBP:\n119.3/64.4 mmHgSBP target:\n130–140 mmHg\nAchieved (mean)\nSBP/DBP:135/70.5 mmHg/C1...
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SBP/DBP:135/70.5 mmHg/C15No bene fit in primary end point:\ncomposite of nonfatal MI, nonfatalstroke, and CVD death\n/C15Stroke risk reduced 41% with\nintensive control, not sustainedthrough follow-up beyond the\nperiod of active treatment\n/C15Adverse events more common in\nintensive group, particularly\nelevated serum...
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intensive group, particularly\nelevated serum creatinine and\nelectrolyte abnormalities\nADVANCE (35) 11,140 participants\nwith T2D aged\n$55 years with\nprior evidence of\nCVD or multiple\ncardiovascular riskfactorsIntervention: a single-\npill,fixed-dose\ncombination ofperindopril and\nindapamide\nAchieved (mean)\nSBP...
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combination ofperindopril and\nindapamide\nAchieved (mean)\nSBP/DBP:\n136/73 mmHgControl: placeboAchieved (mean)\nSBP/DBP:141.6/75.2 mmHg/C15Intervention reduced risk of primarycomposite end point of majormacrovascular and microvascularevents (9%), death from any cause\n(14%), and death from CVD (18%)\n/C156-year obser...
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(14%), and death from CVD (18%)\n/C156-year observational follow-up\nfound reduction in risk of death inintervention group attenuated but\nstill signi ficant (310)\nHOT (36) 18,790 participants,\nincluding 1,501 withdiabetesDBP target:\n#80 mmHg\nAchieved (mean):\n81.1 mmHg, #80\ngroup; 85.2 mmHg,#90 groupDBP target:
[ 0.029200764372944832, 0.02480517327785492, -0.060758717358112335, 0.015582793392241001, 0.031249839812517166, 0.01596815511584282, -0.0009008072083815932, 0.1438417285680771, -0.016595883294939995, 0.028127819299697876, 0.028163190931081772, -0.02733922377228737, -0.02334638684988022, -0.0...
Achieved (mean):\n81.1 mmHg, #80\ngroup; 85.2 mmHg,#90 groupDBP target:\n#90 mmHg/C15In the overall trial, there was no\ncardiovascular bene fit with more\nintensive targets\n/C15In the subpopulation with diabetes,\nan intensive DBP target was\nassociated with a signi ficantly\nreduced risk (51%) of CVD events\nSPRINT (4...
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reduced risk (51%) of CVD events\nSPRINT (42) 9,361 participants\nwithout diabetesSBP target:\n<120 mmHg\nAchieved (mean):\n121.4 mmHgSBP target:\n<140 mmHg\nAchieved (mean):\n136.2 mmHg/C15Intensive SBP target lowered risk of\nthe primary composite outcome\n25% (MI, ACS, stroke, heart failure,\nand death due to CVD)\n...
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and death due to CVD)\n/C15Intensive target reduced risk of\ndeath 27%\n/C15Intensive therapy increased risks of\nelectrolyte abnormalities and AKI\nSTEP (33) 8,511 participants aged\n60–80 years,\nincluding 1,627 withdiabetesSBP target:\n<130 mmHg\nAchieved (mean):\n127.5 mmHgSBP target:\n<150 mmHg\nAchieved (mean):
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Achieved (mean):\n127.5 mmHgSBP target:\n<150 mmHg\nAchieved (mean):\n135.3 mmHg/C15Intensive SBP target lowered risk of\nthe primary composite outcome\n26% (stroke, ACS [acute MI andhospitalization for unstable angina],\nacute decompensated heart failure,\ncoronary revascularization, atrialfibrillation, or death from\n...
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cardiovascular causes)\n/C15Intensive target reduced risk of\ncardiovascular death 28%\n/C15Intensive therapy increased risks ofhypotension
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/C15Intensive therapy increased risks ofhypotension\nACCORD BP, Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Blood Pressure trial; ACS, acute coronary syndrome; ADVANCE, Action in Diabe-tes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron MR Controlled Evaluation; AKI, acute kidney injury; CVD, cardiovascular disease;...
[ -0.05783990025520325, 0.03515007346868515, 0.0021662977524101734, 0.03782295063138008, 0.013821473345160484, 0.04547812417149544, 0.011367278173565865, 0.12293224036693573, 0.008229331113398075, -0.026577845215797424, -0.0925578698515892, 0.012554147280752659, -0.03647785261273384, -0.0016...
stolic blood pressure; HOT, Hypertension Optimal Treatment trial; MI, myocardial infarction; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SPRINT, Systolic
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Blood Pressure Intervention Trial; STEP, Strategy of Blood Pressure Intervention in the Elderly Hypertensive Patients; T2D, type 2 diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/care Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management S183\n©AmericanDiabetesAssociation
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preterm birth (45). The Control of Hyper-\nt e n s i o ni nP r e g n a n c yS t u d y( C H I P S )( 4 6 )enrolled mostly women with chronic hyper-tension. In CHIPS, targeting a diastolic bloodpressure of 85 mmHg during pregnancy was\nassociated with reduced likelihood of devel-
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associated with reduced likelihood of devel-\noping accelerated maternal hypertensionand no demonstrable adverse outcome forinfants compared with targeting a higher di-\nastolic blood pressure. The mean systolic
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astolic blood pressure. The mean systolic\nb l o o dp r e s s u r ea c h i e v e di nt h em o r ei n t e n -sively treated group was 133.1 ± 0.5 mmHg,and the mean diastolic blood pressure\nachieved in that group was 85.3 ±\n0.3 mmHg. A similar approach is supportedby the International Society for the Study ofHypertensi...
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cally recommends use of antihypertensive\ntherapy to maintain systolic blood pres-\nsure between 110 and 140 mmHg and dia-stolic blood pressure between 80 and85 mmHg (47).\nThe more recent Chronic Hypertension
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The more recent Chronic Hypertension\nand Pregnancy (CHAP) trial assignedpregnant individuals with mild chronichypertension to antihypertensive medi-cations to target a blood pressure goal\nof<140/90 mmHg (active treatment group)\nor to control treatment, in which antihyper-
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or to control treatment, in which antihyper-\ntensive therapy was withheld unless severehypertension (systolic pressure $160 mmHg\nor diastolic pressure $105 mmHg) devel-\noped (control group) (48). The primaryoutcome, a composite of preeclampsia withsevere features, medically indicated pretermbirth at <35 weeks of ges...
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abruption, or fetal/neonatal death, occurredin 30.2% of female participants in the activetreatment group versus 37.0% in the controlgroup ( P<0.001). The mean systolic blood\npressure between randomization and deliv-ery was 129.5 mmHg in the active treat-ment group and 132.6 mmHg in the controlgroup.\nCurrent evidence ...
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Current evidence supports controlling\nblood pressure to 110 –135/85 mmHg to\nreduce the risk of accelerated maternal hy-pertension but also to minimize impair-ment of fetal growth. During pregnancy,\ntreatment with ACE inhibitors, angiotensin
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treatment with ACE inhibitors, angiotensin\nreceptor blockers (ARBs), direct renin in-hibitors, and spironolactone are contrain-dicated, as they may cause fetal damage.Special consideration should be taken for\nindividuals of childbearing potential, and
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individuals of childbearing potential, and\npeople intending to become pregnantshould switch from an ACE inhibitor/ARB or spironolactone to an alternative an-\ntihypertensive medication approved during\npregnancy. Antihypertensive drugs knownto be effective and safe in pregnancy in-
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clude methyldopa, labetalol, and long-acting nifedipine, while hydralazine may beconsidered in the acute management ofhypertension in pregnancy or severe pre-eclampsia (49). Diuretics are not recom-mended for blood pressure control inpregnancy but may be used during late-stage pregnancy if needed for volume con-
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trol (49,50). The American College of\nObstetricians and Gynecologists also rec-ommends that postpartum individualswith gestational hypertension, preeclamp-sia, and superimposed preeclampsia havetheir blood pressures observed for 72 h inthe hospital and 7 –10 days postpartum.\nLong-term follow-up is recommendedfor thes...
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creased lifetime cardiovascular risk\n(51). See Section 15, “Management of\nDiabetes in Pregnancy, ”for additional\ninformation.\nTreatment Strategies\nLifestyle Intervention\nRecommendation\n10.6 For people with blood pressure\n>120/80 mmHg, lifestyle interven-\ntion consists of weight loss when
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>120/80 mmHg, lifestyle interven-\ntion consists of weight loss when\nindicated, a Dietary Approaches toStop Hypertension (DASH) –style eat-\ning pattern including reducing sodiumand increasing potassium intake, mod-eration of alcohol intake, smoking ces-sation, and increased physical activity. A\nLifestyle management ...
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Lifestyle management is an important\ncomponent of hypertension treatment be-
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cause it lowers blood pressure, enhancesthe effectiveness of some antihypertensivemedications, promotes other aspects ofmetabolic and vascular health, and gener-ally leads to few adverse effects. Lifestyletherapy consists of reducing excess bodyweight through caloric restriction (see Sec-tion 8, “Obesity and Weight Man...
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