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as per doctor’s advice.\nŸAdd a variety of food items in your daily diet by which daily requirement \nof all the nutrients can be met.\nŸGreen leafy vegetables, legumes and nuts are good sources of folic acid.LUNCH (830 Kcal) EVENING\n(135 Kcal)\nRice (100g) or\nPhulka (100g);\nPulses (30g); or meat\nVegetable curry w... | [
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Pulses (30g); or meat\nVegetable curry with\nroots 1 ¼ cup; Oil 15g\nGLV curry (75g), \n2 ; Curd 00ml\nFruits 100g 8am BREAKFAST\n(425 Kcal)EARLY \nMORNING\n(110 Kcal)\nWhole grains 60g;\nVegetable 75g;\nPulses 20g;\nNuts 20g;\nOil-5g\nDINNER (485 Kcal)\nNote: | [
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Pulses 20g;\nNuts 20g;\nOil-5g\nDINNER (485 Kcal)\nNote: \nŸAn additional 350 Kcal has been added for normal weight gain during pregnancy. | Quantities indicated are for raw ingredients. | Added sugar must be restricted to less than 5% of daily energy. | [
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ŸFood insecure pregnant women should access ICDS take-home food rations and their weight gain should be monitored. | A portion of dal can be substituted with fish/ chicken/ meat/ egg. Nuts (almond, \nwalnut, peanut \n& other nuts) \nand oilseeds \n(Sesame etc.) (20g);\nMilk 50ml\nTotal calorie: ~2020 Kcal\... | [
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Milk 50ml\nTotal calorie: ~2020 Kcal\nCrude protein: 72g\nRice or \nPhulka (60g);\nRed gram or \nchana (25g)(½ cup);\nGLV curry (75g) (½ cup);\nVegetable curry with \nroots 1 ¼ cup; Oil 10g\nFruit 50g \nRefer: Annexure I & II for household measures6am\n1pm 8pm\n 4pm\nICMR-National Institute of Nutrition Dietary Guideli... | [
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18What additional care is required during pregnancy and \nlactation?\nDietary care: It is advised to consume plenty of fluids (over 2 \nlitres per day). This amount of fluid includes water and other \nbeverages. Excess intake of beverages containing caffeine like \ncoffee and tea adversely affect fetal growth and hence... | [
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coffee and tea adversely affect fetal growth and hence should \nbe minimized. The expectant mother should choose foods rich in fibre (around 25g/1000 Kcal) like whole grain cereals, pulses \nand vegetables. Intake of these fibre containing foods and \nenough fluids prevents constipation. \nFood safety: The most import... | [
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Food safety: The most important food safety problem is \nmicrobial food-borne illness. Avoiding contaminated foods is \nan important protective measure against food-borne illness. \nExtra care needs to be exercised to avoid food-borne illness by \nfollowing food safety practices.\nHealth care: In addition to satisfyi... | [
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Health care: In addition to satisfying dietary requirements, a \npregnant woman should undergo a minimum of four antenatal \ncheckups (ANC) for monitoring weight gain, blood pressure, \ntesting for haemoglobin levels for prevention and treatment of \nanemia and immunization with tetanus toxoid. She requires | [
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anemia and immunization with tetanus toxoid. She requires \nenough physical exercise with adequate day time rest of \n2–3hrs. Pregnant and lactating women should not indiscrimi-\nnately take any drugs without medical advice, as some of these \ncould be harmful to the fetus/baby. Smoking, chewing tobacco | [
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could be harmful to the fetus/baby. Smoking, chewing tobacco \nand consumption of alcohol should be avoided. There is no \nneed to avoid consumption \nof any specific foods that \nmay be based on wrong \nfood beliefs and taboos. \nICMR-National Institute of Nutrition Dietary Guidelines for IndiansTable 2.1. Recommended... | [
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amounts (g/day) to meet dietary requirements \nof normal and undernourished pregnant women \n(Parentheses indicate energy)\nFood groups Undernourished \n[g/day (Kcal) ] \nCereals and millets 260 (876)\nPulses and legumes 90 (290)\nNuts & oil seeds 40 (206)\nVegetables 200 (70)\nRoots & tubers 100 (58)\nGreen leafy vege... | [
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Green leafy vegetables 150 (67)\nFruits 150 (80)\nEgg 50 (74)\nMilk 400 (288)\nFats & edible oils 20 (180)\nEnergy requirement ~ 2120\nPregnant and lactating women \nshould not indiscriminately take \nany drugs without medical advice, \nas some of these could be harmful \nto the fetus/ baby. | [
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19EAT FOLATE-RICH FOODS\n• Folic acid is essential for the synthesis of hemoglobin \nand prevention of anemia.\n• During pregnancy, additional folic acid is required.\n• Folic acid supplements in early period of pregnancy in \nthe first 28 days is essential.\n• Green leafy vegetables, legumes, nuts and liver are | [
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• Green leafy vegetables, legumes, nuts and liver are \ngood sources of folate. EAT IRON-RICH FOODS\n• Iron is essential for the synthesis of hemoglobin and \nprevention of anemia.\n• Iron is also needed for brain development of fetus. \n• Iron deficiency during pregnancy increases maternal \nmortality and may decrease... | [
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mortality and may decrease birth weight of infants.\n• In children, deficiency of iron increases susceptibility \nto infections and impairs learning ability.\n• Iron bio-availability is poor from plant foods but is \ngood from flesh foods such as meat, fish and poultry \nproducts. Plant food items such as green leafy | [
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products. Plant food items such as green leafy \nvegetables, pulses and dry fruits contain iron.\n• Consumption of rich sources of vitamin C fruits like \nguava, pineapple and citrus fruits (lemon, orange) \nimprove iron absorption from plant foods,\n• Beverages (like tea) bind dietary iron and make it | [
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• Beverages (like tea) bind dietary iron and make it \nunavailable. Tea should be avoided before, during or \nsoon after a meal or while taking IFA supplements.\n• Iron, folic acid supplementation comprising 60mg \nelemental iron, 0.5mg folic acid is recommended \nthfrom the 12 week of pregnancy onwards up to the first... | [
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six months of lactation.\nICMR-National Institute of Nutrition Dietary Guidelines for Indians\nLCn-3PUFA RICH FOODS\nFlax seeds\nTuna fishMackerel fish\nSalmon fish\nChia seeds | [
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20\nPOINTS TO REGISTER\n• Follow healthy dietary habits and active lifestyle before conceiving, during \npregnancy and lactation (Guideline 1).\n• For health and wellbeing of a pregnant woman and her offspring, ensure \nthe woman has appropriate BMI and normal hemoglobin levels. | [
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the woman has appropriate BMI and normal hemoglobin levels. \n• A woman must be at least 21 years of age at the time of her first pregnancy. \n• Include a variety of pulses, nuts, fish as well as milk and eggs as part of the \ndaily diet to ensure adequate intake of protein, minerals, vitamins, | [
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daily diet to ensure adequate intake of protein, minerals, vitamins, \nessential fatty acids and essential amino acids (protein).\n• High sugar, high fat, high salt (HFSS) foods should be avoided.\n• Do not use alcohol and tobacco in any form. Take medicines only when \nprescribed by a doctor. | [
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prescribed by a doctor.\n• The recommended dosage of iron-folic acid and calcium supplements \nthmust be taken after the 12 week of pregnancy and should be continued \nduring lactation. Daily recommended dosage of iron for prevention of \nanemia is one IFA tablet.\n• Folic acid supplement (500µg or 0.5mg) is advised d... | [
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• Folic acid supplement (500µg or 0.5mg) is advised during the first \ntrimester (first 12 weeks of pregnancy). | [
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21• Breast milk is the most natural and complete food for \nnormal growth and healthy development of infants.\n• Breast milk should be given within an hour of birth and no \nother feeds should be given. \n• The first breast milk-Colostrum is secreted soon after birth \nand continues for 3–4 days and is rich in nutrient... | [
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anti-infective factors.\n• Breastfeeding reduces risk of infections and is associated \nwith better cognitive development of children and provides \nlong-term health benefits (prevention of obesity and \ndiabetes).\n• Breastfeeding establishes mother-infant contact and \npromotes mother-child bonding. | [
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promotes mother-child bonding.\n• Breastfeeding helps in retraction of the uterus and \nminimizes blood loss after delivery.\n• Breastfeeding prolongs birth interval due to delayed return \nof menstruation.\n• Risk of breast cancer is lower in mothers who breastfeed \ntheir children.When to start breastfeeding and how ... | [
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their children.When to start breastfeeding and how long to continue?\n As soon as the baby is born, skin contact and \nbreastfeeding must be established at the earliest (within one \nhour of birth). Such an early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) \nfacilitates milk production and also helps in mother-infant | [
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facilitates milk production and also helps in mother-infant \nbonding. Also, putting the baby to breast immediately after \nbirth helps uterus to contract firmly and reduces blood loss \nafter delivery. Colostrum is the first milk secreted during the \nfirst 3–4 days after birth; and should be fed to the newborn | [
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first 3–4 days after birth; and should be fed to the newborn \nimmediately after birth. Colostrum should not be discarded. \n Avoid feeding honey, glucose, water, or dilute milk \nformula before initiation of breastfeeding and anytime during \nthe first 6 months. The newborn should be encouraged to | [
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the first 6 months. The newborn should be encouraged to \nsuckle at mother's breast which helps in increasing milk \nsecretion. Emotional \nQuotient of the \nbreastfed infants is \nbetter than the non-\nbreastfed infants. \n Ensure\x01exclusive\x01breastfeeding\x01\nfor\x01the\x01first\x01six\x01months\x01and\x01conti... | [
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breastfeeding\x01till\x01two\x01years\x01and\x01beyondGUIDELINE\x013\n\x01\x01RATIONALE\nExclusive\x01breastfeeding\x01for\x01the\x01first\x01six\x01months\x01ensures\x01\nnutritional\x01adequacy\x01for\x01infant\x01growth\x01and\x01development\x01\nand\x01also\x01the\x01health\x01of\x01the\x01mother.\nAs soon as the b... | [
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established at the earliest (within \none hour of birth). Early Initiation of \nBreast Feeding (EIBF).\nICMR-National Institute of Nutrition Dietary Guidelines for Indians | [
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22 Infant should \nbe exclusively \nbreastfed (EBF) for \nthe first 6 months and \nexclusively breastfed \ninfants do not need \nwater. Feeding water reduces the breast milk intake and \nincreases the risk of diarrhea and is to be totally avoided. Water \nis not required, even if the \nclimate is hot. An enabling \nenv... | [
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climate is hot. An enabling \nenvironment should be \ncreated for the mother, \nboth at home (by family \nmembers) and elsewhere \nfor promotion of optimal \nbreastfeeding. Breastfeeding \nshould be continued at least for two years.\nWhat ensures an adequate supply of breast milk?\n On-demand feeding and frequent suckl... | [
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On-demand feeding and frequent suckling ensure \noptimal breast milk production. Adequate growth of the baby \nindicates that there is adequate supply of breast milk. It is \nnecessary that a woman is emotionally prepared during the \npregnancy period for breastfeeding and is encouraged to eat a | [
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pregnancy period for breastfeeding and is encouraged to eat a \nwell-balanced diet. Anxiety and emotional disturbances must \nbe avoided, and adequate rest should be ensured. Milk \nproduction of the mother is also influenced by appropriate \nfeeding skills of the mother with respect to holding or | [
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feeding skills of the mother with respect to holding or \npositioning of the infant in her lap and latching the infant's \nmouth to the mothers' nipple. \n Frequent suckling by the baby and complete emptying of \none breast prior to offering the second one is important for \nfeeding nutrient concentrate and higher fat ... | [
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feeding nutrient concentrate and higher fat content of hind \nmilk as well as for sustaining adequate breast milk output. This \nwill also facilitate optimum consumption by the young infant. It \nis necessary to prepare the mother's breast, particularly the \nnipples, for effective breastfeeding. Expressed milk can be ... | [
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nipples, for effective breastfeeding. Expressed milk can be fed \nto a young infant within a few minutes at room temperature. A working mother can \nexpress her breast milk \nhygienically and store it \nsafely under refrigerated \noconditions (2–4 C) for upto \n8 hours.\nWhat are the common myths and problems? | [
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8 hours.\nWhat are the common myths and problems? \n Mothers usually feel breast milk is watery and less in \nquantity. A newborn's capacity to drink milk is limited as the \nstomach size is small. Hence, inadequate secretion of breast \nmilk is only a misconception and mothers should not \ndiscontinue breastfeeding. ... | [
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discontinue breastfeeding. Also, on-demand-feeding and \nfrequent suckling will ensure optimal breast milk production. \nComplete emptying of one breast is important prior to offering \nthe second breast in order to sustain adequate milk production.\n It is often misconstrued that breast milk should be | [
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It is often misconstrued that breast milk should be \ndiscontinued when it appears stained with blood. However, \nbreastfeeding should not be discontinued as the bloody stain \nwill disappear gradually. In case pain is experienced while \nbreastfeeding or blood \nstaining persists consult \nhealthcare personnel / \ndoc... | [
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healthcare personnel / \ndoctor for treatment or \nadvice. Breastfeeding \nshould be continued \nduring treatment and after.\nWhat are the advantages of breast milk? \n Breast milk contains all essential nutrients needed for an \ninfant and protects from infections. Breast milk is natural and \nmore easily digested and... | [
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more easily digested and absorbed compared to formula milk \nprepared from other sources. Colostrum, which is the milk \nsecreted during the first 3–4 days after birth, is rich in proteins, \nminerals, vitamins especially vitamin A and antibodies. In \naddition, breast milk adequately hydrates the baby, has a | [
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addition, breast milk adequately hydrates the baby, has a \nlaxative effect and prevents constipation. Breastfeeding helps \nin birth spacing by delaying further pregnancies. Emotional Avoid feeding honey, glucose, \nwater, or dilute milk formula before \ninitiation of breastfeeding and \nanytime during the first 6 mon... | [
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anytime during the first 6 months.\nGiving water in addition to \nbreastfeed in the first 6 \nmonths of EBF is not required, \neven if the climate is hot.Frequent suckling by the baby \nand complete emptying of \none breast prior to offering \nthe second one is important.\nInadequate secretion of breast \nmilk is only ... | [
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Inadequate secretion of breast \nmilk is only a misconception and \nmothers should not discontinue \nbreastfeeding.\nICMR-National Institute of Nutrition Dietary Guidelines for Indians | [
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23bond between mother and infant is positively influenced by \nbreastfeeding. Evidence suggests that human milk confers \nlong-term benefits such as lower risk of certain auto immune \ndiseases, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and related \ndisorders and probably some cancers. Therefore, 'breast milk is | [
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disorders and probably some cancers. Therefore, 'breast milk is \nthe best milk' for the newborn and growing infant. Breastfeeding \nis associated with better cognitive and brain development in \ninfants.\n In addition to providing nutrients, breast milk has \nseveral special components such as growth factors, enzymes, | [
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several special components such as growth factors, enzymes, \nhormones, and anti-infective factors. The amount of milk \nsecreted increases gradually in the first few days after delivery, \nreaching the peak during the second month and it is maintained \nuntil about six months. An average Indian woman secretes | [
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until about six months. An average Indian woman secretes \nabout 750ml of milk per day during the first six months and \n600ml of milk per day subsequently up to one year. \nHow does breast milk protect against infections?\n Diseases and death among breastfed infants are much \nlower than those among non-breastfed infa... | [
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lower than those among non-breastfed infants. Exclusive \nbreastfeeding protects against diarrhea and upper respiratory \ntract infections. The gut flora and the low pH of breast milk (pH \n6.36–7.36) inhibit the growth of pathogens. The prebiotic \nbifidus factor in breast milk promotes the natural gut flora. | [
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bifidus factor in breast milk promotes the natural gut flora. \nBreast milk has immunoglobulins (IgA), lactoferrin, \ncomplement factors and lactoperoxidase, which protect the \ninfant from several infections. Antibodies to E-coli and some \nviruses are found in breast milk, which protect the gut mucosa. | [
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viruses are found in breast milk, which protect the gut mucosa. \nBreastfeeding also protects infants from vulnerability to \nallergic reactions.\nWhat are the effects of maternal undernutrition on breast \nmilk?\n• The nutritional composition of breast milk is usually \nmaintained well within the normal limits, even i... | [
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moderate undernutrition.\n• However, if a mother is severely undernourished, quality \nand composition of breast milk as well as quantity may be \naffected.• Undernourished mothers should be given additional \nallowance of foods that are rich in nutrients, good quality \nproteins and essential fats (Table 3.1). | [
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proteins and essential fats (Table 3.1). \n• Provision of nutrition supplements should be initiated at \nthe earliest to fulfill her requirements as well as the baby's \nnutritional needs.\nAre medicines and addictive substances secreted in breast \nmilk?\n Many medicines (like antibiotics, painkillers and | [
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milk?\n Many medicines (like antibiotics, painkillers and \nhormones) and addictive substances (caffeine, alcohol and \npsychotropic drugs) are secreted into breast milk and could \nprove harmful to breastfed infants. Hence, caution should be \nexercised by lactating mothers and appropriate medical | [
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exercised by lactating mothers and appropriate medical \nguidance should be taken for the above referred medicines or \naddictive substances.\nShould HIV positive women breastfeed their babies?\n HIV may be transmitted from mothers to infants \nthrough breast milk. HIV positive mothers should be made | [
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through breast milk. HIV positive mothers should be made \naware of the risk of transmission of HIV through breast milk and \nits consequences. Based on the principle of informed choice, \nHIV infected women should be counseled about the risk of HIV \ntransmission through breast milk and the risks and benefits of | [
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transmission through breast milk and the risks and benefits of \neach of the feeding methods, with specific guidance in \nselecting the option that is considered to be most likely to be \nsuitable in a specific situation. However, HIV positive mothers \nliving in resource-poor settings may not have access to safe, | [
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living in resource-poor settings may not have access to safe, \nhygienic and affordable replacement feeding options. In such \nsituations, considering the important role of breast milk in child \ngrowth and development, every effort should be made to \npromote exclusive breastfeeding for up to four months | [
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promote exclusive breastfeeding for up to four months \nfollowed by weaning and complete stoppage of breastfeeding \nat six months in order to restrict transmission through \nbreastfeeding. In any case, mixed feeding ie., breastfeeding \nalong with other feeds should be strictly discouraged as it | [
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along with other feeds should be strictly discouraged as it \nincreases the risk of HIV transmission. This is in agreement with \nNational AIDS Control Organization (NACO) guidelines.\nICMR-National Institute of Nutrition Dietary Guidelines for Indians | [
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24Should COVID-19 positive women breastfeed their babies?\n At present, data to conclude vertical transmission of \nCOVID-19 through breastfeeding is not sufficient. In infants, \nthe risk of COVID-19 infection is low, the infection is typically \nmild or asymptomatic, while the consequences of not | [
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mild or asymptomatic, while the consequences of not \nbreastfeeding and separation between mother and child can \nbe significant. The benefits of breastfeeding and nurturing \nmother-infant interaction to prevent infection and promote | [
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mother-infant interaction to prevent infection and promote \nhealth and development are especially important when health and other community services are themselves disrupted or \nlimited. WHO recommends that mothers with suspected or \nconfirmed COVID-19 should be encouraged to initiate or \ncontinue to breastfeed.\nW... | [
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continue to breastfeed.\nWHO recommends that mothers with \nsuspected or confirmed COVID-19 \nshould be encouraged to initiate or \ncontinue to breastfeed.\nRISK OF NOT FEEDING BREAST MILK\nFor infants: Not being breastfed is associated with an increased incidence of \ninfections, higher risks of childhood obesity, typ... | [
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leukemia. In some cases, it can also lead to sudden infant death syndrome. \nFor mothers : Breastfeeding reduces risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer, \nobesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases such \nas stroke and heart attacks.\nICMR-National Institute of Nutrition Dietary Guidelin... | [
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25\nPOINTS TO REGISTER\n• Early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) i.e. within an hour of birth is \ncrucial.\n• Colostrum i.e. milk secreted in the first 3–4 days, is rich in nutrients and \nshould not be discarded. \n• Infants should be exclusively breastfed (EBF) for the first six months. \nDo not give any other fee... | [
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Do not give any other feed, not even water.\n• Infant should be breastfed frequently and on demand, to establish and \nmaintain adequate breast milk supply.\n• Breastfeeding should be continued in addition to nutrient-rich \ncomplementary foods (weaning foods), preferably up to two years. | [
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complementary foods (weaning foods), preferably up to two years.\n• Lactating mothers with any disease should continue breastfeeding \nunless medically advised.\n• The family should actively support breastfeeding.\n• Ensure that the mother is counseled on how to hold a baby while \nbreastfeeding. Additionally, mothers ... | [
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breastfeeding. Additionally, mothers must be informed regarding the \nappropriate method of latching the baby to breast.\n• Ensure nutritionally adequate diet is consumed both during pregnancy \nand lactation.\n• During pregnancy and lactation period, medicines can be taken only on \nphysician's advice. | [
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physician's advice.\n• A lactating mother should avoid addictive substances like tobacco \n(smoking and chewing), alcohol and psychotropic drugs. | [
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26·Breast milk alone is not adequate for the infant to sustain \noptimal growth beyond six months of age.\n·Timely introduction of complementary foods with \nappropriate quality and adequate quantity will ensure \noptimal growth.\n·Feeding of adequate and appropriate complementary \nfoods along with breastfeeding is es... | [
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foods along with breastfeeding is essential for meeting \nincreased nutrient requirements of growing infants soon \nafter completion of six months of age.\n·Breastfeeding is recommended to be continued along with \ncomplementary foods for at least up to two years. \n·During complementary feeding, hygienic practices sho... | [
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·During complementary feeding, hygienic practices should \nbe followed while preparing food and feeding in order to \nprevent diarrhea and infections.\n·Limit use of salt in complementary food preparations.\n·Avoid feeding foods and beverages with added sugar.\n Breast milk is the best and complete food for an infant. | [
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Breast milk is the best and complete food for an infant. \nHowever, often, children are solely breastfed even beyond six \nmonths in the belief that breast milk alone is adequate for a \nchild until the baby is able to pick up food and eat. Such a belief leads to poor complementary feeding practice that causes | [
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undernutrition among young children, since breast milk alone is \nnot enough to fulfill the increase in nutrition requirements for \noptimal growth and development from six months onwards. \nTherefore, complementary foods prepared appropriately \nshould be fed soon after six months. Feeding practices | [
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should be fed soon after six months. Feeding practices \ncomprising selection of foods, quantity to be fed, consistency \nof feed and frequency of feeding are crucial. \nWhat is complementary feeding?\n Breast milk (mother's milk) alone or exclusive \nbreastfeeding is not adequate for the growth and development | [
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breastfeeding is not adequate for the growth and development \nof a baby when the baby turns six months. Hence, breast milk \nshould be complemented with feeding semisolid foods to \nbreastfed infants from 6 to 12 months. \nWhy feed complementary foods and when?\n During the first six months of life, mother's milk alon... | [
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During the first six months of life, mother's milk alone or \nexclusive breastfeeding is adequate for the growth and \ndevelopment of a baby. Requirements of all nutrients per kg of \nbody weight are higher for infants as they are in a rapid growth \nphase. Moreover, the volume as well as nutrient concentrations | [
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phase. Moreover, the volume as well as nutrient concentrations \nof breast milk gets reduced from six months onwards. Hence, to Start\x01feeding\x01homemade\x01semi-solid\x01\ncomplementary\x01foods\x01to\x01the\x01infant\x01\nsoon\x01after\x01six\x01months\x01of\x01ageGUIDELINE\x014\n\x01\x01RATIONALE\nHome-made\x01pr... | [
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safe\x01and\x01healthy\x01for\x01a\x01growing\x01baby.\x01\nICMR-National Institute of Nutrition Dietary Guidelines for Indians | [
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27meet the higher nutrient requirements of infants from six \nmonths onwards and promote optimal growth in infants, \nbreast milk feeding needs to be complemented with feeding of \nother foods. Such food items are known as complementary \nfoods. \nWhat should be included in complementary foods?\n The total energy and p... | [
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The total energy and protein requirements for an infant \nfrom 6 to 12 months range is from 650 to 720 Kcal/day, and \n9–10.5g/day respectively. But, on an average, after six months, \nbreast milk provides about 500 Kcal and 5g protein per day, \nwhich is inadequate for optimal growth of infants after six | [
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which is inadequate for optimal growth of infants after six \nmonths of age. Hence, introduction of complementary foods \nfor six months old infants is crucial to prevent growth faltering. \nIn addition, micronutrient needs of infants are higher, about \nfive to ten times higher than adult requirements on body | [
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five to ten times higher than adult requirements on body \nweight basis. This is a very big challenge; hence, foods that are \nfed to infants need to be micronutrient-dense and should have \ngood quality protein.\n Along with cereals, nutrient dense foods such as oil seeds, \nnuts, milk, vegetables and fruits must be i... | [
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nuts, milk, vegetables and fruits must be included. Flesh foods \nand eggs or pulses such as lentils, chickpea, kidney beans, \ncowpea, black gram can be good source of proteins. Fresh fruit \njuices or fresh fruit purees can be given but fruit juices and \nsugar-sweetened beverages should be avoided. Sugar or salt | [
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sugar-sweetened beverages should be avoided. Sugar or salt \nneed not be added to complementary foods.\n Infants can be introduced to thoroughly cooked whole \neggs, fish and meat in small quantities from eight months \nonwards. If these foods are not acceptable, adequate amounts \nof pulses should be added to meet the... | [
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of pulses should be added to meet the nutrient requirements. \nInfants should also be introduced to different types of green \nleafy vegetables (GLVs), non-leafy vegetables and fruits that \nare sources of vitamins and minerals. However, be \nremembered that these should be thoroughly cooked and | [
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remembered that these should be thoroughly cooked and \nmashed before feeding. A child should not be fed a diet that is \nof liquid consistency (flows in a plate or thali) but is semisolid \n(spreads in a plate or thali). At about one year of age, a child | [
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(spreads in a plate or thali). At about one year of age, a child \nshould be introduced to the family diet. However, a child's diet should be nutritionally dense. Additional nutritious foods \nincluding milk, fruits, small amounts of nuts, oil seeds, oil/ghee \nare recommended to be added to enhance nutrient density of... | [
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the family diet. \n Adequate care should be taken when feeding a child \nduring and after diarrhoea or any infection to prevent \nmalnutrition.\nHow to introduce complementary foods to infants?\n While introducing complementary foods at six months, \nstart with thin but not watery porridge (viz, dal gruel) for 4–5 | [
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start with thin but not watery porridge (viz, dal gruel) for 4–5 \ndays and gradually increase its thickness to slurry consistency \n(well mashed/pureed foods). Include new foods (viz, rice slurry, \nmashed potato, steamed and pureed apple etc.), one at a time, \nand continue feeding it regularly for 4–5 consecutive da... | [
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and continue feeding it regularly for 4–5 consecutive days to \nestablish acceptance by the child. This will not only help the \nchild to get acclimatized to the food introduced but will also \ninform if there is any associated food intolerance or allergy. If a \nchild does not accept a specific food item, reintroduce ... | [
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child does not accept a specific food item, reintroduce after a \nfew days. If a child shows an intolerance to a specific food item \nand the intolerance persists, seek medical advice for \nappropriate diagnosis and treatment. Once ensured and \nsatisfied that an infant is accepting different foods and textures, | [
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satisfied that an infant is accepting different foods and textures, \nappropriate and suitable food mixes can be fed regularly. \nGradually, as a child grows, increase consistency of the feed \nfrom semi-solid to solid foods along with improving quantity, \nvariety, and frequency of feeding. | [
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-0.11167987436056137,
0.021857913583517075,
0.051868077367544174,
-0.026488281786441803,
-0.032019294798374176,
-0.004... |
variety, and frequency of feeding.\nMinimum acceptable diet and dietary diversity for infants and \nchildren in India: A child is considered to have the minimum \nacceptable diet when, along with continuation of breastfeed, \nthe child is fed adequate food items in terms of both quality and \nfrequency of feeding. A ch... | [
0.03254151716828346,
-0.0150365075096488,
-0.05006972700357437,
0.0690893828868866,
-0.03326265141367912,
0.047315437346696854,
-0.005805527325719595,
0.009372605010867119,
-0.09190011769533157,
-0.009651198983192444,
0.06032714247703552,
-0.08472149074077606,
-0.03248831257224083,
0.03659... |
frequency of feeding. A child may be considered to have \nminimum dietary diversity (MDD) when the complementary \nfoods include at least the following five foods everyday. \n1) cereals / millets; 2) pulses / egg / meat; 3) nuts and oilseeds; \n4) breast milk / milk and milk products; 5) vegetables... | [
0.008323132060468197,
0.0015314616030082107,
0.008542334660887718,
0.0047140540555119514,
0.003969061188399792,
0.048259176313877106,
0.013797938823699951,
-0.038626231253147125,
-0.058014728128910065,
-0.014645827934145927,
0.10140310227870941,
-0.045379314571619034,
-0.05494188517332077,
... |
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