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kidneys and the majority of those currently in use are extracorporeal, such as with hemodialysis, which filters blood directly, or peritoneal dialysis, which filters via a fluid in the abdomen. in order to contribute to the biological functions of a kidney such as producing metabolic factors or hormones, some ... | C) nephrons |
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training. after that time, the engineer in training can decide whether or not to take a state licensing test to make them a professional engineer. the licensing process varies state - by - state, but generally they require the engineer - in - training to possess four years of verifiable work experience in thei... | B) one |
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higher concentrations of atmospheric nitrous oxide ( n2o ) are expected to slightly warm earth ' s surface because of increases in radiative forcing. radiative forcing is the difference in the net upward thermal radiation flux from the earth through a transparent atmosphere and radiation through an otherwise i... | B) warm tropical |
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other strands of proteins. = = = metabolism = = = all cells require energy to sustain cellular processes. metabolism is the set of chemical reactions in an organism. the three main purposes of metabolism are : the conversion of food to energy to run cellular processes ; the conversion of food / fuel to monomer... | A) chemical reactions |
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the surface of the membrane, retentate is removed from the same side further downstream, whereas the permeate flow is tracked on the other side. in dead - end filtration, the direction of the fluid flow is normal to the membrane surface. both flow geometries offer some advantages and disadvantages. generally, ... | C) triad |
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into major divisions, starting with four eons ( hadean, archean, proterozoic, and phanerozoic ), the first three of which are collectively known as the precambrian, which lasted approximately 4 billion years. each eon can be divided into eras, with the phanerozoic eon that began 539 million years ago being sub... | B) urodela |
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tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues. tissue engineering often involves the use of cells pl... | C) cartilage |
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a legal document in many jurisdictions. follow - ups may be shorter but follow the same general procedure, and specialists follow a similar process. the diagnosis and treatment may take only a few minutes or a few weeks, depending on the complexity of the issue. the components of the medical interview and enco... | D) headache |
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is also higher at high temperature, as shown by carnot ' s theorem. in a conventional metallic engine, much of the energy released from the fuel must be dissipated as waste heat in order to prevent a meltdown of the metallic parts. despite all of these desirable properties, such engines are not in production b... | C) 745 |
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is opened and the dna is purified. the gene is separated by using restriction enzymes to cut the dna into fragments or polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) to amplify up the gene segment. these segments can then be extracted through gel electrophoresis. if the chosen gene or the donor organism ' s genome has been... | A) glucose monomers |
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##morphology studies the origin of landscapes. structural geology studies the deformation of rocks to produce mountains and lowlands. resource geology studies how energy resources can be obtained from minerals. environmental geology studies how pollution and contaminants affect soil and rock. mineralogy is the... | C) plate boundaries |
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is collected and processed to extract valuable metals. ore bodies often contain more than one valuable metal. tailings of a previous process may be used as a feed in another process to extract a secondary product from the original ore. additionally, a concentrate may contain more than one valuable metal. that ... | C) magnet |
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the most abundant molecule in every organism. water is important to life because it is an effective solvent, capable of dissolving solutes such as sodium and chloride ions or other small molecules to form an aqueous solution. once dissolved in water, these solutes are more likely to come in contact with one an... | D) solution |
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##tronics, the science of using mechanical devices with human muscular, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems to assist or enhance motor control lost by trauma, disease, or defect. prostheses are typically used to replace parts lost by injury ( traumatic ) or missing from birth ( congenital ) or to supplement d... | B) extrinsic innervation |
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aquatic and most of the aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms are collectively described as algae, which is a term of convenience as not all algae are closely related. algae comprise several distinct clades such as glaucophytes, which are microscopic freshwater algae that may have resembled in form to th... | C) protists |
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superdielectric behavior was observed in pastes made of high surface area alumina filled to the level of incipient wetness with water containing dissolved sodium chloride ( table salt ). in some cases the dielectric constants were greater than 10 ^ 10.
ammonium hydrosulphide has long since been postulated to e... | B) solution |
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generated by large populations of neurons in the cortex by placing a series of electrodes on the scalp of the subject. this technique has an extremely high temporal resolution, but a relatively poor spatial resolution. functional magnetic resonance imaging. fmri measures the relative amount of oxygenated blood... | A) corpus callosum |
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. most cells are very small, with diameters ranging from 1 to 100 micrometers and are therefore only visible under a light or electron microscope. there are generally two types of cells : eukaryotic cells, which contain a nucleus, and prokaryotic cells, which do not. prokaryotes are single - celled organisms s... | A) compartmentalization of functions |
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. microbial mats of coexisting bacteria and archaea were the dominant form of life in the early archean eon and many of the major steps in early evolution are thought to have taken place in this environment. the earliest evidence of eukaryotes dates from 1. 85 billion years ago, and while they may have been pr... | C) multicellular |
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cell or tissue growth in vitro. a physiological environment can consist of many different parameters such as temperature, pressure, oxygen or carbon dioxide concentration, or osmolality of fluid environment, and it can extend to all kinds of biological, chemical or mechanical stimuli. therefore, there are syst... | A) edema |
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equalizing the flow at these places, produces a lowering of the river above the rapids by facilitating the efflux, which may result in the appearance of fresh shoals at the low stage of the river. where, however, narrow rocky reefs or other hard shoals stretch across the bottom of a river and present obstacles... | C) metabolic wastes |
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cobalt nanowires with a diameter in the range between 50 to 100nm can be prepared as single - crystal wires with the easy axis ( the c - axis ) perpendicular to the wire axis. the competition between the crystal anisotropy and demagnetization energy frustrates the magnetization direction. a periodic modulation... | A) electromagnetism |
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navigable capabilities of rivers. in tropical countries subject to periodical rains, the rivers are in flood during the rainy season and have hardly any flow during the rest of the year, while in temperate regions, where the rainfall is more evenly distributed throughout the year, evaporation causes the availa... | D) a wetland |
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##yotic microorganisms. typically a few micrometers in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on earth, and are present in most of its habitats. bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, a... | B) by their shape |
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education, science, in fact the whole society, extensively use images. between us and the world are the visual displays. screens, small and large, individual or not, are everywhere. images are increasingly the 2d substrate of our virtual interaction with reality. however images will never support a complete re... | D) external |
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##tronics, the science of using mechanical devices with human muscular, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems to assist or enhance motor control lost by trauma, disease, or defect. prostheses are typically used to replace parts lost by injury ( traumatic ) or missing from birth ( congenital ) or to supplement d... | A) blood clots |
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= = when 0 is said to be neither positive nor negative, the following phrases may refer to the sign of a number : a number is positive if it is greater than zero. a number is negative if it is less than zero. a number is non - negative if it is greater than or equal to zero. a number is non - positive if it is... | A) acceleration |
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the structural components of cells. as a by - product of photosynthesis, plants release oxygen into the atmosphere, a gas that is required by nearly all living things to carry out cellular respiration. in addition, they are influential in the global carbon and water cycles and plant roots bind and stabilise so... | A) energy |
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the cross section of elastic electron - proton scattering taking place in an electron gas is calculated within the closed time path method. it is found to be the sum of two terms, one being the expression in the vacuum except that it involves dressing due to the electron gas. the other term is due to the scatt... | C) pharynx |
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##yotic microorganisms. typically a few micrometers in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on earth, and are present in most of its habitats. bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, a... | D) mold |
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angles. stealth aircraft such as the f - 117 use a different arrangement, tilting the tail surfaces to reduce corner reflections formed between them. a more radical method is to omit the tail, as in the b - 2 spirit. the b - 2 ' s clean, low - drag flying wing configuration gives it exceptional range and reduc... | D) adaptation |
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oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water to pass through while restricting the movement of larger molecules and charged particles such as ions. cell membranes also contain membrane proteins, including integral membrane proteins that go across the membrane serving as membrane transporters, and peripheral proteins that... | D) endocytosis and exocytosis |
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as a traditional tool of external assistance, crutches play an important role in society. they have a wide range of applications to help either the elderly and disabled to walk or to treat certain illnesses or for post - operative rehabilitation. but there are many different types of crutches, including should... | C) bones |
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ancient endosymbiotic relationship between an ancestral eukaryotic cell and a cyanobacterial resident. the algae are a polyphyletic group and are placed in various divisions, some more closely related to plants than others. there are many differences between them in features such as cell wall composition, bioc... | B) lungfishes |
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fluid dynamics video demonstrating the evolution of dynamic stall on a wind turbine blade.
a review of mhd dynamos and turbulence.
or fuselage, or in some cases where stealth is applied to an extant aircraft, install baffles in the air intakes, so that the compressor blades are not visible to radar. a stealthy... | D) maritime air |
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likely that protists share a common ancestor ( the last eukaryotic common ancestor ), protists by themselves do not constitute a separate clade as some protists may be more closely related to plants, fungi, or animals than they are to other protists. like groupings such as algae, invertebrates, or protozoans, ... | A) moist |
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oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water to pass through while restricting the movement of larger molecules and charged particles such as ions. cell membranes also contain membrane proteins, including integral membrane proteins that go across the membrane serving as membrane transporters, and peripheral proteins that... | C) transport proteins |
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, there are many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. in addition to biomolecules, eukaryotic cells have specialized structures called organelles that have their own lipid bilayers or are spatially units. these organelles include the cell nucleus, which contains most of the cell ' s dna, or mitocho... | B) collagen |
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unitary recordings in freely - moving pulse weakly electric fish suggest spike timing encoding of electrosensory signals
##ediment to up - stream navigation, and there are generally variations in water level, and when the discharge becomes small in the dry season. it is impossible to maintain a sufficient dept... | A) coelacanths and lungfish |
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there are no limits for the speeds of light and particles in general relativity ( gr ). four examples illustrate this basic result, which is too often neglected.
the group velocity of light has been measured at eight different wavelengths between 385 nm and 532 nm in the mediterranean sea at a depth of about 2... | C) acceleration |
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reaction to proceed more rapidly without being consumed by it β by reducing the amount of activation energy needed to convert reactants into products. enzymes also allow the regulation of the rate of a metabolic reaction, for example in response to changes in the cell ' s environment or to signals from other c... | D) the lungs |
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set of chemical reactions with other substances. however, this definition only works well for substances that are composed of molecules, which is not true of many substances ( see below ). molecules are typically a set of atoms bound together by covalent bonds, such that the structure is electrically neutral a... | D) chemists |
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it was the best of times ; it was the worst of times is the way dickens begins the tale of two cities. the line is appropriate to our time in particle physics. it is the best of times because we are in the midst of a revolution in understanding, the third to occur during my career. it is the worst of times bec... | A) second |
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set of chemical reactions with other substances. however, this definition only works well for substances that are composed of molecules, which is not true of many substances ( see below ). molecules are typically a set of atoms bound together by covalent bonds, such that the structure is electrically neutral a... | B) destroyed |
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in this article i explain in detail a method for making small amounts of liquid oxygen in the classroom if there is no access to a cylinder of compressed oxygen gas. i also discuss two methods for identifying the fact that it is liquid oxygen as opposed to liquid nitrogen.
or solid as is the case with water ( ... | B) evaporation |
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the action potential is widely considered a purely electrical phenomenon. however, one also finds mechanical and thermal changes that can be observed experimentally. in particular, nerve membranes become thicker and axons contract. the spatial length of the action potential can be quite large, ranging from mil... | D) the spinal cord |
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protist cells ), there are two distinct types of cell division : mitosis and meiosis. mitosis is part of the cell cycle, in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. cell division gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the total number of chromosomes is maintained. in general,... | C) telophase |
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for natural scientists, with the creation of transgenic organisms one of the most important tools for analysis of gene function. genes and other genetic information from a wide range of organisms can be inserted into bacteria for storage and modification, creating genetically modified bacteria in the process. ... | C) poisons |
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it to divide into two daughter cells. these events include the duplication of its dna and some of its organelles, and the subsequent partitioning of its cytoplasm into two daughter cells in a process called cell division. in eukaryotes ( i. e., animal, plant, fungal, and protist cells ), there are two distinct... | B) differentiate |
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classifications ; however, some more exotic phases are incompatible with certain chemical properties. a phase is a set of states of a chemical system that have similar bulk structural properties, over a range of conditions, such as pressure or temperature. physical properties, such as density and refractive in... | B) chemical equations |
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have evolved from the earliest emergence of life to present day. earth formed about 4. 5 billion years ago and all life on earth, both living and extinct, descended from a last universal common ancestor that lived about 3. 5 billion years ago. geologists have developed a geologic time scale that divides the hi... | A) surface waves |
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". = = extraction = = extractive metallurgy is the practice of removing valuable metals from an ore and refining the extracted raw metals into a purer form. in order to convert a metal oxide or sulphide to a purer metal, the ore must be reduced physically, chemically, or electrolytically. extractive metallurgi... | C) malpighian tubules |
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##es. embryophytes are multicellular eukaryotes descended from an ancestor that obtained its energy from sunlight by photosynthesis. they have life cycles with alternating haploid and diploid phases. the sexual haploid phase of embryophytes, known as the gametophyte, nurtures the developing diploid embryo spor... | B) bacteria |
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or solid as is the case with water ( h2o ) ; a liquid at room temperature because its molecules are bound by hydrogen bonds. whereas hydrogen sulfide ( h2s ) is a gas at room temperature and standard pressure, as its molecules are bound by weaker dipole β dipole interactions. the transfer of energy from one ch... | B) refrigerant |
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is the scientific study of inheritance. mendelian inheritance, specifically, is the process by which genes and traits are passed on from parents to offspring. it has several principles. the first is that genetic characteristics, alleles, are discrete and have alternate forms ( e. g., purple vs. white or tall v... | B) linkage |
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the injuries of the inundations they have been designed to prevent, as the escape of floods from the raised river must occur sooner or later. inadequate planning controls which have permitted development on floodplains have been blamed for the flooding of domestic properties. channelization was done under the ... | B) skin |
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also known as the gradient or slope. when two rivers of different sizes have the same fall, the larger river has the quicker flow, as its retardation by friction against its bed and banks is less in proportion to its volume than is the case with the smaller river. the fall available in a section of a river app... | D) slump |
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the physio - chemical properties of nafion 115 and a composite nafion 115 / zirconium phosphate ( 25wt % ) membranes are compared. the composite membrane takes up more water than nafion at the same water activity. however, the proton conductivity of the composite membrane is slightly less than that for nafion ... | C) correlation |
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the broad definition of " utilizing a biotechnological system to make products ". indeed, the cultivation of plants may be viewed as the earliest biotechnological enterprise. agriculture has been theorized to have become the dominant way of producing food since the neolithic revolution. through early biotechno... | B) denitrification |
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likely that protists share a common ancestor ( the last eukaryotic common ancestor ), protists by themselves do not constitute a separate clade as some protists may be more closely related to plants, fungi, or animals than they are to other protists. like groupings such as algae, invertebrates, or protozoans, ... | C) photosynthesis |
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founded in 1976 and started the production of human proteins. genetically engineered human insulin was produced in 1978 and insulin - producing bacteria were commercialised in 1982. genetically modified food has been sold since 1994, with the release of the flavr savr tomato. the flavr savr was engineered to h... | D) pancreas |
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based on 1 / 10 and 1 / 100 weight percentages of the carbon and other alloying elements they contain. thus, the extracting and purifying methods used to extract iron in a blast furnace can affect the quality of steel that is produced. solid materials are generally grouped into three basic classifications : ce... | B) silvery white |
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. the first major technologies were tied to survival, hunting, and food preparation. stone tools and weapons, fire, and clothing were technological developments of major importance during this period. human ancestors have been using stone and other tools since long before the emergence of homo sapiens approxim... | D) hydrocarbons |
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energy they need to exist. plants, algae and cyanobacteria are the major groups of organisms that carry out photosynthesis, a process that uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars that can be used both as a source of chemical energy and of organic molecules that are used in t... | A) plants |
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blood vessels. mechanical stimuli, such as pressure pulses seem to be beneficial to all kind of cardiovascular tissue such as heart valves, blood vessels or pericardium. = = = bioreactors = = = in tissue engineering, a bioreactor is a device that attempts to simulate a physiological environment in order to pro... | B) depth and density |
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, but the other isolated chemical elements consist of either molecules or networks of atoms bonded to each other in some way. identifiable molecules compose familiar substances such as water, air, and many organic compounds like alcohol, sugar, gasoline, and the various pharmaceuticals. however, not all substa... | D) soil |
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; that is, more amenable to chemical reactions. the phase of a substance is invariably determined by its energy and the energy of its surroundings. when the intermolecular forces of a substance are such that the energy of the surroundings is not sufficient to overcome them, it occurs in a more ordered phase li... | B) diffusion |
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the valuable metals into individual constituents. = = metal and its alloys = = much effort has been placed on understanding iron β carbon alloy system, which includes steels and cast irons. plain carbon steels ( those that contain essentially only carbon as an alloying element ) are used in low - cost, high - ... | A) solids |
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or removed from the dna during programmed stages of development of the plant, and are responsible, for example, for the differences between anthers, petals and normal leaves, despite the fact that they all have the same underlying genetic code. epigenetic changes may be temporary or may remain through successi... | C) specialized cells |
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the greek letter Ο ( pi ) ). some more complicated examples : the real part and the absolute value of a complex number are invariant under complex conjugation. the tricolorability of knots. the degree of a polynomial is invariant under a linear change of variables. the dimension and homology groups of a topolo... | C) the menstrual cycle |
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ancient endosymbiotic relationship between an ancestral eukaryotic cell and a cyanobacterial resident. the algae are a polyphyletic group and are placed in various divisions, some more closely related to plants than others. there are many differences between them in features such as cell wall composition, bioc... | D) fungi |
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the valuable metals into individual constituents. = = metal and its alloys = = much effort has been placed on understanding iron β carbon alloy system, which includes steels and cast irons. plain carbon steels ( those that contain essentially only carbon as an alloying element ) are used in low - cost, high - ... | B) calcium |
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blood vessels. mechanical stimuli, such as pressure pulses seem to be beneficial to all kind of cardiovascular tissue such as heart valves, blood vessels or pericardium. = = = bioreactors = = = in tissue engineering, a bioreactor is a device that attempts to simulate a physiological environment in order to pro... | B) gills |
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or lipids ( elaioplasts ). uniquely, streptophyte cells and those of the green algal order trentepohliales divide by construction of a phragmoplast as a template for building a cell plate late in cell division. the bodies of vascular plants including clubmosses, ferns and seed plants ( gymnosperms and angiospe... | A) coal |
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genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the modification and manipulation of an organism ' s genes using technology. it is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce ... | B) genetic engineering |
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affect static bodies dynamics, the study of how forces affect moving bodies. dynamics includes kinematics ( about movement, velocity, and acceleration ) and kinetics ( about forces and resulting accelerations ). mechanics of materials, the study of how different materials deform under various types of stress f... | B) an elastic collision |
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excavates, stramenopiles, plants, rhizarians, amoebozoans, fungi, and animals. five of these clades are collectively known as protists, which are mostly microscopic eukaryotic organisms that are not plants, fungi, or animals. while it is likely that protists share a common ancestor ( the last eukaryotic common... | C) placental mammals and marsupials |
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the gas giant planets in the solar system have a retinue of icy moons, and we expect giant exoplanets to have similar satellite systems. if a jupiter - like planet were to migrate toward its parent star the icy moons orbiting it would evaporate, creating atmospheres and possible habitable surface oceans. here,... | C) voyager 2 |
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invertebrates, or protozoans, the protist grouping is not a formal taxonomic group but is used for convenience. most protists are unicellular ; these are called microbial eukaryotes. plants are mainly multicellular organisms, predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom plantae, which would exclude f... | D) protists |
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, fungi ( mycology ) β including lichen - forming fungi ( lichenology ), non - chlorophyte algae ( phycology ), and viruses ( virology ). however, attention is still given to these groups by botanists, and fungi ( including lichens ) and photosynthetic protists are usually covered in introductory botany course... | B) lichens |
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the classical and the quantum motion of a massive body in the rotating tube is considered. photon is included. the spin motion described by the bargmann - michel - telegdi equation is considered in the rotation tube and rotating system.
as you read these words you are using a complex biological neural network.... | D) change of position |
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blood vessels. mechanical stimuli, such as pressure pulses seem to be beneficial to all kind of cardiovascular tissue such as heart valves, blood vessels or pericardium. = = = bioreactors = = = in tissue engineering, a bioreactor is a device that attempts to simulate a physiological environment in order to pro... | A) postganglionic neurons |
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##yotic microorganisms. typically a few micrometers in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on earth, and are present in most of its habitats. bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, a... | C) bacterial mutations |
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prostate cancer. three monoclonal antibodies ( t16, c26, and ae - 1 ), capable of recognizing membrane and cytoskeletal antigens expressed by epithelial cells to detect tumour cells, were used in the assay. bone marrow aspirates of 22 % of patients with localized prostate cancer ( stage b, 0 / 5 ; stage c, 2 /... | B) environmental |
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smallest genomes among flowering plants. arabidopsis was the first plant to have its genome sequenced, in 2000. the sequencing of some other relatively small genomes, of rice ( oryza sativa ) and brachypodium distachyon, has made them important model species for understanding the genetics, cellular and molecul... | D) aquatic green algae |
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the group velocity of light has been measured at eight different wavelengths between 385 nm and 532 nm in the mediterranean sea at a depth of about 2. 2 km with the antares optical beacon systems. a parametrisation of the dependence of the refractive index on wavelength based on the salinity, pressure and temp... | C) liter |
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wave, carrying an information signal, occupies a range of frequencies. the information in a radio signal is usually concentrated in narrow frequency bands called sidebands ( sb ) just above and below the carrier frequency. the width in hertz of the frequency range that the radio signal occupies, the highest fr... | C) mechanical |
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unitary recordings in freely - moving pulse weakly electric fish suggest spike timing encoding of electrosensory signals
, the oxygen atom has a slight negative charge and the two hydrogen atoms have a slight positive charge. this polar property of water allows it to attract other water molecules via hydrogen ... | A) scales |
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to explain molecular structure and composition. an ionic bond is formed when a metal loses one or more of its electrons, becoming a positively charged cation, and the electrons are then gained by the non - metal atom, becoming a negatively charged anion. the two oppositely charged ions attract one another, and... | C) covalent bond |
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##s ( sometimes called pressurized caissons ), which penetrate soft mud, are bottomless boxes sealed at the top and filled with compressed air to keep water and mud out at depth. an airlock allows access to the chamber. workers, called sandhogs in american english, move mud and rock debris ( called muck ) from... | C) expanding gas |
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an antibody is to be generated. usually this is done by a series of injections of the antigen in question, over the course of several weeks. these injections are typically followed by the use of in vivo electroporation, which significantly enhances the immune response. once splenocytes are isolated from the ma... | A) white blood cell |
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c. 4000 bc, associated with the maadi culture. this represents the earliest evidence for smelting in africa. the varna necropolis, bulgaria, is a burial site located in the western industrial zone of varna, approximately 4 km from the city centre, internationally considered one of the key archaeological sites ... | C) sediment |
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applications, where neither weight nor corrosion are a major concern. cast irons, including ductile iron, are also part of the iron - carbon system. iron - manganese - chromium alloys ( hadfield - type steels ) are also used in non - magnetic applications such as directional drilling. other engineering metals ... | C) magnet |
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aquatic and most of the aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms are collectively described as algae, which is a term of convenience as not all algae are closely related. algae comprise several distinct clades such as glaucophytes, which are microscopic freshwater algae that may have resembled in form to th... | C) symbiotic |
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charges in the nuclei and the negative charges oscillating about them. more than simple attraction and repulsion, the energies and distributions characterize the availability of an electron to bond to another atom. the chemical bond can be a covalent bond, an ionic bond, a hydrogen bond or just because of van ... | B) ionic bonds |
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to dye denim and the artist ' s pigments gamboge and rose madder. sugar, starch, cotton, linen, hemp, some types of rope, wood and particle boards, papyrus and paper, vegetable oils, wax, and natural rubber are examples of commercially important materials made from plant tissues or their secondary products. ch... | B) fossil fuels |
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elongation and the control of flowering. abscisic acid ( aba ) occurs in all land plants except liverworts, and is synthesised from carotenoids in the chloroplasts and other plastids. it inhibits cell division, promotes seed maturation, and dormancy, and promotes stomatal closure. it was so named because it wa... | C) ethylene |
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tubers in potato is one example. particularly in arctic or alpine habitats, where opportunities for fertilisation of flowers by animals are rare, plantlets or bulbs, may develop instead of flowers, replacing sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction and giving rise to clonal populations genetically identic... | C) chromosome |
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into seven out of approximately 20 human test subjects as part of a long - term experiment. cartilage : lab - grown cartilage, cultured in vitro on a scaffold, was successfully used as an autologous transplant to repair patients ' knees. scaffold - free cartilage : cartilage generated without the use of exogen... | C) end |
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by ancestry rather than superficial characteristics. while scientists do not always agree on how to classify organisms, molecular phylogenetics, which uses dna sequences as data, has driven many recent revisions along evolutionary lines and is likely to continue to do so. the dominant classification system is ... | A) carl linnaeus |
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