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to block. all three types of radiation occur naturally in certain elements. it has also become clear that the ultimate source of most terrestrial energy is nuclear, either through radiation from the sun caused by stellar thermonuclear reactions or by radioactive decay of uranium within the earth, the principal... | B) nuclear fission |
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all christian authors held that the earth was round. athenagoras, an eastern christian writing around the year 175 ad, said that the earth was spherical. methodius ( c. 290 ad ), an eastern christian writing against " the theory of the chaldeans and the egyptians " said : " let us first lay bare... the theory ... | C) projections |
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superdielectric behavior was observed in pastes made of high surface area alumina filled to the level of incipient wetness with water containing dissolved sodium chloride ( table salt ). in some cases the dielectric constants were greater than 10 ^ 10.
navigable capabilities of rivers. in tropical countries su... | A) soil |
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sight, hearing, touch, and sometimes smell ( e. g., in infection, uremia, diabetic ketoacidosis ). four actions are the basis of physical examination : inspection, palpation ( feel ), percussion ( tap to determine resonance characteristics ), and auscultation ( listen ), generally in that order, although auscu... | D) an observation |
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as subjects perceive the sensory world, different stimuli elicit a number of neural representations. here, a subjective distance between stimuli is defined, measuring the degree of similarity between the underlying representations. as an example, the subjective distance between different locations in space is ... | A) length and width |
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naturally take up foreign dna. this ability can be induced in other bacteria via stress ( e. g. thermal or electric shock ), which increases the cell membrane ' s permeability to dna ; up - taken dna can either integrate with the genome or exist as extrachromosomal dna. dna is generally inserted into animal ce... | D) genes |
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used to manufacture existing medicines relatively easily and cheaply. the first genetically engineered products were medicines designed to treat human diseases. to cite one example, in 1978 genentech developed synthetic humanized insulin by joining its gene with a plasmid vector inserted into the bacterium esc... | A) type 2 |
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sciences are the clinical diagnostic services that apply laboratory techniques to diagnosis and management of patients. in the united states, these services are supervised by a pathologist. the personnel that work in these medical laboratory departments are technically trained staff who do not hold medical deg... | D) immune |
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approximately corresponds to the slope of the country it traverses ; as rivers rise close to the highest part of their basins, generally in hilly regions, their fall is rapid near their source and gradually diminishes, with occasional irregularities, until, in traversing plains along the latter part of their c... | A) migration |
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background : african swine fever is among the most devastating viral diseases of pigs. despite nearly a century of research, there is still no safe and effective vaccine available. the current situation is that either vaccines are safe but not effective, or they are effective but not safe. findings : the asf v... | D) gardasil |
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, crystal structure, hazards associated with minerals, and the physical and chemical properties of minerals. petrology is the study of rocks, including the formation and composition of rocks. petrography is a branch of petrology that studies the typology and classification of rocks. = = earth ' s interior = = ... | C) larger |
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is collected and processed to extract valuable metals. ore bodies often contain more than one valuable metal. tailings of a previous process may be used as a feed in another process to extract a secondary product from the original ore. additionally, a concentrate may contain more than one valuable metal. that ... | D) carbon |
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river - beds ), but not for where there may be large obstructions in the ground. an open caisson that is used in soft grounds or high water tables, where open trench excavations are impractical, can also be used to install deep manholes, pump stations and reception / launch pits for microtunnelling, pipe jacki... | A) inclined plane |
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; kitasato shibasaburo ( japan ) ; jean - martin charcot, claude bernard, paul broca ( france ) ; adolfo lutz ( brazil ) ; nikolai korotkov ( russia ) ; sir william osler ( canada ) ; and harvey cushing ( united states ). as science and technology developed, medicine became more reliant upon medications. throu... | B) carboxylic acid |
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kingdom ; phylum ( or division ) ; class ; order ; family ; genus ( plural genera ) ; species. the scientific name of a plant represents its genus and its species within the genus, resulting in a single worldwide name for each organism. for example, the tiger lily is lilium columbianum. lilium is the genus, an... | B) nine |
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blood vessels. mechanical stimuli, such as pressure pulses seem to be beneficial to all kind of cardiovascular tissue such as heart valves, blood vessels or pericardium. = = = bioreactors = = = in tissue engineering, a bioreactor is a device that attempts to simulate a physiological environment in order to pro... | D) some invertebrates |
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has rest mass and volume ( it takes up space ) and is made up of particles. the particles that make up matter have rest mass as well β not all particles have rest mass, such as the photon. matter can be a pure chemical substance or a mixture of substances. = = = = atom = = = = the atom is the basic unit of che... | A) gas |
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river - beds ), but not for where there may be large obstructions in the ground. an open caisson that is used in soft grounds or high water tables, where open trench excavations are impractical, can also be used to install deep manholes, pump stations and reception / launch pits for microtunnelling, pipe jacki... | C) springs or geysers |
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blood vessels. mechanical stimuli, such as pressure pulses seem to be beneficial to all kind of cardiovascular tissue such as heart valves, blood vessels or pericardium. = = = bioreactors = = = in tissue engineering, a bioreactor is a device that attempts to simulate a physiological environment in order to pro... | A) sensory receptors |
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the transition of our energy system to renewable energies is necessary in order not to heat up the climate any further and to achieve climate neutrality. the use of wind energy plays an important role in this transition in germany. but how much wind energy can be used and what are the possible consequences for... | A) conservation |
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##rozoic eon that began 539 million years ago being subdivided into paleozoic, mesozoic, and cenozoic eras. these three eras together comprise eleven periods ( cambrian, ordovician, silurian, devonian, carboniferous, permian, triassic, jurassic, cretaceous, tertiary, and quaternary ). the similarities among al... | B) cenozoic |
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the following purposes : allowing cell attachment and migration, delivering and retaining cells and biochemical factors, enabling diffusion of vital cell nutrients and expressed products, and exerting certain mechanical and biological influences to modify the behaviour of the cell phase. in 2009, an interdisci... | A) energy |
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of these cellular components. the different stages of mitosis all together define the mitotic phase of an animal cell cycle β the division of the mother cell into two genetically identical daughter cells. the cell cycle is a vital process by which a single - celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organis... | C) ovarian and menstrual |
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. nuclear weapons are considered weapons of mass destruction, and their use and control has been a major aspect of international policy since their debut. the design of a nuclear weapon is more complicated than it might seem. such a weapon must hold one or more subcritical fissile masses stable for deployment,... | B) nuclear |
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. most cells are very small, with diameters ranging from 1 to 100 micrometers and are therefore only visible under a light or electron microscope. there are generally two types of cells : eukaryotic cells, which contain a nucleus, and prokaryotic cells, which do not. prokaryotes are single - celled organisms s... | D) sodium ions |
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##shaft was invented by al - jazari in 1206, and is central to modern machinery such as the steam engine, internal combustion engine and automatic controls. the camshaft was also first described by al - jazari in 1206. early programmable machines were also invented in the muslim world. the first music sequence... | A) crankshaft |
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it is shown that self avoiding walk on the seven regular infinite planar triangulation has linear expected displacement.
the national collegiate athletic association ( ncaa ) division i level ( football bowl subdivision ( fbs ) sub - level for football ), as the georgia tech yellow jackets, primarily competing... | B) silver chloride |
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assuming only statistical mechanics and general relativity, we calculate the maximal temperature of gas of particles placed in ads space - time. if two particles with a given center of mass energy come close enough, according to classical gravity they will form a black hole. we focus only on the black holes wi... | D) increases |
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which applies a forces that results in fracturing ), and impact ( which employs a milling medium or the particles themselves to cause fracturing ). attrition milling equipment includes the wet scrubber ( also called the planetary mill or wet attrition mill ), which has paddles in water creating vortexes in whi... | B) strength |
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, lightning strikes, tornadoes, building fires, wildfires, and mass shootings disabling most of the system if not the entirety of it. geographic redundancy locations can be more than 621 miles ( 999 km ) continental, more than 62 miles apart and less than 93 miles ( 150 km ) apart, less than 62 miles apart, bu... | D) gas particles and an object |
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. most cells are very small, with diameters ranging from 1 to 100 micrometers and are therefore only visible under a light or electron microscope. there are generally two types of cells : eukaryotic cells, which contain a nucleus, and prokaryotic cells, which do not. prokaryotes are single - celled organisms s... | C) genes |
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anticommutative engel algebras of the first five degeneration levels are classified. all algebras appearing in this classification are nilpotent malcev algebras.
##tronics, the science of using mechanical devices with human muscular, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems to assist or enhance motor control lost ... | B) reptiles |
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the hun tian theory ), or as being without substance while the heavenly bodies float freely ( the hsuan yeh theory ), the earth was at all times flat, although perhaps bulging up slightly. the model of an egg was often used by chinese astronomers such as zhang heng ( 78 β 139 ad ) to describe the heavens as sp... | A) they are amniotic |
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##ses, ferns and seed plants ( gymnosperms and angiosperms ) generally have aerial and subterranean subsystems. the shoots consist of stems bearing green photosynthesising leaves and reproductive structures. the underground vascularised roots bear root hairs at their tips and generally lack chlorophyll. non - ... | C) understory |
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##artificial liver device, " temporary liver ", extracorporeal liver assist device ( elad ) : the human hepatocyte cell line ( c3a line ) in a hollow fiber bioreactor can mimic the hepatic function of the liver for acute instances of liver failure. a fully capable elad would temporarily function as an individu... | C) glucose |
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the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. after cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle. in contrast to mitosis, meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells by undergoing one round of dna replication followed by two divisions. h... | C) meiosis |
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it is well known and well established by scientific observation that a free neutron radioactively decays into a proton plus an electron plus an anti - neutrino with a mean life time before decay of about 900 seconds. that established fact conflicts sharply with the hypothesis that the neutron is composed of tw... | B) three |
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high speed photometry of kuv 01584 - 0939 ( alias cet3 ) shows that is has a period of 620. 26 s. combined with its hydrogen - deficient spectrum, this implies that it is an am cvn star. the optical modulation is probably a superhump, in which case the orbital period will be slightly shorter than what we have ... | A) 11 |
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hazard. many of the scientists working on radioactivity died of cancer as a result of their exposure. radioactive patent medicines mostly disappeared, but other applications of radioactive materials persisted, such as the use of radium salts to produce glowing dials on meters. as the atom came to be better und... | C) radioactive decay |
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##tion, and pasteurization in order to become products that can be sold. there are three levels of food processing : primary, secondary, and tertiary. primary food processing involves turning agricultural products into other products that can be turned into food, secondary food processing is the making of food... | C) trans fat |
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has rest mass and volume ( it takes up space ) and is made up of particles. the particles that make up matter have rest mass as well β not all particles have rest mass, such as the photon. matter can be a pure chemical substance or a mixture of substances. = = = = atom = = = = the atom is the basic unit of che... | A) dark matter |
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covid - 19, also known as novel coronavirus disease, is a highly contagious disease that first surfaced in china in late 2019. sars - cov - 2 is a coronavirus that belongs to the vast family of coronaviruses that causes this disease. the sickness originally appeared in wuhan, china in december 2019 and quickly... | B) non-pathogen caused |
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prominent functional groups that can be found in organisms : amino group, carboxyl group, carbonyl group, hydroxyl group, phosphate group, and sulfhydryl group. in 1953, the miller β urey experiment showed that organic compounds could be synthesized abiotically within a closed system mimicking the conditions o... | A) acidophiles |
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is opened and the dna is purified. the gene is separated by using restriction enzymes to cut the dna into fragments or polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) to amplify up the gene segment. these segments can then be extracted through gel electrophoresis. if the chosen gene or the donor organism ' s genome has been... | C) taq polymerase |
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earth. it emphasizes the study of how humans use and interact with freshwater supplies. study of water ' s movement is closely related to geomorphology and other branches of earth science. applied hydrology involves engineering to maintain aquatic environments and distribute water supplies. subdisciplines of h... | B) remotely operated vehicles |
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variation in total solar irradiance is thought to have little effect on the earth ' s surface temperature because of the thermal time constant - - the characteristic response time of the earth ' s global surface temperature to changes in forcing. this time constant is large enough to smooth annual variations b... | D) direct rays |
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the higher microwave band 3 β 6 ghz, and millimeter wave band, around 28 and 39 ghz. since these frequencies have a shorter range than previous cellphone bands, the cells will be smaller than the cells in previous cellular networks which could be many miles across. millimeter - wave cells will only be a few bl... | B) energy |
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the film is developed and it shows any internal defects of the material. gauges - gauges use the exponential absorption law of gamma rays level indicators : source and detector are placed at opposite sides of a container, indicating the presence or absence of material in the horizontal radiation path. beta or ... | C) end point |
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in mosses and hornworts. the root system and the shoot system are interdependent β the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends on the shoot system for food, and the usually photosynthetic shoot system depends on water and minerals from the root system. cells in each system are capable of creating cells o... | A) water |
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analyzing their radiation spectra. the term chemical energy is often used to indicate the potential of a chemical substance to undergo a transformation through a chemical reaction or to transform other chemical substances. = = = reaction = = = when a chemical substance is transformed as a result of its interac... | C) endocrine system |
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. oxidation, reduction, dissociation, acid β base neutralization and molecular rearrangement are some examples of common chemical reactions. a chemical reaction can be symbolically depicted through a chemical equation. while in a non - nuclear chemical reaction the number and kind of atoms on both sides of the... | B) beginning |
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. the phase of matter is defined by the phase transition, which is when energy put into or taken out of the system goes into rearranging the structure of the system, instead of changing the bulk conditions. sometimes the distinction between phases can be continuous instead of having a discrete boundary ; in th... | A) remains constant |
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= = = = = = environmental remediation = = = environmental remediation is the process through which contaminants or pollutants in soil, water and other media are removed to improve environmental quality. the main focus is the reduction of hazardous substances within the environment. some of the areas involved i... | B) burning fossil fuels |
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is also higher at high temperature, as shown by carnot ' s theorem. in a conventional metallic engine, much of the energy released from the fuel must be dissipated as waste heat in order to prevent a meltdown of the metallic parts. despite all of these desirable properties, such engines are not in production b... | B) low specific heat |
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( division of the nucleus ) is preceded by the s stage of interphase ( during which the dna is replicated ) and is often followed by telophase and cytokinesis ; which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane of one cell into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components.... | C) four haploid megaspores |
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the action potential is widely considered a purely electrical phenomenon. however, one also finds mechanical and thermal changes that can be observed experimentally. in particular, nerve membranes become thicker and axons contract. the spatial length of the action potential can be quite large, ranging from mil... | C) activity level |
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all christian authors held that the earth was round. athenagoras, an eastern christian writing around the year 175 ad, said that the earth was spherical. methodius ( c. 290 ad ), an eastern christian writing against " the theory of the chaldeans and the egyptians " said : " let us first lay bare... the theory ... | D) tough cuticle |
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another and therefore take part in chemical reactions that sustain life. in terms of its molecular structure, water is a small polar molecule with a bent shape formed by the polar covalent bonds of two hydrogen ( h ) atoms to one oxygen ( o ) atom ( h2o ). because the o β h bonds are polar, the oxygen atom has... | C) hydrophilic |
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the most abundant molecule in every organism. water is important to life because it is an effective solvent, capable of dissolving solutes such as sodium and chloride ions or other small molecules to form an aqueous solution. once dissolved in water, these solutes are more likely to come in contact with one an... | C) water |
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listing of diseases in the family that may impact the patient. a family tree is sometimes used. history of present illness ( hpi ) : the chronological order of events of symptoms and further clarification of each symptom. distinguishable from history of previous illness, often called past medical history ( pmh... | D) a pathogen |
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young plant cells, and electroporation, which involves using an electric shock to make the cell membrane permeable to plasmid dna. as only a single cell is transformed with genetic material, the organism must be regenerated from that single cell. in plants this is accomplished through the use of tissue culture... | B) electrical |
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aquatic and most of the aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms are collectively described as algae, which is a term of convenience as not all algae are closely related. algae comprise several distinct clades such as glaucophytes, which are microscopic freshwater algae that may have resembled in form to th... | C) humans |
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yes and no. the size of the largest neighbourhood in a barabasi - albert scale - free entwork has string fluctuations of the order of the average value. the number of sites having exactly ten neighbours increases linearly in the network size while its relative fluctuations decrease towards zero if the number o... | D) store water |
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of substances dissolved in aqueous solution ( that is, in water ). less familiar phases include plasmas, bose β einstein condensates and fermionic condensates and the paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases of magnetic materials. while most familiar phases deal with three - dimensional systems, it is also possib... | D) osmolality |
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is collected and processed to extract valuable metals. ore bodies often contain more than one valuable metal. tailings of a previous process may be used as a feed in another process to extract a secondary product from the original ore. additionally, a concentrate may contain more than one valuable metal. that ... | C) ores |
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the carbon - based biosphere has generated a system ( humans ) capable of creating technology that will result in a comparable evolutionary transition. the digital information created by humans has reached a similar magnitude to biological information in the biosphere. since the 1980s, the quantity of digital ... | C) five |
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to a region of deoxyribonucleic acid ( dna ) that carries genetic information that controls form or function of an organism. dna is composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix. it is found as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes.... | C) nucleus |
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is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water. in most cases, oxygen is released as a waste product. most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis, which is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the eart... | C) photosynthesis |
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sequences. genetic engineering is also used to create animal models of human diseases. genetically modified mice are the most common genetically engineered animal model. they have been used to study and model cancer ( the oncomouse ), obesity, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, substance abuse, anxiety, aging... | C) genetic engineering |
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these are the preparatory notes for a science & music essay, " playing by numbers ", appeared in nature 453 ( 2008 ) 988 - 989.
. nuclear weapons are considered weapons of mass destruction, and their use and control has been a major aspect of international policy since their debut. the design of a nuclear weap... | A) the total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus |
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, crystal structure, hazards associated with minerals, and the physical and chemical properties of minerals. petrology is the study of rocks, including the formation and composition of rocks. petrography is a branch of petrology that studies the typology and classification of rocks. = = earth ' s interior = = ... | C) magma |
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stems mainly provide support to the leaves and reproductive structures, but can store water in succulent plants such as cacti, food as in potato tubers, or reproduce vegetatively as in the stolons of strawberry plants or in the process of layering. leaves gather sunlight and carry out photosynthesis. large, fl... | C) mitochondria |
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in steady state, the fuel cycle of a fusion plasma requires inward particle fluxes of fuel ions. these particle flows are also accompanied by heating. in the case of classical transport in a rotating cylindrical plasma, this heating can proceed through several distinct channels depending on the physical mechan... | C) food chain |
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pigment chlorophyll a. chlorophyll a ( as well as its plant and green algal - specific cousin chlorophyll b ) absorbs light in the blue - violet and orange / red parts of the spectrum while reflecting and transmitting the green light that we see as the characteristic colour of these organisms. the energy in th... | B) wavelengths |
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10 mpa ). it bombards the wafer with energetic ions of noble gases, often ar +, which knock atoms from the substrate by transferring momentum. because the etching is performed by ions, which approach the wafer approximately from one direction, this process is highly anisotropic. on the other hand, it tends to ... | B) efficiency |
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factor e β e / k t { \ displaystyle e ^ { - e / kt } } β that is the probability of a molecule to have energy greater than or equal to e at the given temperature t. this exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature is known as the arrhenius equation. the activation energy necessary for a chemical r... | A) wave amplitude |
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of ceramic parts in the requisite precision and durability is difficult. imperfection in the ceramic leads to cracks, which can lead to potentially dangerous equipment failure. such engines are possible in laboratory settings, but mass - production is not feasible with current technology. work is being done in... | D) sideways impact or bending |
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another and therefore take part in chemical reactions that sustain life. in terms of its molecular structure, water is a small polar molecule with a bent shape formed by the polar covalent bonds of two hydrogen ( h ) atoms to one oxygen ( o ) atom ( h2o ). because the o β h bonds are polar, the oxygen atom has... | B) hydrophilic |
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classified as an acid or a base. there are several different theories which explain acid β base behavior. the simplest is arrhenius theory, which states that an acid is a substance that produces hydronium ions when it is dissolved in water, and a base is one that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water... | B) hydroxide ions |
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the recent report on laser cooling of liquid may contradict the law of energy conservation.
is also higher at high temperature, as shown by carnot ' s theorem. in a conventional metallic engine, much of the energy released from the fuel must be dissipated as waste heat in order to prevent a meltdown of the met... | B) hair or fur |
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the cell ' s life. some epigenetic changes have been shown to be heritable, while others are reset in the germ cells. epigenetic changes in eukaryotic biology serve to regulate the process of cellular differentiation. during morphogenesis, totipotent stem cells become the various pluripotent cell lines of the ... | D) chromosomal mutation |
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in a voltaic cell, positive ( negative ) ions flow from the low ( high ) potential electrode to the high ( low ) potential electrode, driven by an ` electromotive force ' which points in opposite direction and overcomes the electric force. similarly in a superconductor charge flows in direction opposite to tha... | D) voltage |
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= = organic compounds are molecules that contain carbon bonded to another element such as hydrogen. with the exception of water, nearly all the molecules that make up each organism contain carbon. carbon can form covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, enabling it to form diverse, large, and complex molecu... | C) saturated hydrocarbons |
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the action potential is widely considered a purely electrical phenomenon. however, one also finds mechanical and thermal changes that can be observed experimentally. in particular, nerve membranes become thicker and axons contract. the spatial length of the action potential can be quite large, ranging from mil... | C) depolarization |
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remediation include ; soil contamination, hazardous waste, groundwater contamination, oil, gas and chemical spills. there are three most common types of environmental remediation. these include soil, water, and sediment remediation. soil remediation consists of removing contaminants in soil, as these pose grea... | D) water resources |
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quack medicine ( as had the discoveries of electricity and magnetism, earlier ), and a number of patent medicines and treatments involving radioactivity were put forward. gradually it was realized that the radiation produced by radioactive decay was ionizing radiation, and that even quantities too small to bur... | B) unstable |
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##ctonics, mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes are geological phenomena that can be explained in terms of physical and chemical processes in the earth ' s crust. beneath the earth ' s crust lies the mantle which is heated by the radioactive decay of heavy elements. the mantle is not quite solid and con... | C) convergent boundaries |
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consume organic material, breathe oxygen, are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development. over 1. 5 million living animal species have been described β of which around 1 million are insects β but it has been estimated there are over ... | A) cloaca |
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ranks varying from family to subgenus have terms for their study, including agrostology ( or graminology ) for the study of grasses, synantherology for the study of composites, and batology for the study of brambles. study can also be divided by guild rather than clade or grade. for example, dendrology is the ... | B) chordata |
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three major planets, venus, earth, and mercury formed out of the solar nebula. a fourth planetesimal, theia, also formed near earth where it collided in a giant impact, rebounding as the planet mars. during this impact earth lost $ { \ approx } 4 $ \ % of its crust and mantle that is now is found on mars and t... | C) hydrargyrum |
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and taken up by the brain. by observing which areas of the brain take up the radioactive isotope, we can see which areas of the brain are more active than other areas. pet has similar spatial resolution to fmri, but it has extremely poor temporal resolution. electroencephalography. eeg measures the electrical ... | D) spinal cord |
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behavioral responses to different stimuli, one can understand something about how those stimuli are processed. lewandowski & strohmetz ( 2009 ) reviewed a collection of innovative uses of behavioral measurement in psychology including behavioral traces, behavioral observations, and behavioral choice. behaviora... | C) innate |
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the connection between the quantum frequency of radiation by the transition of the electron from orbit n to orbit k and frequencies of circling of electron in these orbits for the atom of hydrogen is determined.
in isotope dating states : there are only three quite technical instances where a half - life chang... | C) negatively charged electrons |
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the most abundant molecule in every organism. water is important to life because it is an effective solvent, capable of dissolving solutes such as sodium and chloride ions or other small molecules to form an aqueous solution. once dissolved in water, these solutes are more likely to come in contact with one an... | D) solid, liquid, gas |
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eat them. plants and other photosynthetic organisms are at the base of most food chains because they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere, converting them into a form that can be used by animals. this is what ecologists call the first trophic level. the modern forms of the maj... | C) mechanical |
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have evolved from the earliest emergence of life to present day. earth formed about 4. 5 billion years ago and all life on earth, both living and extinct, descended from a last universal common ancestor that lived about 3. 5 billion years ago. geologists have developed a geologic time scale that divides the hi... | C) five |
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for natural scientists, with the creation of transgenic organisms one of the most important tools for analysis of gene function. genes and other genetic information from a wide range of organisms can be inserted into bacteria for storage and modification, creating genetically modified bacteria in the process. ... | D) phylogenetic tree |
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single carbon atom can form four single covalent bonds such as in methane, two double covalent bonds such as in carbon dioxide ( co2 ), or a triple covalent bond such as in carbon monoxide ( co ). moreover, carbon can form very long chains of interconnecting carbon β carbon bonds such as octane or ring - like ... | D) single |
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becomes quite gentle. accordingly, in large basins, rivers in most cases begin as torrents with a variable flow, and end as gently flowing rivers with a comparatively regular discharge. the irregular flow of rivers throughout their course forms one of the main difficulties in devising works for mitigating inun... | A) freeze |
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waste, and the deep biosphere of the earth ' s crust. bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. most bacteria have not been characterised, and only about 27 percent of the bacterial phyla have species that can be grown in the laboratory. archaea constitute the other d... | C) peptidoglycan |
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