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, depending on the type of receptor. for instance, neurotransmitters that bind with an inotropic receptor can alter the excitability of a target cell. other types of receptors include protein kinase receptors ( e. g., receptor for the hormone insulin ) and g protein - coupled receptors. activation of g protein... | C) electrical messages |
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##ulating the liquid below from the cold air above. water has the capacity to absorb energy, giving it a higher specific heat capacity than other solvents such as ethanol. thus, a large amount of energy is needed to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules to convert liquid water into water vapor. as a... | C) intermolecular forces |
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cross. the chromosome theory of inheritance, which states that genes are found on chromosomes, was supported by thomas morgans ' s experiments with fruit flies, which established the sex linkage between eye color and sex in these insects. = = = genes and dna = = = a gene is a unit of heredity that corresponds ... | D) chromosome 5 |
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according to brΓΈnsted β lowry acid β base theory, acids are substances that donate a positive hydrogen ion to another substance in a chemical reaction ; by extension, a base is the substance which receives that hydrogen ion. a third common theory is lewis acid β base theory, which is based on the formation of ... | C) dehydrating |
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the hun tian theory ), or as being without substance while the heavenly bodies float freely ( the hsuan yeh theory ), the earth was at all times flat, although perhaps bulging up slightly. the model of an egg was often used by chinese astronomers such as zhang heng ( 78 β 139 ad ) to describe the heavens as sp... | A) ovaries |
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high machining costs. there is a possibility for melt casting to be used for many of these approaches. potentially even more desirable is using melt - derived particles. in this method, quenching is done in a solid solution or in a fine eutectic structure, in which the particles are then processed by more typi... | B) carbon black |
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of several methods used by plants to promote outcrossing. in many land plants the male and female gametes are produced by separate individuals. these species are said to be dioecious when referring to vascular plant sporophytes and dioicous when referring to bryophyte gametophytes. charles darwin in his 1878 b... | D) mitosis |
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higher concentrations of atmospheric nitrous oxide ( n2o ) are expected to slightly warm earth ' s surface because of increases in radiative forcing. radiative forcing is the difference in the net upward thermal radiation flux from the earth through a transparent atmosphere and radiation through an otherwise i... | A) carbon |
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is also higher at high temperature, as shown by carnot ' s theorem. in a conventional metallic engine, much of the energy released from the fuel must be dissipated as waste heat in order to prevent a meltdown of the metallic parts. despite all of these desirable properties, such engines are not in production b... | B) specific heat capacity |
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cross. the chromosome theory of inheritance, which states that genes are found on chromosomes, was supported by thomas morgans ' s experiments with fruit flies, which established the sex linkage between eye color and sex in these insects. = = = genes and dna = = = a gene is a unit of heredity that corresponds ... | C) one |
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according to brΓΈnsted β lowry acid β base theory, acids are substances that donate a positive hydrogen ion to another substance in a chemical reaction ; by extension, a base is the substance which receives that hydrogen ion. a third common theory is lewis acid β base theory, which is based on the formation of ... | D) ph scale |
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polyatomic ions that do not split up during acid β base reactions are hydroxide ( ohβ ) and phosphate ( po43β ). plasma is composed of gaseous matter that has been completely ionized, usually through high temperature. = = = acidity and basicity = = = a substance can often be classified as an acid or a base. th... | B) water |
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is the scientific study of inheritance. mendelian inheritance, specifically, is the process by which genes and traits are passed on from parents to offspring. it has several principles. the first is that genetic characteristics, alleles, are discrete and have alternate forms ( e. g., purple vs. white or tall v... | A) chromosomes |
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there cannot exist a single parametrization that covers the whole surface. therefore, one often considers surfaces which are parametrized by several parametric equations, whose images cover the surface. this is formalized by the concept of manifold : in the context of manifolds, typically in topology and diffe... | D) craniosacral system |
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##artificial liver device, " temporary liver ", extracorporeal liver assist device ( elad ) : the human hepatocyte cell line ( c3a line ) in a hollow fiber bioreactor can mimic the hepatic function of the liver for acute instances of liver failure. a fully capable elad would temporarily function as an individu... | A) pancreas |
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three major planets, venus, earth, and mercury formed out of the solar nebula. a fourth planetesimal, theia, also formed near earth where it collided in a giant impact, rebounding as the planet mars. during this impact earth lost $ { \ approx } 4 $ \ % of its crust and mantle that is now is found on mars and t... | B) asteroids |
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##hography is quite small, large area patterns must be created by stitching together the small fields. ion track technology is a deep cutting tool with a resolution limit around 8 nm applicable to radiation resistant minerals, glasses and polymers. it is capable of generating holes in thin films without any de... | B) karyogram |
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the hun tian theory ), or as being without substance while the heavenly bodies float freely ( the hsuan yeh theory ), the earth was at all times flat, although perhaps bulging up slightly. the model of an egg was often used by chinese astronomers such as zhang heng ( 78 β 139 ad ) to describe the heavens as sp... | D) ovaries |
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in a voltaic cell, positive ( negative ) ions flow from the low ( high ) potential electrode to the high ( low ) potential electrode, driven by an ` electromotive force ' which points in opposite direction and overcomes the electric force. similarly in a superconductor charge flows in direction opposite to tha... | A) spontaneous redox |
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= = organic compounds are molecules that contain carbon bonded to another element such as hydrogen. with the exception of water, nearly all the molecules that make up each organism contain carbon. carbon can form covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, enabling it to form diverse, large, and complex molecu... | D) carbides |
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background : african swine fever is among the most devastating viral diseases of pigs. despite nearly a century of research, there is still no safe and effective vaccine available. the current situation is that either vaccines are safe but not effective, or they are effective but not safe. findings : the asf v... | C) they are incurable |
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to dye denim and the artist ' s pigments gamboge and rose madder. sugar, starch, cotton, linen, hemp, some types of rope, wood and particle boards, papyrus and paper, vegetable oils, wax, and natural rubber are examples of commercially important materials made from plant tissues or their secondary products. ch... | A) molten rock |
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as subjects perceive the sensory world, different stimuli elicit a number of neural representations. here, a subjective distance between stimuli is defined, measuring the degree of similarity between the underlying representations. as an example, the subjective distance between different locations in space is ... | C) speed |
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the extremely small probability of tunneling through an almost classical potential barrier may become not small under the action of the specially adapted non - stationary signal which selects the certain particle energy e _ r. for particle energies close to this value, the tunneling rate is not small during a ... | C) amplified, it becomes louder |
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aquatic and most of the aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms are collectively described as algae, which is a term of convenience as not all algae are closely related. algae comprise several distinct clades such as glaucophytes, which are microscopic freshwater algae that may have resembled in form to th... | C) carnivores |
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surface. ceramics such as alumina, boron carbide and silicon carbide have been used in bulletproof vests to repel small arms rifle fire. such plates are known commonly as ballistic plates. similar material is used to protect cockpits of some military aircraft, because of the low weight of the material. silicon... | A) covalent |
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the project consists to determine, mathematically, the trajectory that will take an artificial satellite to fight against the air resistance. during our work, we had to consider that our satellite will crash to the surface of our planet. we started our study by understanding the system of forces that are actin... | A) second |
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the walls of a victim ' s stomach. toxicology, a subfield of forensic chemistry, focuses on detecting and identifying drugs, poisons, and other toxic substances in biological samples. forensic toxicologists work on cases involving drug overdoses, poisoning, and substance abuse. their work is critical in determ... | B) antibodies |
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becomes quite gentle. accordingly, in large basins, rivers in most cases begin as torrents with a variable flow, and end as gently flowing rivers with a comparatively regular discharge. the irregular flow of rivers throughout their course forms one of the main difficulties in devising works for mitigating inun... | D) circannual |
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the union of space telescopes and interstellar spaceships guarantees that if extraterrestrial civilizations were common, someone would have come here long ago.
i give a brief history of astronomical observatories as an institution. this includes : 1 ) observatories in islam ; 2 ) china and india ; 3 ) early eu... | C) astronomer |
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three of what is called the six simple machines, from which all machines are based. these machines are the inclined plane, the wedge, and the lever, which allowed the ancient egyptians to move millions of limestone blocks which weighed approximately 3. 5 tons ( 7, 000 lbs. ) each into place to create structure... | C) endoskeleton |
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has rest mass and volume ( it takes up space ) and is made up of particles. the particles that make up matter have rest mass as well β not all particles have rest mass, such as the photon. matter can be a pure chemical substance or a mixture of substances. = = = = atom = = = = the atom is the basic unit of che... | A) quarks |
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and nucleotides. carbohydrates include monomers and polymers of sugars. lipids are the only class of macromolecules that are not made up of polymers. they include steroids, phospholipids, and fats, largely nonpolar and hydrophobic ( water - repelling ) substances. proteins are the most diverse of the macromole... | D) amino acids |
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##simal cube of material relative to a reference configuration. mechanical strains are caused by mechanical stress, see stress - strain curve. the relationship between stress and strain is generally linear and reversible up until the yield point and the deformation is elastic. elasticity in materials occurs wh... | C) fluid |
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this paper has been withdrawn by the authors until some changes are made.
computer fonts can be one of solutions supporting a protection of information against electromagnetic penetration. this solution is called - soft tempest -. however, not every font has features which counteract the process of electromagn... | B) aquatic |
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higher concentrations of atmospheric nitrous oxide ( n2o ) are expected to slightly warm earth ' s surface because of increases in radiative forcing. radiative forcing is the difference in the net upward thermal radiation flux from the earth through a transparent atmosphere and radiation through an otherwise i... | D) upwelling |
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aquatic and most of the aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms are collectively described as algae, which is a term of convenience as not all algae are closely related. algae comprise several distinct clades such as glaucophytes, which are microscopic freshwater algae that may have resembled in form to th... | B) mollusks |
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within a cell membrane that separates its cytoplasm from the extracellular space. a cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer, including cholesterols that sit between phospholipids to maintain their fluidity at various temperatures. cell membranes are semipermeable, allowing small molecules such as oxygen, car... | C) cell membrane |
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this paper has been withdrawn by the authors due to an unlikely results.
this paper has been withdrawn by the authors due to an error in section 7.
this article is withdrawn because of a mistake in the main result of the paper.
this is a thesis submitted for the degree of doctor philosophiae at s. i. s. s. a. ... | C) logistically |
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and were considered among the seven wonders of the ancient world. the six classic simple machines were known in the ancient near east. the wedge and the inclined plane ( ramp ) were known since prehistoric times. the wheel, along with the wheel and axle mechanism, was invented in mesopotamia ( modern iraq ) du... | A) the matrix |
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wave, carrying an information signal, occupies a range of frequencies. the information in a radio signal is usually concentrated in narrow frequency bands called sidebands ( sb ) just above and below the carrier frequency. the width in hertz of the frequency range that the radio signal occupies, the highest fr... | A) nuclei |
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this process may release or absorb energy. when the resulting nucleus is lighter than that of iron, energy is normally released ; when the nucleus is heavier than that of iron, energy is generally absorbed. this process of fusion occurs in stars, which derive their energy from hydrogen and helium. they form, t... | D) hadrons |
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the most abundant molecule in every organism. water is important to life because it is an effective solvent, capable of dissolving solutes such as sodium and chloride ions or other small molecules to form an aqueous solution. once dissolved in water, these solutes are more likely to come in contact with one an... | A) oxygen |
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is the electrostatic force of attraction between them. for example, sodium ( na ), a metal, loses one electron to become an na + cation while chlorine ( cl ), a non - metal, gains this electron to become clβ. the ions are held together due to electrostatic attraction, and that compound sodium chloride ( nacl )... | D) octet rule |
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high quality thread. the power loom was invented by edmund cartwright in 1787. in the mid - 1750s, the steam engine was applied to the water power - constrained iron, copper and lead industries for powering blast bellows. these industries were located near the mines, some of which were using steam engines for ... | B) heat it |
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sciences are the clinical diagnostic services that apply laboratory techniques to diagnosis and management of patients. in the united states, these services are supervised by a pathologist. the personnel that work in these medical laboratory departments are technically trained staff who do not hold medical deg... | D) fieldwork |
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liver glycogen. during recovery, when oxygen becomes available, nad + attaches to hydrogen from lactate to form atp. in yeast, the waste products are ethanol and carbon dioxide. this type of fermentation is known as alcoholic or ethanol fermentation. the atp generated in this process is made by substrate - lev... | B) carbon dioxide |
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pathogens in agriculture and natural ecosystems. ethnobotany is the study of the relationships between plants and people. when applied to the investigation of historical plant β people relationships ethnobotany may be referred to as archaeobotany or palaeoethnobotany. some of the earliest plant - people relati... | C) smallest known chameleon |
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the valuable metals into individual constituents. = = metal and its alloys = = much effort has been placed on understanding iron β carbon alloy system, which includes steels and cast irons. plain carbon steels ( those that contain essentially only carbon as an alloying element ) are used in low - cost, high - ... | A) electric conductors |
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kingdom ; phylum ( or division ) ; class ; order ; family ; genus ( plural genera ) ; species. the scientific name of a plant represents its genus and its species within the genus, resulting in a single worldwide name for each organism. for example, the tiger lily is lilium columbianum. lilium is the genus, an... | B) taxonomy |
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casting, foundry methods, blast furnace extraction, and electrolytic extraction are all part of the required knowledge of a materials engineer. often the presence, absence, or variation of minute quantities of secondary elements and compounds in a bulk material will greatly affect the final properties of the m... | A) elements |
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smallest genomes among flowering plants. arabidopsis was the first plant to have its genome sequenced, in 2000. the sequencing of some other relatively small genomes, of rice ( oryza sativa ) and brachypodium distachyon, has made them important model species for understanding the genetics, cellular and molecul... | B) zygote |
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the origin of the martian moons deimos and phobos is controversial. one hypothesis for their origin is that they are captured asteroids, but the mechanism requires an extremely dense martian atmosphere, and the mechanism by which an asteroid in solar orbit could shed sufficient orbital energy to be captured in... | A) jupiter |
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is the genus, and columbianum the specific epithet. the combination is the name of the species. when writing the scientific name of an organism, it is proper to capitalise the first letter in the genus and put all of the specific epithet in lowercase. additionally, the entire term is ordinarily italicised ( or... | D) marsupials |
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prehistory. the oldest gold treasure in the world, dating from 4, 600 bc to 4, 200 bc, was discovered at the site. the gold piece dating from 4, 500 bc, found in 2019 in durankulak, near varna is another important example. other signs of early metals are found from the third millennium bc in palmela, portugal,... | D) latin |
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navigable capabilities of rivers. in tropical countries subject to periodical rains, the rivers are in flood during the rainy season and have hardly any flow during the rest of the year, while in temperate regions, where the rainfall is more evenly distributed throughout the year, evaporation causes the availa... | B) blood volume |
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it seems natural to ask why the universe exists at all. modern physics suggests that the universe can exist all by itself as a self - contained system, without anything external to create or sustain it. but there might not be an absolute answer to why it exists. i argue that any attempt to account for the exis... | C) spores |
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be the more significant to modern soil theory than fallou ' s. previously, soil had been considered a product of chemical transformations of rocks, a dead substrate from which plants derive nutritious elements. soil and bedrock were in fact equated. dokuchaev considers the soil as a natural body having its own... | B) aquifer |
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energy they need to exist. plants, algae and cyanobacteria are the major groups of organisms that carry out photosynthesis, a process that uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars that can be used both as a source of chemical energy and of organic molecules that are used in t... | C) sunlight |
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other strands of proteins. = = = metabolism = = = all cells require energy to sustain cellular processes. metabolism is the set of chemical reactions in an organism. the three main purposes of metabolism are : the conversion of food to energy to run cellular processes ; the conversion of food / fuel to monomer... | A) energy |
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charges in the nuclei and the negative charges oscillating about them. more than simple attraction and repulsion, the energies and distributions characterize the availability of an electron to bond to another atom. the chemical bond can be a covalent bond, an ionic bond, a hydrogen bond or just because of van ... | C) ions |
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in one or more of these kinds of structures, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances involved. some energy is transferred between the surroundings and the reactants of the reaction in the form of heat or light ; thus the products of a reaction may have more or less e... | D) endothermic |
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delay of ripening, increase of juice yield, and improvement of re - hydration. irradiation is a more general term of deliberate exposure of materials to radiation to achieve a technical goal ( in this context ' ionizing radiation ' is implied ). as such it is also used on non - food items, such as medical hard... | C) sterilization |
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##iation is the process of exposing food to ionizing radiation in order to destroy microorganisms, bacteria, viruses, or insects that might be present in the food. the radiation sources used include radioisotope gamma ray sources, x - ray generators and electron accelerators. further applications include sprou... | C) bioterrorism |
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, dendrology is the study of woody plants. many divisions of biology have botanical subfields. these are commonly denoted by prefixing the word plant ( e. g. plant taxonomy, plant ecology, plant anatomy, plant morphology, plant systematics ), or prefixing or substituting the prefix phyto - ( e. g. phytochemist... | D) nitrogen cycle |
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diagnosis and management of hereditary disorders. neurology is concerned with diseases of the nervous system. in the uk, neurology is a subspecialty of general medicine. obstetrics and gynecology ( often abbreviated as ob / gyn ( american english ) or obs & gynae ( british english ) ) are concerned respectivel... | D) brain |
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= = = = = = environmental remediation = = = environmental remediation is the process through which contaminants or pollutants in soil, water and other media are removed to improve environmental quality. the main focus is the reduction of hazardous substances within the environment. some of the areas involved i... | D) water |
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lines are dimension lines and are used for dimensioning, projecting, extending, or leaders. a harder pencil should be used, such as a 2h pencil. type c lines are used for breaks when the whole object is not shown. these are freehand drawn and only for short breaks. 2h pencil type d lines are similar to type c,... | C) sarcomere |
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by ancestry rather than superficial characteristics. while scientists do not always agree on how to classify organisms, molecular phylogenetics, which uses dna sequences as data, has driven many recent revisions along evolutionary lines and is likely to continue to do so. the dominant classification system is ... | C) domain |
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the nervous system. these kinds of tests can be divided into recordings of : ( 1 ) spontaneous or continuously running electrical activity, or ( 2 ) stimulus evoked responses. subspecialties include electroencephalography, electromyography, evoked potential, nerve conduction study and polysomnography. sometime... | D) peripheral nervous system |
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, crystal structure, hazards associated with minerals, and the physical and chemical properties of minerals. petrology is the study of rocks, including the formation and composition of rocks. petrography is a branch of petrology that studies the typology and classification of rocks. = = earth ' s interior = = ... | B) intermediate |
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a polygon is a shape that is bounded by a finite chain of straight line segments closing in a loop to form a closed chain or circuit. these segments are called its edges or sides, and the points where two edges meet are the polygon ' s vertices ( singular : vertex ) or corners. the interior of the polygon is s... | D) a parabola |
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required. for example, certain cells respond to changes in oxygen tension as part of their normal development, such as chondrocytes, which must adapt to low oxygen conditions or hypoxia during skeletal development. others, such as endothelial cells, respond to shear stress from fluid flow, which is encountered... | B) amphibians |
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this is erratum of the paper [ phys. rev. lett. { \ bf 84 }, 4260 ( 2000 ) ]
used by pharmaceutical companies as a way of drug discovery. plants can synthesise coloured dyes and pigments such as the anthocyanins responsible for the red colour of red wine, yellow weld and blue woad used together to produce linc... | C) hemoglobin |
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according to brΓΈnsted β lowry acid β base theory, acids are substances that donate a positive hydrogen ion to another substance in a chemical reaction ; by extension, a base is the substance which receives that hydrogen ion. a third common theory is lewis acid β base theory, which is based on the formation of ... | A) ph |
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tubers in potato is one example. particularly in arctic or alpine habitats, where opportunities for fertilisation of flowers by animals are rare, plantlets or bulbs, may develop instead of flowers, replacing sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction and giving rise to clonal populations genetically identic... | B) spores |
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##lling, pipe jacking and other operations. a caisson is sunk by self - weight, concrete or water ballast placed on top, or by hydraulic jacks. the leading edge ( or cutting shoe ) of the caisson is sloped out at a sharp angle to aid sinking in a vertical manner ; it is usually made of steel. the shoe is gener... | A) atom |
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or solid as is the case with water ( h2o ) ; a liquid at room temperature because its molecules are bound by hydrogen bonds. whereas hydrogen sulfide ( h2s ) is a gas at room temperature and standard pressure, as its molecules are bound by weaker dipole β dipole interactions. the transfer of energy from one ch... | D) hydrocarbons |
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, followed by a medical interview and a physical examination. basic diagnostic medical devices ( e. g., stethoscope, tongue depressor ) are typically used. after examining for signs and interviewing for symptoms, the doctor may order medical tests ( e. g., blood tests ), take a biopsy, or prescribe pharmaceuti... | C) ultrasound |
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we throw a brief glance at galois ' life, on the occasion of his 200th anniversary ( written in german ).
in 2023, 639, 300 people died in france, 35, 900 fewer than in 2022, a year of high mortality. over the last twenty years, from 2004 to 2023, january 3rd was the deadliest day, while august 15th was the le... | B) in middle adulthood |
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ambient air ( see lockheed f - 117 nighthawk, rectangular nozzles on the lockheed martin f - 22 raptor, and serrated nozzle flaps on the lockheed martin f - 35 lightning ). often, cool air is deliberately injected into the exhaust flow to boost this process ( see ryan aqm - 91 firefly and northrop b - 2 spirit... | B) convection |
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it is stronger, then demodulates it, extracting the original modulation signal from the modulated carrier wave. the modulation signal is converted by a transducer back to a human - usable form : an audio signal is converted to sound waves by a loudspeaker or earphones, a video signal is converted to images by ... | C) pitch |
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stems mainly provide support to the leaves and reproductive structures, but can store water in succulent plants such as cacti, food as in potato tubers, or reproduce vegetatively as in the stolons of strawberry plants or in the process of layering. leaves gather sunlight and carry out photosynthesis. large, fl... | A) hull |
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kingdom ; phylum ( or division ) ; class ; order ; family ; genus ( plural genera ) ; species. the scientific name of a plant represents its genus and its species within the genus, resulting in a single worldwide name for each organism. for example, the tiger lily is lilium columbianum. lilium is the genus, an... | C) crustaceans |
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into seven out of approximately 20 human test subjects as part of a long - term experiment. cartilage : lab - grown cartilage, cultured in vitro on a scaffold, was successfully used as an autologous transplant to repair patients ' knees. scaffold - free cartilage : cartilage generated without the use of exogen... | B) symphysis |
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stems mainly provide support to the leaves and reproductive structures, but can store water in succulent plants such as cacti, food as in potato tubers, or reproduce vegetatively as in the stolons of strawberry plants or in the process of layering. leaves gather sunlight and carry out photosynthesis. large, fl... | A) stolons |
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pectin and xyloglucan from which the land plant cell wall is constructed. vascular land plants make lignin, a polymer used to strengthen the secondary cell walls of xylem tracheids and vessels to keep them from collapsing when a plant sucks water through them under water stress. lignin is also used in other ce... | A) sapwood |
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consume organic material, breathe oxygen, are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development. over 1. 5 million living animal species have been described β of which around 1 million are insects β but it has been estimated there are over ... | B) gills |
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##ulating the liquid below from the cold air above. water has the capacity to absorb energy, giving it a higher specific heat capacity than other solvents such as ethanol. thus, a large amount of energy is needed to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules to convert liquid water into water vapor. as a... | C) nutrients |
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for the treatment of diabetes, was previously extracted from the pancreas of abattoir animals ( cattle or pigs ). the genetically engineered bacteria are able to produce large quantities of synthetic human insulin at relatively low cost. biotechnology has also enabled emerging therapeutics like gene therapy. t... | A) mutations |
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be introduced directly into the host organism or into a cell that is then fused or hybridised with the host. this relies on recombinant nucleic acid techniques to form new combinations of heritable genetic material followed by the incorporation of that material either indirectly through a vector system or dire... | A) genome |
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shaping the cell. cell membranes are involved in various cellular processes such as cell adhesion, storing electrical energy, and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures such as a cell wall, glycocalyx, and cytoskeleton. within the cytoplasm of a cell, there are... | A) nucleus |
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higher concentrations of atmospheric nitrous oxide ( n2o ) are expected to slightly warm earth ' s surface because of increases in radiative forcing. radiative forcing is the difference in the net upward thermal radiation flux from the earth through a transparent atmosphere and radiation through an otherwise i... | B) decrease |
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of these cellular components. the different stages of mitosis all together define the mitotic phase of an animal cell cycle β the division of the mother cell into two genetically identical daughter cells. the cell cycle is a vital process by which a single - celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organis... | A) meiosis |
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proteins in the thylakoid membranes. the absorbed light energy is used to remove electrons from a donor ( water ) to a primary electron acceptor, a quinone designated as q. in the second stage, electrons move from the quinone primary electron acceptor through a series of electron carriers until they reach a fi... | D) the thylakoid |
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have evolved from the earliest emergence of life to present day. earth formed about 4. 5 billion years ago and all life on earth, both living and extinct, descended from a last universal common ancestor that lived about 3. 5 billion years ago. geologists have developed a geologic time scale that divides the hi... | B) fossil record |
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cell. in juxtacrine signaling, there is direct contact between the signaling and responding cells. finally, hormones are ligands that travel through the circulatory systems of animals or vascular systems of plants to reach their target cells. once a ligand binds with a receptor, it can influence the behavior o... | B) signals |
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is the genus, and columbianum the specific epithet. the combination is the name of the species. when writing the scientific name of an organism, it is proper to capitalise the first letter in the genus and put all of the specific epithet in lowercase. additionally, the entire term is ordinarily italicised ( or... | B) protection from predators |
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and myelomas can be made to fuse by chemical protocols, most often using polyethylene glycol. the myeloma cells are selected beforehand to ensure they are not secreting antibody themselves and that they lack the hypoxanthine - guanine phosphoribosyltransferase ( hgprt ) gene, making them sensitive ( or vulnera... | B) nucleic acid polymers |
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was used before copper smelting was known. copper smelting is believed to have originated when the technology of pottery kilns allowed sufficiently high temperatures. the concentration of various elements such as arsenic increase with depth in copper ore deposits and smelting of these ores yields arsenical bro... | A) silex |
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