input stringlengths 2.6k 28.8k | output stringlengths 4 150 |
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high quality thread. the power loom was invented by edmund cartwright in 1787. in the mid - 1750s, the steam engine was applied to the water power - constrained iron, copper and lead industries for powering blast bellows. these industries were located near the mines, some of which were using steam engines for ... | D) electricity |
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the social web has linked people on a global scale, transforming how we communicate and interact. the massive interconnectedness has created new vulnerabilities in the form of social manipulation and misinformation. as the social web matures, we are entering a new phase, where people share their private feelin... | C) skull |
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of substances dissolved in aqueous solution ( that is, in water ). less familiar phases include plasmas, bose – einstein condensates and fermionic condensates and the paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases of magnetic materials. while most familiar phases deal with three - dimensional systems, it is also possib... | D) colligative properties |
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a discontinuity of a turbulent ideal fluid is considered. it is supposed to be split and dispersed, or spread in the stochastic environment forming a gas without hydrostatic pressure. two equal - mass fragments of a discontinuity are indistinguishable from each other. a gas, that possesses such properties, mus... | B) solubility |
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logical and mathematical aspects of the basic concepts of thermodynamics are considered.
required. for example, certain cells respond to changes in oxygen tension as part of their normal development, such as chondrocytes, which must adapt to low oxygen conditions or hypoxia during skeletal development. others,... | B) combines gas law |
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activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction to occur can be in the form of heat, light, electricity or mechanical force in the form of ultrasound. a related concept free energy, which also incorporates entropy considerations, is a very useful means for predicting the feasibility of a reaction and deter... | C) energy |
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##ctonics, mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes are geological phenomena that can be explained in terms of physical and chemical processes in the earth ' s crust. beneath the earth ' s crust lies the mantle which is heated by the radioactive decay of heavy elements. the mantle is not quite solid and con... | D) hot spot |
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the gas giant planets in the solar system have a retinue of icy moons, and we expect giant exoplanets to have similar satellite systems. if a jupiter - like planet were to migrate toward its parent star the icy moons orbiting it would evaporate, creating atmospheres and possible habitable surface oceans. here,... | A) a gas giant |
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the recent report on laser cooling of liquid may contradict the law of energy conservation.
ambient air ( see lockheed f - 117 nighthawk, rectangular nozzles on the lockheed martin f - 22 raptor, and serrated nozzle flaps on the lockheed martin f - 35 lightning ). often, cool air is deliberately injected into ... | C) lowers it |
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is further subdivided into two broad categories : chemical metallurgy and physical metallurgy. chemical metallurgy is chiefly concerned with the reduction and oxidation of metals, and the chemical performance of metals. subjects of study in chemical metallurgy include mineral processing, the extraction of meta... | C) corrosion |
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in the year 1598 philipp uffenbach published a printed diptych sundial, which is a forerunner of franz ritters horizantal sundial. uffenbach ' s sundial contains apart from the usual information on a sundial ascending signs of the zodiac, several brigthest stars, an almucantar and most important the oldest gno... | A) core |
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the action potential is widely considered a purely electrical phenomenon. however, one also finds mechanical and thermal changes that can be observed experimentally. in particular, nerve membranes become thicker and axons contract. the spatial length of the action potential can be quite large, ranging from mil... | B) sensory-somatic |
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chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. it is a physical science within the natural sciences that studies the chemical elements that make up matter and compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions : their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they under... | B) physical science |
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sugar ) for export to the rest of the plant. unlike in animals ( which lack chloroplasts ), plants and their eukaryote relatives have delegated many biochemical roles to their chloroplasts, including synthesising all their fatty acids, and most amino acids. the fatty acids that chloroplasts make are used for m... | A) chlorophyll |
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, subsequent switching to inbreeding becomes disadvantageous since it allows expression of the previously masked deleterious recessive mutations, commonly referred to as inbreeding depression. unlike in higher animals, where parthenogenesis is rare, asexual reproduction may occur in plants by several different... | C) invertebrates |
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this scaffold and cells were placed in a bioreactor, where it matured to become a partially or fully transplantable organ. the work was called a " landmark ". the lab first stripped the cells away from a rat heart ( a process called " decellularization " ) and then injected rat stem cells into the decellulariz... | A) placenta |
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has rest mass and volume ( it takes up space ) and is made up of particles. the particles that make up matter have rest mass as well – not all particles have rest mass, such as the photon. matter can be a pure chemical substance or a mixture of substances. = = = = atom = = = = the atom is the basic unit of che... | A) matter |
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sight, hearing, touch, and sometimes smell ( e. g., in infection, uremia, diabetic ketoacidosis ). four actions are the basis of physical examination : inspection, palpation ( feel ), percussion ( tap to determine resonance characteristics ), and auscultation ( listen ), generally in that order, although auscu... | D) ear |
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classes according to pore size : the form and shape of the membrane pores are highly dependent on the manufacturing process and are often difficult to specify. therefore, for characterization, test filtrations are carried out and the pore diameter refers to the diameter of the smallest particles which could no... | C) populations |
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electrons, creating radicals. most radicals are comparatively reactive, but some, such as nitric oxide ( no ) can be stable. the " inert " or noble gas elements ( helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon ) are composed of lone atoms as their smallest discrete unit, but the other isolated chemical elements... | D) an element |
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the recent report on laser cooling of liquid may contradict the law of energy conservation.
pigment chlorophyll a. chlorophyll a ( as well as its plant and green algal - specific cousin chlorophyll b ) absorbs light in the blue - violet and orange / red parts of the spectrum while reflecting and transmitting t... | B) slowing down |
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it is stronger, then demodulates it, extracting the original modulation signal from the modulated carrier wave. the modulation signal is converted by a transducer back to a human - usable form : an audio signal is converted to sound waves by a loudspeaker or earphones, a video signal is converted to images by ... | C) hum |
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ability of cells to receive, process, and transmit signals with its environment and with itself. signals can be non - chemical such as light, electrical impulses, and heat, or chemical signals ( or ligands ) that interact with receptors, which can be found embedded in the cell membrane of another cell or locat... | D) nervous tissue |
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weather than in the winter months, so that the rivers fall to their low stage in the summer and are liable to be in flood in the winter. in fact, with a temperate climate, the year may be divided into a warm and a cold season, extending from may to october and from november to april in the northern hemisphere ... | D) hibernation |
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, lightning strikes, tornadoes, building fires, wildfires, and mass shootings disabling most of the system if not the entirety of it. geographic redundancy locations can be more than 621 miles ( 999 km ) continental, more than 62 miles apart and less than 93 miles ( 150 km ) apart, less than 62 miles apart, bu... | C) mass |
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the fundamental constants could not influence different elements uniformly, and a comparison between each of the elements ' resulting unique chronological timescales would then give inconsistent time estimates. in refutation of young earth claims of inconstant decay rates affecting the reliability of radiometr... | A) neutrons |
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has rest mass and volume ( it takes up space ) and is made up of particles. the particles that make up matter have rest mass as well – not all particles have rest mass, such as the photon. matter can be a pure chemical substance or a mixture of substances. = = = = atom = = = = the atom is the basic unit of che... | C) volume |
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cell or tissue growth in vitro. a physiological environment can consist of many different parameters such as temperature, pressure, oxygen or carbon dioxide concentration, or osmolality of fluid environment, and it can extend to all kinds of biological, chemical or mechanical stimuli. therefore, there are syst... | C) sodium |
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outer satellites of the planets have distant, eccentric orbits that can be highly inclined or even retrograde relative to the equatorial planes of their planets. these irregular orbits cannot have formed by circumplanetary accretion and are likely products of early capture from heliocentric orbit. the irregula... | C) elliptical |
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the decay rate for isotopes subject to extreme pressures, those differences were too small to significantly impact date estimates. the constancy of the decay rates is also governed by first principles in quantum mechanics, wherein any deviation in the rate would require a change in the fundamental constants. a... | A) accuracy |
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which applies a forces that results in fracturing ), and impact ( which employs a milling medium or the particles themselves to cause fracturing ). attrition milling equipment includes the wet scrubber ( also called the planetary mill or wet attrition mill ), which has paddles in water creating vortexes in whi... | A) lever |
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cortisol, corticosterone and aldosterone activate full - length glucocorticoid receptor ( gr ) from elephant shark, a cartilaginous fish belonging to the oldest group of jawed vertebrates. activation by aldosterone a mineralocorticoid, indicates partial divergence of elephant shark gr from the mr. progesterone... | C) tail |
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as dental implants and synthetic bones. hydroxyapatite, the natural mineral component of bone, has been made synthetically from a number of biological and chemical sources and can be formed into ceramic materials. orthopedic implants made from these materials bond readily to bone and other tissues in the body ... | B) syndesmoses |
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##tion, and pasteurization in order to become products that can be sold. there are three levels of food processing : primary, secondary, and tertiary. primary food processing involves turning agricultural products into other products that can be turned into food, secondary food processing is the making of food... | D) ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination |
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is the scientific study of inheritance. mendelian inheritance, specifically, is the process by which genes and traits are passed on from parents to offspring. it has several principles. the first is that genetic characteristics, alleles, are discrete and have alternate forms ( e. g., purple vs. white or tall v... | A) alleles |
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the origin of the martian moons deimos and phobos is controversial. one hypothesis for their origin is that they are captured asteroids, but the mechanism requires an extremely dense martian atmosphere, and the mechanism by which an asteroid in solar orbit could shed sufficient orbital energy to be captured in... | A) mars rover |
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from the proton motive force drives the enzyme atp synthase to synthesize more atps by phosphorylating adps. the transfer of electrons terminates with molecular oxygen being the final electron acceptor. if oxygen were not present, pyruvate would not be metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a proces... | D) reduces it |
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the space station is established in intergovernmental treaties and agreements, which divide the station into two areas and allow russia to retain full ownership of the russian orbital segment ( with the exception of zarya ), with the us orbital segment allocated between the other international partners. long -... | B) pheromones |
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and nucleotides. carbohydrates include monomers and polymers of sugars. lipids are the only class of macromolecules that are not made up of polymers. they include steroids, phospholipids, and fats, largely nonpolar and hydrophobic ( water - repelling ) substances. proteins are the most diverse of the macromole... | A) starches |
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three of what is called the six simple machines, from which all machines are based. these machines are the inclined plane, the wedge, and the lever, which allowed the ancient egyptians to move millions of limestone blocks which weighed approximately 3. 5 tons ( 7, 000 lbs. ) each into place to create structure... | B) temporal fossa |
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##fts. autografted skin comes from a patient ' s own skin, which allows the dermis to have a faster healing rate, and the donor site can be re - harvested a few times. allograft skin often comes from cadaver skin and is mostly used to treat burn victims. lastly, xenografted skin comes from animals and provides... | D) the dermis |
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cortisol, corticosterone and aldosterone activate full - length glucocorticoid receptor ( gr ) from elephant shark, a cartilaginous fish belonging to the oldest group of jawed vertebrates. activation by aldosterone a mineralocorticoid, indicates partial divergence of elephant shark gr from the mr. progesterone... | A) american |
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a comparison of the sensitivities of methods which allow us to determine the coordinates of a moving hot body is made.
scientists look through telescopes, study images on electronic screens, record meter readings, and so on. generally, on a basic level, they can agree on what they see, e. g., the thermometer s... | D) temperature |
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likely that protists share a common ancestor ( the last eukaryotic common ancestor ), protists by themselves do not constitute a separate clade as some protists may be more closely related to plants, fungi, or animals than they are to other protists. like groupings such as algae, invertebrates, or protozoans, ... | C) algae |
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remediation include ; soil contamination, hazardous waste, groundwater contamination, oil, gas and chemical spills. there are three most common types of environmental remediation. these include soil, water, and sediment remediation. soil remediation consists of removing contaminants in soil, as these pose grea... | B) water treatment |
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in isotope dating states : there are only three quite technical instances where a half - life changes, and these do not affect the dating methods : " only one technical exception occurs under terrestrial conditions, and this is not for an isotope used for dating.... the artificially - produced isotope, berylli... | B) parent |
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navigable capabilities of rivers. in tropical countries subject to periodical rains, the rivers are in flood during the rainy season and have hardly any flow during the rest of the year, while in temperate regions, where the rainfall is more evenly distributed throughout the year, evaporation causes the availa... | C) wetland |
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c. 4000 bc, associated with the maadi culture. this represents the earliest evidence for smelting in africa. the varna necropolis, bulgaria, is a burial site located in the western industrial zone of varna, approximately 4 km from the city centre, internationally considered one of the key archaeological sites ... | B) africa |
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enough to rise to the surface — giving birth to volcanoes. = = atmospheric science = = atmospheric science initially developed in the late - 19th century as a means to forecast the weather through meteorology, the study of weather. atmospheric chemistry was developed in the 20th century to measure air pollutio... | C) stratopause |
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remediation include ; soil contamination, hazardous waste, groundwater contamination, oil, gas and chemical spills. there are three most common types of environmental remediation. these include soil, water, and sediment remediation. soil remediation consists of removing contaminants in soil, as these pose grea... | B) excretion |
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device connectivity. 5g is still a fairly new type of networking and is still being spread across nations. moving forward, 5g is going to set the standard of cellular service around the whole globe. corporations such as at & t, verizon, and t - mobile are some of the notorious cellular companies that are rolli... | B) population distribution |
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. these biochemical strategies are unique to land plants. = = = medicine and materials = = = phytochemistry is a branch of plant biochemistry primarily concerned with the chemical substances produced by plants during secondary metabolism. some of these compounds are toxins such as the alkaloid coniine from hem... | A) glucose |
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prominent functional groups that can be found in organisms : amino group, carboxyl group, carbonyl group, hydroxyl group, phosphate group, and sulfhydryl group. in 1953, the miller – urey experiment showed that organic compounds could be synthesized abiotically within a closed system mimicking the conditions o... | C) organ systems |
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medical history comprises hpi and pmh. medications ( rx ) : what drugs the patient takes including prescribed, over - the - counter, and home remedies, as well as alternative and herbal medicines or remedies. allergies are also recorded. past medical history ( pmh / pmhx ) : concurrent medical problems, past h... | B) immune |
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has rest mass and volume ( it takes up space ) and is made up of particles. the particles that make up matter have rest mass as well – not all particles have rest mass, such as the photon. matter can be a pure chemical substance or a mixture of substances. = = = = atom = = = = the atom is the basic unit of che... | A) atomic number |
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river - beds ), but not for where there may be large obstructions in the ground. an open caisson that is used in soft grounds or high water tables, where open trench excavations are impractical, can also be used to install deep manholes, pump stations and reception / launch pits for microtunnelling, pipe jacki... | A) from movement |
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others, such as the essential oils peppermint oil and lemon oil are useful for their aroma, as flavourings and spices ( e. g., capsaicin ), and in medicine as pharmaceuticals as in opium from opium poppies. many medicinal and recreational drugs, such as tetrahydrocannabinol ( active ingredient in cannabis ), c... | C) heterogeneous |
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the end ( for human scientists ) is nigh? the posit of this discourse is that the majority, if not all, scientific research will eventually be undertaken by one, or a number of, weak artificial intelligences.
the celebrated franck - hertz experiment is reinterpreted by analogy with the glimmentladung experimen... | C) hypothesis |
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this scaffold and cells were placed in a bioreactor, where it matured to become a partially or fully transplantable organ. the work was called a " landmark ". the lab first stripped the cells away from a rat heart ( a process called " decellularization " ) and then injected rat stem cells into the decellulariz... | B) plaque |
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is the electrostatic force of attraction between them. for example, sodium ( na ), a metal, loses one electron to become an na + cation while chlorine ( cl ), a non - metal, gains this electron to become cl−. the ions are held together due to electrostatic attraction, and that compound sodium chloride ( nacl )... | D) ions |
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energy they need to exist. plants, algae and cyanobacteria are the major groups of organisms that carry out photosynthesis, a process that uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars that can be used both as a source of chemical energy and of organic molecules that are used in t... | B) autotrophs |
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single carbon atom can form four single covalent bonds such as in methane, two double covalent bonds such as in carbon dioxide ( co2 ), or a triple covalent bond such as in carbon monoxide ( co ). moreover, carbon can form very long chains of interconnecting carbon – carbon bonds such as octane or ring - like ... | A) acetylene |
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, which would exclude fungi and some algae. plant cells were derived by endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium into an early eukaryote about one billion years ago, which gave rise to chloroplasts. the first several clades that emerged following primary endosymbiosis were aquatic and most of the aquatic photosynthet... | B) chytrids |
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, they can fission as well, leading to a chain reaction. the average number of neutrons released per nucleus that go on to fission another nucleus is referred to as k. values of k larger than 1 mean that the fission reaction is releasing more neutrons than it absorbs, and therefore is referred to as a self - s... | D) protons |
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oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water to pass through while restricting the movement of larger molecules and charged particles such as ions. cell membranes also contain membrane proteins, including integral membrane proteins that go across the membrane serving as membrane transporters, and peripheral proteins that... | A) difference in charges |
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phenotypic analysis. the new genetic material can be inserted randomly within the host genome or targeted to a specific location. the technique of gene targeting uses homologous recombination to make desired changes to a specific endogenous gene. this tends to occur at a relatively low frequency in plants and ... | A) fixator |
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, characterizing organs as predominantly yin or yang, and understood the relationship between the pulse, the heart, and the flow of blood in the body centuries before it became accepted in the west. little evidence survives of how ancient indian cultures around the indus river understood nature, but some of th... | B) respiratory system |
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higher concentrations of atmospheric nitrous oxide ( n2o ) are expected to slightly warm earth ' s surface because of increases in radiative forcing. radiative forcing is the difference in the net upward thermal radiation flux from the earth through a transparent atmosphere and radiation through an otherwise i... | B) air |
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the thickness and the density of the material to be measured. the method is used for containers of liquids or of grainy substances thickness gauges : if the material is of constant density, the signal measured by the radiation detector depends on the thickness of the material. this is useful for continuous pro... | D) resistance |
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), electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation. glycolysis is a metabolic process that occurs in the cytoplasm whereby glucose is converted into two pyruvates, with two net molecules of atp being produced at the same time. each pyruvate is then oxidized into acetyl - coa by the pyruvate dehydrogena... | B) two atp molecules |
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a live / sound reinforcement engineer hears source material and tries to correlate that sonic experience with system performance. wireless microphone engineer, or a2. this position is responsible for wireless microphones during a theatre production, a sports event or a corporate event. foldback or monitor engi... | A) the ear |
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is further subdivided into two broad categories : chemical metallurgy and physical metallurgy. chemical metallurgy is chiefly concerned with the reduction and oxidation of metals, and the chemical performance of metals. subjects of study in chemical metallurgy include mineral processing, the extraction of meta... | C) alloy |
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, crystal structure, hazards associated with minerals, and the physical and chemical properties of minerals. petrology is the study of rocks, including the formation and composition of rocks. petrography is a branch of petrology that studies the typology and classification of rocks. = = earth ' s interior = = ... | B) texture |
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##ctonics, mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes are geological phenomena that can be explained in terms of physical and chemical processes in the earth ' s crust. beneath the earth ' s crust lies the mantle which is heated by the radioactive decay of heavy elements. the mantle is not quite solid and con... | C) it heats it |
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an important question of theoretical physics is whether sound is able to propagate in vacuums at all and if this is the case, then it must lead to the reinterpretation of one zero - restmass particle which corresponds to vacuum - sound waves. taking the electron - neutrino as the corresponding particle, its ob... | B) intensity |
Context:
##sphere ( or lithosphere ). earth science can be considered to be a branch of planetary science but with a much older history. = = geology = = geology is broadly the study of earth ' s structure, substance, and processes. geology is largely the study of the lithosphere, or earth ' s surface, including the cru... | D) plate tectonics |
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. long - term memory allows us to store information over prolonged periods ( days, weeks, years ). we do not yet know the practical limit of long - term memory capacity. short - term memory allows us to store information over short time scales ( seconds or minutes ). memory is also often grouped into declarati... | B) eye |
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equivalent of us $ 790 million in state subsidies. the same year, catl introduced its m3p battery, offering a 15 % increase in energy density, reaching 210 wh / kg. the battery replaces the iron in the lithium iron phosphate battery with a combination of magnesium, zinc, and aluminum. later that year, the comp... | C) lead dioxide |
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. this, he argued, would have been more persuasive and would have produced less controversy. the use of poetic imagery based on the concepts of the macrocosm and microcosm, " as above so below " to decide meaning such as edward w. james ' example of " mars above is red, so mars below means blood and war ", is ... | D) theory |
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energy they need to exist. plants, algae and cyanobacteria are the major groups of organisms that carry out photosynthesis, a process that uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars that can be used both as a source of chemical energy and of organic molecules that are used in t... | C) atoms |
Context:
##ctonics, mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes are geological phenomena that can be explained in terms of physical and chemical processes in the earth ' s crust. beneath the earth ' s crust lies the mantle which is heated by the radioactive decay of heavy elements. the mantle is not quite solid and con... | D) composite |
Context:
, characterizing organs as predominantly yin or yang, and understood the relationship between the pulse, the heart, and the flow of blood in the body centuries before it became accepted in the west. little evidence survives of how ancient indian cultures around the indus river understood nature, but some of th... | C) pairs of capillary beds |
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consume organic material, breathe oxygen, are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development. over 1. 5 million living animal species have been described — of which around 1 million are insects — but it has been estimated there are over ... | A) host cells |
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superdielectric behavior was observed in pastes made of high surface area alumina filled to the level of incipient wetness with water containing dissolved sodium chloride ( table salt ). in some cases the dielectric constants were greater than 10 ^ 10.
##als force. each of these kinds of bonds is ascribed to s... | A) substances |
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by which botanists group organisms into categories such as genera or species. biological classification is a form of scientific taxonomy. modern taxonomy is rooted in the work of carl linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics. these groupings have since been revised to align be... | A) linnaean system |
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it to divide into two daughter cells. these events include the duplication of its dna and some of its organelles, and the subsequent partitioning of its cytoplasm into two daughter cells in a process called cell division. in eukaryotes ( i. e., animal, plant, fungal, and protist cells ), there are two distinct... | B) cancer |
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the cell ' s dna, or mitochondria, which generate adenosine triphosphate ( atp ) to power cellular processes. other organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus play a role in the synthesis and packaging of proteins, respectively. biomolecules such as proteins can be engulfed by lysosomes, anot... | D) metabolically |
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shaping the cell. cell membranes are involved in various cellular processes such as cell adhesion, storing electrical energy, and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures such as a cell wall, glycocalyx, and cytoskeleton. within the cytoplasm of a cell, there are... | C) outside cell membrane |
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excavates, stramenopiles, plants, rhizarians, amoebozoans, fungi, and animals. five of these clades are collectively known as protists, which are mostly microscopic eukaryotic organisms that are not plants, fungi, or animals. while it is likely that protists share a common ancestor ( the last eukaryotic common... | A) parasites |
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in his 1878 book the effects of cross and self - fertilization in the vegetable kingdom at the start of chapter xii noted " the first and most important of the conclusions which may be drawn from the observations given in this volume, is that generally cross - fertilisation is beneficial and self - fertilisati... | D) vegetation |
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or solid as is the case with water ( h2o ) ; a liquid at room temperature because its molecules are bound by hydrogen bonds. whereas hydrogen sulfide ( h2s ) is a gas at room temperature and standard pressure, as its molecules are bound by weaker dipole – dipole interactions. the transfer of energy from one ch... | A) difficult to calculate |
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inherited traits such as shape in pisum sativum ( peas ). what mendel learned from studying plants has had far - reaching benefits outside of botany. similarly, " jumping genes " were discovered by barbara mcclintock while she was studying maize. nevertheless, there are some distinctive genetic differences bet... | A) natural selection |
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quantum well of algaas / gaas is very important to study transport properties of electrons due to its wider application in electronic devices. hence, the double well of algaas / gaas with triple barrier is taken to study transmission probability. transmission probability is found to decrease with the increase ... | D) charge |
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is the electrostatic force of attraction between them. for example, sodium ( na ), a metal, loses one electron to become an na + cation while chlorine ( cl ), a non - metal, gains this electron to become cl−. the ions are held together due to electrostatic attraction, and that compound sodium chloride ( nacl )... | A) low-energy |
Context:
animal cells using microinjection, where it can be injected through the cell ' s nuclear envelope directly into the nucleus, or through the use of viral vectors. plant genomes can be engineered by physical methods or by use of agrobacterium for the delivery of sequences hosted in t - dna binary vectors. in pla... | D) virus |
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an antibody is to be generated. usually this is done by a series of injections of the antigen in question, over the course of several weeks. these injections are typically followed by the use of in vivo electroporation, which significantly enhances the immune response. once splenocytes are isolated from the ma... | D) antibodies |
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to dye denim and the artist ' s pigments gamboge and rose madder. sugar, starch, cotton, linen, hemp, some types of rope, wood and particle boards, papyrus and paper, vegetable oils, wax, and natural rubber are examples of commercially important materials made from plant tissues or their secondary products. ch... | B) amorphous solids |
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scale. thus, solutions that have a low ph have a high hydronium ion concentration and can be said to be more acidic. the other measurement, based on the brønsted – lowry definition, is the acid dissociation constant ( ka ), which measures the relative ability of a substance to act as an acid under the brønsted... | C) osmoregulation |
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used by pharmaceutical companies as a way of drug discovery. plants can synthesise coloured dyes and pigments such as the anthocyanins responsible for the red colour of red wine, yellow weld and blue woad used together to produce lincoln green, indoxyl, source of the blue dye indigo traditionally used to dye d... | A) toxins |
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is opened and the dna is purified. the gene is separated by using restriction enzymes to cut the dna into fragments or polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) to amplify up the gene segment. these segments can then be extracted through gel electrophoresis. if the chosen gene or the donor organism ' s genome has been... | A) genetic transfer |
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