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the nervous system. these kinds of tests can be divided into recordings of : ( 1 ) spontaneous or continuously running electrical activity, or ( 2 ) stimulus evoked responses. subspecialties include electroencephalography, electromyography, evoked potential, nerve conduction study and polysomnography. sometime... | D) brain |
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is opened and the dna is purified. the gene is separated by using restriction enzymes to cut the dna into fragments or polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) to amplify up the gene segment. these segments can then be extracted through gel electrophoresis. if the chosen gene or the donor organism ' s genome has been... | C) viral capsid |
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cell. in juxtacrine signaling, there is direct contact between the signaling and responding cells. finally, hormones are ligands that travel through the circulatory systems of animals or vascular systems of plants to reach their target cells. once a ligand binds with a receptor, it can influence the behavior o... | D) increased temperature |
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in a voltaic cell, positive ( negative ) ions flow from the low ( high ) potential electrode to the high ( low ) potential electrode, driven by an ` electromotive force ' which points in opposite direction and overcomes the electric force. similarly in a superconductor charge flows in direction opposite to tha... | B) straight line |
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oil umbrella ) ; for calculating the time of death ( allowing for weather and insect activity ) ; described how to wash and examine the dead body to ascertain the reason for death. at that time the book had described methods for distinguishing between suicide and faked suicide. he wrote the book on forensics s... | D) blood disease |
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the theory outright... lakatos sought to reconcile the rationalism of popperian falsificationism with what seemed to be its own refutation by history ". many philosophers have tried to solve the problem of demarcation in the following terms : a statement constitutes knowledge if sufficiently many people believ... | A) deductive |
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can be activated by inducers are called inducible genes, in contrast to constitutive genes that are almost constantly active. in contrast to both, structural genes encode proteins that are not involved in gene regulation. in addition to regulatory events involving the promoter, gene expression can also be regu... | A) differential gene expression |
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pectin and xyloglucan from which the land plant cell wall is constructed. vascular land plants make lignin, a polymer used to strengthen the secondary cell walls of xylem tracheids and vessels to keep them from collapsing when a plant sucks water through them under water stress. lignin is also used in other ce... | A) pattern formation |
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the celebrated franck - hertz experiment is reinterpreted by analogy with the glimmentladung experiment, formerly performed by heinrich hertz.
designates the relationship between two or more variables. conceptual definition : description of a concept by relating it to other concepts. operational definition : d... | B) evidence |
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is the electrostatic force of attraction between them. for example, sodium ( na ), a metal, loses one electron to become an na + cation while chlorine ( cl ), a non - metal, gains this electron to become cl−. the ions are held together due to electrostatic attraction, and that compound sodium chloride ( nacl )... | D) valence shell |
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muck ) from the edge of the workspace to a water - filled pit, connected by a tube ( called the muck tube ) to the surface. a crane at the surface removes the soil with a clamshell bucket. the water pressure in the tube balances the air pressure, with excess air escaping up the muck tube. the pressurized air f... | C) cochlea |
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= = organic compounds are molecules that contain carbon bonded to another element such as hydrogen. with the exception of water, nearly all the molecules that make up each organism contain carbon. carbon can form covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, enabling it to form diverse, large, and complex molecu... | C) minerals |
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endothermic reactions, the reaction absorbs heat from the surroundings. chemical reactions are invariably not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy. the speed of a chemical reaction ( at given temperature t ) is related to the activation energy e, by the boltzm... | B) motion |
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the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. after cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle. in contrast to mitosis, meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells by undergoing one round of dna replication followed by two divisions. h... | D) binary fission |
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stems mainly provide support to the leaves and reproductive structures, but can store water in succulent plants such as cacti, food as in potato tubers, or reproduce vegetatively as in the stolons of strawberry plants or in the process of layering. leaves gather sunlight and carry out photosynthesis. large, fl... | B) to release seeds |
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to explain molecular structure and composition. an ionic bond is formed when a metal loses one or more of its electrons, becoming a positively charged cation, and the electrons are then gained by the non - metal atom, becoming a negatively charged anion. the two oppositely charged ions attract one another, and... | D) electrostatic |
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winds from agn and quasars will form large amounts of dust, as the cool gas in these winds passes through the ( pressure, temperature ) region where dust is formed in agb stars. conditions in the gas are benign to dust at these radii. as a result quasar winds may be a major source of dust at high redshifts, ob... | D) polar and tropical |
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assertions made in a document recently deposited in the arxiv are refuted.
one might ask why is it important to know the mechanism of fracture in leaves when mother nature is doing her job perfectly. i could list the following reasons to address that question : ( a ) leaves are natural composite structures, du... | C) soil |
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various forms that are characteristic of its life cycle. there are four key processes that underlie development : determination, differentiation, morphogenesis, and growth. determination sets the developmental fate of a cell, which becomes more restrictive during development. differentiation is the process by ... | D) body |
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and reduces its radar profile. the flying wing design most closely resembles a so - called infinite flat plate ( as vertical control surfaces dramatically increase rcs ), the perfect stealth shape, as it would have no angles to reflect back radar waves. in addition to altering the tail, stealth design must bur... | B) mantle |
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. biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that uses the methods of physics and physical chemistry to study biological systems. biostatistics is the application of statistics to biological fields in the broadest sense. a knowledge of biostatistics is essential in the planning, evaluation, and interpretation ... | A) life sciences |
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they may have been present earlier, their diversification accelerated when they started using oxygen in their metabolism. later, around 1. 7 billion years ago, multicellular organisms began to appear, with differentiated cells performing specialised functions. algae - like multicellular land plants are dated b... | A) on land |
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two possible interpretations of frw cosmologies ( perfect fluid or dissipative fluid ) are considered as consecutive phases of the system. necessary conditions are found, for the transition from perfect fluid to dissipative regime to occur, bringing out the conspicuous role played by a particular state of the ... | B) sliding |
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species occupying the same geographical area at the same time. a biological interaction is the effect that a pair of organisms living together in a community have on each other. they can be either of the same species ( intraspecific interactions ), or of different species ( interspecific interactions ). these ... | A) ecology |
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to explain molecular structure and composition. an ionic bond is formed when a metal loses one or more of its electrons, becoming a positively charged cation, and the electrons are then gained by the non - metal atom, becoming a negatively charged anion. the two oppositely charged ions attract one another, and... | B) cations |
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designates the relationship between two or more variables. conceptual definition : description of a concept by relating it to other concepts. operational definition : details in regards to defining the variables and how they will be measured / assessed in the study. gathering of data : consists of identifying ... | D) deductive |
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high temperature superconducting ( hts ) tape can be cut and stacked to generate large magnetic fields at cryogenic temperatures after inducing persistent currents in the superconducting layers. a field of 17. 7 t was trapped between two stacks of hts tape at 8 k with no external mechanical reinforcement. 17. ... | A) switched places |
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it to divide into two daughter cells. these events include the duplication of its dna and some of its organelles, and the subsequent partitioning of its cytoplasm into two daughter cells in a process called cell division. in eukaryotes ( i. e., animal, plant, fungal, and protist cells ), there are two distinct... | B) cell cycle |
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= = = = = = environmental remediation = = = environmental remediation is the process through which contaminants or pollutants in soil, water and other media are removed to improve environmental quality. the main focus is the reduction of hazardous substances within the environment. some of the areas involved i... | D) renewable resources |
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transport chain, which is a series of four protein complexes that transfer electrons from one complex to another, thereby releasing energy from nadh and fadh2 that is coupled to the pumping of protons ( hydrogen ions ) across the inner mitochondrial membrane ( chemiosmosis ), which generates a proton motive fo... | A) oxidation |
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it to divide into two daughter cells. these events include the duplication of its dna and some of its organelles, and the subsequent partitioning of its cytoplasm into two daughter cells in a process called cell division. in eukaryotes ( i. e., animal, plant, fungal, and protist cells ), there are two distinct... | D) cells |
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energy is no doubt an intuitive concept. following a previous analysis on the nature of elementary particles and associated elementary quantum fields, the peculiar status and role of energy is scrutinised further at elementary and larger scales. energy physical characterisation shows that it is a primordial co... | B) calorie ( cal ) |
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and nucleotides. carbohydrates include monomers and polymers of sugars. lipids are the only class of macromolecules that are not made up of polymers. they include steroids, phospholipids, and fats, largely nonpolar and hydrophobic ( water - repelling ) substances. proteins are the most diverse of the macromole... | D) antigens |
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enough to rise to the surface — giving birth to volcanoes. = = atmospheric science = = atmospheric science initially developed in the late - 19th century as a means to forecast the weather through meteorology, the study of weather. atmospheric chemistry was developed in the 20th century to measure air pollutio... | C) top layer |
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also called pain medicine, or algiatry ) is the medical discipline concerned with the relief of pain. pharmacogenomics is a form of individualized medicine. podiatric medicine is the study of, diagnosis, and medical treatment of disorders of the foot, ankle, lower limb, hip and lower back. sexual medicine is c... | D) skeletal system |
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28 size spectra of extensive air showers from 7 different experiments are analysed consistently. they are fitted by adjusting either 4 or 5 parameters : knee position, power law exponents above and below the knee, overall intensity and, in addition, a parameter describing the smoothness of the bend. the residu... | D) transport epithelia |
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and nucleotides. carbohydrates include monomers and polymers of sugars. lipids are the only class of macromolecules that are not made up of polymers. they include steroids, phospholipids, and fats, largely nonpolar and hydrophobic ( water - repelling ) substances. proteins are the most diverse of the macromole... | D) cell |
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) : the reason for the current medical visit. these are the symptoms. they are in the patient ' s own words and are recorded along with the duration of each one. also called chief concern or presenting complaint. current activity : occupation, hobbies, what the patient actually does. family history ( fh ) : li... | D) edema |
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the valuable metals into individual constituents. = = metal and its alloys = = much effort has been placed on understanding iron – carbon alloy system, which includes steels and cast irons. plain carbon steels ( those that contain essentially only carbon as an alloying element ) are used in low - cost, high - ... | D) constituent elements |
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digest foods outside their bodies, secreting digestive enzymes that break down large food molecules before absorbing them through their cell membranes. many fungi are also saprobes, feeding on dead organic matter, making them important decomposers in ecological systems. animals are multicellular eukaryotes. wi... | B) chemical |
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or solid as is the case with water ( h2o ) ; a liquid at room temperature because its molecules are bound by hydrogen bonds. whereas hydrogen sulfide ( h2s ) is a gas at room temperature and standard pressure, as its molecules are bound by weaker dipole – dipole interactions. the transfer of energy from one ch... | D) power |
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prominent functional groups that can be found in organisms : amino group, carboxyl group, carbonyl group, hydroxyl group, phosphate group, and sulfhydryl group. in 1953, the miller – urey experiment showed that organic compounds could be synthesized abiotically within a closed system mimicking the conditions o... | D) in the ribosome |
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##l ( active ingredient in cannabis ), caffeine, morphine and nicotine come directly from plants. others are simple derivatives of botanical natural products. for example, the pain killer aspirin is the acetyl ester of salicylic acid, originally isolated from the bark of willow trees, and a wide range of opiat... | D) a heat pack |
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classes according to pore size : the form and shape of the membrane pores are highly dependent on the manufacturing process and are often difficult to specify. therefore, for characterization, test filtrations are carried out and the pore diameter refers to the diameter of the smallest particles which could no... | D) greater |
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inflammatory reactions. because of this, they are of great interest for gene delivery and tissue engineering scaffolds. most hydroxyapatite ceramics are very porous and lack mechanical strength and are used to coat metal orthopedic devices to aid in forming a bond to bone or as bone fillers. they are also used... | C) the osteon |
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cortisol, corticosterone and aldosterone activate full - length glucocorticoid receptor ( gr ) from elephant shark, a cartilaginous fish belonging to the oldest group of jawed vertebrates. activation by aldosterone a mineralocorticoid, indicates partial divergence of elephant shark gr from the mr. progesterone... | A) osmotic |
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listen ), generally in that order, although auscultation occurs prior to percussion and palpation for abdominal assessments. the clinical examination involves the study of : abdomen and rectum cardiovascular ( heart and blood vessels ) general appearance of the patient and specific indicators of disease ( nutr... | B) heart and lungs |
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the scientific revolution. aristotle also contributed to theories of the elements and the cosmos. he believed that the celestial bodies ( such as the planets and the sun ) had something called an unmoved mover that put the celestial bodies in motion. aristotle tried to explain everything through mathematics an... | C) elements |
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organic compounds, such as sugars, to ammonia, metal ions or even hydrogen gas. salt - tolerant archaea ( the haloarchaea ) use sunlight as an energy source, and other species of archaea fix carbon, but unlike plants and cyanobacteria, no known species of archaea does both. archaea reproduce asexually by binar... | D) thermophiles |
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. the first major technologies were tied to survival, hunting, and food preparation. stone tools and weapons, fire, and clothing were technological developments of major importance during this period. human ancestors have been using stone and other tools since long before the emergence of homo sapiens approxim... | B) extinction |
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the magnetization of superconducting samples is influenced by their porosity. in addition to structural modifications and improved cooling, the presence of pores also plays a role in trapping magnetic flux. pores have an impact on the irreversibility field, the full penetration field, and the remnant magnetiza... | D) ionize |
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the following purposes : allowing cell attachment and migration, delivering and retaining cells and biochemical factors, enabling diffusion of vital cell nutrients and expressed products, and exerting certain mechanical and biological influences to modify the behaviour of the cell phase. in 2009, an interdisci... | D) the atria |
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protist cells ), there are two distinct types of cell division : mitosis and meiosis. mitosis is part of the cell cycle, in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. cell division gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the total number of chromosomes is maintained. in general,... | C) mitosis |
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, the other can often regrow it. in fact it is possible to grow an entire plant from a single leaf, as is the case with plants in streptocarpus sect. saintpaulia, or even a single cell – which can dedifferentiate into a callus ( a mass of unspecialised cells ) that can grow into a new plant. in vascular plants... | B) water |
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##ulating the liquid below from the cold air above. water has the capacity to absorb energy, giving it a higher specific heat capacity than other solvents such as ethanol. thus, a large amount of energy is needed to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules to convert liquid water into water vapor. as a... | C) catalyst |
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plant cells and tissues, whereas plant morphology is the study of their external form. all plants are multicellular eukaryotes, their dna stored in nuclei. the characteristic features of plant cells that distinguish them from those of animals and fungi include a primary cell wall composed of the polysaccharide... | C) cytoplasms |
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, but the other isolated chemical elements consist of either molecules or networks of atoms bonded to each other in some way. identifiable molecules compose familiar substances such as water, air, and many organic compounds like alcohol, sugar, gasoline, and the various pharmaceuticals. however, not all substa... | A) binary compounds |
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higher concentrations of atmospheric nitrous oxide ( n2o ) are expected to slightly warm earth ' s surface because of increases in radiative forcing. radiative forcing is the difference in the net upward thermal radiation flux from the earth through a transparent atmosphere and radiation through an otherwise i... | D) greenhouse gases |
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and taken up by the brain. by observing which areas of the brain take up the radioactive isotope, we can see which areas of the brain are more active than other areas. pet has similar spatial resolution to fmri, but it has extremely poor temporal resolution. electroencephalography. eeg measures the electrical ... | D) nervous |
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covid - 19, also known as novel coronavirus disease, is a highly contagious disease that first surfaced in china in late 2019. sars - cov - 2 is a coronavirus that belongs to the vast family of coronaviruses that causes this disease. the sickness originally appeared in wuhan, china in december 2019 and quickly... | C) respiratory |
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to explain molecular structure and composition. an ionic bond is formed when a metal loses one or more of its electrons, becoming a positively charged cation, and the electrons are then gained by the non - metal atom, becoming a negatively charged anion. the two oppositely charged ions attract one another, and... | C) increased bicarbonate reabsorption |
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charges in the nuclei and the negative charges oscillating about them. more than simple attraction and repulsion, the energies and distributions characterize the availability of an electron to bond to another atom. the chemical bond can be a covalent bond, an ionic bond, a hydrogen bond or just because of van ... | A) nucleus |
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and taken up by the brain. by observing which areas of the brain take up the radioactive isotope, we can see which areas of the brain are more active than other areas. pet has similar spatial resolution to fmri, but it has extremely poor temporal resolution. electroencephalography. eeg measures the electrical ... | D) white |
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dimension 3, typically r3. a surface that is contained in a projective space is called a projective surface ( see § projective surface ). a surface that is not supposed to be included in another space is called an abstract surface. = = examples = = the graph of a continuous function of two variables, defined o... | C) fresh water |
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of these cellular components. the different stages of mitosis all together define the mitotic phase of an animal cell cycle — the division of the mother cell into two genetically identical daughter cells. the cell cycle is a vital process by which a single - celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organis... | C) gametes |
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as dental implants and synthetic bones. hydroxyapatite, the natural mineral component of bone, has been made synthetically from a number of biological and chemical sources and can be formed into ceramic materials. orthopedic implants made from these materials bond readily to bone and other tissues in the body ... | B) metal |
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radiation exposure. marie curie died from aplastic anemia which resulted from her high levels of exposure. two scientists, an american and canadian respectively, harry daghlian and louis slotin, died after mishandling the same plutonium mass. unlike conventional weapons, the intense light, heat, and explosive ... | A) landslides |
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high temperature superconducting ( hts ) tape can be cut and stacked to generate large magnetic fields at cryogenic temperatures after inducing persistent currents in the superconducting layers. a field of 17. 7 t was trapped between two stacks of hts tape at 8 k with no external mechanical reinforcement. 17. ... | C) solenoid |
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a nuclear reaction this holds true only for the nuclear particles viz. protons and neutrons. the sequence of steps in which the reorganization of chemical bonds may be taking place in the course of a chemical reaction is called its mechanism. a chemical reaction can be envisioned to take place in a number of s... | A) new compound |
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the mechanism of stabilization of neutron - excess nuclei in stars is considered. this mechanism must produce the neutronisation process in hot stars in the same way as it occurs in the dwarfs.
this process may release or absorb energy. when the resulting nucleus is lighter than that of iron, energy is normall... | C) supernova |
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a minimum atmospheric temperature, or tropopause, occurs at a pressure of around 0. 1 bar in the atmospheres of earth, titan, jupiter, saturn, uranus and neptune, despite great differences in atmospheric composition, gravity, internal heat and sunlight. in all these bodies, the tropopause separates a stratosph... | D) air mass |
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blood vessels. mechanical stimuli, such as pressure pulses seem to be beneficial to all kind of cardiovascular tissue such as heart valves, blood vessels or pericardium. = = = bioreactors = = = in tissue engineering, a bioreactor is a device that attempts to simulate a physiological environment in order to pro... | B) die |
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##trophs including all animals, all fungi, all completely parasitic plants, and non - photosynthetic bacteria take in organic molecules produced by photoautotrophs and respire them or use them in the construction of cells and tissues. respiration is the oxidation of carbon compounds by breaking them down into ... | D) cardiovascular |
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is said to have occurred. a chemical reaction is therefore a concept related to the " reaction " of a substance when it comes in close contact with another, whether as a mixture or a solution ; exposure to some form of energy, or both. it results in some energy exchange between the constituents of the reaction... | A) compound |
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listen ), generally in that order, although auscultation occurs prior to percussion and palpation for abdominal assessments. the clinical examination involves the study of : abdomen and rectum cardiovascular ( heart and blood vessels ) general appearance of the patient and specific indicators of disease ( nutr... | C) angina pectoris |
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blood vessels. mechanical stimuli, such as pressure pulses seem to be beneficial to all kind of cardiovascular tissue such as heart valves, blood vessels or pericardium. = = = bioreactors = = = in tissue engineering, a bioreactor is a device that attempts to simulate a physiological environment in order to pro... | D) heart |
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##physical processes which take place in human beings as they make sense of information received through the visual system. the subject of the image. when developing an imaging system, designers must consider the observables associated with the subjects which will be imaged. these observables generally take th... | D) thermodynamics |
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remediation include ; soil contamination, hazardous waste, groundwater contamination, oil, gas and chemical spills. there are three most common types of environmental remediation. these include soil, water, and sediment remediation. soil remediation consists of removing contaminants in soil, as these pose grea... | C) industrial waste dumping |
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the origin of the arc - shaped stellar complexes in the lmc4 region is still unknown. these perfect arcs could not have been formed by o - stars and sne in their centers ; the strong arguments exist also against the possibility of their formation from infalling gas clouds. the origin from microquasars / grb je... | C) tornado |
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the gravitational poynting vector provides a mechanism for the transfer of gravitational energy to a system of falling objects. in the following we will show that the gravitational poynting vector together with the gravitational larmor theorem also provides a mechanism to explain how massive bodies acquire rot... | D) to stay aloft |
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listing of diseases in the family that may impact the patient. a family tree is sometimes used. history of present illness ( hpi ) : the chronological order of events of symptoms and further clarification of each symptom. distinguishable from history of previous illness, often called past medical history ( pmh... | A) respiratory |
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28 size spectra of extensive air showers from 7 different experiments are analysed consistently. they are fitted by adjusting either 4 or 5 parameters : knee position, power law exponents above and below the knee, overall intensity and, in addition, a parameter describing the smoothness of the bend. the residu... | D) reflex |
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also called projection lines ) differs, as explained below. in first - angle projection, the parallel projectors originate as if radiated from behind the viewer and pass through the 3d object to project a 2d image onto the orthogonal plane behind it. the 3d object is projected into 2d " paper " space as if you... | C) cilia |
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have evolved from the earliest emergence of life to present day. earth formed about 4. 5 billion years ago and all life on earth, both living and extinct, descended from a last universal common ancestor that lived about 3. 5 billion years ago. geologists have developed a geologic time scale that divides the hi... | C) 24 hours |
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##wi, turkana, dating from 3. 3 million years ago. stone tools diversified through the pleistocene period, which ended ~ 12, 000 years ago. the earliest evidence of warfare between two groups is recorded at the site of nataruk in turkana, kenya, where human skeletons with major traumatic injuries to the head, ... | C) pleistocene ice age |
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activation of g protein - coupled receptors can initiate second messenger cascades. the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events is called signal transduction. = = = cell cycle = = = the cell cycle is a series of events that take place in a ce... | D) come together |
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water content and the internal evolution of terrestrial planets and icy bodies are closely linked. the distribution of water in planetary systems is controlled by the temperature structure in the protoplanetary disk and dynamics and migration of planetesimals and planetary embryos. this results in the formatio... | B) ice |
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i have been asked to write brief, gentle introduction to the basic idea behind the field of " quantum gravity " in 1500 words or less. doing so appears to be almost as great a challenge as coming up with a consistent theory of quantum gravity. however, i will try. disclaimer : \ emph { the views expressed in t... | D) microorganisms |
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the most abundant molecule in every organism. water is important to life because it is an effective solvent, capable of dissolving solutes such as sodium and chloride ions or other small molecules to form an aqueous solution. once dissolved in water, these solutes are more likely to come in contact with one an... | A) dissolve |
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unspecialised cells ) that can grow into a new plant. in vascular plants, the xylem and phloem are the conductive tissues that transport resources between shoots and roots. roots are often adapted to store food such as sugars or starch, as in sugar beets and carrots. stems mainly provide support to the leaves ... | C) angiosperms |
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in mathematics, a reflection ( also spelled reflexion ) is a mapping from a euclidean space to itself that is an isometry with a hyperplane as the set of fixed points ; this set is called the axis ( in dimension 2 ) or plane ( in dimension 3 ) of reflection. the image of a figure by a reflection is its mirror ... | B) focal point |
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substrate - level phosphorylation, which does not require oxygen. = = = photosynthesis = = = photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organism ' s metabolic activities via cellular respiration. this chemic... | B) fat |
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classes according to pore size : the form and shape of the membrane pores are highly dependent on the manufacturing process and are often difficult to specify. therefore, for characterization, test filtrations are carried out and the pore diameter refers to the diameter of the smallest particles which could no... | B) quantitative analysis |
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##ply quickly, relatively easy to transform and can be stored at - 80 °c almost indefinitely. once a gene is isolated it can be stored inside the bacteria providing an unlimited supply for research. organisms are genetically engineered to discover the functions of certain genes. this could be the effect on the... | B) homeostasis |
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##ctonics, mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes are geological phenomena that can be explained in terms of physical and chemical processes in the earth ' s crust. beneath the earth ' s crust lies the mantle which is heated by the radioactive decay of heavy elements. the mantle is not quite solid and con... | B) oceanic |
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an antibody is to be generated. usually this is done by a series of injections of the antigen in question, over the course of several weeks. these injections are typically followed by the use of in vivo electroporation, which significantly enhances the immune response. once splenocytes are isolated from the ma... | C) polyclonal |
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variation in total solar irradiance is thought to have little effect on the earth ' s surface temperature because of the thermal time constant - - the characteristic response time of the earth ' s global surface temperature to changes in forcing. this time constant is large enough to smooth annual variations b... | D) thermal radiation from the sun |
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have evolved from the earliest emergence of life to present day. earth formed about 4. 5 billion years ago and all life on earth, both living and extinct, descended from a last universal common ancestor that lived about 3. 5 billion years ago. geologists have developed a geologic time scale that divides the hi... | A) bacteria |
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applications, where neither weight nor corrosion are a major concern. cast irons, including ductile iron, are also part of the iron - carbon system. iron - manganese - chromium alloys ( hadfield - type steels ) are also used in non - magnetic applications such as directional drilling. other engineering metals ... | B) alloys |
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blood vessels. mechanical stimuli, such as pressure pulses seem to be beneficial to all kind of cardiovascular tissue such as heart valves, blood vessels or pericardium. = = = bioreactors = = = in tissue engineering, a bioreactor is a device that attempts to simulate a physiological environment in order to pro... | B) heart |
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