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Accordingly, the decrease in viability of HepG2 cells was significant at p ≤ 0.05, indicating the effective cytotoxicity of the W. somnifera leaf and stem methanolic extracts.
|
[
{
"end": 47,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 42,
"text": "HepG2"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Interestingly, the extracts did not considerably affect L929 cells.
|
[
{
"end": 60,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 56,
"text": "L929"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
The in vitro cytotoxicity of W. somnifera leaf, stem, and root methanolic extracts was assessed using the HepG2 and L929 cell lines, with the aim of determining their IC50 values (Figures 4 and 5).
|
[
{
"end": 111,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 106,
"text": "HepG2"
},
{
"end": 120,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 116,
"text": "L929"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
The IC50 values for the methanolic extracts of W. somnifera leaf and stem were determined to be 43.06 ± 0.615 μg/mL and 45.60 ± 0.3 μg/mL, respectively, in HepG2 cell lines.
|
[
{
"end": 161,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 156,
"text": "HepG2"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
In the L929 cell lines, the IC50 values were found to be 78.77 ± 0.795 μg/mL and 90.55 ± 0.800 μg/mL for the leaf and stem extracts, respectively.
|
[
{
"end": 11,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 7,
"text": "L929"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
On the other hand, IC50 values with root were 314.4 ± 0.795 and 314.4 ± 0.795 μg/mL in the HepG2 and L929 cell lines, respectively.
|
[
{
"end": 96,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 91,
"text": "HepG2"
},
{
"end": 105,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 101,
"text": "L929"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Overall, the IC50 values obtained for W. somnifera leaf and stem methanolic extracts in HepG2 were less than 50.00 μg/mL and greater than 50.00 μg/mL in the L929 cell line.
|
[
{
"end": 93,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 88,
"text": "HepG2"
},
{
"end": 161,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 157,
"text": "L929"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
The IC50 values obtained for the root were greater than 100 μg/mL in both cell lines, HepG2 and L929.
|
[
{
"end": 91,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 86,
"text": "HepG2"
},
{
"end": 100,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 96,
"text": "L929"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
By calculating “p” values, the significance of difference between the observed value and the hypothesized mean of IC50 was determined for leaf, stem, and root methanolic extracts of W. somnifera in HepG2 and L929 cells (Table 7).
|
[
{
"end": 203,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 198,
"text": "HepG2"
},
{
"end": 212,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 208,
"text": "L929"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
The p values for IC50 of W. somnifera leaf, stem, and root methanolic extracts were found to be 0.0014, 0.0007, and 0.9999 in HepG2 and 0.9993, 0.9994, and 0.9993 in L292 cell lines, respectively.
|
[
{
"end": 131,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 126,
"text": "HepG2"
},
{
"end": 170,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 166,
"text": "L292"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
W. somnifera is a reliable source of herbal medicinal products .
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Previous studies on W. somnifera leaf and root methanolic extracts have indicated that they are a source of novel phytochemicals that can inhibit cancer [25–28].
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Furthermore, studies showed effective anticancer activity of methanolic extracts of W. somnifera leaf against MDA-MB-231 , IMR-32 , MCF-7 (breast) , stem against HCT-15 (colon), and root against A-549, DU-145 , and B16F1 cell lines.
|
[
{
"end": 120,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 110,
"text": "MDA-MB-231"
},
{
"end": 129,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 123,
"text": "IMR-32"
},
{
"end": 137,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 132,
"text": "MCF-7"
},
{
"end": 168,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 162,
"text": "HCT-15"
},
{
"end": 200,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 195,
"text": "A-549"
},
{
"end": 208,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 202,
"text": "DU-145"
},
{
"end": 220,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 215,
"text": "B16F1"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Moreover, W. somnifera anticancer potential with reference to methanolic extracts of reproductive stage stem, leaf, and root fractions revealed an array of phytochemicals with anticancer properties being present .
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most prevalent cancer with no effective treatment, is a malignant tumor that develops from hepatocytes .
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Globally, it is the fifth most common cause of cancer and the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths .
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
In a previous study, HepG2 cells (a cell line obtained from hepatocellular carcinoma) were known to be arrested in the S phase of the cell cycle .
|
[
{
"end": 26,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 21,
"text": "HepG2"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
The MTT assay is a useful method to compare the cytotoxic activity of cancer cell lines to that of a normal cell line, L929 (mouse fibroblast normal cell line) .
|
[
{
"end": 123,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 119,
"text": "L929"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Nevertheless, there exists a gap in the comparative analysis of the anticancer effects of W. somnifera on HepG2 and L929 cell lines, focusing on plant organ-based research.
|
[
{
"end": 111,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 106,
"text": "HepG2"
},
{
"end": 120,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 116,
"text": "L929"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
This gap persists despite the extensive utilization of W. somnifera in various studies pertaining to anticancer properties.
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Hence, in this study, the anticancer activities of W. somnifera leaf, stem, and root methanolic extracts were evaluated using the MTT assay in HepG2 and L929 cells.
|
[
{
"end": 148,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 143,
"text": "HepG2"
},
{
"end": 157,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 153,
"text": "L929"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
The inverted microscope images of HepG2 and L929 cells (Figures 2 and 3) revealed significant dose-dependent morphological changes.
|
[
{
"end": 39,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 34,
"text": "HepG2"
},
{
"end": 48,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 44,
"text": "L929"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
The results of the experiment indicate that after a 24-hour treatment with methanolic extracts derived from the stem, leaf, and root of W. somnifera, HepG2 cells exhibited minimal morphological alterations at lower concentrations ranging from 20 to 50 μg/mL, while L929 cells displayed negligible changes at higher concentrations ranging from 100 to 200 μg/mL. This observation is in agreement with earlier findings that W. somnifera extracts exhibited less cytotoxicity against normal cell lines, such as L929, than against cancerous cell lines .
|
[
{
"end": 155,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 150,
"text": "HepG2"
},
{
"end": 269,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 265,
"text": "L929"
},
{
"end": 510,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 506,
"text": "L929"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
This may be attributed to the presence of certain phytochemicals in the extracts that selectively target cancer cells while sparing normal cells.
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
In both HepG2 and L929 cell lines at higher concentrations of W. somnifera stem, leaf, and root methanolic extracts, significant cell changes were observed, such as an increase in suspended cells, a decrease in cell density, reduced cell volume, detachment from the substrate, and cytoplasmic shrinkage.
|
[
{
"end": 13,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 8,
"text": "HepG2"
},
{
"end": 22,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 18,
"text": "L929"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
This result confirms earlier findings on HepG2 cells exhibiting characteristics of apoptosis via morphological changes when treated with W. somnifera extracts at different concentrations for 24 hours .
|
[
{
"end": 46,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 41,
"text": "HepG2"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
This suggests that W. somnifera stem and leaf methanolic extracts have anticancer properties, which may be due to bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, withanolides, and alkaloids that induce apoptosis .
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
The proportional morphological alterations observed in HepG2 cells upon exposure to increasing concentrations of methanolic extracts derived from the leaf, stem, and root of W. somnifera were found to be consistent with previous research, which demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation and associated morphological changes .
|
[
{
"end": 60,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 55,
"text": "HepG2"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
The increased suppression of cellular proliferation observed at higher concentrations can be attributed to the existence of phytochemicals, which possess the capability to affect the structure and functionality of cancer cells.
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
This impact may lead to morphological changes in HepG2 cancer cells, ultimately resulting in their death or hindering their ability to multiply and spread.
|
[
{
"end": 54,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 49,
"text": "HepG2"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
When treated with methanolic extracts of W. somnifera leaf and stem, the evaluation of viable cells using the MTT assay revealed a significant reduction in HepG2 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner.
|
[
{
"end": 161,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 156,
"text": "HepG2"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
The HepG2 cell line exhibited cell viabilities of 81.94 ± 0.046, 34.25 ± 0.015, 25.62 ± 0.011, 16.07 ± 0.017, 10.05 ± 0.02, 10.19 ± 0.015, 10.25 ± 0.011, and 10.19 ± 0.015 at concentrations of 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 μg/mL with methanolic leaf extracts, as shown in Table 1.
|
[
{
"end": 9,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 4,
"text": "HepG2"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Similarly, HepG2 exhibited cell viability of 86.09 ± 0.020, 36.21 ± 0.011, 22.16 ± 0.017, 19.85 ± 0.015, 10.01 ± 0.025, 10.04 ± 0.025, and 10.04 ± 0 0.025, at 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 μg/mL concentrations, respectively, with stem extracts (Table 2).
|
[
{
"end": 16,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 11,
"text": "HepG2"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
On the other hand, HepG2 exhibited cell viability of 9.93 ± 0.05 and 95.99 ± 0.025, 87.44 ± 0.015, 80.52 ± 0.020, 72.06 ± 0.017, 31.69 ± 0.017, 14.27 ± 0.025, 10.28 ± 0.035, and 9.82 ± 0.125 at 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 μg/mL concentrations with root methanolic extracts (Table 3).
|
[
{
"end": 24,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 19,
"text": "HepG2"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
It has been determined that the methanolic extract derived from the leaf exhibited the highest level of activity followed by stem in inhibiting the viability of HepG2 cells, surpassing the methanolic extracts obtained from the root.
|
[
{
"end": 166,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 161,
"text": "HepG2"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
This result supports previous findings that HepG2 cell viability decreases significantly as the W. somnifera leaf methanolic extract concentration increases .
|
[
{
"end": 49,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 44,
"text": "HepG2"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
The aforementioned data suggest a heightened efficacy of the methanolic extract derived from W. somnifera leaf in inhibiting the proliferation of the Hep G2 cell line.
|
[
{
"end": 156,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 150,
"text": "Hep G2"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
In contrast to that of HepG2 cells, the viability of L929 cells was insignificant when compared in a dose-dependent manner.
|
[
{
"end": 28,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 23,
"text": "HepG2"
},
{
"end": 57,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 53,
"text": "L929"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
The L929 cell line exhibited cell viability of 99.99 ± 0.005, 72.37 ± 0.030, 55.39 ± 0.025, 42.38 ± 0.30, 32.6 ± 0.020, 26.25 ± 0.035, 26.53 ± 0.02, 26.59 ± 0.020, and 26.53 ± 0.045 at concentrations of 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 μg/mL with leaf methanolic extracts (Table 4).
|
[
{
"end": 8,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 4,
"text": "L929"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Similarly, L929 exhibits cell viabilities of 99.99 ± 0.005, 71.97 ± 0.052, 58.87 ± 0.040, 45.57 ± 0.037, 33.81 ± 0.045, 27.1 ± 0.068, 25.85 ± 0.037, 25.77 ± 0.055, and 25.94 ± 0.026; and 99.99 ± 0.005, 77.96 ± 0.030, 72.91 ± 0.0467.77 ± 0.060, 62.88 ± 0.045, 49.16 ± 0.030, 35.1 ± 0.041, 28.52 ± 0.040, and 26.87 ± 0.058 (Tables 5 and 6) at the 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 μg/mL concentrations with stem and root methanolic extracts, respectively.
|
[
{
"end": 15,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 11,
"text": "L929"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
This finding indicates that the leaf methanolic extracts of W. somnifera exhibit anticancer properties compared to the stem and root methanolic extracts of the HepG2 cell line.
|
[
{
"end": 165,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 160,
"text": "HepG2"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
This may be ascribed to certain bioactive compounds such as the phenolic compounds 1,2-bis (trimethylsilyl) benzene, the ester compound boric acid, trimethyl ester, and steroid amines such as dextroamphetamine in the methanolic extract of W. somnifera leaf, which have been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells in the previous finding.
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
The findings from the cytotoxicity evaluations conducted using the MTT assay revealed that the IC50 values of methanolic extracts obtained from the leaf, stem, and root of W. somnifera exhibited significant potency in HepG2 cells.
|
[
{
"end": 223,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 218,
"text": "HepG2"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
The IC50 values of W. somnifera leaf, stem, and root methanolic extracts in HepG2 cells were found to be 43.06 μg/mL, 45.60 μg/mL, and 314.4 μg/mL (Figure 4), and L929 78.77 μg/mL, 90.55 μg/mL, and 361.70 μg/mL (Figure 5), respectively.
|
[
{
"end": 81,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 76,
"text": "HepG2"
},
{
"end": 167,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 163,
"text": "L929"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
The IC50 value in pharmacological research is generally considered an indicator of a drug's effectiveness at its half-inhibitory concentration.
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
It provides antagonist drug potency by demonstrating the amount of drug required to block 50% of the biological process .
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Moreover, as per the GERAN Protocol and the American National Cancer Institute (NCI), IC50 values for strong cytotoxic properties are defined as under 21 μg/mL, moderate cytotoxic properties between 21and 200 μg/mL, and weak cytotoxic properties between 201 and 500 μg/mL .
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
IC50 values greater than 50 μg/mL are considered noncytotoxic .
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
In this study, the IC50 values were found to be less than 50 μg/mL for the leaf and stem methanolic extracts of HepG2 cells, which were found to be much lower than the IC50 values for L929 cells.
|
[
{
"end": 117,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 112,
"text": "HepG2"
},
{
"end": 188,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 184,
"text": "L929"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
An IC50 value of less than 50 μg/mL is usually considered to have significant cytotoxicity .
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
The MTT assay findings of the methanolic leaf and stem extracts of W. somnifera indicate a significant degree of cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells, ranging from high to moderate, while demonstrating only weak cytotoxicity on the L929 cell line .
|
[
{
"end": 134,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 129,
"text": "HepG2"
},
{
"end": 227,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 223,
"text": "L929"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
These results support earlier findings that W. somnifera leaf methanolic extracts are cytotoxic to HepG2 cells .
|
[
{
"end": 104,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 99,
"text": "HepG2"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
The methanolic extracts derived from the root of W. somnifera were found to lack satisfactory cytotoxic activity against both HepG2 and L929, as evidenced by IC50 values exceeding 100 μg/mL. This observation is consistent with prior research indicating that W. somnifera root extract has a minimal cytotoxic impact on L929 cells .
|
[
{
"end": 131,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 126,
"text": "HepG2"
},
{
"end": 140,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 136,
"text": "L929"
},
{
"end": 322,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 318,
"text": "L929"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
This selective cytotoxic effect on cancer cells may be due to bioactive compounds in the methanolic extracts of W. somnifera that specifically target cancer cell lines, such as HepG2.
|
[
{
"end": 182,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 177,
"text": "HepG2"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Statistical analysis showed a significant effect of W. somnifera leaf and stem methanolic extracts on HepG2 cells (p ≤ 0.05).
|
[
{
"end": 107,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 102,
"text": "HepG2"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
The methanolic root extracts of W. somnifera did not exhibit any significant impact on either HepG2 or L929 cell lines, as indicated by the p value of ≥0.05 (Table 7).
|
[
{
"end": 99,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 94,
"text": "HepG2"
},
{
"end": 107,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 103,
"text": "L929"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Similarly, leaf and stem methanolic extracts showed no significant effect on the L929 cell line (p ≥ 0.05).
|
[
{
"end": 85,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 81,
"text": "L929"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Thus, the p values further confirmed that the methanolic extracts of W. somnifera leaf and stem had significant cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells and weak cytotoxicity in the L929 cell line.
|
[
{
"end": 133,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 128,
"text": "HepG2"
},
{
"end": 173,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 169,
"text": "L929"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
W. somnifera is a reliable source of herbal products.
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Research has revealed an array of anticancer phytochemicals present in the stem, leaf, and root.
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
This study was conducted using the MTT assay to compare the cytotoxic effects of methanolic leaf, stem, and root extracts of W. somnifera on HepG2 and L929 cells.
|
[
{
"end": 146,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 141,
"text": "HepG2"
},
{
"end": 155,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 151,
"text": "L929"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
The results of this investigation demonstrated that the methanolic leaf and stem extracts of W. somnifera exhibited significant cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells, while no significant cytotoxicity was observed in L929 cells.
|
[
{
"end": 149,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 144,
"text": "HepG2"
},
{
"end": 211,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 207,
"text": "L929"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Furthermore, the IC50 values indicated that the leaf methanolic extracts possessed the highest cytotoxic activity, followed by the stem methanolic extract in the HepG2 cell line.
|
[
{
"end": 167,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 162,
"text": "HepG2"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Hence, further studies on the identification and isolation of bioactive metabolites are required to explore the mechanism of cytotoxicity.
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
The need for new safe and efficacious therapies has led to an increased focus on biologics produced in mammalian cells.
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
The human cell line HEK293 has bio-synthetic potential for human-like production attributes and is currently used for manufacturing of several therapeutic proteins and viral vectors.
|
[
{
"end": 26,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 20,
"text": "HEK293"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Despite the increased popularity of this strain we still have limited knowledge on the genetic composition of its derivatives.
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Here we present a genomic, transcriptomic and metabolic gene analysis of six of the most widely used HEK293 cell lines.
|
[
{
"end": 107,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 101,
"text": "HEK293"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Changes in gene copy and expression between industrial progeny cell lines and the original HEK293 were associated with cellular component organization, cell motility and cell adhesion.
|
[
{
"end": 97,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 91,
"text": "HEK293"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Changes in gene expression between adherent and suspension derivatives highlighted switching in cholesterol biosynthesis and expression of five key genes (RARG, ID1, ZIC1, LOX and DHRS3), a pattern validated in 63 human adherent or suspension cell lines of other origin.
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
The production of protein therapeutics is a fast-growing field as it allows for the generation of sophisticated molecules with high specificity and activity in humans.
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Even though the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line is a successfully used mammalian platform for the production of advanced recombinant proteins with the need for proper protein folding and post translational modifications, there is an increasing demand for improved and more efficient bioproduction platforms.
|
[
{
"end": 37,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 16,
"text": "Chinese hamster ovary"
},
{
"end": 42,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 39,
"text": "CHO"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
With an increasing number of difficult-to-express proteins entering clinical development, including bispecific antibodies and antibody–drug conjugates, alternative or engineered expression hosts are being explored.
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Extensive omics profiling of CHO cells has been carried out during recent years, which has paved the way for cell line engineering efforts aiming to improve bioproduction efficiency and product quality.
|
[
{
"end": 32,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 29,
"text": "CHO"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Moreover, human production cell lines, such as HEK293, have served as convenient expression hosts for proteins with specific requirement for human post-translational modifications.
|
[
{
"end": 53,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 47,
"text": "HEK293"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
The human cell line HEK293 is the most commonly utilized human cell line for expression of recombinant proteins for a multitude of research applications.
|
[
{
"end": 26,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 20,
"text": "HEK293"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
This cell line originate from the kidney of an aborted human female embryo and was originally immortalized in 1973 by the integration of a 4 kbp adenoviral 5 (Ad5) genome fragment including the E1A and E1B genes, at chromosome 19.
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
The expression of E1A and E1B enable continuous culturing of HEK293 cells by inhibiting apoptosis and interfering with transcription and cell cycle control pathways.
|
[
{
"end": 67,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 61,
"text": "HEK293"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
In addition, E1A and E1B are essential helper factors for adeno associated virus (AAV) production, which makes HEK293 cells attractive production hosts for recombinant AAV particles.
|
[
{
"end": 117,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 111,
"text": "HEK293"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
HEK293 cell lines have been reported to have a pseudotriploid genome with the adenoviral DNA inserted on chromosome 19.
|
[
{
"end": 6,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 0,
"text": "HEK293"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
The organization of the HEK293 genome is continuously evolving through the events of chromosomal translocations and copy number alterations, suggesting that long-term cultivation and subcloning of cells result in karyotypic drift.
|
[
{
"end": 30,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 24,
"text": "HEK293"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Such abnormalities and genomic instability is, however, characteristic for immortalized cells and have also been reported for CHO cells.
|
[
{
"end": 129,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 126,
"text": "CHO"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Several HEK293 cell lineages have been established from the parental HEK293 lineage with the objective to improve recombinant protein production and are used for the production of therapeutic proteins.
|
[
{
"end": 14,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 8,
"text": "HEK293"
},
{
"end": 75,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 69,
"text": "HEK293"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Two examples are 293T and 293E cell lines, constitutively expressing the temperature sensitive allele of the large T antigen of Simian virus 40, or the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen EBNA1, respectively.
|
[
{
"end": 21,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 17,
"text": "293T"
},
{
"end": 30,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 26,
"text": "293E"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
In addition, several HEK293 cell lines have been adapted to high-density suspension growth in serum-free medium, enabling large-scale cultivation and bioproduction in bioreactors.
|
[
{
"end": 27,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 21,
"text": "HEK293"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Two industrially relevant suspension cell lines are 293-F and 293-H (Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific), which both enable fast growth and high transfectivity in serum-free medium.
|
[
{
"end": 57,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 52,
"text": "293-F"
},
{
"end": 67,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 62,
"text": "293-H"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
In addition, the 293-H cell line, which was originally derived from a more adherent HEK293 cell clone, shows strong adherence during plaque assays.
|
[
{
"end": 22,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 17,
"text": "293-H"
},
{
"end": 90,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 84,
"text": "HEK293"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Despite extensive usage of CHO and HEK in both suspension and adherent mode and several empirical protocols for adaptation in either direction, molecular knowledge of the key genes involved in the transition between the two growth states are limited.
|
[
{
"end": 30,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 27,
"text": "CHO"
},
{
"end": 38,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 35,
"text": "HEK"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
While adherent cells have traditionally been widely used for the production of viruses, e.g. AAV and lenti virus for clinical research, suspension growth is the platform of choice for bioproduction of therapeutic proteins.
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Whereas certain experimental steps are more efficient in adherent mode, e.g. chemical transfection and viral infection, the ability to increase the volumetric cell density by growth in suspension without cell clump formation, which results in oxygen limitations, is a key step from a manufacturing perspective.
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Even though different HEK293 strains have all been derived from the same original cell line, significant genomic and transcriptomic changes between parental and progenitor cell lines can be expected due to the genomic instability of HEK293 as discussed above.
|
[
{
"end": 28,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 22,
"text": "HEK293"
},
{
"end": 239,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 233,
"text": "HEK293"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Here, we present a genomic and transcriptomic analysis of the HEK293 parental cell line along with five widely used HEK293 derivatives.
|
[
{
"end": 68,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 62,
"text": "HEK293"
},
{
"end": 122,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 116,
"text": "HEK293"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
An overall analysis of the differences in genomic landscape and transcriptomic profiles was performed in order to provide novel molecular insights into the differences between cell lines that have occurred during the process of clonal isolation and expansion.
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Furthermore, we focus on transcriptomic differences between adherent and suspension HEK293 cells and the impact of the differentially expressed genes on metabolic pathways and the phenotype of the cells from a bioprocess perspective.
|
[
{
"end": 90,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 84,
"text": "HEK293"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
In this study, six industrially relevant HEK293 cell lines (Fig. 1a) were subjected to omics profiling.
|
[
{
"end": 47,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 41,
"text": "HEK293"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
This set of cell lines includes the parental HEK293 as well as five additional cell lines that have all been clonally derived from parental HEK293 cells.
|
[
{
"end": 51,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 45,
"text": "HEK293"
},
{
"end": 146,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 140,
"text": "HEK293"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
The cell lines can be divided into either adherent (HEK293, 293E and 293T) or suspension (293-H, 293-F and Freestyle 293-F) cells.
|
[
{
"end": 58,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 52,
"text": "HEK293"
},
{
"end": 64,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 60,
"text": "293E"
},
{
"end": 73,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 69,
"text": "293T"
},
{
"end": 95,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 90,
"text": "293-H"
},
{
"end": 102,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 97,
"text": "293-F"
},
{
"end": 122,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 117,
"text": "293-F"
}
] |
ChemBL_V1
|
The genomes and the transcriptomes of these six cell lines were sequenced using Illumina HiSeq.
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Supplementary Table S1 provides full results of transcript levels (TPM) for all cell lines.
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
Comparisons of the genomes and transcription profiles between the cell lines show overall similar results (Fig. 1b,c).
|
[] |
ChemBL_V1
|
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