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The inner cores of these grafts contained tumorigenic precursor cells (reviewed in [17]).
|
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{
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"label": "CellType",
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}
] |
CellFinder
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These findings suggest that neural cells generated by acute exposure to growth factors and/or morphogens may still be heterogeneous and potentially tumorigenic.
|
[
{
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"label": "CellType",
"start": 28,
"text": null
},
{
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"label": "Tissue",
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"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
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We report an alternative method for the isolation and the perpetuation of a multipotent hNSC line from the hESCs with a primitive mode of self-renewal.
|
[
{
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"label": "CellType",
"start": 107,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
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We also demonstrate their long-term expansion, non-tumorigenic properties and functional engraftability in an experimental model of stroke.
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[] |
CellFinder
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1.
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[] |
CellFinder
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In vitro isolation, growth and differentiation of hESC-derived hNSCsThe hESCs were maintained and expanded on mouse feeder layer in media supplemented with bFGF (Figure 1A).
|
[
{
"end": 77,
"label": "CellType",
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},
{
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"label": "CellType",
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"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
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After cell dissociation, a portion of the hESCs was cultured in serum free medium containing EGF, bFGF and LIF.
|
[
{
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"label": "CellType",
"start": 42,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
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These factors are known to stimulate the proliferation of human fetal-derived NSCs [18], [19].
|
[
{
"end": 82,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 58,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 82,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 78,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 69,
"label": "Tissue",
"start": 64,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
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After 3 days in vitro (DIV), there was selective survival and growth of cells that aggregated in clusters or spheres (Figure 1B).
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[] |
CellFinder
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These primary spheres were harvested and replated in fresh media.
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[] |
CellFinder
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During the following week, the spheres attached to the flask and a fibroblast-like cell population began to migrate out (Figure 1C).
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[] |
CellFinder
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Secondary spheres (2° spheres) were generated from these cultures and lifted off by the end of the week leaving a hollow in the middle of the attached cells (Figure 1D).
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[] |
CellFinder
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The floating 2° spheres were collected and replated in fresh growth medium for 2 weeks.
|
[] |
CellFinder
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The cultures were then passaged by collagenase cell dissociation every 7 DIV for an additional 4 passages (Figure S1).
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[] |
CellFinder
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At the 5th and 6th passages, spheres were dissociated into a single-cell suspension using trypsin-EDTA.
|
[] |
CellFinder
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At this stage there was a change in the hNSCs' adherent properties, and the cells began to grow as a monolayer with multiple foci of cells throughout the culture (Figure 1F).
|
[
{
"end": 45,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 40,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
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The adherent hNSC culture stained uniformly for nestin (Figure 1K), vimentin (Figure 1L) and with the radial glial marker 3CB2 (Figure 1M) indicating their homogeneity and NSC identity.
|
[
{
"end": 114,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 102,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
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Under these culture conditions, it is noteworthy that we did not observe the formation of rosettes which has been previously reported to occur under certain conditions during neuralization of hESCs [8], [20], [21].
|
[
{
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"label": "Tissue",
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},
{
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"label": "CellType",
"start": 192,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
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RT-PCR analysis confirmed that these hNSCs did not express the pluripotency transcripts Oct-4 and Nanog (Figure 1I).
|
[
{
"end": 42,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 37,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
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Furthermore, the hNSCs did not express transcripts for brachyury and foxa2, marker genes for mesoderm and endoderm respectively (negative result, data not shown).10.1371/journal.pone.0001644.g001Figure 1Isolation and purification of hNSCs from the hESCs.
|
[
{
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{
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},
{
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"label": "Tissue",
"start": 93,
"text": null
},
{
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"label": "Tissue",
"start": 106,
"text": null
},
{
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"label": "CellType",
"start": 17,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
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The hESCs were grown on a mouse feeder layer (A).
|
[
{
"end": 9,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 4,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
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Primary neurospheres (B) were isolated and replated to eliminate other non-neural cells.
|
[
{
"end": 81,
"label": "Tissue",
"start": 75,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 20,
"label": "Tissue",
"start": 8,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 87,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 75,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
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The selectively harvested secondary neurospheres (arrow in C), left behind hollow cores in the surface area (star in D) where they attached earlier.
|
[
{
"end": 48,
"label": "Tissue",
"start": 36,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
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They were perpetuated for an additional 5 passages (E).
|
[] |
CellFinder
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These 2° spheres were then passaged using a single cell dissociation protocol (F).
|
[] |
CellFinder
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Arrow in F shows an example of a focus of proliferating cells. (
|
[] |
CellFinder
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G, H) The hNSCs were passaged every 5–7 days, as described in the Methods section.
|
[
{
"end": 15,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 10,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
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Starting from an initial population of 1 million cells, the cumulative cell number was calculated at each passage as the fold of increase×the total cell number and plotted as logarithm with base 2 in function of time (G).
|
[] |
CellFinder
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The cell perpetuation (G) and population doubling (H) analysis demonstrated the continuous and stable growth of the hNSCs. (
|
[
{
"end": 121,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 116,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
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I) RT-PCR analysis showing the down regulation of the pluripotency transcripts Oct4 and Nanog in secondary neurospheres and in expanded hNSCs at passage 8 (P8). (
|
[
{
"end": 141,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 136,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 119,
"label": "Tissue",
"start": 107,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
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J) Cytogenetic evaluation of the SD56 hNSCs line at passage 12 by standard G-banding was performed.
|
[
{
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"label": "CellType",
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"text": null
},
{
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}
] |
CellFinder
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Twenty metaphase cells were analyzed and showed a normal female chromosome complement (46,XX).
|
[
{
"end": 63,
"label": "Tissue",
"start": 57,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
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Isolated and expanded hNSCs expressed the neural precursor cell markers nestin (K), Vimentin (L) and the radial glial cell marker 3CB2 (M) in virtually all the progeny. (
|
[
{
"end": 63,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 42,
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},
{
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"label": "Tissue",
"start": 42,
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},
{
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"label": "CellType",
"start": 105,
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},
{
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"label": "CellType",
"start": 105,
"text": null
},
{
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"label": "CellType",
"start": 22,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
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N-P) Clonal self-renewal ability of the isolated hNSCs through symmetrical cell division.
|
[] |
CellFinder
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Single (N), two-cell stage (O) and four-cell stage (P) of a hNSC proliferating over a 3-day culture period.
|
[] |
CellFinder
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Note the symmetrical segregation of BrdU and nestin in the progeny.
|
[] |
CellFinder
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Bars: (A, B, C, D) 200 µm; (E, F) 100 µm; (K–M) 20 µm; (N–P) 10 µm.
|
[] |
CellFinder
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To ascertain self-renewal ability under clonal conditions, a single cell suspension was plated at clonal density (1–2 cell/10 µl).
|
[] |
CellFinder
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To determine if the hNSCs divide symmetrically, we pulsed cultures with the thymidine analog, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), after plating and looked for the expression of nestin in the progeny.
|
[
{
"end": 188,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 181,
"text": null
},
{
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"label": "CellType",
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"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
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Cultures were fixed after 1, 2 or 3 DIV (Figure 1N–P).
|
[] |
CellFinder
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After 2 days, plated single cells first underwent a symmetric cell division and gave rise to daughter cells that were both positive for BrdU and nestin.
|
[] |
CellFinder
|
The clone of cells continued to grow over the 3 DIV and all the progeny expressed nestin.
|
[
{
"end": 71,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 64,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
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BrdU labeling demonstrated that it was rare for only one daughter cell to inherit the BrdU and thus had undergone asymmetric segregation of the chromatids (Figure S2).
|
[] |
CellFinder
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G-band karyotyping of these hNSCs confirmed the normal, non-transformed nature of cells after 12 passages (Figure 1J).
|
[
{
"end": 33,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 28,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
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We named the derived hNSCs SD56 (intermittently referred to as SD56 hNSCs or hNSCs).Under these defined growth conditions, the hNSCs showed stable growth with a 2.7±0.2 fold increase every 5 to 7 days (Figure 1G).
|
[
{
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{
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{
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},
{
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"label": "CellType",
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},
{
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"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
The population doubling at each passage averaged at 1.4±0.1 (Figure 1H).
|
[] |
CellFinder
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The viability of hNSCs at each passage was consistent at the approximate value of 98%.
|
[
{
"end": 22,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 17,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
The projected cumulative cell numbers demonstrated that trillions of cells could be generated over a period of 5 months (Figure 1G).
|
[] |
CellFinder
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We expanded the isolated hNSCs lines for over 20 passages with a stable phenotype.
|
[
{
"end": 30,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 25,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
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An initial cell bank of 75 vials containing 2 to 5 million cells each was generated and cryopreserved.
|
[] |
CellFinder
|
Upon removal of the mitogenic factors and plating on a coverslip pre-coated with poly-L-ornithine (PLO) substrate, the hNSCs spontaneously differentiated into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, a property that is consistent with normal multipotent hNSCs (Figure 2).
|
[
{
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{
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},
{
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},
{
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"start": 119,
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},
{
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"start": 255,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
After 2 DIV, hNSCs expressed transcripts for the neural-specific genes nestin, Notch1 and neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) (Figure 2A) and for the lineage specific markers β-tubulin class III, medium-size neurofilament (NF-M) and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) for neurons, GFAP for astrocytes and myelin basic protein (MBP) for oligodendrocytes (Figure 2A).
|
[
{
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},
{
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},
{
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"label": "CellType",
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},
{
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"start": 13,
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},
{
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"label": "Tissue",
"start": 49,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
Transcripts for the GABAergic cell marker glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) were expressed, but transcripts for the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a marker for dopaminergic neurons, were undetectable.
|
[
{
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},
{
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},
{
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}
] |
CellFinder
|
Immunocytochemical analysis (Figure 2B–F) of 10 day-old cultures demonstrated that the proportion of nestin+ cells was 36.6±2.7%, 62.5±2.8% expressed the neuronal marker TuJ1, 1.9±0.3% expressed the astrocytic marker GFAP and 7.1±0.4% were oligodendrocytes and expressed galactocerebrocide (GC) (Figure 2F).
|
[
{
"end": 256,
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},
{
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"label": "CellType",
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},
{
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"label": "CellType",
"start": 199,
"text": null
},
{
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}
] |
CellFinder
|
A subset (9.8±1.6%) of the GFAP+ astrocytes co-expressed nestin.10.1371/journal.pone.0001644.g002Figure 2hESC-derived hNSCs spontaneously differentiated into the 3 principal central nervous system cell types.
|
[
{
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{
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{
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},
{
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}
] |
CellFinder
|
Dissociated hNSCs were washed free of growth factors and plated on poly-L-onithine coated glass coverslips.
|
[
{
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"label": "CellType",
"start": 12,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
Differentiated cultures were either harvested after 2 DIV for total RNA extraction and RT-PCR analysis or fixed after 10 DIV and processed for indirect immunocytochemistry. (
|
[] |
CellFinder
|
A) Differentiated hNSCs expressed the neural-specific transcripts nestin and Notch1 as well as transcripts: for neurons (β-tubulin class III, MAP-2, NCAM and medium-size neurofilament, NF-M), for astrocytes (GFAP) and for oligodendrocytes (MBP).
|
[
{
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},
{
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"label": "CellType",
"start": 196,
"text": null
},
{
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"label": "CellType",
"start": 18,
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},
{
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"label": "Tissue",
"start": 38,
"text": null
},
{
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"label": "CellType",
"start": 112,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
The hNSCs expressed transcripts for GAD, but not for TH.
|
[
{
"end": 9,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 4,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
B, C & D, morphology of NSC-derived progeny differentiated into GFAP+ astrocytes (B), GC-expressing oligodendrocytes (C) and TuJ1+ neurons (D), DAPI (blue) show life cell nuclei. (
|
[
{
"end": 80,
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},
{
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},
{
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"label": "CellType",
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},
{
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}
] |
CellFinder
|
E) Photo showing cultures double-immunostained for TuJ1 (green) and nestin (red) (DAPI, blue). (
|
[] |
CellFinder
|
F) Quantitative analysis of immunostained 10 day-old cultures for the 3 neural cell types.
|
[
{
"end": 78,
"label": "Tissue",
"start": 72,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
Results are mean±s.e.m.
|
[] |
CellFinder
|
of three independent experiments, each performed in duplicate.
|
[] |
CellFinder
|
Bars: (c) 20 µm; (d, e) 10 µm.
|
[] |
CellFinder
|
2.
|
[] |
CellFinder
|
The isolated hNSCs are normal and do not form tumors in normal nude ratsThe self-renewal and pluripotent abilities of the hESCs are also associated with tumorigenic properties.
|
[
{
"end": 127,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 122,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 52,
"label": "Tissue",
"start": 46,
"text": null
},
{
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"label": "CellType",
"start": 13,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
Therefore, the first critical step toward developing therapeutic hNSCs is to verify that they are non-tumorigenic.
|
[
{
"end": 70,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 65,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
The monolayer culture of SD56 hNSCs clearly demonstrated contact inhibition of growth, a normal karyotype and did not express the pluripotency transcripts Oct-4 and Nanog.
|
[
{
"end": 29,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 25,
"text": null
},
{
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"label": "CellType",
"start": 30,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 35,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 25,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
Removal of mitogenic factors and continued culture on plastic resulted in cell senescence that is characteristic of non-transformed cells.
|
[] |
CellFinder
|
To determine whether SD56 hNSCs form tumors in vivo, we transplanted them at high density (see Methods) into the forebrain and subcutaneously into the flank of nude rats.
|
[
{
"end": 43,
"label": "Tissue",
"start": 37,
"text": null
},
{
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"label": "Tissue",
"start": 127,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 25,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 21,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 31,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 26,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 31,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 21,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 122,
"label": "Tissue",
"start": 113,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
The animals were kept for a two-month post-transplant survival period.
|
[] |
CellFinder
|
To label mitotically active cells in vivo during S-phase, the rats were injected IP with BrdU (50 mg/kg) every 8 hours during the last 24 hours before euthanasia.
|
[] |
CellFinder
|
The transit amplifying endogenous precursors located in the subventricular zone (SVZ) were labeled (Figure S3); however, we were unable to detect grafted SD56 hNSCs co-localizing the human-specific nuclear marker hNuc and BrdU (Figure S3).
|
[
{
"end": 164,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 159,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 158,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 154,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 84,
"label": "Tissue",
"start": 81,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 79,
"label": "Tissue",
"start": 60,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 44,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 34,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 44,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 4,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 164,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 154,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
No surviving SD56 hNSCs were detected in the flank of the transplanted animals suggesting that the grafted cells are not tumorigenic.
|
[
{
"end": 23,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 13,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 23,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 18,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 17,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 13,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 132,
"label": "Tissue",
"start": 121,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
3.
|
[] |
CellFinder
|
Transplanted cells survived, migrated toward and engrafted into the stroke-damaged host tissueTo investigate the survival and functional engraftment in an injury environment, hNSCs (4×105) were transplanted into the ischemic boundary zone in the rat striatum one week after the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was performed.
|
[
{
"end": 258,
"label": "Tissue",
"start": 250,
"text": null
},
{
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"label": "Tissue",
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"text": null
},
{
"end": 300,
"label": "Tissue",
"start": 278,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 300,
"label": "Tissue",
"start": 294,
"text": null
},
{
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"label": "CellType",
"start": 175,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
Animals were euthanized two months later and the brains processed for histo-pathology and immunocytochemistry.
|
[
{
"end": 55,
"label": "Tissue",
"start": 49,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
Grafted SD56 hNSCs, identified with hNuc, demonstrated a 37.0±15.8% survival rate and a remarkable dispersion toward the stroke-damaged tissue with no sign of overgrowth or tumorigenesis.
|
[
{
"end": 12,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 8,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 18,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 8,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 18,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 13,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
The majority of grafted cells (61.2±4.7%) migrated at least 200 µm away from the injection site and penetrated an average distance of 806.4±49.3 µm into the stroke-damaged tissue (Figure 3A–C).
|
[] |
CellFinder
|
Immunostaining with the blood vessel marker, GluT1, revealed dilated vessels in the infarcted striatum and a close association between vessels and the grafted hNSCs (Figure 3B, 3C).
|
[
{
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},
{
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"label": "CellType",
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},
{
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"start": 135,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 102,
"label": "Tissue",
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"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
The grafted cells rarely expressed the proliferation marker Ki67 (Figure 3D), 29.8±4.4% expressed nestin (Figure 3E), 6.5±0.9% expressed doublecortin (DCX) and 60.8±8.1% were TuJ1+ (Figure 3F, G).
|
[] |
CellFinder
|
Grafted cells rarely co-expressed the astroglial marker GFAP (Figure 3H) or differentiated into CNPase-expressing oligodendrocytes (Figure 3I).
|
[
{
"end": 48,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 38,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 130,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 114,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
Immunostaining for GAD demonstrated that 25.1±2.3% of grafted hNSCs differentiated into GABAergic neurons while less than 2% were positive for glutamate (Figure 3J, K).10.1371/journal.pone.0001644.g003Figure 3Dispersion, engraftment and differentiation of the hNSCs in stroke-lesioned animals.(A) Schematic drawing of a frontal section through the striatum illustrating the dispersion of grafted hNSCs in the focal ischemia-lesioned parenchyma (shaded area). (
|
[
{
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"label": "CellType",
"start": 260,
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},
{
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"start": 348,
"text": null
},
{
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"label": "CellType",
"start": 88,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 443,
"label": "Tissue",
"start": 433,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 105,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 98,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 67,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 62,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 401,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 396,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
B, C) Photos show frontal sections through the graft in the striatum immunostained with the human specific antibodies: anti-hNuc (green in B & C) and anti-GluT1 (red, B & C) showing blood vessels and dispersed hNSCs in the graft zone.
|
[
{
"end": 187,
"label": "Tissue",
"start": 182,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 68,
"label": "Tissue",
"start": 60,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 195,
"label": "Tissue",
"start": 182,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 215,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 210,
"text": null
},
{
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"label": "Tissue",
"start": 188,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
C: higher magnification of the inset in B. (D–I) Photos taken from frontal sections through the graft in the striatum double immunoprocessed for cell proliferation and neural lineage markers. (
|
[
{
"end": 174,
"label": "Tissue",
"start": 168,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 117,
"label": "Tissue",
"start": 109,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
D) Note the endogenous Ki67+ cells (red cells, arrow) in the stroke damaged area and the hNuc+ (green)/Ki67- grafted hNSCs (arrowheads). (
|
[
{
"end": 122,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 117,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
E) Examples of grafted SD56 hNSCs showing co-expression of hNuc (green) and nestin (red). (
|
[
{
"end": 27,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 23,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 33,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 28,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 33,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 23,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
F) Confocal 3D reconstructed orthogonal images of the hNuc+(green)/DCX+(red) NSCs (arrowheads) viewed in the x-z plan on the top and y-z plan on the right. (
|
[
{
"end": 81,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 77,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
G) Examples show the majority of grafted NSC progeny co-expressing hNuc (red) and the neuronal marker TuJ1 (green).
|
[
{
"end": 94,
"label": "Tissue",
"start": 86,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
Grafted NSCs rarely differentiate into GFAP+ astrocytes (H).
|
[
{
"end": 12,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 8,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 55,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 45,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
In I, rare example of grafted NSC progeny becoming an oligodendrocyte identified by the expression of CNPase (green).
|
[] |
CellFinder
|
Grafted NSCs expressed the GABAergic marker GAD65/67 (J) and rarely expressed glutamate (K). (
|
[
{
"end": 36,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 27,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 12,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 8,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
Abbreviations: Cx: cortex, Str: striatum).
|
[
{
"end": 40,
"label": "Tissue",
"start": 32,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 25,
"label": "Tissue",
"start": 19,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
Bars: (B, C) 100 µm; (D, F) 20 µm; (E, G–K) 10 µm.
|
[] |
CellFinder
|
4.
|
[] |
CellFinder
|
Transplanted cells improve sensorimotor function of the stroke-disabled forelimbWe asked whether transplanted SD56 hNSCs could enhance the recovery of sensorimotor function that is compromised in the stroke-injured rats.
|
[
{
"end": 120,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 110,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 120,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 115,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 114,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 110,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
We used the cylinder test to measure the sensorimotor asymmetry in forelimb use during spontaneous exploration [22].
|
[] |
CellFinder
|
To establish the baseline of the stroke-induced sensorimotor deficit, spontaneous behavior of rats in a transparent cylinder was videotaped one week after stroke (pre-transplant, Figure 4).
|
[] |
CellFinder
|
Tests were then conducted 4 and 8 weeks after vehicle and SD56 hNSCs transplantation.
|
[
{
"end": 62,
"label": "CellLine",
"start": 58,
"text": null
},
{
"end": 68,
"label": "CellType",
"start": 58,
"text": null
}
] |
CellFinder
|
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