PMCID string | Title string | Sentences string |
|---|---|---|
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | We also successfully visualized the inhibitory effect of AxN on Aβ aggregation and deposition on SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells using QDAβ nanoprobes (Figure 2). |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | QDAβ was specifically used to visualize Aβ aggregation with high sensitivity. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | It also emits intense photostable signals, which allow the clear detection of Aβ aggregation over time, providing a precise and reliable method to monitor Aβ aggregation dynamics in live cells. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Similarly, Aβ fibril formation on SH-SY5Y cells was monitored using the ThT assay (Figure 3). |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | ThT is a specific dye that binds to the β-sheet of amyloid fibrils, increasing fluorescence intensity upon binding and assisting in the identification of fibril deposition . |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Recent studies showed that AxN with 50 µM was able to inhibit 80% of Aβ fibril formation in rat pheochromocytoma (PC 12) cells and reduced ThT fluorescence, indicating the inhibitory ability of Aβ deposition . |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | These findings suggest that AxN inhibits Aβ aggregation and deposition by impeding fibril formation. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | This confirms that AxN can attenuate the formation of Aβ fibrilization on neurons, which is a key feature of AD. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Several studies demonstrated the neuroprotective potential of AxN by mitigating Aβ-induced cytotoxicity in several cell lines. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | The pre-treatment with 50 µM of AxN reduced cytotoxicity induced by 1 µM Aβ . |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Similarly, another study demonstrated that 100 µM AxN had an anti-cytotoxic effect on olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) against 10 µM Aβ-induced cytotoxicity . |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Other studies also emphasized the ability of AxN to attenuate critical cellular pathways and inhibit programmed cell death . |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | In the current study, AxN’s protective effect was assessed using apoptosis markers, which showed a strong protective effect against early apoptosis but not against late necrosis (Figure 4). |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Therefore, the results suggest that the neuroprotective effect of AxN may partially rescue programmed cell death rather than overall protection against cell death. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | The accumulation and fibrillation of Aβ promoted cell death and neuronal damage in SH-SY5Y cells. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Neurotoxicity induced by Aβ aggregation influenced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to cell death and neuronal damage, which was inhibited by AxN in SH-SY5Y cells by regulating the apoptotic signaling pathway . |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Previously, it was also shown that AxN notably reduced the percentage of apoptosis, but it could not reduce necrosis in PC12 and rat retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) . |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | This finding suggests that AxN may play a crucial role in mitigating neuronal damage and enhancing cell viability. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | The ability to suppress cell apoptosis is considered a way to prevent AD. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | A study reported that AxN is safe for human consumption without causing any harmful effects even at a high supplementation dose . |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Considering these studies, it can be stated that AxN is a safe material that has a significant neuroprotective effect against cytotoxicity induced by Aβ fibril formation in several cell lines. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | We also revealed that the cell motility inhibited by Aβ aggregation was reduced by AxN treatment (Figure 5 and Figure 6). |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | The WHA is a collective assay that involves cell–cell interactions and cell migration in a two-dimensional confluent cell monolayer . |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | WHA was previously performed on a monolayer of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) to evaluate the inductive effect of Aβ deposition, showing that Aβ deposition inhibited cell speed and distance covered during migration . |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Previous studies showed that AxN enhanced migration in human keratinocyte (HaCaTs) cells. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | It was also reported that AxN enhanced migration in the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT, restored motility, improved effective cellular organization , and reduced migration in breast cancer cells, indicating its potential to limit metastasis . |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | These results suggest that AxN is not only an anti-inflammatory agent but also attenuates the reduced cell motility caused by Aβ aggregation in AD while acting as an anti-cancer compound. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Some limitations of this study need to be acknowledged. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | First, as we mentioned, SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells were treated with 25 µM for 24 h as an AD cell model. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | This is the same Aβ concentration and aggregation time used previously to screen various inhibitors using the MSHTS system and has the advantage of shortening screening times by promoting aggregation with a high Aβ concentration. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | However, the Aβ concentration of 25 µM is higher than physiological conditions, so this may not be a suitable AD cell model. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | A future challenge will be to explore experimental conditions that more closely mimic physiological conditions. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | In addition, although this study indicates an inhibition of the effect of AxN on necrosis and cell migration dynamics, there is a gap in understanding the exact mechanism, as findings are limited. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Further comprehensive studies are required to address the role and mechanism of the neuroprotective effects of AxN. Even though AxN showed promising results in cell models, it is challenging to study in vivo efficacy and its clinical application, as AxN has poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | To overcome these barriers, formulation strategies like nano-capsulation and lipid-based cyclodextrin complexes can be considered to improve solubility and absorption. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | However, it also requires limiting the formulation stability and safety concerns in the biological environment to ensure AxN’s clinical potential. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were obtained from KAC (Kyoto, Japan). |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), penicillin-streptomycin, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanal (HFIP) (Fujifilm, Wako, Osaka, Japan), AxN (010-2761, Fujifilm, Wako, Osaka, Japan), DMEM/F12, fetal bovine serum (FBS) and fibronectin (Gibco/Life Technologies, New York, NY, USA), human Aβ42 (4349-v; Peptide Institute Inc., Osaka, Japan), Hoechst 33342 (H1399, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), pSIVA-IABND (N,N′-dimethyl-N-(iodoacetyl)-N′-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)ethylenediamine), and propidium iodide (PI) (APO004, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Tokyo, Japan) were purchased. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Quantum dot—Aβ40 (QDAβ) was prepared according to our previous reports . |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | SH-SY5Y cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | The confluent culture was washed with 1xPBS, the adherent cells were detached using trypsin at 37 °C, and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 5 min at 37 °C. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | The required amount of cell solution was then dispensed to culture dishes and made up with DMEM solution. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | 5 mg of Aβ42 was dissolved using 5 mL of HFIP in a vial. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | The vial was covered and left to stand for 1 h at room temperature, gently stirring every 10 min. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | The solution was sonicated at 25 °C for 10 min to monomerize the peptide. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | HFIP was allowed to evaporate on a clean bench. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | After evaporation, the peptide was dissolved in DMSO. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | The prepared 1 mM or 2.5 mM Aβ42 was dispensed into microtubes and stored at −80 °C. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | The samples were used immediately after thawing and were not subjected to refreezing. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | The MSHTS system was established according to our previous report . |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Aβ was co-incubated with five different concentrations (final 0.32, 1.6, 8.0, 40, and 200 µM) of AxN in 2% DMSO and stained with QDAβ in two different MSHTS solvents (PBS and DMEM/F12), then incubated at 37 °C for 24 h in a 1536-well plate. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | The QDAβ-Aβ42 aggregates that formed in each well were observed by an inverted fluorescence microscope (TE2000, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a color CCD camera (DP72, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) and an objective lens (Plan Fluor 4x/0.13 PhL DL, Nikon). |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | SD values of fluorescence intensities of 40,000 pixels (200 × 200 pixels) around the central region of each well were measured by Image J 1.53e software (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA). |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | The EC50 graph was drawn using Prism 9 GraphPad LLC (San Diego, CA, USA) software. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | A 96-well plate was coated with 1 mg/mL fibronectin and incubated overnight at 37 °C and 5% CO2. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Using a micropipette, 10 × 10 SH-SY5Y cells were then seeded in the 96-well plate and incubated overnight at 37 °C and 5% CO2. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | 25 nM QDAβ was dissolved in DMEM/F12 and mixed with 50 µM Aβ. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | AxN-Aβ solution was prepared to achieve concentrations (final 0.032, 0.16, 0.8, 4.0, and 20 µM of AxN with 25 µM of Aβ). |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | The solutions were dispensed to respective wells containing cultured cells and incubated at 37 °C and 5% CO2 for 24 h. Aggregation was observed using a Ti-E inverted fluorescence microscope equipped with a color CMOS camera (DS-Ri2; Nikon) and an objective lens (20x, Nikon). |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | The Mean Gray value of images was measured using ImageJ 1.53e software (NIH). |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | SH-SY5Y cells were seeded and incubated in a 1 mg/mL fibronectin-coated 96-well plate for 24 h at 37 °C and 5% CO2. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | The confluent cell layer was treated with 25 µM Aβ alone and with 20 µM ThT-0.032–20 µM AxN and incubated 24 h at 37 °C, 5% CO2. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | The solutions were removed and fresh DMEM/F12 was dispensed. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Readings were taken using a fluorescence microplate reader (SH-9000, Yamato, Tokyo, Japan) at 490 nm. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Images were captured using a Ti-E inverted fluorescence microscope combined with NIS-Elements C 4.51 software (Nikon) and analyzed using ImageJ 1.53e software. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | SH-SY5Y cells were seeded in the 1 mg/mL fibronectin-coated 96-well plate and incubated overnight at 37 °C and 5% CO2. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | AxN dilutions (0.032–20 µM in DMEM/F12) were prepared and mixed with Aβ containing pSIVA-IANBD (100x) and PI (200x), then incubated for 24 h at 37 °C and 5% CO2. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Using a Ti-E inverted fluorescence microscope equipped with a DS-Ri2 and color CMOS camera, observations were made, and images were captured and analyzed using ImageJ 1.53e software. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | A 96-well plate was coated with 1 mg/mL fibronectin, then incubated overnight at 37 °C and 5% CO2. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | SH-SY5Y cells were seeded in the 96-well plate using DMEM solution and incubated overnight at 37 °C and 5% CO2 until confluence was reached. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | The cell layer was scraped using a sharp tip to make a wound, and 0.032–20 µM AxN containing 25 µM Aβ was added. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Using a Ti-E inverted fluorescence microscope equipped with a DS-Ri2 color CMOS camera, four randomly selected scraped areas were captured every 15 min during a 24 h observation period and analyzed using ImageJ 1.53e software. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | A 96-well plate was coated with 1 mg/mL fibronectin, then incubated overnight at 37 °C and 5% CO2. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | SH-SY5Y cells were seeded in the wells and incubated at 37 °C and 5% CO2 for 24 h. SH-SY5Y cells were stained using 0.2% Hoechst and incubated for 1 h. 0.032–20 µM AxN dilutions with 25 µM Aβ were dispensed into respective wells. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Using a Ti-E inverted fluorescence microscope equipped with a DS-Ri2 color CMOS camera (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan), four randomly selected scraped areas were captured every 15 min during a 24 h observation period. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Images were analyzed using Fiji ImageJ 1.54f software (NIH). |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | The directional persistence was measured by migration pass/total length, and cell speed was determined by total length/migration time. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Graphs were plotted using Microsoft Excel software. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | The statistical data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel (version 2401). |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | All values are expressed as the mean ± SD. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Two-tailed independent Student’s t-tests were used to compare the two groups. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Our study demonstrated that co-incubation of AxN with 25 µM Aβ was able to attenuate the effect of Aβ aggregation in SH-SY5Y cells, while also reducing the effect of Aβ-induced impairments in cell motility. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Although AxN did not restore late necrosis, early apoptosis was significantly inhibited, demonstrating its potent neuroprotective ability. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | This study used human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells as a cell model. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | Our results suggest that AxN could be a promising neuroprotective therapeutic agent in treating neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD. |
PMC12608137 | Elucidation of the Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin Against Amyloid β Toxicity in the SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line | In the future, AxN may be one agent used to cure neurodegenerative diseases. |
PMC12705714 | An open-source screening platform accelerates discovery of drug combinations | Drug combinations are essential to modern medicine, but their discovery remains slow and inefficient as experimental complexity expands rapidly with each additional drug tested. |
PMC12705714 | An open-source screening platform accelerates discovery of drug combinations | Although modern liquid handling systems enable complex and highly customizable experimental designs, a lack of strategies integrating these technologies with combination-specific analytical methods has limited throughput. |
PMC12705714 | An open-source screening platform accelerates discovery of drug combinations | Here we introduce Combocat, an open-source and streamlined framework that combines acoustic liquid handling protocols with machine learning-based inference to achieve ultrahigh-throughput drug combination screening. |
PMC12705714 | An open-source screening platform accelerates discovery of drug combinations | Using Combocat, we generate a reference dataset of over 800 unique combinations in a dense 10 × 10 matrix format across multiple cell types, and use this to train a predictive model that accurately infers drug combination effects from sparse data, drastically reducing the number of experimental measurements required. |
PMC12705714 | An open-source screening platform accelerates discovery of drug combinations | As proof of concept, we screened 9,045 combinations in a neuroblastoma cell line—the largest number of combinations tested in a single cell line to date—achieved using minimal resources. |
PMC12705714 | An open-source screening platform accelerates discovery of drug combinations | By integrating advanced drug dispensing technologies with predictive computational modeling, Combocat provides a scalable solution to accelerate the discovery of novel drug combinations. |
PMC12705714 | An open-source screening platform accelerates discovery of drug combinations | The development of effective drug combinations is fundamental to modern therapeutic strategies, particularly for cancers and infectious diseases where single-agent therapies often fail to achieve sustained efficacy. |
PMC12705714 | An open-source screening platform accelerates discovery of drug combinations | Combining drugs can have a synergistic effect on drug efficacy, overcoming resistance mechanisms and reducing the toxicity of treatment by requiring lower individual doses of each drug. |
PMC12705714 | An open-source screening platform accelerates discovery of drug combinations | Synergy, in this context, is defined as a combination effect that exceeds expectations based on individual drug activities under established models like Bliss independence (Fig. 1a).Fig. |
PMC12705714 | An open-source screening platform accelerates discovery of drug combinations | 1The Combocat platform for dense drug combination screens.a Practical representation of drug synergy, where the combined effect of two drugs exceeds the expected effect (“E”) based on models like additivity or Bliss independence. |
PMC12705714 | An open-source screening platform accelerates discovery of drug combinations | b Examples of traditional high-throughput screens employing small (e.g., 3 × 3), sparse, or asymmetric (e.g., 2 × 7) matrix formats, which limit dose density. |
PMC12705714 | An open-source screening platform accelerates discovery of drug combinations | c Combocat’s streamlined approach for dense and reproducible drug combination screening. |
PMC12705714 | An open-source screening platform accelerates discovery of drug combinations | The 384-well plate format contains Drugs 1 and 2 (represented by upper and lower triangles, respectively), with concentrations shown ranging from low (blue) to high (red). |
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