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---
license: cc-by-nd-4.0
language:
- ks
task_categories:
- image-to-text
- text-to-image
tags:
- ocr
- synthetic
- kashmiri
- nastaliq
- nakash
pretty_name: Koshur Pixel
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
configs:
- config_name: mixed
data_files:
- split: train
path: data/mixed-*.parquet
- config_name: sentence_line
data_files:
- split: train
path: data/sentence_line-*.parquet
- config_name: paragraph
data_files:
- split: train
path: data/paragraph-*.parquet
- config_name: page
data_files:
- split: train
path: data/page-*.parquet
- config_name: full
data_files:
- split: train
path:
- data/mixed-*.parquet
- data/sentence_line-*.parquet
- data/paragraph-*.parquet
- data/page-*.parquet
---
# Koshur Pixel
**Koshur Pixel** is a synthetic optical character recognition (OCR) dataset for **Kashmiri (`ks`)**, in which Unicode text is rendered to images using Nastaliq / Naksh-style fonts and paired with its exact transcription. It is built for OCR recognition, image-to-text modeling, fine-tuning, and evaluation workflows that need clean, controllable image/label pairs at scale.
Because the text is rendered programmatically, every image ships with a perfectly aligned ground-truth label — making the dataset well suited for pretraining, curriculum learning, and isolating model behavior before introducing noisy real-world scans.
[![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-arXiv%2606.23144-b31b1b?style=for-the-badge&logo=arxiv&logoColor=white)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.23144)
### Sentences
| | | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/14tV4AooMkaJcIimlgmqc.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/14tV4AooMkaJcIimlgmqc.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/m1eJ25faohD4lux3JtvRi.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/m1eJ25faohD4lux3JtvRi.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/a_lorkWyhBqt208dY1_Jv.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/a_lorkWyhBqt208dY1_Jv.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/fWrRtpZ7i5U77K3W5dO1_.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/fWrRtpZ7i5U77K3W5dO1_.png" width="220"></a> |
| <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/vuRtKcI4WgoqL5QBViekM.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/vuRtKcI4WgoqL5QBViekM.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/k0jOOKGr3hP3Dg0lmOk4X.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/k0jOOKGr3hP3Dg0lmOk4X.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/rL57eosDS-Tp36XrxAc5q.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/rL57eosDS-Tp36XrxAc5q.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/WtaFA7wsr_jucexZFJK_q.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/WtaFA7wsr_jucexZFJK_q.png" width="220"></a> |
| <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/BWdJNB6n-swJ1Cxqimed8.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/BWdJNB6n-swJ1Cxqimed8.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/-OIEeZv9vQNb3oHC9QDpe.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/-OIEeZv9vQNb3oHC9QDpe.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/eAqtuPGVxK1FgUmMwzRgd.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/eAqtuPGVxK1FgUmMwzRgd.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/K6PLTfhYUbKHhHtzbKE-i.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/K6PLTfhYUbKHhHtzbKE-i.png" width="220"></a> |
| <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/yT_yuA22akWD48GUJxghP.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/yT_yuA22akWD48GUJxghP.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/-OIEeZv9vQNb3oHC9QDpe.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/-OIEeZv9vQNb3oHC9QDpe.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/13GKPQKdf4l9WuCZsBvuO.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/13GKPQKdf4l9WuCZsBvuO.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/ZshS462LEuurAB24NSgNt.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/ZshS462LEuurAB24NSgNt.png" width="220"></a> |
### Paragraphs
| | | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/EYGlHf_C_tQGLUFHlm20C.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/EYGlHf_C_tQGLUFHlm20C.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/PciY0KIN4W6Izt1zvVAqW.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/PciY0KIN4W6Izt1zvVAqW.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/j3RLv_2Lm_ptZq-wT8GHU.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/j3RLv_2Lm_ptZq-wT8GHU.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/CDQMhCNtwzx6k_a1G2eM9.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/CDQMhCNtwzx6k_a1G2eM9.png" width="220"></a> |
| <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/1Vogn24CLRjNniMywYIlL.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/1Vogn24CLRjNniMywYIlL.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/QSKi1TS3F9hcMyZAPCKHz.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/QSKi1TS3F9hcMyZAPCKHz.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/XUEi5wi-XSHjxaX4sdfN4.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/XUEi5wi-XSHjxaX4sdfN4.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/rFMCVYKCDj6GABmIwVwdb.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/rFMCVYKCDj6GABmIwVwdb.png" width="220"></a> |
| <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/W2nva_AdHjoOVwAJai-_P.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/W2nva_AdHjoOVwAJai-_P.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/UIHaB1QixucRenExftI5I.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/UIHaB1QixucRenExftI5I.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/EBC6M48oknrw2S0zprf4W.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/EBC6M48oknrw2S0zprf4W.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/q1EGmc52kT-o8ouReuGGn.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/q1EGmc52kT-o8ouReuGGn.png" width="220"></a> |
| <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/tBVHyTifjOjUoEFOwFa_6.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/tBVHyTifjOjUoEFOwFa_6.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/Kjz5tQkWiaXSKRZwAUZ9E.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/Kjz5tQkWiaXSKRZwAUZ9E.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/IFTDXvNrCqwrri3U8Z2Tu.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/IFTDXvNrCqwrri3U8Z2Tu.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/V0l26b3vwKjyKi-W76QuM.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/V0l26b3vwKjyKi-W76QuM.png" width="220"></a> |
### Pages
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|---|---|---|---|
| <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/A8l0DSxpE9nDesYMUvNuf.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/A8l0DSxpE9nDesYMUvNuf.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/ZrPf-AS4_Nho3DC45Czcv.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/ZrPf-AS4_Nho3DC45Czcv.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/T_cr1uGdiCr4cUZXBRfAs.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/T_cr1uGdiCr4cUZXBRfAs.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/9bHDoFIfnrviegSg5FUTH.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/9bHDoFIfnrviegSg5FUTH.png" width="220"></a> |
| <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/2o-4th_vviDS5DajglnHs.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/2o-4th_vviDS5DajglnHs.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/FgaCJr25rdxQvDQFGsHdO.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/FgaCJr25rdxQvDQFGsHdO.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/DGvjNVl7KUm20cwfQgvFH.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/DGvjNVl7KUm20cwfQgvFH.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/1IVTEx5X7RsXUiUFwb3nl.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/1IVTEx5X7RsXUiUFwb3nl.png" width="220"></a> |
| <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/EnzToYly-n3sgkUoJMOq0.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/EnzToYly-n3sgkUoJMOq0.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/Q4c7rUIfYFuIv3p_7jbuy.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/Q4c7rUIfYFuIv3p_7jbuy.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/NzaVcabcREjXeAu2CA2p8.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/NzaVcabcREjXeAu2CA2p8.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/29UWdGdkqDRcCJ64Ylyai.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/29UWdGdkqDRcCJ64Ylyai.png" width="220"></a> |
| <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/tBVHyTifjOjUoEFOwFa_6.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/tBVHyTifjOjUoEFOwFa_6.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/Kjz5tQkWiaXSKRZwAUZ9E.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/Kjz5tQkWiaXSKRZwAUZ9E.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/IFTDXvNrCqwrri3U8Z2Tu.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/IFTDXvNrCqwrri3U8Z2Tu.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/V0l26b3vwKjyKi-W76QuM.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/V0l26b3vwKjyKi-W76QuM.png" width="220"></a> |
| <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/By3HPwyYXGHd3tajHFIRk.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/By3HPwyYXGHd3tajHFIRk.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/omWBISkOkhknJ_2A0Rzvw.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/omWBISkOkhknJ_2A0Rzvw.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/yDVI6PNO5KCPXUNTcWTeF.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/yDVI6PNO5KCPXUNTcWTeF.png" width="220"></a> | <a href="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/jrr1hcw7-vMKbTyoVfiCI.png"><img src="https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/66afb3f1eaf3e876595627bf/jrr1hcw7-vMKbTyoVfiCI.png" width="220"></a> |
## Dataset summary
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Language | Kashmiri (`ks`) |
| Script | Perso-Arabic (Nastaliq / Naksh) |
| Modality | Image → Text (OCR) |
| Source | Synthetic (font-rendered) |
| Fonts | Gulmarg Nastaleeq, Afan Koshur Naksh |
| Total rows (`full`) | 613,078. |
| License | CC BY-ND 4.0 |
## Configurations and sizes
The dataset is organized by render granularity. Each granularity is exposed as its own config, plus a `full` config that virtually concatenates all four.
| Config | Description | Rows |
|---|---|---:|
| `mixed` | Mixed-granularity segments (word, sentence/line, paragraph, and page level) | 119,114 |
| `sentence_line` | Sentence / line-level renders | 378,534 |
| `paragraph` | Longer paragraph-level renders | 72,851 |
| `page` | Page-level renders | 42,679 |
| `full` | Concatenation of all four configs above | 613,078. |
## Data fields
Every row shares the same schema across all configs:
| Field | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| `image` | `Image` | Rendered OCR image |
| `text` | `string` | Unicode text label (exact transcription) |
| `sample_type` | `string` | One of `mixed`, `sentence_line`, `paragraph`, `page` |
| `font_family` | `string` | Renderer font (`Gulmarg Nastaleeq` or `Afan Koshur Naksh`) |
| `source_run_id` | `string` | Internal generation run identifier |
| `image_path` | `string` | Source image path in the original generator volume |
| `width` | `int` | Image width in pixels |
| `height` | `int` | Image height in pixels |
| `text_chars` | `int` | Label length in Unicode codepoints |
| `line_count` | `int` | Number of lines in the label |
A per-row image `path` is also retained inside the image struct metadata for traceability. All configs use parquet row-group sizing with small groups and page-index metadata enabled for Dataset Viewer compatibility.
## Usage
Install the dependency:
```bash
pip install datasets
```
Load a single config:
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
train = load_dataset("Omarrran/Koshur_Pixel", "sentence_line", split="train") # you can also use "paragraph" or "page" instead of "sentences"
print(train.column_names)
print(train[0]["text"])
print(train[0]["image"].size)
```
Load the combined config:
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
full = load_dataset("Omarrran/Koshur_Pixel", "full", split="train")
print(len(full)) # 280657
```
Stream a config (recommended for the larger `paragraph` / `page` renders):
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset(
"Omarrran/Koshur_Pixel",
name="paragraph",
split="train",
streaming=True,
)
for sample in ds:
img = sample["image"]
txt = sample["text"]
# feed into OCR preprocessing / tokenizer pipeline
```
Inspect a row:
```python
print(mixed[0]["text"], mixed[0]["font_family"], mixed[0]["sample_type"])
```
### Loading each config
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
mixed = load_dataset("Omarrran/Koshur_Pixel", "mixed", split="train")
sentence_line = load_dataset("Omarrran/Koshur_Pixel", "sentence_line", split="train")
paragraph = load_dataset("Omarrran/Koshur_Pixel", "paragraph", split="train")
page = load_dataset("Omarrran/Koshur_Pixel", "page", split="train")
full = load_dataset("Omarrran/Koshur_Pixel", "full", split="train")
```
## Recommended use cases
- Fine-tuning image-to-text and OCR models such as TrOCR, Donut, BLIP-2, and PaliGemma-style decoders.
- Pretraining or curriculum stages before introducing noisy scanned or photographed OCR corpora.
- Evaluating normalization, decoding, and post-correction pipelines on Nastaliq scripts.
- Prompting and benchmarking Kashmiri text understanding under controlled synthetic conditions.
## Limitations and considerations
- This is **synthetic** OCR data. Performance on font-rendered text does not guarantee performance on real scans, photographs, or handwriting — validate on in-domain data before any production deployment.
- Only two fonts are represented in this release (`Gulmarg Nastaleeq`, `Afan Koshur Naksh`), so visual diversity is narrower than real-world print.
- The `paragraph` and `page` configs contain long, multi-line labels and large images; always consume them through the `datasets` library rather than raw parsing.
## License
Released under **Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0)**. You may copy and redistribute the dataset for any purpose with attribution, but you may not distribute modified versions.
## Citation
If you use this dataset, please cite it as a synthetic Kashmiri OCR resource and include the exact Hugging Face revision/SHA used:
```bibtex
@misc{koshur_pixel,
title = {Koshur Pixel: A Synthetic OCR Dataset for Kashmiri},
author = {Malik, Haq Nawaz , Nahfid Nissar, Faizan Iqbal},
howpublished = {\url{https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.23144}},
note = {Synthetic Nastaliq/Naksh-rendered image–text pairs. Cite the exact revision/SHA used.},
year = {2026}
}
``