uniq_id stringlengths 36 36 | messages stringlengths 2.65k 180k | answers listlengths 1 1 | num_tokens int64 507 32.7k | task stringclasses 7
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
ec56d5a2-75fd-4948-a8b2-7ad9b687d5f4 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"Which classifiers are evaluated?\n\nIntroduction\nTask-oriented dialog systems have become ubiquitous, providing a means for billions of people to interact with computers using natural language. Moreover, the recent influx of platform... | [
"SVM, MLP, FastText, CNN, BERT, Google's DialogFlow, Rasa NLU"
] | 3,153 | qasper |
eff2461c-b5c6-4e73-939e-a0823171e2b0 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What is the size of the dataset?\n\nIntroduction\nThe Flickr30K dataset BIBREF0 is a collection of over 30,000 images with 5 crowdsourced descriptions each. It is commonly used to train and evaluate neural network models that generate... | [
"30,000"
] | 2,927 | qasper |
f121a8df-d345-49ee-b5eb-2885db5f7044 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"How does their decoder generate text?\n\nIntroduction\nConventional large-vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) systems typically perform multi-level pattern recognition tasks that map the acoustic speech waveform into a hi... | [
"decoder task, which predicts the target sequence probability at time INLINEFORM3 based on previous output and context information"
] | 3,653 | qasper |
fd940a7e-625f-4431-bc91-bc3c88eb1198 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"How big is dataset of car-speak language?\n\nIntroduction\nA large portion of the car-buying experience in the United States involves interactions at a car dealership BIBREF0, BIBREF1, BIBREF2. Traditionally, a car dealer listens and ... | [
"$3,209$ reviews about 553 different cars from 49 different car manufacturers"
] | 2,206 | qasper |
fea4b8e9-a528-4df8-bd19-6de5827445ad | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"what corpus is used to learn behavior?\n\nIntroduction\nSpoken Dialogue Systems (SDS) allow human-computer interaction using natural speech. Task-oriented dialogue systems, the focus of this work, help users achieve goals such as find... | [
"The manual transcriptions of the DSTC2 training set "
] | 6,341 | qasper |
091001a0-9fc8-4e68-8a8d-8686ec040dd0 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What summarization algorithms did the authors experiment with?\n\nIntroduction\nPerformance appraisal (PA) is an important HR process, particularly for modern organizations that crucially depend on the skills and expertise of their wo... | [
"LSA, TextRank, LexRank"
] | 4,197 | qasper |
0af76b91-d116-4dbe-a31f-48dd4c560c85 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What languages are the model transferred to?\n\nIntroduction\nPre-trained models BIBREF0, BIBREF1 have received much of attention recently thanks to their impressive results in many down stream NLP tasks. Additionally, multilingual pr... | [
"French (fr), Russian (ru), Arabic (ar), Chinese (zh), Hindi (hi), and Vietnamese (vi)"
] | 5,301 | qasper |
2474a977-9bf8-49fd-8e57-8c26a6cfc9ea | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What are the three regularization terms?\n\nIntroduction\nWe posses a wealth of prior knowledge about many natural language processing tasks. For example, in text categorization, we know that words such as NBA, player, and basketball ... | [
"a regularization term associated with neutral features, the maximum entropy of class distribution regularization term, the KL divergence between reference and predicted class distribution"
] | 4,998 | qasper |
26fe174d-009f-4d99-8695-6775c50c4498 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"How does final model rate on Likert scale?\n\nIntroduction\nNeural networks have been successfully used to describe images with text using sequence-to-sequence models BIBREF0. However, the results are simple and dry captions which are... | [
"average content score across the paintings is 3.7, average creativity score is 3.9, average style score is 3.9 "
] | 2,140 | qasper |
2d1b8a0e-4c7f-4e55-99ef-5017c9d48e37 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"what is the size of their dataset?\n\nIntroduction\nAmbiguity and implicitness are inherent properties of natural language that cause challenges for computational models of language understanding. In everyday communication, people ass... | [
"13,939"
] | 5,795 | qasper |
2df36db1-38f3-47f9-ad02-6e800252b06c | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What datasets are used?\n\nIntroduction\nNeural machine translation (NMT) has gained a lot of attention recently due to its substantial improvements in machine translation quality achieving state-of-the-art performance for several lan... | [
"RWTH German-English dataset"
] | 4,374 | qasper |
3f54c513-a824-42ad-a5a7-77b2127ca9da | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What is the average length of the sentences?\n\nIntroduction\nPerformance appraisal (PA) is an important HR process, particularly for modern organizations that crucially depend on the skills and expertise of their workforce. The PA pr... | [
"15.5"
] | 4,196 | qasper |
40970f48-4f5e-4f34-8a4e-0e62dd0d8a1c | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What is the previous state of the art?\n\nIntroduction\nOther than encoder-only pretrained transformer architectures BIBREF2, BIBREF3, BIBREF4, encoder–decoder style pretrained transformers BIBREF0, BIBREF5 have been proven to be effe... | [
"RoBERTa"
] | 1,830 | qasper |
4abca96c-84e5-4419-9b0a-f401e9f63ac9 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"How is \"propaganda\" defined for the purposes of this study?\n\nIntroduction\nThe challenges of imbalanced classification—in which the proportion of elements in each class for a classification task significantly differ—and of the abi... | [
"First, propaganda is a social phenomenon and takes place as an act of communication BIBREF19, and so it is more than a simple information-theoretic message of zeros and ones—it also incorporates an addresser and addressee(s), each in phatic contact (typically via broadcast media), ideally with a shared denotationa... | 5,829 | qasper |
5e7ec8cc-68c6-4533-974f-d1be64237ca7 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What is the message passing framework?\n\nIntroduction\nThe concept of message passing over graphs has been around for many years BIBREF0, BIBREF1, as well as that of graph neural networks (GNNs) BIBREF2, BIBREF3. However, GNNs have o... | [
"It is a framework used to describe algorithms for neural networks represented as graphs. Main idea is that that representation of each vertex is updated based on messages from its neighbors."
] | 6,274 | qasper |
60e49dd3-43a6-4163-bd27-b3234b35870e | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"Were any of these tasks evaluated in any previous work?\n\nIntroduction\nThe recently introduced BERT model BIBREF0 exhibits strong performance on several language understanding benchmarks. To what extent does it capture syntax-sensit... | [
"Yes"
] | 1,990 | qasper |
60f4acea-9883-4781-aa4c-94babe2fd51c | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"what are the state-of-the-art models?\n\nIntroduction\nAutomatic judgment prediction is to train a machine judge to determine whether a certain plea in a given civil case would be supported or rejected. In countries with civil law sys... | [
"SVM , CNN , GRU , CNN/GRU+law, r-net , AoA "
] | 5,477 | qasper |
65661c9e-d4e1-402d-b6c3-f208a54a7dd6 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"did they compare with other extractive summarization methods?\n\nIntroduction\nSummarization of patient information is essential to the practice of medicine. Clinicians must synthesize information from diverse data sources to communic... | [
"No"
] | 3,950 | qasper |
7a110e88-aa93-40e5-8a7c-f156bcbe3799 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"Up to how many samples do they experiment with?\n\nIntroduction\nDeep neural networks (DNNs), in particular convolutional and recurrent neural networks, with huge architectures have been proven successful in wide range of tasks includ... | [
"535"
] | 4,146 | qasper |
a83ec140-117f-4028-9362-857c26614d18 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"which multilingual approaches do they compare with?\n\nIntroduction\nAlthough Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has dominated recent research on translation tasks BIBREF0, BIBREF1, BIBREF2, NMT heavily relies on large-scale parallel da... | [
"BIBREF19, BIBREF20"
] | 5,434 | qasper |
a8962aaa-cd1f-42cc-950b-5bf063a829e3 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"what was the baseline?\n\nIntroduction\nAccurate grapheme-to-phoneme conversion (g2p) is important for any application that depends on the sometimes inconsistent relationship between spoken and written language. Most prominently, this... | [
"system presented by deri2016grapheme"
] | 4,275 | qasper |
a8b053b0-abf8-45b3-bc24-dbec9cb0cd8f | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"Does the dataset feature only English language data?\n\nIntroduction\nAbusive language refers to any type of insult, vulgarity, or profanity that debases the target; it also can be anything that causes aggravation BIBREF0 , BIBREF1 . ... | [
"Yes"
] | 2,920 | qasper |
b8bbd4d5-47d2-4919-9161-3d13391fb65a | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"How do they obtain the new context represetation?\n\nIntroduction\nRelation classification is the task of assigning sentences with two marked entities to a predefined set of relations. The sentence “We poured the <e1>milk</e1> into th... | [
"They use two independent convolutional and max-pooling layers on (1) a combination of the left context, the left entity and the middle context; and (2) a combination of the middle context, the right entity and the right context. They concatenated the two results after pooling to get the new context representation.... | 3,320 | qasper |
bb9ee81e-8cdf-4e57-a06b-62e753fd2db4 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"Why is lemmatization not necessary in English?\n\nIntroduction\nDeep contextualised representations of linguistic entities (words and/or sentences) are used in many current state-of-the-art NLP systems. The most well-known examples of... | [
"Advanced neural architectures and contextualized embedding models learn how to handle spelling and morphology variations."
] | 4,024 | qasper |
ddd4bf21-3a54-4ad6-837f-c8929d29089f | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"Does the method achieve sota performance on this dataset?\n\nIntroduction\nThe development of online peer-to-peer markets in the 1990s, galvanized by the launch of sites like eBay, fundamentally shifted the way buyers and sellers coul... | [
"No"
] | 3,510 | qasper |
ed47a72f-2708-440c-958f-7f3f0beeeab9 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What TIMIT datasets are used for testing?\n\nIntroduction\nIn recent years, word embeddings have been successfully used in natural language processing (NLP), the most commonly known models are Word2Vec BIBREF0 and GloveBIBREF1. The re... | [
"Once split into 8 subsets (A-H), the test set used are blocks D+H and blocks F+H"
] | 5,207 | qasper |
edaaecec-4226-4233-b5fd-f206f12967cf | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"How was annotation performed?\n\nIntroduction\nThe automatic processing of medical texts and documents plays an increasingly important role in the recent development of the digital health area. To enable dedicated Natural Language Pro... | [
"WebAnno"
] | 3,586 | qasper |
ee6d5e11-f5e1-4924-8fbd-3ff03dd35317 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"For how many probe tasks the shallow-syntax-aware contextual embedding perform better than ELMo’s embedding?\n\nIntroduction\nThe NLP community is revisiting the role of linguistic structure in applications with the advent of contextu... | [
"3"
] | 3,693 | qasper |
f086f905-a698-4e09-8d84-4f490b12550b | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"Overall, does having parallel data improve semantic role induction across multiple languages?\n\nIntroduction\nSemantic Role Labeling (SRL) has emerged as an important task in Natural Language Processing (NLP) due to its applicability... | [
"No"
] | 5,276 | qasper |
f40057d2-eab7-4558-b308-561da6e033dd | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What is NER?\n\nIntroduction\nThe explosion of available scientific articles in the Biomedical domain has led to the rise of Biomedical Information Extraction (BioIE). BioIE systems aim to extract information from a wide spectrum of a... | [
"Named Entity Recognition"
] | 3,928 | qasper |
fc960c61-9581-48a4-82f9-776a0df999f0 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"How large is their MNER SnapCaptions dataset?\n\nIntroduction\nSocial media with abundant user-generated posts provide a rich platform for understanding events, opinions and preferences of groups and individuals. These insights are pr... | [
"10K user-generated image (snap) and textual caption pairs"
] | 5,443 | qasper |
00a12750-da15-4f7e-b80e-b1d3b7acf9a0 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"what were the evaluation metrics?\n\nIntroduction\nGrammar induction is the task of inducing hierarchical syntactic structure from data. Statistical approaches to grammar induction require specifying a probabilistic grammar (e.g. form... | [
"Unlabeled sentence-level F1, perplexity, grammatically judgment performance"
] | 3,609 | qasper |
0a926ccc-55e8-4359-9e07-8694d1d7fba2 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"Is this dataset publicly available for commercial use?\n\nIntroduction and Related Work\nWith the widespread adoption of electronic health records (EHRs), medical data are being generated and stored digitally in vast quantities BIBREF... | [
"No"
] | 2,184 | qasper |
0fb46cf4-a9cb-48c1-bf95-f05b9afd9d40 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What is future work planed?\n\nIntroduction\nHeadline generation is the process of creating a headline-style sentence given an input article. The research community has been regarding the task of headline generation as a summarization... | [
"ethical questions about generating sensational headlines, which can be further explored, improving the sensationalism scorer, investigating the applications of dynamic balancing methods between RL and MLE"
] | 6,345 | qasper |
106395d8-4b3c-495a-93f7-37dc5c57c386 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"How large are the textual descriptions of entities?\n\nIntroduction\nKnowledge graphs have been proved to benefit many artificial intelligence applications, such as relation extraction, question answering and so on. A knowledge graph ... | [
"Unanswerable"
] | 5,215 | qasper |
1587d946-0db5-4fe4-9d00-193399de866a | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"Does BERT reach the best performance among all the algorithms compared?\n\nIntroduction\nDuring the first two decades of the 21st century, the sharing and processing of vast amounts of data has become pervasive. This expansion of data... | [
"No"
] | 6,156 | qasper |
1b0c2e00-86f8-4f23-bf9c-55ecc17df4de | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"Which Facebook pages did they look at?\n\nIntroduction\nThis work is licenced under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence. Licence details: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\nIn the spirit of the brevity o... | [
"FoxNews, CNN, ESPN, New York Times, Time magazine, Huffington Post Weird News, The Guardian, Cartoon Network, Cooking Light, Home Cooking Adventure, Justin Bieber, Nickelodeon, Spongebob, Disney"
] | 4,373 | qasper |
41667938-d8b5-444d-8e3e-b352a195b6bf | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"Is SemCor3.0 reflective of English language data in general?\n\nIntroduction\nWord Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is a fundamental task and long-standing challenge in Natural Language Processing (NLP), which aims to find the exact sense o... | [
"Yes"
] | 3,008 | qasper |
48e11d95-5cc0-4322-a3f0-afc055329240 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"Do they perform error analysis?\n\nIntroduction\nIn this digital era, online discussions and interactions has become a vital part of daily life of which a huge part is covered by social media platforms like twitter, facebook, instagra... | [
"No"
] | 3,366 | qasper |
58095178-1939-4f59-b3b9-9d400d0c4d30 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"what were their performance results?\n\nIntroduction\nMedical search engines are an essential component for many online medical applications, such as online diagnosis systems and medical document databases. A typical online diagnosis ... | [
" the hybrid NER model achieved a F1 score of $0.995$ on synthesized queries and $0.948$ on clinical notes while the i2b2 NER model achieved a F1 score of $0.441$ on synthesized queries and $0.927$ on clinical notes"
] | 4,884 | qasper |
5a876a4d-7f1c-4090-9c6e-ac9316e2aa21 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What is the interannotator agreement for the human evaluation?\n\nIntroduction\nRecently, with the emergence of neural seq2seq models, abstractive summarization methods have seen great performance strides BIBREF0, BIBREF1, BIBREF2. Ho... | [
"Unanswerable"
] | 5,015 | qasper |
6784d0b2-93ed-4b17-892f-5eb514c9c0c8 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"Which dataset(s) do they experiment with?\n\nIntroduction\nDeep Learning approaches have achieved impressive results on various NLP tasks BIBREF0 , BIBREF1 , BIBREF2 and have become the de facto approach for any NLP task. However, the... | [
"IITB English-Hindi parallel corpus, ILCI English-Hindi parallel corpus"
] | 2,976 | qasper |
7976b0ce-5e4b-45ad-bfae-280dfa80e7ce | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What modern MRC gold standards are analyzed?\n\nIntroduction\nThere is a recent spark of interest in the task of Question Answering (QA) over unstructured textual data, also referred to as Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC). This is ... | [
"fit our problem definition and were published in the years 2016 to 2019, have at least $(2019 - publication\\ year) \\times 20$ citations"
] | 6,561 | qasper |
9080a7b4-ac9c-4878-bba6-dbeb0af0238c | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What are the benchmark attacking methods?\n\nIntroduction\nAdversarial examples, a term introduced in BIBREF0, are inputs transformed by small perturbations that machine learning models consistently misclassify. The experiments are co... | [
"FGM, FGVM, DeepFool BIBREF5, HotFlip BIBREF3) and TYC BIBREF4"
] | 6,095 | qasper |
9b65c43b-07a4-423f-8608-8a332224def4 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"How do they obtain the lexicon?\n\nIntroduction\nAccurate language identification (LID) is the first step in many natural language processing and machine comprehension pipelines. If the language of a piece of text is known then the ap... | [
"Unanswerable"
] | 2,610 | qasper |
a0b05044-7ac5-43c4-be69-0cd855621c00 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"Were any of the pipeline components based on deep learning models?\n\nIntroduction\nThe automatic identification, extraction and representation of the information conveyed in texts is a key task nowadays. In fact, this research topic ... | [
"No"
] | 3,010 | qasper |
b19849d0-4710-491c-8551-774d4c59f82a | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"Why is the adversarial setting appropriate for misspelling recognition?\n\nIntroduction\nDespite the rapid progress of deep learning techniques on diverse supervised learning tasks, these models remain brittle to subtle shifts in the ... | [
"Adversarial misspellings are a real-world problem"
] | 5,907 | qasper |
b64c9f2d-d9c2-44b0-b5fc-da77da2a9f87 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"how small of a dataset did they train on?\n\nIntroduction\nRecently, deep neural network has been widely employed in various recognition tasks. Increasing the depth of neural network is a effective way to improve the performance, and ... | [
"23085 hours of data"
] | 5,554 | qasper |
bbd44189-539d-4060-8eee-8468b9615176 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"Do they experiment with offering multiple candidate corrections and voting on the model output, since this seems highly likely to outperform a one-best correction?\n\nIntroduction\nDespite the rapid progress of deep learning technique... | [
"No"
] | 5,922 | qasper |
c0cf88e6-f8ad-489a-b1a0-2e31ee7da5df | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What is the performance of the baseline?\n\nIntroduction\nIn recent years many datasets have been created for the task of automated stance detection, advancing natural language understanding systems for political science, opinion rese... | [
"M-Bert had 76.6 F1 macro score."
] | 4,998 | qasper |
c9199112-ed6a-49f2-9fd5-494be2ec0a8a | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"what crowdsourcing platform was used?\n\nIntroduction\nAmbiguity and implicitness are inherent properties of natural language that cause challenges for computational models of language understanding. In everyday communication, people ... | [
"Amazon Mechanical Turk"
] | 5,794 | qasper |
cb7b8326-8831-4b43-973c-9f4e4edc5b9e | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"Does RoBERTa outperform BERT?\n\nIntroduction\nThe task of speculation detection and scope resolution is critical in distinguishing factual information from speculative information. This has multiple use-cases, like systems that deter... | [
"No"
] | 3,290 | qasper |
dc9efdd4-5b48-4b7a-ab62-ddc808aee464 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What metrics are used for evaluation?\n\nIntroduction\nIn the kitchen, we increasingly rely on instructions from cooking websites: recipes. A cook with a predilection for Asian cuisine may wish to prepare chicken curry, but may not kn... | [
"Byte-Pair Encoding perplexity (BPE PPL),\nBLEU-1,\nBLEU-4,\nROUGE-L,\npercentage of distinct unigram (D-1),\npercentage of distinct bigrams(D-2),\nuser matching accuracy(UMA),\nMean Reciprocal Rank(MRR)\nPairwise preference over baseline(PP)"
] | 3,949 | qasper |
dfb69577-bb96-47d7-8f2f-65ebc170cd8b | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What are the sources of the datasets?\n\nIntroduction\nEmotion detection has long been a topic of interest to scholars in natural language processing (NLP) domain. Researchers aim to recognize the emotion behind the text and distribut... | [
"Friends TV sitcom, Facebook messenger chats"
] | 4,512 | qasper |
efca5f44-fda0-4da7-849d-0949751e14d0 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"Which information about typography is included in the corpus?\n\nIntroduction\nSimplified language is a variety of standard language characterized by reduced lexical and syntactic complexity, the addition of explanations for difficult... | [
"font type and font style (e.g., italics, bold print) of a token and its position on the physical page (for PDFs only) was specified as attributes to the token elements of the tokens layer, A separate fonts layer was introduced to preserve detailed information on the font configurations referenced in the tokens lay... | 3,693 | qasper |
f50e908d-eff2-46fd-8b10-46f94066099e | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"what is the source of the news sentences?\n\nIntroduction\nNamed entity recognition is an important task of natural language processing, featuring in many popular text processing toolkits. This area of natural language processing has ... | [
"links between Wikipedia articles to generate sequences of named-entity annotated tokens"
] | 4,130 | qasper |
0734b92d-44b0-4e25-8bb4-b5f7d746864a | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"Which dataset do they train their models on?\n\nIntroduction\nRelation classification is the task of assigning sentences with two marked entities to a predefined set of relations. The sentence “We poured the <e1>milk</e1> into the <e2... | [
"relation classification dataset of the SemEval 2010 task 8"
] | 3,318 | qasper |
0d220bfe-8184-4f1d-9b87-b97e98e19f88 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"How many participants were trying this communication game?\n\nIntroduction\nSuppose a user wants to write a sentence “I will be 10 minutes late.” Ideally, she would type just a few keywords such as “10 minutes late” and an autocomplet... | [
"100 crowdworkers "
] | 2,584 | qasper |
10b6d8bf-d584-4a67-a2a0-0d4e95feeb12 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"what NMT models did they compare with?\n\nIntroduction\nAncient Chinese is the writing language in ancient China. It is a treasure of Chinese culture which brings together the wisdom and ideas of the Chinese nation and chronicles the ... | [
"RNN-based NMT model, Transformer-NMT"
] | 5,114 | qasper |
27441425-6162-4a4e-b416-18f972c50bcf | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What cyberbulling topics did they address?\n\nIntroduction\nCyberbullying has been defined by the National Crime Prevention Council as the use of the Internet, cell phones or other devices to send or post text or images intended to hu... | [
"racism, sexism, personal attack, not specifically about any single topic"
] | 4,318 | qasper |
2dac51f2-ed17-4d2e-aa3a-c3d56f463cce | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"How is trajectory with how rewards extracted?\n\nIntroduction\nText-based games became popular in the mid 80s with the game series Zork BIBREF1 resulting in many different text-based games being produced and published BIBREF2. These g... | [
"explores the state space through keeping track of previously visited states by maintaining an archive"
] | 6,936 | qasper |
3152f9c7-09f5-4542-a5cc-7bd38cf493fa | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What are the language pairs explored in this paper?\n\nIntroduction\nNeural machine translation (NMT) emerged in the last few years as a very successful paradigm BIBREF0 , BIBREF1 , BIBREF2 , BIBREF3 . While NMT is generally more flue... | [
"De-En, Ja-En, Ro-En"
] | 2,303 | qasper |
3203a14c-1f10-48c3-bc7f-acf6db95c2db | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"How much data samples do they start with before obtaining the initial model labels?\n\nIntroduction\nState-of-the-art automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems BIBREF0 have large model capacities and require significant quantities of... | [
"INLINEFORM2 is queried for the “most informative” instance(s) INLINEFORM3"
] | 2,240 | qasper |
3b4db64b-a48d-4128-9a43-613d4af64a40 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What details are given about the movie domain dataset?\n\nIntroduction\nSentiment analysis has recently been one of the hottest topics in natural language processing (NLP). It is used to identify and categorise opinions expressed by r... | [
"The number of reviews in this movie corpus is 20,244 and the average number of words in reviews is 39. Each of these reviews has a star-rating score which is indicative of sentiment."
] | 5,006 | qasper |
4281746e-45df-47f2-b655-1f4b4aedf813 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What is a normal reading paradigm?\n\nIntroduction\nHow humans process language has become increasingly relevant in natural language processing since physiological data during language understanding is more accessible and recorded wit... | [
"read the sentences normally without any special instructions"
] | 4,710 | qasper |
4ac8438b-324e-4fd1-ab61-43c02451ceb3 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"what was their character error rate?\n\nIntroduction\nRecently, deep neural network has been widely employed in various recognition tasks. Increasing the depth of neural network is a effective way to improve the performance, and convo... | [
"Their best model achieved a 2.49% Character Error Rate."
] | 5,551 | qasper |
6942b0f0-31b1-4ee9-abc5-70e47540879c | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What are the results from these proposed strategies?\n\nIntroduction and Background\nMany reinforcement learning algorithms are designed for relatively small discrete or continuous action spaces and so have trouble scaling. Text-adven... | [
"Reward of 11.8 for the A2C-chained model, 41.8 for the KG-A2C-chained model, 40 for A2C-Explore and 44 for KG-A2C-Explore."
] | 3,185 | qasper |
711e7eba-83ec-4ccc-b64f-9081cc1efe7b | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"How was the StackExchange dataset collected?\n\nIntroduction\nKeyphrase generation is the task of automatically predicting keyphrases given a source text. Desired keyphrases are often multi-word units that summarize the high-level mea... | [
"Unanswerable"
] | 6,246 | qasper |
849b81b2-af63-46cb-9b2a-ffca2445ff93 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What baseline method is used?\n\nIntroduction\nSentiment analysis has recently been one of the hottest topics in natural language processing (NLP). It is used to identify and categorise opinions expressed by reviewers on a topic or an... | [
"use the word2vec algorithm, create several unsupervised hand-crafted features, generate document vectors and feed them as input into the support vector machines (SVM) approach"
] | 5,002 | qasper |
85a9db3a-9a89-471e-8c4d-68740206154a | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"Which datasets are used?\n\nIntroduction\nAutomatically generating text to describe the content of images, also known as image captioning, is a multimodal task of considerable interest in both the computer vision and the NLP communiti... | [
"Existential (OneShape, MultiShapes), Spacial (TwoShapes, Multishapes), Quantification (Count, Ratio) datasets are generated from ShapeWorldICE"
] | 4,577 | qasper |
8b1c7018-2218-48a8-909d-5be232acf106 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What current state of the art method was used for comparison?\n\nIntroduction\nA hashtag is a keyphrase represented as a sequence of alphanumeric characters plus underscore, preceded by the # symbol. Hashtags play a central role in on... | [
"current state-of-the-art approach BIBREF14 , BIBREF15"
] | 5,418 | qasper |
8e35393c-4b43-461a-8f62-37a33750bcc4 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"what aspects of conversation flow do they look at?\n\nIntroduction\nPublic debates are a common platform for presenting and juxtaposing diverging viewpoints As opposed to monologues where speakers are limited to expressing their own b... | [
"The time devoted to self-coverage, opponent-coverage, and the number of adopted discussion points."
] | 3,176 | qasper |
9060d4df-4535-4dd9-ac32-4bc5789c12c2 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"Which languages are similar to each other?\n\nIntroduction\nAccurate language identification (LID) is the first step in many natural language processing and machine comprehension pipelines. If the language of a piece of text is known ... | [
"The Nguni languages are similar to each other, The same is true of the Sotho languages"
] | 2,610 | qasper |
a5e8ce12-20f0-4bf2-9f56-1f869b6a3ec5 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What other sentence embeddings methods are evaluated?\n\nIntroduction\nIn this publication, we present Sentence-BERT (SBERT), a modification of the BERT network using siamese and triplet networks that is able to derive semantically me... | [
"Avg. GloVe embeddings, Avg. fast-text embeddings, Avg. BERT embeddings, BERT CLS-vector, InferSent - GloVe and Universal Sentence Encoder."
] | 5,616 | qasper |
ae652e75-c292-49d5-b510-2a76dc3f172b | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What examples of the difficulties presented by the context-dependent nature of online aggression do they authors give?\n\nIntroduction\nAbusive language refers to any type of insult, vulgarity, or profanity that debases the target; it... | [
"detecting abusive language extremely laborious, it is difficult to build a large and reliable dataset"
] | 2,930 | qasper |
cfd1d543-1a0d-4c4d-9e70-05cd5a5def24 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What are the baselines?\n\nIntroduction and Background\nMany reinforcement learning algorithms are designed for relatively small discrete or continuous action spaces and so have trouble scaling. Text-adventure games—or interaction fic... | [
"a score of 40"
] | 3,182 | qasper |
d29f5514-8a27-4c1c-9aa9-156633416ba4 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"Do they incoprorate WordNet into the model?\n\nIntroduction\nWord Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is a fundamental task and long-standing challenge in Natural Language Processing (NLP), which aims to find the exact sense of an ambiguous wo... | [
"construct context-gloss pairs from glosses of all possible senses (in WordNet) of the target word"
] | 3,006 | qasper |
de9fe0cd-ded8-4c9c-b870-3686cabf70db | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"what debates dataset was used?\n\nIntroduction\nPublic debates are a common platform for presenting and juxtaposing diverging viewpoints As opposed to monologues where speakers are limited to expressing their own beliefs, debates allo... | [
"“Intelligence Squared Debates” (IQ2 for short)"
] | 3,172 | qasper |
e4863b0f-2db2-4a3a-86e7-645f725c463d | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"Is WordNet useful for taxonomic reasoning for this task?\n\nIntroduction\nAutomatically answering questions, especially in the open-domain setting (i.e., where minimal or no contextual knowledge is explicitly provided), requires bring... | [
"Yes"
] | 9,204 | qasper |
e68484f2-c2b6-4fd9-8de5-87ceb04214b6 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What is the size of bioScope corpus?\n\nIntroduction\nThe task of speculation detection and scope resolution is critical in distinguishing factual information from speculative information. This has multiple use-cases, like systems tha... | [
"Unanswerable"
] | 3,290 | qasper |
ec630594-17f3-41f8-a150-93fb7e155814 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What datasets are used?\n\nIntroduction\nWith the increasing popularity of the Internet, online texts provided by social media platform (e.g. Twitter) and news media sites (e.g. Google news) have become important sources of real-world... | [
"FSD dataset, Twitter dataset, Google dataset"
] | 5,492 | qasper |
f125c812-87cf-4472-86c4-3f32827767f4 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"Up to how many samples do they experiment with?\n\nIntroduction\nDeep neural networks (DNNs), in particular convolutional and recurrent neural networks, with huge architectures have been proven successful in wide range of tasks includ... | [
"we considered 4 different proportions i.e., INLINEFORM0 , INLINEFORM1 , INLINEFORM2 and INLINEFORM3 of the training data to train the classifier"
] | 4,146 | qasper |
f33ddafc-69d7-41ad-8d6e-5c756f9729d0 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What hyperparameters are explored?\n\nIntroduction\nThere have been many implementations of the word2vec model in either of the two architectures it provides: continuous skipgram and CBoW (BIBREF0). Similar distributed models of word ... | [
"Dimension size, window size, architecture, algorithm, epochs, hidden dimension size, learning rate, loss function, optimizer algorithm."
] | 3,342 | qasper |
f7a225a1-aff7-4a11-bfa8-3bcf2371cb3b | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"what are the previous state of the art?\n\nIntroduction\nModern Standard Arabic (MSA) and Classical Arabic (CA) have two types of vowels, namely long vowels, which are explicitly written, and short vowels, aka diacritics, which are ty... | [
"Farasa BIBREF31, MADAMIRA BIBREF29, RDI (Rashwan et al., 2015), MIT (Belinkow and Glass, 2015), Microsoft ATKS BIBREF28"
] | 7,074 | qasper |
03562983-7540-47af-9538-a1cbe395ca4a | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What is the architecture of their model?\n\nIntroduction\nEnd-to-end speech-to-text translation (ST) has attracted much attention recently BIBREF2, BIBREF3, BIBREF4, BIBREF5, BIBREF6 given its simplicity against cascading automatic sp... | [
"follow the architecture in berard2018end, but have 3 decoder layers like that in pino2019harnessing"
] | 3,598 | qasper |
09e54e0f-1935-4a95-8510-37e16b26e5b3 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"How do they measure style transfer success?\n\nIntroduction\nSequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) transformations have recently proven to be a successful framework for several natural language processing tasks, like: machine translation (MT... | [
"Unanswerable"
] | 6,335 | qasper |
1015a03d-dbf9-4ba8-ad25-176b9171a172 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What classifiers have been trained?\n\nIntroduction\nA large portion of the car-buying experience in the United States involves interactions at a car dealership BIBREF0, BIBREF1, BIBREF2. Traditionally, a car dealer listens and unders... | [
"KNN\nRF\nSVM\nMLP"
] | 2,202 | qasper |
141158ac-834e-4512-8ca9-d7bc779322cd | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What in-domain text did they use?\n\nIntroduction\nPretrained Language Models (PTLMs) such as BERT BIBREF1 have spearheaded advances on many NLP tasks. Usually, PTLMs are pretrained on unlabeled general-domain and/or mixed-domain text... | [
"PubMed+PMC"
] | 5,062 | qasper |
2736f07b-fa37-4d58-9a00-6cdf3cf674d5 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What clustering algorithms were used?\n\nIntroduction\nPerformance appraisal (PA) is an important HR process, particularly for modern organizations that crucially depend on the skills and expertise of their workforce. The PA process e... | [
"CLUTO, Carrot2 Lingo"
] | 4,193 | qasper |
2c15c4f1-1956-4e22-8fd1-3040bb11f79a | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What dataset was used?\n\nIntroduction\nPropaganda aims at influencing people's mindset with the purpose of advancing a specific agenda. In the Internet era, thanks to the mechanism of sharing in social networks, propaganda campaigns ... | [
" news articles in free-text format"
] | 4,227 | qasper |
31231e0c-bea8-4e8e-b5a2-122b9a6b74f6 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What measures are used for evaluation?\n\nIntroduction\nAs social media, specially Twitter, takes on an influential role in presidential elections in the U.S., natural language processing of political tweets BIBREF0 has the potential ... | [
"correct classification rate (CCR)"
] | 2,135 | qasper |
31a3a65d-ef34-48e4-be5e-9cbee5a1d02f | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"How was the StackExchange dataset collected?\n\nIntroduction\nKeyphrase generation is the task of automatically predicting keyphrases given a source text. Desired keyphrases are often multi-word units that summarize the high-level mea... | [
"they obtained computer science related topics by looking at titles and user-assigned tags"
] | 6,246 | qasper |
4058528c-e8ef-4885-9057-4fc049337453 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What were their results on the classification and regression tasks\n\nIntroduction\n- !`Socorro, me ha picado una víbora!\n- ?`Cobra?\n- No, gratis.[5]\nGoogle Translation:\n- Help, I was bitten by a snake!\n- Does it charge?\n- Not f... | [
"F1 score result of 0.8099"
] | 2,483 | qasper |
442e5d13-e674-41ab-92ca-d062b8d8cbc9 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"In what language are the tweets?\n\nIntroduction\nOffensive content has become pervasive in social media and a reason of concern for government organizations, online communities, and social media platforms. One of the most common stra... | [
"English"
] | 3,084 | qasper |
744b85cd-53ad-40ad-b2de-2d24d2d759ea | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"by how much did the BLEU score improve?\n\nIntroduction\nMachine translation has made remarkable progress, and studies claiming it to reach a human parity are starting to appear BIBREF0. However, when evaluating translations of the wh... | [
"On average 0.64 "
] | 5,130 | qasper |
789fb909-4430-47ac-8432-750f2935188f | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"Does the paper provide any case studies to illustrate how one can use Macaw for CIS research?\n\nIntroduction\nThe rapid growth in speech and small screen interfaces, particularly on mobile devices, has significantly influenced the wa... | [
"No"
] | 2,282 | qasper |
7c49de36-6ca1-46fc-96ee-3752b87c91ad | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"How much is performance improved on NLI?\n\nIntroduction\nThe ability of semantic reasoning is essential for advanced natural language understanding (NLU) systems. Many NLU tasks that take sentence pairs as input, such as natural lang... | [
" improvement on the RTE dataset is significant, i.e., 4% absolute gain over the BERTBase"
] | 5,593 | qasper |
7e4a2f8c-270d-419a-9b90-fc9d963fd00a | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"what quantitative analysis is done?\n\nIntroduction\nCLIR systems retrieve documents written in a language that is different from search query language BIBREF0 . The primary objective of CLIR is to translate or project a query into th... | [
"Answer with content missing: (Evaluation section) Given that in CLIR the primary goal is to get a better ranked list of documents against a translated query, we only report Mean Average Precision (MAP)."
] | 2,858 | qasper |
7e7c5317-38be-40ed-9dbf-c152ebafd640 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"What is the size of the parallel corpus used to train the model constraints?\n\nIntroduction\nPrepositional Phrase (PP) attachment disambiguation is an important problem in NLP, for it often gives rise to incorrect parse trees . Stati... | [
"1500 sentences"
] | 2,956 | qasper |
849ef485-21da-4d8c-963a-a10bd8877128 | [{"role":"system","content":"You are a helpful assistant."},{"role":"user","content":"Do they compare human-level performance to model performance for their dataset?\n\nIntroduction\nProgress in AI has been driven by, among other things, the development of challenging large-scale benchmarks like ImageNet BIBREF0 in com... | [
"No"
] | 6,708 | qasper |
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