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https://x.com/runyasak/status/1797618641648968117	JavaScript is not available. We’ve detected that JavaScript is disabled in this browser. Please enable JavaScript or switch to a supported browser to continue using x.com. You can see a list of supported browsers in our Help Center. Help Center Terms of Service Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Imprint Ads info © 2026 X Corp. Something went wrong, but don’t fret — let’s give it another shot. Try again Some privacy related extensions may cause issues on x.com. Please disable them and try again.	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://www.pocketgamer.com/marvel-contest-of-champions/january-2026-update/	Marvel Contest of Champions kicks off the year with new Champions, fan vote, and major events \| Pocket Gamer Our Network Arrow Down PocketGamer.com AppSpy.com 148Apps.com PocketGamer.fr PocketGamer.biz PCGamesInsider.biz The Sims News PocketGamer.fun BlockchainGamer.biz PG Connects BigIndiePitch.com MobileGamesAwards.com U.GG Icy Veins The Sims Resource Fantasy Football Scout GameKnot Addicting Games Arcade Cloud EV.IO Menu PocketGamer.com Facebook X YouTube RSS Search Search News Marvel Contest of Champions kicks off the year with new Champions, fan vote, and major events More chaos in the Battlerealm By Tanish Botadkar \| Jan 13 iOS + Android \| Marvel Contest of Champions Twitter Facebook Reddit Spider-Slayer (J. Jonah Jameson) joins the roster on January 15th Followed by a reworked Doctor Strange on January 29th The Tooth and Claw Saga launches alongside giveaways If there’s one thing Marvel Contest of Champions has never struggled with, it’s finding excuses to throw more chaos into the Battlerealm. As the calendar flips over, Kabam is kicking off the new year with a familiar mix of fan service, new Champions, and just enough giveaways to make you dive right back in. The headline additions are two big names joining the roster this January. First up is Spider-Slayer , a version of J. Jonah Jameson who’s decided that shouting about Spider-Man from behind a desk wasn’t proactive enough. He’s rolling into the Contest on January 15th in full mech suit mode, bringing all the aggressive energy you’d expect from someone who’s made a career out of hating one guy in a mask. Then, later in the month on January 29th, Doctor Strange gets a long-overdue rework. The Sorcerer Supreme will finally come back into proper relevance once again. If you’re already thinking about where these two might land competitively, check out our  Marvel Contest of Champions tier list before you start spending resources. Subscribe to Pocket Gamer on Alongside the new arrivals, the sixth annual Summoner’s Choice vote is back, and it’s as unhinged as ever in the best way. This year’s lineup leans hard into alternate realities, with options like Stormphoenix, Spider-Ma’am, Daredevil Drummer of Philly, and Pork Grind (yes, really). Voting runs across three rounds throughout January, slowly whittling the list down until one Champion earns their way into the fray.  There’s also a longer arc unfolding with the new Tooth and Claw Saga, which runs through early April. Expect animal-themed Champions, a bonus chase character in the form of a 7-Star Toad, and a chunky bundle giveaway aimed at new players that drip-feeds Champions and upgrade materials over two weeks. Kitty Pryde also gets her own extended event, while a handful of existing Champions are lined up for updates. And if you’re hunting for freebies to keep up with it all, don’t forget to swing by our Marvel Contest of Champions codes page for the latest drops. Download now! Marvel Contest of Champions Tanish Botadkar LinkedIn Tanish is a freelance writer who's an absolute Marvel nerd. If he's not writing, he's probably rewatching anything related to Marvel so that he can spam his friends with theories. And if not that, he can be found gaming on his trusty PS4. While gaming is a passion for him, he also loves science and hopes to become a neuroscientist one day. Next Up : Bluey’s Quest for the Gold Pen brings the iconic character to Android as it launches worldwide on Google Play Related Marvel Contest of Champions codes (January 2026) iOS + Android Marvel Contest of Champions tier list - The best characters by class iOS + Android Marvel Contest of Champions teases a new editorialised champion for its 11th anniversary iOS + Android Marvel Contest of Champions Summoner Fest Recap: US player Liam wins big at Battlerealm Brawl iOS + Android Marvel Contest of Champions is bringing the Spider-verse to the Battlerealm in its next update iOS + Android Sign up! Get Pocket Gamer tips, news & features in your inbox Daily Updates Weekly Updates Your sign up will be strictly used in accordance with our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Get social! Facebook X YouTube RSS	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://www.pocketgamer.com/puzzle-dragons/16-million-downloads-north-america/	Puzzle & Dragons hits a whopping 16 million downloads in North America \| Pocket Gamer Our Network Arrow Down PocketGamer.com AppSpy.com 148Apps.com PocketGamer.fr PocketGamer.biz PCGamesInsider.biz The Sims News PocketGamer.fun BlockchainGamer.biz PG Connects BigIndiePitch.com MobileGamesAwards.com U.GG Icy Veins The Sims Resource Fantasy Football Scout GameKnot Addicting Games Arcade Cloud EV.IO Menu PocketGamer.com Facebook X YouTube RSS Search Search News Puzzle & Dragons hits a whopping 16 million downloads in North America Another major milestone for the puzzler By Tanish Botadkar \| Jan 12 iOS + Android \| Puzzle & Dragons Twitter Facebook Reddit P&D has surpassed 16 million downloads across the US and Canada since its 2012 launch Crossover events and mechanics play a huge role A limited-time 16 Million Downloads Celebration event is running with bonuses for everyone Sixteen million downloads is the kind of number most mobile games only ever see on a slide deck. For Puzzle & Dragons, though, it lands more like a checkpoint. GungHo has confirmed the long-running puzzler passed that mark across the US and Canada back in November, which is just more proof that this thing simply refuses to go away. And honestly, that might be the most impressive part because Puzzle & Dragons has pretty much been doing the same thing since 2012. Match orbs, clear dungeons, collect monsters, and then do it all again tomorrow. There’s never been a big reinvention or dramatic genre pivot. It’s somehow just… still working. A lot of that staying power comes down to its collaborations . At this point, I’d rather just list out the franchises Puzzle & Dragons hasn’t collaborated with. Anime, games, pop culture oddities, they’ve all been through the dungeon at some point. This is what’s probably kept the newcomers constantly flowing in, while simultaneously giving veterans a reason to dust off their teams and have another go at it. Subscribe to Pocket Gamer on North America has clearly been happy to play along. After launching in the US back in 2012 and rolling into Canada not long after, the puzzler has grown rather steadily. No viral spikes, no dramatic drop-offs, just a slow accumulation of players over more than a decade, which is rare territory for a mobile puzzler. To mark the milestone, GungHo is running a 16 Million Downloads Celebration Event from January 21st to February 6th. That means login bonuses, a Super Godfest to burn through your Magic Stones, and selected dungeons running at half stamina. And if this has put you back in the mood for sliding colourful things around a grid, our list of the top puzzlers on Android has plenty more worth poking at too. Download now! Puzzle & Dragons Tanish Botadkar LinkedIn Tanish is a freelance writer who's an absolute Marvel nerd. If he's not writing, he's probably rewatching anything related to Marvel so that he can spam his friends with theories. And if not that, he can be found gaming on his trusty PS4. While gaming is a passion for him, he also loves science and hopes to become a neuroscientist one day. Next Up : Garena: Free Fire to introduce new collaboration with hit shonen series JuJutsu Kaisen this month Related Puzzle & Dragons' latest collaboration sees the Sanrio characters once more take centre stage iOS + Android Puzzle & Dragons' latest anime collaboration is here with the arrival of Kaiju No. 8 iOS + Android Puzzle & Dragons sees the return of Demon Slayer in its latest collaboration iOS + Android Puzzle & Dragons launches Haikyu!! collaboration event with limited-time content and login bonuses iOS + Android Case Closed and Yaiba: Samurai Legend arrive in Puzzle & Dragons iOS + Android Sign up! Get Pocket Gamer tips, news & features in your inbox Daily Updates Weekly Updates Your sign up will be strictly used in accordance with our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Get social! Facebook X YouTube RSS	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://www.pocketgamer.com/warhammer-40k-tacticus/	Warhammer 40,000: Tacticus \| Pocket Gamer Our Network Arrow Down PocketGamer.com AppSpy.com 148Apps.com PocketGamer.fr PocketGamer.biz PCGamesInsider.biz The Sims News PocketGamer.fun BlockchainGamer.biz PG Connects BigIndiePitch.com MobileGamesAwards.com U.GG Icy Veins The Sims Resource Fantasy Football Scout GameKnot Addicting Games Arcade Cloud EV.IO Menu PocketGamer.com Facebook X YouTube RSS Search Search Warhammer 40,000: Tacticus Get 12th PG Awards Nominee! Available on: iOS + Android Twitter Facebook Reddit Warhammer 40,000: Tacticus Articles RSS Top List Best free games to play on your iPhone, iPad or Android Phone in 2026 - Updated By Stephen Gregson-Wood How To Warhammer Tacticus codes (January 2026) By Shaun Walton How To Warhammer 40k Tacticus tier list & reroll guide By Mihail Katsoris Top List Best strategy games for Android By Pocket Gamer staff Top List Best sci-fi games for Android phones and tablets By Jon Mundy News Warhammer 40,000: Tacticus goes back to the 90s with Space Hulk event By Iwan Morris Right Arrow Game Finder Browse our archive for thousands of game reviews across all mobile and handheld formats Top List Top 15 turn-based games for mobile devices By Mihail Katsoris News Warhammer 40,000 Tacticus' newest faction is the Adeptus Custodes By Iwan Morris News Warhammer Tacticus' new faction to be revealed at Warhammer Skulls online event By Iwan Morris Top List Best strategy games for iPhone By Jon Mundy News Pocket Gamer Awards 2024 winners and game of the year announced By Dann Sullivan Feature The Pocket Gamer Podcast (S2) Episode 9 - Pokemon TCG Pocket meet Jimmy Space By Dann Sullivan Feature The Wrapp - Neopets, Warhammer, SNAP and more By Dann Sullivan News Warhammer 40k Tacticus celebrates second anniversary with launch of fan-favourite Blood Angels By Iwan Morris News Warhammer 40,000: Tacticus shows off new Machines of War in latest update By Iwan Morris News Warhammer Skulls is back for 2024, with new announcements and more By Iwan Morris Tips & Guide Warhammer 40k Tacticus guide for new and old players By Will Quick News Warhammer 40,000 Tacticus celebrates the New Year with new guild boss Rogal Dorn Battle Tank By Jack Brassell News Warhammer 40,000: Tacticus is bringing the Tech-Priest Dominus in another Christmas update By Tanish Botadkar Update Warhammer 40,000: Tacticus introduces the Tech-Priest Manipulus in winter 2023 update By Tanish Botadkar Update Warhammer 40,000: Tacticus introduces the fan-favourite Adeptus Mechanicus with latest update By Connor Derrick Update Warhammer 40,000: Tacticus introduces the Tyrant Guard and Screamer-Killer in latest update By Tanish Botadkar Update Warhammer 40,000: Tacticus welcomes Darkstrider to the fray along with a new Battle Pass Season By Catherine Dellosa Update Warhammer 40,000 Tacticus will introduce the Thousand Suns faction in June By Stephen Gregson-Wood Update Warhammer 40,000: Tacticus adds in a brand new Aeldari DPS hero named Jain Zar in the latest update By Connor Derrick Update Warhammer 40,000: Tacticus releases information on the upcoming update which introduces a battle pass and a brand new hero character By Connor Derrick Update Warhammer 40,000: Tacticus launches new Aeldari faction with two brand new heroes By Connor Derrick Update Warhammer 40,000: Tacticus adds synchronous tactical PvP in latest update to the hit strategy game By Catherine Dellosa New Release Warhammer 40,000: Tacticus launches worldwide By Connor Derrick Feature 5 new mobile games to try this week - August 18th, 2022 By Catherine Dellosa Next	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://docs.suprsend.com/reference/cli-category-pull	Pull Categories - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection Versioning Versioning and Support Policy CLI Changelog Getting Started with CLI CLI Overview BETA Quickstart Installation Authentication Enable Autocompletion Global Flags Profile Commands and Flags Add Profile Use Profile List Profile Modify Profile Remove Profile Sync Sync Assets Workflow Commands and Flags List Workflows Pull Workflows Push Workflows Enable Workflow Disable Workflow Schema Commands and Flags List Schemas Pull Schemas Push Schemas Commit Schema Generate Types Event Commands and Flags List Events Pull Events Push Events Preference Category Commands and Flags List Categories Pull Categories Push Categories Commit Categories List Category Translations Pull Category Translations Push Category Translations Translation Commands and Flags List Translations Pull Translations Push Translations Commit Translations Contact Us Get Started SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Ask AI Contact Us Get Started Get Started Search... Navigation Preference Category Pull Categories Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Preference Category Pull Categories OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Fetch categories from SuprSend workspace to local directory OpenAI Open in ChatGPT This action does not delete existing categories; instead, it overwrites categories with the same slug or creates new ones. By default, pulled categories are stored in the suprsend/category/ directory, but you can change the destination using -d, --dir flag. We recommend specifying a directory when working with multiple production or staging workspaces. Syntax Copy Ask AI suprsend category pull [flags] Flags Flag Description Default -h, --help Show help for the command – -d, --dir string Output directory for categories ./suprsend/category -m, --mode string Mode to pull categories from live -w, --workspace string Workspace to pull categories from staging Example Copy Ask AI # Pull all live categories to default directory suprsend category pull # Pull categories into custom directory path suprsend category pull --dir categories # Pull categories from production workspace suprsend category pull --workspace production # Pull draft categories suprsend category pull --mode draft Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Push Categories Push categories from local directory to SuprSend Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page Syntax Flags Example	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#list	Built-in Types — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents Built-in Types Truth Value Testing Boolean Operations — and , or , not Comparisons Numeric Types — int , float , complex Bitwise Operations on Integer Types Additional Methods on Integer Types Additional Methods on Float Additional Methods on Complex Hashing of numeric types Boolean Type - bool Iterator Types Generator Types Sequence Types — list , tuple , range Common Sequence Operations Immutable Sequence Types Mutable Sequence Types Lists Tuples Ranges Text and Binary Sequence Type Methods Summary Text Sequence Type — str String Methods Formatted String Literals (f-strings) Debug specifier Conversion specifier Format specifier Template String Literals (t-strings) printf -style String Formatting Binary Sequence Types — bytes , bytearray , memoryview Bytes Objects Bytearray Objects Bytes and Bytearray Operations printf -style Bytes Formatting Memory Views Set Types — set , frozenset Mapping Types — dict Dictionary view objects Context Manager Types Type Annotation Types — Generic Alias , Union Generic Alias Type Standard Generic Classes Special Attributes of GenericAlias objects Union Type Other Built-in Types Modules Classes and Class Instances Functions Methods Code Objects Type Objects The Null Object The Ellipsis Object The NotImplemented Object Internal Objects Special Attributes Integer string conversion length limitation Affected APIs Configuring the limit Recommended configuration Previous topic Built-in Constants Next topic Built-in Exceptions This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules \| next \| previous \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Standard Library » Built-in Types \| Theme Auto Light Dark \| Built-in Types ¶ The following sections describe the standard types that are built into the interpreter. The principal built-in types are numerics, sequences, mappings, classes, instances and exceptions. Some collection classes are mutable. The methods that add, subtract, or rearrange their members in place, and don’t return a specific item, never return the collection instance itself but None . Some operations are supported by several object types; in particular, practically all objects can be compared for equality, tested for truth value, and converted to a string (with the repr() function or the slightly different str() function). The latter function is implicitly used when an object is written by the print() function. Truth Value Testing ¶ Any object can be tested for truth value, for use in an if or while condition or as operand of the Boolean operations below. By default, an object is considered true unless its class defines either a __bool__() method that returns False or a __len__() method that returns zero, when called with the object. [ 1 ] If one of the methods raises an exception when called, the exception is propagated and the object does not have a truth value (for example, NotImplemented ). Here are most of the built-in objects considered false: constants defined to be false: None and False zero of any numeric type: 0 , 0.0 , 0j , Decimal(0) , Fraction(0, 1) empty sequences and collections: '' , () , [] , {} , set() , range(0) Operations and built-in functions that have a Boolean result always return 0 or False for false and 1 or True for true, unless otherwise stated. (Important exception: the Boolean operations or and and always return one of their operands.) Boolean Operations — and , or , not ¶ These are the Boolean operations, ordered by ascending priority: Operation Result Notes x or y if x is true, then x , else y (1) x and y if x is false, then x , else y (2) not x if x is false, then True , else False (3) Notes: This is a short-circuit operator, so it only evaluates the second argument if the first one is false. This is a short-circuit operator, so it only evaluates the second argument if the first one is true. not has a lower priority than non-Boolean operators, so not a == b is interpreted as not (a == b) , and a == not b is a syntax error. Comparisons ¶ There are eight comparison operations in Python. They all have the same priority (which is higher than that of the Boolean operations). Comparisons can be chained arbitrarily; for example, x < y <= z is equivalent to x < y and y <= z , except that y is evaluated only once (but in both cases z is not evaluated at all when x < y is found to be false). This table summarizes the comparison operations: Operation Meaning < strictly less than <= less than or equal > strictly greater than >= greater than or equal == equal != not equal is object identity is not negated object identity Unless stated otherwise, objects of different types never compare equal. The == operator is always defined but for some object types (for example, class objects) is equivalent to is . The < , <= , > and >= operators are only defined where they make sense; for example, they raise a TypeError exception when one of the arguments is a complex number. Non-identical instances of a class normally compare as non-equal unless the class defines the __eq__() method. Instances of a class cannot be ordered with respect to other instances of the same class, or other types of object, unless the class defines enough of the methods __lt__() , __le__() , __gt__() , and __ge__() (in general, __lt__() and __eq__() are sufficient, if you want the conventional meanings of the comparison operators). The behavior of the is and is not operators cannot be customized; also they can be applied to any two objects and never raise an exception. Two more operations with the same syntactic priority, in and not in , are supported by types that are iterable or implement the __contains__() method. Numeric Types — int , float , complex ¶ There are three distinct numeric types: integers , floating-point numbers , and complex numbers . In addition, Booleans are a subtype of integers. Integers have unlimited precision. Floating-point numbers are usually implemented using double in C; information about the precision and internal representation of floating-point numbers for the machine on which your program is running is available in sys.float_info . Complex numbers have a real and imaginary part, which are each a floating-point number. To extract these parts from a complex number z , use z.real and z.imag . (The standard library includes the additional numeric types fractions.Fraction , for rationals, and decimal.Decimal , for floating-point numbers with user-definable precision.) Numbers are created by numeric literals or as the result of built-in functions and operators. Unadorned integer literals (including hex, octal and binary numbers) yield integers. Numeric literals containing a decimal point or an exponent sign yield floating-point numbers. Appending 'j' or 'J' to a numeric literal yields an imaginary number (a complex number with a zero real part) which you can add to an integer or float to get a complex number with real and imaginary parts. The constructors int() , float() , and complex() can be used to produce numbers of a specific type. Python fully supports mixed arithmetic: when a binary arithmetic operator has operands of different numeric types, the operand with the “narrower” type is widened to that of the other, where integer is narrower than floating point. Arithmetic with complex and real operands is defined by the usual mathematical formula, for example: x + complex ( u , v ) = complex ( x + u , v ) x * complex ( u , v ) = complex ( x * u , x * v ) A comparison between numbers of different types behaves as though the exact values of those numbers were being compared. [ 2 ] All numeric types (except complex) support the following operations (for priorities of the operations, see Operator precedence ): Operation Result Notes Full documentation x + y sum of x and y x - y difference of x and y x * y product of x and y x / y quotient of x and y x // y floored quotient of x and y (1)(2) x % y remainder of x / y (2) -x x negated +x x unchanged abs(x) absolute value or magnitude of x abs() int(x) x converted to integer (3)(6) int() float(x) x converted to floating point (4)(6) float() complex(re, im) a complex number with real part re , imaginary part im . im defaults to zero. (6) complex() c.conjugate() conjugate of the complex number c divmod(x, y) the pair (x // y, x % y) (2) divmod() pow(x, y) x to the power y (5) pow() x y x to the power y (5) Notes: Also referred to as integer division. For operands of type int , the result has type int . For operands of type float , the result has type float . In general, the result is a whole integer, though the result’s type is not necessarily int . The result is always rounded towards minus infinity: 1//2 is 0 , (-1)//2 is -1 , 1//(-2) is -1 , and (-1)//(-2) is 0 . Not for complex numbers. Instead convert to floats using abs() if appropriate. Conversion from float to int truncates, discarding the fractional part. See functions math.floor() and math.ceil() for alternative conversions. float also accepts the strings “nan” and “inf” with an optional prefix “+” or “-” for Not a Number (NaN) and positive or negative infinity. Python defines pow(0, 0) and 0 0 to be 1 , as is common for programming languages. The numeric literals accepted include the digits 0 to 9 or any Unicode equivalent (code points with the Nd property). See the Unicode Standard for a complete list of code points with the Nd property. All numbers.Real types ( int and float ) also include the following operations: Operation Result math.trunc(x) x truncated to Integral round(x[, n]) x rounded to n digits, rounding half to even. If n is omitted, it defaults to 0. math.floor(x) the greatest Integral <= x math.ceil(x) the least Integral >= x For additional numeric operations see the math and cmath modules. Bitwise Operations on Integer Types ¶ Bitwise operations only make sense for integers. The result of bitwise operations is calculated as though carried out in two’s complement with an infinite number of sign bits. The priorities of the binary bitwise operations are all lower than the numeric operations and higher than the comparisons; the unary operation ~ has the same priority as the other unary numeric operations ( + and - ). This table lists the bitwise operations sorted in ascending priority: Operation Result Notes x \| y bitwise or of x and y (4) x ^ y bitwise exclusive or of x and y (4) x & y bitwise and of x and y (4) x << n x shifted left by n bits (1)(2) x >> n x shifted right by n bits (1)(3) ~x the bits of x inverted Notes: Negative shift counts are illegal and cause a ValueError to be raised. A left shift by n bits is equivalent to multiplication by pow(2, n) . A right shift by n bits is equivalent to floor division by pow(2, n) . Performing these calculations with at least one extra sign extension bit in a finite two’s complement representation (a working bit-width of 1 + max(x.bit_length(), y.bit_length()) or more) is sufficient to get the same result as if there were an infinite number of sign bits. Additional Methods on Integer Types ¶ The int type implements the numbers.Integral abstract base class . In addition, it provides a few more methods: int. bit_length ( ) ¶ Return the number of bits necessary to represent an integer in binary, excluding the sign and leading zeros: >>> n = - 37 >>> bin ( n ) '-0b100101' >>> n . bit_length () 6 More precisely, if x is nonzero, then x.bit_length() is the unique positive integer k such that 2(k-1) <= abs(x) < 2k . Equivalently, when abs(x) is small enough to have a correctly rounded logarithm, then k = 1 + int(log(abs(x), 2)) . If x is zero, then x.bit_length() returns 0 . Equivalent to: def bit_length ( self ): s = bin ( self ) # binary representation: bin(-37) --> '-0b100101' s = s . lstrip ( '-0b' ) # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len ( s ) # len('100101') --> 6 Added in version 3.1. int. bit_count ( ) ¶ Return the number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of the integer. This is also known as the population count. Example: >>> n = 19 >>> bin ( n ) '0b10011' >>> n . bit_count () 3 >>> ( - n ) . bit_count () 3 Equivalent to: def bit_count ( self ): return bin ( self ) . count ( "1" ) Added in version 3.10. int. to_bytes ( length = 1 , byteorder = 'big' , * , signed = False ) ¶ Return an array of bytes representing an integer. >>> ( 1024 ) . to_bytes ( 2 , byteorder = 'big' ) b'\x04\x00' >>> ( 1024 ) . to_bytes ( 10 , byteorder = 'big' ) b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00' >>> ( - 1024 ) . to_bytes ( 10 , byteorder = 'big' , signed = True ) b'\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfc\x00' >>> x = 1000 >>> x . to_bytes (( x . bit_length () + 7 ) // 8 , byteorder = 'little' ) b'\xe8\x03' The integer is represented using length bytes, and defaults to 1. An OverflowError is raised if the integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. The byteorder argument determines the byte order used to represent the integer, and defaults to "big" . If byteorder is "big" , the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If byteorder is "little" , the most significant byte is at the end of the byte array. The signed argument determines whether two’s complement is used to represent the integer. If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError is raised. The default value for signed is False . The default values can be used to conveniently turn an integer into a single byte object: >>> ( 65 ) . to_bytes () b'A' However, when using the default arguments, don’t try to convert a value greater than 255 or you’ll get an OverflowError . Equivalent to: def to_bytes ( n , length = 1 , byteorder = 'big' , signed = False ): if byteorder == 'little' : order = range ( length ) elif byteorder == 'big' : order = reversed ( range ( length )) else : raise ValueError ( "byteorder must be either 'little' or 'big'" ) return bytes (( n >> i * 8 ) & 0xff for i in order ) Added in version 3.2. Changed in version 3.11: Added default argument values for length and byteorder . classmethod int. from_bytes ( bytes , byteorder = 'big' , * , signed = False ) ¶ Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes. >>> int . from_bytes ( b ' \x00\x10 ' , byteorder = 'big' ) 16 >>> int . from_bytes ( b ' \x00\x10 ' , byteorder = 'little' ) 4096 >>> int . from_bytes ( b ' \xfc\x00 ' , byteorder = 'big' , signed = True ) -1024 >>> int . from_bytes ( b ' \xfc\x00 ' , byteorder = 'big' , signed = False ) 64512 >>> int . from_bytes ([ 255 , 0 , 0 ], byteorder = 'big' ) 16711680 The argument bytes must either be a bytes-like object or an iterable producing bytes. The byteorder argument determines the byte order used to represent the integer, and defaults to "big" . If byteorder is "big" , the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If byteorder is "little" , the most significant byte is at the end of the byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use sys.byteorder as the byte order value. The signed argument indicates whether two’s complement is used to represent the integer. Equivalent to: def from_bytes ( bytes , byteorder = 'big' , signed = False ): if byteorder == 'little' : little_ordered = list ( bytes ) elif byteorder == 'big' : little_ordered = list ( reversed ( bytes )) else : raise ValueError ( "byteorder must be either 'little' or 'big'" ) n = sum ( b << i * 8 for i , b in enumerate ( little_ordered )) if signed and little_ordered and ( little_ordered [ - 1 ] & 0x80 ): n -= 1 << 8 * len ( little_ordered ) return n Added in version 3.2. Changed in version 3.11: Added default argument value for byteorder . int. as_integer_ratio ( ) ¶ Return a pair of integers whose ratio is equal to the original integer and has a positive denominator. The integer ratio of integers (whole numbers) is always the integer as the numerator and 1 as the denominator. Added in version 3.8. int. is_integer ( ) ¶ Returns True . Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer() . Added in version 3.12. Additional Methods on Float ¶ The float type implements the numbers.Real abstract base class . float also has the following additional methods. classmethod float. from_number ( x ) ¶ Class method to return a floating-point number constructed from a number x . If the argument is an integer or a floating-point number, a floating-point number with the same value (within Python’s floating-point precision) is returned. If the argument is outside the range of a Python float, an OverflowError will be raised. For a general Python object x , float.from_number(x) delegates to x.__float__() . If __float__() is not defined then it falls back to __index__() . Added in version 3.14. float. as_integer_ratio ( ) ¶ Return a pair of integers whose ratio is exactly equal to the original float. The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator. Raises OverflowError on infinities and a ValueError on NaNs. float. is_integer ( ) ¶ Return True if the float instance is finite with integral value, and False otherwise: >>> ( - 2.0 ) . is_integer () True >>> ( 3.2 ) . is_integer () False Two methods support conversion to and from hexadecimal strings. Since Python’s floats are stored internally as binary numbers, converting a float to or from a decimal string usually involves a small rounding error. In contrast, hexadecimal strings allow exact representation and specification of floating-point numbers. This can be useful when debugging, and in numerical work. float. hex ( ) ¶ Return a representation of a floating-point number as a hexadecimal string. For finite floating-point numbers, this representation will always include a leading 0x and a trailing p and exponent. classmethod float. fromhex ( s ) ¶ Class method to return the float represented by a hexadecimal string s . The string s may have leading and trailing whitespace. Note that float.hex() is an instance method, while float.fromhex() is a class method. A hexadecimal string takes the form: [ sign ] [ '0x' ] integer [ '.' fraction ] [ 'p' exponent ] where the optional sign may by either + or - , integer and fraction are strings of hexadecimal digits, and exponent is a decimal integer with an optional leading sign. Case is not significant, and there must be at least one hexadecimal digit in either the integer or the fraction. This syntax is similar to the syntax specified in section 6.4.4.2 of the C99 standard, and also to the syntax used in Java 1.5 onwards. In particular, the output of float.hex() is usable as a hexadecimal floating-point literal in C or Java code, and hexadecimal strings produced by C’s %a format character or Java’s Double.toHexString are accepted by float.fromhex() . Note that the exponent is written in decimal rather than hexadecimal, and that it gives the power of 2 by which to multiply the coefficient. For example, the hexadecimal string 0x3.a7p10 represents the floating-point number (3 + 10./16 + 7./16*2) 2.010 , or 3740.0 : >>> float . fromhex ( '0x3.a7p10' ) 3740.0 Applying the reverse conversion to 3740.0 gives a different hexadecimal string representing the same number: >>> float . hex ( 3740.0 ) '0x1.d380000000000p+11' Additional Methods on Complex ¶ The complex type implements the numbers.Complex abstract base class . complex also has the following additional methods. classmethod complex. from_number ( x ) ¶ Class method to convert a number to a complex number. For a general Python object x , complex.from_number(x) delegates to x.__complex__() . If __complex__() is not defined then it falls back to __float__() . If __float__() is not defined then it falls back to __index__() . Added in version 3.14. Hashing of numeric types ¶ For numbers x and y , possibly of different types, it’s a requirement that hash(x) == hash(y) whenever x == y (see the __hash__() method documentation for more details). For ease of implementation and efficiency across a variety of numeric types (including int , float , decimal.Decimal and fractions.Fraction ) Python’s hash for numeric types is based on a single mathematical function that’s defined for any rational number, and hence applies to all instances of int and fractions.Fraction , and all finite instances of float and decimal.Decimal . Essentially, this function is given by reduction modulo P for a fixed prime P . The value of P is made available to Python as the modulus attribute of sys.hash_info . CPython implementation detail: Currently, the prime used is P = 231 - 1 on machines with 32-bit C longs and P = 2*61 - 1 on machines with 64-bit C longs. Here are the rules in detail: If x = m / n is a nonnegative rational number and n is not divisible by P , define hash(x) as m invmod(n, P) % P , where invmod(n, P) gives the inverse of n modulo P . If x = m / n is a nonnegative rational number and n is divisible by P (but m is not) then n has no inverse modulo P and the rule above doesn’t apply; in this case define hash(x) to be the constant value sys.hash_info.inf . If x = m / n is a negative rational number define hash(x) as -hash(-x) . If the resulting hash is -1 , replace it with -2 . The particular values sys.hash_info.inf and -sys.hash_info.inf are used as hash values for positive infinity or negative infinity (respectively). For a complex number z , the hash values of the real and imaginary parts are combined by computing hash(z.real) + sys.hash_info.imag * hash(z.imag) , reduced modulo 2sys.hash_info.width so that it lies in range(-2(sys.hash_info.width - 1), 2*(sys.hash_info.width - 1)) . Again, if the result is -1 , it’s replaced with -2 . To clarify the above rules, here’s some example Python code, equivalent to the built-in hash, for computing the hash of a rational number, float , or complex : import sys , math def hash_fraction ( m , n ): """Compute the hash of a rational number m / n. Assumes m and n are integers, with n positive. Equivalent to hash(fractions.Fraction(m, n)). """ P = sys . hash_info . modulus # Remove common factors of P. (Unnecessary if m and n already coprime.) while m % P == n % P == 0 : m , n = m // P , n // P if n % P == 0 : hash_value = sys . hash_info . inf else : # Fermat's Little Theorem: pow(n, P-1, P) is 1, so # pow(n, P-2, P) gives the inverse of n modulo P. hash_value = ( abs ( m ) % P ) pow ( n , P - 2 , P ) % P if m < 0 : hash_value = - hash_value if hash_value == - 1 : hash_value = - 2 return hash_value def hash_float ( x ): """Compute the hash of a float x.""" if math . isnan ( x ): return object . __hash__ ( x ) elif math . isinf ( x ): return sys . hash_info . inf if x > 0 else - sys . hash_info . inf else : return hash_fraction ( * x . as_integer_ratio ()) def hash_complex ( z ): """Compute the hash of a complex number z.""" hash_value = hash_float ( z . real ) + sys . hash_info . imag * hash_float ( z . imag ) # do a signed reduction modulo 2sys.hash_info.width M = 2 ( sys . hash_info . width - 1 ) hash_value = ( hash_value & ( M - 1 )) - ( hash_value & M ) if hash_value == - 1 : hash_value = - 2 return hash_value Boolean Type - bool ¶ Booleans represent truth values. The bool type has exactly two constant instances: True and False . The built-in function bool() converts any value to a boolean, if the value can be interpreted as a truth value (see section Truth Value Testing above). For logical operations, use the boolean operators and , or and not . When applying the bitwise operators & , \| , ^ to two booleans, they return a bool equivalent to the logical operations “and”, “or”, “xor”. However, the logical operators and , or and != should be preferred over & , \| and ^ . Deprecated since version 3.12: The use of the bitwise inversion operator ~ is deprecated and will raise an error in Python 3.16. bool is a subclass of int (see Numeric Types — int, float, complex ). In many numeric contexts, False and True behave like the integers 0 and 1, respectively. However, relying on this is discouraged; explicitly convert using int() instead. Iterator Types ¶ Python supports a concept of iteration over containers. This is implemented using two distinct methods; these are used to allow user-defined classes to support iteration. Sequences, described below in more detail, always support the iteration methods. One method needs to be defined for container objects to provide iterable support: container. __iter__ ( ) ¶ Return an iterator object. The object is required to support the iterator protocol described below. If a container supports different types of iteration, additional methods can be provided to specifically request iterators for those iteration types. (An example of an object supporting multiple forms of iteration would be a tree structure which supports both breadth-first and depth-first traversal.) This method corresponds to the tp_iter slot of the type structure for Python objects in the Python/C API. The iterator objects themselves are required to support the following two methods, which together form the iterator protocol : iterator. __iter__ ( ) ¶ Return the iterator object itself. This is required to allow both containers and iterators to be used with the for and in statements. This method corresponds to the tp_iter slot of the type structure for Python objects in the Python/C API. iterator. __next__ ( ) ¶ Return the next item from the iterator . If there are no further items, raise the StopIteration exception. This method corresponds to the tp_iternext slot of the type structure for Python objects in the Python/C API. Python defines several iterator objects to support iteration over general and specific sequence types, dictionaries, and other more specialized forms. The specific types are not important beyond their implementation of the iterator protocol. Once an iterator’s __next__() method raises StopIteration , it must continue to do so on subsequent calls. Implementations that do not obey this property are deemed broken. Generator Types ¶ Python’s generator s provide a convenient way to implement the iterator protocol. If a container object’s __iter__() method is implemented as a generator, it will automatically return an iterator object (technically, a generator object) supplying the __iter__() and __next__() methods. More information about generators can be found in the documentation for the yield expression . Sequence Types — list , tuple , range ¶ There are three basic sequence types: lists, tuples, and range objects. Additional sequence types tailored for processing of binary data and text strings are described in dedicated sections. Common Sequence Operations ¶ The operations in the following table are supported by most sequence types, both mutable and immutable. The collections.abc.Sequence ABC is provided to make it easier to correctly implement these operations on custom sequence types. This table lists the sequence operations sorted in ascending priority. In the table, s and t are sequences of the same type, n , i , j and k are integers and x is an arbitrary object that meets any type and value restrictions imposed by s . The in and not in operations have the same priorities as the comparison operations. The + (concatenation) and * (repetition) operations have the same priority as the corresponding numeric operations. [ 3 ] Operation Result Notes x in s True if an item of s is equal to x , else False (1) x not in s False if an item of s is equal to x , else True (1) s + t the concatenation of s and t (6)(7) s * n or n * s equivalent to adding s to itself n times (2)(7) s[i] i th item of s , origin 0 (3)(8) s[i:j] slice of s from i to j (3)(4) s[i:j:k] slice of s from i to j with step k (3)(5) len(s) length of s min(s) smallest item of s max(s) largest item of s Sequences of the same type also support comparisons. In particular, tuples and lists are compared lexicographically by comparing corresponding elements. This means that to compare equal, every element must compare equal and the two sequences must be of the same type and have the same length. (For full details see Comparisons in the language reference.) Forward and reversed iterators over mutable sequences access values using an index. That index will continue to march forward (or backward) even if the underlying sequence is mutated. The iterator terminates only when an IndexError or a StopIteration is encountered (or when the index drops below zero). Notes: While the in and not in operations are used only for simple containment testing in the general case, some specialised sequences (such as str , bytes and bytearray ) also use them for subsequence testing: >>> "gg" in "eggs" True Values of n less than 0 are treated as 0 (which yields an empty sequence of the same type as s ). Note that items in the sequence s are not copied; they are referenced multiple times. This often haunts new Python programmers; consider: >>> lists = [[]] * 3 >>> lists [[], [], []] >>> lists [ 0 ] . append ( 3 ) >>> lists [[3], [3], [3]] What has happened is that [[]] is a one-element list containing an empty list, so all three elements of [[]] * 3 are references to this single empty list. Modifying any of the elements of lists modifies this single list. You can create a list of different lists this way: >>> lists = [[] for i in range ( 3 )] >>> lists [ 0 ] . append ( 3 ) >>> lists [ 1 ] . append ( 5 ) >>> lists [ 2 ] . append ( 7 ) >>> lists [[3], [5], [7]] Further explanation is available in the FAQ entry How do I create a multidimensional list? . If i or j is negative, the index is relative to the end of sequence s : len(s) + i or len(s) + j is substituted. But note that -0 is still 0 . The slice of s from i to j is defined as the sequence of items with index k such that i <= k < j . If i is omitted or None , use 0 . If j is omitted or None , use len(s) . If i or j is less than -len(s) , use 0 . If i or j is greater than len(s) , use len(s) . If i is greater than or equal to j , the slice is empty. The slice of s from i to j with step k is defined as the sequence of items with index x = i + nk such that 0 <= n < (j-i)/k . In other words, the indices are i , i+k , i+2k , i+3k and so on, stopping when j is reached (but never including j ). When k is positive, i and j are reduced to len(s) if they are greater. When k is negative, i and j are reduced to len(s) - 1 if they are greater. If i or j are omitted or None , they become “end” values (which end depends on the sign of k ). Note, k cannot be zero. If k is None , it is treated like 1 . Concatenating immutable sequences always results in a new object. This means that building up a sequence by repeated concatenation will have a quadratic runtime cost in the total sequence length. To get a linear runtime cost, you must switch to one of the alternatives below: if concatenating str objects, you can build a list and use str.join() at the end or else write to an io.StringIO instance and retrieve its value when complete if concatenating bytes objects, you can similarly use bytes.join() or io.BytesIO , or you can do in-place concatenation with a bytearray object. bytearray objects are mutable and have an efficient overallocation mechanism if concatenating tuple objects, extend a list instead for other types, investigate the relevant class documentation Some sequence types (such as range ) only support item sequences that follow specific patterns, and hence don’t support sequence concatenation or repetition. An IndexError is raised if i is outside the sequence range. Sequence Methods Sequence types also support the following methods: sequence. count ( value , / ) ¶ Return the total number of occurrences of value in sequence . sequence. index ( value[, start[, stop] ) ¶ Return the index of the first occurrence of value in sequence . Raises ValueError if value is not found in sequence . The start or stop arguments allow for efficient searching of subsections of the sequence, beginning at start and ending at stop . This is roughly equivalent to start + sequence[start:stop].index(value) , only without copying any data. Caution Not all sequence types support passing the start and stop arguments. Immutable Sequence Types ¶ The only operation that immutable sequence types generally implement that is not also implemented by mutable sequence types is support for the hash() built-in. This support allows immutable sequences, such as tuple instances, to be used as dict keys and stored in set and frozenset instances. Attempting to hash an immutable sequence that contains unhashable values will result in TypeError . Mutable Sequence Types ¶ The operations in the following table are defined on mutable sequence types. The collections.abc.MutableSequence ABC is provided to make it easier to correctly implement these operations on custom sequence types. In the table s is an instance of a mutable sequence type, t is any iterable object and x is an arbitrary object that meets any type and value restrictions imposed by s (for example, bytearray only accepts integers that meet the value restriction 0 <= x <= 255 ). Operation Result Notes s[i] = x item i of s is replaced by x del s[i] removes item i of s s[i:j] = t slice of s from i to j is replaced by the contents of the iterable t del s[i:j] removes the elements of s[i:j] from the list (same as s[i:j] = [] ) s[i:j:k] = t the elements of s[i:j:k] are replaced by those of t (1) del s[i:j:k] removes the elements of s[i:j:k] from the list s += t extends s with the contents of t (for the most part the same as s[len(s):len(s)] = t ) s = n updates s with its contents repeated n times (2) Notes: If k is not equal to 1 , t must have the same length as the slice it is replacing. The value n is an integer, or an object implementing __index__() . Zero and negative values of n clear the sequence. Items in the sequence are not copied; they are referenced multiple times, as explained for s * n under Common Sequence Operations . Mutable Sequence Methods Mutable sequence types also support the following methods: sequence. append ( value , / ) ¶ Append value to the end of the sequence This is equivalent to writing seq[len(seq):len(seq)] = [value] . sequence. clear ( ) ¶ Added in version 3.3. Remove all items from sequence . This is equivalent to writing del sequence[:] . sequence. copy ( ) ¶ Added in version 3.3. Create a shallow copy of sequence . This is equivalent to writing sequence[:] . Hint The copy() method is not part of the MutableSequence ABC , but most concrete mutable sequence types provide it. sequence. extend ( iterable , / ) ¶ Extend sequence with the contents of iterable . For the most part, this is the same as writing seq[len(seq):len(seq)] = iterable . sequence. insert ( index , value , / ) ¶ Insert value into sequence at the given index . This is equivalent to writing sequence[index:index] = [value] . sequence. pop ( index = -1 , / ) ¶ Retrieve the item at index and also removes it from sequence . By default, the last item in sequence is removed and returned. sequence. remove ( value , / ) ¶ Remove the first item from sequence where sequence[i] == value . Raises ValueError if value is not found in sequence . sequence. reverse ( ) ¶ Reverse the items of sequence in place. This method maintains economy of space when reversing a large sequence. To remind users that it operates by side-effect, it returns None . Lists ¶ Lists are mutable sequences, typically used to store collections of homogeneous items (where the precise degree of similarity will vary by application). class list ( iterable = () , / ) ¶ Lists may be constructed in several ways: Using a pair of square brackets to denote the empty list: [] Using square brackets, separating items with commas: [a] , [a, b, c] Using a list comprehension: [x for x in iterable] Using the type constructor: list() or list(iterable) The constructor builds a list whose items are the same and in the same order as iterable ’s items. iterable may be either a sequence, a container that supports iteration, or an iterator object. If iterable is already a list, a copy is made and returned, similar to iterable[:] . For example, list('abc') returns ['a', 'b', 'c'] and list( (1, 2, 3) ) returns [1, 2, 3] . If no argument is given, the constructor creates a new empty list, [] . Many other operations also produce lists, including the sorted() built-in. Lists implement all of the common and mutable sequence operations. Lists also provide the following additional method: sort ( * , key = None , reverse = False ) ¶ This method sorts the list in place, using only < comparisons between items. Exceptions are not suppressed - if any comparison operations fail, the entire sort operation will fail (and the list will likely be left in a partially modified state). sort() accepts two arguments that can only be passed by keyword ( keyword-only arguments ): key specifies a function of one argument that is used to extract a comparison key from each list element (for example, key=str.lower ). The key corresponding to each item in the list is calculated once and then used for the entire sorting process. The default value of None means that list items are sorted directly without calculating a separate key value. The functools.cmp_to_key() utility is available to convert a 2.x style cmp function to a key function. reverse is a boolean value. If set to True , then the list elements are sorted as if each comparison were reversed. This method modifies the sequence in place for economy of space when sorting a large sequence. To remind users that it operates by side effect, it does not return the sorted sequence (use sorted() to explicitly request a new sorted list instance). The sort() method is guaranteed to be stable. A sort is stable if it guarantees not to change the relative order of elements that compare equal — this is helpful for sorting in multiple passes (for example, sort by department, then by salary grade). For sorting examples and a brief sorting tutorial, see Sorting Techniques . CPython implementation detail: While a list is being sorted, the effect of attempting to mutate, or even inspect, the list is undefined. The C implementation of Python makes the list appear empty for the duration, and raises ValueError if it can detect that the list has been mutated during a sort. Thread safety Reading a single element from a list is atomic : lst [ i ] # list.__getitem__ The following methods traverse the list and use atomic reads of each item to perform their function. That means that they may return results affected by concurrent modifications: item in lst lst . index ( item ) lst . count ( item ) All of the above methods/operations are also lock-free. They do not block concurrent modifications. Other operations that hold a lock will not block these from observing intermediate states. All other operations from here on block using the per-object lock. Writing a single item via lst[i] = x is safe to call from multiple threads and will not corrupt the list. The following operations return new objects and appear atomic to other threads: lst1 + lst2 # concatenates two lists into a new list x * lst # repeats lst x times into a new list lst . copy () # returns a shallow copy of the list Methods that only operate on a single elements with no shifting required are atomic : lst . append ( x ) # append to the end of the list, no shifting required lst . pop () # pop element from the end of the list, no shifting required The clear() method is also atomic . Other threads cannot observe elements being removed. The sort() method is not atomic . Other threads cannot observe intermediate states during sorting, but the list appears empty for the duration of the sort. The following operations may allow lock-free operations to observe intermediate states since they modify multiple elements in place: lst . insert ( idx , item ) # shifts elements lst . pop ( idx ) # idx not at the end of the list, shifts elements lst = x # copies elements in place The remove() method may allow concurrent modifications since element comparison may execute arbitrary Python code (via __eq__() ). extend() is safe to call from multiple threads. However, its guarantees depend on the iterable passed to it. If it is a list , a tuple , a set , a frozenset , a dict or a dictionary view object (but not their subclasses), the extend operation is safe from concurrent modifications to the iterable. Otherwise, an iterator is created which can be concurrently modified by another thread. The same applies to inplace concatenation of a list with other iterables when using lst += iterable . Similarly, assigning to a list slice with lst[i:j] = iterable is safe to call from multiple threads, but iterable is only locked when it is also a list (but not its subclasses). Operations that involve multiple accesses, as well as iteration, are never atomic. For example: # NOT atomic: read-modify-write lst [ i ] = lst [ i ] + 1 # NOT atomic: check-then-act if lst : item = lst . pop () # NOT thread-safe: iteration while modifying for item in lst : process ( item ) # another thread may modify lst Consider external synchronization when sharing list instances across threads. See Python support for free threading for more information. Tuples ¶ Tuples are immutable sequences, typically used to store collections of heterogeneous data (such as the 2-tuples produced by the enumerate() built-in). Tuples are also used for cases where an immutable sequence of homogeneous data is needed (such as allowing storage in a set or dict instance). class tuple ( iterable = () , / ) ¶ Tuples may be constructed in a number of ways: Using a pair of parentheses to denote the empty tuple: () Using a trailing comma for a singleton tuple: a, or (a,) Separating items with commas: a, b, c or (a, b, c) Using the tuple() built-in: tuple() or tuple(iterable) The constructor builds a tuple whose items are the same and in the same order as iterable ’s items. iterable may be either a sequence, a container that supports iteration, or an iterator object. If iterable is already a tuple, it is returned unchanged. For example, tuple('abc') returns ('a', 'b', 'c') and tuple( [1, 2, 3] ) returns (1, 2, 3) . If no argument is given, the constructor creates a new empty tuple, () . Note that it is actually the comma which makes a tuple, not the parentheses. The parentheses are optional, except in the empty tuple case, or when they are needed to avoid syntactic ambiguity. For example, f(a, b, c) is a function call with three arguments, while f((a, b, c)) is a function call with a 3-tuple as the sole argument. Tuples implement all of the common sequence operations. For heterogeneous collections of data where access by name is clearer than access by index, collections.namedtuple() may be a more appropriate choice than a simple tuple object. Ranges ¶ The range type represents an immutable sequence of numbers and is commonly used for looping a specific number of times in for loops. class range ( stop , / ) ¶ class range ( start , stop , step = 1 , / ) The arguments to the range constructor must be integers (either built-in int or any object that implements the __index__() special method). If the step argument is omitted, it defaults to 1 . If the start argument is omitted, it defaults to 0 . If step is zero, ValueError is raised. For a positive step , the contents of a range r are determined by the formula r[i] = start + stepi where i >= 0 and r[i] < stop . For a negative step , the contents of the range are still determined by the formula r[i] = start + step*i , but the constraints are i >= 0 and r[i] > stop . A range object will be empty if r[0] does not meet the value constraint. Ranges do support negative indices, but these are interpreted as indexing from the end of the sequence determined by the positive indices. Ranges containing absolute values larger than sys.maxsize are permitted but some features (such as len() ) may raise OverflowError . Range examples: >>> list ( range ( 10 )) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] >>> list ( range ( 1 , 11 )) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] >>> list ( range ( 0 , 30 , 5 )) [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25] >>> list ( range ( 0 , 10 , 3 )) [0, 3, 6, 9] >>> list ( range ( 0 , - 10 , - 1 )) [0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9] >>> list ( range ( 0 )) [] >>> list ( range ( 1 , 0 )) [] Ranges implement all of the common sequence operations except concatenation and repetition (due to the fact that range objects can only represent sequences that follow a strict pattern and repetition and concatenation will usually violate that pattern). start ¶ The value of the start parameter (or 0 if the parameter was not supplied) stop ¶ The value of the stop parameter step ¶ The value of the step parameter (or 1 if the parameter was not supplied) The advantage of the range type over a regular list or tuple is that a range object will always take the same (small) amount of memory, no matter the size of the range it represents (as it only stores the start , stop and step values, calculating individual items and subranges as needed). Range objects implement the collections.abc.Sequence ABC, and provide features such as containment tests, element index lookup, slicing and support for negative indices (see Sequence Types — list, tuple, range ): >>> r = range ( 0 , 20 , 2 ) >>> r range(0, 20, 2) >>> 11 in r False >>> 10 in r True >>> r . index ( 10 ) 5 >>> r [ 5 ] 10 >>> r [: 5 ] range(0, 10, 2) >>> r [ - 1 ] 18 Testing range objects for equality with == and != compares them as sequences. That is, two range objects are considered equal if they represent the same sequence of values. (Note that two range objects that compare equal might have different start , stop and step attributes, for example range(0) == range(2, 1, 3) or range(0, 3, 2) == range(0, 4, 2) .) Changed in version 3.2: Implement the Sequence ABC. Support slicing and negative indices. Test int objects for membership in constant time instead of iterating through all items. Changed in version 3.3: Define ‘==’ and ‘!=’ to compare range objects based on the sequence of values they define (instead of comparing based on object identity). Added the start , stop and step attributes. See also The linspace recipe shows how to implement a lazy version of range suitable for floating-point applications. Text and Binary Sequence Type Methods Summary ¶ The following table summarizes the text and binary sequence types methods by category. Category str methods bytes and bytearray methods Formatting str.format() str.format_map() f-strings printf-style String Formatting printf-style Bytes Formatting Searching and Replacing str.find() str.rfind() bytes.find() bytes.rfind() str.index() str.rindex() bytes.index() bytes.rindex() str.startswith() bytes.startswith() str.endswith() bytes.endswith() str.count() bytes.count() str.replace() bytes.replace() Splitting and Joining str.split() str.rsplit() bytes.split() bytes.rsplit() str.splitlines() bytes.splitlines() str.partition() bytes.partition() str.rpartition() bytes.rpartition() str.join() bytes.join() String Classification str.isalpha() bytes.isalpha() str.isdecimal() str.isdigit() bytes.isdigit() str.isnumeric() str.isalnum() bytes.isalnum() str.isidentifier() str.islower() bytes.islower() str.isupper() bytes.isupper() str.istitle() bytes.istitle() str.isspace() bytes.isspace() str.isprintable() Case Manipulation str.lower() bytes.lower() str.upper() bytes.upper() str.casefold() str.capitalize() bytes.capitalize() str.title() bytes.title() str.swapcase() bytes.swapcase() Padding and Stripping str.ljust() str.rjust() bytes.ljust() bytes.rjust() str.center() bytes.center() str.expandtabs() bytes.expandtabs() str.strip() bytes.strip() str.lstrip() str.rstrip() bytes.lstrip() bytes.rstrip() Translation and Encoding str.translate() bytes.translate() str.maketrans() bytes.maketrans() str.encode() bytes.decode() Text Sequence Type — str ¶ Textual data in Python is handled with str objects, or strings . Strings are immutable sequences of Unicode code points. String literals are written in a variety of ways: Single quotes: 'allows embedded "double" quotes' Double quotes: "allows embedded 'single' quotes" Triple quoted: '''Three single quotes''' , """Three double quotes""" Triple quoted strings may span multiple lines - all associated whitespace will be included in the string literal. String literals that are part of a single expression and have only whitespace between them will be implicitly converted to a single string literal. That is, ("spam " "eggs") == "spam eggs" . See String and Bytes literals for more about the various forms of string literal	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://docs.python.org/3/reference/compound_stmts.html#for	8. Compound statements — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents 8. Compound statements 8.1. The if statement 8.2. The while statement 8.3. The for statement 8.4. The try statement 8.4.1. except clause 8.4.2. except* clause 8.4.3. else clause 8.4.4. finally clause 8.5. The with statement 8.6. The match statement 8.6.1. Overview 8.6.2. Guards 8.6.3. Irrefutable Case Blocks 8.6.4. Patterns 8.6.4.1. OR Patterns 8.6.4.2. AS Patterns 8.6.4.3. Literal Patterns 8.6.4.4. Capture Patterns 8.6.4.5. Wildcard Patterns 8.6.4.6. Value Patterns 8.6.4.7. Group Patterns 8.6.4.8. Sequence Patterns 8.6.4.9. Mapping Patterns 8.6.4.10. Class Patterns 8.7. Function definitions 8.8. Class definitions 8.9. Coroutines 8.9.1. Coroutine function definition 8.9.2. The async for statement 8.9.3. The async with statement 8.10. Type parameter lists 8.10.1. Generic functions 8.10.2. Generic classes 8.10.3. Generic type aliases 8.11. Annotations Previous topic 7. Simple statements Next topic 9. Top-level components This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules \| next \| previous \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Language Reference » 8. Compound statements \| Theme Auto Light Dark \| 8. Compound statements ¶ Compound statements contain (groups of) other statements; they affect or control the execution of those other statements in some way. In general, compound statements span multiple lines, although in simple incarnations a whole compound statement may be contained in one line. The if , while and for statements implement traditional control flow constructs. try specifies exception handlers and/or cleanup code for a group of statements, while the with statement allows the execution of initialization and finalization code around a block of code. Function and class definitions are also syntactically compound statements. A compound statement consists of one or more ‘clauses.’ A clause consists of a header and a ‘suite.’ The clause headers of a particular compound statement are all at the same indentation level. Each clause header begins with a uniquely identifying keyword and ends with a colon. A suite is a group of statements controlled by a clause. A suite can be one or more semicolon-separated simple statements on the same line as the header, following the header’s colon, or it can be one or more indented statements on subsequent lines. Only the latter form of a suite can contain nested compound statements; the following is illegal, mostly because it wouldn’t be clear to which if clause a following else clause would belong: if test1 : if test2 : print ( x ) Also note that the semicolon binds tighter than the colon in this context, so that in the following example, either all or none of the print() calls are executed: if x < y < z : print ( x ); print ( y ); print ( z ) Summarizing: compound_stmt : if_stmt \| while_stmt \| for_stmt \| try_stmt \| with_stmt \| match_stmt \| funcdef \| classdef \| async_with_stmt \| async_for_stmt \| async_funcdef suite : stmt_list NEWLINE \| NEWLINE INDENT statement + DEDENT statement : stmt_list NEWLINE \| compound_stmt stmt_list : simple_stmt ( ";" simple_stmt )* [ ";" ] Note that statements always end in a NEWLINE possibly followed by a DEDENT . Also note that optional continuation clauses always begin with a keyword that cannot start a statement, thus there are no ambiguities (the ‘dangling else ’ problem is solved in Python by requiring nested if statements to be indented). The formatting of the grammar rules in the following sections places each clause on a separate line for clarity. 8.1. The if statement ¶ The if statement is used for conditional execution: if_stmt : "if" assignment_expression ":" suite ( "elif" assignment_expression ":" suite )* [ "else" ":" suite ] It selects exactly one of the suites by evaluating the expressions one by one until one is found to be true (see section Boolean operations for the definition of true and false); then that suite is executed (and no other part of the if statement is executed or evaluated). If all expressions are false, the suite of the else clause, if present, is executed. 8.2. The while statement ¶ The while statement is used for repeated execution as long as an expression is true: while_stmt : "while" assignment_expression ":" suite [ "else" ":" suite ] This repeatedly tests the expression and, if it is true, executes the first suite; if the expression is false (which may be the first time it is tested) the suite of the else clause, if present, is executed and the loop terminates. A break statement executed in the first suite terminates the loop without executing the else clause’s suite. A continue statement executed in the first suite skips the rest of the suite and goes back to testing the expression. 8.3. The for statement ¶ The for statement is used to iterate over the elements of a sequence (such as a string, tuple or list) or other iterable object: for_stmt : "for" target_list "in" starred_expression_list ":" suite [ "else" ":" suite ] The starred_expression_list expression is evaluated once; it should yield an iterable object. An iterator is created for that iterable. The first item provided by the iterator is then assigned to the target list using the standard rules for assignments (see Assignment statements ), and the suite is executed. This repeats for each item provided by the iterator. When the iterator is exhausted, the suite in the else clause, if present, is executed, and the loop terminates. A break statement executed in the first suite terminates the loop without executing the else clause’s suite. A continue statement executed in the first suite skips the rest of the suite and continues with the next item, or with the else clause if there is no next item. The for-loop makes assignments to the variables in the target list. This overwrites all previous assignments to those variables including those made in the suite of the for-loop: for i in range ( 10 ): print ( i ) i = 5 # this will not affect the for-loop # because i will be overwritten with the next # index in the range Names in the target list are not deleted when the loop is finished, but if the sequence is empty, they will not have been assigned to at all by the loop. Hint: the built-in type range() represents immutable arithmetic sequences of integers. For instance, iterating range(3) successively yields 0, 1, and then 2. Changed in version 3.11: Starred elements are now allowed in the expression list. 8.4. The try statement ¶ The try statement specifies exception handlers and/or cleanup code for a group of statements: try_stmt : try1_stmt \| try2_stmt \| try3_stmt try1_stmt : "try" ":" suite ( "except" [ expression [ "as" identifier ]] ":" suite )+ [ "else" ":" suite ] [ "finally" ":" suite ] try2_stmt : "try" ":" suite ( "except" "" expression [ "as" identifier ] ":" suite )+ [ "else" ":" suite ] [ "finally" ":" suite ] try3_stmt : "try" ":" suite "finally" ":" suite Additional information on exceptions can be found in section Exceptions , and information on using the raise statement to generate exceptions may be found in section The raise statement . Changed in version 3.14: Support for optionally dropping grouping parentheses when using multiple exception types. See PEP 758 . 8.4.1. except clause ¶ The except clause(s) specify one or more exception handlers. When no exception occurs in the try clause, no exception handler is executed. When an exception occurs in the try suite, a search for an exception handler is started. This search inspects the except clauses in turn until one is found that matches the exception. An expression-less except clause, if present, must be last; it matches any exception. For an except clause with an expression, the expression must evaluate to an exception type or a tuple of exception types. Parentheses can be dropped if multiple exception types are provided and the as clause is not used. The raised exception matches an except clause whose expression evaluates to the class or a non-virtual base class of the exception object, or to a tuple that contains such a class. If no except clause matches the exception, the search for an exception handler continues in the surrounding code and on the invocation stack. [ 1 ] If the evaluation of an expression in the header of an except clause raises an exception, the original search for a handler is canceled and a search starts for the new exception in the surrounding code and on the call stack (it is treated as if the entire try statement raised the exception). When a matching except clause is found, the exception is assigned to the target specified after the as keyword in that except clause, if present, and the except clause’s suite is executed. All except clauses must have an executable block. When the end of this block is reached, execution continues normally after the entire try statement. (This means that if two nested handlers exist for the same exception, and the exception occurs in the try clause of the inner handler, the outer handler will not handle the exception.) When an exception has been assigned using as target , it is cleared at the end of the except clause. This is as if except E as N : foo was translated to except E as N : try : foo finally : del N This means the exception must be assigned to a different name to be able to refer to it after the except clause. Exceptions are cleared because with the traceback attached to them, they form a reference cycle with the stack frame, keeping all locals in that frame alive until the next garbage collection occurs. Before an except clause’s suite is executed, the exception is stored in the sys module, where it can be accessed from within the body of the except clause by calling sys.exception() . When leaving an exception handler, the exception stored in the sys module is reset to its previous value: >>> print ( sys . exception ()) None >>> try : ... raise TypeError ... except : ... print ( repr ( sys . exception ())) ... try : ... raise ValueError ... except : ... print ( repr ( sys . exception ())) ... print ( repr ( sys . exception ())) ... TypeError() ValueError() TypeError() >>> print ( sys . exception ()) None 8.4.2. except clause ¶ The except* clause(s) specify one or more handlers for groups of exceptions ( BaseExceptionGroup instances). A try statement can have either except or except* clauses, but not both. The exception type for matching is mandatory in the case of except* , so except: is a syntax error. The type is interpreted as in the case of except , but matching is performed on the exceptions contained in the group that is being handled. An TypeError is raised if a matching type is a subclass of BaseExceptionGroup , because that would have ambiguous semantics. When an exception group is raised in the try block, each except clause splits (see split() ) it into the subgroups of matching and non-matching exceptions. If the matching subgroup is not empty, it becomes the handled exception (the value returned from sys.exception() ) and assigned to the target of the except* clause (if there is one). Then, the body of the except* clause executes. If the non-matching subgroup is not empty, it is processed by the next except* in the same manner. This continues until all exceptions in the group have been matched, or the last except* clause has run. After all except* clauses execute, the group of unhandled exceptions is merged with any exceptions that were raised or re-raised from within except* clauses. This merged exception group propagates on.: >>> try : ... raise ExceptionGroup ( "eg" , ... [ ValueError ( 1 ), TypeError ( 2 ), OSError ( 3 ), OSError ( 4 )]) ... except * TypeError as e : ... print ( f 'caught { type ( e ) } with nested { e . exceptions } ' ) ... except * OSError as e : ... print ( f 'caught { type ( e ) } with nested { e . exceptions } ' ) ... caught <class 'ExceptionGroup'> with nested (TypeError(2),) caught <class 'ExceptionGroup'> with nested (OSError(3), OSError(4)) + Exception Group Traceback (most recent call last): \| File "<doctest default[0]>", line 2, in <module> \| raise ExceptionGroup("eg", \| [ValueError(1), TypeError(2), OSError(3), OSError(4)]) \| ExceptionGroup: eg (1 sub-exception) +-+---------------- 1 ---------------- \| ValueError: 1 +------------------------------------ If the exception raised from the try block is not an exception group and its type matches one of the except* clauses, it is caught and wrapped by an exception group with an empty message string. This ensures that the type of the target e is consistently BaseExceptionGroup : >>> try : ... raise BlockingIOError ... except * BlockingIOError as e : ... print ( repr ( e )) ... ExceptionGroup('', (BlockingIOError(),)) break , continue and return cannot appear in an except* clause. 8.4.3. else clause ¶ The optional else clause is executed if the control flow leaves the try suite, no exception was raised, and no return , continue , or break statement was executed. Exceptions in the else clause are not handled by the preceding except clauses. 8.4.4. finally clause ¶ If finally is present, it specifies a ‘cleanup’ handler. The try clause is executed, including any except and else clauses. If an exception occurs in any of the clauses and is not handled, the exception is temporarily saved. The finally clause is executed. If there is a saved exception it is re-raised at the end of the finally clause. If the finally clause raises another exception, the saved exception is set as the context of the new exception. If the finally clause executes a return , break or continue statement, the saved exception is discarded. For example, this function returns 42. def f (): try : 1 / 0 finally : return 42 The exception information is not available to the program during execution of the finally clause. When a return , break or continue statement is executed in the try suite of a try … finally statement, the finally clause is also executed ‘on the way out.’ The return value of a function is determined by the last return statement executed. Since the finally clause always executes, a return statement executed in the finally clause will always be the last one executed. The following function returns ‘finally’. def foo (): try : return 'try' finally : return 'finally' Changed in version 3.8: Prior to Python 3.8, a continue statement was illegal in the finally clause due to a problem with the implementation. Changed in version 3.14: The compiler emits a SyntaxWarning when a return , break or continue appears in a finally block (see PEP 765 ). 8.5. The with statement ¶ The with statement is used to wrap the execution of a block with methods defined by a context manager (see section With Statement Context Managers ). This allows common try … except … finally usage patterns to be encapsulated for convenient reuse. with_stmt : "with" ( "(" with_stmt_contents "," ? ")" \| with_stmt_contents ) ":" suite with_stmt_contents : with_item ( "," with_item )* with_item : expression [ "as" target ] The execution of the with statement with one “item” proceeds as follows: The context expression (the expression given in the with_item ) is evaluated to obtain a context manager. The context manager’s __enter__() is loaded for later use. The context manager’s __exit__() is loaded for later use. The context manager’s __enter__() method is invoked. If a target was included in the with statement, the return value from __enter__() is assigned to it. Note The with statement guarantees that if the __enter__() method returns without an error, then __exit__() will always be called. Thus, if an error occurs during the assignment to the target list, it will be treated the same as an error occurring within the suite would be. See step 7 below. The suite is executed. The context manager’s __exit__() method is invoked. If an exception caused the suite to be exited, its type, value, and traceback are passed as arguments to __exit__() . Otherwise, three None arguments are supplied. If the suite was exited due to an exception, and the return value from the __exit__() method was false, the exception is reraised. If the return value was true, the exception is suppressed, and execution continues with the statement following the with statement. If the suite was exited for any reason other than an exception, the return value from __exit__() is ignored, and execution proceeds at the normal location for the kind of exit that was taken. The following code: with EXPRESSION as TARGET : SUITE is semantically equivalent to: manager = ( EXPRESSION ) enter = type ( manager ) . __enter__ exit = type ( manager ) . __exit__ value = enter ( manager ) hit_except = False try : TARGET = value SUITE except : hit_except = True if not exit ( manager , * sys . exc_info ()): raise finally : if not hit_except : exit ( manager , None , None , None ) With more than one item, the context managers are processed as if multiple with statements were nested: with A () as a , B () as b : SUITE is semantically equivalent to: with A () as a : with B () as b : SUITE You can also write multi-item context managers in multiple lines if the items are surrounded by parentheses. For example: with ( A () as a , B () as b , ): SUITE Changed in version 3.1: Support for multiple context expressions. Changed in version 3.10: Support for using grouping parentheses to break the statement in multiple lines. See also PEP 343 - The “with” statement The specification, background, and examples for the Python with statement. 8.6. The match statement ¶ Added in version 3.10. The match statement is used for pattern matching. Syntax: match_stmt : 'match' subject_expr ":" NEWLINE INDENT case_block + DEDENT subject_expr : `!star_named_expression` "," `!star_named_expressions`? \| `!named_expression` case_block : 'case' patterns [ guard ] ":" `!block` Note This section uses single quotes to denote soft keywords . Pattern matching takes a pattern as input (following case ) and a subject value (following match ). The pattern (which may contain subpatterns) is matched against the subject value. The outcomes are: A match success or failure (also termed a pattern success or failure). Possible binding of matched values to a name. The prerequisites for this are further discussed below. The match and case keywords are soft keywords . See also PEP 634 – Structural Pattern Matching: Specification PEP 636 – Structural Pattern Matching: Tutorial 8.6.1. Overview ¶ Here’s an overview of the logical flow of a match statement: The subject expression subject_expr is evaluated and a resulting subject value obtained. If the subject expression contains a comma, a tuple is constructed using the standard rules . Each pattern in a case_block is attempted to match with the subject value. The specific rules for success or failure are described below. The match attempt can also bind some or all of the standalone names within the pattern. The precise pattern binding rules vary per pattern type and are specified below. Name bindings made during a successful pattern match outlive the executed block and can be used after the match statement . Note During failed pattern matches, some subpatterns may succeed. Do not rely on bindings being made for a failed match. Conversely, do not rely on variables remaining unchanged after a failed match. The exact behavior is dependent on implementation and may vary. This is an intentional decision made to allow different implementations to add optimizations. If the pattern succeeds, the corresponding guard (if present) is evaluated. In this case all name bindings are guaranteed to have happened. If the guard evaluates as true or is missing, the block inside case_block is executed. Otherwise, the next case_block is attempted as described above. If there are no further case blocks, the match statement is completed. Note Users should generally never rely on a pattern being evaluated. Depending on implementation, the interpreter may cache values or use other optimizations which skip repeated evaluations. A sample match statement: >>> flag = False >>> match ( 100 , 200 ): ... case ( 100 , 300 ): # Mismatch: 200 != 300 ... print ( 'Case 1' ) ... case ( 100 , 200 ) if flag : # Successful match, but guard fails ... print ( 'Case 2' ) ... case ( 100 , y ): # Matches and binds y to 200 ... print ( f 'Case 3, y: { y } ' ) ... case _ : # Pattern not attempted ... print ( 'Case 4, I match anything!' ) ... Case 3, y: 200 In this case, if flag is a guard. Read more about that in the next section. 8.6.2. Guards ¶ guard : "if" `!named_expression` A guard (which is part of the case ) must succeed for code inside the case block to execute. It takes the form: if followed by an expression. The logical flow of a case block with a guard follows: Check that the pattern in the case block succeeded. If the pattern failed, the guard is not evaluated and the next case block is checked. If the pattern succeeded, evaluate the guard . If the guard condition evaluates as true, the case block is selected. If the guard condition evaluates as false, the case block is not selected. If the guard raises an exception during evaluation, the exception bubbles up. Guards are allowed to have side effects as they are expressions. Guard evaluation must proceed from the first to the last case block, one at a time, skipping case blocks whose pattern(s) don’t all succeed. (I.e., guard evaluation must happen in order.) Guard evaluation must stop once a case block is selected. 8.6.3. Irrefutable Case Blocks ¶ An irrefutable case block is a match-all case block. A match statement may have at most one irrefutable case block, and it must be last. A case block is considered irrefutable if it has no guard and its pattern is irrefutable. A pattern is considered irrefutable if we can prove from its syntax alone that it will always succeed. Only the following patterns are irrefutable: AS Patterns whose left-hand side is irrefutable OR Patterns containing at least one irrefutable pattern Capture Patterns Wildcard Patterns parenthesized irrefutable patterns 8.6.4. Patterns ¶ Note This section uses grammar notations beyond standard EBNF: the notation SEP.RULE+ is shorthand for RULE (SEP RULE)* the notation !RULE is shorthand for a negative lookahead assertion The top-level syntax for patterns is: patterns : open_sequence_pattern \| pattern pattern : as_pattern \| or_pattern closed_pattern : \| literal_pattern \| capture_pattern \| wildcard_pattern \| value_pattern \| group_pattern \| sequence_pattern \| mapping_pattern \| class_pattern The descriptions below will include a description “in simple terms” of what a pattern does for illustration purposes (credits to Raymond Hettinger for a document that inspired most of the descriptions). Note that these descriptions are purely for illustration purposes and may not reflect the underlying implementation. Furthermore, they do not cover all valid forms. 8.6.4.1. OR Patterns ¶ An OR pattern is two or more patterns separated by vertical bars \| . Syntax: or_pattern : "\|" . closed_pattern + Only the final subpattern may be irrefutable , and each subpattern must bind the same set of names to avoid ambiguity. An OR pattern matches each of its subpatterns in turn to the subject value, until one succeeds. The OR pattern is then considered successful. Otherwise, if none of the subpatterns succeed, the OR pattern fails. In simple terms, P1 \| P2 \| ... will try to match P1 , if it fails it will try to match P2 , succeeding immediately if any succeeds, failing otherwise. 8.6.4.2. AS Patterns ¶ An AS pattern matches an OR pattern on the left of the as keyword against a subject. Syntax: as_pattern : or_pattern "as" capture_pattern If the OR pattern fails, the AS pattern fails. Otherwise, the AS pattern binds the subject to the name on the right of the as keyword and succeeds. capture_pattern cannot be a _ . In simple terms P as NAME will match with P , and on success it will set NAME = <subject> . 8.6.4.3. Literal Patterns ¶ A literal pattern corresponds to most literals in Python. Syntax: literal_pattern : signed_number \| signed_number "+" NUMBER \| signed_number "-" NUMBER \| strings \| "None" \| "True" \| "False" signed_number : [ "-" ] NUMBER The rule strings and the token NUMBER are defined in the standard Python grammar . Triple-quoted strings are supported. Raw strings and byte strings are supported. f-strings and t-strings are not supported. The forms signed_number '+' NUMBER and signed_number '-' NUMBER are for expressing complex numbers ; they require a real number on the left and an imaginary number on the right. E.g. 3 + 4j . In simple terms, LITERAL will succeed only if <subject> == LITERAL . For the singletons None , True and False , the is operator is used. 8.6.4.4. Capture Patterns ¶ A capture pattern binds the subject value to a name. Syntax: capture_pattern : ! '_' NAME A single underscore _ is not a capture pattern (this is what !'_' expresses). It is instead treated as a wildcard_pattern . In a given pattern, a given name can only be bound once. E.g. case x, x: ... is invalid while case [x] \| x: ... is allowed. Capture patterns always succeed. The binding follows scoping rules established by the assignment expression operator in PEP 572 ; the name becomes a local variable in the closest containing function scope unless there’s an applicable global or nonlocal statement. In simple terms NAME will always succeed and it will set NAME = <subject> . 8.6.4.5. Wildcard Patterns ¶ A wildcard pattern always succeeds (matches anything) and binds no name. Syntax: wildcard_pattern : '_' _ is a soft keyword within any pattern, but only within patterns. It is an identifier, as usual, even within match subject expressions, guard s, and case blocks. In simple terms, _ will always succeed. 8.6.4.6. Value Patterns ¶ A value pattern represents a named value in Python. Syntax: value_pattern : attr attr : name_or_attr "." NAME name_or_attr : attr \| NAME The dotted name in the pattern is looked up using standard Python name resolution rules . The pattern succeeds if the value found compares equal to the subject value (using the == equality operator). In simple terms NAME1.NAME2 will succeed only if <subject> == NAME1.NAME2 Note If the same value occurs multiple times in the same match statement, the interpreter may cache the first value found and reuse it rather than repeat the same lookup. This cache is strictly tied to a given execution of a given match statement. 8.6.4.7. Group Patterns ¶ A group pattern allows users to add parentheses around patterns to emphasize the intended grouping. Otherwise, it has no additional syntax. Syntax: group_pattern : "(" pattern ")" In simple terms (P) has the same effect as P . 8.6.4.8. Sequence Patterns ¶ A sequence pattern contains several subpatterns to be matched against sequence elements. The syntax is similar to the unpacking of a list or tuple. sequence_pattern : "[" [ maybe_sequence_pattern ] "]" \| "(" [ open_sequence_pattern ] ")" open_sequence_pattern : maybe_star_pattern "," [ maybe_sequence_pattern ] maybe_sequence_pattern : "," . maybe_star_pattern + "," ? maybe_star_pattern : star_pattern \| pattern star_pattern : "" ( capture_pattern \| wildcard_pattern ) There is no difference if parentheses or square brackets are used for sequence patterns (i.e. (...) vs [...] ). Note A single pattern enclosed in parentheses without a trailing comma (e.g. (3 \| 4) ) is a group pattern . While a single pattern enclosed in square brackets (e.g. [3 \| 4] ) is still a sequence pattern. At most one star subpattern may be in a sequence pattern. The star subpattern may occur in any position. If no star subpattern is present, the sequence pattern is a fixed-length sequence pattern; otherwise it is a variable-length sequence pattern. The following is the logical flow for matching a sequence pattern against a subject value: If the subject value is not a sequence [ 2 ] , the sequence pattern fails. If the subject value is an instance of str , bytes or bytearray the sequence pattern fails. The subsequent steps depend on whether the sequence pattern is fixed or variable-length. If the sequence pattern is fixed-length: If the length of the subject sequence is not equal to the number of subpatterns, the sequence pattern fails Subpatterns in the sequence pattern are matched to their corresponding items in the subject sequence from left to right. Matching stops as soon as a subpattern fails. If all subpatterns succeed in matching their corresponding item, the sequence pattern succeeds. Otherwise, if the sequence pattern is variable-length: If the length of the subject sequence is less than the number of non-star subpatterns, the sequence pattern fails. The leading non-star subpatterns are matched to their corresponding items as for fixed-length sequences. If the previous step succeeds, the star subpattern matches a list formed of the remaining subject items, excluding the remaining items corresponding to non-star subpatterns following the star subpattern. Remaining non-star subpatterns are matched to their corresponding subject items, as for a fixed-length sequence. Note The length of the subject sequence is obtained via len() (i.e. via the __len__() protocol). This length may be cached by the interpreter in a similar manner as value patterns . In simple terms [P1, P2, P3, … , P<N>] matches only if all the following happens: check <subject> is a sequence len(subject) == <N> P1 matches <subject>[0] (note that this match can also bind names) P2 matches <subject>[1] (note that this match can also bind names) … and so on for the corresponding pattern/element. 8.6.4.9. Mapping Patterns ¶ A mapping pattern contains one or more key-value patterns. The syntax is similar to the construction of a dictionary. Syntax: mapping_pattern : "{" [ items_pattern ] "}" items_pattern : "," . key_value_pattern + "," ? key_value_pattern : ( literal_pattern \| value_pattern ) ":" pattern \| double_star_pattern double_star_pattern : "" capture_pattern At most one double star pattern may be in a mapping pattern. The double star pattern must be the last subpattern in the mapping pattern. Duplicate keys in mapping patterns are disallowed. Duplicate literal keys will raise a SyntaxError . Two keys that otherwise have the same value will raise a ValueError at runtime. The following is the logical flow for matching a mapping pattern against a subject value: If the subject value is not a mapping [ 3 ] ,the mapping pattern fails. If every key given in the mapping pattern is present in the subject mapping, and the pattern for each key matches the corresponding item of the subject mapping, the mapping pattern succeeds. If duplicate keys are detected in the mapping pattern, the pattern is considered invalid. A SyntaxError is raised for duplicate literal values; or a ValueError for named keys of the same value. Note Key-value pairs are matched using the two-argument form of the mapping subject’s get() method. Matched key-value pairs must already be present in the mapping, and not created on-the-fly via __missing__() or __getitem__() . In simple terms {KEY1: P1, KEY2: P2, ... } matches only if all the following happens: check <subject> is a mapping KEY1 in <subject> P1 matches <subject>[KEY1] … and so on for the corresponding KEY/pattern pair. 8.6.4.10. Class Patterns ¶ A class pattern represents a class and its positional and keyword arguments (if any). Syntax: class_pattern : name_or_attr "(" [ pattern_arguments "," ?] ")" pattern_arguments : positional_patterns [ "," keyword_patterns ] \| keyword_patterns positional_patterns : "," . pattern + keyword_patterns : "," . keyword_pattern + keyword_pattern : NAME "=" pattern The same keyword should not be repeated in class patterns. The following is the logical flow for matching a class pattern against a subject value: If name_or_attr is not an instance of the builtin type , raise TypeError . If the subject value is not an instance of name_or_attr (tested via isinstance() ), the class pattern fails. If no pattern arguments are present, the pattern succeeds. Otherwise, the subsequent steps depend on whether keyword or positional argument patterns are present. For a number of built-in types (specified below), a single positional subpattern is accepted which will match the entire subject; for these types keyword patterns also work as for other types. If only keyword patterns are present, they are processed as follows, one by one: The keyword is looked up as an attribute on the subject. If this raises an exception other than AttributeError , the exception bubbles up. If this raises AttributeError , the class pattern has failed. Else, the subpattern associated with the keyword pattern is matched against the subject’s attribute value. If this fails, the class pattern fails; if this succeeds, the match proceeds to the next keyword. If all keyword patterns succeed, the class pattern succeeds. If any positional patterns are present, they are converted to keyword patterns using the __match_args__ attribute on the class name_or_attr before matching: The equivalent of getattr(cls, "__match_args__", ()) is called. If this raises an exception, the exception bubbles up. If the returned value is not a tuple, the conversion fails and TypeError is raised. If there are more positional patterns than len(cls.__match_args__) , TypeError is raised. Otherwise, positional pattern i is converted to a keyword pattern using __match_args__[i] as the keyword. __match_args__[i] must be a string; if not TypeError is raised. If there are duplicate keywords, TypeError is raised. See also Customizing positional arguments in class pattern matching Once all positional patterns have been converted to keyword patterns, the match proceeds as if there were only keyword patterns. For the following built-in types the handling of positional subpatterns is different: bool bytearray bytes dict float frozenset int list set str tuple These classes accept a single positional argument, and the pattern there is matched against the whole object rather than an attribute. For example int(0\|1) matches the value 0 , but not the value 0.0 . In simple terms CLS(P1, attr=P2) matches only if the following happens: isinstance(<subject>, CLS) convert P1 to a keyword pattern using CLS.__match_args__ For each keyword argument attr=P2 : hasattr(<subject>, "attr") P2 matches <subject>.attr … and so on for the corresponding keyword argument/pattern pair. See also PEP 634 – Structural Pattern Matching: Specification PEP 636 – Structural Pattern Matching: Tutorial 8.7. Function definitions ¶ A function definition defines a user-defined function object (see section The standard type hierarchy ): funcdef : [ decorators ] "def" funcname [ type_params ] "(" [ parameter_list ] ")" [ "->" expression ] ":" suite decorators : decorator + decorator : "@" assignment_expression NEWLINE parameter_list : defparameter ( "," defparameter ) "," "/" [ "," [ parameter_list_no_posonly ]] \| parameter_list_no_posonly parameter_list_no_posonly : defparameter ( "," defparameter )* [ "," [ parameter_list_starargs ]] \| parameter_list_starargs parameter_list_starargs : "" [ star_parameter ] ( "," defparameter ) [ "," [ parameter_star_kwargs ]] \| "" ( "," defparameter )+ [ "," [ parameter_star_kwargs ]] \| parameter_star_kwargs parameter_star_kwargs : "" parameter [ "," ] parameter : identifier [ ":" expression ] star_parameter : identifier [ ":" [ "" ] expression ] defparameter : parameter [ "=" expression ] funcname : identifier A function definition is an executable statement. Its execution binds the function name in the current local namespace to a function object (a wrapper around the executable code for the function). This function object contains a reference to the current global namespace as the global namespace to be used when the function is called. The function definition does not execute the function body; this gets executed only when the function is called. [ 4 ] A function definition may be wrapped by one or more decorator expressions. Decorator expressions are evaluated when the function is defined, in the scope that contains the function definition. The result must be a callable, which is invoked with the function object as the only argument. The returned value is bound to the function name instead of the function object. Multiple decorators are applied in nested fashion. For example, the following code @f1 ( arg ) @f2 def func (): pass is roughly equivalent to def func (): pass func = f1 ( arg )( f2 ( func )) except that the original function is not temporarily bound to the name func . Changed in version 3.9: Functions may be decorated with any valid assignment_expression . Previously, the grammar was much more restrictive; see PEP 614 for details. A list of type parameters may be given in square brackets between the function’s name and the opening parenthesis for its parameter list. This indicates to static type checkers that the function is generic. At runtime, the type parameters can be retrieved from the function’s __type_params__ attribute. See Generic functions for more. Changed in version 3.12: Type parameter lists are new in Python 3.12. When one or more parameters have the form parameter = expression , the function is said to have “default parameter values.” For a parameter with a default value, the corresponding argument may be omitted from a call, in which case the parameter’s default value is substituted. If a parameter has a default value, all following parameters up until the “ * ” must also have a default value — this is a syntactic restriction that is not expressed by the grammar. Default parameter values are evaluated from left to right when the function definition is executed. This means that the expression is evaluated once, when the function is defined, and that the same “pre-computed” value is used for each call. This is especially important to understand when a default parameter value is a mutable object, such as a list or a dictionary: if the function modifies the object (e.g. by appending an item to a list), the default parameter value is in effect modified. This is generally not what was intended. A way around this is to use None as the default, and explicitly test for it in the body of the function, e.g.: def whats_on_the_telly ( penguin = None ): if penguin is None : penguin = [] penguin . append ( "property of the zoo" ) return penguin Function call semantics are described in more detail in section Calls . A function call always assigns values to all parameters mentioned in the parameter list, either from positional arguments, from keyword arguments, or from default values. If the form “ identifier ” is present, it is initialized to a tuple receiving any excess positional parameters, defaulting to the empty tuple. If the form “ identifier ” is present, it is initialized to a new ordered mapping receiving any excess keyword arguments, defaulting to a new empty mapping of the same type. Parameters after “ ” or “ identifier ” are keyword-only parameters and may only be passed by keyword arguments. Parameters before “ / ” are positional-only parameters and may only be passed by positional arguments. Changed in version 3.8: The / function parameter syntax may be used to indicate positional-only parameters. See PEP 570 for details. Parameters may have an annotation of the form “ : expression ” following the parameter name. Any parameter may have an annotation, even those of the form identifier or *identifier . (As a special case, parameters of the form identifier may have an annotation “ : expression ”.) Functions may have “return” annotation of the form “ -> expression ” after the parameter list. These annotations can be any valid Python expression. The presence of annotations does not change the semantics of a function. See Annotations for more information on annotations. Changed in version 3.11: Parameters of the form “ identifier ” may have an annotation “ : expression ”. See PEP 646 . It is also possible to create anonymous functions (functions not bound to a name), for immediate use in expressions. This uses lambda expressions, described in section Lambdas . Note that the lambda expression is merely a shorthand for a simplified function definition; a function defined in a “ def ” statement can be passed around or assigned to another name just like a function defined by a lambda expression. The “ def ” form is actually more powerful since it allows the execution of multiple statements and annotations. Programmer’s note: Functions are first-class objects. A “ def ” statement executed inside a function definition defines a local function that can be returned or passed around. Free variables used in the nested function can access the local variables of the function containing the def. See section Naming and binding for details. See also PEP 3107 - Function Annotations The original specification for function annotations. PEP 484 - Type Hints Definition of a standard meaning for annotations: type hints. PEP 526 - Syntax for Variable Annotations Ability to type hint variable declarations, including class variables and instance variables. PEP 563 - Postponed Evaluation of Annotations Support for forward references within annotations by preserving annotations in a string form at runtime instead of eager evaluation. PEP 318 - Decorators for Functions and Methods Function and method decorators were introduced. Class decorators were introduced in PEP 3129 . 8.8. Class definitions ¶ A class definition defines a class object (see section The standard type hierarchy ): classdef : [ decorators ] "class" classname [ type_params ] [ inheritance ] ":" suite inheritance : "(" [ argument_list ] ")" classname : identifier A class definition is an executable statement. The inheritance list usually gives a list of base classes (see Metaclasses for more advanced uses), so each item in the list should evaluate to a class object which allows subclassing. Classes without an inheritance list inherit, by default, from the base class object ; hence, class Foo : pass is equivalent to class Foo ( object ): pass The class’s suite is then executed in a new execution frame (see Naming and binding ), using a newly created local namespace and the original global namespace. (Usually, the suite contains mostly function definitions.) When the class’s suite finishes execution, its execution frame is discarded but its local namespace is saved. [ 5 ] A class object is then created using the inheritance list for the base classes and the saved local namespace for the attribute dictionary. The class name is bound to this class object in the original local namespace. The order in which attributes are defined in the class body is preserved in the new class’s __dict__ . Note that this is reliable only right after the class is created and only for classes that were defined using the definition syntax. Class creation can be customized heavily using metaclasses . Classes can also be decorated: just like when decorating functions, @f1 ( arg ) @f2 class Foo : pass is roughly equivalent to class Foo : pass Foo = f1 ( arg )( f2 ( Foo )) The evaluation rules for the decorator expressions are the same as for function decorators. The result is then bound to the class name. Changed in version 3.9: Classes may be decorated with any valid assignment_expression . Previously, the grammar was much more restrictive; see PEP 614 for details. A list of type parameters may be given in square brackets immediately after the class’s name. This indicates to static type checkers that the class is generic. At runtime, the type parameters can be retrieved from the class’s __type_params__ attribute. See Generic classes for more. Changed in version 3.12: Type parameter lists are new in Python 3.12. Programmer’s note: Variables defined in the class definition are class attributes; they are shared by instances. Instance attributes can be set in a method with self.name = value . Both class and instance attributes are accessible through the notation “ self.name ”, and an instance attribute hides a class attribute with the same name when accessed in this way. Class attributes can be used as defaults for instance attributes, but using mutable values there can lead to unexpected results. Descriptors can be used to create instance variables with different implementation details. See also PEP 3115 - Metaclasses in Python 3000 The proposal that changed the declaration of metaclasses to the current syntax, and the semantics for how classes with metaclasses are constructed. PEP 3129 - Class Decorators The proposal that added class decorators. Function and method decorators were introduced in PEP 318 . 8.9. Coroutines ¶ Added in version 3.5. 8.9.1. Coroutine function definition ¶ async_funcdef : [ decorators ] "async" "def" funcname "(" [ parameter_list ] ")" [ "->" expression ] ":" suite Execution of Python coroutines can be suspended and resumed at many points (see coroutine ). await expressions, async for and async with can only be used in the body of a coroutine function. Functions defined with async def syntax are always coroutine functions, even if they do not contain await or async keywords. It is a SyntaxError to use a yield from expression inside the body of a coroutine function. An example of a coroutine function: async def func ( param1 , param2 ): do_stuff () await some_coroutine () Changed in version 3.7: await and async are now keywords; previously they were only treated as such inside the body of a coroutine function. 8.9.2. The async for statement ¶ async_for_stmt : "async" for_stmt An asynchronous iterable provides an __aiter__ method that directly returns an asynchronous iterator , which can call asynchronous code in its __anext__ method. The async for statement allows convenient iteration over asynchronous iterables. The following code: async for TARGET in ITER : SUITE else : SUITE2 Is semantically equivalent to: iter = ( ITER ) iter = type ( iter ) . __aiter__ ( iter ) running = True while running : try : TARGET = await type ( iter ) . __anext__ ( iter ) except StopAsyncIteration : running = False else : SUITE else : SUITE2 See also __aiter__() and __anext__() for details. It is a SyntaxError to use an async for statement outside the body of a coroutine function. 8.9.3. The async with statement ¶ async_with_stmt : "async" with_stmt An asynchronous context manager is a context manager that is able to suspend execution in its enter and exit methods. The following code: async with EXPRESSION as TARGET : SUITE is semantically equivalent to: manager = ( EXPRESSION ) aenter = type ( manager ) . __aenter__ aexit = type ( manager ) . __aexit__ value = await aenter ( manager ) hit_except = False try : TARGET = value SUITE except : hit_except = True if not await aexit ( manager , sys . exc_info ()): raise finally : if not hit_except : await aexit ( manager , None , None , None ) See also __aenter__() and __aexit__() for details. It is a SyntaxError to use an async with statement outside the body of a coroutine function. See also PEP 492 - Coroutines with async and await syntax The proposal that made coroutines a proper standalone concept in Python, and added supporting syntax. 8.10. Type parameter lists ¶ Added in version 3.12. Changed in version 3.13: Support for default values was added (see PEP 696 ). type_params : "[" type_param ( "," type_param )* "]" type_param : typevar \| typevartuple \| paramspec typevar : identifier ( ":" expression )? ( "=" expression )? typevartuple : "" identifier ( "=" expression )? paramspec : "*" identifier ( "=" expression )? Functions (including coroutines ), classes and type aliases may contain a type parameter list: def max [ T ]( args : list [ T ]) -> T : ... async def amax [ T ]( args : list [ T ]) -> T : ... class Bag [ T ]: def __iter__ ( self ) -> Iterator [ T ]: ... def add ( self , arg : T ) -> None : ... type ListOrSet [ T ] = list [ T ] \| set [ T ] Semantically, this indicates that the function, class, or type	2026-01-13T08:48:44
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Parenting Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Community Living & Care Insights Posted on Dec 30, 2025 Creating a Safe, Supportive Home Environment for Individuals with IDD # development # familylife # mentalhealth Creating a safe and supportive home environment is one of the most important factors in helping individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD) live healthy, meaningful, and fulfilling lives. For individuals with IDD, the home is more than just a place to live—it is where independence is nurtured, emotional security is strengthened, and personal growth is supported. Healthcare solutions agencies that provide HCS (Home and Community-Based Services) and Community First Choice (CFC) services recognize the transformative impact a well-designed home environment can have on long-term outcomes. Through intentional planning, person-centered support, and community-based services, individuals with IDD are able to thrive in settings that prioritize safety, dignity, choice, and overall quality of life. What Is Intellectual and Developmental Disability (IDD)? Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities are conditions that typically appear before age 18 and affect intellectual functioning, adaptive behavior, and daily life skills. These conditions may include Autism Spectrum Disorder, Down syndrome , cerebral palsy, and intellectual disability, among others. Each individual’s abilities, challenges, and support needs are unique. Because IDD impacts communication, learning, self-care, and decision-making to varying degrees, a “one-size-fits-all” approach to care is ineffective. Instead, creating a safe and supportive home begins with understanding the person—not just the diagnosis. Individualized Needs Across the Lifespan The needs of individuals with IDD evolve throughout their lives. Children may require structured routines and behavioral supports, while adults often focus on independent living skills, employment readiness, and community integration. Aging individuals with IDD may experience additional health or mobility challenges that require increased assistance. HCS and CFC services are designed to adapt across the lifespan, ensuring individuals receive the right level of support at every stage of life. The Importance of Person-Centered Planning At the heart of a supportive home environment is person-centered planning. This approach prioritizes the individual’s preferences, goals, cultural background, and strengths. Rather than focusing on limitations, person-centered care emphasizes empowerment and choice. When services are aligned with what matters most to the individual, the home becomes a place of respect, autonomy, and belonging. Creating a Physically Safe Home Environment Home Safety Modifications Physical safety is a foundational element of supportive living. Many individuals with IDD face mobility challenges, sensory sensitivities, or difficulties with balance and coordination. Simple home modifications can significantly reduce the risk of injury and increase independence. Common safety adaptations include: Installing handrails and grab bars Improving lighting and visibility Using non-slip flooring Securing cabinets and appliances Ensuring wheelchair accessibility where needed These modifications allow individuals to move confidently within their homes while maintaining comfort and dignity. Assistive Technology and Adaptive Equipment Technology plays a growing role in creating safer home environments for individuals with IDD. Assistive tools such as communication devices, medication reminders, emergency alert systems, and smart home features enhance safety while promoting independence. When thoughtfully integrated, technology supports autonomy rather than replacing human connection. The Role of HCS and CFC in Home Safety HCS and Community First Choice services provide hands-on assistance that complements physical safety measures. Support staff assist with daily activities such as bathing, meal preparation, and mobility while monitoring for potential risks. This layered approach—environmental safety combined with trained support—creates a secure foundation for daily living. Emotional and Psychological Safety in the Home Establishing Predictability and Routine For many individuals with IDD, consistency and structure are essential for emotional well-being. Predictable routines reduce anxiety, improve emotional regulation, and foster a sense of control. A supportive home environment includes clear expectations, familiar schedules, and consistent caregiving—elements that help individuals feel safe and understood. Trauma-Informed and Compassionate Care Some individuals with IDD have experienced trauma, neglect, or repeated disruptions in care. Trauma-informed support recognizes these experiences and prioritizes emotional safety, trust, and choice. Caregivers trained in trauma-informed approaches understand how to respond calmly, avoid re-traumatization, and support emotional healing within the home. Building Trust Through Consistent Support Staff Consistency in caregiving is critical. Frequent changes in staff can disrupt routines and create emotional distress. HCS and CFC programs emphasize stable, well-trained support staff who build meaningful relationships with individuals and families. Trust develops over time—and trust is the foundation of emotional safety. Promoting Independence While Ensuring Support Balancing Safety and Autonomy True support does not mean doing everything for someone—it means providing the right level of assistance while encouraging independence. A safe home environment empowers individuals with IDD to make choices, take risks appropriate to their abilities, and learn from experience. Balancing safety and autonomy requires thoughtful planning and ongoing communication among individuals, families, and care teams. Skill-Building in the Home The home is an ideal setting for learning and practicing life skills. Through Community First Choice services, individuals receive support with: Personal hygiene and self-care Meal planning and cooking Household tasks Money management Time management and organization Skill-building is most effective when it occurs in real-life settings and aligns with the individual’s goals. Transitioning Toward Greater Independence Independence is not a destination—it is a journey. Progress may be gradual and non-linear, but each step matters. HCS services support individuals as they move toward greater independence, whether that means living more independently, reducing supervision, or increasing community engagement. Social Connection and Community Integration Preventing Isolation Social isolation is a significant risk for individuals with IDD, particularly those receiving in-home support. A truly supportive home environment extends beyond the walls of the residence and encourages meaningful connections. Community Engagement Through CFC Services Community First Choice services emphasize community participation as a core component of quality of life. Support may include transportation, accompaniment, and skill-building to help individuals engage in: Social and recreational activities Faith-based or cultural events Volunteering Community classes and programs These experiences foster belonging, confidence, and emotional well-being. Strengthening Family and Natural Supports Family members, friends, and trusted individuals play a vital role in creating a supportive environment. HCS and CFC services are most effective when they complement—not replace—natural support systems. The Role of Caregivers and Support Staff Training and Competency Standards A safe home environment depends on skilled, compassionate caregivers. Support staff must be trained in: IDD-specific care Safety and emergency procedures Communication strategies Behavior support techniques Person-centered practices Ongoing training ensures high-quality, responsive care. Caregiver Well-Being and Burnout Prevention Caregiver burnout can compromise safety and quality of care. HCS services often include respite care, allowing family caregivers time to rest and recharge. Supporting caregivers ultimately supports the individual receiving care. Agency Oversight and Quality Assurance Healthcare solutions agencies play a critical role in monitoring service quality, ensuring compliance, and continuously improving care. Strong oversight protects individuals and promotes consistent, reliable support. How HCS and Community First Choice Services Support Safe Living Overview of HCS Services HCS services provide comprehensive supports that may include residential assistance, personal care, supervision, and individualized service planning. These services help individuals with IDD live safely in home and community settings rather than institutional environments. Overview of Community First Choice (CFC) Community First Choice focuses on in-home and community-based supports that promote independence, choice, and self-direction. CFC services empower individuals to remain in their homes while actively participating in their communities. Why Integrated Services Matter When HCS and CFC services work together, individuals benefit from coordinated, holistic care that addresses physical safety, emotional well-being, and personal growth. Choosing the Right Healthcare Solutions Agency Families and case managers should look for agencies that demonstrate: A strong person-centered philosophy Experience serving individuals with IDD Transparent communication Qualified, compassionate staff A commitment to community inclusion Our agency is dedicated to creating safe, supportive home environments where individuals with IDD are respected, empowered, and encouraged to live full, meaningful lives. Conclusion: Building Homes Where Individuals with IDD Can Thrive A safe and supportive home environment is the cornerstone of quality care for individuals with IDD. It encompasses physical safety, emotional security, independence, and community connection. With the support of HCS and Community First Choice services, individuals with IDD can live with dignity, choice, and purpose. When families partner with a trusted healthcare solutions agency, the home becomes more than a place to live—it becomes a foundation for growth, belonging, and lifelong well-being. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Community Living & Care Insights Follow This page explores person-centered HCS services, independent living, and compassionate supports empowering individuals with IDD to thrive in their communities. Joined Dec 30, 2025 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Parenting — A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Parenting © 2016 - 2026. Navigating the chaos and joy of parenting. 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https://highlight.io/for/svelte	highlight.io: The open source monitoring platform. Star us on GitHub Star Product Integrations Pricing Resources Docs Sign in Sign up Your browser does not support the video tag. Your browser does not support the video tag. The Svelte.js monitoring toolkit you've been waiting for. What if monitoring your Svelte.js app was as easy as deploying it? With session replay and error monitoring, Highlight's got you covered. Get started Live demo Session Replay Investigate hard-to-crack bugs by playing through issues in a youtube-like UI. With access to requests, console logs and more! Error Monitoring Continuously monitor errors and exceptions in your Svelte.js application, all the way from your frontend to your backend. Performance Metrics Monitor and set alerts for important performance metrics in Svelte.js like Web Vitals, Request latency, and much more! Highlight for Svelte.js Get started in your Svelte.js app today. Get started for free Live demo ... %svelte.head% <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/highlight.run@latest"></script> <script> window.H.init('<YOUR_PROJECT_ID>') </script> ... Reproduce issues with high-fidelity session replay. With our pixel-perfect replays of your Svelte.js app, you'll get to the bottom of issues in no time and better understand how your app is being used. Read our docs Get a ping when exceptions or errors are thrown. Our alerting infrastructure can take abnormal metrics or errors raised in your Svelte.js app and notify your engineering team over Slack, Discord, and more! Read our docs Monitor the metrics that keep your customers around. Highlight allows you to track performance, request timings, and several other metrics in your Svelte.js application. Read our docs Our customers Highlight powers forward-thinking companies. More about our customers → Don't take our word. What our customers have to say → Highlight helps us catch bugs that would otherwise go undetected and makes it easy to replicate and debug them. Max Musing , Founder & CEO Highlight weaves together the incredible, varied, and complex interactions of our users into something understandable and actionable. Kai Hess , Founding Product Designer I love Highlight because not only does it help me debug more quickly, but it gives me insight into how customers are actually using our product. Meryl Dakin , Founding Software Engineer Highlight has helped us win over several customers by making it possible for us to provide hands-on support, based on a detailed understanding of what each user was doing. Neil Raina , CTO Highlight helps us catch bugs that would otherwise go undetected and makes it easy to replicate and debug them. Max Musing , Founder & CEO Highlight weaves together the incredible, varied, and complex interactions of our users into something understandable and actionable. Kai Hess , Founding Product Designer I love Highlight because not only does it help me debug more quickly, but it gives me insight into how customers are actually using our product. Meryl Dakin , Founding Software Engineer Highlight has helped us win over several customers by making it possible for us to provide hands-on support, based on a detailed understanding of what each user was doing. Neil Raina , CTO Try Highlight Today Get the visibility you need Get started for free Product Pricing Sign up Features Privacy & Security Customers Session Replay Error Monitoring Logging Competitors LogRocket Hotjar Fullstory Smartlook Inspectlet Datadog Sentry Site24x7 Sprig Mouseflow Pendo Heap LogicMonitor Last9 Axiom Better Stack HyperDX Dash0 Developers Changelog Documentation Ambassadors Frameworks React Next.js Angular Gatsby.js Svelte.js Vue.js Express Golang Next.js Node.js Rails Hono Contact & Legal Terms of Service Privacy Policy Careers sales@highlight.io security@highlight.io [object Object]	2026-01-13T08:48:44
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https://www.algolia.com/fr/products/ai-search	Recherche basée sur l’IA par Algolia \| Algolia Niket --> Deutsch English français News DevCon2025 \| October 1-2 Learn more Algolia Partners Support Login Logout Algolia mark white Algolia logo white Products Search Show users what they're looking for with AI-driven resuts. Search Show users what they're looking for with AI-driven resuts. Recommendations Use behavioral cues to drive higher engagement. Recommendations Use behavioral cues to drive higher engagement. Personalization Show each user what they need across their journey. Personalization Show each user what they need across their journey. Analytics All your insights in one dashboard. Analytics All your insights in one dashboard. Browse Move customers down the funnel with curated category pages. Browse Move customers down the funnel with curated category pages. Agent Studio Create, test, and deploy AI agents, fast. Agent Studio Create, test, and deploy AI agents, fast. Generative Experiences Build conversational solutions with retrieval augmented generation (RAG). Generative Experiences Build conversational solutions with retrieval augmented generation (RAG). Ask AI Deliver conversational answers—right from your search bar. Ask AI Deliver conversational answers—right from your search bar. MCP Server Search, analyze, or monitor your index within your agentic workflow. MCP Server Search, analyze, or monitor your index within your agentic workflow. Data Enrichment Modify, enhance, or restructure data as it’s indexed for search. Data Enrichment Modify, enhance, or restructure data as it’s indexed for search. Data Transformation Streamline data preparation and enhance data quality. Data Transformation Streamline data preparation and enhance data quality. Integrations Connect to your existing stack via pre-built libraries and APIs. Integrations Connect to your existing stack via pre-built libraries and APIs. Data Centers Choose from 70+ data centers across 17 regions. Data Centers Choose from 70+ data centers across 17 regions. Security & Compliance Built for peace of mind. Security & Compliance Built for peace of mind. Industries Ecommerce Ecommerce B2B Commerce B2B Commerce Fashion Fashion Grocery Grocery Media Media Marketplaces Marketplaces SaaS SaaS Higher Education Higher Education Documentation search Documentation search Enterprise search Enterprise search Headless commerce Headless commerce Image search Image search Mobile & App search Mobile & App search Retail Media Network Retail Media Network Site search Site search Visual search Visual search Voice search Voice search Digital Experience Digital Experience Ecommerce Ecommerce Engineering Engineering Merchandising Merchandising Product Management Product Management Tarifs Développeurs GET STARTED Developer Hub Developer Hub Documentation Documentation Intégrations Intégrations Composants UI Composants UI Auto-completion Auto-completion RESOURCES Code Exchange Code Exchange Engineering Blog Engineering Blog MCP MCP Discord Discord Webinars & Events Webinars & Events QUICK LINKS Démarrage rapide Démarrage rapide Pour Open Source Pour Open Source Statuts d'API Statuts d'API Support Support Resources INSPIRATION Algolia Blog Algolia Blog Resource Center Resource Center Témoignages clients Témoignages clients Webinars & Events Webinars & Events Newsroom Newsroom LEARN Customer Hub Customer Hub What's New What's New AI Search Grader AI Search Grader Documentation Documentation Évènements Évènements Professional Services Professional Services Quick Access Algolia Partners Support Login Logout Request demo Get started Search Algolia Close Request demo Get started Other Types Filter --> Clear All Filters Filters Looking for our logo? We got you covered! Brand guidelines Download logo pack AI Search Une meilleure expérience de recherche La recherche basée sur l’IA la plus facile à utiliser. Demandez une démo Commencez maintenant Plus de 18 000 clients dans 150+ pays font confiance à Algolia Découvrez Algolia en action La solution tout-en-un pour la recherche IA Built for flexibility and scale, Algolia adapts to your architecture, workflows, and commercial goals. Facile à utiliser Implémentez nos API en quelques minutes et gardez la maîtrise de vos classements. See all industries Ultra-rapide Une recherche à la vitesse de frappe, avec la solution d’IA la plus rapide du marché. See all use cases Scalable Bénéficiez d’une infrastructure capable de gérer 30 milliards d’enregistrements et près de 1,7 trillion de recherches par an, avec une disponibilité de 99,999 %. See all departments Unsurpassed relevance drives revenue Deliver instantly relevant results with a hybrid keyword and vector retrieval engine that understands user intent and natural language. Real-time personalization adds another layer of intelligence so every visitor finds exactly what they’re looking for.  Personnalisez la curation Donnez à vos équipes métier le pouvoir de façonner l’expérience de recherche. Grâce à nos outils de merchandising, créez vos campagnes et influencez le classement des résultats. Personnalisez la curation Donnez à vos équipes métier le pouvoir de façonner l’expérience de recherche. Grâce à nos outils de merchandising, créez vos campagnes et influencez le classement des résultats. Personnalisez la curation Donnez à vos équipes métier le pouvoir de façonner l’expérience de recherche. Grâce à nos outils de merchandising, créez vos campagnes et influencez le classement des résultats. Personnalisez la curation Donnez à vos équipes métier le pouvoir de façonner l’expérience de recherche. Grâce à nos outils de merchandising, créez vos campagnes et influencez le classement des résultats. Des fonctionnalités puissantes Everything you need to deploy AI-powered search. Crawler Extrayez et enrichissez vos contenus automatiquement. InstantSearch Concevez une expérience optimale grâce à une suite de composants UI prêts à l’emploi. Analytics Comprenez vos utilisateurs et révélez de nouvelles opportunités. A/B Testing Identifiez les stratégies de pertinence les plus performantes. Data Transformation Simplifiez la préparation de vos données et améliorez leur qualité. Rules Optimisez le classement pour des requêtes spécifiques. Search API Une recherche performante, quel que soit votre stack technologique. Guides d'achat Transformez instantanément votre catalogue produit en guides d’achat générés par IA. Custom Ranking Intégrez vos priorités business dans le classement. Merchandising Mettez en avant vos campagnes promotionnelles. Intégrations Indexez vos contenus depuis n’importe quelle source. Autocomplete Guidez vos utilisateurs avec une saisie prédictive et tolérante aux fautes. Intégrations fiables & partenariats Mise en place rapide grâce à des intégrations prêtes à l’emploi sur les plateformes les plus populaires. See all integrations Des solutions adaptées à tous les secteurs Add conversational search to your search bar, or build entirely new retrieval solutions powered by vector embeddings and LLMs.  E-commerce B2C 0 Créez des expériences de recherche et de navigation personnalisées et flexibles, avec des recommandations adaptées à vos clients. En savoir plus sur le B2C e-commerce E-commerce B2B 0 Indexez votre catalogue, rendez-le opérationnel pour vos acheteurs et boostez vos conversions. En savoir plus sur le B2B e-commerce Marketplaces 0 Concevez des expériences de recherche performantes à grande échelle, tout en réduisant le temps de développement. En savoir plus sur les marketplaces MCP Server 0 Indexez vos contenus et offrez une meilleure découverte à vos utilisateurs. En savoir plus sur les médias FAQ – Algolia AI Search Qu’est-ce que l’AI Search et comment ça fonctionne ? 0 Algolia AI Search est une solution cloud, API-first, qui combine IA et recherche par mots-clés (NLP, autocomplete, tolérance aux fautes, similarité cosinus…). Elle comprend l’intention des utilisateurs et propose des résultats rapides et pertinents. Quelle est sa rapidité ? 0 Extrêmement rapide : 1 à 20 millisecondes par requête, soit jusqu’à 200x plus vite que la concurrence. Quels types de contenus peut-on indexer ? 0 Catalogues produits, articles de blog, FAQ, médias, images, données issues d’API… L’IA comprend aussi bien les mots que leur sens, sur des contenus courts ou longs. Pourquoi Algolia est différent des autres moteurs de recherche ? 0 Contrairement aux solutions opaques , Algolia associe une architecture API-first, des outils développeurs puissants, une scalabilité mondiale et des contrôles fins de pertinence. Vous gardez une visibilité et un contrôle total. Quelles fonctionnalités clés ? 0 Recherche sémantique, réglage de la pertinence par IA, embeddings vectoriels, matching hybride, personnalisation en temps réel, re-ranking dynamique, support multilingue. Pour quels secteurs ? 0 E-commerce, SaaS, médias, finance, marketplaces, mobile, headless commerce, recherche vocale, recherche d’images… Algolia optimise découverte, pertinence et conversion partout.   Comment Algolia améliore les conversions ? 0 En proposant des résultats plus pertinents, plus vite. Moins de frictions, moins de “zéro résultat”, plus d’engagement et plus de ventes . Algolia gère-t-elle plusieurs langues ? 0 Oui, l’IA est multilingue, capable de comprendre l’intention à travers des dizaines de langues , sans créer une recherche par région. La personnalisation, comment ça marche ? 0 Algolia Personalization analyse les actions (clics, vues, achats) pour générer des profils d’affinité, appliqués en temps réel à la recherche, sans sacrifier la pertinence. Une personnalisation avancée est également disponible. Faut-il coder pour l’utiliser ? 0 Les développeurs disposent d’API et SDK flexibles, tandis que les équipes métier utilisent un tableau de bord low-code/no-code pour gérer la pertinence et analyser les performances. Est-ce scalable pour les sites à fort trafic ? 0 Oui. Algolia est conçue pour des sites à fort trafic, avec des temps de réponse inférieurs à 50 ms, même à grande échelle. Est-ce que la mise en place est rapide ? 0 En quelques minutes via nos API ou dashboard . Développeurs et non-techniciens peuvent personnaliser la pertinence, gérer le merchandising et suivre la performance facilement. Comment mesurer et optimiser ? 0 Avec notre dashboard Analytics intégré : taux de clics, requêtes sans résultat, impact de la personnalisation, A/B tests, règles de merchandising… tout pour optimiser en continu. Puis-je tester Algolia AI Search ? 0 Oui, via un essai gratuit : utilisez vos propres données ou nos exemples, testez toutes les fonctionnalités et mesurez l’impact avant de vous engager. 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https://docs.devcycle.com/platform/feature-flags/targeting/edgedb	EdgeDB (Stored Custom Properties) \| DevCycle Docs Skip to main content Home SDKs APIs Management API Bucketing API Integrations CLI / MCP Best Practices Community Blog Discord Search Sign Up Home Getting Started Essentials DevCycle Overview Key Features System Architecture Feature Hierarchy Feature Types Platform Feature Flags Features Variables and Variations Targeting Targeting Overview Audiences Custom Properties Random Variations Scheduling & Rollouts Randomize using a Custom Property EdgeDB (Stored Custom Properties) Status and Lifecycle Stale Feature Notifications Experimentation Account Management Security and Guardrails Testing and QA Extras Examples Platform Feature Flags Targeting EdgeDB (Stored Custom Properties) On this page EdgeDB and Stored Custom Properties EdgeDB is a lightning-fast, globally replicated edge storage tool that allows you to store information about your users for future use in Targeting Rules. For example, you can set a custom property when a user performs a key action in your application, and then target based on that property in the future without having to continuously provide that data in the SDK. EdgeDB is also a powerful tool for cross-platform feature flagging, where you may only have the user data available in one platform, but need to target the same user in another platform. To learn more about EdgeDB check out the documentation for the features powered by EdgeDB below. Stored Custom Properties This guide will explain how to set up and use EdgeDB to target users using Stored Custom Properties. It will also discuss some use cases to help you determine where to implement EdgeDB in your project. Prerequisites To complete this guide, you will need a proficient understanding of the following DevCycle concepts: Identifying users within an SDK Targeting Rules Custom Properties Setup EdgeDB is enabled at the project level. To enable EdgeDB for your project, go to the project settings by navigating to the “Settings” tab and clicking “Projects” on the sidebar. Find your project and click edit. There you will find a dropdown to either enable or disable EdgeDB. Once EdgeDB is enabled in your project, you must turn on EdgeDB mode for the SDK within your code. To do so, pass in the enableEdgeDB option and set it to true . This will look different depending on the SDK you are using. You can view our list of supported SDKs here for a specific example of how to enable EdgeDB for your SDK. Example Usage Let’s say you have set a Targeting Rule that targets users by a custom property called pricingPlan . We can use EdgeDB to store the user's plan for future use. To set the pricingPlan , pass in the custom property when identifying the user, in addition to the enableEdgeDB option. Note: The following example uses the JavaScript SDK. const user = { user_id : 'demo_user' , customData : { pricingPlan : 'premium' , } , } const options = { enableEdgeDB : true , } const devcycleClient = initialize ( 'ENV_KEY' , user , options ) Once the data is sent to EdgeDB, you no longer need to specify it the next time the user logs in, even if it is from a different platform. Simply identify the user by user_id ; in this case, it’s 'demo_user' . The targeting rules will then use the data stored on EdgeDB for 'demo_user' . const user = { user_id : 'demo_user' , } devcycleClient . identifyUser ( user ) In the example above, 'demo_user' will still receive the features based on their premium Pricing Plan because the data stored in EdgeDB was used for targeting. Rest API Usage We are able to support updates to users using our EdgeDB Public Rest API. The docs for it can be found here . You are able to use this to update stored user custom data, and be able to use that data for segmenting in the SDKs without having to explicitly pass all of the data when identifyUser is called. curl --location --request PATCH 'https://sdk-api.devcycle.com/v1/edgedb/my-user' \ --header 'Authorization: <YOUR-CLIENT-KEY>' \ --header 'Content-Type: application/json' \ --data-raw '{ "user_id": "my-user", "customData": { "amountSpent": 50 } }' This will make the custom data amountSpent available to segment on when identifying that same user in the SDKs without having to actually pass in the custom data. The only required piece of data is user_id . SDK Usage For specific documentation on how to use Edge Flags with each SDK Client SDKs JS SDK iOS SDK Android SDK React SDK React Native Next.js SDK Server SDKs Go SDK Java SDK Node.js SDK PHP SDK Python SDK Ruby SDK .NET SDK info Data stored in EdgeDB is only used for user segmenting (targeting rules), so EdgeDB won’t return that data to the SDK. In the second block of code, if we tried to access devcycleClient.user.customData.pricingPlan , it will be undefined. This does not mean the data is not in EdgeDB; it is simply because EdgeDB data is not returned to the SDK itself. However, the data will still be used for the targeting rules that were configured in the dashboard. Keep user data on the server; feature flag on the client. Use Cases There are several scenarios where EdgeDB’s data synchronization can be useful. The following list can give you some ideas about when to implement EdgeDB. Storing complex facets or decisions about a user. There are often complex properties describing a user which are not easily retrieved or derived on each call to the SDK. For example, a data analysis system may want to categorize users a certain way based on many factors, or an application may want to record that a user performed an action in real time. EdgeDB allows you to store this information when it is available and use it later for targeting. Storing data for cross-channel applications. When you store information in EdgeDB, you can use it as targeting data regardless of the channel in use (mobile, web, OTT, IoT). This allows you to keep a consistent user experience across platforms. Improving customer profiles in a microservices environment. In a microservices environment, many different services are used to gather customer information. As a result, getting a complete picture of the customer may require complex data pipelines. In contrast, EdgeDB allows you to store information all in one place, no matter the source of the data. Maintaining sessions in a serverless environment. Serverless environments can make it difficult to store session information, as data is transient. With DevCycle, you can send session information to EdgeDB and use it as targeting data whenever you need it. Keeping Personal Identifiable Information (PII) safe from the client-side application . With EdgeDB, you no longer need to repeatedly send customer data from web apps, providing an added layer of security. Minimizing your payload size. EdgeDB is useful when you have user objects with lots of data. Instead of sending cumbersome payload requests every time, with EdgeDB you only need to send the user_id and any new data. Summary In this guide we explored: how to enable EdgeDB for your project how to implement EdgeDB in your code some use cases on how EdgeDB can improve efficiency and privacy within your apps Edit this page Last updated on Jan 9, 2026 Previous Randomize using a Custom Property Next Status and Lifecycle Prerequisites Setup Example Usage Rest API Usage SDK Usage Use Cases Summary DevCycle Dashboard Blog Privacy Policy Twitter Discord GitHub Copyright © 2026 DevCycle. All rights reserved.	2026-01-13T08:48:44
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https://highlight.io/for/express	highlight.io: The open source monitoring platform. Star us on GitHub Star Product Integrations Pricing Resources Docs Sign in Sign up Your browser does not support the video tag. Your browser does not support the video tag. The Express monitoring toolkit you've been waiting for. What if monitoring your Express app was as easy as deploying it? With session replay and error monitoring, Highlight's got you covered. Get started Live demo Session Replay Investigate hard-to-crack bugs by playing through issues in a youtube-like UI. With access to requests, console logs and more! Error Monitoring Continuously monitor errors and exceptions in your Express application, all the way from your frontend to your backend. Performance Metrics Monitor and set alerts for important performance metrics in Express like Web Vitals, Request latency, and much more! Highlight for Express Get started in your Express app today. Get started for free Live demo Backend import { Handlers } from '@highlight-run/node' const app = express() // define any configurations needed const highlightOptions = {projectID: '<YOUR_PROJECT_ID>'} const highlightHandler = Handlers.errorHandler(highlightOptions) app.use(highlightHandler) app.use('/error', () => { throw new Error('a fake failure was thrown') }) Reproduce issues with high-fidelity session replay. With our pixel-perfect replays of your Express app, you'll get to the bottom of issues in no time and better understand how your app is being used. Read our docs Get a ping when exceptions or errors are thrown. Our alerting infrastructure can take abnormal metrics or errors raised in your Express app and notify your engineering team over Slack, Discord, and more! Read our docs Monitor the metrics that keep your customers around. Highlight allows you to track performance, request timings, and several other metrics in your Express application. Read our docs Our customers Highlight powers forward-thinking companies. More about our customers → Don't take our word. What our customers have to say → Highlight helps us catch bugs that would otherwise go undetected and makes it easy to replicate and debug them. Max Musing , Founder & CEO Highlight weaves together the incredible, varied, and complex interactions of our users into something understandable and actionable. Kai Hess , Founding Product Designer I love Highlight because not only does it help me debug more quickly, but it gives me insight into how customers are actually using our product. Meryl Dakin , Founding Software Engineer Highlight has helped us win over several customers by making it possible for us to provide hands-on support, based on a detailed understanding of what each user was doing. Neil Raina , CTO Highlight helps us catch bugs that would otherwise go undetected and makes it easy to replicate and debug them. Max Musing , Founder & CEO Highlight weaves together the incredible, varied, and complex interactions of our users into something understandable and actionable. Kai Hess , Founding Product Designer I love Highlight because not only does it help me debug more quickly, but it gives me insight into how customers are actually using our product. Meryl Dakin , Founding Software Engineer Highlight has helped us win over several customers by making it possible for us to provide hands-on support, based on a detailed understanding of what each user was doing. Neil Raina , CTO Try Highlight Today Get the visibility you need Get started for free Product Pricing Sign up Features Privacy & Security Customers Session Replay Error Monitoring Logging Competitors LogRocket Hotjar Fullstory Smartlook Inspectlet Datadog Sentry Site24x7 Sprig Mouseflow Pendo Heap LogicMonitor Last9 Axiom Better Stack HyperDX Dash0 Developers Changelog Documentation Ambassadors Frameworks React Next.js Angular Gatsby.js Svelte.js Vue.js Express Golang Next.js Node.js Rails Hono Contact & Legal Terms of Service Privacy Policy Careers sales@highlight.io security@highlight.io [object Object]	2026-01-13T08:48:44
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https://highlight.io/logging	highlight.io: The open source monitoring platform. Star us on GitHub Star Migrate your Highlight account to LaunchDarkly by February 28, 2026. Learn more on our blog. Product Integrations Pricing Resources Docs Sign in Sign up Explore highlight.io Logging for modern web applications. Search for and query the logs across your full-stack web app. Get started in seconds. Get started Live demo Request a Demo Call Search & set alerts across your logs. All the tools you need to search, analyze and set alerts for your web app’s logs. Alerts on log patterns across your stack. Create log alerts by setting log patterns and thresholds for real-time logs. Read the Docs Powerful search. Powered by ClickHouse. Perform fine-grained searches across all of your logs. Powered by ClickHouse, an industry leading time-series database. Read the Docs From a “click” to a server-side error. Visualize a complete, cohesive view of your entire stack. All the way from a user clicking a button to a server-side error. Get started for free Support for all the modern frameworks. Whether its Python, Golang, or even vanilla JS, we got you covered. Get started with just a few lines of code. View all frameworks import highlight_io H = highlight_io.H("<YOUR_PROJECT_ID>", instrument_logging=True) A few lines of code. That’s it. Install highlight.io in seconds and get logging out of the box. Framework Docs import highlight_io H = highlight_io.H("<YOUR_PROJECT_ID>", instrument_logging=True) Above Example in Python Other Frameworks → Master OpenTelemetry with our Free Comprehensive Course From fundamentals to advanced implementations, learn how OpenTelemetry can transform your engineering team's observability practices. Ideal for engineering leaders and developers building production-ready monitoring solutions. Start Learning Our customers Highlight powers forward-thinking companies. More about our customers → Don't take our word. Read our customer review section → Highlight helps us catch bugs that would otherwise go undetected and makes it easy to replicate and debug them. Max Musing , Founder & CEO Highlight weaves together the incredible, varied, and complex interactions of our users into something understandable and actionable. Kai Hess , Founding Product Designer I love Highlight because not only does it help me debug more quickly, but it gives me insight into how customers are actually using our product. Meryl Dakin , Founding Software Engineer Highlight has helped us win over several customers by making it possible for us to provide hands-on support, based on a detailed understanding of what each user was doing. Neil Raina , CTO Highlight helps us catch bugs that would otherwise go undetected and makes it easy to replicate and debug them. Max Musing , Founder & CEO Highlight weaves together the incredible, varied, and complex interactions of our users into something understandable and actionable. Kai Hess , Founding Product Designer I love Highlight because not only does it help me debug more quickly, but it gives me insight into how customers are actually using our product. Meryl Dakin , Founding Software Engineer Highlight has helped us win over several customers by making it possible for us to provide hands-on support, based on a detailed understanding of what each user was doing. Neil Raina , CTO Try Highlight Today Get the visibility you need Get started for free Product Pricing Sign up Features Privacy & Security Customers Session Replay Error Monitoring Logging Competitors LogRocket Hotjar Fullstory Smartlook Inspectlet Datadog Sentry Site24x7 Sprig Mouseflow Pendo Heap LogicMonitor Last9 Axiom Better Stack HyperDX Dash0 Developers Changelog Documentation Ambassadors Frameworks React Next.js Angular Gatsby.js Svelte.js Vue.js Express Golang Next.js Node.js Rails Hono Contact & Legal Terms of Service Privacy Policy Careers sales@highlight.io security@highlight.io [object Object]	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://github.com/dotnet/interactive	GitHub - dotnet/interactive: .NET Interactive combines the power of .NET with many other languages to create notebooks, REPLs, and embedded coding experiences. Share code, explore data, write, and learn across your apps in ways you couldn't before. Skip to content Navigation Menu Toggle navigation Sign in Appearance settings Platform AI CODE CREATION GitHub Copilot Write better code with AI GitHub Spark Build and deploy intelligent apps GitHub Models Manage and compare prompts MCP Registry New Integrate external tools DEVELOPER WORKFLOWS Actions Automate any workflow Codespaces Instant dev environments Issues Plan and track work Code Review Manage code changes APPLICATION SECURITY GitHub Advanced Security Find and fix vulnerabilities Code security Secure your code as you build Secret protection Stop leaks before they start EXPLORE Why GitHub Documentation Blog Changelog Marketplace View all features Solutions BY COMPANY SIZE Enterprises Small and medium teams Startups Nonprofits BY USE CASE App Modernization DevSecOps DevOps CI/CD View all use cases BY INDUSTRY Healthcare Financial services Manufacturing Government View all industries View all solutions Resources EXPLORE BY TOPIC AI Software Development DevOps Security View all topics EXPLORE BY TYPE Customer stories Events & webinars Ebooks & reports Business insights GitHub Skills SUPPORT & SERVICES Documentation Customer support Community forum Trust center Partners Open Source COMMUNITY GitHub Sponsors Fund open source developers PROGRAMS Security Lab Maintainer Community Accelerator Archive Program REPOSITORIES Topics Trending Collections Enterprise ENTERPRISE SOLUTIONS Enterprise platform AI-powered developer platform AVAILABLE ADD-ONS GitHub Advanced Security Enterprise-grade security features Copilot for Business Enterprise-grade AI features Premium Support Enterprise-grade 24/7 support Pricing Search or jump to... Search code, repositories, users, issues, pull requests... --> Search Clear Search syntax tips Provide feedback --> We read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously. Include my email address so I can be contacted Cancel Submit feedback Saved searches Use saved searches to filter your results more quickly --> Name Query To see all available qualifiers, see our documentation . Cancel Create saved search Sign in Sign up Appearance settings Resetting focus You signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session. You signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session. You switched accounts on another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session. Dismiss alert {{ message }} dotnet / interactive Public Notifications You must be signed in to change notification settings Fork 419 Star 3.2k .NET Interactive combines the power of .NET with many other languages to create notebooks, REPLs, and embedded coding experiences. Share code, explore data, write, and learn across your apps in ways you couldn't before. License MIT license 3.2k stars 419 forks Branches Tags Activity Star Notifications You must be signed in to change notification settings Code Issues 615 Pull requests 19 Discussions Projects 0 Security Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Insights Additional navigation options Code Issues Pull requests Discussions Projects Security Insights dotnet/interactive main Branches Tags Go to file Code Open more actions menu Folders and files Name Name Last commit message Last commit date Latest commit History 5,463 Commits .azuredevops .azuredevops .config .config .devcontainer .devcontainer .github .github .vscode .vscode assets assets docs docs eng eng images images samples samples src src tools tools .editorconfig .editorconfig .git-blame-ignore-revs .git-blame-ignore-revs .gitignore .gitignore CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md CONTRIBUTING.md CONTRIBUTING.md DEVELOPER-GUIDE.md DEVELOPER-GUIDE.md Directory.Build.props Directory.Build.props Directory.Build.targets Directory.Build.targets Directory.Packages.props Directory.Packages.props INTERNAL.md INTERNAL.md License.txt License.txt MANUAL-TESTING.md MANUAL-TESTING.md NOTICE.txt NOTICE.txt NotebookTestScript.dib NotebookTestScript.dib NotebookTestScript.ipynb NotebookTestScript.ipynb NuGet.config NuGet.config README.md README.md Ruleset.ruleset Ruleset.ruleset SECURITY.md SECURITY.md apiscan-compliance.yml apiscan-compliance.yml azure-pipelines-official.yml azure-pipelines-official.yml azure-pipelines.yml azure-pipelines.yml azure-publish-insiders-polyglot-notebooks.yml azure-publish-insiders-polyglot-notebooks.yml azure-publish-stable-polyglot-notebooks.yml azure-publish-stable-polyglot-notebooks.yml build-js.cmd build-js.cmd build-js.sh build-js.sh build.cmd build.cmd build.sh build.sh buildSqlTools.cmd buildSqlTools.cmd dotnet-interactive.lutconfig dotnet-interactive.lutconfig dotnet-interactive.sln dotnet-interactive.sln dotnet-interactive.sln.DotSettings dotnet-interactive.sln.DotSettings dotnet-interactive.v3.ncrunchsolution dotnet-interactive.v3.ncrunchsolution es-metadata.yml es-metadata.yml global.json global.json interactive.code-workspace interactive.code-workspace issues-review.github-issues issues-review.github-issues repack.ps1 repack.ps1 restore.cmd restore.cmd restore.sh restore.sh test-retry-runner.ps1 test-retry-runner.ps1 test.cmd test.cmd test.sh test.sh xunit.runner.json xunit.runner.json View all files Repository files navigation README Code of conduct Contributing MIT license Security .NET Interactive What is .NET Interactive? .NET Interactive is an engine and API for running and editing code interactively, including: Running code and getting its results. Evaluating code to provide language services such as completions and diagnostics. Sharing data and variables between multiple languages and across remote machines. While typically associated with notebook technologies such as Jupyter and the Polyglot Notebooks extension for Visual Studio Code , .NET Interactive has other uses as well, such as building REPLs and embedded script engines. The following languages are supported by Polyglot Notebooks and .NET Interactive: Language Variable sharing C# ✅ F# ✅ PowerShell ✅ JavaScript ✅ SQL ✅ KQL ( Kusto Query Language ) ✅ Python ✅ R ✅ HTML ⛔ HTTP ✅ Mermaid ⛔ Polyglot Notebooks Since .NET Interactive is capable of running as a kernel for notebooks, it enables a polyglot (multi-language) notebook experience. When using the .NET Interactive kernel, you can use different languages from one cell to the next, share variables between languages, and dynamically connect new languages and remote kernels within a notebook. There's no need to install different Jupyter kernels, use wrapper libraries, or install different tools to get the best experience for the language of your choice. You can always use the best language for the job and seamlessly transition between different stages of your workflow, all within one notebook. For the best experience when working with multi-language notebooks, we recommend installing the Polyglot Notebooks extension for Visual Studio Code. While the full .NET Interactive feature set is available in Jupyter, many features are only usable via code, whereas the Polyglot Notebooks extension provides additional features including a language/kernel picker for each cell, enhanced language services, a multi-kernel variable viewer, and more. Jupyter The most popular notebook platform is Jupyter, and .NET Interactive is a fully supported Jupyter kernel that you can use with Jupyter Notebook, JupyterLab, nteract, and other Jupyter frontends. You can read more about using .NET Interactive as a Jupyter kernel here . REPLs .NET Interactive can be used as the execution engine for REPLs as well. The experimental .NET REPL is one example of a command line REPL built on .NET Interactive. In addition, .NET REPL can be used for automated command line execution of notebooks. Small factor devices .NET Interactive supports running on devices like Raspberry Pi and pi-top [4] . You can find instructions here . FAQ For more information, please refer to our FAQ . Acknowledgements The multi-language experience of .NET Interactive is truly a collaborative effort among different teams at Microsoft and in the community. We'd like to thank the following teams for contributing their time and expertise to helping bring support for other languages: PowerShell Team: PowerShell support Azure Data Team: SQL and KQL support Azure Notebooks Team : Python, R, and Jupyter subkernel support Telemetry Telemetry is collected when the dotnet-interactive tool is started. (If you are using the .NET Interactive libraries directly, they do not emit telemetry.) Once dotnet-interactive is running, it emits the names of packages imported into the notebook and the languages used to run individual cells. This data is hashed, allowing us to count unique values, but the pre-hashed values cannot be obtained from the telemetry. We do not collect any additional code or clear text from cells. All telemetry is anonymous. In addition, dotnet-interactive reports the usage for a specific subset of the verbs in the .NET Interactive CLI. Those verbs are: dotnet interactive jupyter dotnet interactive jupyter install dotnet interactive stdio How to opt out The .NET Interactive telemetry feature is enabled by default. To opt out of the telemetry feature, set the DOTNET_INTERACTIVE_CLI_TELEMETRY_OPTOUT environment variable to 1 or true . Disclosure The .NET Interactive tool displays text similar to the following when you first run one of the .NET Interactive CLI commands (for example, dotnet interactive jupyter install ). Text may vary slightly depending on the version of the tool you're running. This "first run" experience is how Microsoft notifies you about data collection. Telemetry --------- The .NET Core tools collect usage data in order to help us improve your experience.The data is anonymous and doesn't include command-line arguments. The data is collected by Microsoft and shared with the community. You can opt-out of telemetry by setting the DOTNET_INTERACTIVE_CLI_TELEMETRY_OPTOUT environment variable to '1' or 'true' using your favorite shell. To disable this message and the .NET Core welcome message, set the DOTNET_INTERACTIVE_SKIP_FIRST_TIME_EXPERIENCE environment variable to true . Note that this variable has no effect on telemetry opt out. Contribution Guidelines You can contribute to .NET Interactive with issues and pull requests. Simply filing issues for problems you encounter is a great way to contribute. Contributing code improvements is greatly appreciated. You can read more about our contribution guidelines here . Trademarks This project may contain trademarks or logos for projects, products, or services. Authorized use of Microsoft trademarks or logos is subject to and must follow Microsoft's Trademark & Brand Guidelines . Use of Microsoft trademarks or logos in modified versions of this project must not cause confusion or imply Microsoft sponsorship. Any use of third-party trademarks or logos are subject to those third-party’s policies. About .NET Interactive combines the power of .NET with many other languages to create notebooks, REPLs, and embedded coding experiences. Share code, explore data, write, and learn across your apps in ways you couldn't before. Topics data-science csharp jupyter fsharp powershell polyglot notebooks interactive-programming polyglot-dev dotnet-interactive Resources Readme License MIT license Code of conduct Code of conduct Contributing Contributing Security policy Security policy Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Activity Custom properties Stars 3.2k stars Watchers 58 watching Forks 419 forks Report repository Releases 29 v1.0.6160010 Latest Mar 10, 2025 + 28 releases Packages 0 No packages published Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Contributors 126 Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . + 112 contributors Languages C# 73.6% TypeScript 13.7% F# 4.4% PowerShell 3.9% Shell 2.3% Jupyter Notebook 0.7% Other 1.4% Footer © 2026 GitHub, Inc. Footer navigation Terms Privacy Security Status Community Docs Contact Manage cookies Do not share my personal information You can’t perform that action at this time.	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://github.com/dotnet/try	GitHub - dotnet/try: Try .NET provides developers and content authors with tools to create interactive experiences. Skip to content Navigation Menu Toggle navigation Sign in Appearance settings Platform AI CODE CREATION GitHub Copilot Write better code with AI GitHub Spark Build and deploy intelligent apps GitHub Models Manage and compare prompts MCP Registry New Integrate external tools DEVELOPER WORKFLOWS Actions Automate any workflow Codespaces Instant dev environments Issues Plan and track work Code Review Manage code changes APPLICATION SECURITY GitHub Advanced Security Find and fix vulnerabilities Code security Secure your code as you build Secret protection Stop leaks before they start EXPLORE Why GitHub Documentation Blog Changelog Marketplace View all features Solutions BY COMPANY SIZE Enterprises Small and medium teams Startups Nonprofits BY USE CASE App Modernization DevSecOps DevOps CI/CD View all use cases BY INDUSTRY Healthcare Financial services Manufacturing Government View all industries View all solutions Resources EXPLORE BY TOPIC AI Software Development DevOps Security View all topics EXPLORE BY TYPE Customer stories Events & webinars Ebooks & reports Business insights GitHub Skills SUPPORT & SERVICES Documentation Customer support Community forum Trust center Partners Open Source COMMUNITY GitHub Sponsors Fund open source developers PROGRAMS Security Lab Maintainer Community Accelerator Archive Program REPOSITORIES Topics Trending Collections Enterprise ENTERPRISE SOLUTIONS Enterprise platform AI-powered developer platform AVAILABLE ADD-ONS GitHub Advanced Security Enterprise-grade security features Copilot for Business Enterprise-grade AI features Premium Support Enterprise-grade 24/7 support Pricing Search or jump to... Search code, repositories, users, issues, pull requests... --> Search Clear Search syntax tips Provide feedback --> We read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously. Include my email address so I can be contacted Cancel Submit feedback Saved searches Use saved searches to filter your results more quickly --> Name Query To see all available qualifiers, see our documentation . Cancel Create saved search Sign in Sign up Appearance settings Resetting focus You signed in with another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session. You signed out in another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session. You switched accounts on another tab or window. Reload to refresh your session. Dismiss alert {{ message }} This repository was archived by the owner on Dec 3, 2025. It is now read-only. dotnet / try Public archive Notifications You must be signed in to change notification settings Fork 568 Star 3k Try .NET provides developers and content authors with tools to create interactive experiences. License MIT license 3k stars 568 forks Branches Tags Activity Star Notifications You must be signed in to change notification settings Code Issues 1 Pull requests 0 Projects 0 Wiki Security Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Insights Additional navigation options Code Issues Pull requests Projects Wiki Security Insights dotnet/try main Branches Tags Go to file Code Open more actions menu Folders and files Name Name Last commit message Last commit date Latest commit History 1,695 Commits .config .config .github/ ISSUE_TEMPLATE .github/ ISSUE_TEMPLATE .vscode .vscode eng eng src src .editorconfig .editorconfig .gitignore .gitignore CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md Developer-guide.ipynb Developer-guide.ipynb Directory.Build.props Directory.Build.props Directory.Build.targets Directory.Build.targets Directory.Packages.props Directory.Packages.props Dockerfile Dockerfile DotNetTry.md DotNetTry.md DotNetTryLocal.md DotNetTryLocal.md License.txt License.txt NuGet.config NuGet.config PeakyTests.ipynb PeakyTests.ipynb README.md README.md TryDotNet.sln TryDotNet.sln TryDotNet.v3.ncrunchsolution TryDotNet.v3.ncrunchsolution azure-pipelines-CI.yml azure-pipelines-CI.yml azure-pipelines.yml azure-pipelines.yml build-integration.cmd build-integration.cmd build-js.cmd build-js.cmd build-js.sh build-js.sh build.cmd build.cmd build.sh build.sh es-metadata.yml es-metadata.yml global.json global.json restore.cmd restore.cmd restore.sh restore.sh test.sh test.sh View all files Repository files navigation README Code of conduct MIT license After nearly 8 years and over 1 billion code executions, Try .NET is retiring on December 31st, 2025 . When we launched in 2017, GitHub Codespaces didn't exist yet, C# Dev Kit was years away, and AI-powered coding wasn't on the horizon. Try .NET gave developers something they needed: the ability to experiment with C# directly in their browser, no setup required. We're incredibly proud of what Try .NET accomplished and grateful to everyone who used it, learned with it, and contributed to it. You helped shape what came next and the world has evolved. Today's developers have powerful local development tools that would have seemed like magic back then. It's time for us to focus our energy there. Thank you for being part of the journey. Try .NET may be retiring, but the mission to make C# development delightful and accessible continues. Get started with modern C#: C# Dev Kit tutorial Try .NET Welcome to the Try .NET repo. Try .NET provides developers and content authors with tools to create interactive experiences. There are two different Try .NET interactive experiences: The web experience powered by Blazor (as seen on Microsoft Learn ) Interactive documentation with Markdown for .NET Core with the dotnet try global tool . Online, powered by Blazor Microsoft Learn uses Try .NET to create interactive documentation. Users can run and edit code all in the browser. Please Note : At the moment, the Try .NET online ( trydotnet.js API ) is currently only used internally at Microsoft as seen on Learn and .NET page . Interactive .NET Core documentation with the dotnet try global tool Try .NET enables .NET developers to create interactive markdown files. To make your markdown files interactive, you will need the .NET Core 3.0 SDK , the dotnet try global tool and Visual Studio / VS Code (or any other editor of your choice). Table of Contents Getting Started with Try .NET : Interactive documentation generator for .NET Core. Contribution Guidelines As we are still in the early stages of our development, we are unable to take any feature PRs at the moment, but we intend to do so in the future. If you find an issue or have a feature suggestion, please open an issue . And if you have any feature suggestions, please submit them using the "community suggestions" label. Customers & Partners Microsoft Learn Microsoft Learn uses Try .NET to create interactive documentation. Users can run and edit .NET code in the browser. Community Showcase NCache Live by Alachisoft NCache Live uses Try .NET to let the user experience NCache APIs with the help of executable and editable .NET code in the browser. About Try .NET provides developers and content authors with tools to create interactive experiences. Topics documentation csharp dotnet interactive-tutorial blazor interactive-programming Resources Readme License MIT license Code of conduct Code of conduct Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . 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https://highlight.io/terms	Highlight: Terms of Service Star us on GitHub Star Migrate your Highlight account to LaunchDarkly by February 28, 2026. Learn more on our blog. Product Integrations Pricing Resources Docs Sign in Sign up Terms of Service Effective date: 11/05/2020 1. Introduction Welcome to Highlight Inc. (“Company”, “we”, “our”, “us”)! As you have just clicked our Terms of Service, please pause, grab a cup of coffee and carefully read the following pages. It will take you approximately 20 minutes. These Terms of Service (“Terms”, “Terms of Service”) govern your use of our web pages located at https://highlight.io operated by Highlight Inc. Our Privacy Policy also governs your use of our Service and explains how we collect, safeguard and disclose information that results from your use of our web pages. Please read it here https://highlight.io/privacy. Your agreement with us includes these Terms and our Privacy Policy (“Agreements”). 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Try Highlight Today Get the visibility you need Get started for free Product Pricing Sign up Features Privacy & Security Customers Session Replay Error Monitoring Logging Competitors LogRocket Hotjar Fullstory Smartlook Inspectlet Datadog Sentry Site24x7 Sprig Mouseflow Pendo Heap LogicMonitor Last9 Axiom Better Stack HyperDX Dash0 Developers Changelog Documentation Ambassadors Frameworks React Next.js Angular Gatsby.js Svelte.js Vue.js Express Golang Next.js Node.js Rails Hono Contact & Legal Terms of Service Privacy Policy Careers sales@highlight.io security@highlight.io [object Object]	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://highlight.io/for/angular	highlight.io: The open source monitoring platform. Star us on GitHub Star Product Integrations Pricing Resources Docs Sign in Sign up Your browser does not support the video tag. Your browser does not support the video tag. The Angular monitoring toolkit you've been waiting for. What if monitoring your Angular app was as easy as deploying it? With session replay and error monitoring, Highlight's got you covered. Get started Live demo Session Replay Investigate hard-to-crack bugs by playing through issues in a youtube-like UI. With access to requests, console logs and more! Error Monitoring Continuously monitor errors and exceptions in your Angular application, all the way from your frontend to your backend. Performance Metrics Monitor and set alerts for important performance metrics in Angular like Web Vitals, Request latency, and much more! Highlight for Angular Get started in your Angular app today. Get started for free Live demo //main.ts import { H } from 'highlight.run'; H.init( "<YOUR_PROJECT_ID>", // Get your project ID from https://app.highlight.io/setup networkRecording: { enabled: true, recordHeadersAndBody: true, }, tracingOrigins: true // Optional configuration of Highlight features ); Reproduce issues with high-fidelity session replay. With our pixel-perfect replays of your Angular app, you'll get to the bottom of issues in no time and better understand how your app is being used. Read our docs Get a ping when exceptions or errors are thrown. Our alerting infrastructure can take abnormal metrics or errors raised in your Angular app and notify your engineering team over Slack, Discord, and more! Read our docs Monitor the metrics that keep your customers around. Highlight allows you to track performance, request timings, and several other metrics in your Angular application. Read our docs Our customers Highlight powers forward-thinking companies. More about our customers → Don't take our word. What our customers have to say → Highlight helps us catch bugs that would otherwise go undetected and makes it easy to replicate and debug them. Max Musing , Founder & CEO Highlight weaves together the incredible, varied, and complex interactions of our users into something understandable and actionable. Kai Hess , Founding Product Designer I love Highlight because not only does it help me debug more quickly, but it gives me insight into how customers are actually using our product. Meryl Dakin , Founding Software Engineer Highlight has helped us win over several customers by making it possible for us to provide hands-on support, based on a detailed understanding of what each user was doing. Neil Raina , CTO Highlight helps us catch bugs that would otherwise go undetected and makes it easy to replicate and debug them. Max Musing , Founder & CEO Highlight weaves together the incredible, varied, and complex interactions of our users into something understandable and actionable. Kai Hess , Founding Product Designer I love Highlight because not only does it help me debug more quickly, but it gives me insight into how customers are actually using our product. Meryl Dakin , Founding Software Engineer Highlight has helped us win over several customers by making it possible for us to provide hands-on support, based on a detailed understanding of what each user was doing. Neil Raina , CTO Try Highlight Today Get the visibility you need Get started for free Product Pricing Sign up Features Privacy & Security Customers Session Replay Error Monitoring Logging Competitors LogRocket Hotjar Fullstory Smartlook Inspectlet Datadog Sentry Site24x7 Sprig Mouseflow Pendo Heap LogicMonitor Last9 Axiom Better Stack HyperDX Dash0 Developers Changelog Documentation Ambassadors Frameworks React Next.js Angular Gatsby.js Svelte.js Vue.js Express Golang Next.js Node.js Rails Hono Contact & Legal Terms of Service Privacy Policy Careers sales@highlight.io security@highlight.io [object Object]	2026-01-13T08:48:44
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Got it Close Post 5575 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 0 tags followed No Laying Up Podcast: 1108: Brooks Koepka and the Returning Member Program YouTube Golf YouTube Golf YouTube Golf Follow Jan 13 No Laying Up Podcast: 1108: Brooks Koepka and the Returning Member Program # golf # recommendations Comments Add Comment 1 min read No Laying Up Podcast: 1108: Koepka and the Returning Member Program YouTube Golf YouTube Golf YouTube Golf Follow Jan 13 No Laying Up Podcast: 1108: Koepka and the Returning Member Program # golf # recommendations Comments Add Comment 1 min read Grant Horvat: Can I Beat Bob With 1 Club? (Meltdown) YouTube Golf YouTube Golf YouTube Golf Follow Jan 12 Grant Horvat: Can I Beat Bob With 1 Club? (Meltdown) # golf # videogames # recommendations Comments Add Comment 1 min read Peter Finch Golf: Peter Finch vs Fat Perez (18 Holes Strokeplay) YouTube Golf YouTube Golf YouTube Golf Follow Jan 12 Peter Finch Golf: Peter Finch vs Fat Perez (18 Holes Strokeplay) # golf # recommendations Comments Add Comment 1 min read No Laying Up Podcast: Best Players Without a Major + Weekly Recap \| NLU Pod, Ep 1107 YouTube Golf YouTube Golf YouTube Golf Follow Jan 12 No Laying Up Podcast: Best Players Without a Major + Weekly Recap \| NLU Pod, Ep 1107 # golf # recommendations Comments Add Comment 1 min read Bryson Dechambeau: Hole-outs but they get increasingly longer YouTube Golf YouTube Golf YouTube Golf Follow Jan 12 Bryson Dechambeau: Hole-outs but they get increasingly longer # golf Comments Add Comment 1 min read Danny Maude: To Strike Your Irons Perfect Do This Before Every Swing YouTube Golf YouTube Golf YouTube Golf Follow Jan 10 Danny Maude: To Strike Your Irons Perfect Do This Before Every Swing # golf # lessons # recommendations Comments Add Comment 1 min read Bryson Dechambeau: Hole-outs that get increasingly longer (1-150 yards) YouTube Golf YouTube Golf YouTube Golf Follow Jan 9 Bryson Dechambeau: Hole-outs that get increasingly longer (1-150 yards) # golf Comments Add Comment 1 min read No Laying Up Podcast: Chop Session \| Trap Draw, Ep 377 YouTube Golf YouTube Golf YouTube Golf Follow Jan 8 No Laying Up Podcast: Chop Session \| Trap Draw, Ep 377 # golf # recommendations Comments Add Comment 1 min read Grant Horvat: The #1 Ranked Amateur Golfer in the World! (20-Years Old) YouTube Golf YouTube Golf YouTube Golf Follow Jan 8 Grant Horvat: The #1 Ranked Amateur Golfer in the World! (20-Years Old) # golf # recommendations # offtopic Comments Add Comment 1 min read No Laying Up Podcast: What Happened At Kapalua?\| NLU Pod, Ep 1106 YouTube Golf YouTube Golf YouTube Golf Follow Jan 7 No Laying Up Podcast: What Happened At Kapalua?\| NLU Pod, Ep 1106 # golf Comments Add Comment 1 min read Peter Finch Golf: Peter Finch vs Grant Horvat (Intense Match!) YouTube Golf YouTube Golf YouTube Golf Follow Jan 6 Peter Finch Golf: Peter Finch vs Grant Horvat (Intense Match!) # golf # recommendations Comments Add Comment 1 min read Grant Horvat: The #1 Ranked Amateur Golfer in the World! (Superstar) YouTube Golf YouTube Golf YouTube Golf Follow Jan 6 Grant Horvat: The #1 Ranked Amateur Golfer in the World! (Superstar) # golf # recommendations # lessons Comments Add Comment 1 min read Grant Horvat: Can I Beat the #1 Ranked Amateur Golfer? (Superstar) YouTube Golf YouTube Golf YouTube Golf Follow Jan 5 Grant Horvat: Can I Beat the #1 Ranked Amateur Golfer? (Superstar) # golf # recommendations # lessons Comments Add Comment 1 min read Peter Finch Golf: Peter Finch vs Grant Horvat (18 Holes Matchplay) YouTube Golf YouTube Golf YouTube Golf Follow Jan 5 Peter Finch Golf: Peter Finch vs Grant Horvat (18 Holes Matchplay) # golf # recommendations Comments Add Comment 1 min read Grant Horvat: Can I Beat the #1 Ranked Amateur Golfer? 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Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Golf Forem © 2016 - 2026. Where hackers, sticks, weekend warriors, pros, architects and wannabes come together Log in Create account	2026-01-13T08:48:44
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https://calebporzio.com/a-bunch-of-cool-new-things-in-laravel-livewire	5 New Features In Livewire That I’m Ridiculously Excited About \| Caleb Porzio Caleb Porzio Posts   •   Creations   •   Talks   •   Tweets 5 New Features In Livewire That I’m Ridiculously Excited About Feb 2019 If you haven't been following along, I've been working on a little tool I'm calling Laravel Livewire. The basic idea is allowing developers to stay in PHP land, but write snappy, SPA-feeling front-ends. It's inspired by Phoenix LiveView, and you can catch up by reading my first post . These days I’ve been hard at work on this Livewire project (BTW, I decided to call it “Livewire” instead of “Lightwire”). I’ve developed a handful (or more) features that I think you’ll dig. Here they are: Note: This is OLD content. Some of what I demo may no longer be available in the framework. The docs are the source of truth for the project: https://livewire-framework.com/docs/quickstart/ Before we get started, let me say hey! 1. Testing Livewire components! I’m proud to say Livewire now has some really nice testing features. It supports both Unit testing components AND end-to-end testing (like you would with something like Dusk). This is kind of a huge deal because you get the benefits of being able to run acceptance tests, without the sluggishness and fragility of actual end-to-end testing solutions like Dusk, Cypress, or Selenium. Testing the "Counter" component Testing the "Todos" component 2. Better form validation One shortcoming of the Livewire approach over traditional page reloads, is having to manually wrangle validation errors instead of Laravel automatically handling them for you. This just felt like too much friction to me. So I designed an API that more closely mimics the validation error handling you’re used to in Laravel. Check it out! 3. An alternative to WebSockets! Whaaa? WebSockets are cool and all, but because Livewire relies on them so heavily, it’s my biggest area of concern for the viability of this project. I made a BUNCH of behind the scenes changes to hopefully handle some unfortunate things that might go wrong with your app in production. I think the solutions are pretty clever actually if I do say so myself. 4. HAWT RELOADING!!! What started as me making a file-watcher to restart the livewire server, turned into a kick-ass hot-reloading feature. It’s a better hot-reloading experience than any other I’ve used, to be honest. Give it a chiggidy-check: 5. CSS transitions (just like in VueJs) Livewire feels “snappy”. However, I often like to add CSS transitions, like a “fade”, to elements that appear and disappear so that page interactions don’t feel jarring. Livewire has a new directive called: wire: transition now that allows you to really easily add CSS transitions to elements that come and go. It’s very fun. Closing thoughts Welp, there ya go. A bunch of cool little things I’ve been hacking on over the past week. I’m starting to develop my vision for the tool as I go and I’m pretty happy with where it’s headed. It’s turned out to be quite the undertaking and I’m still nowhere near happy with it. I’ve thought about open-sourcing it soon to get help from the community, but am not sure I want to give up the tight focus I have right now. If enough people are super-duper interested, I'm open to it. If this concept is exciting to you, I’d love any feedback you can give me ( twitter is best). Peace, Caleb My Newsletter I send out an email every so often about cool stuff I'm working on or launching. If you dig, go ahead and sign up!	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x7cQ3mrcKaY	Pete Hunt: React: Rethinking best practices -- JSConf EU - YouTube 정보 보도자료 저작권 문의하기 크리에이터 광고 개발자 약관 개인정보처리방침 정책 및 안전 YouTube 작동의 원리 새로운 기능 테스트하기 © 2026 Google LLC, Sundar Pichai, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View CA 94043, USA, 0807-882-594 (무료), yt-support-solutions-kr@google.com, 호스팅: Google LLC, 사업자정보 , 불법촬영물 신고 크리에이터들이 유튜브 상에 게시, 태그 또는 추천한 상품들은 판매자들의 약관에 따라 판매됩니다. 유튜브는 이러한 제품들을 판매하지 않으며, 그에 대한 책임을 지지 않습니다. var ytInitialData = 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https://www.pocketgamer.com/hardware-reviews/boox-note-max/	Boox Note Max review - "Top-notch productivity and gaming without the eye strain" \| Pocket Gamer Our Network Arrow Down PocketGamer.com AppSpy.com 148Apps.com PocketGamer.fr PocketGamer.biz PCGamesInsider.biz The Sims News PocketGamer.fun BlockchainGamer.biz PG Connects BigIndiePitch.com MobileGamesAwards.com U.GG Icy Veins The Sims Resource Fantasy Football Scout GameKnot Addicting Games Arcade Cloud EV.IO Menu PocketGamer.com Facebook X YouTube RSS Search Search Hardware Reviews Boox Note Max review - "Top-notch productivity and gaming without the eye strain" By Catherine Dellosa \| Jan 2 Android By Catherine Dellosa \| Jan 2 Android Twitter Facebook Reddit The Boox Note Max features a huge e-ink screen with flicker-free features Productivity and gaming performance are on point Needs a great deal of customisation with a steep learning curve Whether it's simply because of the inevitable passing of time or the years of playing games into the wee hours of the night, my eyesight just isn't what it used to be - and that's coming from someone who's already had fancy laser eye surgery after suffering from severe nearsightedness (or high myopia, if you want to be fancy about it) since kindergarten.  So I suppose it comes as no surprise that I'm always trying to look for ways to give my often neglected eyes some well-deserved TLC, but even with that, I'm a total latecomer to the world of e-ink devices. If it hadn't been for the Boox Palma 2 , I never would've known what it's like to give my eyes a break - and with the Boox Note Max this time around, that's never been more evident. Table of contents: Boox Note Max design and hardware Experience and performance What's the verdict? Boox Note Max design and hardware Of course, I've also been wearing Gunnar's handy anti-blue light glasses to help with the eye strain (I'm working on a new review on that coming soon, too), but with my issues with the wired frames digging into my temples, it's not the most feasible solution for long hours. Thankfully, a device that does away with blue light altogether solves that, and with a 13.3'' monochrome e-ink tablet, the size of the screen is a pro rather than a con in that aspect. Given the nature of e-ink technology, there's no migraine-inducing glare to struggle with here - the screen is, essentially, like paper, and I absolutely love how muted the world feels because of it. Even right out of the box, it already looks and feels gorgeously premium at a mere 4.6mm thickness, and while it weighs in at 615g, I think it's still quite reasonable given its sturdy build and size. And it truly is a sizable beast, to be honest. I was pleasantly surprised at how big the screen actually is when I slipped it oh-so-carefully out of its packaging, which is a beauty in itself, by the way. There's a magnetic flip case and a stylus too, along with a magnetic keyboard attachment, which honestly elevates its productivity to a whole new level - so much so that it can fully replace my clunky laptop for most of my day-to-day tasks. Experience and performance If that comes as a bit of a surprise to you, you're probably not alone - who would be mad enough, after all, to use an e-ink tablet as a work laptop or - heaven forbid - a gaming device (turns out to be me, apparently)? But I kid you not: once you've gone e-ink, you can't go back - at least, if your eye strain is as bad as mine.  Here's the thing - at 6GB + 128GB, the Boox Note Max can pretty much do most administrative tasks without a hitch, and because of its screen, the 3700mAh battery can chug along well enough to carry you through without having to juice it up every now and then. That alone makes portability an absolute breeze despite its size, and with it running on Android 13 with Google Play pre-installed, the possibilities are endless. The first thing I did, though, was to go full chaos agent and install a bunch of games onto the tab, and unsurprisingly, I was able to enjoy the feel-good vibes of Cats & Soup fully. I've said it before with the Palma 2, but it bears repeating - the absence of colour makes everything softer, gentler, and cosier, which is precisely what these kinds of genres are for. I found that the hand-drawn visuals of When the Past Was Around were more evocative this way, as well as the chill brews of Good Coffee, Great Coffee. Don't make the mistake of trying to play Dadish 4 here, though - anything that moves the screen around too much will leave you with the ghosts of clicks past, which is probably my only main gripe with e-ink tech. What's The Verdict? Ah, ghosting - the product of poor refresh rates and the price you have to pay for getting rid of all the nasty flickering. The thing is, you do have to get into this expecting the ghosting to happen - you can't have the best of both worlds here, so you either prioritise the refreshes or deal with the ghosts that linger long after you've made that last tap. The thing is, Boox offers a useful workaround depending on your use case with the EinkWise feature, where you can customise colour modes and DPIs to your liking for every individual app. That's a great deal of control right there, as I've set mine to offer different views for Google Drive, Chrome, and games painstakingly so I can get the most out of my device. The problem is that not everyone's going to be patient enough to customise all the sliders for every single app, which makes for an incredibly steep learning curve. Leaving everything to their default settings might make you want to chuck your device out the window in frustration, because without proper personalisation, you'll find that the Boox Note Max might not be worth its hefty price tag of $599.99. I suppose that's the main problem with e-ink - it's certainly not for everyone, and you'll really have to fiddle with a whole mess of bits and bobs just to get everything working the way it should. It definitely takes some getting used to, even with the bit of delay you get when typing with the keyboard accessory.  Monument Valley 3: The Garden of Life review - "More puzzles, interesting story" Plus, there's no front light here, so, just like you would with paper, you need to be working or gaming under good lighting conditions to even see what the heck you're doing. That's vastly different from the Palma 2, which does have adjustable front lighting, so if you're looking to give this e-ink tech a go, you'd best be prepared to go all in. In the end, there's not much I can criticise about the Boox Note Max, but that's simply because I've already found what I want to do with it, and I'm willing to tinker around with its many, many, many settings to maximise its usefulness for me. I've also already had the Palma 2 as a bit of an introductory gadget to ease me into the world of e-ink, so I'd say grab the Note Max if you're in a similar boat. If you're a total beginner and simply don't have the patience to figure out complicated settings and whatnot, this might not be the investment for you. But if you're willing to see just how you can keep your eyes safe while playing a very specific genre of mobile adventures, then this is an absolute must-have - your eyes deserve it, after all. Boox Note Max review - "Top-notch productivity and gaming without the eye strain" The Boox Note Max is a banger of a tablet that offers comfortable e-ink tech with full productivity options and fantastic gaming performance for a specific genre. The steep learning curve and price might be turn-offs, though, so think long and hard about whether or not you're willing to go through a paradigm shift before committing to the investment. Catherine Dellosa Twitter Instagram Catherine plays video games for a living and writes because she’s in love with words. Her Young Adult contemporary novel, For The Win: The Not-So-Epic Quest Of A Non-Playable Character, is her third book published by Penguin Random House SEA - a poignant love letter to gamer geeks, mythological creatures, teenage heartbreak, and everything in between. She one day hopes to soar the skies as a superhero, but for now, she strongly believes in saving lives through her works in fiction. Check out her books at bit.ly/catherinedellosabooks, or follow her on FB/IG/Twitter at @thenoobwife. Next Up : Gunnar Cruz, Spider-Man Miles Morales Edition glasses review - "Made for teens, but oddly perfect for me" Related Status Audio Pro X review - "Great sound quality and noise cancelling" iOS + Android Gunnar Cruz, Spider-Man Miles Morales Edition glasses review - "Made for teens, but oddly perfect for me" Gunnar Roswell Alienware Glasses review - "Futuristic statement piece" The Grinch Plush Wireless Headphones review - "They sure are comfortable" Santa Jack Skellington Cable Guys review - "Large and well themed" Sign up! Get Pocket Gamer tips, news & features in your inbox Daily Updates Weekly Updates Your sign up will be strictly used in accordance with our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Get social! Facebook X YouTube RSS	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://highlight.io/for/hono	highlight.io: The open source monitoring platform. Star us on GitHub Star Product Integrations Pricing Resources Docs Sign in Sign up Your browser does not support the video tag. Your browser does not support the video tag. The Hono monitoring toolkit you've been waiting for. What if monitoring your Hono app was as easy as deploying it? With session replay and error monitoring, Highlight's got you covered. Get started Live demo Session Replay Investigate hard-to-crack bugs by playing through issues in a youtube-like UI. With access to requests, console logs and more! Error Monitoring Continuously monitor errors and exceptions in your Hono application, all the way from your frontend to your backend. Performance Metrics Monitor and set alerts for important performance metrics in Hono like Web Vitals, Request latency, and much more! Highlight for Hono Get started in your Hono app today. Get started for free Live demo Backend import { highlightMiddleware } from '@highlight-run/hono' const app = new Hono() app.use('*', highlightMiddleware()) Reproduce issues with high-fidelity session replay. With our pixel-perfect replays of your Hono app, you'll get to the bottom of issues in no time and better understand how your app is being used. Read our docs Get a ping when exceptions or errors are thrown. Our alerting infrastructure can take abnormal metrics or errors raised in your Hono app and notify your engineering team over Slack, Discord, and more! Read our docs Monitor the metrics that keep your customers around. Highlight allows you to track performance, request timings, and several other metrics in your Hono application. Read our docs Our customers Highlight powers forward-thinking companies. More about our customers → Don't take our word. What our customers have to say → Highlight helps us catch bugs that would otherwise go undetected and makes it easy to replicate and debug them. Max Musing , Founder & CEO Highlight weaves together the incredible, varied, and complex interactions of our users into something understandable and actionable. Kai Hess , Founding Product Designer I love Highlight because not only does it help me debug more quickly, but it gives me insight into how customers are actually using our product. Meryl Dakin , Founding Software Engineer Highlight has helped us win over several customers by making it possible for us to provide hands-on support, based on a detailed understanding of what each user was doing. Neil Raina , CTO Highlight helps us catch bugs that would otherwise go undetected and makes it easy to replicate and debug them. Max Musing , Founder & CEO Highlight weaves together the incredible, varied, and complex interactions of our users into something understandable and actionable. Kai Hess , Founding Product Designer I love Highlight because not only does it help me debug more quickly, but it gives me insight into how customers are actually using our product. Meryl Dakin , Founding Software Engineer Highlight has helped us win over several customers by making it possible for us to provide hands-on support, based on a detailed understanding of what each user was doing. Neil Raina , CTO Try Highlight Today Get the visibility you need Get started for free Product Pricing Sign up Features Privacy & Security Customers Session Replay Error Monitoring Logging Competitors LogRocket Hotjar Fullstory Smartlook Inspectlet Datadog Sentry Site24x7 Sprig Mouseflow Pendo Heap LogicMonitor Last9 Axiom Better Stack HyperDX Dash0 Developers Changelog Documentation Ambassadors Frameworks React Next.js Angular Gatsby.js Svelte.js Vue.js Express Golang Next.js Node.js Rails Hono Contact & Legal Terms of Service Privacy Policy Careers sales@highlight.io security@highlight.io [object Object]	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://docs.devcycle.com/platform/feature-flags/variables-and-variations/variables	Variables \| DevCycle Docs Skip to main content Home SDKs APIs Management API Bucketing API Integrations CLI / MCP Best Practices Community Blog Discord Search Sign Up Home Getting Started Essentials DevCycle Overview Key Features System Architecture Feature Hierarchy Feature Types Platform Feature Flags Features Variables and Variations Variables Variations Variable Defaults Feature Flag Reach Targeting Status and Lifecycle Stale Feature Notifications Experimentation Account Management Security and Guardrails Testing and QA Extras Examples Platform Feature Flags Variables and Variations Variables On this page Variables Variables are the elements that can change within a Feature. For example, if you have a Feature that controls a new UI element, a Variable could be the color of that element. By default, upon creation of a Feature, a Boolean Variable will be created which has the same name as the Feature's key for easier reference. Already understand the Variable essentials? Be sure to check out our advanced Variable documentation which covers topics like: Variable Schemas Managing Variables To view the Variables and Variations within a Feature, navigate to the 'Variables' section on a Feature page sidebar. This will lead the user to a table containing all of the Variables used by this Feature and all of their values across all Variations: Each Feature manages its own set of Variables. By default, upon creation of a Feature, a Boolean Variable will be created which has the same name as the Feature's key for easier reference. On the Feature page, there are indicators for each Variable that inform you of the following: if a Variable has been seen in code (if Code References have been enabled) if evaluations have been seen info For insights into why a particular value was returned, check out Evaluation Reasons . These indicators are helpful when setting up Features. They help to confirm proper setup, and aid in Variable cleanup once a Feature has completed it's lifecycle . Hover over these indicators for more detail about a Variable's code references & evaluation information. Depending on the Feature type, the default Variations will be pre-set. For example, the most common Feature type is a Release Flag, and it will have two Variations - "Variation OFF" and "Variation ON", with the boolean Variable being set to false and true, respectively. info For more information on Variations please visit the Variations section of the documentation. Global Variables Dashboard You can also view Variables through the Variables dashboard, a collection of all Variables used within a Project on a single list. In more complex or longer running Projects, the Variables dashboard is useful to quickly find exactly what Feature is controlling a Variable (if any). To navigate to this page, use the Variables button on DevCycle dashboard's top bar, which will lead you to the Variables list which will show: Variable Name The name given to the Variable upon its creation Feature The name of the Feature that is currently managing a Variable. Note that Variables can only be managed by a single Feature at a time. If you wish to change what Feature is managing a Variable, first remove that Variable from a Feature as outlined in Creating Variables and Variations . If the Variable is NOT being managed by a Feature, this column will note the lack of Feature. Click on a Feature name to navigate directly to the Feature managing this Variable Type The type of the Feature flag. This type can one of: Boolean, JSON, Number, Boolean, or String. Created At The time this Variable was first created. Variable Details To access Variable details, click "View Info" on the Variables list page for your Desired Variable. This page contains two sections: Section Description Variable Info This section allows for the modification of the display name of the Variable, as well as the ability to provide a more detailed description of the Variable. Code References The Code References section is a collection of all of the areas within your codebase this Variable is actually being referenced, with a link out to the exact location within your GitHub codebase. info To use the Code Refs feature, the DevCycle action for Code References must be enabled within your repository. Creating a New Variable A user can add as many Variables as they desire by simply clicking the "Add Variable" button. Give your new Variable a key , a type , and its values for each of the current Variations. The unique Variable key is used to reference the Variable in code. Variables cannot be used in multiple existing Features, so their keys must be unique. The Variable Type helps enforce consistent usage across the team to avoid type mismatches in different use cases. Variables may be the following types: Boolean String Number JSON The Variable Values for each Variation will be what the Variable's value will be in SDK and API responses if a targeting rule is targeting those specific Variations. caution For JSON Variables, the only allowable Values are JSON objects with key-value pairs. Updating a Variable DevCycle allows users to edit the Variable Type of existing Variables. We understand the importance of type-safety in Variable management in addition to having flexibility when creating & editing Variables. As such, editing unassociated Variable versus associated Variables differs slightly so you have as much context as possible on the ramifications of changing a Variable type & its impact on your code. Unassociated Variables To edit an unassociated Variable, navigate to the Variable Details page of the Variable you want to edit and select the new type from the dropdown. Associated Variables If a Variable is currently associated with a Feature, changes to the Variable Type must be done on the associated Feature page. Once on the Feature page, click on the edit icon next to the Variable key and select a new Variable Type from the dropdown and click Update. caution Be cautious when editing Variable types as any code that is evaluating this Variable must also be updated to expect the new type. A mismatch in Variable types between the dashboard and your code will result in your code always returning the default value. Removing a Variable To remove a Variable from a Feature, simply click on the edit icon next to the Variable key and select the option to remove the Variable from the Variable edit modal. Removing a Variable from this page does not completely remove the Variable from DevCycle. The Variable will still be visible in the Variable Dashboard , but it will not be associated with any Features. Taking this action will cause all references to the Variable in any code usage to default only to the default value used in your codebase. info To fully delete a Variable you must do so via our Management API . Archiving a Variable Archiving Variables is a good way to clean up the DevCycle dashboard and ensure that it is easy to understand which Variables are available for use and which should no longer be leveraged going forward. To archive a Variable it must also be removed from any active Features . Variables can be archived and removed from a Feature at the same time. When you've selected to remove the Variable, the confirmation modal will also provide the option to archive the Variable. If a Variable is not archived when it is removed from a Feature, it will remain active, but it won't be associated with any Features, and the default value will be delivered whenever the Variable is evaluated in code. If you are archiving a Variable from the Variable list or Variable details page, the Variable must be in this unassociated state. When archiving a Variable from the Variable list or details page you will need to confirm your desire to archive by entering the Variable's key in the archive confirmation modal. Once archived, Variables can still be viewed by toggling the Variable status filter to either All or Archived Variables on the Variable list page. From here, Variables can also be unarchived if desired. Re-associating a Variable DevCycle has the ability to re-use existing Variables and re-associate them to different Features. In the Variable Key input field, a drop down will display all unassociated, unarchived Variables that can be re-associated to your Feature while also providing you the option to add a net new Variable. If you select an existing, unassociated Variable from the dropdown, the Variable type will be populated with the type of the selected Variable and cannot be changed. If you input a Variable key that matches an existing archived Variable, the error below will appear, as you must first unarchive the Variable. To use it, click the hyperlinked " Variable " text, and you'll be directed to the archived Variable page where you can unarchive it. info If you want to move a Variable between Features, you must first remove it from the previous Feature, making it unassociated. Cleaning up Variables DevCycle will display the option to either keep or archive a Variable once a Feature has been Completed : Keep: Marks the Variable as permanent, indicating that the it should be kept active. DevCycle will not prompt you toward archiving or removing the Variable from your code, and the Variable will always serve the configured value. Archive (Cleanup): Cleanup the Variable by removing (un-associating) the Variable from the Feature and archiving it. The intention is that the Variable is no longer needed and it has been removed from the codebase. With code references, Variables will also be marked as deprecated in code if it was not made permanent. A Feature can revert is "completed" status at any time, and Variables can be un-archived or re-associated as needed. Learn more about Feature cleanup on the Feature Status and Lifecycle page. Edit this page Last updated on Jan 9, 2026 Previous Features Next Variations Managing Variables Creating a New Variable Updating a Variable Removing a Variable Archiving a Variable Re-associating a Variable Cleaning up Variables DevCycle Dashboard Blog Privacy Policy Twitter Discord GitHub Copyright © 2026 DevCycle. All rights reserved.	2026-01-13T08:48:44
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With a simple drag-and-drop interface, built-in ecommerce and blogging tools, and mobile-ready templates, Articulation helps you go from domain to done in no time. Whether you're starting a blog, launching a store, or building your brand's online presence, Articulation makes it straightforward, flexible, and easy to do at any technical skill level! Standard Plans Choose the plan that's right for you!. Starter Monthly The basics you need to establish your online presence. FREE 15 day trial then $6.00 month   Add to Cart Includes: Drag & drop builder Unlimited pages Free SSL Basic storefront Up to 10 products Integrated with Stripe Pro Monthly Best for multi-page sites and small ecommerce stores. FREE 15 day trial then $12.00 month   Add to Cart Includes: Drag & drop builder Unlimited pages Free SSL Basic storefront Up to 25 products Integrated with Stripe Header slideshow Site search Performance Monthly Fully integrated eCommerce and all available features. FREE 15 day trial then $26.00 month   Add to Cart Includes: Drag & drop builder Unlimited pages Free SSL Basic storefront Unlimited products Integrated with Stripe Header slideshow Site search Memberships Most popular! Starter Yearly The basics you need to establish your online presence. FREE 15 day trial then $60.00 year   Add to Cart Includes: Drag & drop builder Unlimited pages Free SSL Basic storefront Up to 10 products Integrated with Stripe Pro Yearly Best for multi-page sites and small ecommerce stores. FREE 15 day trial then $120.00 year   Add to Cart Includes: Drag & drop builder Unlimited pages Free SSL Basic storefront Up to 25 products Integrated with Stripe Header slideshow Site search Performance Yearly Fully integrated eCommerce and all available features. FREE 15 day trial then $260.00 year   Add to Cart Includes: Drag & drop builder Unlimited pages Free SSL Basic storefront Unlimited products Integrated with Stripe Header slideshow Site search Memberships The Fine print: Please note that while we want you to be able to host everything you need to make your website a success, this is a shared hosting environment and resource usage must be within reason. Disk space and bandwidth is meant for files needed for your website; not for archives, personal storage, backups, unrelated files, etc. Do not host your latest and greatest crypto mining / minting scheme on our hosting platforms, chances are that it will get blocked. Caveats: * For plans that include SSH you must first pass a basic security screening before being granted access. Cancel × × Choose A Domain READ ME: If you continue, your nameservers will be updated to our defaults and any conflicting DNS records will be deleted and replaced. Cancel Submit Cloud WordPress with AI Website Builder You found the silver lining! Porkbun’s Cloud WordPress hosting powered by WP Cloud is easy to use, fast, reliable, and built by the same folks behind WordPress.com. That means faster load times, better uptime, and no headaches. Whether you're running a blog, small business site, or a full-blown content hub, our Cloud WordPress hosting helps keep things fast, smooth, and secure. Plus, every plan now includes access to our free AI-powered website builder that helps you launch a professional site in minutes. Standard Plans Choose the plan that's right for you!. Starter Monthly FREE 15 day trial then $12.00 month   Add to Cart Includes: AI website builder 10G disk space 2 dedicated PHP processes burstable PHP processes Most popular! Starter Yearly FREE 15 day trial then $120.00 save 75% $30.00 first year sale! Renews at $120.00 / year Add to Cart Includes: AI website builder 10G disk space 2 dedicated PHP processes burstable PHP processes Pro Monthly FREE 15 day trial then $24.00 month   Add to Cart Includes: AI website builder 20G disk space 5 dedicated PHP processes burstable PHP processes Pro Yearly FREE 15 day trial then $240.00 save 75% $60.00 first year sale! Renews at $240.00 / year Add to Cart Includes: AI website builder 20G disk space 5 dedicated PHP processes burstable PHP processes Business Monthly FREE 15 day trial then $36.00 month   Add to Cart Includes: AI website builder 40G disk space 10 dedicated PHP processes burstable PHP processes Business Yearly FREE 15 day trial then $360.00 save 75% $90.00 first year sale! Renews at $360.00 / year Add to Cart Includes: AI website builder 40G disk space 10 dedicated PHP processes burstable PHP processes Included with all paid plans   Powered by WP Cloud   Free AI Website Builder   High Availability with Automated Scaling   DDoS Protection   Built-in CDN   Unmetered Bandwidth   Free SSL Certificate   WordPress Performance Enhancements   Hundreds of Available Themes   Automatic Updates   Automatic Backups   Extra Security   Easily Switch Between Plans The Fine print: Please note that while we want you to be able to host everything you need to make your website a success, this is a shared hosting environment and resource usage must be within reason. Disk space and bandwidth is meant for files needed for your website; not for archives, personal storage, backups, unrelated files, etc. Do not host your latest and greatest crypto mining / minting scheme on our hosting platforms, chances are that it will get blocked. Caveats: * For plans that include SSH you must first pass a basic security screening before being granted access. Cancel × × Choose A Domain READ ME: If you continue, your nameservers will be updated to our defaults and any conflicting DNS records will be deleted and replaced. Cancel Submit Easy WordPress A third of the web uses WordPress, from hobby blogs to the biggest news sites online. We've built a dedicated WordPress hosting environment from the ground up, with security and performance as our number one priority. If you want WordPress, you want Easy WordPress. Standard Plans Choose the plan that's right for you!. The Fine print: Please note that while we want you to be able to host everything you need to make your website a success, this is a shared hosting environment and resource usage must be within reason. Disk space and bandwidth is meant for files needed for your website; not for archives, personal storage, backups, unrelated files, etc. Do not host your latest and greatest crypto mining / minting scheme on our hosting platforms, chances are that it will get blocked. Caveats: * For plans that include SSH you must first pass a basic security screening before being granted access. Blocked Plugins and minimum versions: Below is a list of currently blocked plugins. Installing plugins on this list or below their minimum allowed version will result in their automatic removal. wp-statistics:-1 6scan-backup:-1 6scan-protection:-1 adminer:-1 adsense-click-fraud-monitoring:-1 async-google-analytics:-1 backup:-1 backup-scheduler:-1 backupwordpress:-1 backwpup:-1 bad-behavior:-1 broken-link-checker:-1 clef:-1 content-molecules:-1 contextual-related-posts:-1 dynamic-related-posts:-1 ezpz-one-click-backup:-1 file-commander:-1 fuzzy-seo-booster:-1 gd-system-plugin:-1 gd-system-plugin.php:-1 google-sitemap-generator:-1 google-xml-sitemaps-with-multisite-support:-1 hc-custom-wp-admin-url:-1 hcs.php:-1 hello-dolly:-1 hello.php:-1 jr-referrer:-1 jumpple:-1 missed-schedule:-1 no-revisions:-1 ozh-who-sees-ads:-1 p3-profiler:-1 pipdig-power-pack:-1 portable-phpmyadmin:-1 recommend-a-friend:-1 referrer-wp:-1 seo-alrp:-1 sgcachepress:-1 si-captcha-for-wordpress:-1 similar-posts:-1 spamreferrerblock:-1 ssclassic:-1 sspro:-1 statpress:-1 super-post:-1 superslider:-1 sweetcaptcha-revolutionary-free-captcha-service:-1 synthesis:-1 text-passwords:-1 the-codetree-backup:-1 toolspack:-1 tweet-blender:-1 updraft:-1 versionpress:-1 wordpress-beta-tester:-1 wordpress-gzip-compression:-1 wordpress-popular-posts:-1 wp-copysafe-pdf:-1 wp-copysafe-web:-1 wp-database-optimizer:-1 wp-db-backup:-1 wp-dbmanager:-1 wpengine-common:-1 wpengine-migrate:-1 wpengine-migrate.tar.gz:-1 wpengine-migrate.zip:-1 wp-engine-snapshot:-1 wpengine-snapshot:-1 wpengine-snapshot.tar.gz:-1 wp-file-cache:-1 wponlinebackup:-1 wp-phpmyadmin:-1 wp-phpmyadmin-extension:-1 wp-postviews:-1 wp-power-stats:-1 wp-slimstat:-1 wp-symposium-alerts:-1 yet-another-featured-posts-plugin:-1 yet-another-related-posts-plugin:-1 wp-downgrade:-1 downgrade:-1 Cancel × × Choose A Domain READ ME: If you continue, your nameservers will be updated to our defaults and any conflicting DNS records will be deleted and replaced. Cancel Submit Static Hosting Don't worry, it won't zap you. If you need to host static content such as HTML, CSS, JS, etc; our blazing fast static hosting service is a perfect affordable solution for your needs. Static hosting is great for simple websites, content that changes infrequently, or custom built HTML sites. You can also connect your static hosting account to a GitHub repo for automated updates! Standard Plans Choose the plan that's right for you!. Starter Monthly FREE 15 day trial then $3.00 month   Add to Cart Includes: 2GB disk space 10 subdomains Most popular! Starter Yearly FREE 15 day trial then $30.00 year   Add to Cart Includes: 2GB disk space 10 subdomains Pro Monthly FREE 15 day trial then $6.00 month   Add to Cart Includes: 5GB disk space 20 subdomains Pro Yearly FREE 15 day trial then $60.00 year   Add to Cart Includes: 5GB disk space 20 subdomains Included with all paid plans   Unmetered Bandwidth   Free SSL certificate   FTP Access   Static Hosting Performance Enhancements   File Browser and Editor   GitHub Connect   Global URL Rewrite   Easily Switch Between Plans The Fine print: Please note that while we want you to be able to host everything you need to make your website a success, this is a shared hosting environment and resource usage must be within reason. Disk space and bandwidth is meant for files needed for your website; not for archives, personal storage, backups, unrelated files, etc. Do not host your latest and greatest crypto mining / minting scheme on our hosting platforms, chances are that it will get blocked. Caveats: * For plans that include SSH you must first pass a basic security screening before being granted access. Cancel × × Choose A Domain READ ME: If you continue, your nameservers will be updated to our defaults and any conflicting DNS records will be deleted and replaced. Cancel Submit Secure Static Hosting Don't worry, it won't zap you. If you need to host static content such as HTML, CSS, JS, etc; our blazing fast static hosting service is a perfect affordable solution for your needs. Static hosting is great for simple websites, content that changes infrequently, or custom built HTML sites. You can also connect your static hosting account to a GitHub repo for automated updates! Standard Plans Choose the plan that's right for you!. Starter Monthly FREE 15 day trial then $3.00 month   Add to Cart Includes: 2GB disk space 10 subdomains Most popular! Starter Yearly FREE 15 day trial then $30.00 year   Add to Cart Includes: 2GB disk space 10 subdomains Pro Monthly FREE 15 day trial then $6.00 month   Add to Cart Includes: 5GB disk space 20 subdomains Pro Yearly FREE 15 day trial then $60.00 year   Add to Cart Includes: 5GB disk space 20 subdomains Included with all paid plans   Unmetered Bandwidth   Free SSL certificate   FTP Access   Static Hosting Performance Enhancements   File Browser and Editor   GitHub Connect   Global URL Rewrite   Easily Switch Between Plans The Fine print: Please note that while we want you to be able to host everything you need to make your website a success, this is a shared hosting environment and resource usage must be within reason. Disk space and bandwidth is meant for files needed for your website; not for archives, personal storage, backups, unrelated files, etc. Do not host your latest and greatest crypto mining / minting scheme on our hosting platforms, chances are that it will get blocked. Caveats: * For plans that include SSH you must first pass a basic security screening before being granted access. Cancel × × Choose A Domain READ ME: If you continue, your nameservers will be updated to our defaults and any conflicting DNS records will be deleted and replaced. Cancel Submit Easy Builder Easy builder is a simple one page site builder with build in AI content generation. You can quickly and easily get a simple site for your small business or personal use up and running with minimal effort. Standard Plans Choose the plan that's right for you!. Included with all paid plans   Unmetered Bandwidth   Generate Content Via AI   Free SSL Certificate   Static Hosting Performance Enhancements   Easily Switch Between Plans The Fine print: Please note that while we want you to be able to host everything you need to make your website a success, this is a shared hosting environment and resource usage must be within reason. Disk space and bandwidth is meant for files needed for your website; not for archives, personal storage, backups, unrelated files, etc. Do not host your latest and greatest crypto mining / minting scheme on our hosting platforms, chances are that it will get blocked. Caveats: * For plans that include SSH you must first pass a basic security screening before being granted access. Cancel × × Choose A Domain READ ME: If you continue, your nameservers will be updated to our defaults and any conflicting DNS records will be deleted and replaced. Cancel Submit cPanel Hosting Take control of your web hosting. Porkbun shared cPanel hosting is an affordable option for almost any website. Get up and running in no time with fast storage, unmetered bandwidth, and quick installs of popular apps. Looking for WordPress hosting? We recommend our Cloud WordPress hosting powered by WP Cloud . Standard Plans Choose the plan that's right for you!. cPanel Monthly - 1 Site $9.00 month   Add to Cart Includes: 25GB disk space 1 websites cPanel Yearly - 1 Site $90.00 year   Add to Cart Includes: 25GB disk space 1 websites cPanel Monthly - 10 Sites $12.00 month   Add to Cart Includes: 50GB disk space 10 websites Most popular! cPanel Yearly - 10 Sites $120.00 year   Add to Cart Includes: 50GB disk space 10 websites cPanel Monthly - 25 Sites $17.00 month   Add to Cart Includes: 75GB disk space 25 websites cPanel Yearly - 25 Sites $170.00 year   Add to Cart Includes: 75GB disk space 25 websites cPanel Monthly - 50 Sites $24.00 month   Add to Cart Includes: 100GB disk space 50 websites cPanel Yearly - 50 Sites $240.00 year   Add to Cart Includes: 100GB disk space 50 websites Included with all paid plans   Unmetered Bandwidth   Ample SSD Disk Space   FTP Access   PHP   MySQL   Free SSL certificate   Softaculous Auto Installer The Fine print: Please note that while we want you to be able to host everything you need to make your website a success, this is a shared hosting environment and resource usage must be within reason. Disk space and bandwidth is meant for files needed for your website; not for archives, personal storage, backups, unrelated files, etc. Do not host your latest and greatest crypto mining / minting scheme on our hosting platforms, chances are that it will get blocked. Caveats: * For plans that include SSH you must first pass a basic security screening before being granted access. Cancel × × Choose A Domain READ ME: If you continue, your nameservers will be updated to our defaults and any conflicting DNS records will be deleted and replaced. Cancel Submit Easy PHP <? echo($funnyQuip); ?> Our dedicated PHP hosting gives you all of the tools you need to create secure and high performing custom PHP sites. Easily select between supported PHP versions, securely upload your files via SFTP, and store data in a MySQL database. SSH access is also available after passing a security screening. Standard Plans Choose the plan that's right for you!. Starter Monthly FREE 15 day trial then $12.00 month   Add to Cart Includes: 10GB disk space 10 subdomains 5 dedicated PHP processes 64M default memory limit 128M max memory limit Most popular! Starter Yearly FREE 15 day trial then $120.00 save 50% $60.00 first year sale! Renews at $120.00 / year Add to Cart Includes: 10GB disk space 10 subdomains 5 dedicated PHP processes 64M default memory limit 128M max memory limit Pro Monthly FREE 15 day trial then $24.00 month   Add to Cart Includes: 20GB disk space 20 subdomains 10 dedicated PHP processes 64M default memory limit 256M max memory limit Pro Yearly FREE 15 day trial then $240.00 save 25% $180.00 first year sale! Renews at $240.00 / year Add to Cart Includes: 20GB disk space 20 subdomains 10 dedicated PHP processes 64M default memory limit 256M max memory limit Included with all paid plans   PHP Versions 7.4 and 8.0   Unmetered Bandwidth   Free SSL Certificate   Performance Enhancements   SFTP Access   SSH Access Available *   MySQL Database   Extra Security   Easily Switch Between Plans The Fine print: Please note that while we want you to be able to host everything you need to make your website a success, this is a shared hosting environment and resource usage must be within reason. Disk space and bandwidth is meant for files needed for your website; not for archives, personal storage, backups, unrelated files, etc. Do not host your latest and greatest crypto mining / minting scheme on our hosting platforms, chances are that it will get blocked. Caveats: * For plans that include SSH you must first pass a basic security screening before being granted access. Cancel × × Choose A Domain READ ME: If you continue, your nameservers will be updated to our defaults and any conflicting DNS records will be deleted and replaced. Cancel Submit Link In Bio One link to rule them all... Need to quickly and easily provide a bunch of links for your social media bio? Look no further, Link In Bio is the perfect tool to do just that on your own domain name. Standard Plans Choose the plan that's right for you!. Monthly FREE 15 day trial then $3.00 month   Add to Cart Includes: Hosted on domain attachment 1000 link limit Best value Yearly FREE 15 day trial then $30.00 year   Add to Cart Includes: Hosted on domain attachment 1000 link limit Included with all paid plans   Create Tons of Links   Unmetered Bandwidth   Free SSL Certificate   Custom Themes and Colors   Mailing List Integration   Hosted on Your Own Domain   Custom Link In Bio URL   Analytics Integrations Including Google, Facebook and Twitter   Embed Spotify, Youtube and More   Sensitive Content Warning or Age Requirements   Password Protected Links   Much Much More The Fine print: Please note that while we want you to be able to host everything you need to make your website a success, this is a shared hosting environment and resource usage must be within reason. Disk space and bandwidth is meant for files needed for your website; not for archives, personal storage, backups, unrelated files, etc. Do not host your latest and greatest crypto mining / minting scheme on our hosting platforms, chances are that it will get blocked. Caveats: * For plans that include SSH you must first pass a basic security screening before being granted access. Cancel × So you want to be upsold? Here are some deals that may or may not be great. They probably are though. Close Your Cart Uh oh! Your cart is empty. You should search for domains and fill it up :) bulk search Uh oh! Domain List TLD Selection Enter one domain per line in the box above. You can search for a maximum of 100 domains at a time. Enter a single SLD in the box above and select the TLDs to search below. 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AI Search \| Auction Search \| Marketplace Search × Modal Title Close Close × Modal Title Close porkbun Porkbun is an amazingly awesome ICANN accredited domain name registrar based out of the Pacific Northwest. We're different, we're easy, and we're affordable. Use us, you won't be sorry. If you don't use us we'll be sad, but we'll still love you. Get Pork-Puns In Your Inbox Stay in the loop on all things Porkbun by signing up for our newsletter! 21370 SW Langer Farms Parkway, Suite 142-429 Sherwood, OR 97140, US If you're looking for support, you might be able to answer your own question using our Knowledge Base . Support Hours Impacted From January 3rd to January 11th we will be holding our annual company summit which will impact live and after hours support. Our goal is to provide you with an excellent domain registration experience and support and we all appreciate your patience as the whole company works together to make Porkbun even better. Thank you. 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https://support.google.com/chrome/answer/95464	Browse in Incognito mode - Computer - Google Chrome Help Skip to main content Google Chrome Help Sign in Google Help Help Center Community Google Chrome Privacy Policy Terms of Service Submit feedback Send feedback on... This help content & information General Help Center experience Next Help Center Community Google Chrome Browse in Incognito mode You can browse the web more privately in Incognito mode. Incognito limits what’s saved to your device When you’re browsing in Incognito, Chrome limits the information that’s saved to your device. This can be useful, for example, when you're using a shared computer or shopping for a gift. When you open an Incognito window, Chrome starts a separate browsing session. Your Incognito session ends when you close all Incognito windows. When you browse in Incognito: Chrome doesn’t automatically sign you into your Google Account or other websites: This won’t change how data is collected by the websites you visit and the services they use, including Google. Sites may still be able to gather information about you even when you’re not signed in. After your Incognito session ends, Chrome doesn't retain site data or a record of the sites you visited : During your Incognito session, Chrome temporarily keeps some information, like cookies and site data, to help websites work and support navigation. This information is removed when the Incognito session ends. Chrome retains bookmarks that you save and files that you download when you exit Incognito: Bookmarks you add and reading list items you save will be available in your regular browsing sessions. Files that you download will remain on your device until you delete them. While Incognito can help keep your browsing private on your device, it doesn’t make you invisible. Websites you visit, including Google sites, and organizations that manage your network, like your school, employer, or internet service provider, may be able to observe your activity in Incognito. Websites you visit that use Google services also share information about your activity on their sites with Google, including for advertising purposes, as described in the Privacy Policy . Open Incognito mode To start an Incognito session: On your computer, open Chrome. At the top right, select More New Incognito window . A new window opens. On the right of the address bar, you’ll find the Incognito icon . To open an Incognito window, you can use a keyboard shortcut: Windows, Linux, or Chrome OS: Press Ctrl + Shift + n . Mac: Press ⌘ + Shift + n . In Incognito mode, third-party cookies are blocked by default. If a site that relies on third-party cookies doesn’t work as expected, you can try temporarily allowing them for that site. Learn how to temporarily allow third-party cookies for a specific site . Close Incognito mode If you’re browsing in an Incognito window and you open another one, your Incognito session continues in the new window. To end your Incognito session, you must close all Incognito windows. If you find a number, at the top right, next to the Incognito icon, you have multiple Incognito windows open. To close an Incognito window: On your computer, open the Incognito window. Close the window: Windows or Chromebook: At the top right, select Close . Mac: At the top left, select Close . Related resources Browse Chrome as a guest Delete browsing data in Chrome Was this helpful? How can we improve it? Yes No Submit Computer Android iPhone & iPad More Need more help? Try these next steps: Post to the help community Get answers from community members true Help 1 of 10 Understand privacy in Chrome 2 of 10 Browse in Incognito mode 3 of 10 How Chrome protects your passwords 4 of 10 How Chrome keeps your URL & search data private 5 of 10 How Chrome Safe Browsing keeps your browsing data private 6 of 10 How sign-in with your Google Account works in Chrome 7 of 10 How ad privacy works in Chrome 8 of 10 How Chrome protects your autofill and password data 9 of 10 How your data stays safe when you install and update Chrome 10 of 10 How Chrome keeps your usage statistics and crash reports private ©2026 Google Privacy Policy Terms of Service Language Afrikaans&lrm; català&lrm; dansk&lrm; Deutsch&lrm; eesti&lrm; English (United Kingdom)&lrm; español&lrm; español (Latinoamérica)&lrm; Filipino&lrm; français&lrm; hrvatski&lrm; Indonesia&lrm; isiZulu&lrm; italiano&lrm; Kiswahili&lrm; latviešu&lrm; lietuvių&lrm; magyar&lrm; Melayu&lrm; Nederlands&lrm; norsk&lrm; polski&lrm; português&lrm; português (Brasil)&lrm; română&lrm; slovenčina&lrm; slovenščina&lrm; suomi&lrm; svenska&lrm; Tiếng Việt&lrm; Türkçe&lrm; čeština&lrm; Ελληνικά&lrm; български&lrm; русский&lrm; српски&lrm; українська&lrm; &rlm; עברית &rlm; العربية &rlm; فارسی मराठी&lrm; हिन्दी&lrm; తెలుగు&lrm; ไทย&lrm; አማርኛ&lrm; 中文（简体）&lrm; 中文（繁體）&lrm; 日本語&lrm; 한국어&lrm; English&lrm; Enable Dark Mode Send feedback on... 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https://docs.devcycle.com/platform/feature-flags/stale-feature-notifications	Stale Feature Notifications \| DevCycle Docs Skip to main content Home SDKs APIs Management API Bucketing API Integrations CLI / MCP Best Practices Community Blog Discord Search Sign Up Home Getting Started Essentials DevCycle Overview Key Features System Architecture Feature Hierarchy Feature Types Platform Feature Flags Features Variables and Variations Targeting Status and Lifecycle Stale Feature Notifications Experimentation Account Management Security and Guardrails Testing and QA Extras Examples Platform Feature Flags Stale Feature Notifications On this page Stale Feature Notifications info Stale Feature Notifications are a Business / Enterprise feature. To learn more, read about our pricing . To upgrade your plan, please update your plan on your Billing Information page which can be found in your organization's Settings, or contact Sales . Stale Features are identified based on specific conditions associated with their usage, modifications, and Feature type. DevCycle will alert you when a Feature has been qualified as potentially stale to help ensure that Features are surfaced for cleanup. If a Feature is marked as stale, DevCycle encourages users to take action by updating its status to Complete or Archived. This indicates that a Feature is ready to be cleaned up and removed from your codebase. Stale Feature Reasons note Stale Feature detection relies on Variable evaluations triggered through the .variable() or .variableValue() SDK call. If your implementation uses .allVariables() or .allFeatures() , these calls do not generate evaluation data. As a result, Features may appear Unused and be marked stale even if they are actively used in your code. If you know the Feature is active and used via .variable() or .variableValue() you can choose to: Snooze or Disable the staleness check for that Feature. Uncheck "Unused" as a staleness check type in your Project Settings to prevent similar cases. If you're unsure whether evaluations are occurring, contact Support with the Variable key name so we can investigate further. Features can belong to one of the following staleness reasons: Unmodified Short-Lived A Feature is classified as Unmodified if it has not been updated for more than 14 days. Applicable to : Release, Experiment Feature types. Long-Lived A Feature is classified as Unmodified if it has not been updated for more than 30 days. Applicable to : Ops, Permissions Feature types. Released A Released Feature is one that has been serving the same variation to all users in a production environment for 14 or more days. DevCycle confirms that distribution has reached 100% and all rollouts are complete. Applicable to : Release, Experiment Feature types. Unused An Unused Feature is one where there are no evaluations or defaults for any Variables associated with the Feature for 2 weeks. Targeting status is irrelevant. Applicable to : All Feature types. info Staleness Feature checks are ONLY conducted on Features that have an In Progress status. Features marked as Complete are not checked for staleness, as they should already be considered ready for cleanup given their status. Enabling Stale Feature Notifications for your Project To enable or disable Stale Feature Notifications, go to your Project Settings and locate the Stale Feature Notifications section. Only Organization Owners can enable or disable these notifications. Use the dropdown to select Enabled . From there, choose which types of staleness you want DevCycle to monitor. Note: Feature Staleness checks are run every 24 hours at midnight UTC. Stale Feature Notifications on the Dashboard You can find a list of stale Features on the main landing page of DevCycle. On the Feature List page, stale Features are marked with an exclamation point next to their status label. Hover over the status to see the specific staleness reason. You can also filter for all stale Features or specific staleness reasons on the Feature list page. Snoozing & Disabling Stale Feature Notifications If a Feature is marked as stale, you will see a notification at the top of the Feature page. Click the Details button in the banner to go to the Status section, where you’ll see the exact reason for staleness. To snooze the notification, click the Snooze button and choose how long to pause staleness checks for that Feature. After the snooze period ends, DevCycle will resume checking. To unsnooze or change the snooze period, click the Unsnooze button. To disable staleness checks for this Feature entirely, click the Disable button. +To re-enable checks, go to the Feature’s Settings section and set the Feature Staleness Check dropdown to Enabled . Stale Feature Report Email Notifications You can also set up recurring email reports with a summary of stale Features in your project. Each report includes: The total number of stale Features as of the email date. The change (delta) in stale Features since the last report. A breakdown of staleness types. Clicking on the staleness type takes you to a filtered list of those Features in the dashboard. Choose your preferred frequency— Weekly, Bi-Weekly, or Monthly —and specify who should receive the emails. If Permissions are enabled for your project: Only users with Publisher access or higher can edit the email recipient list. If Permissions are not enabled : All users can update the recipient list. Edit this page Last updated on Jan 9, 2026 Previous Status and Lifecycle Next Feature Experimentation Stale Feature Reasons Unmodified Released Unused Enabling Stale Feature Notifications for your Project Stale Feature Notifications on the Dashboard Snoozing & Disabling Stale Feature Notifications Stale Feature Report Email Notifications DevCycle Dashboard Blog Privacy Policy Twitter Discord GitHub Copyright © 2026 DevCycle. All rights reserved.	2026-01-13T08:48:44
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Dismiss alert {{ message }} Abdur-rahmaanJ / python-docs-ar Public Notifications You must be signed in to change notification settings Fork 5 Star 3 arabic translation of python docs 3 stars 5 forks Branches Tags Activity Star Notifications You must be signed in to change notification settings Code Issues 0 Pull requests 0 Actions Projects 0 Wiki Security Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Insights Additional navigation options Code Issues Pull requests Actions Projects Wiki Security Insights Abdur-rahmaanJ/python-docs-ar master Branches Tags Go to file Code Open more actions menu Folders and files Name Name Last commit message Last commit date Latest commit History 37 Commits tutorial tutorial CREDITS.md CREDITS.md README.rst README.rst intro.md intro.md script.py script.py test.md test.md View all files Repository files navigation README Arabic Translation of the Python Documentation Use POedit software to translate .po files in the tutorial folder. 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https://www.pocketgamer.com/android/best-strategy-games/	Best strategy games for Android \| Pocket Gamer Our Network Arrow Down PocketGamer.com AppSpy.com 148Apps.com PocketGamer.fr PocketGamer.biz PCGamesInsider.biz The Sims News PocketGamer.fun BlockchainGamer.biz PG Connects BigIndiePitch.com MobileGamesAwards.com U.GG Icy Veins The Sims Resource Fantasy Football Scout GameKnot Addicting Games Arcade Cloud EV.IO Menu PocketGamer.com Facebook X YouTube RSS Search Search Best Games Best strategy games for Android By Pocket Gamer staff \| Jan 7 Android Play the finest strategy games and take the role of Ceasar, Hannibal, Joan of Arc and other historic characters, to see how hard it is to lead an army or a nation! Twitter Facebook Reddit Left Arrow 0 / 25 Right Arrow Updated on January 7th, 2025, by Stephen Gregson-Wood - Added Into the Breach. Scan through the following strategy games for Android, and you'll find several sharp ports of top-notch PC releases. And they play really well on the small screen. There's a reason for that, and most of the time it comes down to two things: UI and controls. The user interface is the core of the experience of most strategy games out there - the genre is synonymous with complicated menus, after all. But, pivoting these things to use a phone's touchscreen means that planning and navigation can feel much more natural.  Just fifteen years ago, the very idea of playing some of these games on your mobile phone would have seemed ridiculous. Even in the early days of the smartphone era, they lacked the power and the pixels to encompass all the complexity that strategy games bring to tablets. But what's interesting about the Android strategy scene is the sheer variety that's on offer. You'll find all manner of genre hybrids that serve to add an extra dose of excitement and immediacy to this deeply cerebral form of a game. Now, click on the big blue button below and go through the list of best strategy games for Android! Click Here To View The List » 1 XCOM 2 Collection Subscribe to Pocket Gamer on Part base-builder, part international diplomacy, part tactical battler. XCOM's got it all, and this updated version adds psionic powers, crazy mech suits, and a stack more content. The story continues, and now the world is lost to alien invasion. You'll lead one of the few resistance factions against an overwhelming enemy. The tactical bit, both on the world map and on the battleground, is done so masterfully that it's easy to get sucked into the world and feel the realism of war, where you'll have to sacrifice someone willingly for the greater goal. And, sadly, that will happen much more often than you think. If you're much into tactical conundrums and the like, the entire XCOM series delivers pretty hearty gameplay and more than enough planning to deserve a landing spot on the list of finest strategy games. I have to warn you that it's not a walk in the park, and that your choices might lead to 'game over' screen, but that just makes those victories all the sweeter. Download now! XCOM 2 Collection 2 Banner Saga 2 Subscribe to Pocket Gamer on This beautiful Norse fantasy, along with its predecessor, pitches you into tactical turn-based battles, but also asks you to make tough decisions about the makeup of your travelling party and whether to intervene in key events. The story continues from the first part of the saga, so there are no real surprises. You can even transfer the save and progress from the original and continue from there. Your story choices will make an impact on the world, and the battle grid is exactly the same as it was. Its exceptional gameplay and rich narrative are topped up by stunning graphics and in-depth strategy. All of these elements make it worth playing (and replaying afterwards). Download now! Banner Saga 2 3 Crying Suns Subscribe to Pocket Gamer on We still don't have an Android version of FTL yet, but Crying Suns is arguably the best alternative so far. This tactical rogue-lite has the star maps and event systems of that classic, but with an absorbing story and compelling flight-squadron combat. It has a procedurally generated universe with a lot of story events, and, as the developers have stated, it was inspired by Dune and Battlestar Galactica, so fans of those will feel right at home. Set in outer space, the narrative of Crying Suns is not exactly out-of-this-world. However, the gameplay and grand strategy that it features are more than enough to earn it a spot on this list. It is a premium strategy game that fans of sci-fi should not miss. Download now! Crying Suns 4 Iron Marines Subscribe to Pocket Gamer on The maker of the peerless Kingdom Rush series proves that it can do classic RTS as well as tower defence. Iron Marines is brilliantly balanced, great to look at, and generally quite special. You'll defend from the alien hordes using Napalm Rockets, Defense Drones and a few units like space marines, or a sniper. No one approach fits here; you'll have to adapt your strategy to the current level depending on the foes you'll be facing, so don't be afraid to test different tactics. Don't let the cutesy cartoonish graphics make you believe it's a shallow game. In fact, it's the complete opposite. You will encounter stages that you might not be able to figure out unless you start to think (and re-think) your strategy. Oh, and it is available offline, so it's perfect for flights and train rides! Download now! Iron Marines 5 The Escapists 2 Subscribe to Pocket Gamer on This pixel-perfect game is all about strategy as much as it is about escaping prison. Yep, you heard that right. You'll need to put all those brain muscles to work into figuring out a way to avoid guards (or simply beat them up!) and make a bid for freedom. You can dress as guards, dig and scheme to try to get the right items for your escape. There is no end to the creativity of what you can and will do to get out to loving freedom. You can craft, scheme and plan ahead as much as you like, all in order to carry out your plan to greater success. However, do note that this is a premium game, so you'll have to spend a bit of your cash to play it. Download now! The Escapists 2 6 Bad North: Jotunn Edition Subscribe to Pocket Gamer on Bad North: Jotunn Edition is a fusion of the strategy, roguelike and tactics genres - combining all the strengths of Faster Than Light with a tight troop management system. You'll lead a collection of heroes who you can level up between islands, but if they die, then they're gone, so you'll have to make sure that you focus and specialise as you island-hop to avoid invaders. It oozes style, with beautiful, minimalist levels that are procedurally generated for each battle. You'll defend these islands, moving your units from tile to tile and then watch as they dynamically battle to defend the space. It's all incredibly clever. Each unit acts and reacts independently, even if you are moving the squad as a whole. Alongside that, there's a light twist on the standard rock-paper-scissors of spear, sword, and bow, enough to prevent combat from getting tiring. Especially as new enemies are introduced, which require a bit more planning and thinking outside the box. There's nothing quite like the moment when you outwit an entire enemy fleet, positioning perfectly so that not a single enemy makes it up to the huts you are defending. Much like the already-cited FTL, Bad North: Jotunn Edition is a must-play strategy game on Android. Download now! Bad North: Jotunn Edition 7 Templar Battleforce Subscribe to Pocket Gamer on If XCOM somehow failed to sate your tactical strategy lust, Templar Battleforce should be your next stop. Build up a team of armour-clad badasses before sending them off into glorious grid-based battles. While it is advertised as an RPG, you shouldn't let that fool you into thinking it's some simple turn-based battler. It's actually highly strategic and requires plenty of tactically planned battles with well-thought-out deployment. All that is only enhanced by the graphics that are likely to evoke nostalgic feelings. There is a demo version you can try for free if you're not 100% sold yet. Download now! Templar Battleforce RPG Full Game HD 8 Warhammer 40,000: Tacticus Subscribe to Pocket Gamer on Warhammer 40K Tacticus, as the name strongly implies, is a tactical strategy game where you'll lead a squad composed of different characters belonging to one of many factions. Of course, fans of the Warhammer universe will feel right at home, and they might like it a bit better than players who aren't fans... yet. Tacticus is a bit of gacha as well since you're pulling character shards at random. There are several occasions where you're guaranteed to get a certain one, however, like through campaigns, but there's a lot of farming as well. Your team of five will have to change as you progress since certain campaigns require specific characters. You can't serve the Emperor's will with Xenos or Tyranids, heathen. Unlike some other strategy games on Android, this one requires a lot of concentration as most battles can be won by tactical schemes, even if you're a bit lighter on power than your opponent. We also have to tip our hat to the developers, as the models are very complex and they look fabulous. If you start playing, our list where all of the current characters in Tacticus are ranked will help you start on the right foot. Download now! Warhammer 40,000: Tacticus 9 Pixel Starships Subscribe to Pocket Gamer on Set in an 8-bit universe, Pixel Starships follows all the guidelines of a great game. It's got management, simulation, building and aliens. What else is there to ask for? It revolves around building the best starships and populating them with the best crewmates. It's fun and brings a retro twist to the classical strategy genre. However, don't let its affable appearance fool you. Pixel Starships is fairly deep and complicated, so it's dedicated to niche audiences. But, if you love managing the ships, trade, handling your crew and fighting space battles, we are quite sure you'll love it. Download now! Pixel Starships 10 State of Survival Subscribe to Pocket Gamer on As suggested by the title, the country has been overrun by zombies. It's your job to set things straight and survive the undead hordes. You'll need to rescue survivors that you can recruit, as there is strength in numbers and every soul counts. Create and maintain your own hub, or a base, if you prefer to call it that, where you'll mostly be safe from those nasty zombies. The gameplay is a mix of tower defence and the strategy elements you're likely familiar with on mobile. That means that you need to constantly upgrade your base, defend it and collect more resources to grow. For those of you eager to try it, we have State of Survival codes that you can use for a nice headstart. Download now! State of Survival 11 Sea of Conquest Subscribe to Pocket Gamer on One of the newer entries on our list, Sea of Conquest, has quickly become fairly popular. It's a delightful combination of sea exploration, ship management and tactical combat, somewhat similar to what you'll find in the Banner Saga. You're a pirate (who would've guessed), and even though the story is a bit cheesy, the narrative bits are fully-voiced, helping create more atmosphere and injecting a sliver of personality. As we have already mentioned, the gameplay is a fine mix, and the base building is like your hub where you can rest and prepare for the next conquest, while distilling some drinks or using cooking recipes to make delicious (or at least acceptable) dishes. Other than that, you need to create a well-synergised wrecking crew that can stand against most of the enemies the sea can throw at you. Download now! Sea of Conquest 12 Xenowerk Tactics Subscribe to Pocket Gamer on A brilliant turn-based strategy set within Pixelbite's tense sci-fi Xenowerk universe. There's more than a hint of XCOM to its tight squad manoeuvring, but with a slightly more arcadey tilt. That's not a bad thing, though, and if you've played the former, you know that there's much to enjoy. One of the major differences is that it's not turn-based, and you'll lead your team in real-time. However, you can still pause the action when you feel like it to pick the right skill and plan. You can get a taste of Xenowerk Tactics for free and then upgrade to the premium version if you find yourself itching for more. Download now! Xenowerk Tactics 13 Kingdom Rush - Tower Defense Game Subscribe to Pocket Gamer on It's probably the best-acclaimed tower defence ever when it comes to mobile. Kingdom Rush was made years ago, but its gameplay and attractive cartoonish 2D graphics will keep you so hooked you won't be able to put down your phone until you get through every level in every world. You'll find a mix of different towers at your disposal and can upgrade each one after every round, improving its raw stats like shooting speed or area of effect, but it can also unlock a special ability. These abilities improve the depth of strategy by a huge margin, and they will prove crucial in later levels. There is no 'one size fits all' tactic that you can employ and always be successful, as there is a rock-paper-scissors system at play where each foe is resistant to one type of attack and weak to another, so you'll need to carefully strategise in every level. Picking the right heroes is not a trivial matter, so we made a list of the best heroes in Kingdom Rush . It should relieve you of the pressure of picking the right one when you're playing for the first time. Download now! Kingdom Rush - Tower Defense TD 14 Whiteout Survival Subscribe to Pocket Gamer on I haven't seen a strategy game that grabbed so much attention since the golden days of Clash of Clans. Whiteout Survival is a wonderful mix of strategy and survival, where you will take the role of a leader of the settlement in a very harsh environment. As you might've guessed from the name already, it's very cold, and you'll need various resources just to keep your citizens alive. Let alone to prosper. Your main building is a huge furnace that keeps citizens warm and happy, but if you ever stop pouring coal into it, your people will start freezing and get sick, which can lead to dire consequences. We have gathered some codes for Whiteout Survival that will earn you various gifts and assist greatly in your endeavour to build a strong and solid civilization. Download now! Whiteout Survival 15 Kingdom: Two Crowns Subscribe to Pocket Gamer on A side-scrolling micro-game that strips a lot of the fiddly stuff out of the strategy genre. In its place is an intuitive 2D side-scrolling system and a pleasantly accessible learning curve as you trot back and forth, building up your empire. Why Two Crowns? Well, you can play it in co-op with a friend, whether you'd prefer to build a kingdom together or become fierce opponents. The beautiful 8-bit graphics that you'll see in Kingdom: Two Crowns are definitely something to behold, and if you ever thought a fairly simple and story-rich game would have no tactical elements, you'd be wrong. Kingdom Two Crowns has it all, and it's a beautiful creation that only adds more depth to the genre. Download now! Kingdom: Two Crowns 16 Clash of Clans Subscribe to Pocket Gamer on Oooh, controversial pick! But there's no denying that Clash has done something super interesting with the strategy genre, making it truly social and making defence as important as an all-out attack. There are millions of players still active worldwide, and that is something that many strategic games lack. The element that sets Clash of Clans apart from the rest is the fact that you can come up with your own tactics. You can discover something never-before-seen, whether that's a setup or a unit formation that can wreak havoc, and that can all be thanks to attentive planning. For those of you who played CoC, but would like to try out something similar because you got bored with it, here are some games like Clash of Clans . Download now! Clash of Clans 17 Teamfight Tactics Subscribe to Pocket Gamer on Another game that really takes the award in terms of strategy is Teamfight Tactics - or TFT. This giant is specifically designed to make your neurons work extra hard for just a little bit of dopamine when you defeat an opponent. If you're even vaguely familiar with the term auto chess, this is one of the places it started. If you want to play in real-time with people around the world in an ever-changing game, you've got a winner here. No two matches are the same, and that only adds to the layers of tactics needed to consistently achieve victory. If you're a fan of chess and like League of Legends, you won't find a better fit. Download now! Teamfight Tactics 18 Age of Empires Mobile Subscribe to Pocket Gamer on Age of Empires Mobile isn't even close to what the original PC version was, but it's still a great strategy game available on mobile phones. Unlike the original, where everything was done in real-time and where you could lead each unit, which gives you some nice micromanagement options and a plethora of different tactics, everything here is on a bigger scale. After you pick a nation and a leader, you should join an alliance because that scales up the gameplay greatly. Hundreds of thousands of units can be sent to raid or to war with another player, and when you coordinate it nicely with an alliance, it's even sweeter and multiplicative. If you have played Rise of Kingdoms, that's also a part of this list. AoE will feel right at home, as everything looks pretty similar, which isn't a bad thing, since RoK is one of the kings of strategy games on Android at the moment. There's a nice tier list for Age of Empires Mobile where every hero was ranked. It will be quite useful if you're interested in playing it. Download now! Age of Empires Mobile 19 Total War: Medieval II Subscribe to Pocket Gamer on Have you always wanted to restore Byzantium to its former glory? Does it keep you up at night? Well, if that sounds like you, Total War: Medieval II will be of assistance in your noble task. And even if that wasn't one of your ambitions before, it might be after playing this game. Medieval II was, and still is, a favourite strategy game to a lot of fans of the genre across the world. It will send you back to medieval Europe, North Africa and parts of Asia, where you will, once again, tremble before an invasion of Tatars. This is why you'll need to forge alliances, acquire new territories and train as many capable soldiers as you can, to try to stop the unwavering tide. There are two modes: one is played on a grand strategy map, and is turn-based, while the other is played on a tactical map where you'll lead your army against the enemy in real-time, with an option to pause if you need a quick breather. The graphics are the same as you'd remember them, a bit outdated, but still more than viable. The voice acting and music are essential in raising your adrenaline to the maximum. If you like titles that you can pay for once and have everything unlocked and ready for countless hours of play, pick this one. Download now! Total War: Medieval II 20 Clash Royale Subscribe to Pocket Gamer on It's got elements of tower defence, MOBA, and even card battling. But at its heart, Clash Royale is a really enjoyable, supremely slick strategy game. The deeply tactical moves you need to pull off in some of these scenarios will test your tactical nous, while in others, it's as simple as it gets. It's one of the most popular games in the genre for good reason. There's also no shortage of players, so if an online tactics PVP is something you desire, make sure to check it out. But don't forget to take a look at our Clash Royale tier list, where we've ranked every card . Download now! Clash Royale 21 Bloons TD 6 Subscribe to Pocket Gamer on Another tower defence game, but not just any tower defence. Bloons TD 6 is one of the best in the genre, and it's not difficult to see why. It is fun, colourful and packed full of strategy at literally every corner. Each level tells a different story, and you'll have to use various towers, Monkey Knowledge, and whatever else you can imagine to muddle through. It's one of those games that you really feel like the premium price is a fit for because it's just that good, from every point of view! Of course, if you decide to play this one, we have to suggest at least going through our Bloons TD 6 tier list and learning the best heroes to use! Download now! Bloons TD 6 22 Plague Inc. Subscribe to Pocket Gamer on We're all used to defending life in this genre - Plague Inc. tasks you with destroying as much of it as possible by spreading and mutating a horrible virus. It's dark, man. If you are looking for a strategy game that possibly hits too close to home with the events that occurred in the last few years, this is one that we can recommend. Thankfully, dark humour is sprinkled throughout; otherwise, it would be an overly macabre experience. There are also multiple other modes to try, such as vampire and simian variants (mad Planet of the Apes vibes), which make it so much more fun! Of course, you can't ignore the Covid-19 simulation if you're feeling particularly masochistic one day. Download now! Plague Inc. 23 Rise of Kingdoms: Lost Crusade Subscribe to Pocket Gamer on This base-building RTS lets you pick one of the dozen nations and turn it into a superpower. Each one is different and has certain bonuses, as well as different commanders to lead your armies. You'll easily recognise Cleopatra, Ragnar Lothbrok, Genghis Khan and many other historical figures from the Dark and Middle Ages. You should read more about what civilization you should pick in RoK before you start playing, and find the ones that suit your playstyle best. As in any other similar strategy game for Android, it's beneficial to have an alliance and friends to help you out. Battles are real-time, and you can easily help an ally out or decimate the attackers' capital because it's been left undefended. Expect long campaigns, as this is the one that has slow progress. But, you know what they say, Rome wasn't built in a day! Download now! Rise of Kingdoms: Lost Crusade 24 Into the Breach (Netflix) Subscribe to Pocket Gamer on Alongside being one of the best games available on Netflix , Into the Breach is a stellar entry in the strategy genre. It sees you piloting various mechs tasked with ridding the world of giant bugs known as the Vek while protecting as many civilians as possible. While that might sound epic in scale, Into the Breach's presentation is actually more low-key, though it's no worse for it. Playing out on an 8x8 grid, it's a turn-based rogue-lite affair with a slight twist. Before you make your move, you're provided all the information you could ever want about the Vek's plans. You're told what they'll attack, when, and how much damage they'll do. With this intel, you can then plan how to minimise the carnage they cause. It's not always possible to stop everything, so a huge part of your strategy is deciding when to let a building topple or a mech get destroyed. Of course, you want to avoid any of that nastiness, if possible. That means scanning the battlefield for every option and considering every outcome before making your move. Can you kill all the Vek? Can you block their attacks with one of their kin? Sparing humanity while ridding the world of another giant beetle. These are just some of the ways you can deal with the Vek, and your options only grow throughout each run as you upgrade your mechs. It’s a perfectly designed game, and one that provides moments of immense satisfaction.  Download now! Into the Breach 25 Star Trek: Fleet Command Subscribe to Pocket Gamer on Some people are not fans of medieval or modern combat. They prefer something futuristic instead. Well, it's your lucky day, as Star Trek: Fleet Command is a space saga that features spaceships, futuristic design and a lot of lasers. What kind of space strategy would it be without lasers, right? And do you know what the icing on the cake is here? It features characters from the original series as your space crew. There are a bunch of ways to combine them, but if you get stuck looking for the best crew combinations in Star Trek , we have created a guide that should be more than helpful. The developers are always working on new missions and crew members, so you can never get bored with it, as the new content is abundant. Whether you favour Federation, Klingons or Romulans, you'll feel appreciated as none of them have been overlooked. If you have anything to add to our list of the best strategy games, feel free to do so in the comments below! Download now! Star Trek: Fleet Command Left Arrow 0 / 25 Right Arrow Next Up : Best Netflix games available right now - From Into the Breach to Red Dead Redemption See Comments Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus. Related Mystic Realms offers colourful card-battling action pitting gods and monsters against one another iOS + Android Eden: The Last Line is an upcoming sci-fi squad battler on iOS and Android where humanity’s survival is on the line iOS + Android Motto Immortal is a weird mashup of AI and card battler that's coming to mobile iOS + Android MU: Dark Awakening reinvents the classic series for a new age with an official sequel iOS + Android Sword of Justice rings in the New Year with a new map, modes, and a character iOS + Android Sign up! 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Step by step: # Git clone your github fork using ssh (replace JulienPalard): git clone git@github.com:JulienPalard/python-docs-bn-in.git # Go to the cloned directory: cd python-docs-bn-in/ # Add the upstream (the public repository) using HTTPS (won't ask for password): git remote add upstream https://github.com/python/python-docs-bn-in.git All the translations must be made on the latest release. We never translate on an oldest version, by example, the latest Python release is Python 3.14, we don't want to translate directly on the Python 3.5 release. If needed translations would be backported on the oldest versions by the documentation team . Now you're ready to start a work session, each time you'll start a new task, start here: # To work, we'll need a branch, based on an up-to-date (freshly fetched) # upstream/3.14 branch, let's say we'll work on glossary so we name # the branch "glossary": git fetch upstream git checkout -b glossary upstream/3.14 # You can now work on the file, typically using poedit, poedit directory/file.po # When everything is clear (syntax errors from Sphinx, html rendering, # semantics, typography), # you can commit your work with a nice explicit message: git commit -a -m " Working on glossary. " # Then push your modifications to your github clone, # as they are ephemeral branches, let's not configure git to track them all, # "origin HEAD" is a "special" syntax to say "Push on origin, # on a branch with the same name as the local one", # it's nice as it's exactly what we want: git push origin HEAD # The previous command will print you a link to open a PR on github. # If you missed it, just go to # https://github.com/python/python-docs-bn-in/ and a nice "Compare & pull request" # button should appear after a few seconds telling you can ask for a pull request. # Now someone is reviewing your modifications, and you'll want to fix their # findings, get back to your branch # (in case you started something else on another branch): git checkout glossary # Fix the issues, then commit again: git commit -a -m " glossary: small fixes. " git push origin HEAD You may have noted that this looks like a triangle, with a missing segment: You're fetching from upstream (public common repo on github) You're pushing to origin (your clone on github) So yes it's the work of someone to add the last segment, from your origin to the public upstream, to "close the loop", that's the role of the people who merges pull requests after proofreading them. You may also have noted you never ever commit on a version branch ( 3.6 , 3.7 , ...), only pull from them, consider them read-only you'll avoid problems. What to translate You can start with easy tasks like reviewing fuzzy entries to help keeping the documentation up to date (find them using make fuzzy ). You can also proofread already translated entries, and finally translate untranslated ones (find them using make todo ).. Do not translate content of :ref:... and :term:... Put english words, if you have to use them, in italics (surrounded by stars). If you translate a link title, please translate the link too (typically if it's Wikipedia and the article has a translation). If no translation of the target exists, do not translate the title. Where to get help Translation Resources Glossary For consistency in our translations, here are some propositions and reminders for frequent terms you'll have to translate, don't hesitate to open an issue if you disagree. To easily find how a term is already translated in our documentation, you may use find_in_po.py . Term Proposed Translation -like abstract data type argument backslash bound bug built-in call stack debugging deep copy double quote e.g. garbage collector identifier immutable installer interpreter library list comprehension little-endian, big-endian mutable namespace parameter prompt raise regular expression return simple quote socket statement subprocess thread underscore expression Simplify git diffs Git diffs are often crowded with useless line number changes, like: - #: ../Doc/library/signal.rst:406 + #: ../Doc/library/signal.rst:408 To tell git they are not usefull information, you can do the following after ensuring ~/.local/bin/ is in your PATH . cat << EOF > ~/.local/bin/podiff #!/bin/sh grep -v '^#:' " \$ 1" EOF chmod a+x ~ /.local/bin/podiff git config diff.podiff.textconv podiff Maintenance All those snippets are to run from the root of a python-docs-bn-in clone, and some expect to find an up-to-date CPython clone near to it, like: ~ / ├── python-docs-bn-in/ └── cpython/ To clone CPython you may use: git clone --depth 1 --no-single-branch https://github.com/python/cpython.git This avoids to download the whole history (not usefull to build documentation) but still fetches all branches. Merge pot files from CPython make merge Find fuzzy strings make fuzzy Run a test build locally make Synchronize translation with Transifex You'll need the transifex-client and powrap from Pypi. You'll need to configure tx via tx init if not already done. pomerge --from-files ** / * .po tx pull -f pomerge --to-files ** / * .po pomerge --from-files ** / * .po git checkout -- . pomerge --to-files ** / * .po powrap --modified git commit -m " tx pull " tx push -t -f About Bengali Translation of the Python Documentation Resources Readme License View license Code of conduct Code of conduct Security policy Security policy Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Activity Custom properties Stars 5 stars Watchers 4 watching Forks 0 forks Report repository Sponsor this project   Uh oh! There was an error while loading. 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https://docs.python.org/3/library/http.cookies.html#module-http.cookies	http.cookies — HTTP state management — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents http.cookies — HTTP state management Cookie Objects Morsel Objects Example Previous topic http.server — HTTP servers Next topic http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules \| next \| previous \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Standard Library » Internet Protocols and Support » http.cookies — HTTP state management \| Theme Auto Light Dark \| http.cookies — HTTP state management ¶ Source code: Lib/http/cookies.py The http.cookies module defines classes for abstracting the concept of cookies, an HTTP state management mechanism. It supports both simple string-only cookies, and provides an abstraction for having any serializable data-type as cookie value. The module formerly strictly applied the parsing rules described in the RFC 2109 and RFC 2068 specifications. It has since been discovered that MSIE 3.0x didn’t follow the character rules outlined in those specs; many current-day browsers and servers have also relaxed parsing rules when it comes to cookie handling. As a result, this module now uses parsing rules that are a bit less strict than they once were. The character set, string.ascii_letters , string.digits and !#$%&'*+-.^_`\|~: denote the set of valid characters allowed by this module in a cookie name (as key ). Changed in version 3.3: Allowed ‘:’ as a valid cookie name character. Note On encountering an invalid cookie, CookieError is raised, so if your cookie data comes from a browser you should always prepare for invalid data and catch CookieError on parsing. exception http.cookies. CookieError ¶ Exception failing because of RFC 2109 invalidity: incorrect attributes, incorrect Set-Cookie header, etc. class http.cookies. BaseCookie ( [ input ] ) ¶ This class is a dictionary-like object whose keys are strings and whose values are Morsel instances. Note that upon setting a key to a value, the value is first converted to a Morsel containing the key and the value. If input is given, it is passed to the load() method. class http.cookies. SimpleCookie ( [ input ] ) ¶ This class derives from BaseCookie and overrides value_decode() and value_encode() . SimpleCookie supports strings as cookie values. When setting the value, SimpleCookie calls the builtin str() to convert the value to a string. Values received from HTTP are kept as strings. See also Module http.cookiejar HTTP cookie handling for web clients . The http.cookiejar and http.cookies modules do not depend on each other. RFC 2109 - HTTP State Management Mechanism This is the state management specification implemented by this module. Cookie Objects ¶ BaseCookie. value_decode ( val ) ¶ Return a tuple (real_value, coded_value) from a string representation. real_value can be any type. This method does no decoding in BaseCookie — it exists so it can be overridden. BaseCookie. value_encode ( val ) ¶ Return a tuple (real_value, coded_value) . val can be any type, but coded_value will always be converted to a string. This method does no encoding in BaseCookie — it exists so it can be overridden. In general, it should be the case that value_encode() and value_decode() are inverses on the range of value_decode . BaseCookie. output ( attrs = None , header = 'Set-Cookie:' , sep = '\r\n' ) ¶ Return a string representation suitable to be sent as HTTP headers. attrs and header are sent to each Morsel ’s output() method. sep is used to join the headers together, and is by default the combination '\r\n' (CRLF). BaseCookie. js_output ( attrs = None ) ¶ Return an embeddable JavaScript snippet, which, if run on a browser which supports JavaScript, will act the same as if the HTTP headers was sent. The meaning for attrs is the same as in output() . BaseCookie. load ( rawdata ) ¶ If rawdata is a string, parse it as an HTTP_COOKIE and add the values found there as Morsel s. If it is a dictionary, it is equivalent to: for k , v in rawdata . items (): cookie [ k ] = v Morsel Objects ¶ class http.cookies. Morsel ¶ Abstract a key/value pair, which has some RFC 2109 attributes. Morsels are dictionary-like objects, whose set of keys is constant — the valid RFC 2109 attributes, which are: expires ¶ path ¶ comment ¶ domain ¶ max-age secure ¶ version ¶ httponly ¶ samesite ¶ partitioned ¶ The attribute httponly specifies that the cookie is only transferred in HTTP requests, and is not accessible through JavaScript. This is intended to mitigate some forms of cross-site scripting. The attribute samesite controls when the browser sends the cookie with cross-site requests. This helps to mitigate CSRF attacks. Valid values are “Strict” (only sent with same-site requests), “Lax” (sent with same-site requests and top-level navigations), and “None” (sent with same-site and cross-site requests). When using “None”, the “secure” attribute must also be set, as required by modern browsers. The attribute partitioned indicates to user agents that these cross-site cookies should only be available in the same top-level context that the cookie was first set in. For this to be accepted by the user agent, you must also set Secure . In addition, it is recommended to use the __Host prefix when setting partitioned cookies to make them bound to the hostname and not the registrable domain. Read CHIPS (Cookies Having Independent Partitioned State) for full details and examples. The keys are case-insensitive and their default value is '' . Changed in version 3.5: __eq__() now takes key and value into account. Changed in version 3.7: Attributes key , value and coded_value are read-only. Use set() for setting them. Changed in version 3.8: Added support for the samesite attribute. Changed in version 3.14: Added support for the partitioned attribute. Morsel. value ¶ The value of the cookie. Morsel. coded_value ¶ The encoded value of the cookie — this is what should be sent. Morsel. key ¶ The name of the cookie. Morsel. set ( key , value , coded_value ) ¶ Set the key , value and coded_value attributes. Morsel. isReservedKey ( K ) ¶ Whether K is a member of the set of keys of a Morsel . Morsel. output ( attrs = None , header = 'Set-Cookie:' ) ¶ Return a string representation of the Morsel, suitable to be sent as an HTTP header. By default, all the attributes are included, unless attrs is given, in which case it should be a list of attributes to use. header is by default "Set-Cookie:" . Morsel. js_output ( attrs = None ) ¶ Return an embeddable JavaScript snippet, which, if run on a browser which supports JavaScript, will act the same as if the HTTP header was sent. The meaning for attrs is the same as in output() . Morsel. OutputString ( attrs = None ) ¶ Return a string representing the Morsel, without any surrounding HTTP or JavaScript. The meaning for attrs is the same as in output() . Morsel. update ( values ) ¶ Update the values in the Morsel dictionary with the values in the dictionary values . Raise an error if any of the keys in the values dict is not a valid RFC 2109 attribute. Changed in version 3.5: an error is raised for invalid keys. Morsel. copy ( value ) ¶ Return a shallow copy of the Morsel object. Changed in version 3.5: return a Morsel object instead of a dict. Morsel. setdefault ( key , value = None ) ¶ Raise an error if key is not a valid RFC 2109 attribute, otherwise behave the same as dict.setdefault() . Example ¶ The following example demonstrates how to use the http.cookies module. >>> from http import cookies >>> C = cookies . SimpleCookie () >>> C [ "fig" ] = "newton" >>> C [ "sugar" ] = "wafer" >>> print ( C ) # generate HTTP headers Set-Cookie: fig=newton Set-Cookie: sugar=wafer >>> print ( C . output ()) # same thing Set-Cookie: fig=newton Set-Cookie: sugar=wafer >>> C = cookies . SimpleCookie () >>> C [ "rocky" ] = "road" >>> C [ "rocky" ][ "path" ] = "/cookie" >>> print ( C . output ( header = "Cookie:" )) Cookie: rocky=road; Path=/cookie >>> print ( C . output ( attrs = [], header = "Cookie:" )) Cookie: rocky=road >>> C = cookies . SimpleCookie () >>> C . load ( "chips=ahoy; vienna=finger" ) # load from a string (HTTP header) >>> print ( C ) Set-Cookie: chips=ahoy Set-Cookie: vienna=finger >>> C = cookies . SimpleCookie () >>> C . load ( 'keebler="E=everybody; L= \\ "Loves \\ "; fudge= \\ 012;";' ) >>> print ( C ) Set-Cookie: keebler="E=everybody; L=\"Loves\"; fudge=\012;" >>> C = cookies . SimpleCookie () >>> C [ "oreo" ] = "doublestuff" >>> C [ "oreo" ][ "path" ] = "/" >>> print ( C ) Set-Cookie: oreo=doublestuff; Path=/ >>> C = cookies . SimpleCookie () >>> C [ "twix" ] = "none for you" >>> C [ "twix" ] . value 'none for you' >>> C = cookies . SimpleCookie () >>> C [ "number" ] = 7 # equivalent to C["number"] = str(7) >>> C [ "string" ] = "seven" >>> C [ "number" ] . value '7' >>> C [ "string" ] . value 'seven' >>> print ( C ) Set-Cookie: number=7 Set-Cookie: string=seven Table of Contents http.cookies — HTTP state management Cookie Objects Morsel Objects Example Previous topic http.server — HTTP servers Next topic http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules \| next \| previous \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Standard Library » Internet Protocols and Support » http.cookies — HTTP state management \| Theme Auto Light Dark \| © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. Last updated on Jan 13, 2026 (06:19 UTC). Found a bug ? Created using Sphinx 8.2.3.	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5X-WEQflCL0&list=PLNG_1j3cPCaZZ7etkzWA7JfdmKWT0pMsa&index=9	Learning in the Browser - YouTube 정보 보도자료 저작권 문의하기 크리에이터 광고 개발자 약관 개인정보처리방침 정책 및 안전 YouTube 작동의 원리 새로운 기능 테스트하기 © 2026 Google LLC, Sundar Pichai, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View CA 94043, USA, 0807-882-594 (무료), yt-support-solutions-kr@google.com, 호스팅: Google LLC, 사업자정보 , 불법촬영물 신고 크리에이터들이 유튜브 상에 게시, 태그 또는 추천한 상품들은 판매자들의 약관에 따라 판매됩니다. 유튜브는 이러한 제품들을 판매하지 않으며, 그에 대한 책임을 지지 않습니다. var ytInitialData = {"responseContext":{"serviceTrackingParams":[{"service":"CSI","params":[{"key":"c","value":"WEB"},{"key":"cver","value":"2.20260109.01.00"},{"key":"yt_li","value":"0"},{"key":"GetWatchNext_rid","value":"0x0a9aba12a099b55c"}]},{"service":"GFEEDBACK","params":[{"key":"logged_in","value":"0"},{"key":"visitor_data","value":"CgtycmNrSVQxdjZ3dyjnjZjLBjIKCgJLUhIEGgAgaA%3D%3D"}]},{"service":"GUIDED_HELP","params":[{"key":"logged_in","value":"0"}]},{"service":"ECATCHER","params":[{"key":"client.version","value":"2.20260109"},{"key":"client.name","value":"WEB"}]}],"mainAppWebResponseContext":{"loggedOut":true,"trackingParam":"kx_fmPxhoPZRnVPwY94OnOazPJtNv5wpqIKBDwiXnm6PjhHRgkussh7BwOcCE59TDtslLKPQ-SS"},"webResponseContextExtensionData":{"webResponseContextPreloadData":{"preloadMessageNames":["twoColumnWatchNextResults","results","videoPrimaryInfoRenderer","videoViewCountRenderer","menuRenderer","menuServiceItemRenderer","segmentedLikeDislikeButtonViewModel","likeButtonViewModel","toggleButtonViewModel","buttonViewModel","modalWithTitleAndButtonRenderer","buttonRenderer","dislikeButtonViewModel","unifiedSharePanelRenderer","menuFlexibleItemRenderer","videoSecondaryInfoRenderer","videoOwnerRenderer","subscribeButtonRenderer","subscriptionNotificationToggleButtonRenderer","menuPopupRenderer","confirmDialogRenderer","metadataRowContainerRenderer","compositeVideoPrimaryInfoRenderer","itemSectionRenderer","messageRenderer","secondaryResults","lockupViewModel","thumbnailViewModel","thumbnailOverlayBadgeViewModel","thumbnailBadgeViewModel","thumbnailHoverOverlayToggleActionsViewModel","lockupMetadataViewModel","decoratedAvatarViewModel","avatarViewModel","contentMetadataViewModel","sheetViewModel","listViewModel","listItemViewModel","continuationItemRenderer","autoplay","playerOverlayRenderer","menuNavigationItemRenderer","watchNextEndScreenRenderer","endScreenVideoRenderer","thumbnailOverlayTimeStatusRenderer","thumbnailOverlayNowPlayingRenderer","playerOverlayAutoplayRenderer","playerOverlayVideoDetailsRenderer","autoplaySwitchButtonRenderer","quickActionsViewModel","decoratedPlayerBarRenderer","multiMarkersPlayerBarRenderer","chapterRenderer","notificationActionRenderer","speedmasterEduViewModel","engagementPanelSectionListRenderer","adsEngagementPanelContentRenderer","engagementPanelTitleHeaderRenderer","chipBarViewModel","chipViewModel","sectionListRenderer","macroMarkersListRenderer","macroMarkersInfoItemRenderer","macroMarkersListItemRenderer","toggleButtonRenderer","structuredDescriptionContentRenderer","videoDescriptionHeaderRenderer","factoidRenderer","viewCountFactoidRenderer","expandableVideoDescriptionBodyRenderer","horizontalCardListRenderer","richListHeaderRenderer","videoDescriptionTranscriptSectionRenderer","videoDescriptionInfocardsSectionRenderer","desktopTopbarRenderer","topbarLogoRenderer","fusionSearchboxRenderer","topbarMenuButtonRenderer","multiPageMenuRenderer","hotkeyDialogRenderer","hotkeyDialogSectionRenderer","hotkeyDialogSectionOptionRenderer","voiceSearchDialogRenderer","cinematicContainerRenderer"]},"ytConfigData":{"visitorData":"CgtycmNrSVQxdjZ3dyjnjZjLBjIKCgJLUhIEGgAgaA%3D%3D","rootVisualElementType":3832},"webPrefetchData":{"navigationEndpoints":[{"clickTrackingParams":"CAAQg2ciEwjL8__2kIiSAxVCgFYBHZi0EJAyDHJlbGF0ZWQtYXV0b0i9kZS_kMLlv-UBmgEFCAMQ-B3KAQSoQC-m","commandMetadata":{"webCommandMetadata":{"url":"/watch?v=djhEgxQf3Kw\u0026pp=QAFIAdIHCQmjAp4VBgUm4g%3D%3D","webPageType":"WEB_PAGE_TYPE_WATCH","rootVe":3832}},"watchEndpoint":{"videoId":"djhEgxQf3Kw","params":"EAEYAdoBBAgBKgA%3D","playerParams":"QAFIAdIHCQmjAp4VBgUm4g%3D%3D","watchEndpointSupportedPrefetchConfig":{"prefetchHintConfig":{"prefetchPriority":0,"countdownUiRelativeSecondsPrefetchCondition":-3}}}},{"clickTrackingParams":"CAAQg2ciEwjL8__2kIiSAxVCgFYBHZi0EJAyDHJlbGF0ZWQtYXV0b0i9kZS_kMLlv-UBmgEFCAMQ-B3KAQSoQC-m","commandMetadata":{"webCommandMetadata":{"url":"/watch?v=djhEgxQf3Kw\u0026pp=QAFIAdIHCQmjAp4VBgUm4g%3D%3D","webPageType":"WEB_PAGE_TYPE_WATCH","rootVe":3832}},"watchEndpoint":{"videoId":"djhEgxQf3Kw","params":"EAEYAdoBBAgBKgA%3D","playerParams":"QAFIAdIHCQmjAp4VBgUm4g%3D%3D","watchEndpointSupportedPrefetchConfig":{"prefetchHintConfig":{"prefetchPriority":0,"countdownUiRelativeSecondsPrefetchCondition":-3}}}},{"clickTrackingParams":"CAAQg2ciEwjL8__2kIiSAxVCgFYBHZi0EJAyDHJlbGF0ZWQtYXV0b0i9kZS_kMLlv-UBmgEFCAMQ-B3KAQSoQC-m","commandMetadata":{"webCommandMetadata":{"url":"/watch?v=djhEgxQf3Kw\u0026pp=QAFIAdIHCQmjAp4VBgUm4g%3D%3D","webPageType":"WEB_PAGE_TYPE_WATCH","rootVe":3832}},"watchEndpoint":{"videoId":"djhEgxQf3Kw","params":"EAEYAdoBBAgBKgA%3D","playerParams":"QAFIAdIHCQmjAp4VBgUm4g%3D%3D","watchEndpointSupportedPrefetchConfig":{"prefetchHintConfig":{"prefetchPriority":0,"countdownUiRelativeSecondsPrefetchCondition":-3}}}}]},"hasDecorated":true}},"contents":{"twoColumnWatchNextResults":{"results":{"results":{"contents":[{"videoPrimaryInfoRenderer":{"title":{"runs":[{"text":"Learning in the Browser"}]},"viewCount":{"videoViewCountRenderer":{"viewCount":{"simpleText":"조회수 6,283회"},"shortViewCount":{"simpleText":"조회수 6.2천회"},"originalViewCount":"0"}},"videoActions":{"menuRenderer":{"items":[{"menuServiceItemRenderer":{"text":{"runs":[{"text":"신고"}]},"icon":{"iconType":"FLAG"},"serviceEndpoint":{"clickTrackingParams":"CKcCEMyrARgAIhMIy_P_9pCIkgMVQoBWAR2YtBCQygEEqEAvpg==","showEngagementPanelEndpoint":{"identifier":{"tag":"PAabuse_report"},"globalConfiguration":{"params":"qgdxCAESCzVYLVdFUWZsQ0wwGmBFZ3MxV0MxWFJWRm1iRU5NTUVBQldBQjRCWklCTWdvd0VpNW9kSFJ3Y3pvdkwya3VlWFJwYldjdVkyOXRMM1pwTHpWWUxWZEZVV1pzUTB3d0wyUmxabUYxYkhRdWFuQm4%3D"},"engagementPanelPresentationConfigs":{"engagementPanelPopupPresentationConfig":{"popupType":"PANEL_POPUP_TYPE_DIALOG"}}}},"trackingParams":"CKcCEMyrARgAIhMIy_P_9pCIkgMVQoBWAR2YtBCQ"}}],"trackingParams":"CKcCEMyrARgAIhMIy_P_9pCIkgMVQoBWAR2YtBCQ","topLevelButtons":[{"segmentedLikeDislikeButtonViewModel":{"likeButtonViewModel":{"likeButtonViewModel":{"toggleButtonViewModel":{"toggleButtonViewModel":{"defaultButtonViewModel":{"buttonViewModel":{"iconName":"LIKE","title":"112","onTap":{"serialCommand":{"commands":[{"logGestureCommand":{"gestureType":"GESTURE_EVENT_TYPE_LOG_GENERIC_CLICK","trackingParams":"CLICEKVBIhMIy_P_9pCIkgMVQoBWAR2YtBCQ"}},{"innertubeCommand":{"clickTrackingParams":"CLICEKVBIhMIy_P_9pCIkgMVQoBWAR2YtBCQygEEqEAvpg==","commandMetadata":{"webCommandMetadata":{"ignoreNavigation":true}},"modalEndpoint":{"modal":{"modalWithTitleAndButtonRenderer":{"title":{"simpleText":"동영상이 마음에 드시나요?"},"content":{"simpleText":"로그인하여 의견을 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https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/go-send-event-data	Send and Track Events - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection Developer Resources Overview Updates and Versioning Versioning and Support Policy SDK Changelog Authentication API Keys and Secrets Service Token Best Practices for Key & Token Management MCP Overview BETA Quickstart Tool List Building with LLMs Security Security SDKs and APIs SDKs SDK Overview SuprSend Backend SDK Python SDK Node.js SDK Java SDK Go SDK Integrate Go SDK Manage Users Send and Track Events Trigger Workflow from API Tenants Lists Broadcast SuprSend Client SDK Management API REST API Postman Collection Features Validate Trigger Payload Type Safety Testing Testing the Template Test Mode Monitoring and Logging Logs Data Out Contact Us Get Started SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Ask AI Contact Us Get Started Get Started Search... Navigation Go SDK Send and Track Events Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Go SDK Send and Track Events OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Learn how to send events to trigger workflows, with code snippets and examples. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Pre-Requisites Create User Profile Send Event You can send event to Suprsend platform by using the supr_client.track_event method. When you call supr_client.track_event , the SDK internally makes an HTTP call to SuprSend Platform to register this request, and you’ll immediately receive a response indicating the acceptance status. The actual processing/execution of event happens asynchronously. Request Sample Code Response Copy Ask AI ev := & suprsend . Event { EventName : "__event_name__" , DistinctId : "_distinct_id_" , Properties : map [ string ] interface {}{ "k1" : "v1" , }, IdempotencyKey : "_unique_request_id_" } // Send event to Suprsend by calling .TrackEvent _ , err = suprClient . TrackEvent ( ev ) if err != nil { log . Fatalln ( err ) } Parameter Description Type Obligation DistinctId distinct_id of user performing the event string mandatory EventName string identifier for the event like product_purchased string mandatory Properties a dictionary representing event attributes like first_name Event properties can be used to pass template variables in case of event based trigger Dictionary optional IdempotencyKey idempotency_key is the unique identifier for an event, and expires in 24 hours. string optional Event naming guidelines: Event Name or Property Name should not start with or , as we have reserved these symbols for our internal events and property names. Idempotent requests SuprSend supports idempotency to ensure that requests can be retried safely without duplicate processing. If Suprsend receives and processes a request with an idempotency_key, it will skip processing requests with same idempotency_key for next 24 hours. You can use this key to track webhooks related to workflow notifications. Idempotency key should be unique that you generate for each request. You may use any string up to 255 characters in length. Any space at start and end of the key will be trimmed. Here are some common approaches for assigning idempotency keys: Generate a random UUID for each request. Construct the idempotency key by combining relevant information about the request . This can include parameters, identifiers, or specific contextual details that are meaningful within your application. e.g., you could concatenate the user ID, action, and timestamp to form an idempotency key like user147-new-comment-1687437670 Request-specific Identifier : If your request already contains a unique identifier, such as an order ID or a job ID, you can use that identifier directly as the idempotency key. Add file attachment in event (for email) To add one or more Attachments to a Notification (viz. Email), you can just append the filepath of attachment to the event instance. Call event.AddAttachment() for each file with an accessible URL. Ensure that file_path is a publicly accessible URL. Since event API size can’t be > 100 KB, local file paths can’t be passed in event attachment. Request Response Copy Ask AI ev := & suprsend . Event { EventName : "invoice_generated" , DistinctId : "0fxxx8f74-xxxx-41c5-8752-xxxcb6911fb08" , Properties : map [ string ] interface {}{ ... } } // Add attachment (If needed) by calling .AddAttachment err = ev . AddAttachment ( "https://www.adobe.com/sample_file.pdf" ) if err != nil { log . Println ( err ) } // Send event to Suprsend by calling .TrackEvent _ , err = suprClient . TrackEvent ( ev ) if err != nil { log . Fatalln ( err ) } Please add public accessible URL only as attachment file otherwise it will throw an error 404 not found and workflow will not be triggered Bulk API for multiple event requests You can use Bulk API to send multiple events. Use .Append() on bulk_events instance to add however-many-records to call in bulk. Request With Email attachment Response Copy Ask AI ev1 := & suprsend . Event { EventName : "__event_name1__" , DistinctId : "__distinct_id1__" , Properties : map [ string ] interface {}{ "k1" : "v1" , } } ev2 := & suprsend . Event { EventName : "__event_name2__" , DistinctId : "__distinct_id2__" } // Create bulkEvents instance bulkIns := suprClient . BulkEvents . NewInstance () // Add all events to bulk Instance bulkIns . Append ( ev1 , ev2 ) // call trigger to send all these events to SuprSend bulkResponse , err := bulkIns . Trigger () if err != nil { log . Fatalln ( err ) } log . Println ( bulkResponse ) Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Trigger Workflow from API Learn how to trigger workflows using direct workflow API, with code snippets and examples. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page Pre-Requisites Send Event Idempotent requests Add file attachment in event (for email) Bulk API for multiple event requests	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://highlight.io/compare/highlight-vs-mouseflow	highlight.io: The open source monitoring platform. Star us on GitHub Star Migrate your Highlight account to LaunchDarkly by February 28, 2026. Learn more on our blog. Product Integrations Pricing Resources Docs Sign in Sign up Explore highlight.io The Open Source Mouseflow alternative Session replay of your frontend, fullstack error monitoring, and powerful logging. Get started for free Live demo Highlight.io vs Mouseflow A detailed comparison of Mouseflow and Highlight.io General Unlimited Team Members Support Ticket Integrations Self-hosted Options Analytics Integrations Self-serve Setup Session Replay Session Commenting Session Sharing Privacy SDKs Embedded, fullstack error monitoring Canvas & WebGL Recording Shadow DOM Recording Error Monitoring Embedded Session Replay Error Sharing Support for Backend SDKs Agent-less architecture Logging Frontend logging Backend logging Embedded replay and stacktraces Agent-less architecture What makes us different? Highlight.io is open source and transparent Highlight.io is built with transparency at its core, with a permissive license . Not only do we work in the open, but we also expose what we're working on, on our roadmap . The fact that Highlight.io is open source also makes it easy to integrate and build your own tools on-top of it, an advantage closed-source products like Mouseflow can't offer. Highlight.io constantly ships new features At Highlight.io, we ship quickly. We update our changelog with a recap of new features biweekly, and we share when these features are completed in our public roadmap . Plus, our community keeps pushing us to do more, so we're constantly adding new integrations . We work hard to keep Highlight.io ahead of the curve, and we're not afraid to show off our secret sauce. Full-stack Observability While Mouseflow provides a comprehensive set of separate features for session replay, it does not support error monitoring or logging. Highlight.io enables teams to monitor and optimize their entire tech stack, pairing server-side infrastructure with your frontend web applications. This makes Highlight.io a more comprehensive solution for developers who need to monitor their entire tech stack, in a simple, easy to implement solution. Master OpenTelemetry with our Free Comprehensive Course From fundamentals to advanced implementations, learn how OpenTelemetry can transform your engineering team's observability practices. Ideal for engineering leaders and developers building production-ready monitoring solutions. Start Learning Our customers Highlight powers forward-thinking companies. More about our customers → Don't take our word. Read our customer review section → Highlight helps us catch bugs that would otherwise go undetected and makes it easy to replicate and debug them. Max Musing , Founder & CEO Highlight weaves together the incredible, varied, and complex interactions of our users into something understandable and actionable. Kai Hess , Founding Product Designer I love Highlight because not only does it help me debug more quickly, but it gives me insight into how customers are actually using our product. Meryl Dakin , Founding Software Engineer Highlight has helped us win over several customers by making it possible for us to provide hands-on support, based on a detailed understanding of what each user was doing. Neil Raina , CTO Highlight helps us catch bugs that would otherwise go undetected and makes it easy to replicate and debug them. Max Musing , Founder & CEO Highlight weaves together the incredible, varied, and complex interactions of our users into something understandable and actionable. Kai Hess , Founding Product Designer I love Highlight because not only does it help me debug more quickly, but it gives me insight into how customers are actually using our product. Meryl Dakin , Founding Software Engineer Highlight has helped us win over several customers by making it possible for us to provide hands-on support, based on a detailed understanding of what each user was doing. Neil Raina , CTO Try Highlight Today Get the visibility you need Get started for free Product Pricing Sign up Features Privacy & Security Customers Session Replay Error Monitoring Logging Competitors LogRocket Hotjar Fullstory Smartlook Inspectlet Datadog Sentry Site24x7 Sprig Mouseflow Pendo Heap LogicMonitor Last9 Axiom Better Stack HyperDX Dash0 Developers Changelog Documentation Ambassadors Frameworks React Next.js Angular Gatsby.js Svelte.js Vue.js Express Golang Next.js Node.js Rails Hono Contact & Legal Terms of Service Privacy Policy Careers sales@highlight.io security@highlight.io [object Object]	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://docs.suprsend.com/reference/cli-workflow-disable	Disable Workflow - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection Versioning Versioning and Support Policy CLI Changelog Getting Started with CLI CLI Overview BETA Quickstart Installation Authentication Enable Autocompletion Global Flags Profile Commands and Flags Add Profile Use Profile List Profile Modify Profile Remove Profile Sync Sync Assets Workflow Commands and Flags List Workflows Pull Workflows Push Workflows Enable Workflow Disable Workflow Schema Commands and Flags List Schemas Pull Schemas Push Schemas Commit Schema Generate Types Event Commands and Flags List Events Pull Events Push Events Preference Category Commands and Flags List Categories Pull Categories Push Categories Commit Categories List Category Translations Pull Category Translations Push Category Translations Translation Commands and Flags List Translations Pull Translations Push Translations Commit Translations Contact Us Get Started SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Ask AI Contact Us Get Started Get Started Search... Navigation Workflow Disable Workflow Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Workflow Disable Workflow OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Deactivate a workflow in a SuprSend workspace to stop processing notifications. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Syntax Copy Ask AI suprsend workflow disable < workflow-slu g > [flags] Arguments: <workflow-slug> - Slug of the workflow to disable (required) Example Copy Ask AI # Disable workflow in default workspace suprsend workflow disable my-workflow # Disable workflow in another workspace suprsend workflow disable user-signup --workspace production Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Commands and Flags Reference for managing schemas in the SuprSend CLI. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page Syntax Example	2026-01-13T08:48:44
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Reach our USA-Based phone support team: 1.855.PORKBUN (1.855.767.5286) 9AM - 5PM Pacific Time Other Hours: Your mileage may vary, but give it a whirl support@porkbun.com 24 / 7 Email Support Chat Support Hours Vary Your browser does not support the audio element. This plays a little Porkbun jingle. Stay up to date with Porkbun. Sign up for our cool newsletter and we'll keep you up to date with sweet deals, amazing info, and maybe even the occasional limerick or sonnet. 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Porkbun is a Top Level Design Company Made in the USA 🇺🇸 This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. WARNING: This site has been known to cause a mind blowing experience. We recommend you prepare yourself mentally and if possible be sitting down. Side effects may include saving money, letting out a chuckle, and sporadic oinking. 1 × Modal Title Cancel Continue	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://highlight.io/compare/highlight-vs-pendo	highlight.io: The open source monitoring platform. Star us on GitHub Star Migrate your Highlight account to LaunchDarkly by February 28, 2026. Learn more on our blog. Product Integrations Pricing Resources Docs Sign in Sign up Explore highlight.io The Open Source Pendo alternative Session replay of your frontend, fullstack error monitoring, and powerful logging. Get started for free Live demo Highlight.io vs Pendo A detailed comparison of Pendo and Highlight.io General Unlimited Team Members Support Ticket Integrations Self-hosted Options Analytics Integrations Self-serve Setup Session Replay Session Commenting Session Sharing Privacy SDKs Embedded, fullstack error monitoring Canvas & WebGL Recording Shadow DOM Recording Error Monitoring Embedded Session Replay Error Sharing Support for Backend SDKs Agent-less architecture Logging Frontend logging Backend logging Embedded replay and stacktraces Agent-less architecture What makes us different? Highlight.io is open source and transparent Highlight.io is built with transparency at its core, with a permissive license . Not only do we work in the open, but we also expose what we're working on, on our roadmap . The fact that Highlight.io is open source also makes it easy to integrate and build your own tools on-top of it, an advantage closed-source products like Pendo can't offer. Highlight.io constantly ships new features At Highlight.io, we ship quickly. We update our changelog with a recap of new features biweekly, and we share when these features are completed in our public roadmap . Plus, our community keeps pushing us to do more, so we're constantly adding new integrations . We work hard to keep Highlight.io ahead of the curve, and we're not afraid to show off our secret sauce. Full-stack Observability While Pendo provides a comprehensive set of separate features for session replay, it does not support error monitoring or logging. Highlight.io enables teams to monitor and optimize their entire tech stack, pairing server-side infrastructure with your frontend web applications. This makes Highlight.io a more comprehensive solution for developers who need to monitor their entire tech stack, in a simple, easy to implement solution. Master OpenTelemetry with our Free Comprehensive Course From fundamentals to advanced implementations, learn how OpenTelemetry can transform your engineering team's observability practices. Ideal for engineering leaders and developers building production-ready monitoring solutions. Start Learning Our customers Highlight powers forward-thinking companies. More about our customers → Don't take our word. Read our customer review section → Highlight helps us catch bugs that would otherwise go undetected and makes it easy to replicate and debug them. Max Musing , Founder & CEO Highlight weaves together the incredible, varied, and complex interactions of our users into something understandable and actionable. Kai Hess , Founding Product Designer I love Highlight because not only does it help me debug more quickly, but it gives me insight into how customers are actually using our product. Meryl Dakin , Founding Software Engineer Highlight has helped us win over several customers by making it possible for us to provide hands-on support, based on a detailed understanding of what each user was doing. Neil Raina , CTO Highlight helps us catch bugs that would otherwise go undetected and makes it easy to replicate and debug them. Max Musing , Founder & CEO Highlight weaves together the incredible, varied, and complex interactions of our users into something understandable and actionable. Kai Hess , Founding Product Designer I love Highlight because not only does it help me debug more quickly, but it gives me insight into how customers are actually using our product. Meryl Dakin , Founding Software Engineer Highlight has helped us win over several customers by making it possible for us to provide hands-on support, based on a detailed understanding of what each user was doing. Neil Raina , CTO Try Highlight Today Get the visibility you need Get started for free Product Pricing Sign up Features Privacy & Security Customers Session Replay Error Monitoring Logging Competitors LogRocket Hotjar Fullstory Smartlook Inspectlet Datadog Sentry Site24x7 Sprig Mouseflow Pendo Heap LogicMonitor Last9 Axiom Better Stack HyperDX Dash0 Developers Changelog Documentation Ambassadors Frameworks React Next.js Angular Gatsby.js Svelte.js Vue.js Express Golang Next.js Node.js Rails Hono Contact & Legal Terms of Service Privacy Policy Careers sales@highlight.io security@highlight.io [object Object]	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://docs.python.org/3/library/posix.html#module-posix	posix — The most common POSIX system calls — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents posix — The most common POSIX system calls Large File Support Notable Module Contents Previous topic shlex — Simple lexical analysis Next topic pwd — The password database This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules \| next \| previous \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Standard Library » Unix-specific services » posix — The most common POSIX system calls \| Theme Auto Light Dark \| posix — The most common POSIX system calls ¶ This module provides access to operating system functionality that is standardized by the C Standard and the POSIX standard (a thinly disguised Unix interface). Availability : Unix. Do not import this module directly. Instead, import the module os , which provides a portable version of this interface. On Unix, the os module provides a superset of the posix interface. On non-Unix operating systems the posix module is not available, but a subset is always available through the os interface. Once os is imported, there is no performance penalty in using it instead of posix . In addition, os provides some additional functionality, such as automatically calling putenv() when an entry in os.environ is changed. Errors are reported as exceptions; the usual exceptions are given for type errors, while errors reported by the system calls raise OSError . Large File Support ¶ Several operating systems (including AIX and Solaris) provide support for files that are larger than 2 GiB from a C programming model where int and long are 32-bit values. This is typically accomplished by defining the relevant size and offset types as 64-bit values. Such files are sometimes referred to as large files . Large file support is enabled in Python when the size of an off_t is larger than a long and the long long is at least as large as an off_t . It may be necessary to configure and compile Python with certain compiler flags to enable this mode. For example, with Solaris 2.6 and 2.7 you need to do something like: CFLAGS = "`getconf LFS_CFLAGS`" OPT = "-g -O2 $CFLAGS" \ ./ configure On large-file-capable Linux systems, this might work: CFLAGS = '-D_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64' OPT = "-g -O2 $CFLAGS" \ ./ configure Notable Module Contents ¶ In addition to many functions described in the os module documentation, posix defines the following data item: posix. environ ¶ A dictionary representing the string environment at the time the interpreter was started. Keys and values are bytes on Unix and str on Windows. For example, environ[b'HOME'] ( environ['HOME'] on Windows) is the pathname of your home directory, equivalent to getenv("HOME") in C. Modifying this dictionary does not affect the string environment passed on by execv() , popen() or system() ; if you need to change the environment, pass environ to execve() or add variable assignments and export statements to the command string for system() or popen() . Changed in version 3.2: On Unix, keys and values are bytes. Note The os module provides an alternate implementation of environ which updates the environment on modification. Note also that updating os.environ will render this dictionary obsolete. Use of the os module version of this is recommended over direct access to the posix module. Table of Contents posix — The most common POSIX system calls Large File Support Notable Module Contents Previous topic shlex — Simple lexical analysis Next topic pwd — The password database This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules \| next \| previous \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Standard Library » Unix-specific services » posix — The most common POSIX system calls \| Theme Auto Light Dark \| © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. Last updated on Jan 13, 2026 (06:19 UTC). Found a bug ? Created using Sphinx 8.2.3.	2026-01-13T08:48:44
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Legacy OpenAPI Tools Tools for historic OpenAPI versions This is the legacy list of old OpenAPI tools, covering v3.0 and v2.0 tools that have not yet added support for v3.1 or v3.2. Please visit the main site for the latest tools. Categories Code generators Converters Data Validators Documentation Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs) Gateways IDEs and GUI Editors Learning Miscellaneous Mock Servers Monitoring OpenAPI-aware Frameworks Parsers Schema Validators SDK Generators Security Server Implementations Testing Text Editors Code generators Tools to generate code from your OpenAPI Spec, or to generate an OpenAPI Spec from your code. Name Languages v3.0 v2.0 Links ABAP OpenAPI Client & Server Generator ABAP OpenAPI Client & Server Generator written in ABAP. Code generation runs also in the Browser and on command line using NodeJS. Yes No Website GitHub generator-openapi-repo Generate the repository structure for a scalable OpenAPI Description No Yes Website GitHub OpenAPI Client Generators .NET Core command line program to generate strongly typed client API codes in C# on .NET Frameworks and .NET Core, and in TypeScript for Angular 5+, Aurelia, jQuery, AXIOS and Fetch API. Yes Yes Website GitHub OpenAPI Server Code Generator (oapi-codegen) Generate a client, server, and HTTP types for various Go HTTP servers, from an OpenAPI v3 specification Yes No Website GitHub orval orval is able to generate client with appropriate type-signatures (TypeScript) from any valid OpenAPI v3 or Swagger v2 specification, either in yaml or json formats. Generate, valid, cache and mock in your frontend applications all with your OpenAPI specification. 🍺 Yes Yes Website GitHub Python OpenAPI Generator This library facilitates creating OpenAPI document for Python projects. Yes No Website GitHub Swagger-Codegen Swagger Codegen enables generating server stubs and client SDKs for APIs described in OpenAPI Yes Yes Website GitHub Unchase.OpenAPI.Connectedservice Visual Studio extension to generate C# (TypeScript) HttpClient (or C# Controllers) code for OpenAPI web service with NSwag. Yes Yes Website GitHub Converters Various tools to convert to and from OpenAPI and other API description formats. Name Languages v3.0 v2.0 Links avantation Generate OpenAPI 3.0 specification from HAR. Yes No GitHub go-swagger Unmaintained v2.0 only project seeking new maintainer, or probably a fork. Parser, validator, generates descriptions from code, or code from descriptions! No Yes Website GitHub Google Gnostic Compile OpenAPI descriptions into equivalent Protocol Buffer representations Yes Yes GitHub har-to-openapi Automatically generate OpenAPI 3.0 Spec by using network requests captured in one or more HAR files Yes No Website GitHub har2openapi Automatically generate OpenAPI 3.0 Spec by using network requests captured in one or more HAR files. Yes No Website GitHub JSON Schema to OpenAPI Schema Due to the OpenAPI v3.0 and JSON Schema discrepancy, you can use this JS library to convert JSON Schema objects to OpenAPI Schema. Yes No Website GitHub Karate-IDE Generates KarateDSL Tests and Mocks from OpenAPI 3.0 documents and so you can quickly test/explore your API. Yes No Website GitHub laravel-openapi Generate OpenAPI 3 specification for Laravel Applications. Yes No GitHub OAS RAML Converter Converts API descriptions between OpenAPI and RAML. Yes Yes Website GitHub OData.OpenAPI Convert an Edm (Entity Data Model) to OpenAPI 3.0 Yes No GitHub OData.OpenAPI (.NET) Convert an Edm (Entity Data Model) to OpenAPI 3.0 Yes No GitHub OpenAPI Schema to JSON Schema Due to the OpenAPI v3.0 and JSON Schema discrepancy, you can use this JS library to convert OpenAPI Schema objects to proper JSON Schema. Yes No Website GitHub openapi-merge A simple tool to merge multiple independent OpenAPI description files into one file. Useful when you have a number of microservices and you decide to expose them through a gateway. Yes No Website GitHub swagger2openapi Upgrade files from OpenAPI v2.0 to v3.0, bundling into one mega file or respecting $refs. Part of oas-kit. Yes Yes Website GitHub typeconv typeconv is an extremely fast silver bullet type conversion utility. It converts between any of its supported types, bidirectionally. typeconv lets you convert between type systems which have core-types converters, such as JSON Schema, TypeScript, GraphQL, Open API and SureType. This package can be used as an API programatically or as an application (installed in node_modules/.bin or by using e.g. npx). Yes No Website GitHub Data Validators Check to see if API requests and responses are lining up with the API description. Name Languages v3.0 v2.0 Links api-codegen-ts Generates TypeScript models, response validators, and operation controllers from OpenAPI descriptions Yes Yes Website GitHub APIFuzzer Fuzz test your application using your OpenAPI definition without coding. Integrate into CI/CD, get Junit XML test result and JSON report of failures Yes Yes Website GitHub committee Validation middleware for Rack server. This gem validates request and response using an OpenAPI Description. And convert parameter string to specific Ruby object (e.g. convert datetime string to DateTime class). Yes Yes GitHub Fuego Golang Fuego - web & API framework generating OpenAPI descriptions from source code. Yes No Website GitHub JSONSchema::Validator A Perl library which validates request/response according to an OpenAPI specification Yes No Website GitHub kin-openapi OpenAPI 3.0 (and Swagger v2) implementation for Go (parsing, converting, validation, and more) Yes Yes GitHub oas-tools NodeJS module to manage RESTful APIs defined with OpenAPI 3.0 Description over Express servers, including security validations Yes No GitHub OpenAPI Enforcer Validate your OpenAPI document, serialize, deserialize, and validate incoming requests and outgoing responses, and simplify response building. You can even produce mock data. Yes Yes Website GitHub OpenAPI Enforcer Middleware An express middleware that makes it easy to write web services that follow an OpenAPI specification by leveraging the tools provided in the openapi-enforcer package. Yes Yes Website GitHub openapi-examples-validator Validates embedded JSON-examples in OpenAPI-specs Yes Yes GitHub openapi-request-response-validation Runtime validation of requests and responses of your API according to the OpenAPI descriptions, returning (if any) the list of errors found. It is integrated via a simple REST API therefore usable by Java and non-Java applications and CI/CD. Yes Yes GitHub openapi-spring-webflux-validator A friendly kotlin library to validate API endpoints against an OpenAPI description document. Yes Yes GitHub openapi-validator-bundle Validates Request and Response using Symfony Framework Yes No GitHub openapi-validator-middleware Provides data validation within an Express, Koa or Fastify app according to a OpenAPI definition. It uses Ajv under the hood for validation. Yes Yes Website GitHub openapi.tanna.dev/go/validator A Go library for making it easier to validate that your OpenAPI contracts match your HTTP request/responses used in your tests. Based on kin-openapi. Yes No GitLab Step CI Open-source framework for API Quality Assurance. Generate multi-step test-scenarios from OpenAPI. Validate responses against description documents and more. Yes No Website GitHub Documentation Render API Description as HTML (or maybe a PDF) so slightly less technical people can figure out how to work with the API Name Languages v3.0 v2.0 Links HopFront HopFront automatically builds an user friendly UI from a collection of OpenAPI descriptions. You can setup custom dashboard tailored to the way your interact with your APIs. Yes No Website GitHub jekyll-openapi An OpenAPI 3 documentation website generator built with Jekyll for use on GitHub Pages. Yes No Website KrakenD API Gateway KrakenD is a high-performance, stateless API Gateway, seamlessly integrated with OpenAPI. It facilitates automatic API documentation and provides the capability to import existing specifications for generating configuration and mock servers. Yes Yes Website Kusk Gateway Kusk-Gateway is an OpenAPI-driven API Gateway for Kubernetes. It empowers you to develop, validate, mock and deploy your APIs in a matter of minutes using both manual and automated GitOps/APIOps workflows. Yes Yes Website GitHub MrinDoc OpenAPI description document viewer. Yes Yes Website GitHub Nexmo OAS Renderer Ruby OpenAPI docs rendering, use standalone or add to your Rails app Yes No GitHub oas-tools NodeJS module to manage RESTful APIs defined with OpenAPI 3.0 Description over Express servers, including security validations Yes No GitHub oas3-api-snippet-enricher Enrich your existing description documents with generated code samples Yes No Website GitHub openapi-viewer Browse and test a REST API described with the OpenAPI 3.0 Specification Yes No Website GitHub OpenDocumenter OpenDocumenter is a automatic documentation generator for OpenAPI v3.0 schemas. Simply provide your schema file in JSON or YAML, then sit back and enjoy the documentation. Yes Yes Website RapiPdf Custom Element to generate PDF from OpenAPI descriptions. Yes Yes Website GitHub RestCase Docs An API-first and security-first management platform. Design visually and we will create a beautiful API documentation for your APIs. Yes Yes Website Traefik Hub Traefik Hub is a Kubernetes-native API Management solution for publishing, securing, and managing APIs. Configuration is driven by Kubernetes CRDs, labels, and selectors for effective GitOps. Yes Yes Website GitHub widdershins Generate Slate/Shins markdown from OpenAPI 2.0/3.0.x Yes Yes Website GitHub Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs) Writing YAML by hand is no fun, and maybe you don't want a GUI, so use a Domain Specific Language to write OpenAPI in your language of choice. Name Languages v3.0 v2.0 Links BOATS BOATS allows for larger teams to contribute to multi-file OpenAPI definitions by writing Nunjucks tpl syntax in YAML with a few important helpers to ensure stricter consistency, eg operationId: <$ uniqueOpId() $>. Yes Yes Website GitHub CUE CUE is an open source language, with a rich set of APIs and tooling, for defining, generating, and validating all kinds of data configuration, APIs, database schemas, code, etc. CUE currently supports generating OpenAPI through its API. Yes No Website Goa Goa provides a holistic approach for developing remote APIs and microservices in Go. implementers don't have to worry about the documentation getting out of sync as Goa takes care of generating OpenAPI descriptions for HTTP based services and gRPC protocol buffer files for gRPC based services Yes Yes Website kotlin-openapi3-dsl kotlin-openapi3-dsl is a DSL written in Kotlin to write OpenAPI descriptions in plain Kotlin. Yes No Website Oxlip API Language Oxlip is a high-level functional programming language for designing OpenAPI definitions. It defines algebraic abstractions over REST concepts to alleviate the pain of managing OpenAPI in JSON or YAML by hand and at scale. Yes No Website GitHub Spot A concise, developer-friendly way to describe your API contract. Yes Yes GitHub Supermodel Model your data using JSON Schema, refer and remix the models freely, convert to various formats including OAS v2/v3. Yes Yes Website Gateways API Gateways and related tools that have integrated support for OpenAPI. Name Languages v3.0 v2.0 Links Fusio Open source API management platform Yes No Website GitHub KrakenD API Gateway KrakenD is a high-performance, stateless API Gateway, seamlessly integrated with OpenAPI. It facilitates automatic API documentation and provides the capability to import existing specifications for generating configuration and mock servers. Yes Yes Website Kusk Gateway Kusk-Gateway is an OpenAPI-driven API Gateway for Kubernetes. It empowers you to develop, validate, mock and deploy your APIs in a matter of minutes using both manual and automated GitOps/APIOps workflows. Yes Yes Website GitHub Traefik Hub Traefik Hub is a Kubernetes-native API Management solution for publishing, securing, and managing APIs. Configuration is driven by Kubernetes CRDs, labels, and selectors for effective GitOps. Yes Yes Website GitHub IDEs and GUI Editors Visual editors help you design APIs without needing to memorize the entire OpenAPI specification. Name Languages v3.0 v2.0 Links ApiBldr Web-based API Designer for OpenAPI and AsyncAPI descriptions. Yes Yes Website Apicurio Studio Web-Based Open Source API Design via the OpenAPI specification. Yes Yes Website GitHub JetBrains tools (IntelliJ IDEA, PyCharm etc.) JetBrains development tools like IntelliJ IDEA, PyCharm and others come with a bundled OpenAPI Specifications plugin. The plugin allows you to write the OpenAPI descriptions and supports you with validations, formatting, code-completion etc. It supports a text view as well as a rendered SwaggerUI-like graphical interface. Yes Yes Website OAIE Sketch Browser based OpenApi Integrated Editor with side-by side view of the yaml and an interactive graph. Yes No Website GitHub RestCase Designer A design-first API management platform with WYSIWYG API Designer for OpenAPI and AsyncAPI. Yes Yes Website Learning Whether generating documentation for a third-party API based on traffic, or are trying to "catch up on design-first" at an organization with no OpenAPI at all, these "learning" (or traffic sniffing) tools can help you get there. Name Languages v3.0 v2.0 Links APIClarity Reconstruct OpenAPI descriptions from real-time workload traffic seamlessly. Yes Yes Website GitHub mitmproxy2swagger A tool for automatically converting mitmproxy captures to OpenAPI 3.0 specifications. Automatically reverse-engineer REST APIs by just running the apps and capturing the traffic. Yes No Website GitHub OpenApiSpecGeneratorPlugin Built-in plugin for open-source DevProxy that automatically generates OpenAPI 3.0 Spec from captured network requests. Yes No Website GitHub Response2Schema Takes any JSON response and generates an OpenAPI definition document with the component schema and a default endpoint. Yes No Website Miscellaneous Anything else that does stuff with OpenAPI but hasn't quite got enough to warrant its own category. Name Languages v3.0 v2.0 Links CodeMirror OAS support Plugin for text editor https://codemirror.net/ running in your browser that can fetch and parse your OpenAPI schema definition and provide auto-completion support (for large and complex JSON message payloads), error highlighting and access to schema documentation. It is capable of parsing megabytes of OpenAPI schema definition in a second and providing auto-completion support in milliseconds. The work is an MVP of a plugin with basic functionality made as part of a master thesis at ČVUT. Yes No Website GitHub Django REST Framework Automates generation of OpenAPI 3 description documents either as a static file (via CLI command) or a dynamic view within the Django REST Framework (DRF) application. Yes No Website GitHub HopFront HopFront automatically builds an user friendly UI from a collection of OpenAPI descriptions. You can setup custom dashboard tailored to the way your interact with your APIs. Yes No Website GitHub laravel-openapi Generate OpenAPI 3 specification for Laravel Applications. Yes No GitHub oa-client Flexible client helper for making and validating calls to OpenAPI backends. For Node and the browser. Runtime lib - no need for code generation! Yes No Website GitHub oasdiff Golang module for deep comparison of two OpenAPI descriptions. Available also as a command-line. Yes No GitHub OAuth2 as OpenAPI Spec 3.0 components OAuth2 token endpoint described with OAS3 schema. All grants documented. Can be installed as NPM or Composer package. Yes No GitHub OpenAPI Server Code Generator (oapi-codegen) Generate a client, server, and HTTP types for various Go HTTP servers, from an OpenAPI v3 specification Yes No Website GitHub openapi-cli-tool Can list up defined API paths and bundle multi-file into one. Supports multiple file extensions. Yes No Website GitHub openapi-comparator C# library for comparing two OpenAPI descriptions. Yes No Website GitHub openapi-diff Utility for comparing two OpenAPI descriptions. Yes No GitHub openapi-examples-validator Validates embedded JSON-examples in OpenAPI-specs Yes Yes GitHub openapi-spring-webflux-validator A friendly kotlin library to validate API endpoints against an OpenAPI description document. Yes Yes GitHub php-openapi-faker Library to generate fake data for OpenAPI 3.x requests, responses and schemas. Yes No GitHub schema2dts Create types definitions from an OpenAPI schema. Yes No Website GitHub Mock Servers Fake servers that take description document as input, then route incoming HTTP requests to example responses or dynamically generates examples. Name Languages v3.0 v2.0 Links Beeceptor OpenAPI Mock Server 🐝 A free service that transforms your OpenAPI description documents into instant mock servers with AI-generated realistic responses. Upload your YAML/JSON files to get schema-compliant mocks without writing any code. Helps with early integration testing and simulating various API behaviors. Yes No Website Fakeit Create mock server from OpenAPI 3 specification with random response generation and request validation. Yes No Website GitHub Falcon Heavy The framework for building app backends and microservices via the API design-first workflow. Yes No Website GitHub Karate-IDE Generates KarateDSL Tests and Mocks from OpenAPI 3.0 documents and so you can quickly test/explore your API. Yes No Website GitHub Kusk Gateway Kusk-Gateway is an OpenAPI-driven API Gateway for Kubernetes. It empowers you to develop, validate, mock and deploy your APIs in a matter of minutes using both manual and automated GitOps/APIOps workflows. Yes Yes Website GitHub Meeshkan Meeshkan is an automated testing and mocking tool. It offers first-class support for GraphQL APIs, but Meeshkan is also built to handle REST APIs and third-party dependencies. Yes No Website OpenAPI Mocker Standalone nodejs based OpenAPI 3 mock server, docker-friendly with request validation and autoreload. Yes No Website GitHub openapi-data-mocker Tiny library to generate basic OpenAPI Data Types. Consider it as extended Faker package. First version able to mock most of the data formats. It doesn't support polymorphism yet, but work in progress. May be useful for writing custom unit tests. Yes No GitHub orval orval is able to generate client with appropriate type-signatures (TypeScript) from any valid OpenAPI v3 or Swagger v2 specification, either in yaml or json formats. Generate, valid, cache and mock in your frontend applications all with your OpenAPI specification. 🍺 Yes Yes Website GitHub Specmatic Specmatic enables teams to practice Contract-Driven Development by leveraging OpenAPI descriptions as Executable Contracts to reduce time-to-market by allowing teams to build, test and deploy their MicroServices and MicroFrontends independently and Shift-Left the identification of compatibility issues between Components / Services in complex interdependent systems such as those built with MicroServices architecture. In the process it reduces / removes the need for Integration Testing. Yes No Website GitHub yii2-app-api Generate Server side API code with routing, models, data validation and database schema from an OpenAPI description. Based on Yii Framework. Yes No GitHub Monitoring Monitoring tools let you know what is going on in your API. Name Languages v3.0 v2.0 Links API Insights (Treblle) API Insights is a web application and native Mac application that allows you get real time insights into your API using your OpenAPI specification. Think of it like a static analysis tool for your API, using your OpenAPI Specification file. Yes No Website GitHub OpenAPI-aware Frameworks There's a new breed of API-centric web application frameworks that produce OpenAPI for you from the actual code you're writing instead of messing with annotations or DSLs. Name Languages v3.0 v2.0 Links Fuego Golang Fuego - web & API framework generating OpenAPI descriptions from source code. Yes No Website GitHub Rage A Ruby web framework for building APIs with first-class OpenAPI support. Yes No Website GitHub Parsers Loads and read OpenAPI descriptions, so you can work with them programmatically. Name Languages v3.0 v2.0 Links APIDevTools/swagger-parser OpenAPI 2.0 and 3.0 parser and validator. Can also bundle multiple documents into one via `$ref`. Yes Yes GitHub go-swagger Unmaintained v2.0 only project seeking new maintainer, or probably a fork. Parser, validator, generates descriptions from code, or code from descriptions! No Yes Website GitHub KaiZen OpenAPI Parser High-performance Parser, Validator, and Java Object Model for OpenAPI 3.x Yes No GitHub kin-openapi OpenAPI 3.0 (and Swagger v2) implementation for Go (parsing, converting, validation, and more) Yes Yes GitHub oas_parser A Ruby parser for OpenAPI 3.0+ descriptions. Yes No GitHub oas-tools NodeJS module to manage RESTful APIs defined with OpenAPI 3.0 Description over Express servers, including security validations Yes No GitHub Object Oriented OpenAPI Specification An object oriented approach to generating OpenAPI Descriptions, implemented in PHP Yes No GitHub openapi-filter OpenAPI 2.0 and 3.0 filter utility. A CLI/module to filter out internal/private paths, operations, parameters, schemas etc from OpenAPI v1/OpenAPI v2/AsyncAPI definitions. Simply flag any OpenAPI object within the definition with an `x-internal` specification extension or target a OpenAPI property (tags, methods, OperationId), and it will be removed from the output. Yes Yes GitHub openapi-snippet Generates code snippets in various languages & tools (cURL, Node, Python, Ruby, Java, Go, C#...), from OpenAPI documents. Yes Yes GitHub openapi-snippet-cli Adds code snippets in redoc style (x-codeSamples) to OpenAPI documents. This is a CLI wrapper for the "openapi-snippet". Yes Yes GitHub OpenAPI-TS TS Model & utils for OpenAPI 3.0.x contracts Yes No GitHub openapi3 An OpenAPI 3 Specification client, and validator, covering both description validation and limited data validation for Python 3. Yes No GitHub openapi3_parser A Ruby implementation of parser and validator for the OpenAPI 3 Specification. Yes No GitHub OpenAPI3-Rust Rust serialization library for OpenAPI v3 Yes No GitHub php-openapi A PHP library for manipulating and validating OpenAPI 3.0 Descriptions Yes No GitHub psx-api Parse and generate API specification formats Yes Yes Website GitHub Schema Validators Check your API description or schema to see if it is valid OpenAPI. Name Languages v3.0 v2.0 Links API Insights (Treblle) API Insights is a web application and native Mac application that allows you get real time insights into your API using your OpenAPI specification. Think of it like a static analysis tool for your API, using your OpenAPI Specification file. Yes No Website GitHub oas-tools NodeJS module to manage RESTful APIs defined with OpenAPI 3.0 Description over Express servers, including security validations Yes No GitHub OpenAPI Enforcer Validate your OpenAPI document, serialize, deserialize, and validate incoming requests and outgoing responses, and simplify response building. You can even produce mock data. Yes Yes Website GitHub OpenAPI Style Validator A customizable style validator to make sure your OpenAPI description follows your organization's standards. Yes Yes GitHub openapi-examples-validator Validates embedded JSON-examples in OpenAPI-specs Yes Yes GitHub openapi-spring-webflux-validator A friendly kotlin library to validate API endpoints against an OpenAPI description document. Yes Yes GitHub php-openapi A PHP library for manipulating and validating OpenAPI 3.0 Descriptions Yes No GitHub super-linter GitHub Action to lint repositories as part of CI/CD. Implements the latest version of Spectral. Yes Yes GitHub SDK Generators Generate code to give to consumers, to help them avoid interacting at a HTTP level. Name Languages v3.0 v2.0 Links ABAP OpenAPI Client & Server Generator ABAP OpenAPI Client & Server Generator written in ABAP. Code generation runs also in the Browser and on command line using NodeJS. Yes No Website GitHub api-codegen-ts Generates TypeScript models, response validators, and operation controllers from OpenAPI descriptions Yes Yes Website GitHub Azure AutoRest Generates client libraries for accessing RESTful web services from an OpenAPI document. Supports C#, PowerShell, Go, Java, Node.js, TypeScript, Python, and Ruby. Yes Yes GitHub docler-labs/api-client-generator API client generator is a console application capable of auto-generating a PSR18/PSR7 API client based on OpenAPI specification according to PHP best practices and your code style standards. Yes No GitHub draig DRAIG is an OpenAPI3 based design-first custom generator that creates fully functional microservices from an OAS API description document. You can use DRAIG with openapi-generator as a backend generator or use DRAIG CLI or REPL to generate your microservices. With simple user-customizable templates, you can extended and improve implementation code so that generated code can be compiled and deployed immediatelly. Yes No Website GitLab go-swagger Unmaintained v2.0 only project seeking new maintainer, or probably a fork. Parser, validator, generates descriptions from code, or code from descriptions! No Yes Website GitHub guardrail Principled code generation from OpenAPI descriptions Yes Yes Website GitHub janephp Generate a PHP Client API (PSR-7 compatible) given a OpenAPI specification. Yes Yes GitHub janephp/open-api Generate a PHP Client API (PSR-7 compatible) given a OpenAPI specification. Yes Yes GitHub NSwag OpenAPI toolchain for .NET, Web API and TypeScript Yes Yes Website GitHub oa-client Flexible client helper for making and validating calls to OpenAPI backends. For Node and the browser. Runtime lib - no need for code generation! Yes No Website GitHub oazapfts! Generate TypeScript clients from a given OpenAPI description document. Yes Yes GitHub OpenAPI Client Generators .NET Core command line program to generate strongly typed client API codes in C# on .NET Frameworks and .NET Core, and in TypeScript for Angular 5+, Aurelia, jQuery, AXIOS and Fetch API. Yes Yes Website GitHub restful-react Generate React hooks with appropriate type-signatures from OpenAPI descriptions Yes Yes Website GitHub spring-openapi OpenAPI v3 generator for Java Spring. Includes also client generation. Supports inheritance with discriminators, Jackson annotations and custom interceptors. Yes No GitHub Typoas Fully typed OpenAPI Typescript generator Yes No Website GitHub Unchase.OpenAPI.Connectedservice Visual Studio extension to generate C# (TypeScript) HttpClient (or C# Controllers) code for OpenAPI web service with NSwag. Yes Yes Website GitHub Security By poking around your OpenAPI description, some tools can look out for attack vectors you might not have noticed. Name Languages v3.0 v2.0 Links 42crunch A unique set of integrated API security tools that allow discovery, remediation of OpenAPI vulnerabilities and runtime protection against API attacks. Yes Yes Website API Insights (RestCase) RestCase executes hundreds of security and quality checks against the API definition, the API insights report provides detailed security scoring for prioritization, and remediation advice to help developers define the best API definition possible. Yes Yes Website oas-tools NodeJS module to manage RESTful APIs defined with OpenAPI 3.0 Description over Express servers, including security validations Yes No GitHub openapi-fuzzer Based on OpenAPI specification, openapi-fuzzer provides random data as inputs to the API endpoints in order to find bugs. Yes No Website OpenAPI3 Fuzzer Simple fuzzer for OpenAPI 3 specification based APIs. Verifies responses and sends various attack patterns. Yes No Website GitHub RESTler RESTler is the first stateful REST API fuzzing tool for automatically testing cloud services through their REST APIs and finding security and reliability bugs in these services. RESTler analyzes the OpenAPI description of a cloud service, and then generates and executes tests that exercise the service through its REST API. During testing, it checks for specific classes of bugs and dynamically learns how the service behaves from prior service responses. Yes Yes GitHub StackHawk HawkScan StackHawk is an application vulnerability scanner purpose built for developers to use in the DevOps pipeline. It leverages a provided OpenAPI v2 or v3 spec file for route discovery and enhanced scanning. Yes Yes Website GitHub WuppieFuzz WuppieFuzz is a coverage-guided REST API fuzzer developed on top of LibAFL, targeting a wide audience of end-users, with a strong focus on ease-of-use, explainability of the discovered flaws and modularity. WuppieFuzz supports all three settings of testing (black box, grey box and white box). Yes Yes GitHub Server Implementations Easily create and implement resources and routes for your APIs. Name Languages v3.0 v2.0 Links @eropple/nestjs-openapi3 Integrates tightly with a NestJS application to infers complex descriptions and expresses them in its generated OpenAPI document. It then presents that document via ReDoc, and validates inputs for conformance to spec. Yes No Website GitHub @nestjs/swagger Official OpenAPI (Swagger) module for NestJS. Use decorators to define OpenAPI endpoint documentation, parameters and return types. Integrates tightly with a NestJS application. Ships with Swagger UI and serves OpenAPI v3 spec. Yes No Website GitHub @smartrecruiters/openapi-first Initializes your API express application with the description in OpenAPI 3.0 format using provided middlewares (parsers, validators, controller, defaults setting) or custom ones Yes No Website GitHub API Platform REST and GraphQL framework to build modern API-driven projects Yes Yes Website GitHub BaucisJS + baucis-openapi3 Create REST resources with persistence on MongoDB and expose OpenAPI v.3 contracts Yes No Website GitHub Connexion Connexion is a modern Python web framework that makes spec-first and api-first development easy. No code is generated. With Connexion, you write your server-side API handlers according to a naming convention, and the Connexion engine, given a spec, invokes your code after any input has been validated. Yes Yes Website GitHub draig-car This is a REPL OpenAPI3 description document text editor. It provides both a CLI and and a REPL you can use to test your APIs, but you can also test database queries, start and stop database (containers), generate fake data automatically, start your test microservice and much more. You don't have to exit from your REPL! Or you can use the CLI to do the same if you want, giving you the option to automatize your contract-first based dev cycles. Yes No Website GitLab Falcon Heavy The framework for building app backends and microservices via the API design-first workflow. Yes No Website GitHub Fusio Open source API management platform Yes No Website GitHub LoopBack 4 A highly extensible object-oriented Node.js and TypeScript framework for building APIs and microservices with tight OpenAPI 3 integration. Serves Swagger UI and OpenAPI 3 spec out of the box. Generate code to interact with other OpenAPI-compliant APIs, or generate new API endpoints based on existing OpenAPI descriptions. Yes No Website GitHub Mojolicious::Plugin::OpenApi Mojolicious::Plugin::OpenAPI is a plugin for Mojolicious framework that add routes and input/output validation to your Mojolicious application based on OpenAPI description documents.' Yes Yes Website GitHub oas-tools NodeJS module to manage RESTful APIs defined with OpenAPI 3.0 Description over Express servers, including security validations Yes No GitHub OpenAPI Enforcer Validate your OpenAPI document, serialize, deserialize, and validate incoming requests and outgoing responses, and simplify response building. You can even produce mock data. Yes Yes Website GitHub openapi-validator-middleware Provides data validation within an Express, Koa or Fastify app according to a OpenAPI definition. It uses Ajv under the hood for validation. Yes Yes Website GitHub Vert.x Web Api Contract Create API endpoints with Vert.x 3 and OpenAPI 3 with automatic requests validation Yes No Website GitHub Testing Quickly execute API requests and validate responses on the fly through command line or GUI interfaces. Name Languages v3.0 v2.0 Links Assertible Import an OpenAPI specification into Assertible to generate tests that validate JSON Schema responses and status codes on every endpoint. Yes Yes Website Atlassian OpenAPI Request Validators A set of Java libraries which allow you to integrate OpenAPI Description Document validation into your testing or clients with tools like WireMock/RestAssured/MockMVC/etc... Yes Yes Website Git Chai OpenAPI Response Validator Simple Chai support for asserting that HTTP responses satisfy an OpenAPI spec. Yes Yes GitHub draig-car This is a REPL OpenAPI3 description document text editor. It provides both a CLI and and a REPL you can use to test your APIs, but you can also test database queries, start and stop database (containers), generate fake data automatically, start your test microservice and much more. You don't have to exit from your REPL! Or you can use the CLI to do the same if you want, giving you the option to automatize your contract-first based dev cycles. Yes No Website GitLab Dredd Language-agnostic command-line tool for validating API description document against backend implementation of the API Yes Yes Website GitHub EvoMaster A tool for automatically generating system-level test cases for RESTful APIs, using Evolutionary Algorithms and Dynamic Program Analysis. Yes Yes GitHub hikaku A library that tests if the implementation of a REST-API meets its specification. Yes No GitHub jest-openapi Additional Jest matchers for asserting that HTTP responses satisfy an OpenAPI spec. Yes Yes GitHub Karate-IDE Generates KarateDSL Tests and Mocks from OpenAPI 3.0 documents and so you can quickly test/explore your API. Yes No Website GitHub Meeshkan Meeshkan is an automated testing and mocking tool. It offers first-class support for GraphQL APIs, but Meeshkan is also built to handle REST APIs and third-party dependencies. Yes No Website OpenAPI Enforcer Validate your OpenAPI document, serialize, deserialize, and validate incoming requests and outgoing responses, and simplify response building. You can even produce mock data. Yes Yes Website GitHub ReadyAPI an end to end API functional, security, performance and virtualization tool where OAS description documents can be utilized to automate the creation and validation of end to end tests, running them manually or at any point in your CI/CD pipeline. pipelines. Yes Yes Website RESTest RESTest is a framework for automated black-box testing of RESTful web APIs. It follows a model-based approach, where test cases are automatically derived from the OpenAPI description document (OAS) of the API under test. Yes Yes Website GitHub RESTler RESTler is the first stateful REST API fuzzing tool for automatically testing cloud services through their REST APIs and finding security and reliability bugs in these services. RESTler analyzes the OpenAPI description of a cloud service, and then generates and executes tests that exercise the service through its REST API. During testing, it checks for specific classes of bugs and dynamically learns how the service behaves from prior service responses. Yes Yes GitHub Specmatic Specmatic enables teams to practice Contract-Driven Development by leveraging OpenAPI descriptions as Executable Contracts to reduce time-to-market by allowing teams to build, test and deploy their MicroServices and MicroFrontends independently and Shift-Left the identification of compatibility issues between Components / Services in complex interdependent systems such as those built with MicroServices architecture. In the process it reduces / removes the need for Integration Testing. Yes No Website GitHub Step CI Open-source framework for API Quality Assurance. Generate multi-step test-scenarios from OpenAPI. Validate responses against description documents and more. Yes No Website GitHub Tcases for OpenAPI Generates test cases directly from an OpenAPI v3 description of your API. Creates tests executable using various test frameworks. Bonus: Semantic linter reports elements that are inconsistent, superfluous, or dubious. Yes No GitHub vREST NG vREST NG is a simple and powerful application for API Automation. It Allows to use OpenAPI specification into vREST NG to drive your API testing that validates the API responses against JSON Schema and also provides powerful response validation capabilities. Yes Yes Website WuppieFuzz WuppieFuzz is a coverage-guided REST API fuzzer developed on top of LibAFL, targeting a wide audience of end-users, with a strong focus on ease-of-use, explainability of the discovered flaws and modularity. WuppieFuzz supports all three settings of testing (black box, grey box and white box). Yes Yes GitHub Text Editors Text editors give you visual feedback whilst you write OpenAPI, so you can see what docs might look like. Name Languages v3.0 v2.0 Links 42Crunch IntelliJ OpenAPI Editor OpenAPI extension for Visual Studio Code - new file templates, navigation, intellisense, code snippets. Yes Yes Website GitHub CodeMirror OAS support Plugin for text editor https://codemirror.net/ running in your browser that can fetch and parse your OpenAPI schema definition and provide auto-completion support (for large and complex JSON message payloads), error highlighting and access to schema documentation. It is capable of parsing megabytes of OpenAPI schema definition in a second and providing auto-completion support in milliseconds. The work is an MVP of a plugin with basic functionality made as part of a master thesis at ČVUT. Yes No Website GitHub draig-car This is a REPL OpenAPI3 description document text editor. It provides both a CLI and and a REPL you can use to test your APIs, but you can also test database queries, start and stop database (containers), generate fake data automatically, start your test microservice and much more. You don't have to exit from your REPL! Or you can use the CLI to do the same if you want, giving you the option to automatize your contract-first based dev cycles. Yes No Website GitLab KaiZen-OpenAPI-Editor Full-featured Eclipse editor for OpenAPI, also available on Eclipse Marketplace. Yes Yes GitHub Swagger Editor Design, describe, and document your API on the first open source editor fully dedicated to OpenAPI-based APIs. Yes Yes GitHub VSCode OpenAPI Editor OpenAPI extension for Visual Studio Code - new file templates, navigation, intellisense, code snippets. Yes Yes Website GitHub VSCode OpenAPI Snippets OpenAPI Snippets for Visual Studio Code editor, includes split file validation Yes No Website GitHub Looking for more modern tools? Check out the main list . * * *	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://highlight.io/compare/highlight-vs-axiom	highlight.io: The open source monitoring platform. Star us on GitHub Star Migrate your Highlight account to LaunchDarkly by February 28, 2026. Learn more on our blog. Product Integrations Pricing Resources Docs Sign in Sign up Explore highlight.io The Open Source Axiom alternative Session replay of your frontend, fullstack error monitoring, and powerful logging. Get started for free Live demo Highlight.io vs Axiom A detailed comparison of Axiom and Highlight.io General Unlimited Team Members Support Ticket Integrations Self-hosted Options Analytics Integrations Self-serve Setup Session Replay Session Commenting Session Sharing Privacy SDKs Embedded, fullstack error monitoring Canvas & WebGL Recording Shadow DOM Recording Error Monitoring Embedded Session Replay Error Sharing Support for Backend SDKs Agent-less architecture Logging Frontend logging Backend logging Embedded replay and stacktraces Agent-less architecture What makes us different? Highlight.io is open source and transparent Highlight.io is built with transparency at its core, with a permissive license . Not only do we work in the open, but we also expose what we're working on, on our roadmap . The fact that Highlight.io is open source also makes it easy to integrate and build your own tools on-top of it, an advantage closed-source products like Axiom can't offer. Highlight.io constantly ships new features At Highlight.io, we ship quickly. We update our changelog with a recap of new features biweekly, and we share when these features are completed in our public roadmap . Plus, our community keeps pushing us to do more, so we're constantly adding new integrations . We work hard to keep Highlight.io ahead of the curve, and we're not afraid to show off our secret sauce. Full-stack Observability While Axiom provides a comprehensive set of separate features for logging and error monitoring, it does not support session replay. Highlight.io enables teams to monitor and optimize their entire tech stack, pairing server-side infrastructure with your frontend web applications. This makes Highlight.io a more comprehensive solution for developers who need to monitor their entire tech stack, in a simple, easy to implement solution. Master OpenTelemetry with our Free Comprehensive Course From fundamentals to advanced implementations, learn how OpenTelemetry can transform your engineering team's observability practices. Ideal for engineering leaders and developers building production-ready monitoring solutions. Start Learning Our customers Highlight powers forward-thinking companies. More about our customers → Don't take our word. Read our customer review section → Highlight helps us catch bugs that would otherwise go undetected and makes it easy to replicate and debug them. Max Musing , Founder & CEO Highlight weaves together the incredible, varied, and complex interactions of our users into something understandable and actionable. Kai Hess , Founding Product Designer I love Highlight because not only does it help me debug more quickly, but it gives me insight into how customers are actually using our product. Meryl Dakin , Founding Software Engineer Highlight has helped us win over several customers by making it possible for us to provide hands-on support, based on a detailed understanding of what each user was doing. Neil Raina , CTO Highlight helps us catch bugs that would otherwise go undetected and makes it easy to replicate and debug them. Max Musing , Founder & CEO Highlight weaves together the incredible, varied, and complex interactions of our users into something understandable and actionable. Kai Hess , Founding Product Designer I love Highlight because not only does it help me debug more quickly, but it gives me insight into how customers are actually using our product. Meryl Dakin , Founding Software Engineer Highlight has helped us win over several customers by making it possible for us to provide hands-on support, based on a detailed understanding of what each user was doing. Neil Raina , CTO Try Highlight Today Get the visibility you need Get started for free Product Pricing Sign up Features Privacy & Security Customers Session Replay Error Monitoring Logging Competitors LogRocket Hotjar Fullstory Smartlook Inspectlet Datadog Sentry Site24x7 Sprig Mouseflow Pendo Heap LogicMonitor Last9 Axiom Better Stack HyperDX Dash0 Developers Changelog Documentation Ambassadors Frameworks React Next.js Angular Gatsby.js Svelte.js Vue.js Express Golang Next.js Node.js Rails Hono Contact & Legal Terms of Service Privacy Policy Careers sales@highlight.io security@highlight.io [object Object]	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://bsky.app/profile/cassidoo.co	@cassidoo.co on Bluesky JavaScript Required This is a heavily interactive web application, and JavaScript is required. Simple HTML interfaces are possible, but that is not what this is. Learn more about Bluesky at bsky.social and atproto.com . Profile Cassidy cassidoo.co did:plc:bhdap3w2bseikypfnjmaskzf Making memes, dreams, & software! Sr. Director of Dev Advocacy at GitHub. Married to a dweeb and mom to a nerdy toddler + baby combo. She/Her ✝️ CHI 🏠 Subscribe to my newsletter! cassidoo.co/newsletter	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://calebporzio.com/8-accessibility-mistakes-we-need-to-stop-making	8 Accessibility Mistakes We Need To Stop Making \| Caleb Porzio Caleb Porzio Posts   •   Creations   •   Talks   •   Tweets 8 Accessibility Mistakes We Need To Stop Making May 2019 Web accessibility is the inclusive practice of ensuring there are no barriers that prevent interaction with, or access to, websites on the World Wide Web by people with disabilities. Honesty time: I haven't paid much attention to making the apps I build accessible. Because I don't have a disability, I'm never personally faced with the pains of using in-accessible websites. No excuses though. Below are 8 things I've done wrong building web apps and 8 solutions going forward. It's by no means an exhaustive list, but it's certainly a step in the right direction. 1) Using custom <input> s Vue (and other front-end frameworks) make it really easy to pull in third-party packages for more advanced form control interactions. I've personally used the following package on more than one project: vue-slider-component . Turns out, it's impossible to use without a mouse. See for yourself: (click anywhere inside the CodePen window, "tab" to the slider, and try to move it using only your keyboard) See the Pen vue-slider-component by Caleb Porzio ( @calebporzio ) on CodePen . Can't do it right? The slider can't receive "focus" using your keyboard. Before blindly pulling in a package or building a custom component, make sure it can receive "tab" focus and can be used with a keyboard. Specific techniques are outside the scope of this article, but here is a good page for reference: Provide Meaning For Non-Standard Interactive Elements 2) Removing :focus outlines It's important for people using assistive technologies to be able to see what element currently has focus. By default, browsers outline input elements when they are focused. You can see for yourself in the following CodePen: See the Pen Focus Inputs Outline by Caleb Porzio ( @calebporzio ) on CodePen . Here is a peice of CSS I literally grabbed from my last project. I'm not proud of it: // Globally remove the annoying outline when a button or input is clicked. input, textarea, button, button:focus { outline: none; } If you are unhappy with the default browser outline visually, there are ways to make it more visually pleasing. If you use TailwindCSS , here's a way you can acheive this: <input type="text" class="outline-none focus:shadow-outline"> 3) Non-unique Title tags Screen readers rely on <title> tags on pages to communicate to the user what page they are on and help them keep track of multiple tabs. I'm usually pretty good about unique <title> s on blogs and marketing pages, but I've definitely overlooked them in web apps. Bad <title>Some App</title> Better <title>Some App \| My Account</title> Best <title>My Account \| Some App</title> 4) Using placeholders instead of labels for <input> s In attempts to make my UI's look more sleek and minimal, I've relied on input placeholder text instead of <label> tags to label input fields. Bad <input type="text" name="username" placeholder="Username"> Good <label for="username">Username</label> <input type="text" name="username" id="username"> Assistive technologies rely on <label> tags for communicating input fields to users. Also, the visual contrast between placeholder text and the input background is often too little for people with visual impairments. 5) Not wrapping <input> s in a <form> tag This is one that I started doing when I switched to a Vue/ajax approach for most forms. Because I'm not relying on native form submissions, I would forego adding <form> tag altogether. Bad <label for="username">Username</label> <input type="text" name="username" id="username" v-model="name"> <button @click="logIn">Log In</button> Good <form @submit="logIn"> <label for="username">Username</label> <input type="text" name="username" id="username" v-model="name"> <button type="submit">Log In</button> </form> Assistive technologies look for <form> tags and offer helpful functionality specific to forms. 6) Using <div> instead of h1, h2, h3 Assistive technologies use heading levels to help establish the structure of a page. This seems obvious for things like page headings but is less obvious for widget/panel headings. Bad <div class="text-lg">Create Post</div> Good <h1 class="text-lg">Create Post</h1> 7) Not adding “alt=“” attributes to <img> tags I believe this is the #1 most common accessibility mistake, and I'm no exception here. I try to add them sometimes, but often admittedly don't. Bad <img src="/logo.png"> Better (but still bad) <img alt="Logo" src="/logo.png"> Best <img alt="Some App Logo" src="/logo.png"> When writing alt attributes, it's helpful to ask yourself: If I couldn't see this image, what info would be helpful to me. This will force you to write helpful, "functional" copy, rather than useless, verbose descriptions. 8) Using <a> when I should use <button> For some reason, I've often used <a> tags for button functionality. Particularly if the button is styled like a link. If your <a> tag isn't a link, it should probably be a button. Bad <a href="#" @click.prevent="showModal">Show Modal</a> Good <button type="button" @click="showModal">Show Modal</button> Wrapping Up If the subject of accessibility always felt a bit nebulous to you, then hopefully I've provided some concrete examples for you to up your game with. If you enjoyed the post, sign up for my email list. I send out a hand-written email every week or so with updates, cool things I'm learning, and easter eggs. Peace, Caleb My Newsletter I send out an email every so often about cool stuff I'm working on or launching. If you dig, go ahead and sign up!	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://python-docs-es.readthedocs.io/page/CONTRIBUTING.html	Guía para contribuir en la traducción — Documentación de Python en Español -- 3.13.0 Tema Auto Claro Oscuro Tabla de contenido Guía para contribuir en la traducción Paso 0: Configuración de Github Paso 1: ¿Qué archivo traducir? Paso 2: ¡Comienza a traducir! A tener en cuenta Previsualizar los cambios Memoria de traducción Esta página Reporta un bug Ver fuente Navegación índice módulos \| Python » Documentación 3.13.0 » Guía para contribuir en la traducción \| Tema Auto Claro Oscuro \| Nota ¡Ayúdanos a traducir la documentación oficial de Python al Español! Puedes encontrar más información en Como contribuir . Ayuda a acercar Python a más personas de habla hispana. Guía para contribuir en la traducción ¶ ¡Muchas gracias por tu interés en participar de la traducción de la documentación oficial de Python al Español! Este es el grupo de trabajo para la traducción de la documentación oficial de Python al Español, todo el contenido de la traducción es mantenido por voluntaries que aportan su tiempo y trabajo a la comunidad. Antes de comenzar tu primera traducción, y que sigas con esta guia de contribución, queremos señalar algunos lineamientos generales . Nota Si tienes cualquier duda, puedes enviarnos un email a docs-es @ python . org . También puedes unirte a nuestro canal de Telegram si necesitas ayuda. El proceso general de traducción son tres pasos, de los cuales el primero tendrás que realizar solo una vez. Te los detallamos a continuación. Paso 0: Configuración de Github ¶ Esta configuración la tienes que realizar sólo una vez, y con ello podrás realizar todas las contribuciones que quieras. Para enviar una traducción, necesitas tener un fork del repositorio oficial, haciendo click en el botón encerrado en rojo. Nota Puedes consular la ayuda oficial de GitHub , si lo deseas. Clona el fork del repositorio que acabas de crear: git clone git @github . com : < TU - USUARIO >/ python - docs - es . git Ingresa en la carpeta que git clone creó en tu computadora: cd python - docs - es / Agrega el repositorio original como «upstream»: git remote add upstream https : // github . com / python / python - docs - es . git (Opcional) Crea un entorno virtual y actívalo: python - m venv venv source venv / bin / activate # macOS y Linux venv \ Scripts \ activate . bat # Windows (Opcional) Instala los requerimientos del proyecto: pip install - r requirements - own . txt Nota Al tener instalado los requerimientos, podrás utilizas las herramientas powrap y pospell para poder verificar tus archivos traducidos, y también construir la documentación localmente. Paso 1: ¿Qué archivo traducir? ¶ Tenemos una lista de issues en GitHub en dónde vamos coordinando el trabajo realizado para no traducir dos veces lo mismo. El proceso para traducir un archivo es el siguiente: Elige cualquiera de los issues que no están asignados a otra persona. Deja un comentario en el issue diciendo que quieres trabajar en él. Espera a que un administrador te asigne el issue. ¡Empieza a traducir! Paso 2: ¡Comienza a traducir! ¶ Tener un archivo asignado para traducir . Verifica que estás en la rama principal del repositorio, 3.13 (esto es muy importante para evitar crear una nueva rama a partir de una traducción anterior): git checkout 3.13 Crea una rama nueva en base al artículo en el que vayas a trabajar. Por ejemplo, si vas a trabajar en el archivo library/ast.po , usa un nombre similar a: git checkout - b traduccion - ast Una vez que hayas elegido el archivo, lo puedes abrir con el editor poedit y empezar a traducir. Formato de columnas : Si utilizas poedit es posible que tu archivo tenga la estructura adecuada, pero te invitamos a comprobarlo con la herramienta powrap , la cual puedes instalar y utilizar por la línea de comandos. Ejecuta: powrap < directorio >/ tu_archivo . po Recuerda que tu archivo puede estar dentro de un <directorio> , como library , con lo que tendrás que ejecutar el comando powrap library/tu_archivo.po si no te encuentras en el mismo directorio de tu archivo. Nota Si estás en Windows y tienes problemas, mira los comentarios de Utilizar powrap en Windows para más información. Nota En 3.13 notamos un problema de inconsistencia en las versiones de powrap que podrían ser utilizadas, con lo que la verificación del CI fue deshabilitada, pero te recomendamos que puedas ejecutar powrap localmente de todas formas. Corrección ortográfica : Para verificar la ortografía de tu archivo puedes utilizar la herramienta pospell para que verifiques que todas las palabras están aceptadas o incluidas en diccionarios. Para ello tenemos un script de conveniencia que puedes utilizar: python scripts / check_spell . py < directorio >/ tu_archivo . po Si alguna palabra no es reconocida, y es una palabra válida, tienes que agregarla al diccionario correspondiente en el directorio dictionaries/. Busca el archivo que corresponde al que estás traduciendo y si no existe, créalo. Por ejemplo el diccionario del archivo library/ast.po se encuentra en dictionaries/library_ast.po . Nota Si estás en Windows y tienes problemas, mira los comentarios de Utilizar pospell en Windows para más información. Nota En 3.13 los trozos de código ahora pueden ser traducidos, con lo cual esperamos que puedas traducir solo los comentarios de dichos códigos. Es probable que check_spell.py falle con algunas entradas, esto se debe a que pospell (docutils) no tienen compatibilidad para entender líneas de código. La solución temporal es no traducir las entradas que check_spell.py genere errores con el mensaje Unexpected identation . Cuando hayas terminado tu sesión, debes guardar tus cambios y enviarlos a GitHub (No olvides añadir tu nombre al archivo TRANSLATORS ). Si estuvieras trabajando en el archivo library/ast.po los pasos serían: git add library / ast . po git commit - m 'Traducido archivo library/ast' git push origin traduccion - ast Nota Mira los mensajes que el último comando imprimirá por pantalla, pues encontrarás un enlace para abrir un nuevo Pull-request directamente. Puedes consultar la ayuda oficial de GitHub para crear un Pull Request si lo deseas. En la descripción de la Pull Request escribe Closes #<número de issue> (así se cierra automáticamente cuando se hace merge ) Nota Si hace tiempo que venis trabajando en una traducción es importante mantener actualizada tu copia local antes de realizar el Pull Request . A tener en cuenta ¶ Esta traducción es mantenida por personas de todo el mundo que hablan el idioma Español. No queremos atarla a ninguna región en particular y creemos que es un valor extra la diversidad de la misma. Vas a encontrar secciones con diferentes tonalidades de países, regiones o estilos. Lo único que pedimos es consistencia dentro de un mismo módulo o sección (es decir no cambiar de estilo de un párrafo a otro, por ejemplo) y siempre intentar que la persona del otro lado pueda entender lo que estamos escribiendo (no usar lunfardo o regionalismos muy propios de un único lugar). En muchos casos el mejor criterio es pensar en el vocabulario que utilizamos cuando le explicamos a otra persona, o en el trabajo. En muchas ocasiones la versión en inglés o “spanglish” de la palabra es mucho mejor que decir “git unir” (para git merge). Siempre vas a tener una revisión de lo que propongas y en ese intercambio otras personas van a ayudarte a destrabar las dudas que tengas. Colaborar haciendo revisiones también es muy muy importante, así que si tienes un rato libre puedes comenzar por mirar los PRs pendientes de revisar. (mira la Guía del revisor ) La documentación es ENORME, cualquier traba que encuentres siempre puedes marcar el texto como «fuzzy» o para revisar en el futuro. No pierdas horas buscando la palabra perfecta. No debes traducir el contenido de :ref:... , :term:... , :dfn:... , etc. Si tienes que usar palabras en inglés debes ponerlas en cursiva (rodeadas por asteriscos) Puedes revisar las Preguntas Frecuentes para leer sobre problemas conocidos. Si traduces un título que es un enlace , por favor traduce el link también (por ejemplo un artículo a Wikipedia). En caso de que no haya una traducción del artículo en Wikipedia deja el título sin traducir. Si tienes una duda sobre una palabra o término , escríbelo como mejor suene para vos y marca ese párrafo como «Need work» / «Necesita trabajo» en poedit . Además, escribe un comentario explicando cuál es el termino en ese párrafo con el que no estabas segura. Puedes usar la traducción al Portugués para ver cómo ellos hicieron la traducción de alguna palabra. Wikipedia puede ser útil también. Busca la palabra en Inglés, y luego mira si tiene una traducción al Español en la barra de la izquierda. Suelen estar bastante bien explicados. Te recomendamos abrir una Pull Request aunque sea en formato borrador (marcada como draft) desde los primeros commits de la traducción de tu fichero. De esta forma, puedes recibir feedback desde el principio que puedes aplicar al resto de la traducción, y probar el build más a menudo. Último pero no menos importante, divertite y contá con la ayuda de todes . Te esperamos en nuestro chat en telegram. ¡Gracias! Previsualizar los cambios ¶ Una vez que hayas hecho un Pull Request en GitHub, este mostrará al final de página una sección de «check». Allí debería haber uno que diga docs/readthedocs.org:python-docs-es y al lado un link de «Details». Haciendo click en ese link verás una versión de la documentación completa que incluirá todos tus cambios. Tendrás que navegar hasta el archivo que hayas cambiado para ver cómo se visualiza luego del build. Memoria de traducción ¶ Tenemos una Memoria de Traducción , que usamos para tener consistencia con algunos términos. Si tienes alguna duda respecto a cómo traducir alguna palabra no te olvides de revisar este contenido. Del mismo modo, si luego de trabajar sobre un término complicado llegas a un acuerdo con otros colaboradores: no se olviden de agregarlo. Tabla de contenido Guía para contribuir en la traducción Paso 0: Configuración de Github Paso 1: ¿Qué archivo traducir? Paso 2: ¡Comienza a traducir! A tener en cuenta Previsualizar los cambios Memoria de traducción Esta página Reporta un bug Ver fuente « Navegación índice módulos \| Python » Documentación 3.13.0 » Guía para contribuir en la traducción \| Tema Auto Claro Oscuro \| © Derechos de autor 2001-2026, Python Software Foundation. Ésta página tiene la licencia Python Software Foundation Versión 2. Ejemplos, guías, y otro código en la documentación están bajo la licencia adicional Zero Clause BSD. Ver Historia y Licencia para más información. Hospedado en Read the Docs . La Python Software Foundation es una corporación sin fines de lucro. Por favor dona. Última actualización en Jan 06, 2026 (16:10 UTC). Encontraste un bug ? Creado usando Sphinx 8.0.2.	2026-01-13T08:48:44
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Posts Relevant Latest Top Creating a Safe, Supportive Home Environment for Individuals with IDD Community Living & Care Insights Community Living & Care Insights Community Living & Care Insights Follow Dec 30 '25 Creating a Safe, Supportive Home Environment for Individuals with IDD # development # familylife # mentalhealth Comments Add Comment 6 min read The Case for Thyroid Testing in Pregnancy Dani Robertshaw Dani Robertshaw Dani Robertshaw Follow Dec 14 '25 The Case for Thyroid Testing in Pregnancy # thyroid # pregnancy Comments Add Comment 2 min read Raising Privacy-Smart Kids In An Always-Online World Geoffrey Wenger Geoffrey Wenger Geoffrey Wenger Follow Dec 24 '25 Raising Privacy-Smart Kids In An Always-Online World # cybersecurity # privacy # infosec 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Top 5 Breast Pumps for 2025: Soft, Practical & Tested by Real Moms Keira Smith Keira Smith Keira Smith Follow Dec 3 '25 Top 5 Breast Pumps for 2025: Soft, Practical & Tested by Real Moms # babygear # newparents Comments 1 comment 18 min read I built a free baby tracker that syncs across devices without requiring an account Siarhei Siarhei Siarhei Follow Dec 1 '25 I built a free baby tracker that syncs across devices without requiring an account # dadlife # newparents 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read My Free Half Marathon Plan for Working Parents Martin Cartledge Martin Cartledge Martin Cartledge Follow Dec 1 '25 My Free Half Marathon Plan for Working Parents # parenting 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read What Fraud Taught Me About Teaching Children Digital Trust: A Retrospective Narnaiezzsshaa Truong Narnaiezzsshaa Truong Narnaiezzsshaa Truong Follow Nov 25 '25 What Fraud Taught Me About Teaching Children Digital Trust: A Retrospective # cybersecurity # parenting # phishing # mindfulness 5 reactions Comments 3 comments 5 min read How Becoming a Parent Helped Me Notice the Small Things Eli Sanderson Eli Sanderson Eli Sanderson Follow Nov 21 '25 How Becoming a Parent Helped Me Notice the Small Things # discuss # celebrations # newparents 7 reactions Comments 1 comment 7 min read The Sturdy Pillar Doesn’t Need Reinforcement Juno Threadborne Juno Threadborne Juno Threadborne Follow Nov 21 '25 The Sturdy Pillar Doesn’t Need Reinforcement # mentalhealth # singleparenting 6 reactions Comments 2 comments 4 min read Feeling sad about the lack of diversity at my kid's school Jenny Li Jenny Li Jenny Li Follow Oct 15 '25 Feeling sad about the lack of diversity at my kid's school # inclusion # venting 5 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read Weaning Woes Jenny Li Jenny Li Jenny Li Follow Nov 13 '25 Weaning Woes # venting # bodyfeeding 15 reactions Comments 9 comments 1 min read I built something for busy parents who want to run Martin Cartledge Martin Cartledge Martin Cartledge Follow Nov 12 '25 I built something for busy parents who want to run # mentalhealth # balance 10 reactions Comments 2 comments 1 min read This...has not worked the last three nights 😒 Jess Lee Jess Lee Jess Lee Follow Oct 28 '25 This...has not worked the last three nights 😒 We started a new routine called 'highs and lows' to get our kids to open up more! 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Golf Forem Close Privacy Policy Last Updated: September 01, 2023 This Privacy Policy is designed to help you understand how DEV Community Inc. (" DEV ," " we ," or " us ") collects, use, and discloses your personal information. What's With the Defined Terms? You'll notice that some words appear in quotes in this Privacy Policy. They're called "defined terms," and we use them so that we don't have to repeat the same language again and again. They mean the same thing in every instance, to help us make sure that this Privacy Policy is consistent. We've included the defined terms throughout because we want it to be easy for you to read them in context. 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION 5. 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The Services include both our own community forum at https://www.dev.to (the " DEV Community ") and the open source tool we provide called " Forem ," available at https://www.forem.com which allows our customers to create and operate their own online forums. We collect personal information from two categories of people: (1) our customers, who use Forem and our hosting services to run and host their own forums (we'll call them " Forem Operators "), and (2) the people who interact with DEV-hosted forums, including forums provided by Forem Operators utilizing Forem and separately our own DEV Community (we'll call them " Users "). An Important Note for Users Since we provide hosting services for Forem Operators, technically we also process your information on their behalf. That processing is governed by the contracts that we have in place with each Forem Operator, not this Privacy Policy. 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If you buy stuff on our shop site https://shop.dev.to/ (as either a User or Forem Operator), or otherwise if you pay us in connection with your use of the Forem service, we may collect personal information and details associated with your purchases, including payment information. Any payments made via our Services are processed by third-party payment processors, such as Stripe, Shopify, and PayPal. We do not directly collect or store any payment card information entered through our Services, but may receive information associated with your payment card information (e.g., your billing details). Your Communications with Us (Users and Forem Operators) . We may collect personal information, such as email address, phone number, or mailing address when you request information about our Services, register for our newsletter or loyalty program, request customer or technical support, apply for a job, or otherwise communicate with us. Surveys . We may contact you to participate in surveys. If you decide to participate, you may be asked to provide certain information, which may include personal information (for example, your home address). Sweepstakes or Contests . We may collect personal information you provide for any sweepstakes or contests that we offer. In some jurisdictions, we are required to publicly share information of sweepstakes and contest winners. Conferences, Trade Shows, and Other Events . We may collect personal information from individuals when we attend conferences, trade shows, and other events. Business Development and Strategic Partnerships . We may collect personal information from individuals and third parties to assess and pursue potential business opportunities. Job Applications . We may post job openings and opportunities on our Services. If you reply to one of these postings by submitting your application, CV and/or cover letter to us, we will collect and use your information to assess your qualifications. B. Information Collected Automatically We may collect personal information automatically when you use our Services: Automatic Data Collection . We may collect certain information automatically when you use our Services, such as your Internet protocol (IP) address, user settings, MAC address, cookie identifiers, mobile carrier, mobile advertising and other unique identifiers, browser or device information, location information (including approximate location derived from IP address), and Internet service provider. We may also automatically collect information regarding your use of our Services, such as pages that you visit before, during and after using our Services, information about the links you click, the types of content you interact with, the frequency and duration of your activities, and other information about how you use our Services. In addition, we may collect information that other people provide about you when they use our Services, including information about you when they tag you in their posts. Cookies, Pixel Tags/Web Beacons, and Other Technologies . We, as well as third parties that provide content, advertising, or other functionality on our Services, may use cookies, pixel tags, local storage, and other technologies (" Technologies ") to automatically collect information through your use of our Services. Cookies . Cookies are small text files placed in device browsers that store preferences and facilitate and enhance your experience. Pixel Tags/Web Beacons . A pixel tag (also known as a web beacon) is a piece of code embedded in our Services that collects information about engagement on our Services. The use of a pixel tag allows us to record, for example, that a user has visited a particular web page or clicked on a particular advertisement. We may also include web beacons in e-mails to understand whether messages have been opened, acted on, or forwarded. Our uses of these Technologies fall into the following general categories: Operationally Necessary . This includes Technologies that allow you access to our Services, applications, and tools that are required to identify irregular website behavior, prevent fraudulent activity and improve security or that allow you to make use of our functionality. Performance-Related . We may use Technologies to assess the performance of our Services, including as part of our analytic practices to help us understand how individuals use our Services ( see Analytics below ). Functionality-Related . We may use Technologies that allow us to offer you enhanced functionality when accessing or using our Services. This may include identifying you when you sign into our Services or keeping track of your specified preferences, interests, or past items viewed. Analytics . We may use Technologies and other third-party tools to process analytics information on our Services. Some of our analytics partners include Google Analytics. For more information,please visit Google Analytics' Privacy Policy . To learn more about how to opt-out of Google Analytics' use of your information, please click here . Social Media Platforms . Our Services may contain social media buttons such as Twitter, Facebook, GitHub, Instagram, and Twitch (that might include widgets such as the "share this" button or other interactive mini programs). These features may collect your IP address, which page you are visiting on our Services, and may set a cookie to enable the feature to function properly. Your interactions with these platforms are governed by the privacy policy of the company providing it. See the "Your Privacy Choices and Rights" section below to understand your choices regarding these Technologies. C. Information Collected from Other Sources We may obtain information about you from other sources, including through third-party services and organizations. For example, if you access our Services through a third-party application, such as an app store, a third-party login service (e.g., through Twitter, Apple, or GitHub), or a social networking site, we may collect whatever information about you from that third-party application that you have made available via your privacy settings. 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION We use your information for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, for administrative purposes, and to market our products and Services, as described below. A. Provide Our Services We use your information to fulfill our contract with you and provide you with our Services, such as: Managing your information and accounts; Providing access to certain areas, functionalities, and features of our Services; Answering requests for customer or technical support; Communicating with you about your account, activities on our Services, and policy changes; Processing your financial information and other payment methods for products or Services purchased; Processing applications if you apply for a job we post on our Services; and Allowing you to register for events. B. Administrative Purposes We use your information for various administrative purposes, such as: Pursuing our legitimate interests such as direct marketing, research and development (including marketing research), network and information security, and fraud prevention; Detecting security incidents, protecting against malicious, deceptive, fraudulent or illegal activity, and prosecuting those responsible for that activity; Measuring interest and engagement in our Services, including for usage-based billing purposes; Short-term, transient use, such as contextual customization of ads; Improving, optimizing, upgrading, or enhancing our Services; Developing new products and Services; Ensuring internal quality control and safety; Authenticating and verifying individual identities, including requests to exercise your rights under this policy; Debugging to identify and repair errors with our Services; Auditing relating to interactions, transactions and other compliance activities; Enforcing our agreements and policies; and Complying with our legal obligations. C. Marketing and Advertising our Products and Services We may use your personal information to tailor and provide you with content and advertisements for our Services, such as via email. If you have any questions about our marketing practices, you may contact us at any time as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. D. Other Purposes We also use your information for other purposes as requested by you or as permitted by applicable law. Consent . We may use personal information for other purposes that are clearly disclosed to you at the time you provide personal information or with your consent. Automated Decision Making. We may engage in automated decision making, including profiling, such as to suggest topics or other Users for you to follow. DEV's processing of your personal information will not result in a decision based solely on automated processing that significantly affects you unless such a decision is necessary as part of a contract we have with you, we have your consent, or we are permitted by law to engage in such automated decision making. If you have questions about our automated decision making, you may contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. De-identified and Aggregated Information . We may use personal information and other information about you to create de-identified and/or aggregated information, such as de-identified demographic information, information about the device from which you access our Services, or other analyses we create. For example, we may collect system-wide information to ensure availability of the platform, or measure aggregate data trends to analyze and optimize our Services. Share Content with Friends or Colleagues. Our Services may offer various tools and functionalities. For example, we may allow you to provide information about your friends through our referral services. Our referral services may allow you to forward or share certain content with a friend or colleague, such as an email inviting your friend to use our Services. Please only share with us contact information of people with whom you have a relationship (e.g., relative, friend neighbor, or co-worker). 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION We disclose your information to third parties for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, to protect us or others, or in the event of a major business transaction such as a merger, sale, or asset transfer, as described below. A. Disclosures to Provide our Services The categories of third parties with whom we may share your information are described below. Service Providers . We may share your personal information with our third-party service providers who use that information to help us provide our Services. This includes service providers that provide us with IT support, hosting, payment processing, customer service, and related services. For example, our Shop site is run by Shopify, who handle your shipping details on our behalf. Business Partners . We may share your personal information with business partners to provide you with a product or service you have requested. We may also share your personal information to business partners with whom we jointly offer products or services. Other Users . As described above in the "Personal Information We Collect" section of this Privacy Policy, our Service allows Users to share their profiles, and any posts, chats, etc. with other Users and with the general public, including to those who do not use our Services. APIs/SDKs . We may use third-party Application Program Interfaces ("APIs") and Software Development Kits ("SDKs") as part of the functionality of our Services. For more information about our use of APIs and SDKs, please contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. B . Disclosures to Protect Us or Others We may access, preserve, and disclose any information we store associated with you to external parties if we, in good faith, believe doing so is required or appropriate to: comply with law enforcement or national security requests and legal process, such as a court order or subpoena; protect your, our, or others' rights, property, or safety; enforce our policies or contracts; collect amounts owed to us; or assist with an investigation or prosecution of suspected or actual illegal activity. C. Disclosure in the Event of Merger, Sale, or Other Asset Transfers If we are involved in a merger, acquisition, financing due diligence, reorganization, bankruptcy, receivership, purchase or sale of assets, or transition of service to another provider, your information may be sold or transferred as part of such a transaction, as permitted by law and/or contract. 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS Your Privacy Choices . The privacy choices you may have about your personal information are determined by applicable law and are described below. Email Communications . If you receive an unwanted email from us, you can use the unsubscribe link found at the bottom of the email to opt out of receiving future emails. Note that you will continue to receive transaction-related emails regarding products or Services you have requested. We may also send you certain non-promotional communications regarding us and our Services, and you will not be able to opt out of those communications (e.g., communications regarding our Services or updates to our Terms or this Privacy Policy). Mobile Devices . We may send you push notifications through our mobile application. You may opt out from receiving these push notifications by changing the settings on your mobile device. "Do Not Track." Do Not Track (" DNT ") is a privacy preference that users can set in certain web browsers. Please note that we do not respond to or honor DNT signals or similar mechanisms transmitted by web browsers. Cookies and Interest-Based Advertising . You may stop or restrict the placement of Technologies on your device or remove them by adjusting your preferences as your browser or device permits. However, if you adjust your preferences, our Services may not work properly. Please note that cookie-based opt-outs are not effective on mobile applications. Please note you must separately opt out in each browser and on each device. Your Privacy Rights . In accordance with applicable law, you may have the right to: Access Personal Information about you, including: (i) confirming whether we are processing your personal information; (ii) obtaining access to or a copy of your personal information; Request Correction of your personal information where it is inaccurate, incomplete or outdated. In some cases, we may provide self-service tools that enable you to update your personal information; Request Deletion, Anonymization or Blocking of your personal information when processing is based on your consent or when processing is unnecessary, excessive or noncompliant; Request Restriction of or Object to our processing of your personal information when processing is noncompliant; Withdraw Your Consent to our processing of your personal information. If you refrain from providing personal information or withdraw your consent to processing, some features of our Service may not be available; Request Data Portability and Receive an Electronic Copy of Personal Information that You Have Provided to Us; Be Informed about third parties with which your personal information has been shared; and Request the Review of Decisions Taken Exclusively Based on Automated Processing if such decisions could affect your data subject rights. If you would like to exercise any of these rights, please contact us as set forth in "Contact Us" below. We will process such requests in accordance with applicable laws. 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS All information processed by us may be transferred, processed, and stored anywhere in the world, including, but not limited to, the United States or other countries, which may have data protection laws that are different from the laws where you live. We always strive to safeguard your information consistent with the requirements of applicable laws. 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION We store the personal information we collect as described in this Privacy Policy for as long as you use our Services or as necessary: to fulfill the purpose or purposes for which it was collected, to provide our Services, to resolve disputes, to establish legal defenses, to conduct audits, to pursue legitimate business purposes, to enforce our agreements, and to comply with applicable laws. 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS Refer-a-Friend and Similar Incentive Programs . As described above in the How We Use Your Personal Information section ("Share Content with Friends or Colleagues" subsection), we may offer referral programs or other incentivized data collection programs. For example, we may offer incentives to you such as discounts or promotional items or credit in connection with these programs, wherein you provide your personal information in exchange for a reward, or provide personal information regarding your friends or colleagues (such as their email address) and receive rewards when they sign up to use our Services. (The referred party may also receive rewards for signing up via your referral.) These programs are entirely voluntary and allow us to grow our business and provide additional benefits to you. The value of your data to us depends on how you ultimately use our Services, whereas the value of the referred party's data to us depends on whether the referred party ultimately becomes a User or Forem Operator and uses our Services. Said value will be reflected in the incentive offered in connection with each program. Accessibility . This Privacy Policy uses industry-standard technologies and was developed in line with the World Wide Web Consortium's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, version 2.1* . * If you wish to print this policy, please do so from your web browser or by saving the page as a PDF. California Shine the Light . The California "Shine the Light" law permits users who are California residents to request and obtain from us once a year, free of charge, a list of the third parties to whom we have disclosed their personal information (if any) for their direct marketing purposes in the prior calendar year, as well as the type of personal information disclosed to those parties. Right for Minors to Remove Posted Content . Where required by law, California residents under the age of 18 may request to have their posted content or information removed from the publicly-viewable portions of the Services by contacting us directly as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below or by logging into their account and removing the content or information using our self-service tools. 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS If you are a resident of Nevada, you have the right to opt-out of the sale of certain Personal Information to third parties who intend to license or sell that Personal Information. You can exercise this right by contacting us as set forth in the "Contact Us\" section below with the subject line "Nevada Do Not Sell Request" and providing us with your name and the email address associated with your account. Please note that we do not currently sell your Personal Information as sales are defined in Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 603A. If you have any questions, please contact us as set forth below. 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION The Services are not directed to children under 13 (or other age as required by local law), and we do not knowingly collect personal information from children. If you are a parent or guardian and believe your child has uploaded personal information to our site without your consent, you may contact us as described in the "Contact Us" section below. If we become aware that a child has provided us with personal information in violation of applicable law, we will delete any personal information we have collected, unless we have a legal obligation to keep it, and terminate the child's account if applicable. 11. OTHER PROVISIONS Third-Party Websites or Applications . The Services may contain links to other websites or applications, and other websites or applications may reference or link to our Services. These third-party services are not controlled by us. We encourage our users to read the privacy policies of each website and application with which they interact. We do not endorse, screen or approve, and are not responsible for, the privacy practices or content of such other websites or applications. Providing personal information to third-party websites or applications is at your own risk. Changes to Our Privacy Policy . We may revise this Privacy Policy from time to time in our sole discretion. If there are any material changes to this Privacy Policy, we will notify you as required by applicable law. You understand and agree that you will be deemed to have accepted the updated Privacy Policy if you continue to use our Services after the new Privacy Policy takes effect. 12. CONTACT US If you have any questions about our privacy practices or this Privacy Policy, or to exercise your rights as detailed in this Privacy Policy, please contact us at: support@dev.to . 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Golf Forem — A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Golf Forem © 2016 - 2026. Where hackers, sticks, weekend warriors, pros, architects and wannabes come together Log in Create account	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://www.algolia.com/de/products/ai-search	Algolia KI-Suche \| Algolia Niket --> Deutsch English français News DevCon2025 \| October 1-2 Learn more Unternehmen Partners Einloggen Login Logout Algolia mark white Algolia logo white Lösungen Search Show users what they're looking for with AI-driven resuts. Search Show users what they're looking for with AI-driven resuts. Recommendations Use behavioral cues to drive higher engagement. Recommendations Use behavioral cues to drive higher engagement. Personalization Show each user what they need across their journey. Personalization Show each user what they need across their journey. Analytics All your insights in one dashboard. Analytics All your insights in one dashboard. Browse Move customers down the funnel with curated category pages. Browse Move customers down the funnel with curated category pages. Agent Studio Create, test, and deploy AI agents, fast. Agent Studio Create, test, and deploy AI agents, fast. Generative Experiences Build conversational solutions with retrieval augmented generation (RAG). Generative Experiences Build conversational solutions with retrieval augmented generation (RAG). Ask AI Deliver conversational answers—right from your search bar. Ask AI Deliver conversational answers—right from your search bar. MCP Server Search, analyze, or monitor your index within your agentic workflow. MCP Server Search, analyze, or monitor your index within your agentic workflow. Data Enrichment Modify, enhance, or restructure data as it’s indexed for search. Data Enrichment Modify, enhance, or restructure data as it’s indexed for search. Data Transformation Streamline data preparation and enhance data quality. Data Transformation Streamline data preparation and enhance data quality. Integrations Connect to your existing stack via pre-built libraries and APIs. Integrations Connect to your existing stack via pre-built libraries and APIs. Data Centers Choose from 70+ data centers across 17 regions. Data Centers Choose from 70+ data centers across 17 regions. Security & Compliance Built for peace of mind. Security & Compliance Built for peace of mind. Branchen Ecommerce Ecommerce B2B Commerce B2B Commerce Fashion Fashion Grocery Grocery Media Media Marketplaces Marketplaces SaaS SaaS Higher Education Higher Education Documentation search Documentation search Enterprise search Enterprise search Headless commerce Headless commerce Image search Image search Mobile & App search Mobile & App search Retail Media Network Retail Media Network Site search Site search Visual search Visual search Voice search Voice search Digital Experience Digital Experience Ecommerce Ecommerce Engineering Engineering Merchandising Merchandising Product Management Product Management Preise Entwickler GET STARTED Developer Hub Developer Hub Dokumentation Dokumentation Integrationen Integrationen UI-Komponenten UI-Komponenten Autocomplete Autocomplete RESOURCES Code Exchange Code Exchange Engineering Blog Engineering Blog MCP MCP Discord Discord Webinars & Events Webinars & Events QUICK LINKS Schnellstartanleitung Schnellstartanleitung Für Open Source Für Open Source API Status API Status Support Support Resources INSPIRATION Algolia Blog Algolia Blog Resource Center Resource Center Kundengeschichten Kundengeschichten Webinars & Events Webinars & Events Newsroom Newsroom LEARN Customer Hub Customer Hub What's New What's New AI Search Grader AI Search Grader Documentation Documentation Algolia Academy Algolia Academy Professional Services Professional Services Quick Access Unternehmen Partners Einloggen Login Logout Request demo Get started Search Algolia Close Request demo Get started Other Types Filter --> Clear All Filters Filters Looking for our logo? We got you covered! Brand guidelines Download logo pack KI-Suche Ein besseres Sucherlebnis KI-Suche, die einfach zu bedienen ist. Demo anfordern Starten Sie jetzt Über 17.000 Kunden in über 150 Ländern vertrauen auf Algolia In Aktion sehen Die zentrale Anlaufstelle für die KI-Suche Built for flexibility and scale, Algolia adapts to your architecture, workflows, and commercial goals. Benutzerfreundlich Implementieren Sie unsere APIs in wenigen Minuten und erhalten Sie einfach Kontrolle über die Rankings. See all industries Schnell Suchen Sie so schnell wie Sie schreiben, mit der schnellsten KI-Suche für Unternehmen, die wir kennen. See all use cases Skalierbar Arbeiten Sie mit einem Partner zusammen, der  30 Milliarden Datensätze und fast 2 Milliarden Suchanfragen pro Jahr mit einer Verfügbarkeit von 99,999 % verarbeitet. See all departments Unsurpassed relevance drives revenue Deliver instantly relevant results with a hybrid keyword and vector retrieval engine that understands user intent and natural language. Real-time personalization adds another layer of intelligence so every visitor finds exactly what they’re looking for.  Individuelle Kuration Geben Sie Ihren Business-Teams die Möglichkeit, das Sucherlebnis aktiv zu gestalten. Nutzen Sie unsere Merchandising-Tools, um Kampagnen zu kuratieren und Rankings zu beeinflussen. Individuelle Kuration Geben Sie Ihren Business-Teams die Möglichkeit, das Sucherlebnis aktiv zu gestalten. Nutzen Sie unsere Merchandising-Tools, um Kampagnen zu kuratieren und Rankings zu beeinflussen. Individuelle Kuration Geben Sie Ihren Business-Teams die Möglichkeit, das Sucherlebnis aktiv zu gestalten. Nutzen Sie unsere Merchandising-Tools, um Kampagnen zu kuratieren und Rankings zu beeinflussen. Individuelle Kuration Geben Sie Ihren Business-Teams die Möglichkeit, das Sucherlebnis aktiv zu gestalten. Nutzen Sie unsere Merchandising-Tools, um Kampagnen zu kuratieren und Rankings zu beeinflussen. Mehr Möglichkeiten Everything you need to deploy AI-powered search. Crawler Extrahieren und bereichern Sie Ihre Inhalte automatisch. InstantSearch Gestalten Sie das perfekte Erlebnis und erfassen Sie Ereignisse mit einer Vielzahl von fertigen UI-Komponenten. Analysen Verstehen Sie Ihre Nutzer, um verborgene Möglichkeiten aufzudecken. A/B-Tests Wählen Sie die leistungsfähigsten Relevanzstrategien. Data Transformations Optimieren Sie die Datenaufbereitung und verbessern Sie die Qualität. Regeln Optimieren Sie das Ranking für bestimmte Suchanfragen. Search API Flexible Suche – für jedes Tech-Stack und jedes Frontend. Shopping Guides KI, die jeden Produktkatalog sofort in Einkaufsführer verwandelt. Benutzerdefiniertes Ranking Fügen Sie Ihrem Ranking geschäftliche Relevanz hinzu. Merchandising Kuratieren Sie Ergebnisse für Werbekampagnen. Integrationen Indexierung von Inhalten aus beliebigen Quellen. Automatische Vervollständigung Leiten Sie Nutzer mit der Tippfehler-toleranten Autovervollständigung zu den richtigen Inhalten. Verlässliche Integrationen & Partnerschaften Schnelle Implementierung dank fertiger Integrationen für beliebte Plattformen. See all integrations Für eine Vielzahl von Branchen Add conversational search to your search bar, or build entirely new retrieval solutions powered by vector embeddings and LLMs.  B2C-E-Commerce 0 Erstellen Sie personalisierte, flexible Search & Discovery-Erlebnisse für den E-Commerce, die Ihre Kunden lieben werden. Lesen Sie mehr über B2C-E-Commerce B2B-E-Commerce 0 Indizieren Sie Ihren Katalog und lassen Sie ihn für Ihre Käufer arbeiten. Steigern Sie die Konversion. Lesen Sie mehr über B2B-E-Commerce Marktplätze 0 Entwickeln Sie leistungsstarke Sucherlebnisse in großem Maßstab und reduzieren Sie gleichzeitig die Entwicklungszeit. Lesen Sie mehr über Marktplätze Medien 0 Indizieren Sie Ihre Inhalte und lassen Sie sie für Ihre Nutzer arbeiten. Lesen Sie mehr über Medien Algolia KI-Suche – FAQ Was ist AI Search und wie funktioniert es? 0 Algolia AI Search ist eine cloudbasierte, API-first Suchlösung, die KI- und Keyword-Technologien kombiniert, wie Natural Language Processing, Autovervollständigung, Fehlertoleranz und Kosinus-Ähnlichkeit, um ein Sucherlebnis zu liefern, das die Nutzerintention versteht und schnelle, hochrelevante Ergebnisse zurückgibt. Wie schnell ist die Algolia KI-Suche? 0 Richtig schnell. Die meisten Suchanfragen werden innerhalb von 1 bis 20 Millisekunden bearbeitet. Das ist bis zu 200-mal schneller als bei unseren Wettbewerbern. Die Abfrageleistung hängt jedoch von vielen Faktoren ab, von der Größe der Daten, die Sie durchsuchen, bis hin zu der Frage, wie rechenintensiv eine Abfrage ist. So sind beispielsweise Funktionen wie Geosortierung und Unterscheidbarkeit &bdquo;teurer“. Erfahren Sie hier mehr. Welche Arten von Inhalten oder Daten kann AI Search verarbeiten? 0 Unsere AI Search API kann jeden Inhalt in den gehosteten Index aufnehmen – Produktkataloge, Blogbeiträge, Hilfeartikel, Medien, Bilder oder API-basierte Daten. Sie versteht sowohl Keywords als auch Bedeutungen und funktioniert daher gut mit allen Arten von Daten, von kurzen Titeln bis zu langen Dokumenten. Erfahren Sie mehr hier . Wie unterscheidet sich Algolia von anderen KI-Suchmaschinen? 0 Im Gegensatz zu vielen Wettbewerbern kombiniert Algolia eine API-first Architektur mit starken Entwickler-Tools, globaler Skalierbarkeit und detaillierten Relevanzkontrollen. Anstatt eines Black-Box-Ansatzes gibt Algolia volle Transparenz und Kontrolle, sodass Sie Ergebnisse an Ihre Ziele anpassen können und trotzdem die Vorteile der KI nutzen. Was sind die Hauptfunktionen von Algolia AI Search? 0 Kernfunktionen sind semantische Suche, KI-gestützte Relevanzoptimierung, Vektor-Embeddings, hybride Keyword- und Vektor-Suche, Echtzeit-Personalisierung, dynamisches Re-ranking und mehrsprachige Suche. Für welche Branchen und Anwendungsfälle ist Algolias AI Search am besten geeignet? 0 E-Commerce, SaaS, Medien, Mode, Finanzwesen, Marktplätze, Enterprise, Mobile Apps, Headless Commerce, Voice Search und Bildersuche sind nur einige Bereiche, in denen Algolia schnellere Entdeckung, bessere Relevanz und höhere Conversion Rates ermöglicht. Wie verbessert Algolias AI Search die Conversion Rates? 0 Durch schnellere und relevantere Ergebnisse reduziert Algolia Reibung im Kaufprozess. Nutzer finden schneller, was sie suchen, haben weniger &bdquo;Keine Ergebnisse“-Seiten und erleben ein insgesamt besseres Sucherlebnis – was zu mehr Engagement und höheren Conversion Rates führt. Kann Algolia AI Search mehrere Sprachen verarbeiten? 0 Ja. Unsere AI Search API ist sprachunabhängig und darauf trainiert, Bedeutung und Intention in Dutzenden von Sprachen zu verstehen. So können Unternehmen weltweit agieren, ohne für jede Region eine eigene Suche aufzubauen. Wie funktioniert Personalisierung in Algolia AI Search? 0 Algolia erfasst Nutzeraktionen wie Klicks, Ansichten oder Käufe und übersetzt sie in Affinitätsprofile. Diese Profile verbessern Suchergebnisse in Echtzeit, nach textueller und geschäftlicher Relevanz. Für weitergehende Automatisierung erstellt und wendet die Advanced Personalization Pipeline diese Profile automatisch an. Ist für die Implementierung von AI Search Programmieraufwand nötig? 0 Entwickler können die Suche mit APIs und SDKs integrieren und haben volle Flexibilität. Für nicht-technische Teams steht ein Low-Code/No-Code Dashboard bereit, mit dem Relevanzregeln angepasst, Performance analysiert und Änderungen einfach umgesetzt werden können. Ist Algolia für stark frequentierte Websites skalierbar? 0 Ja. Die global verteilte Infrastruktur von Algolia ist so konzipiert, dass sie Antwortzeiten unter 50 ms liefert – selbst für Seiten mit Millionen von Anfragen pro Tag. Wie einfach ist die Implementierung von AI Search? 0 Algolia lässt sich in wenigen Minuten mit APIs oder Dashboard implementieren. Entwickler haben volle Anpassungsfreiheit, während nicht-technische Teams Rankings steuern, Merchandising-Regeln einrichten und Performance überwachen können – ganz ohne Coding. Wie kann ich AI Search messen und optimieren? 0 Das integrierte Analytics-Dashboard von Algolia zeigt wichtige Kennzahlen wie Query-Performance, Klickrate, Zero-Result-Suchen und den Einfluss der Personalisierung. Von dort können Sie Relevanz feinjustieren, A/B-Tests durchführen und Merchandising-Regeln anwenden. Wie kann ich Algolia AI Search ausprobieren? 0 Sie können mit einer kostenlosen Testversion starten, Ihre eigenen Daten hochladen oder Beispieldaten nutzen. So können Sie die Funktionen der Plattform testen, Performance messen und das Nutzererlebnis bewerten, bevor Sie sich entscheiden. 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https://highlight.io/for/rails	highlight.io: The open source monitoring platform. Star us on GitHub Star Product Integrations Pricing Resources Docs Sign in Sign up Your browser does not support the video tag. Your browser does not support the video tag. The Rails monitoring toolkit you've been waiting for. What if monitoring your Rails app was as easy as deploying it? With session replay and error monitoring, Highlight's got you covered. Get started Live demo Session Replay Investigate hard-to-crack bugs by playing through issues in a youtube-like UI. With access to requests, console logs and more! Error Monitoring Continuously monitor errors and exceptions in your Rails application, all the way from your frontend to your backend. Performance Metrics Monitor and set alerts for important performance metrics in Rails like Web Vitals, Request latency, and much more! Highlight for Rails Get started in your Rails app today. Get started for free Live demo Backend require "highlight" Highlight.init("<YOUR_PROJECT_ID>", environment: "production") do \|c\| c.service_name = "my-rails-app" end Rails.logger = Highlight::Logger.new(STDOUT) Reproduce issues with high-fidelity session replay. With our pixel-perfect replays of your Rails app, you'll get to the bottom of issues in no time and better understand how your app is being used. Read our docs Get a ping when exceptions or errors are thrown. Our alerting infrastructure can take abnormal metrics or errors raised in your Rails app and notify your engineering team over Slack, Discord, and more! Read our docs Monitor the metrics that keep your customers around. Highlight allows you to track performance, request timings, and several other metrics in your Rails application. Read our docs Our customers Highlight powers forward-thinking companies. More about our customers → Don't take our word. What our customers have to say → Highlight helps us catch bugs that would otherwise go undetected and makes it easy to replicate and debug them. Max Musing , Founder & CEO Highlight weaves together the incredible, varied, and complex interactions of our users into something understandable and actionable. Kai Hess , Founding Product Designer I love Highlight because not only does it help me debug more quickly, but it gives me insight into how customers are actually using our product. Meryl Dakin , Founding Software Engineer Highlight has helped us win over several customers by making it possible for us to provide hands-on support, based on a detailed understanding of what each user was doing. Neil Raina , CTO Highlight helps us catch bugs that would otherwise go undetected and makes it easy to replicate and debug them. Max Musing , Founder & CEO Highlight weaves together the incredible, varied, and complex interactions of our users into something understandable and actionable. Kai Hess , Founding Product Designer I love Highlight because not only does it help me debug more quickly, but it gives me insight into how customers are actually using our product. Meryl Dakin , Founding Software Engineer Highlight has helped us win over several customers by making it possible for us to provide hands-on support, based on a detailed understanding of what each user was doing. Neil Raina , CTO Try Highlight Today Get the visibility you need Get started for free Product Pricing Sign up Features Privacy & Security Customers Session Replay Error Monitoring Logging Competitors LogRocket Hotjar Fullstory Smartlook Inspectlet Datadog Sentry Site24x7 Sprig Mouseflow Pendo Heap LogicMonitor Last9 Axiom Better Stack HyperDX Dash0 Developers Changelog Documentation Ambassadors Frameworks React Next.js Angular Gatsby.js Svelte.js Vue.js Express Golang Next.js Node.js Rails Hono Contact & Legal Terms of Service Privacy Policy Careers sales@highlight.io security@highlight.io [object Object]	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://dev.to/t/development/page/266	Development Page 266 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # development Follow Hide Tracking and discussing physical and cognitive milestones. Create Post Older #development posts 263 264 265 266 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://dev.to/missamarakay/following-cooking-recipes-makes-you-a-clearer-writer-460a#at-my-desk	Following Cooking Recipes Makes You a Clearer Writer - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Amara Graham Posted on Jul 17, 2019           Following Cooking Recipes Makes You a Clearer Writer # devrel # documentation I'm really into cooking, baking, pickling, really anything that will end in me eating something delicious. But I didn't find it enjoyable or "get good" at cooking overnight. My parents cooked most of our meals and if you planned on eating said meal, you were required to provide some amount of assistance, regardless of your blood relation to the family. After graduating out of dorm life I realized I needed to feed myself or starve, so I started getting bolder with my kitchen experiments and I'm pleased to say I'm still alive. "Ok Amara, but where is the tech components of this blog?" Hold on, I'm setting up the metaphor. "Ok fine." In the Kitchen If you stand in a kitchen and watch my dad cook - he reads a recipe, studies it, then goes through and pulls out all the things he needs to make it happen. For banana bread he usually has to pull the frozen bananas out early to thaw them enough to peel them, he portions out the spices so he can toss them in while mixing, he sprays the loaf pan before the mixture is together. If you watched me in my first apartment attempting banana bread for the first time, you would have seen someone who barely read the recipe (I've made this before, with supervision, and watched my dad make it for years, how hard can it be?) and did exactly every step of the instruction in series. Pull frozen bananas out of the freezer, immediately realize you can't peel a banana when its extra frozen, wait just long enough you can pry the peel off, smash the mostly still frozen bananas, slowly add each spice one at a time, measuring as you go, mix everything together, spray the pan, realize the oven isn't on, wait to pre-heat, blah blah blah, why did this take double the prep time? My dad has always taken the methodical approach to everything, he's a chemist and he loves math. I'm impatient and can't spend even 30 seconds idle when I know I need to complete a task, so I pretty much have the attention span of a Border Collie (have you seen those dogs stare at a ball, full body shaking with excitement?). At My Desk I'm sure you'll be shocked to hear when I sit down to learn some kind of new tech, I barely skim the tutorial or docs, immediately start the "doing", and often end up frustrated and annoyed with the experience. In some cases I tell myself things like "oh I've used an API like this before, I can just make it work" and 3 days later I'm banging my head on the keyboard. "Amara, just slow down and actually read the tutorial." Easier said than done. Not just for me personally, but for any dev, and that includes your dev coworkers, customers, community, etc. Time is precious, workplaces are more agile than ever, and people pay money for other people to stand in line for them. In My Brain Now recipes, just like tutorials, can be poorly written, but even the good ones can suffer from poor execution as I rambled on above. There are 5 things I learned from getting better at following cooking recipes that I think apply to written technical content. Ambiguous Terms Jargon Chunking Brevity Audience Let's take a look at each one. Ambiguous Terms Have you ever read a recipe, seen the word "mix" and go... with a spoon? A stand mixer? How long? Or how about "hand mix"? Did you know that a 'Hand Mixer' is an appliance and not the things at the end of your arms? Because a few years ago when we first started dating, my now husband did not. In tech, we love using the same term for a number of different things. Or we have a number of different words for the same thing. Really friendly to beginners right? Something like "Run this" might make sense to you, the engineer who built it, because its probably never crossed your mind that you run it globally and not in a particular directory (or vice versa) but that can be one of the most irritating things for a dev struggling with the worry of doing something wrong and/or irreversible. Be explicit in your use of terms and maybe consider a glossary of terms relevant to your project/product/industry/company. What does this mean in this context, right here, right now? Don't leave your reading punching out to search for answers. Jargon Every talk I've given on AI to beginners has included a disclaimer about not only ambiguous terminology but jargon. 'Fine-tuning' is not super intuitive, neither is 'hyperparameter'. 'Fold in' or 'soft peaks' in cooking is right up there too. Mastering the jargon can disrupt retention of fundamental topics. Explaining these terms early in docs and tutorials is crucial. You should not assume knowledge of jargon, so this is another +1 for a glossary. Chunking I am a huge fan of multi-part tutorials and how-to series, so long as they are done right. At the end of each part in a series, you should have a small complete something. Developers may not have time to sit down and do a 3-6 hour tutorial, but they should be able to get 20 minutes to an hour of uninterrupted time. You don't want to tackle a slow cooker recipe at 5pm expecting to eat it for dinner, but you may want to brown some meat so it is ready to toss in the next morning. If I have 20 minutes today to set myself up for success later today or tomorrow, I need to know I can get it done in the allocated time. And I need to feel like I can pick it up again without rereading the entire thing. Brevity Unlike this blog which is probably way too long for most of you, the more concise your written technical content the easier its going to be to follow. It's part of what makes the Tasty videos so appealing to watch - someone makes a sped up, top-down recipe that feels fast and easy even if its neither. This doesn't mean you can't write an introduction or a conclusion that goes more in depth about the content, but when you get to the meat of the docs or tutorial it should be a lean, mean, executing machine. Food bloggers are great at this, they may give you step-by-step pictures and commentary, but they almost always include the recipe separately. So feel free to tell me how you are going to save the world with this tutorial, but keep it out of the exact steps I'm following so I don't get overwhelmed. Audience This is maybe the most important, although I could argue that they all are. Knowing your developer audience is extremely important in technical writing. This helps you make decisions about what languages and references to use, what their workstation may look like, and maybe even things like their attention span. If your audience is students, whether they will admit it or not, they tend to have WAY more time to sit down and really study a tutorial. Or maybe they are participating in a hackathon and it just needs to work as fast as possible. But maybe your audience is enterprise developers, like mine often is. This means it has to be production-ready, maintainable, and even trainable across teams. Your maintenance team may be entirely separate from your product engineering team, so the content they follow may need to be different. Knowing or identifying your audience can be challenging, but this is a great opportunity for your devrel team to really shine. Celebrate Those Incremental Improvements Like I mentioned earlier, I didn't wake up one day and realize if I actually read the recipe, prepped ahead of time, and researched how to do certain kitchen techniques (again, ahead of time), I could maximize my time in the kitchen and feel less overwhelmed. In fact, I'm probably 50:50 in my ability to prep and run in parallel or haphazardly skim in series today. But snaps for me because this week I measured everything out before I started cooking! I'm sure you could make an argument that my dad is a 'senior' in the kitchen and I'm not (but I'm also not junior either), but he'd prefer you only use 'senior' when used in conjunction with "senior discount" at this point in his life. Let's say 'seasoned'. Whether you are a junior or senior dev, you still need the content you are consuming to prepare you for success. But with more and more folks using services like Blue Apron, Hello Fresh, Home Chef, arguably boxed Bootcamp experiences for the kitchen, we have a new generation of folks training themselves how to follow recipes and we can translate that experience into the tech world, allowing for more confident, empowered folks in the kitchen and at the keyboard. So instead of shouting "read the docs" or "follow the tutorial" make sure your content is as consumable and delicious as a home cooked meal. Top comments (5) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand   Jason C. McDonald Jason C. McDonald Jason C. McDonald Follow Author. Speaker. Time Lord. (Views are my own) Email codemouse92@outlook.com Location Time Vortex Pronouns he/him Work Author of "Dead Simple Python" (No Starch Press) Joined Jan 31, 2017 • Aug 5 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Excellent write up! I'm actually going to include this on the #beginners tag wiki for authors to read. Like comment: Like comment: 2  likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   JeffD JeffD JeffD Follow Code-quality 🩺 Teamwork 🐝 & everything that can simplify the developper's life 🗂️. Location France Joined Oct 16, 2017 • Sep 16 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This post is a must-read ! It's perfect 🏆 ("Hold on, I'm setting up the metaphor." 🤣) Like comment: Like comment: 2  likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   Alvarez García Alvarez García Alvarez García Follow After more than 10 years backending, now trying to make this CSS properties work. Location Buenos Aires, Argentina Work FullStack Joined Apr 24, 2019 • Jul 25 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide DevRel in construction here, thanks for this really simple and enjoyable post. Like comment: Like comment: 2  likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   Amara Graham Amara Graham Amara Graham Follow Enabling developers Location Austin, TX Education BS Computer Science from Trinity University Work Developer Advocate at Kestra Joined Jan 4, 2017 • Jul 25 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you! :) Like comment: Like comment: 1  like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   Shashamura1 Shashamura1 Shashamura1 Follow Hi everyone my name is daniel.gentle loving caring I’am a type of person that always optimistic in every thing that I doing im very couriours and ambitious to lean I’m very new in this site Email ashogbondaniel292@gmail.com Location USA Education Technical college Work CEO at mylocallatest ...https://mylocallatest512644105.wordpress.com Joined Sep 12, 2022 • Oct 8 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice post I can use it to learn as project in dev.com ..to share the interest story of cooking Like comment: Like comment: 1  like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Amara Graham Follow Enabling developers Location Austin, TX Education BS Computer Science from Trinity University Work Developer Advocate at Kestra Joined Jan 4, 2017 More from Amara Graham Moving Config Docs From YAML to Markdown # documentation # yaml # markdown Moving DevEx from DevRel to Engineering # devrel # devex # engineering # reorg Bing Webmaster Tools De-indexed My Docs Site and Increased My Cognitive Load # webdev # seo # documentation 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://highlight.io/compare/highlight-vs-better-stack	highlight.io: The open source monitoring platform. Star us on GitHub Star Migrate your Highlight account to LaunchDarkly by February 28, 2026. Learn more on our blog. Product Integrations Pricing Resources Docs Sign in Sign up Explore highlight.io The Open Source Better Stack alternative Session replay of your frontend, fullstack error monitoring, and powerful logging. Get started for free Live demo Highlight.io vs Better Stack A detailed comparison of Better Stack and Highlight.io General Unlimited Team Members Support Ticket Integrations Self-hosted Options Analytics Integrations Self-serve Setup Session Replay Session Commenting Session Sharing Privacy SDKs Embedded, fullstack error monitoring Canvas & WebGL Recording Shadow DOM Recording Error Monitoring Embedded Session Replay Error Sharing Support for Backend SDKs Agent-less architecture Logging Frontend logging Backend logging Embedded replay and stacktraces Agent-less architecture What makes us different? Highlight.io is open source and transparent Highlight.io is built with transparency at its core, with a permissive license . Not only do we work in the open, but we also expose what we're working on, on our roadmap . The fact that Highlight.io is open source also makes it easy to integrate and build your own tools on-top of it, an advantage closed-source products like Better Stack can't offer. Highlight.io constantly ships new features At Highlight.io, we ship quickly. We update our changelog with a recap of new features biweekly, and we share when these features are completed in our public roadmap . Plus, our community keeps pushing us to do more, so we're constantly adding new integrations . We work hard to keep Highlight.io ahead of the curve, and we're not afraid to show off our secret sauce. Full-stack Observability While Better Stack provides a comprehensive set of separate features for error monitoring and logging, it does not support session replay. Highlight.io enables teams to monitor and optimize their entire tech stack, pairing server-side infrastructure with your frontend web applications. This makes Highlight.io a more comprehensive solution for developers who need to monitor their entire tech stack, in a simple, easy to implement solution. Master OpenTelemetry with our Free Comprehensive Course From fundamentals to advanced implementations, learn how OpenTelemetry can transform your engineering team's observability practices. Ideal for engineering leaders and developers building production-ready monitoring solutions. Start Learning Our customers Highlight powers forward-thinking companies. More about our customers → Don't take our word. Read our customer review section → Highlight helps us catch bugs that would otherwise go undetected and makes it easy to replicate and debug them. Max Musing , Founder & CEO Highlight weaves together the incredible, varied, and complex interactions of our users into something understandable and actionable. Kai Hess , Founding Product Designer I love Highlight because not only does it help me debug more quickly, but it gives me insight into how customers are actually using our product. Meryl Dakin , Founding Software Engineer Highlight has helped us win over several customers by making it possible for us to provide hands-on support, based on a detailed understanding of what each user was doing. Neil Raina , CTO Highlight helps us catch bugs that would otherwise go undetected and makes it easy to replicate and debug them. Max Musing , Founder & CEO Highlight weaves together the incredible, varied, and complex interactions of our users into something understandable and actionable. Kai Hess , Founding Product Designer I love Highlight because not only does it help me debug more quickly, but it gives me insight into how customers are actually using our product. Meryl Dakin , Founding Software Engineer Highlight has helped us win over several customers by making it possible for us to provide hands-on support, based on a detailed understanding of what each user was doing. Neil Raina , CTO Try Highlight Today Get the visibility you need Get started for free Product Pricing Sign up Features Privacy & Security Customers Session Replay Error Monitoring Logging Competitors LogRocket Hotjar Fullstory Smartlook Inspectlet Datadog Sentry Site24x7 Sprig Mouseflow Pendo Heap LogicMonitor Last9 Axiom Better Stack HyperDX Dash0 Developers Changelog Documentation Ambassadors Frameworks React Next.js Angular Gatsby.js Svelte.js Vue.js Express Golang Next.js Node.js Rails Hono Contact & Legal Terms of Service Privacy Policy Careers sales@highlight.io security@highlight.io [object Object]	2026-01-13T08:48:44
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https://devblogs.microsoft.com/dotnet/?p=26353	.NET Interactive is here! \| .NET Notebooks Preview 2 - .NET Blog Skip to main content Microsoft Dev Blogs Dev Blogs Dev Blogs Home Developer Microsoft for Developers Visual Studio Visual Studio Code Develop from the cloud All things Azure Xcode DevOps Windows Developer ISE Developer Azure SDK Command Line Aspire Technology DirectX Semantic Kernel Languages C++ C# F# TypeScript PowerShell Team Python Java Java Blog in Chinese Go .NET All .NET posts .NET Aspire .NET MAUI AI ASP.NET Core Blazor Entity Framework NuGet Servicing .NET Blog in Chinese Platform Development #ifdef Windows Microsoft Foundry Azure Government Azure VM Runtime Team Bing Dev Center Microsoft Edge Dev Microsoft Azure Microsoft 365 Developer Microsoft Entra Identity Developer Old New Thing Power Platform Data Development Azure Cosmos DB Azure Data Studio Azure SQL OData Revolutions R Unified Data Model (IDEAs) Microsoft Entra PowerShell More Search Search No results Cancel Dev Blogs .NET Blog .NET Interactive is here! \| .NET Notebooks Preview 2 .NET 10 is here! .NET 10 is now available: the most productive, modern, secure, intelligent, and performant release of .NET yet. Learn More Download Now February 6th, 2020 1 reaction .NET Interactive is here! \| .NET Notebooks Preview 2 Maria Naggaga Principal Program Manager Show more In November 2019, we announced .NET support for Jupyter notebooks with both C# and F# support. Today we are excited to announce Preview 2 of the .NET Notebook experience. What’s new New Name – Meet .NET interactive As our scenarios grew in Try .NET, we wanted a new name that encompassed all our new experiences from the runnable snippets on the web powered by Blazor (as seen on the .NET page ) , to interactive documentation for .NET Core with the dotnet try global tool, to .NET Notebooks. Today we are announcing our official name change to .NET interactive . .NET interactive is a group of CLI tools and APIs that enable users to create interactive experiences across the web, markdown, and notebooks. .NET Interactive Breakdown dotnet interactive global tool : For .NET Notebooks (Jupyter and nteract) dotnet try global tool : For Workshops and offline docs. Interactive markdown with a backing project. trydotnet.js API ( not publicly available yet ): Online documentation. For example, on docs and .NET page . Currently, only used internally at Microsoft. New Repo – dotnet/interactive Moving forward, we have decided to split dotnet try and dotnet interactive tools into separate repos. For any issues, feature requests, and contributions to .NET Notebooks, please visit the .NET Interactive repo . For any issues, feature requests, and contributions on interactive markdown and trydotnet.js, please visit the Try .NET repo . New Global Tool – dotnet interactive How Install .NET Interactive First, make sure you have the following installed: The .NET 3.1 SDK . Jupyter . Jupyter can be installed using Anaconda . Open the Anaconda Prompt (Windows) or Terminal (macOS) and verify that Jupyter is installed and present on the path: > jupyter kernelspec list python3 ~\jupyter\kernels\python3 Next, in an ordinary console, install the dotnet interactive global tool: > dotnet tool install --global Microsoft.dotnet-interactive Install the .NET kernel by running the following within your Anaconda Prompt: > dotnet interactive jupyter install [InstallKernelSpec] Installed kernelspec .net-csharp in ~\jupyter\kernels\.net-csharp .NET kernel installation succeeded [InstallKernelSpec] Installed kernelspec .net-fsharp in ~\jupyter\kernels\.net-fsharp .NET kernel installation succeeded [InstallKernelSpec] Installed kernelspec .net-powershell in ~\jupyter\kernels\.net-powershell .NET kernel installation succeeded You can verify the installation by running the following again in the Anaconda Prompt: > jupyter kernelspec list .net-csharp ~\jupyter\kernels\.net-csharp .net-fsharp ~\jupyter\kernels\.net-fsharp .net-powershell ~\jupyter\kernels\.net-powershell python3 ~\jupyter\kernels\python3 Please Note: If you are looking for dotnet try experience please visit dotnet/try . New language support – PowerShell PowerShell Notebooks PowerShell notebooks combine the management capabilities of PowerShell with the rich visual experience of notebooks. The integration of PowerShell’s executable experience with rich text and visualization open up scenarios for PowerShell users to integrate and amplify their teaching, and support documents. As an example, this demo of a new PowerShell feature was easily transformed into a shareable, interactive teaching tool. With the multi-kernel experience provided by the .NET interactive kernel a single notebook, now with PowerShell support, can efficiently target both the management plane and the data plane. DBAs, sysadmins, and support engineers alike have found PowerShell notebooks useful for resource manipulation and management. For example, this notebook teachers the user how to create an Azure VM from PowerShell. We look forward to seeing what our customers to do with this experience. Read the PowerShell blog post for more information. Run .NET Code in nteract.io In addition to writing .NET Code in Jupyter Notebooks, users can now write their code in nteract. nteract is an open-source organization that builds SDKs, applications, and libraries that helps people make the most of interactive notebooks and REPLs. We are excited to have our .NET users take advantage of the rich REPL experience nteract provides,including the nteract desktop app. To get started with .NET Interactive in nteract please download the nteract desktop app and install the .NET kernels . Resources Try sample .NET notebooks online using Binder . This also allows you try out .NET Interactive daily builds. Create and run .NET notebooks on your machine . Share your own .NET notebooks with others online using Binder . .NET Interactive with nteract Our team can’t wait to see what you do with .NET Interactive. Please check out our repo to learn more and let us know what you build. Happy interactive programming ! 1 28 0 Share on Facebook Share on X Share on Linkedin Copy Link --> Category .NET Share Author Maria Naggaga Principal Program Manager Maria Naggaga is a Principal Product Manager on the Microsoft Developer Platform. 28 comments Discussion is closed. Login to edit/delete existing comments. Code of Conduct Sort by : Newest Newest Popular Oldest AUGUST SPIER --> AUGUST SPIER --> May 11, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> The trials and tribulations of a New Guy. Following the blog post, I 1. Download and install Anaconda 2. Download and install dotnet Core SDK (v. 3.1.201) 3. (At the Anaconda prompt), run jupyter kernelspec list. And receive python3 ~\jupyter\kernels\python3 4. (In the command shell), I invoke > dotnet tool install --global Microsoft.dotnet-interactive 5. I return to the Anaconda prompt to run > "C:\Program Files\dotnet> dotnet interactive jupyter install 6. And I'm rewarded for my efforts with: Could not execute because... Read more The trials and tribulations of a New Guy. Following the blog post, I 1. Download and install Anaconda 2. Download and install dotnet Core SDK (v. 3.1.201) 3. (At the Anaconda prompt), run jupyter kernelspec list. And receive python3 ~\jupyter\kernels\python3 4. (In the command shell), I invoke > dotnet tool install –global Microsoft.dotnet-interactive 5. I return to the Anaconda prompt to run > “C:\Program Files\dotnet> dotnet interactive jupyter install 6. And I’m rewarded for my efforts with: Could not execute because the specified command or file was not found. Possible reasons for this include: * You misspelled a built-in dotnet command. * You intended to execute a .NET Core program, but dotnet-interactive does not exist. * You intended to run a global tool, but a dotnet-prefixed executable with this name could not be found on the PATH. Where did I go wrong? Regards, Gus DISCLAIMER: I am not a software developer, nor do I play one on TV. But I am a fairly accomplished DBA trying to adapt new tools to everyday life. Read less Jon Sequeira --> Jon Sequeira --> May 15, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Please open an issue at https://github.com/dotnet/interactive/issues and we’ll take a look. One additional piece of information that would be helpful is what version of dotnet-interactive you’re using, which you can find by running this at the command prompt: dotnet-interactive –version Joe Huang --> Joe Huang --> April 17, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Can anybody tell me how to make intellisense(auto completion) of this(.NET Interactive) Case-Insensitive? David Beveridge --> David Beveridge --> April 15, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> In lieu of an emoji for back-flip somersaults, YESSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS! This technology is what I’ve wanted for so long. Thank you. David Cuccia --> David Cuccia --> February 21, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> I absolutely love the work that's being done here, thanks to the Interactive team for making this a reality. I also love the new Jupyter support (currently in the Python extension for) VS Code. It would be wonderful to have Interactive work with Jupyter in VS Code. I posted this request on the Interactive and vscode-python GitHub sites but wanted to share my request here as well. There seems to be an intent to make this happen, one way or another, which is great. (Though, I might have poked a wasps nest with my questions. :) https://github.com/dotnet/interactive/issues/179 https://github.com/microsoft/vscode-python/issues/5078#issuecomment-588437582 Read more I absolutely love the work that’s being done here, thanks to the Interactive team for making this a reality. I also love the new Jupyter support (currently in the Python extension for) VS Code. It would be wonderful to have Interactive work with Jupyter in VS Code. I posted this request on the Interactive and vscode-python GitHub sites but wanted to share my request here as well. There seems to be an intent to make this happen, one way or another, which is great. (Though, I might have poked a wasps nest with my questions. :) https://github.com/dotnet/interactive/issues/179 https://github.com/microsoft/vscode-python/issues/5078#issuecomment-588437582 Read less San --> San --> May 1, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> VS Code with Jupyter .NET Interactive is a must-have feature. Please make it available ASAP :). Thanks a lot. Jon Sequeira --> Jon Sequeira --> May 15, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Keep an eye on our PRs: https://github.com/dotnet/interactive/pull/412 Radu Popa --> Radu Popa --> February 13, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Awesome! Big fan of Notebooks! … But why were F# and PowerShell supported before Visual Basic .Net? The later is more popular than the former two together. How misleading it is to name it .Net Interactive and support PowerShell but not Visual Basic .Net … I, for one, will not use this until you include support for Visual Basic .Net. I’m on my way to learning Python and will switch to it if Microsoft continues to alienate the large VB.Net community. Jon Sequeira --> Jon Sequeira --> May 15, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> We hear you. C# and F# have a big head start here because they both have interactive language variants. If the VB.NET interactive language variant had been available, we’d have been happy to include it. Bob --> Bob --> February 12, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> It’s delightful to be able to install a Jupyter version on Windows that actually works reliably. How do I go about upgrading to JupyterLab? Maria Naggaga --> Maria Naggaga Author --> February 19, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Glad you like it! First you will need to install Jupyter Lab either conda or pip. Here are the install instructions ( https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/en/stable/getting_started/installation.html ). Once you have that installed go to Anaconda prompt type in the following command > jupyter lab . This will launch JupyterLab. Gus Martinka --> Gus Martinka --> February 12, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Really excited about .net in Jupyter moving forward. I was using Python/Jupyter to explore data and prototype solutions but this is looking like my new go to. Preview 1 had some bugs with syntax highlighting and such but was still useful. I am hoping VS Code will pick up support for .net core in Jupyter soon. Mladen Kirilov --> Mladen Kirilov --> February 12, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Considering this great progress, can we expect to get the PowerShell kernel in Azure Notebooks at all? Thanks! Roman Cerny --> Roman Cerny --> February 7, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> When trying to run following in Windows 10 cmd dotnet tool install –global Microsoft.dotnet-interactive I get: The tool package could not be restored. Tool ‘microsoft.dotnet-interactive’ failed to install. This failure may have been caused by: * You are attempting to install a preview release and did not use the –version option to specify the version. Please advise Maria Naggaga --> Maria Naggaga Author --> February 7, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> In the blog post I didn’t specify the package version just to make sure that the post stays fresh. Please use this command as seen on nuget dotnet tool install --global Microsoft.dotnet-interactive --version 1.0.110520 Roman Cerny --> Roman Cerny --> February 10, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Thanks Maria, that installed correctly now. The next issue I’am having is: (base) C:\Users\roman.cerny>jupyter kernelspec list Available kernels: python3 C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\Shared\Anaconda3_64\share\jupyter\kernels\python3 (base) C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\Shared\Anaconda3_64\share>dotnet interactive jupyter install .NET kernel installation failed with error: Could not find jupyter kernelspec module The same happens even after restarting my PC Please advise Maria Naggaga --> Maria Naggaga Author --> February 10, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Hi Roman, May I ask you a quick question – When you installed the .NET kernel( dotnet interactive jupyter install ) did you do it in Anaconda prompt? If you don’t mind could you please open an issue here ? I would really like to help you troubleshoot this. Thank you Roman Cerny --> Roman Cerny --> February 11, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Hi Maria, I have now created new issue https://github.com/dotnet/interactive/issues/157#issue-563062412 Thank you for your help. Jerzy Rozmyslowicz --> Jerzy Rozmyslowicz --> February 7, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Just learned that another .NET exists How many .NET you are going to create? You are doing it all wrong. There should be just one VS Studio, one .NET one code Simply you should work only on compilers to that one solution Developer then just could use Build As (need to be implemented) command to build one code to Windows or Mac or Android or whatever else using specific compiler Phillip Carter --> Phillip Carter --> February 9, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Just to clarify: what is announced in this blog post is not another flavor of .NET. This is about bringing .NET to the Jupyter Notebooks ecosystem and enhancing interactive programming with C# and F#. It’s the same compilers, runtime, etc. under the hood as any normal .NET Core application. Dave Bacher --> Dave Bacher --> February 7, 2020 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Microsoft is currently working towards .NET 5. In their old .NET, they apparently have a million #if statements all over the place, and then scripts build the various flavors by having the right set of defines. Even, apparently, Silverlight. That's based on what they've said in posts here and over on Hanselman's blog. And so basically - .NET Core they went through and took all the #if's out. And so you have this new Common Language Runtime / Microsoft Intermediate Language interpreter that has as few built-in dependencies as possible, and that's .NET Core runtime itself. And then you... Read more Microsoft is currently working towards .NET 5. In their old .NET, they apparently have a million #if statements all over the place, and then scripts build the various flavors by having the right set of defines. Even, apparently, Silverlight. That’s based on what they’ve said in posts here and over on Hanselman’s blog. And so basically – .NET Core they went through and took all the #if’s out. And so you have this new Common Language Runtime / Microsoft Intermediate Language interpreter that has as few built-in dependencies as possible, and that’s .NET Core runtime itself. And then you have a cloud of libraries in what would have been the Basic/Base Class Library (BCL) before – and those are now mostly NuGet packages – and so you can pick versions of them when you compile, and those versions are bundled with your executable, and no other process can cause a different version to load. One of the side effects is the individual project teams that are working on GitHub, which is most of them on the .NET side, can now take pull requests and feature input / issues directly through GitHub, and so you can go over there and beg them directly and make the case directly for specific features in specific libraries, instead of having to go through support and hoping you get the single support rep who has actually written code professionally at some point in their life. 😉 Visual Studio supports multiple targets in a single project file, and that is the traditional C++ way to build C code for multiple platforms in Visual Studio. You can add a MacOS target right now, and changing the target is then the pulldown next to “Release” and “Debug” on the default toolbars. That’s explicitly what that feature is intended for. You can do more on the C++ side than on the C# side right now. However, if you’re not calling any OS-specific functionality – the .NET Core app you compile runs, from a single build, on Windows, Linux and MacOS. Same binary file works on all three. You can even use WinForms or WPF, and those work as expected now mostly. (there are differences, and third party components generally need to be designed for the new ones) Read less Load more comments Read next February 8, 2020 Garbage Collection at Food Courts maoni February 10, 2020 Announcing Experimental Mobile Blazor Bindings February update Eilon Lipton Stay informed Get notified when new posts are published. Email * Country/Region * Select... 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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qn7gRClrC9U&list=PLNG_1j3cPCaZZ7etkzWA7JfdmKWT0pMsa&index=4	The first React Working Group - YouTube 정보 보도자료 저작권 문의하기 크리에이터 광고 개발자 약관 개인정보처리방침 정책 및 안전 YouTube 작동의 원리 새로운 기능 테스트하기 © 2026 Google LLC, Sundar Pichai, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View CA 94043, USA, 0807-882-594 (무료), yt-support-solutions-kr@google.com, 호스팅: Google LLC, 사업자정보 , 불법촬영물 신고 크리에이터들이 유튜브 상에 게시, 태그 또는 추천한 상품들은 판매자들의 약관에 따라 판매됩니다. 유튜브는 이러한 제품들을 판매하지 않으며, 그에 대한 책임을 지지 않습니다. var ytInitialData = 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https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html#special-parameters	4. More Control Flow Tools — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents 4. More Control Flow Tools 4.1. if Statements 4.2. for Statements 4.3. The range() Function 4.4. break and continue Statements 4.5. else Clauses on Loops 4.6. pass Statements 4.7. match Statements 4.8. Defining Functions 4.9. More on Defining Functions 4.9.1. Default Argument Values 4.9.2. Keyword Arguments 4.9.3. Special parameters 4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments 4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters 4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments 4.9.3.4. Function Examples 4.9.3.5. Recap 4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists 4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists 4.9.6. Lambda Expressions 4.9.7. Documentation Strings 4.9.8. Function Annotations 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style Previous topic 3. An Informal Introduction to Python Next topic 5. Data Structures This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules \| next \| previous \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 4. More Control Flow Tools \| Theme Auto Light Dark \| 4. More Control Flow Tools ¶ As well as the while statement just introduced, Python uses a few more that we will encounter in this chapter. 4.1. if Statements ¶ Perhaps the most well-known statement type is the if statement. For example: >>> x = int ( input ( "Please enter an integer: " )) Please enter an integer: 42 >>> if x < 0 : ... x = 0 ... print ( 'Negative changed to zero' ) ... elif x == 0 : ... print ( 'Zero' ) ... elif x == 1 : ... print ( 'Single' ) ... else : ... print ( 'More' ) ... More There can be zero or more elif parts, and the else part is optional. The keyword ‘ elif ’ is short for ‘else if’, and is useful to avoid excessive indentation. An if … elif … elif … sequence is a substitute for the switch or case statements found in other languages. If you’re comparing the same value to several constants, or checking for specific types or attributes, you may also find the match statement useful. For more details see match Statements . 4.2. for Statements ¶ The for statement in Python differs a bit from what you may be used to in C or Pascal. Rather than always iterating over an arithmetic progression of numbers (like in Pascal), or giving the user the ability to define both the iteration step and halting condition (as C), Python’s for statement iterates over the items of any sequence (a list or a string), in the order that they appear in the sequence. For example (no pun intended): >>> # Measure some strings: >>> words = [ 'cat' , 'window' , 'defenestrate' ] >>> for w in words : ... print ( w , len ( w )) ... cat 3 window 6 defenestrate 12 Code that modifies a collection while iterating over that same collection can be tricky to get right. Instead, it is usually more straight-forward to loop over a copy of the collection or to create a new collection: # Create a sample collection users = { 'Hans' : 'active' , 'Éléonore' : 'inactive' , '景太郎' : 'active' } # Strategy: Iterate over a copy for user , status in users . copy () . items (): if status == 'inactive' : del users [ user ] # Strategy: Create a new collection active_users = {} for user , status in users . items (): if status == 'active' : active_users [ user ] = status 4.3. The range() Function ¶ If you do need to iterate over a sequence of numbers, the built-in function range() comes in handy. It generates arithmetic progressions: >>> for i in range ( 5 ): ... print ( i ) ... 0 1 2 3 4 The given end point is never part of the generated sequence; range(10) generates 10 values, the legal indices for items of a sequence of length 10. It is possible to let the range start at another number, or to specify a different increment (even negative; sometimes this is called the ‘step’): >>> list ( range ( 5 , 10 )) [5, 6, 7, 8, 9] >>> list ( range ( 0 , 10 , 3 )) [0, 3, 6, 9] >>> list ( range ( - 10 , - 100 , - 30 )) [-10, -40, -70] To iterate over the indices of a sequence, you can combine range() and len() as follows: >>> a = [ 'Mary' , 'had' , 'a' , 'little' , 'lamb' ] >>> for i in range ( len ( a )): ... print ( i , a [ i ]) ... 0 Mary 1 had 2 a 3 little 4 lamb In most such cases, however, it is convenient to use the enumerate() function, see Looping Techniques . A strange thing happens if you just print a range: >>> range ( 10 ) range(0, 10) In many ways the object returned by range() behaves as if it is a list, but in fact it isn’t. It is an object which returns the successive items of the desired sequence when you iterate over it, but it doesn’t really make the list, thus saving space. We say such an object is iterable , that is, suitable as a target for functions and constructs that expect something from which they can obtain successive items until the supply is exhausted. We have seen that the for statement is such a construct, while an example of a function that takes an iterable is sum() : >>> sum ( range ( 4 )) # 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 6 Later we will see more functions that return iterables and take iterables as arguments. In chapter Data Structures , we will discuss in more detail about list() . 4.4. break and continue Statements ¶ The break statement breaks out of the innermost enclosing for or while loop: >>> for n in range ( 2 , 10 ): ... for x in range ( 2 , n ): ... if n % x == 0 : ... print ( f " { n } equals { x } * { n // x } " ) ... break ... 4 equals 2 * 2 6 equals 2 * 3 8 equals 2 * 4 9 equals 3 * 3 The continue statement continues with the next iteration of the loop: >>> for num in range ( 2 , 10 ): ... if num % 2 == 0 : ... print ( f "Found an even number { num } " ) ... continue ... print ( f "Found an odd number { num } " ) ... Found an even number 2 Found an odd number 3 Found an even number 4 Found an odd number 5 Found an even number 6 Found an odd number 7 Found an even number 8 Found an odd number 9 4.5. else Clauses on Loops ¶ In a for or while loop the break statement may be paired with an else clause. If the loop finishes without executing the break , the else clause executes. In a for loop, the else clause is executed after the loop finishes its final iteration, that is, if no break occurred. In a while loop, it’s executed after the loop’s condition becomes false. In either kind of loop, the else clause is not executed if the loop was terminated by a break . Of course, other ways of ending the loop early, such as a return or a raised exception, will also skip execution of the else clause. This is exemplified in the following for loop, which searches for prime numbers: >>> for n in range ( 2 , 10 ): ... for x in range ( 2 , n ): ... if n % x == 0 : ... print ( n , 'equals' , x , '' , n // x ) ... break ... else : ... # loop fell through without finding a factor ... print ( n , 'is a prime number' ) ... 2 is a prime number 3 is a prime number 4 equals 2 2 5 is a prime number 6 equals 2 * 3 7 is a prime number 8 equals 2 * 4 9 equals 3 * 3 (Yes, this is the correct code. Look closely: the else clause belongs to the for loop, not the if statement.) One way to think of the else clause is to imagine it paired with the if inside the loop. As the loop executes, it will run a sequence like if/if/if/else. The if is inside the loop, encountered a number of times. If the condition is ever true, a break will happen. If the condition is never true, the else clause outside the loop will execute. When used with a loop, the else clause has more in common with the else clause of a try statement than it does with that of if statements: a try statement’s else clause runs when no exception occurs, and a loop’s else clause runs when no break occurs. For more on the try statement and exceptions, see Handling Exceptions . 4.6. pass Statements ¶ The pass statement does nothing. It can be used when a statement is required syntactically but the program requires no action. For example: >>> while True : ... pass # Busy-wait for keyboard interrupt (Ctrl+C) ... This is commonly used for creating minimal classes: >>> class MyEmptyClass : ... pass ... Another place pass can be used is as a place-holder for a function or conditional body when you are working on new code, allowing you to keep thinking at a more abstract level. The pass is silently ignored: >>> def initlog ( * args ): ... pass # Remember to implement this! ... For this last case, many people use the ellipsis literal ... instead of pass . This use has no special meaning to Python, and is not part of the language definition (you could use any constant expression here), but ... is used conventionally as a placeholder body as well. See The Ellipsis Object . 4.7. match Statements ¶ A match statement takes an expression and compares its value to successive patterns given as one or more case blocks. This is superficially similar to a switch statement in C, Java or JavaScript (and many other languages), but it’s more similar to pattern matching in languages like Rust or Haskell. Only the first pattern that matches gets executed and it can also extract components (sequence elements or object attributes) from the value into variables. If no case matches, none of the branches is executed. The simplest form compares a subject value against one or more literals: def http_error ( status ): match status : case 400 : return "Bad request" case 404 : return "Not found" case 418 : return "I'm a teapot" case _ : return "Something's wrong with the internet" Note the last block: the “variable name” _ acts as a wildcard and never fails to match. You can combine several literals in a single pattern using \| (“or”): case 401 \| 403 \| 404 : return "Not allowed" Patterns can look like unpacking assignments, and can be used to bind variables: # point is an (x, y) tuple match point : case ( 0 , 0 ): print ( "Origin" ) case ( 0 , y ): print ( f "Y= { y } " ) case ( x , 0 ): print ( f "X= { x } " ) case ( x , y ): print ( f "X= { x } , Y= { y } " ) case _ : raise ValueError ( "Not a point" ) Study that one carefully! The first pattern has two literals, and can be thought of as an extension of the literal pattern shown above. But the next two patterns combine a literal and a variable, and the variable binds a value from the subject ( point ). The fourth pattern captures two values, which makes it conceptually similar to the unpacking assignment (x, y) = point . If you are using classes to structure your data you can use the class name followed by an argument list resembling a constructor, but with the ability to capture attributes into variables: class Point : def __init__ ( self , x , y ): self . x = x self . y = y def where_is ( point ): match point : case Point ( x = 0 , y = 0 ): print ( "Origin" ) case Point ( x = 0 , y = y ): print ( f "Y= { y } " ) case Point ( x = x , y = 0 ): print ( f "X= { x } " ) case Point (): print ( "Somewhere else" ) case _ : print ( "Not a point" ) You can use positional parameters with some builtin classes that provide an ordering for their attributes (e.g. dataclasses). You can also define a specific position for attributes in patterns by setting the __match_args__ special attribute in your classes. If it’s set to (“x”, “y”), the following patterns are all equivalent (and all bind the y attribute to the var variable): Point ( 1 , var ) Point ( 1 , y = var ) Point ( x = 1 , y = var ) Point ( y = var , x = 1 ) A recommended way to read patterns is to look at them as an extended form of what you would put on the left of an assignment, to understand which variables would be set to what. Only the standalone names (like var above) are assigned to by a match statement. Dotted names (like foo.bar ), attribute names (the x= and y= above) or class names (recognized by the “(…)” next to them like Point above) are never assigned to. Patterns can be arbitrarily nested. For example, if we have a short list of Points, with __match_args__ added, we could match it like this: class Point : __match_args__ = ( 'x' , 'y' ) def __init__ ( self , x , y ): self . x = x self . y = y match points : case []: print ( "No points" ) case [ Point ( 0 , 0 )]: print ( "The origin" ) case [ Point ( x , y )]: print ( f "Single point { x } , { y } " ) case [ Point ( 0 , y1 ), Point ( 0 , y2 )]: print ( f "Two on the Y axis at { y1 } , { y2 } " ) case _ : print ( "Something else" ) We can add an if clause to a pattern, known as a “guard”. If the guard is false, match goes on to try the next case block. Note that value capture happens before the guard is evaluated: match point : case Point ( x , y ) if x == y : print ( f "Y=X at { x } " ) case Point ( x , y ): print ( f "Not on the diagonal" ) Several other key features of this statement: Like unpacking assignments, tuple and list patterns have exactly the same meaning and actually match arbitrary sequences. An important exception is that they don’t match iterators or strings. Sequence patterns support extended unpacking: [x, y, rest] and (x, y, rest) work similar to unpacking assignments. The name after * may also be _ , so (x, y, _) matches a sequence of at least two items without binding the remaining items. Mapping patterns: {"bandwidth": b, "latency": l} captures the "bandwidth" and "latency" values from a dictionary. Unlike sequence patterns, extra keys are ignored. An unpacking like rest is also supported. (But _ would be redundant, so it is not allowed.) Subpatterns may be captured using the as keyword: case ( Point ( x1 , y1 ), Point ( x2 , y2 ) as p2 ): ... will capture the second element of the input as p2 (as long as the input is a sequence of two points) Most literals are compared by equality, however the singletons True , False and None are compared by identity. Patterns may use named constants. These must be dotted names to prevent them from being interpreted as capture variable: from enum import Enum class Color ( Enum ): RED = 'red' GREEN = 'green' BLUE = 'blue' color = Color ( input ( "Enter your choice of 'red', 'blue' or 'green': " )) match color : case Color . RED : print ( "I see red!" ) case Color . GREEN : print ( "Grass is green" ) case Color . BLUE : print ( "I'm feeling the blues :(" ) For a more detailed explanation and additional examples, you can look into PEP 636 which is written in a tutorial format. 4.8. Defining Functions ¶ We can create a function that writes the Fibonacci series to an arbitrary boundary: >>> def fib ( n ): # write Fibonacci series less than n ... """Print a Fibonacci series less than n.""" ... a , b = 0 , 1 ... while a < n : ... print ( a , end = ' ' ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... print () ... >>> # Now call the function we just defined: >>> fib ( 2000 ) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 The keyword def introduces a function definition . It must be followed by the function name and the parenthesized list of formal parameters. The statements that form the body of the function start at the next line, and must be indented. The first statement of the function body can optionally be a string literal; this string literal is the function’s documentation string, or docstring . (More about docstrings can be found in the section Documentation Strings .) There are tools which use docstrings to automatically produce online or printed documentation, or to let the user interactively browse through code; it’s good practice to include docstrings in code that you write, so make a habit of it. The execution of a function introduces a new symbol table used for the local variables of the function. More precisely, all variable assignments in a function store the value in the local symbol table; whereas variable references first look in the local symbol table, then in the local symbol tables of enclosing functions, then in the global symbol table, and finally in the table of built-in names. Thus, global variables and variables of enclosing functions cannot be directly assigned a value within a function (unless, for global variables, named in a global statement, or, for variables of enclosing functions, named in a nonlocal statement), although they may be referenced. The actual parameters (arguments) to a function call are introduced in the local symbol table of the called function when it is called; thus, arguments are passed using call by value (where the value is always an object reference , not the value of the object). [ 1 ] When a function calls another function, or calls itself recursively, a new local symbol table is created for that call. A function definition associates the function name with the function object in the current symbol table. The interpreter recognizes the object pointed to by that name as a user-defined function. Other names can also point to that same function object and can also be used to access the function: >>> fib <function fib at 10042ed0> >>> f = fib >>> f ( 100 ) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 Coming from other languages, you might object that fib is not a function but a procedure since it doesn’t return a value. In fact, even functions without a return statement do return a value, albeit a rather boring one. This value is called None (it’s a built-in name). Writing the value None is normally suppressed by the interpreter if it would be the only value written. You can see it if you really want to using print() : >>> fib ( 0 ) >>> print ( fib ( 0 )) None It is simple to write a function that returns a list of the numbers of the Fibonacci series, instead of printing it: >>> def fib2 ( n ): # return Fibonacci series up to n ... """Return a list containing the Fibonacci series up to n.""" ... result = [] ... a , b = 0 , 1 ... while a < n : ... result . append ( a ) # see below ... a , b = b , a + b ... return result ... >>> f100 = fib2 ( 100 ) # call it >>> f100 # write the result [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89] This example, as usual, demonstrates some new Python features: The return statement returns with a value from a function. return without an expression argument returns None . Falling off the end of a function also returns None . The statement result.append(a) calls a method of the list object result . A method is a function that ‘belongs’ to an object and is named obj.methodname , where obj is some object (this may be an expression), and methodname is the name of a method that is defined by the object’s type. Different types define different methods. Methods of different types may have the same name without causing ambiguity. (It is possible to define your own object types and methods, using classes , see Classes ) The method append() shown in the example is defined for list objects; it adds a new element at the end of the list. In this example it is equivalent to result = result + [a] , but more efficient. 4.9. More on Defining Functions ¶ It is also possible to define functions with a variable number of arguments. There are three forms, which can be combined. 4.9.1. Default Argument Values ¶ The most useful form is to specify a default value for one or more arguments. This creates a function that can be called with fewer arguments than it is defined to allow. For example: def ask_ok ( prompt , retries = 4 , reminder = 'Please try again!' ): while True : reply = input ( prompt ) if reply in { 'y' , 'ye' , 'yes' }: return True if reply in { 'n' , 'no' , 'nop' , 'nope' }: return False retries = retries - 1 if retries < 0 : raise ValueError ( 'invalid user response' ) print ( reminder ) This function can be called in several ways: giving only the mandatory argument: ask_ok('Do you really want to quit?') giving one of the optional arguments: ask_ok('OK to overwrite the file?', 2) or even giving all arguments: ask_ok('OK to overwrite the file?', 2, 'Come on, only yes or no!') This example also introduces the in keyword. This tests whether or not a sequence contains a certain value. The default values are evaluated at the point of function definition in the defining scope, so that i = 5 def f ( arg = i ): print ( arg ) i = 6 f () will print 5 . Important warning: The default value is evaluated only once. This makes a difference when the default is a mutable object such as a list, dictionary, or instances of most classes. For example, the following function accumulates the arguments passed to it on subsequent calls: def f ( a , L = []): L . append ( a ) return L print ( f ( 1 )) print ( f ( 2 )) print ( f ( 3 )) This will print [ 1 ] [ 1 , 2 ] [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] If you don’t want the default to be shared between subsequent calls, you can write the function like this instead: def f ( a , L = None ): if L is None : L = [] L . append ( a ) return L 4.9.2. Keyword Arguments ¶ Functions can also be called using keyword arguments of the form kwarg=value . For instance, the following function: def parrot ( voltage , state = 'a stiff' , action = 'voom' , type = 'Norwegian Blue' ): print ( "-- This parrot wouldn't" , action , end = ' ' ) print ( "if you put" , voltage , "volts through it." ) print ( "-- Lovely plumage, the" , type ) print ( "-- It's" , state , "!" ) accepts one required argument ( voltage ) and three optional arguments ( state , action , and type ). This function can be called in any of the following ways: parrot ( 1000 ) # 1 positional argument parrot ( voltage = 1000 ) # 1 keyword argument parrot ( voltage = 1000000 , action = 'VOOOOOM' ) # 2 keyword arguments parrot ( action = 'VOOOOOM' , voltage = 1000000 ) # 2 keyword arguments parrot ( 'a million' , 'bereft of life' , 'jump' ) # 3 positional arguments parrot ( 'a thousand' , state = 'pushing up the daisies' ) # 1 positional, 1 keyword but all the following calls would be invalid: parrot () # required argument missing parrot ( voltage = 5.0 , 'dead' ) # non-keyword argument after a keyword argument parrot ( 110 , voltage = 220 ) # duplicate value for the same argument parrot ( actor = 'John Cleese' ) # unknown keyword argument In a function call, keyword arguments must follow positional arguments. All the keyword arguments passed must match one of the arguments accepted by the function (e.g. actor is not a valid argument for the parrot function), and their order is not important. This also includes non-optional arguments (e.g. parrot(voltage=1000) is valid too). No argument may receive a value more than once. Here’s an example that fails due to this restriction: >>> def function ( a ): ... pass ... >>> function ( 0 , a = 0 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : function() got multiple values for argument 'a' When a final formal parameter of the form name is present, it receives a dictionary (see Mapping Types — dict ) containing all keyword arguments except for those corresponding to a formal parameter. This may be combined with a formal parameter of the form name (described in the next subsection) which receives a tuple containing the positional arguments beyond the formal parameter list. ( name must occur before name .) For example, if we define a function like this: def cheeseshop ( kind , arguments , ** keywords ): print ( "-- Do you have any" , kind , "?" ) print ( "-- I'm sorry, we're all out of" , kind ) for arg in arguments : print ( arg ) print ( "-" * 40 ) for kw in keywords : print ( kw , ":" , keywords [ kw ]) It could be called like this: cheeseshop ( "Limburger" , "It's very runny, sir." , "It's really very, VERY runny, sir." , shopkeeper = "Michael Palin" , client = "John Cleese" , sketch = "Cheese Shop Sketch" ) and of course it would print: -- Do you have any Limburger ? -- I'm sorry, we're all out of Limburger It's very runny, sir. It's really very, VERY runny, sir. ---------------------------------------- shopkeeper : Michael Palin client : John Cleese sketch : Cheese Shop Sketch Note that the order in which the keyword arguments are printed is guaranteed to match the order in which they were provided in the function call. 4.9.3. Special parameters ¶ By default, arguments may be passed to a Python function either by position or explicitly by keyword. For readability and performance, it makes sense to restrict the way arguments can be passed so that a developer need only look at the function definition to determine if items are passed by position, by position or keyword, or by keyword. A function definition may look like: def f(pos1, pos2, /, pos_or_kwd, , kwd1, kwd2): ----------- ---------- ---------- \| \| \| \| Positional or keyword \| \| - Keyword only -- Positional only where / and are optional. If used, these symbols indicate the kind of parameter by how the arguments may be passed to the function: positional-only, positional-or-keyword, and keyword-only. Keyword parameters are also referred to as named parameters. 4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments ¶ If / and * are not present in the function definition, arguments may be passed to a function by position or by keyword. 4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters ¶ Looking at this in a bit more detail, it is possible to mark certain parameters as positional-only . If positional-only , the parameters’ order matters, and the parameters cannot be passed by keyword. Positional-only parameters are placed before a / (forward-slash). The / is used to logically separate the positional-only parameters from the rest of the parameters. If there is no / in the function definition, there are no positional-only parameters. Parameters following the / may be positional-or-keyword or keyword-only . 4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments ¶ To mark parameters as keyword-only , indicating the parameters must be passed by keyword argument, place an * in the arguments list just before the first keyword-only parameter. 4.9.3.4. Function Examples ¶ Consider the following example function definitions paying close attention to the markers / and * : >>> def standard_arg ( arg ): ... print ( arg ) ... >>> def pos_only_arg ( arg , / ): ... print ( arg ) ... >>> def kwd_only_arg ( * , arg ): ... print ( arg ) ... >>> def combined_example ( pos_only , / , standard , * , kwd_only ): ... print ( pos_only , standard , kwd_only ) The first function definition, standard_arg , the most familiar form, places no restrictions on the calling convention and arguments may be passed by position or keyword: >>> standard_arg ( 2 ) 2 >>> standard_arg ( arg = 2 ) 2 The second function pos_only_arg is restricted to only use positional parameters as there is a / in the function definition: >>> pos_only_arg ( 1 ) 1 >>> pos_only_arg ( arg = 1 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : pos_only_arg() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword arguments: 'arg' The third function kwd_only_arg only allows keyword arguments as indicated by a * in the function definition: >>> kwd_only_arg ( 3 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : kwd_only_arg() takes 0 positional arguments but 1 was given >>> kwd_only_arg ( arg = 3 ) 3 And the last uses all three calling conventions in the same function definition: >>> combined_example ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : combined_example() takes 2 positional arguments but 3 were given >>> combined_example ( 1 , 2 , kwd_only = 3 ) 1 2 3 >>> combined_example ( 1 , standard = 2 , kwd_only = 3 ) 1 2 3 >>> combined_example ( pos_only = 1 , standard = 2 , kwd_only = 3 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : combined_example() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword arguments: 'pos_only' Finally, consider this function definition which has a potential collision between the positional argument name and kwds which has name as a key: def foo ( name , kwds ): return 'name' in kwds There is no possible call that will make it return True as the keyword 'name' will always bind to the first parameter. For example: >>> foo ( 1 , { 'name' : 2 }) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : foo() got multiple values for argument 'name' >>> But using / (positional only arguments), it is possible since it allows name as a positional argument and 'name' as a key in the keyword arguments: >>> def foo ( name , / , kwds ): ... return 'name' in kwds ... >>> foo ( 1 , { 'name' : 2 }) True In other words, the names of positional-only parameters can be used in kwds without ambiguity. 4.9.3.5. Recap ¶ The use case will determine which parameters to use in the function definition: def f ( pos1 , pos2 , / , pos_or_kwd , * , kwd1 , kwd2 ): As guidance: Use positional-only if you want the name of the parameters to not be available to the user. This is useful when parameter names have no real meaning, if you want to enforce the order of the arguments when the function is called or if you need to take some positional parameters and arbitrary keywords. Use keyword-only when names have meaning and the function definition is more understandable by being explicit with names or you want to prevent users relying on the position of the argument being passed. For an API, use positional-only to prevent breaking API changes if the parameter’s name is modified in the future. 4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists ¶ Finally, the least frequently used option is to specify that a function can be called with an arbitrary number of arguments. These arguments will be wrapped up in a tuple (see Tuples and Sequences ). Before the variable number of arguments, zero or more normal arguments may occur. def write_multiple_items ( file , separator , * args ): file . write ( separator . join ( args )) Normally, these variadic arguments will be last in the list of formal parameters, because they scoop up all remaining input arguments that are passed to the function. Any formal parameters which occur after the args parameter are ‘keyword-only’ arguments, meaning that they can only be used as keywords rather than positional arguments. >>> def concat ( args , sep = "/" ): ... return sep . join ( args ) ... >>> concat ( "earth" , "mars" , "venus" ) 'earth/mars/venus' >>> concat ( "earth" , "mars" , "venus" , sep = "." ) 'earth.mars.venus' 4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists ¶ The reverse situation occurs when the arguments are already in a list or tuple but need to be unpacked for a function call requiring separate positional arguments. For instance, the built-in range() function expects separate start and stop arguments. If they are not available separately, write the function call with the * -operator to unpack the arguments out of a list or tuple: >>> list ( range ( 3 , 6 )) # normal call with separate arguments [3, 4, 5] >>> args = [ 3 , 6 ] >>> list ( range ( * args )) # call with arguments unpacked from a list [3, 4, 5] In the same fashion, dictionaries can deliver keyword arguments with the -operator: >>> def parrot ( voltage , state = 'a stiff' , action = 'voom' ): ... print ( "-- This parrot wouldn't" , action , end = ' ' ) ... print ( "if you put" , voltage , "volts through it." , end = ' ' ) ... print ( "E's" , state , "!" ) ... >>> d = { "voltage" : "four million" , "state" : "bleedin' demised" , "action" : "VOOM" } >>> parrot ( d ) -- This parrot wouldn't VOOM if you put four million volts through it. E's bleedin' demised ! 4.9.6. Lambda Expressions ¶ Small anonymous functions can be created with the lambda keyword. This function returns the sum of its two arguments: lambda a, b: a+b . Lambda functions can be used wherever function objects are required. They are syntactically restricted to a single expression. Semantically, they are just syntactic sugar for a normal function definition. Like nested function definitions, lambda functions can reference variables from the containing scope: >>> def make_incrementor ( n ): ... return lambda x : x + n ... >>> f = make_incrementor ( 42 ) >>> f ( 0 ) 42 >>> f ( 1 ) 43 The above example uses a lambda expression to return a function. Another use is to pass a small function as an argument. For instance, list.sort() takes a sorting key function key which can be a lambda function: >>> pairs = [( 1 , 'one' ), ( 2 , 'two' ), ( 3 , 'three' ), ( 4 , 'four' )] >>> pairs . sort ( key = lambda pair : pair [ 1 ]) >>> pairs [(4, 'four'), (1, 'one'), (3, 'three'), (2, 'two')] 4.9.7. Documentation Strings ¶ Here are some conventions about the content and formatting of documentation strings. The first line should always be a short, concise summary of the object’s purpose. For brevity, it should not explicitly state the object’s name or type, since these are available by other means (except if the name happens to be a verb describing a function’s operation). This line should begin with a capital letter and end with a period. If there are more lines in the documentation string, the second line should be blank, visually separating the summary from the rest of the description. The following lines should be one or more paragraphs describing the object’s calling conventions, its side effects, etc. The Python parser strips indentation from multi-line string literals when they serve as module, class, or function docstrings. Here is an example of a multi-line docstring: >>> def my_function (): ... """Do nothing, but document it. ... ... No, really, it doesn't do anything: ... ... >>> my_function() ... >>> ... """ ... pass ... >>> print ( my_function . __doc__ ) Do nothing, but document it. No, really, it doesn't do anything: >>> my_function() >>> 4.9.8. Function Annotations ¶ Function annotations are completely optional metadata information about the types used by user-defined functions (see PEP 3107 and PEP 484 for more information). Annotations are stored in the __annotations__ attribute of the function as a dictionary and have no effect on any other part of the function. Parameter annotations are defined by a colon after the parameter name, followed by an expression evaluating to the value of the annotation. Return annotations are defined by a literal -> , followed by an expression, between the parameter list and the colon denoting the end of the def statement. The following example has a required argument, an optional argument, and the return value annotated: >>> def f ( ham : str , eggs : str = 'eggs' ) -> str : ... print ( "Annotations:" , f . __annotations__ ) ... print ( "Arguments:" , ham , eggs ) ... return ham + ' and ' + eggs ... >>> f ( 'spam' ) Annotations: {'ham': <class 'str'>, 'return': <class 'str'>, 'eggs': <class 'str'>} Arguments: spam eggs 'spam and eggs' 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style ¶ Now that you are about to write longer, more complex pieces of Python, it is a good time to talk about coding style . Most languages can be written (or more concise, formatted ) in different styles; some are more readable than others. Making it easy for others to read your code is always a good idea, and adopting a nice coding style helps tremendously for that. For Python, PEP 8 has emerged as the style guide that most projects adhere to; it promotes a very readable and eye-pleasing coding style. Every Python developer should read it at some point; here are the most important points extracted for you: Use 4-space indentation, and no tabs. 4 spaces are a good compromise between small indentation (allows greater nesting depth) and large indentation (easier to read). Tabs introduce confusion, and are best left out. Wrap lines so that they don’t exceed 79 characters. This helps users with small displays and makes it possible to have several code files side-by-side on larger displays. Use blank lines to separate functions and classes, and larger blocks of code inside functions. When possible, put comments on a line of their own. Use docstrings. Use spaces around operators and after commas, but not directly inside bracketing constructs: a = f(1, 2) + g(3, 4) . Name your classes and functions consistently; the convention is to use UpperCamelCase for classes and lowercase_with_underscores for functions and methods. Always use self as the name for the first method argument (see A First Look at Classes for more on classes and methods). Don’t use fancy encodings if your code is meant to be used in international environments. Python’s default, UTF-8, or even plain ASCII work best in any case. Likewise, don’t use non-ASCII characters in identifiers if there is only the slightest chance people speaking a different language will read or maintain the code. Footnotes [ 1 ] Actually, call by object reference would be a better description, since if a mutable object is passed, the caller will see any changes the callee makes to it (items inserted into a list). Table of Contents 4. More Control Flow Tools 4.1. if Statements 4.2. for Statements 4.3. The range() Function 4.4. break and continue Statements 4.5. else Clauses on Loops 4.6. pass Statements 4.7. match Statements 4.8. Defining Functions 4.9. More on Defining Functions 4.9.1. Default Argument Values 4.9.2. Keyword Arguments 4.9.3. Special parameters 4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments 4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters 4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments 4.9.3.4. Function Examples 4.9.3.5. Recap 4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists 4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists 4.9.6. Lambda Expressions 4.9.7. Documentation Strings 4.9.8. Function Annotations 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style Previous topic 3. An Informal Introduction to Python Next topic 5. Data Structures This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules \| next \| previous \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 4. More Control Flow Tools \| Theme Auto Light Dark \| © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. 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https://highlight.io/for/vue	highlight.io: The open source monitoring platform. Star us on GitHub Star Product Integrations Pricing Resources Docs Sign in Sign up Your browser does not support the video tag. Your browser does not support the video tag. The Vue.js monitoring toolkit you've been waiting for. What if monitoring your Vue.js app was as easy as deploying it? With session replay and error monitoring, Highlight's got you covered. Get started Live demo Session Replay Investigate hard-to-crack bugs by playing through issues in a youtube-like UI. With access to requests, console logs and more! Error Monitoring Continuously monitor errors and exceptions in your Vue.js application, all the way from your frontend to your backend. Performance Metrics Monitor and set alerts for important performance metrics in Vue.js like Web Vitals, Request latency, and much more! Highlight for Vue.js Get started in your Vue.js app today. Get started for free Live demo import { H } from 'highlight.run' import { createApp } from 'vue' import App from './App.vue' H.init('<YOUR_PROJECT_ID>') // Get your project ID from https://app.highlight.io/setup createApp(App).mount('#app') Reproduce issues with high-fidelity session replay. With our pixel-perfect replays of your Vue.js app, you'll get to the bottom of issues in no time and better understand how your app is being used. Read our docs Get a ping when exceptions or errors are thrown. Our alerting infrastructure can take abnormal metrics or errors raised in your Vue.js app and notify your engineering team over Slack, Discord, and more! Read our docs Monitor the metrics that keep your customers around. Highlight allows you to track performance, request timings, and several other metrics in your Vue.js application. Read our docs Our customers Highlight powers forward-thinking companies. More about our customers → Don't take our word. What our customers have to say → Highlight helps us catch bugs that would otherwise go undetected and makes it easy to replicate and debug them. Max Musing , Founder & CEO Highlight weaves together the incredible, varied, and complex interactions of our users into something understandable and actionable. Kai Hess , Founding Product Designer I love Highlight because not only does it help me debug more quickly, but it gives me insight into how customers are actually using our product. Meryl Dakin , Founding Software Engineer Highlight has helped us win over several customers by making it possible for us to provide hands-on support, based on a detailed understanding of what each user was doing. Neil Raina , CTO Highlight helps us catch bugs that would otherwise go undetected and makes it easy to replicate and debug them. Max Musing , Founder & CEO Highlight weaves together the incredible, varied, and complex interactions of our users into something understandable and actionable. Kai Hess , Founding Product Designer I love Highlight because not only does it help me debug more quickly, but it gives me insight into how customers are actually using our product. Meryl Dakin , Founding Software Engineer Highlight has helped us win over several customers by making it possible for us to provide hands-on support, based on a detailed understanding of what each user was doing. Neil Raina , CTO Try Highlight Today Get the visibility you need Get started for free Product Pricing Sign up Features Privacy & Security Customers Session Replay Error Monitoring Logging Competitors LogRocket Hotjar Fullstory Smartlook Inspectlet Datadog Sentry Site24x7 Sprig Mouseflow Pendo Heap LogicMonitor Last9 Axiom Better Stack HyperDX Dash0 Developers Changelog Documentation Ambassadors Frameworks React Next.js Angular Gatsby.js Svelte.js Vue.js Express Golang Next.js Node.js Rails Hono Contact & Legal Terms of Service Privacy Policy Careers sales@highlight.io security@highlight.io [object Object]	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://docs.python.org/3/reference/simple_stmts.html#break	7. Simple statements — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents 7. Simple statements 7.1. Expression statements 7.2. Assignment statements 7.2.1. Augmented assignment statements 7.2.2. Annotated assignment statements 7.3. The assert statement 7.4. The pass statement 7.5. The del statement 7.6. The return statement 7.7. The yield statement 7.8. The raise statement 7.9. The break statement 7.10. The continue statement 7.11. The import statement 7.11.1. Future statements 7.12. The global statement 7.13. The nonlocal statement 7.14. The type statement Previous topic 6. Expressions Next topic 8. Compound statements This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules \| next \| previous \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Language Reference » 7. Simple statements \| Theme Auto Light Dark \| 7. Simple statements ¶ A simple statement is comprised within a single logical line. Several simple statements may occur on a single line separated by semicolons. The syntax for simple statements is: simple_stmt : expression_stmt \| assert_stmt \| assignment_stmt \| augmented_assignment_stmt \| annotated_assignment_stmt \| pass_stmt \| del_stmt \| return_stmt \| yield_stmt \| raise_stmt \| break_stmt \| continue_stmt \| import_stmt \| future_stmt \| global_stmt \| nonlocal_stmt \| type_stmt 7.1. Expression statements ¶ Expression statements are used (mostly interactively) to compute and write a value, or (usually) to call a procedure (a function that returns no meaningful result; in Python, procedures return the value None ). Other uses of expression statements are allowed and occasionally useful. The syntax for an expression statement is: expression_stmt : starred_expression An expression statement evaluates the expression list (which may be a single expression). In interactive mode, if the value is not None , it is converted to a string using the built-in repr() function and the resulting string is written to standard output on a line by itself (except if the result is None , so that procedure calls do not cause any output.) 7.2. Assignment statements ¶ Assignment statements are used to (re)bind names to values and to modify attributes or items of mutable objects: assignment_stmt : ( target_list "=" )+ ( starred_expression \| yield_expression ) target_list : target ( "," target )* [ "," ] target : identifier \| "(" [ target_list ] ")" \| "[" [ target_list ] "]" \| attributeref \| subscription \| slicing \| "" target (See section Primaries for the syntax definitions for attributeref , subscription , and slicing .) An assignment statement evaluates the expression list (remember that this can be a single expression or a comma-separated list, the latter yielding a tuple) and assigns the single resulting object to each of the target lists, from left to right. Assignment is defined recursively depending on the form of the target (list). When a target is part of a mutable object (an attribute reference, subscription or slicing), the mutable object must ultimately perform the assignment and decide about its validity, and may raise an exception if the assignment is unacceptable. The rules observed by various types and the exceptions raised are given with the definition of the object types (see section The standard type hierarchy ). Assignment of an object to a target list, optionally enclosed in parentheses or square brackets, is recursively defined as follows. If the target list is a single target with no trailing comma, optionally in parentheses, the object is assigned to that target. Else: If the target list contains one target prefixed with an asterisk, called a “starred” target: The object must be an iterable with at least as many items as there are targets in the target list, minus one. The first items of the iterable are assigned, from left to right, to the targets before the starred target. The final items of the iterable are assigned to the targets after the starred target. A list of the remaining items in the iterable is then assigned to the starred target (the list can be empty). Else: The object must be an iterable with the same number of items as there are targets in the target list, and the items are assigned, from left to right, to the corresponding targets. Assignment of an object to a single target is recursively defined as follows. If the target is an identifier (name): If the name does not occur in a global or nonlocal statement in the current code block: the name is bound to the object in the current local namespace. Otherwise: the name is bound to the object in the global namespace or the outer namespace determined by nonlocal , respectively. The name is rebound if it was already bound. This may cause the reference count for the object previously bound to the name to reach zero, causing the object to be deallocated and its destructor (if it has one) to be called. If the target is an attribute reference: The primary expression in the reference is evaluated. It should yield an object with assignable attributes; if this is not the case, TypeError is raised. That object is then asked to assign the assigned object to the given attribute; if it cannot perform the assignment, it raises an exception (usually but not necessarily AttributeError ). Note: If the object is a class instance and the attribute reference occurs on both sides of the assignment operator, the right-hand side expression, a.x can access either an instance attribute or (if no instance attribute exists) a class attribute. The left-hand side target a.x is always set as an instance attribute, creating it if necessary. Thus, the two occurrences of a.x do not necessarily refer to the same attribute: if the right-hand side expression refers to a class attribute, the left-hand side creates a new instance attribute as the target of the assignment: class Cls : x = 3 # class variable inst = Cls () inst . x = inst . x + 1 # writes inst.x as 4 leaving Cls.x as 3 This description does not necessarily apply to descriptor attributes, such as properties created with property() . If the target is a subscription: The primary expression in the reference is evaluated. It should yield either a mutable sequence object (such as a list) or a mapping object (such as a dictionary). Next, the subscript expression is evaluated. If the primary is a mutable sequence object (such as a list), the subscript must yield an integer. If it is negative, the sequence’s length is added to it. The resulting value must be a nonnegative integer less than the sequence’s length, and the sequence is asked to assign the assigned object to its item with that index. If the index is out of range, IndexError is raised (assignment to a subscripted sequence cannot add new items to a list). If the primary is a mapping object (such as a dictionary), the subscript must have a type compatible with the mapping’s key type, and the mapping is then asked to create a key/value pair which maps the subscript to the assigned object. This can either replace an existing key/value pair with the same key value, or insert a new key/value pair (if no key with the same value existed). For user-defined objects, the __setitem__() method is called with appropriate arguments. If the target is a slicing: The primary expression in the reference is evaluated. It should yield a mutable sequence object (such as a list). The assigned object should be a sequence object of the same type. Next, the lower and upper bound expressions are evaluated, insofar they are present; defaults are zero and the sequence’s length. The bounds should evaluate to integers. If either bound is negative, the sequence’s length is added to it. The resulting bounds are clipped to lie between zero and the sequence’s length, inclusive. Finally, the sequence object is asked to replace the slice with the items of the assigned sequence. The length of the slice may be different from the length of the assigned sequence, thus changing the length of the target sequence, if the target sequence allows it. CPython implementation detail: In the current implementation, the syntax for targets is taken to be the same as for expressions, and invalid syntax is rejected during the code generation phase, causing less detailed error messages. Although the definition of assignment implies that overlaps between the left-hand side and the right-hand side are ‘simultaneous’ (for example a, b = b, a swaps two variables), overlaps within the collection of assigned-to variables occur left-to-right, sometimes resulting in confusion. For instance, the following program prints [0, 2] : x = [ 0 , 1 ] i = 0 i , x [ i ] = 1 , 2 # i is updated, then x[i] is updated print ( x ) See also PEP 3132 - Extended Iterable Unpacking The specification for the target feature. 7.2.1. Augmented assignment statements ¶ Augmented assignment is the combination, in a single statement, of a binary operation and an assignment statement: augmented_assignment_stmt : augtarget augop ( expression_list \| yield_expression ) augtarget : identifier \| attributeref \| subscription \| slicing augop : "+=" \| "-=" \| "=" \| "@=" \| "/=" \| "//=" \| "%=" \| "=" \| ">>=" \| "<<=" \| "&=" \| "^=" \| "\|=" (See section Primaries for the syntax definitions of the last three symbols.) An augmented assignment evaluates the target (which, unlike normal assignment statements, cannot be an unpacking) and the expression list, performs the binary operation specific to the type of assignment on the two operands, and assigns the result to the original target. The target is only evaluated once. An augmented assignment statement like x += 1 can be rewritten as x = x + 1 to achieve a similar, but not exactly equal effect. In the augmented version, x is only evaluated once. Also, when possible, the actual operation is performed in-place , meaning that rather than creating a new object and assigning that to the target, the old object is modified instead. Unlike normal assignments, augmented assignments evaluate the left-hand side before evaluating the right-hand side. For example, a[i] += f(x) first looks-up a[i] , then it evaluates f(x) and performs the addition, and lastly, it writes the result back to a[i] . With the exception of assigning to tuples and multiple targets in a single statement, the assignment done by augmented assignment statements is handled the same way as normal assignments. Similarly, with the exception of the possible in-place behavior, the binary operation performed by augmented assignment is the same as the normal binary operations. For targets which are attribute references, the same caveat about class and instance attributes applies as for regular assignments. 7.2.2. Annotated assignment statements ¶ Annotation assignment is the combination, in a single statement, of a variable or attribute annotation and an optional assignment statement: annotated_assignment_stmt : augtarget ":" expression [ "=" ( starred_expression \| yield_expression )] The difference from normal Assignment statements is that only a single target is allowed. The assignment target is considered “simple” if it consists of a single name that is not enclosed in parentheses. For simple assignment targets, if in class or module scope, the annotations are gathered in a lazily evaluated annotation scope . The annotations can be evaluated using the __annotations__ attribute of a class or module, or using the facilities in the annotationlib module. If the assignment target is not simple (an attribute, subscript node, or parenthesized name), the annotation is never evaluated. If a name is annotated in a function scope, then this name is local for that scope. Annotations are never evaluated and stored in function scopes. If the right hand side is present, an annotated assignment performs the actual assignment as if there was no annotation present. If the right hand side is not present for an expression target, then the interpreter evaluates the target except for the last __setitem__() or __setattr__() call. See also PEP 526 - Syntax for Variable Annotations The proposal that added syntax for annotating the types of variables (including class variables and instance variables), instead of expressing them through comments. PEP 484 - Type hints The proposal that added the typing module to provide a standard syntax for type annotations that can be used in static analysis tools and IDEs. Changed in version 3.8: Now annotated assignments allow the same expressions in the right hand side as regular assignments. Previously, some expressions (like un-parenthesized tuple expressions) caused a syntax error. Changed in version 3.14: Annotations are now lazily evaluated in a separate annotation scope . If the assignment target is not simple, annotations are never evaluated. 7.3. The assert statement ¶ Assert statements are a convenient way to insert debugging assertions into a program: assert_stmt : "assert" expression [ "," expression ] The simple form, assert expression , is equivalent to if __debug__ : if not expression : raise AssertionError The extended form, assert expression1, expression2 , is equivalent to if __debug__ : if not expression1 : raise AssertionError ( expression2 ) These equivalences assume that __debug__ and AssertionError refer to the built-in variables with those names. In the current implementation, the built-in variable __debug__ is True under normal circumstances, False when optimization is requested (command line option -O ). The current code generator emits no code for an assert statement when optimization is requested at compile time. Note that it is unnecessary to include the source code for the expression that failed in the error message; it will be displayed as part of the stack trace. Assignments to __debug__ are illegal. The value for the built-in variable is determined when the interpreter starts. 7.4. The pass statement ¶ pass_stmt : "pass" pass is a null operation — when it is executed, nothing happens. It is useful as a placeholder when a statement is required syntactically, but no code needs to be executed, for example: def f ( arg ): pass # a function that does nothing (yet) class C : pass # a class with no methods (yet) 7.5. The del statement ¶ del_stmt : "del" target_list Deletion is recursively defined very similar to the way assignment is defined. Rather than spelling it out in full details, here are some hints. Deletion of a target list recursively deletes each target, from left to right. Deletion of a name removes the binding of that name from the local or global namespace, depending on whether the name occurs in a global statement in the same code block. Trying to delete an unbound name raises a NameError exception. Deletion of attribute references, subscriptions and slicings is passed to the primary object involved; deletion of a slicing is in general equivalent to assignment of an empty slice of the right type (but even this is determined by the sliced object). Changed in version 3.2: Previously it was illegal to delete a name from the local namespace if it occurs as a free variable in a nested block. 7.6. The return statement ¶ return_stmt : "return" [ expression_list ] return may only occur syntactically nested in a function definition, not within a nested class definition. If an expression list is present, it is evaluated, else None is substituted. return leaves the current function call with the expression list (or None ) as return value. When return passes control out of a try statement with a finally clause, that finally clause is executed before really leaving the function. In a generator function, the return statement indicates that the generator is done and will cause StopIteration to be raised. The returned value (if any) is used as an argument to construct StopIteration and becomes the StopIteration.value attribute. In an asynchronous generator function, an empty return statement indicates that the asynchronous generator is done and will cause StopAsyncIteration to be raised. A non-empty return statement is a syntax error in an asynchronous generator function. 7.7. The yield statement ¶ yield_stmt : yield_expression A yield statement is semantically equivalent to a yield expression . The yield statement can be used to omit the parentheses that would otherwise be required in the equivalent yield expression statement. For example, the yield statements yield < expr > yield from < expr > are equivalent to the yield expression statements ( yield < expr > ) ( yield from < expr > ) Yield expressions and statements are only used when defining a generator function, and are only used in the body of the generator function. Using yield in a function definition is sufficient to cause that definition to create a generator function instead of a normal function. For full details of yield semantics, refer to the Yield expressions section. 7.8. The raise statement ¶ raise_stmt : "raise" [ expression [ "from" expression ]] If no expressions are present, raise re-raises the exception that is currently being handled, which is also known as the active exception . If there isn’t currently an active exception, a RuntimeError exception is raised indicating that this is an error. Otherwise, raise evaluates the first expression as the exception object. It must be either a subclass or an instance of BaseException . If it is a class, the exception instance will be obtained when needed by instantiating the class with no arguments. The type of the exception is the exception instance’s class, the value is the instance itself. A traceback object is normally created automatically when an exception is raised and attached to it as the __traceback__ attribute. You can create an exception and set your own traceback in one step using the with_traceback() exception method (which returns the same exception instance, with its traceback set to its argument), like so: raise Exception ( "foo occurred" ) . with_traceback ( tracebackobj ) The from clause is used for exception chaining: if given, the second expression must be another exception class or instance. If the second expression is an exception instance, it will be attached to the raised exception as the __cause__ attribute (which is writable). If the expression is an exception class, the class will be instantiated and the resulting exception instance will be attached to the raised exception as the __cause__ attribute. If the raised exception is not handled, both exceptions will be printed: >>> try : ... print ( 1 / 0 ) ... except Exception as exc : ... raise RuntimeError ( "Something bad happened" ) from exc ... Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 2 , in <module> print ( 1 / 0 ) ~~^~~ ZeroDivisionError : division by zero The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 4 , in <module> raise RuntimeError ( "Something bad happened" ) from exc RuntimeError : Something bad happened A similar mechanism works implicitly if a new exception is raised when an exception is already being handled. An exception may be handled when an except or finally clause, or a with statement, is used. The previous exception is then attached as the new exception’s __context__ attribute: >>> try : ... print ( 1 / 0 ) ... except : ... raise RuntimeError ( "Something bad happened" ) ... Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 2 , in <module> print ( 1 / 0 ) ~~^~~ ZeroDivisionError : division by zero During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 4 , in <module> raise RuntimeError ( "Something bad happened" ) RuntimeError : Something bad happened Exception chaining can be explicitly suppressed by specifying None in the from clause: >>> try : ... print ( 1 / 0 ) ... except : ... raise RuntimeError ( "Something bad happened" ) from None ... Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 4 , in <module> RuntimeError : Something bad happened Additional information on exceptions can be found in section Exceptions , and information about handling exceptions is in section The try statement . Changed in version 3.3: None is now permitted as Y in raise X from Y . Added the __suppress_context__ attribute to suppress automatic display of the exception context. Changed in version 3.11: If the traceback of the active exception is modified in an except clause, a subsequent raise statement re-raises the exception with the modified traceback. Previously, the exception was re-raised with the traceback it had when it was caught. 7.9. The break statement ¶ break_stmt : "break" break may only occur syntactically nested in a for or while loop, but not nested in a function or class definition within that loop. It terminates the nearest enclosing loop, skipping the optional else clause if the loop has one. If a for loop is terminated by break , the loop control target keeps its current value. When break passes control out of a try statement with a finally clause, that finally clause is executed before really leaving the loop. 7.10. The continue statement ¶ continue_stmt : "continue" continue may only occur syntactically nested in a for or while loop, but not nested in a function or class definition within that loop. It continues with the next cycle of the nearest enclosing loop. When continue passes control out of a try statement with a finally clause, that finally clause is executed before really starting the next loop cycle. 7.11. The import statement ¶ import_stmt : "import" module [ "as" identifier ] ( "," module [ "as" identifier ]) \| "from" relative_module "import" identifier [ "as" identifier ] ( "," identifier [ "as" identifier ])* \| "from" relative_module "import" "(" identifier [ "as" identifier ] ( "," identifier [ "as" identifier ])* [ "," ] ")" \| "from" relative_module "import" "" module : ( identifier "." ) identifier relative_module : "." * module \| "." + The basic import statement (no from clause) is executed in two steps: find a module, loading and initializing it if necessary define a name or names in the local namespace for the scope where the import statement occurs. When the statement contains multiple clauses (separated by commas) the two steps are carried out separately for each clause, just as though the clauses had been separated out into individual import statements. The details of the first step, finding and loading modules, are described in greater detail in the section on the import system , which also describes the various types of packages and modules that can be imported, as well as all the hooks that can be used to customize the import system. Note that failures in this step may indicate either that the module could not be located, or that an error occurred while initializing the module, which includes execution of the module’s code. If the requested module is retrieved successfully, it will be made available in the local namespace in one of three ways: If the module name is followed by as , then the name following as is bound directly to the imported module. If no other name is specified, and the module being imported is a top level module, the module’s name is bound in the local namespace as a reference to the imported module If the module being imported is not a top level module, then the name of the top level package that contains the module is bound in the local namespace as a reference to the top level package. The imported module must be accessed using its full qualified name rather than directly The from form uses a slightly more complex process: find the module specified in the from clause, loading and initializing it if necessary; for each of the identifiers specified in the import clauses: check if the imported module has an attribute by that name if not, attempt to import a submodule with that name and then check the imported module again for that attribute if the attribute is not found, ImportError is raised. otherwise, a reference to that value is stored in the local namespace, using the name in the as clause if it is present, otherwise using the attribute name Examples: import foo # foo imported and bound locally import foo.bar.baz # foo, foo.bar, and foo.bar.baz imported, foo bound locally import foo.bar.baz as fbb # foo, foo.bar, and foo.bar.baz imported, foo.bar.baz bound as fbb from foo.bar import baz # foo, foo.bar, and foo.bar.baz imported, foo.bar.baz bound as baz from foo import attr # foo imported and foo.attr bound as attr If the list of identifiers is replaced by a star ( '' ), all public names defined in the module are bound in the local namespace for the scope where the import statement occurs. The public names defined by a module are determined by checking the module’s namespace for a variable named __all__ ; if defined, it must be a sequence of strings which are names defined or imported by that module. The names given in __all__ are all considered public and are required to exist. If __all__ is not defined, the set of public names includes all names found in the module’s namespace which do not begin with an underscore character ( '_' ). __all__ should contain the entire public API. It is intended to avoid accidentally exporting items that are not part of the API (such as library modules which were imported and used within the module). The wild card form of import — from module import — is only allowed at the module level. Attempting to use it in class or function definitions will raise a SyntaxError . When specifying what module to import you do not have to specify the absolute name of the module. When a module or package is contained within another package it is possible to make a relative import within the same top package without having to mention the package name. By using leading dots in the specified module or package after from you can specify how high to traverse up the current package hierarchy without specifying exact names. One leading dot means the current package where the module making the import exists. Two dots means up one package level. Three dots is up two levels, etc. So if you execute from . import mod from a module in the pkg package then you will end up importing pkg.mod . If you execute from ..subpkg2 import mod from within pkg.subpkg1 you will import pkg.subpkg2.mod . The specification for relative imports is contained in the Package Relative Imports section. importlib.import_module() is provided to support applications that determine dynamically the modules to be loaded. Raises an auditing event import with arguments module , filename , sys.path , sys.meta_path , sys.path_hooks . 7.11.1. Future statements ¶ A future statement is a directive to the compiler that a particular module should be compiled using syntax or semantics that will be available in a specified future release of Python where the feature becomes standard. The future statement is intended to ease migration to future versions of Python that introduce incompatible changes to the language. It allows use of the new features on a per-module basis before the release in which the feature becomes standard. future_stmt : "from" "__future__" "import" feature [ "as" identifier ] ( "," feature [ "as" identifier ])* \| "from" "__future__" "import" "(" feature [ "as" identifier ] ( "," feature [ "as" identifier ])* [ "," ] ")" feature : identifier A future statement must appear near the top of the module. The only lines that can appear before a future statement are: the module docstring (if any), comments, blank lines, and other future statements. The only feature that requires using the future statement is annotations (see PEP 563 ). All historical features enabled by the future statement are still recognized by Python 3. The list includes absolute_import , division , generators , generator_stop , unicode_literals , print_function , nested_scopes and with_statement . They are all redundant because they are always enabled, and only kept for backwards compatibility. A future statement is recognized and treated specially at compile time: Changes to the semantics of core constructs are often implemented by generating different code. It may even be the case that a new feature introduces new incompatible syntax (such as a new reserved word), in which case the compiler may need to parse the module differently. Such decisions cannot be pushed off until runtime. For any given release, the compiler knows which feature names have been defined, and raises a compile-time error if a future statement contains a feature not known to it. The direct runtime semantics are the same as for any import statement: there is a standard module __future__ , described later, and it will be imported in the usual way at the time the future statement is executed. The interesting runtime semantics depend on the specific feature enabled by the future statement. Note that there is nothing special about the statement: import __future__ [ as name ] That is not a future statement; it’s an ordinary import statement with no special semantics or syntax restrictions. Code compiled by calls to the built-in functions exec() and compile() that occur in a module M containing a future statement will, by default, use the new syntax or semantics associated with the future statement. This can be controlled by optional arguments to compile() — see the documentation of that function for details. A future statement typed at an interactive interpreter prompt will take effect for the rest of the interpreter session. If an interpreter is started with the -i option, is passed a script name to execute, and the script includes a future statement, it will be in effect in the interactive session started after the script is executed. See also PEP 236 - Back to the __future__ The original proposal for the __future__ mechanism. 7.12. The global statement ¶ global_stmt : "global" identifier ( "," identifier )* The global statement causes the listed identifiers to be interpreted as globals. It would be impossible to assign to a global variable without global , although free variables may refer to globals without being declared global. The global statement applies to the entire current scope (module, function body or class definition). A SyntaxError is raised if a variable is used or assigned to prior to its global declaration in the scope. At the module level, all variables are global, so a global statement has no effect. However, variables must still not be used or assigned to prior to their global declaration. This requirement is relaxed in the interactive prompt ( REPL ). Programmer’s note: global is a directive to the parser. It applies only to code parsed at the same time as the global statement. In particular, a global statement contained in a string or code object supplied to the built-in exec() function does not affect the code block containing the function call, and code contained in such a string is unaffected by global statements in the code containing the function call. The same applies to the eval() and compile() functions. 7.13. The nonlocal statement ¶ nonlocal_stmt : "nonlocal" identifier ( "," identifier )* When the definition of a function or class is nested (enclosed) within the definitions of other functions, its nonlocal scopes are the local scopes of the enclosing functions. The nonlocal statement causes the listed identifiers to refer to names previously bound in nonlocal scopes. It allows encapsulated code to rebind such nonlocal identifiers. If a name is bound in more than one nonlocal scope, the nearest binding is used. If a name is not bound in any nonlocal scope, or if there is no nonlocal scope, a SyntaxError is raised. The nonlocal statement applies to the entire scope of a function or class body. A SyntaxError is raised if a variable is used or assigned to prior to its nonlocal declaration in the scope. See also PEP 3104 - Access to Names in Outer Scopes The specification for the nonlocal statement. Programmer’s note: nonlocal is a directive to the parser and applies only to code parsed along with it. See the note for the global statement. 7.14. The type statement ¶ type_stmt : 'type' identifier [ type_params ] "=" expression The type statement declares a type alias, which is an instance of typing.TypeAliasType . For example, the following statement creates a type alias: type Point = tuple [ float , float ] This code is roughly equivalent to: annotation - def VALUE_OF_Point (): return tuple [ float , float ] Point = typing . TypeAliasType ( "Point" , VALUE_OF_Point ()) annotation-def indicates an annotation scope , which behaves mostly like a function, but with several small differences. The value of the type alias is evaluated in the annotation scope. It is not evaluated when the type alias is created, but only when the value is accessed through the type alias’s __value__ attribute (see Lazy evaluation ). This allows the type alias to refer to names that are not yet defined. Type aliases may be made generic by adding a type parameter list after the name. See Generic type aliases for more. type is a soft keyword . Added in version 3.12. See also PEP 695 - Type Parameter Syntax Introduced the type statement and syntax for generic classes and functions. Table of Contents 7. Simple statements 7.1. Expression statements 7.2. Assignment statements 7.2.1. Augmented assignment statements 7.2.2. Annotated assignment statements 7.3. The assert statement 7.4. The pass statement 7.5. The del statement 7.6. The return statement 7.7. The yield statement 7.8. The raise statement 7.9. The break statement 7.10. The continue statement 7.11. The import statement 7.11.1. Future statements 7.12. The global statement 7.13. The nonlocal statement 7.14. The type statement Previous topic 6. Expressions Next topic 8. Compound statements This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules \| next \| previous \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Language Reference » 7. Simple statements \| Theme Auto Light Dark \| © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. Last updated on Jan 13, 2026 (06:19 UTC). Found a bug ? Created using Sphinx 8.2.3.	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://highlight.io/compare/highlight-vs-sprig	highlight.io: The open source monitoring platform. Star us on GitHub Star Migrate your Highlight account to LaunchDarkly by February 28, 2026. Learn more on our blog. Product Integrations Pricing Resources Docs Sign in Sign up Explore highlight.io The Open Source Sprig alternative Session replay of your frontend, fullstack error monitoring, and powerful logging. Get started for free Live demo Highlight.io vs Sprig A detailed comparison of Sprig and Highlight.io General Unlimited Team Members Support Ticket Integrations Self-hosted Options Analytics Integrations Self-serve Setup Session Replay Session Commenting Session Sharing Privacy SDKs Embedded, fullstack error monitoring Canvas & WebGL Recording Shadow DOM Recording Error Monitoring Embedded Session Replay Error Sharing Support for Backend SDKs Agent-less architecture Logging Frontend logging Backend logging Embedded replay and stacktraces Agent-less architecture What makes us different? Highlight.io is open source and transparent Highlight.io is built with transparency at its core, with a permissive license . Not only do we work in the open, but we also expose what we're working on, on our roadmap . The fact that Highlight.io is open source also makes it easy to integrate and build your own tools on-top of it, an advantage closed-source products like Sprig can't offer. Highlight.io constantly ships new features At Highlight.io, we ship quickly. We update our changelog with a recap of new features biweekly, and we share when these features are completed in our public roadmap . Plus, our community keeps pushing us to do more, so we're constantly adding new integrations . We work hard to keep Highlight.io ahead of the curve, and we're not afraid to show off our secret sauce. Full-stack Observability While Sprig provides a comprehensive set of separate features for session replay, it does not support error monitoring or logging. Highlight.io enables teams to monitor and optimize their entire tech stack, pairing server-side infrastructure with your frontend web applications. This makes Highlight.io a more comprehensive solution for developers who need to monitor their entire tech stack, in a simple, easy to implement solution. Master OpenTelemetry with our Free Comprehensive Course From fundamentals to advanced implementations, learn how OpenTelemetry can transform your engineering team's observability practices. Ideal for engineering leaders and developers building production-ready monitoring solutions. Start Learning Our customers Highlight powers forward-thinking companies. More about our customers → Don't take our word. Read our customer review section → Highlight helps us catch bugs that would otherwise go undetected and makes it easy to replicate and debug them. Max Musing , Founder & CEO Highlight weaves together the incredible, varied, and complex interactions of our users into something understandable and actionable. Kai Hess , Founding Product Designer I love Highlight because not only does it help me debug more quickly, but it gives me insight into how customers are actually using our product. Meryl Dakin , Founding Software Engineer Highlight has helped us win over several customers by making it possible for us to provide hands-on support, based on a detailed understanding of what each user was doing. Neil Raina , CTO Highlight helps us catch bugs that would otherwise go undetected and makes it easy to replicate and debug them. Max Musing , Founder & CEO Highlight weaves together the incredible, varied, and complex interactions of our users into something understandable and actionable. Kai Hess , Founding Product Designer I love Highlight because not only does it help me debug more quickly, but it gives me insight into how customers are actually using our product. Meryl Dakin , Founding Software Engineer Highlight has helped us win over several customers by making it possible for us to provide hands-on support, based on a detailed understanding of what each user was doing. Neil Raina , CTO Try Highlight Today Get the visibility you need Get started for free Product Pricing Sign up Features Privacy & Security Customers Session Replay Error Monitoring Logging Competitors LogRocket Hotjar Fullstory Smartlook Inspectlet Datadog Sentry Site24x7 Sprig Mouseflow Pendo Heap LogicMonitor Last9 Axiom Better Stack HyperDX Dash0 Developers Changelog Documentation Ambassadors Frameworks React Next.js Angular Gatsby.js Svelte.js Vue.js Express Golang Next.js Node.js Rails Hono Contact & Legal Terms of Service Privacy Policy Careers sales@highlight.io security@highlight.io [object Object]	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://www.pocketgamer.com/news/	News \| Pocket Gamer Our Network Arrow Down PocketGamer.com AppSpy.com 148Apps.com PocketGamer.fr PocketGamer.biz PCGamesInsider.biz The Sims News PocketGamer.fun BlockchainGamer.biz PG Connects BigIndiePitch.com MobileGamesAwards.com U.GG Icy Veins The Sims Resource Fantasy Football Scout GameKnot Addicting Games Arcade Cloud EV.IO Menu PocketGamer.com Facebook X YouTube RSS Search Search News RSS News Marvel Contest of Champions kicks off the year with new Champions, fan vote, and major events By Tanish Botadkar News Bluey’s Quest for the Gold Pen brings the iconic character to Android as it launches worldwide on Google Play By Tanish Botadkar News Footy Dash is a new take on the beautiful game from the developer behind Pizza Hero By Iwan Morris News Pokémon Go heads to the land down under for the Australian Open 2026 By Iwan Morris News Puzzle & Dragons hits a whopping 16 million downloads in North America By Tanish Botadkar News Garena: Free Fire to introduce new collaboration with hit shonen series JuJutsu Kaisen this month By Iwan Morris Right Arrow Game Finder Browse our archive for thousands of game reviews across all mobile and handheld formats News Motto Immortal offers strategic RPG action with some interesting but potentially controversial twists By Iwan Morris News The Sims shows off what's in store for mobile this coming year in new update By Iwan Morris News Armored Frontline: Warzone is a tank battler that has opened global pre-registration ahead of launch By Tanish Botadkar News Reverse: 1999 is headed to Paris for a feature-packed version 3.2 this month By Iwan Morris News Torchlight: Infinite SS11 Vorax revamps gameplay, loot systems, and visuals By Tanish Botadkar News Another Eden: The Cat Beyond Time & Space adds new prequel content for Wryz Saga By Iwan Morris News Play Together's latest update sees fan-favourite NPC Mr Hotdog go missing By Iwan Morris News Bouncemasters is the Epic Games Store freebie of the week By Iwan Morris News Order of Kings lets you take on real-time 3D strategy in this upcoming 4x release By Iwan Morris News League of Legends: Wild Rift adds Smolder, Mel, and the new Ionia Rift in latest update By Tanish Botadkar News The King of Fighters adds Orochi Chris as the first new character of 2026 By Tanish Botadkar News Seven Knights Re:Birth welcomes the New Year with new Legendary heroes and a story event By Tanish Botadkar News Aniimo set to debut its second beta later this month and offers feature-packed new showcase By Iwan Morris News PUBG Mobile teams up with Peaky Blinders in limited-time crossover event By Tanish Botadkar News Call of Duty: Mobile heats up the frost with the new Frozen Abyss season By Iwan Morris News Raid: Shadow Legends to team up with Ubisoft's Assassin's Creed for new crossover event By Iwan Morris Update Lost Sword rings in global half anniversary with special event and freebies By Mark Langshaw News Cozy Caravan set to hit full speed as it makes its Apple Arcade debut By Iwan Morris News Hello Kitty Island Adventure sees the arrival of Moppu in its version 2.12 update By Iwan Morris News Persona 5: The Phantom X debuts its jam-packed version 3.0 update today By Iwan Morris News Heartopia makes a splash in official launch with My Little Pony collaboration already announced By Iwan Morris News Silver Palace debuts brand-new gameplay trailer ahead of beta launch this year By Iwan Morris News Sea of Remnants unveils action-packed new trailer for the New Year with naval combat and minigames By Iwan Morris News Varsapura is MiHoYo's upcoming Unreal debut that offers supernatural thriller action By Iwan Morris Next	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://calebporzio.com/making-100k-as-an-employee-versus-being-self-employed	Making $100k As An Employee Versus Being Self-Employed \| Caleb Porzio Caleb Porzio Posts   •   Creations   •   Talks   •   Tweets Making $100k As An Employee Versus Being Self-Employed Jan 2021 I’ve been self-employed for 2 years now. I love it and want to encourage others to go for it, but first, I need to answer a question as fully and completely as I possibly can: Is it worth it? If you make $100k as an employee, how much do you need to make as a freelancer? And given all the trade-offs, is it worth it? At first, the question appears simple, but after accounting for everything like health insurance, benefits, different tax rates and deductions, it becomes very not simple. I’ve endeavored to answer the question as simply and completely as I possibly can. TL;DR; A freelancer would have to make $140k (charge $70/hr) to take home the same amount as an employee with a $100k salary. There’s so much more to it though. Let’s dig in. Is $100k salary the same as $100k freelancing? Heads up: I recreated a subset of the US tax system in a spreadsheet to do all of the calculations in this post: Tax Spreadsheet Also, all these calculations assume you are filing as a single person (not married). The numbers would be different for a married couple, but the ratios and points all still the same. All other factors aside, let’s look at how much you owe in taxes in these two scenarios: Salaried Total Income: $100,000 Federal Tax: -$15,104 Social Security/Medicare: -$7,650 Take Home: $77,246 Self Employed Total Income: $100,000 Federal Tax: -$9,964 Self Employment Tax: -$14,130 Take Home: $75,906 These numbers were initially surprising to me. All other factors aside, the difference in take home pay between making $100k as a freelancer vs. an employee isn’t that big of a difference: $1,340 But of course, there’s more to this story. What about employee benefits and perks? When you’re a full-time employee, it usually means you get extra employment benefits like health-care. When you’re a freelancer, you have to pay all of this out of pocket yourself. Assigning a dollar value to employee benefits is difficult because every company is different. The best I can do is reference my own experience as an employee and the experience of friends around me. Here are benefits and perks I consider standard (and their respective values). Two weeks vacation: $4k I’m figuring if you make $100k, and work only 50 weeks, that’s $50/hr. So 2 weeks (80 hrs) at $50/hr is $4k. Health Insurance: $7.5k This is what I’m paying for my wife and I as a freelancer. On one hand, my plan is relatively bad/low-cost, on the other hand, employers often only pay a portion of your insurance costs, so let’s say it evens out. 401(k) Match: $3.5k It’s common for employers to offer a 3.5% match on 401(k) contributions. This means they mirror 100% of your contributions up to 3.5% of your salary. In this case, that’s $3.5k. Laptop, Desk, etc.: $5k Maybe your employer sends you a laptop, keyboard, desk, etc…. Maybe they send you to a few conferences. I’m thinking $5k is about right in my recollection. Total Benefits Value: $20k Now, let’s take a look at the adjusted “take home” value as an employee with benefits, vs. a freelancer: Salaried Total Income: $120,000 Federal Tax: -$14,292 SS/Med: -$7,650 Take Home: $98,058 Self Employed Total Income: $100,000 Federal Tax: -$8,028 SE Tax: -$14,130 Insurance: -$7.5k Take Home: $70,342 Wow, ok. Now things are looking much different. Being an employee in this scenario is worth $27,716 more than being a freelancer so far. Again, there’s more to the story still. Don’t freelancers charge more? Consider the following situation: You work for a software development agency. They bill their clients at $125/hr. If you do full-time work for a client of theirs for an entire year (50 weeks or 2000 hours), they’ve grossed $250,000 from your labor. They only have to pay you $120,000 per year, so they’ve now absorbed $130,000 of the value of your labor for a year. Now, there’s lots of other factors to consider: The employer is absorbing the risk of not having billable client work for an amount of time. They’re also doing the work of finding and retaining the clients, as well as providing other services like project management, employee training, etc… All EXTREMELY valuable things. The point I want to make however, is that charging as an employee and charging as a freelancer are two very different things. Freelancers can, and are expected to charge more for their labor. Remember, last we checked, at a $100k salary, plus an extra $20k in benefits, the take home pay for an employee was: $98,058. You would need to make $140k to take home $98k for the year as a freelancer. Here are the numbers: Self Employed Total Income: $139,871 Federal Tax: $14,550 SE Tax: $19,763 Insurance: $7.5k Take Home: $98,058 Now both the self-employed and salaried take home pays are aligned. However, the self-employed income you need to generate has risen to $140k. Assuming as a freelancer, you will work 50 weeks (2000 hrs), you would need to charge: $70/hr This is an extremely reasonable rate to charge as a freelancer (who’s value to an employer is $100k/yr). In reality a person making a $100k salary, would likely charge more than $70/hr as a freelancer. My baseless estimate would be $75/hr at minimum and $125/hr at the maximum. At $90/hr for 50 weeks, a freelancer would gross $180k for the year, and take home $128,560. That’s a ~$30k pay raise from being a $100k employee. Not bad. So who’s the winner? Well, you’ve seen by now, there is no clear winner. So much of it depends on how much risk you’re willing to absorb and how big your network is. You can trade both of those for benefits on either side. However, this post has a bias towards self-employment, so lets more fully explore those benefits. Perks of being self-employed I’ve just completed my second year of full-time self-employment and have found some extremely tangible perks over my employment days. Here they are in descending order of concreteness. Disclaimer: I’m leaving out the giant drawback of having to find the client work yourself, keep yourself utilized, manage the projects and time yourself, etc… This is the main thing that turns people away, and understandably so. Higher 401(k) Limits As an employee, the MOST you can contribute to your 401(k) is $19k + any amount your employer matches. Let’s say the match is $6k at the very most. Employee 401(k) limit: $25k When you are self employed, you can open a “Solo 401(k)” and make contributions as both the employee AND the employer. You can match yourself! Self Employed 401(k) limit: $57k As a financial independence enthusiast, this is maybe the most under-rated perk to me. It means, as a married couple, my wife and I can invest (and reduce our taxable income) by $114k per year as opposed to $50k. Worth noting: there are other limits based on your total income, and in general most people can’t contribute this insane of an amount, but it’s valuable to know. Tax Deductions As a self-employed person, you can deduct your expenses for your business and reduce your taxable income (therefore increasing your take home pay). On top of obvious things like your laptop and desk purchase, you can deduct other things you were likely paying for BEFORE you were self-employed: Phone bill Internet bill A portion of your rent/mortgage (based on the size of your home office) Travel (when you do businessy things for a portion of the trip) Internet subscriptions (Think Egghead, Laracasts, web hosting, domain names) Choice When you work for someone else, you have to use their 401(k) plan (which sometimes offers only bad investments). You also have to go with their health-insurance. When you’re self-employed, YOU get to make the calls. You can choose great 401(k) plans like Vanguard's Individual 401(k) . Also, you can opt-out of normal expensive health-insurance and go for cheaper options like Sedera , a health-sharing option that can easily cut your costs in half. ( Further reading on this ) Business Credit Cards Now you can finally get those fancy cards with the juicy sign-up bonuses (~$2k in travel rewards) like the Chase Ink Business card. You might also have big business expenses that you can now funnel through these cards and travel anywhere like a king. Freedom The perk above all other perks for me, that has truly changed my life in radical ways, is FREEDOM. As a self-employed person, I am now in charge of my own fate. For my personality type, this is an extremely natural fit. Going from being an employee to working for myself has never stopped feeling like a giant weight lifted. It’s a total gift to me. Want to take a vacation? Make it happen. No worrying about eating into a set amount of days, just make sure it works with your business. Want to work late? Go for it. Want to skip work today? Go for it. Want to go fishing on a weekday because everyone else has to work and all the good spots are wide open? Go for it. Want to try something new with your business? Something dangerous? Something that might potentially change your life? Or even the world? Go for it. (Ok, calm down Caleb) I could go on and on about this one, but you get the point. The freedom of self-employment is a treasure trove and should not be ignored when weighing the options. Some questions you might have How did you come up with these numbers? I took the US tax forms (1040, etc…), mapped them into a spreadsheet as identically as I could, and ran calculations. You can find my spreadsheet to see for yourself here: Tax Machine 2020 - Google Sheets What qualifies you to say these things? Nothing. I have no formal background in finances, taxes, accounting, whatever. I just like to geek out on money stuff. What about other self-employment deductions like the Qualified Business Income Deduction, the Health-Insurance Deduction, etc.. That’s already all been figured in. I mapped all of that out in the spreadsheet and tried hard to provide actual comprehensive numbers. How Do I Learn More About All This Stuff Honestly the best thing you can possibly do for yourself is doing your own taxes as an experiment. I’m DEFINITELY not recommending you actually file these taxes (I still use TurboTax), but crack open the 1040 form (It’s 2 simple pages) and start learning: https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f1040.pdf If you don’t want to roll up your sleeves though, Mr. Money Mustache is the best financial resource on the internet: https://www.mrmoneymustache.com/ Oh, and The Simple Path To Wealth is the best (and simplest lol) book on finances ever (must read): https://www.amazon.com/Simple-Path-Wealth-financial-independence/dp/1533667926 Signing Off So there you go. If you are employed and thinking about going out on your own but are worried about the financial implications, hopefully this post sheds some light on the reality of things. Hit me up on Twitter (in public tweets, not DMs) if you have thoughts: https://twitter.com/calebporzio Peace, Caleb My Newsletter I send out an email every so often about cool stuff I'm working on or launching. If you dig, go ahead and sign up!	2026-01-13T08:48:44
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https://parenting.forem.com/communitylivingan/creating-a-safe-supportive-home-environment-for-individuals-with-idd-3j6n#comments	Creating a Safe, Supportive Home Environment for Individuals with IDD - Parenting Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Parenting Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Community Living & Care Insights Posted on Dec 30, 2025 Creating a Safe, Supportive Home Environment for Individuals with IDD # development # familylife # mentalhealth Creating a safe and supportive home environment is one of the most important factors in helping individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD) live healthy, meaningful, and fulfilling lives. For individuals with IDD, the home is more than just a place to live—it is where independence is nurtured, emotional security is strengthened, and personal growth is supported. Healthcare solutions agencies that provide HCS (Home and Community-Based Services) and Community First Choice (CFC) services recognize the transformative impact a well-designed home environment can have on long-term outcomes. Through intentional planning, person-centered support, and community-based services, individuals with IDD are able to thrive in settings that prioritize safety, dignity, choice, and overall quality of life. What Is Intellectual and Developmental Disability (IDD)? Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities are conditions that typically appear before age 18 and affect intellectual functioning, adaptive behavior, and daily life skills. These conditions may include Autism Spectrum Disorder, Down syndrome , cerebral palsy, and intellectual disability, among others. Each individual’s abilities, challenges, and support needs are unique. Because IDD impacts communication, learning, self-care, and decision-making to varying degrees, a “one-size-fits-all” approach to care is ineffective. Instead, creating a safe and supportive home begins with understanding the person—not just the diagnosis. Individualized Needs Across the Lifespan The needs of individuals with IDD evolve throughout their lives. Children may require structured routines and behavioral supports, while adults often focus on independent living skills, employment readiness, and community integration. Aging individuals with IDD may experience additional health or mobility challenges that require increased assistance. HCS and CFC services are designed to adapt across the lifespan, ensuring individuals receive the right level of support at every stage of life. The Importance of Person-Centered Planning At the heart of a supportive home environment is person-centered planning. This approach prioritizes the individual’s preferences, goals, cultural background, and strengths. Rather than focusing on limitations, person-centered care emphasizes empowerment and choice. When services are aligned with what matters most to the individual, the home becomes a place of respect, autonomy, and belonging. Creating a Physically Safe Home Environment Home Safety Modifications Physical safety is a foundational element of supportive living. Many individuals with IDD face mobility challenges, sensory sensitivities, or difficulties with balance and coordination. Simple home modifications can significantly reduce the risk of injury and increase independence. Common safety adaptations include: Installing handrails and grab bars Improving lighting and visibility Using non-slip flooring Securing cabinets and appliances Ensuring wheelchair accessibility where needed These modifications allow individuals to move confidently within their homes while maintaining comfort and dignity. Assistive Technology and Adaptive Equipment Technology plays a growing role in creating safer home environments for individuals with IDD. Assistive tools such as communication devices, medication reminders, emergency alert systems, and smart home features enhance safety while promoting independence. When thoughtfully integrated, technology supports autonomy rather than replacing human connection. The Role of HCS and CFC in Home Safety HCS and Community First Choice services provide hands-on assistance that complements physical safety measures. Support staff assist with daily activities such as bathing, meal preparation, and mobility while monitoring for potential risks. This layered approach—environmental safety combined with trained support—creates a secure foundation for daily living. Emotional and Psychological Safety in the Home Establishing Predictability and Routine For many individuals with IDD, consistency and structure are essential for emotional well-being. Predictable routines reduce anxiety, improve emotional regulation, and foster a sense of control. A supportive home environment includes clear expectations, familiar schedules, and consistent caregiving—elements that help individuals feel safe and understood. Trauma-Informed and Compassionate Care Some individuals with IDD have experienced trauma, neglect, or repeated disruptions in care. Trauma-informed support recognizes these experiences and prioritizes emotional safety, trust, and choice. Caregivers trained in trauma-informed approaches understand how to respond calmly, avoid re-traumatization, and support emotional healing within the home. Building Trust Through Consistent Support Staff Consistency in caregiving is critical. Frequent changes in staff can disrupt routines and create emotional distress. HCS and CFC programs emphasize stable, well-trained support staff who build meaningful relationships with individuals and families. Trust develops over time—and trust is the foundation of emotional safety. Promoting Independence While Ensuring Support Balancing Safety and Autonomy True support does not mean doing everything for someone—it means providing the right level of assistance while encouraging independence. A safe home environment empowers individuals with IDD to make choices, take risks appropriate to their abilities, and learn from experience. Balancing safety and autonomy requires thoughtful planning and ongoing communication among individuals, families, and care teams. Skill-Building in the Home The home is an ideal setting for learning and practicing life skills. Through Community First Choice services, individuals receive support with: Personal hygiene and self-care Meal planning and cooking Household tasks Money management Time management and organization Skill-building is most effective when it occurs in real-life settings and aligns with the individual’s goals. Transitioning Toward Greater Independence Independence is not a destination—it is a journey. Progress may be gradual and non-linear, but each step matters. HCS services support individuals as they move toward greater independence, whether that means living more independently, reducing supervision, or increasing community engagement. Social Connection and Community Integration Preventing Isolation Social isolation is a significant risk for individuals with IDD, particularly those receiving in-home support. A truly supportive home environment extends beyond the walls of the residence and encourages meaningful connections. Community Engagement Through CFC Services Community First Choice services emphasize community participation as a core component of quality of life. Support may include transportation, accompaniment, and skill-building to help individuals engage in: Social and recreational activities Faith-based or cultural events Volunteering Community classes and programs These experiences foster belonging, confidence, and emotional well-being. Strengthening Family and Natural Supports Family members, friends, and trusted individuals play a vital role in creating a supportive environment. HCS and CFC services are most effective when they complement—not replace—natural support systems. The Role of Caregivers and Support Staff Training and Competency Standards A safe home environment depends on skilled, compassionate caregivers. Support staff must be trained in: IDD-specific care Safety and emergency procedures Communication strategies Behavior support techniques Person-centered practices Ongoing training ensures high-quality, responsive care. Caregiver Well-Being and Burnout Prevention Caregiver burnout can compromise safety and quality of care. HCS services often include respite care, allowing family caregivers time to rest and recharge. Supporting caregivers ultimately supports the individual receiving care. Agency Oversight and Quality Assurance Healthcare solutions agencies play a critical role in monitoring service quality, ensuring compliance, and continuously improving care. Strong oversight protects individuals and promotes consistent, reliable support. How HCS and Community First Choice Services Support Safe Living Overview of HCS Services HCS services provide comprehensive supports that may include residential assistance, personal care, supervision, and individualized service planning. These services help individuals with IDD live safely in home and community settings rather than institutional environments. Overview of Community First Choice (CFC) Community First Choice focuses on in-home and community-based supports that promote independence, choice, and self-direction. CFC services empower individuals to remain in their homes while actively participating in their communities. Why Integrated Services Matter When HCS and CFC services work together, individuals benefit from coordinated, holistic care that addresses physical safety, emotional well-being, and personal growth. Choosing the Right Healthcare Solutions Agency Families and case managers should look for agencies that demonstrate: A strong person-centered philosophy Experience serving individuals with IDD Transparent communication Qualified, compassionate staff A commitment to community inclusion Our agency is dedicated to creating safe, supportive home environments where individuals with IDD are respected, empowered, and encouraged to live full, meaningful lives. Conclusion: Building Homes Where Individuals with IDD Can Thrive A safe and supportive home environment is the cornerstone of quality care for individuals with IDD. It encompasses physical safety, emotional security, independence, and community connection. With the support of HCS and Community First Choice services, individuals with IDD can live with dignity, choice, and purpose. When families partner with a trusted healthcare solutions agency, the home becomes more than a place to live—it becomes a foundation for growth, belonging, and lifelong well-being. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Community Living & Care Insights Follow This page explores person-centered HCS services, independent living, and compassionate supports empowering individuals with IDD to thrive in their communities. Joined Dec 30, 2025 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Parenting — A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Parenting © 2016 - 2026. Navigating the chaos and joy of parenting. 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https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html#pass-statements	4. More Control Flow Tools — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents 4. More Control Flow Tools 4.1. if Statements 4.2. for Statements 4.3. The range() Function 4.4. break and continue Statements 4.5. else Clauses on Loops 4.6. pass Statements 4.7. match Statements 4.8. Defining Functions 4.9. More on Defining Functions 4.9.1. Default Argument Values 4.9.2. Keyword Arguments 4.9.3. Special parameters 4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments 4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters 4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments 4.9.3.4. Function Examples 4.9.3.5. Recap 4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists 4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists 4.9.6. Lambda Expressions 4.9.7. Documentation Strings 4.9.8. Function Annotations 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style Previous topic 3. An Informal Introduction to Python Next topic 5. Data Structures This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules \| next \| previous \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 4. More Control Flow Tools \| Theme Auto Light Dark \| 4. More Control Flow Tools ¶ As well as the while statement just introduced, Python uses a few more that we will encounter in this chapter. 4.1. if Statements ¶ Perhaps the most well-known statement type is the if statement. For example: >>> x = int ( input ( "Please enter an integer: " )) Please enter an integer: 42 >>> if x < 0 : ... x = 0 ... print ( 'Negative changed to zero' ) ... elif x == 0 : ... print ( 'Zero' ) ... elif x == 1 : ... print ( 'Single' ) ... else : ... print ( 'More' ) ... More There can be zero or more elif parts, and the else part is optional. The keyword ‘ elif ’ is short for ‘else if’, and is useful to avoid excessive indentation. An if … elif … elif … sequence is a substitute for the switch or case statements found in other languages. If you’re comparing the same value to several constants, or checking for specific types or attributes, you may also find the match statement useful. For more details see match Statements . 4.2. for Statements ¶ The for statement in Python differs a bit from what you may be used to in C or Pascal. Rather than always iterating over an arithmetic progression of numbers (like in Pascal), or giving the user the ability to define both the iteration step and halting condition (as C), Python’s for statement iterates over the items of any sequence (a list or a string), in the order that they appear in the sequence. For example (no pun intended): >>> # Measure some strings: >>> words = [ 'cat' , 'window' , 'defenestrate' ] >>> for w in words : ... print ( w , len ( w )) ... cat 3 window 6 defenestrate 12 Code that modifies a collection while iterating over that same collection can be tricky to get right. Instead, it is usually more straight-forward to loop over a copy of the collection or to create a new collection: # Create a sample collection users = { 'Hans' : 'active' , 'Éléonore' : 'inactive' , '景太郎' : 'active' } # Strategy: Iterate over a copy for user , status in users . copy () . items (): if status == 'inactive' : del users [ user ] # Strategy: Create a new collection active_users = {} for user , status in users . items (): if status == 'active' : active_users [ user ] = status 4.3. The range() Function ¶ If you do need to iterate over a sequence of numbers, the built-in function range() comes in handy. It generates arithmetic progressions: >>> for i in range ( 5 ): ... print ( i ) ... 0 1 2 3 4 The given end point is never part of the generated sequence; range(10) generates 10 values, the legal indices for items of a sequence of length 10. It is possible to let the range start at another number, or to specify a different increment (even negative; sometimes this is called the ‘step’): >>> list ( range ( 5 , 10 )) [5, 6, 7, 8, 9] >>> list ( range ( 0 , 10 , 3 )) [0, 3, 6, 9] >>> list ( range ( - 10 , - 100 , - 30 )) [-10, -40, -70] To iterate over the indices of a sequence, you can combine range() and len() as follows: >>> a = [ 'Mary' , 'had' , 'a' , 'little' , 'lamb' ] >>> for i in range ( len ( a )): ... print ( i , a [ i ]) ... 0 Mary 1 had 2 a 3 little 4 lamb In most such cases, however, it is convenient to use the enumerate() function, see Looping Techniques . A strange thing happens if you just print a range: >>> range ( 10 ) range(0, 10) In many ways the object returned by range() behaves as if it is a list, but in fact it isn’t. It is an object which returns the successive items of the desired sequence when you iterate over it, but it doesn’t really make the list, thus saving space. We say such an object is iterable , that is, suitable as a target for functions and constructs that expect something from which they can obtain successive items until the supply is exhausted. We have seen that the for statement is such a construct, while an example of a function that takes an iterable is sum() : >>> sum ( range ( 4 )) # 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 6 Later we will see more functions that return iterables and take iterables as arguments. In chapter Data Structures , we will discuss in more detail about list() . 4.4. break and continue Statements ¶ The break statement breaks out of the innermost enclosing for or while loop: >>> for n in range ( 2 , 10 ): ... for x in range ( 2 , n ): ... if n % x == 0 : ... print ( f " { n } equals { x } * { n // x } " ) ... break ... 4 equals 2 * 2 6 equals 2 * 3 8 equals 2 * 4 9 equals 3 * 3 The continue statement continues with the next iteration of the loop: >>> for num in range ( 2 , 10 ): ... if num % 2 == 0 : ... print ( f "Found an even number { num } " ) ... continue ... print ( f "Found an odd number { num } " ) ... Found an even number 2 Found an odd number 3 Found an even number 4 Found an odd number 5 Found an even number 6 Found an odd number 7 Found an even number 8 Found an odd number 9 4.5. else Clauses on Loops ¶ In a for or while loop the break statement may be paired with an else clause. If the loop finishes without executing the break , the else clause executes. In a for loop, the else clause is executed after the loop finishes its final iteration, that is, if no break occurred. In a while loop, it’s executed after the loop’s condition becomes false. In either kind of loop, the else clause is not executed if the loop was terminated by a break . Of course, other ways of ending the loop early, such as a return or a raised exception, will also skip execution of the else clause. This is exemplified in the following for loop, which searches for prime numbers: >>> for n in range ( 2 , 10 ): ... for x in range ( 2 , n ): ... if n % x == 0 : ... print ( n , 'equals' , x , '' , n // x ) ... break ... else : ... # loop fell through without finding a factor ... print ( n , 'is a prime number' ) ... 2 is a prime number 3 is a prime number 4 equals 2 2 5 is a prime number 6 equals 2 * 3 7 is a prime number 8 equals 2 * 4 9 equals 3 * 3 (Yes, this is the correct code. Look closely: the else clause belongs to the for loop, not the if statement.) One way to think of the else clause is to imagine it paired with the if inside the loop. As the loop executes, it will run a sequence like if/if/if/else. The if is inside the loop, encountered a number of times. If the condition is ever true, a break will happen. If the condition is never true, the else clause outside the loop will execute. When used with a loop, the else clause has more in common with the else clause of a try statement than it does with that of if statements: a try statement’s else clause runs when no exception occurs, and a loop’s else clause runs when no break occurs. For more on the try statement and exceptions, see Handling Exceptions . 4.6. pass Statements ¶ The pass statement does nothing. It can be used when a statement is required syntactically but the program requires no action. For example: >>> while True : ... pass # Busy-wait for keyboard interrupt (Ctrl+C) ... This is commonly used for creating minimal classes: >>> class MyEmptyClass : ... pass ... Another place pass can be used is as a place-holder for a function or conditional body when you are working on new code, allowing you to keep thinking at a more abstract level. The pass is silently ignored: >>> def initlog ( * args ): ... pass # Remember to implement this! ... For this last case, many people use the ellipsis literal ... instead of pass . This use has no special meaning to Python, and is not part of the language definition (you could use any constant expression here), but ... is used conventionally as a placeholder body as well. See The Ellipsis Object . 4.7. match Statements ¶ A match statement takes an expression and compares its value to successive patterns given as one or more case blocks. This is superficially similar to a switch statement in C, Java or JavaScript (and many other languages), but it’s more similar to pattern matching in languages like Rust or Haskell. Only the first pattern that matches gets executed and it can also extract components (sequence elements or object attributes) from the value into variables. If no case matches, none of the branches is executed. The simplest form compares a subject value against one or more literals: def http_error ( status ): match status : case 400 : return "Bad request" case 404 : return "Not found" case 418 : return "I'm a teapot" case _ : return "Something's wrong with the internet" Note the last block: the “variable name” _ acts as a wildcard and never fails to match. You can combine several literals in a single pattern using \| (“or”): case 401 \| 403 \| 404 : return "Not allowed" Patterns can look like unpacking assignments, and can be used to bind variables: # point is an (x, y) tuple match point : case ( 0 , 0 ): print ( "Origin" ) case ( 0 , y ): print ( f "Y= { y } " ) case ( x , 0 ): print ( f "X= { x } " ) case ( x , y ): print ( f "X= { x } , Y= { y } " ) case _ : raise ValueError ( "Not a point" ) Study that one carefully! The first pattern has two literals, and can be thought of as an extension of the literal pattern shown above. But the next two patterns combine a literal and a variable, and the variable binds a value from the subject ( point ). The fourth pattern captures two values, which makes it conceptually similar to the unpacking assignment (x, y) = point . If you are using classes to structure your data you can use the class name followed by an argument list resembling a constructor, but with the ability to capture attributes into variables: class Point : def __init__ ( self , x , y ): self . x = x self . y = y def where_is ( point ): match point : case Point ( x = 0 , y = 0 ): print ( "Origin" ) case Point ( x = 0 , y = y ): print ( f "Y= { y } " ) case Point ( x = x , y = 0 ): print ( f "X= { x } " ) case Point (): print ( "Somewhere else" ) case _ : print ( "Not a point" ) You can use positional parameters with some builtin classes that provide an ordering for their attributes (e.g. dataclasses). You can also define a specific position for attributes in patterns by setting the __match_args__ special attribute in your classes. If it’s set to (“x”, “y”), the following patterns are all equivalent (and all bind the y attribute to the var variable): Point ( 1 , var ) Point ( 1 , y = var ) Point ( x = 1 , y = var ) Point ( y = var , x = 1 ) A recommended way to read patterns is to look at them as an extended form of what you would put on the left of an assignment, to understand which variables would be set to what. Only the standalone names (like var above) are assigned to by a match statement. Dotted names (like foo.bar ), attribute names (the x= and y= above) or class names (recognized by the “(…)” next to them like Point above) are never assigned to. Patterns can be arbitrarily nested. For example, if we have a short list of Points, with __match_args__ added, we could match it like this: class Point : __match_args__ = ( 'x' , 'y' ) def __init__ ( self , x , y ): self . x = x self . y = y match points : case []: print ( "No points" ) case [ Point ( 0 , 0 )]: print ( "The origin" ) case [ Point ( x , y )]: print ( f "Single point { x } , { y } " ) case [ Point ( 0 , y1 ), Point ( 0 , y2 )]: print ( f "Two on the Y axis at { y1 } , { y2 } " ) case _ : print ( "Something else" ) We can add an if clause to a pattern, known as a “guard”. If the guard is false, match goes on to try the next case block. Note that value capture happens before the guard is evaluated: match point : case Point ( x , y ) if x == y : print ( f "Y=X at { x } " ) case Point ( x , y ): print ( f "Not on the diagonal" ) Several other key features of this statement: Like unpacking assignments, tuple and list patterns have exactly the same meaning and actually match arbitrary sequences. An important exception is that they don’t match iterators or strings. Sequence patterns support extended unpacking: [x, y, rest] and (x, y, rest) work similar to unpacking assignments. The name after * may also be _ , so (x, y, _) matches a sequence of at least two items without binding the remaining items. Mapping patterns: {"bandwidth": b, "latency": l} captures the "bandwidth" and "latency" values from a dictionary. Unlike sequence patterns, extra keys are ignored. An unpacking like rest is also supported. (But _ would be redundant, so it is not allowed.) Subpatterns may be captured using the as keyword: case ( Point ( x1 , y1 ), Point ( x2 , y2 ) as p2 ): ... will capture the second element of the input as p2 (as long as the input is a sequence of two points) Most literals are compared by equality, however the singletons True , False and None are compared by identity. Patterns may use named constants. These must be dotted names to prevent them from being interpreted as capture variable: from enum import Enum class Color ( Enum ): RED = 'red' GREEN = 'green' BLUE = 'blue' color = Color ( input ( "Enter your choice of 'red', 'blue' or 'green': " )) match color : case Color . RED : print ( "I see red!" ) case Color . GREEN : print ( "Grass is green" ) case Color . BLUE : print ( "I'm feeling the blues :(" ) For a more detailed explanation and additional examples, you can look into PEP 636 which is written in a tutorial format. 4.8. Defining Functions ¶ We can create a function that writes the Fibonacci series to an arbitrary boundary: >>> def fib ( n ): # write Fibonacci series less than n ... """Print a Fibonacci series less than n.""" ... a , b = 0 , 1 ... while a < n : ... print ( a , end = ' ' ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... print () ... >>> # Now call the function we just defined: >>> fib ( 2000 ) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 The keyword def introduces a function definition . It must be followed by the function name and the parenthesized list of formal parameters. The statements that form the body of the function start at the next line, and must be indented. The first statement of the function body can optionally be a string literal; this string literal is the function’s documentation string, or docstring . (More about docstrings can be found in the section Documentation Strings .) There are tools which use docstrings to automatically produce online or printed documentation, or to let the user interactively browse through code; it’s good practice to include docstrings in code that you write, so make a habit of it. The execution of a function introduces a new symbol table used for the local variables of the function. More precisely, all variable assignments in a function store the value in the local symbol table; whereas variable references first look in the local symbol table, then in the local symbol tables of enclosing functions, then in the global symbol table, and finally in the table of built-in names. Thus, global variables and variables of enclosing functions cannot be directly assigned a value within a function (unless, for global variables, named in a global statement, or, for variables of enclosing functions, named in a nonlocal statement), although they may be referenced. The actual parameters (arguments) to a function call are introduced in the local symbol table of the called function when it is called; thus, arguments are passed using call by value (where the value is always an object reference , not the value of the object). [ 1 ] When a function calls another function, or calls itself recursively, a new local symbol table is created for that call. A function definition associates the function name with the function object in the current symbol table. The interpreter recognizes the object pointed to by that name as a user-defined function. Other names can also point to that same function object and can also be used to access the function: >>> fib <function fib at 10042ed0> >>> f = fib >>> f ( 100 ) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 Coming from other languages, you might object that fib is not a function but a procedure since it doesn’t return a value. In fact, even functions without a return statement do return a value, albeit a rather boring one. This value is called None (it’s a built-in name). Writing the value None is normally suppressed by the interpreter if it would be the only value written. You can see it if you really want to using print() : >>> fib ( 0 ) >>> print ( fib ( 0 )) None It is simple to write a function that returns a list of the numbers of the Fibonacci series, instead of printing it: >>> def fib2 ( n ): # return Fibonacci series up to n ... """Return a list containing the Fibonacci series up to n.""" ... result = [] ... a , b = 0 , 1 ... while a < n : ... result . append ( a ) # see below ... a , b = b , a + b ... return result ... >>> f100 = fib2 ( 100 ) # call it >>> f100 # write the result [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89] This example, as usual, demonstrates some new Python features: The return statement returns with a value from a function. return without an expression argument returns None . Falling off the end of a function also returns None . The statement result.append(a) calls a method of the list object result . A method is a function that ‘belongs’ to an object and is named obj.methodname , where obj is some object (this may be an expression), and methodname is the name of a method that is defined by the object’s type. Different types define different methods. Methods of different types may have the same name without causing ambiguity. (It is possible to define your own object types and methods, using classes , see Classes ) The method append() shown in the example is defined for list objects; it adds a new element at the end of the list. In this example it is equivalent to result = result + [a] , but more efficient. 4.9. More on Defining Functions ¶ It is also possible to define functions with a variable number of arguments. There are three forms, which can be combined. 4.9.1. Default Argument Values ¶ The most useful form is to specify a default value for one or more arguments. This creates a function that can be called with fewer arguments than it is defined to allow. For example: def ask_ok ( prompt , retries = 4 , reminder = 'Please try again!' ): while True : reply = input ( prompt ) if reply in { 'y' , 'ye' , 'yes' }: return True if reply in { 'n' , 'no' , 'nop' , 'nope' }: return False retries = retries - 1 if retries < 0 : raise ValueError ( 'invalid user response' ) print ( reminder ) This function can be called in several ways: giving only the mandatory argument: ask_ok('Do you really want to quit?') giving one of the optional arguments: ask_ok('OK to overwrite the file?', 2) or even giving all arguments: ask_ok('OK to overwrite the file?', 2, 'Come on, only yes or no!') This example also introduces the in keyword. This tests whether or not a sequence contains a certain value. The default values are evaluated at the point of function definition in the defining scope, so that i = 5 def f ( arg = i ): print ( arg ) i = 6 f () will print 5 . Important warning: The default value is evaluated only once. This makes a difference when the default is a mutable object such as a list, dictionary, or instances of most classes. For example, the following function accumulates the arguments passed to it on subsequent calls: def f ( a , L = []): L . append ( a ) return L print ( f ( 1 )) print ( f ( 2 )) print ( f ( 3 )) This will print [ 1 ] [ 1 , 2 ] [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] If you don’t want the default to be shared between subsequent calls, you can write the function like this instead: def f ( a , L = None ): if L is None : L = [] L . append ( a ) return L 4.9.2. Keyword Arguments ¶ Functions can also be called using keyword arguments of the form kwarg=value . For instance, the following function: def parrot ( voltage , state = 'a stiff' , action = 'voom' , type = 'Norwegian Blue' ): print ( "-- This parrot wouldn't" , action , end = ' ' ) print ( "if you put" , voltage , "volts through it." ) print ( "-- Lovely plumage, the" , type ) print ( "-- It's" , state , "!" ) accepts one required argument ( voltage ) and three optional arguments ( state , action , and type ). This function can be called in any of the following ways: parrot ( 1000 ) # 1 positional argument parrot ( voltage = 1000 ) # 1 keyword argument parrot ( voltage = 1000000 , action = 'VOOOOOM' ) # 2 keyword arguments parrot ( action = 'VOOOOOM' , voltage = 1000000 ) # 2 keyword arguments parrot ( 'a million' , 'bereft of life' , 'jump' ) # 3 positional arguments parrot ( 'a thousand' , state = 'pushing up the daisies' ) # 1 positional, 1 keyword but all the following calls would be invalid: parrot () # required argument missing parrot ( voltage = 5.0 , 'dead' ) # non-keyword argument after a keyword argument parrot ( 110 , voltage = 220 ) # duplicate value for the same argument parrot ( actor = 'John Cleese' ) # unknown keyword argument In a function call, keyword arguments must follow positional arguments. All the keyword arguments passed must match one of the arguments accepted by the function (e.g. actor is not a valid argument for the parrot function), and their order is not important. This also includes non-optional arguments (e.g. parrot(voltage=1000) is valid too). No argument may receive a value more than once. Here’s an example that fails due to this restriction: >>> def function ( a ): ... pass ... >>> function ( 0 , a = 0 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : function() got multiple values for argument 'a' When a final formal parameter of the form name is present, it receives a dictionary (see Mapping Types — dict ) containing all keyword arguments except for those corresponding to a formal parameter. This may be combined with a formal parameter of the form name (described in the next subsection) which receives a tuple containing the positional arguments beyond the formal parameter list. ( name must occur before name .) For example, if we define a function like this: def cheeseshop ( kind , arguments , ** keywords ): print ( "-- Do you have any" , kind , "?" ) print ( "-- I'm sorry, we're all out of" , kind ) for arg in arguments : print ( arg ) print ( "-" * 40 ) for kw in keywords : print ( kw , ":" , keywords [ kw ]) It could be called like this: cheeseshop ( "Limburger" , "It's very runny, sir." , "It's really very, VERY runny, sir." , shopkeeper = "Michael Palin" , client = "John Cleese" , sketch = "Cheese Shop Sketch" ) and of course it would print: -- Do you have any Limburger ? -- I'm sorry, we're all out of Limburger It's very runny, sir. It's really very, VERY runny, sir. ---------------------------------------- shopkeeper : Michael Palin client : John Cleese sketch : Cheese Shop Sketch Note that the order in which the keyword arguments are printed is guaranteed to match the order in which they were provided in the function call. 4.9.3. Special parameters ¶ By default, arguments may be passed to a Python function either by position or explicitly by keyword. For readability and performance, it makes sense to restrict the way arguments can be passed so that a developer need only look at the function definition to determine if items are passed by position, by position or keyword, or by keyword. A function definition may look like: def f(pos1, pos2, /, pos_or_kwd, , kwd1, kwd2): ----------- ---------- ---------- \| \| \| \| Positional or keyword \| \| - Keyword only -- Positional only where / and are optional. If used, these symbols indicate the kind of parameter by how the arguments may be passed to the function: positional-only, positional-or-keyword, and keyword-only. Keyword parameters are also referred to as named parameters. 4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments ¶ If / and * are not present in the function definition, arguments may be passed to a function by position or by keyword. 4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters ¶ Looking at this in a bit more detail, it is possible to mark certain parameters as positional-only . If positional-only , the parameters’ order matters, and the parameters cannot be passed by keyword. Positional-only parameters are placed before a / (forward-slash). The / is used to logically separate the positional-only parameters from the rest of the parameters. If there is no / in the function definition, there are no positional-only parameters. Parameters following the / may be positional-or-keyword or keyword-only . 4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments ¶ To mark parameters as keyword-only , indicating the parameters must be passed by keyword argument, place an * in the arguments list just before the first keyword-only parameter. 4.9.3.4. Function Examples ¶ Consider the following example function definitions paying close attention to the markers / and * : >>> def standard_arg ( arg ): ... print ( arg ) ... >>> def pos_only_arg ( arg , / ): ... print ( arg ) ... >>> def kwd_only_arg ( * , arg ): ... print ( arg ) ... >>> def combined_example ( pos_only , / , standard , * , kwd_only ): ... print ( pos_only , standard , kwd_only ) The first function definition, standard_arg , the most familiar form, places no restrictions on the calling convention and arguments may be passed by position or keyword: >>> standard_arg ( 2 ) 2 >>> standard_arg ( arg = 2 ) 2 The second function pos_only_arg is restricted to only use positional parameters as there is a / in the function definition: >>> pos_only_arg ( 1 ) 1 >>> pos_only_arg ( arg = 1 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : pos_only_arg() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword arguments: 'arg' The third function kwd_only_arg only allows keyword arguments as indicated by a * in the function definition: >>> kwd_only_arg ( 3 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : kwd_only_arg() takes 0 positional arguments but 1 was given >>> kwd_only_arg ( arg = 3 ) 3 And the last uses all three calling conventions in the same function definition: >>> combined_example ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : combined_example() takes 2 positional arguments but 3 were given >>> combined_example ( 1 , 2 , kwd_only = 3 ) 1 2 3 >>> combined_example ( 1 , standard = 2 , kwd_only = 3 ) 1 2 3 >>> combined_example ( pos_only = 1 , standard = 2 , kwd_only = 3 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : combined_example() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword arguments: 'pos_only' Finally, consider this function definition which has a potential collision between the positional argument name and kwds which has name as a key: def foo ( name , kwds ): return 'name' in kwds There is no possible call that will make it return True as the keyword 'name' will always bind to the first parameter. For example: >>> foo ( 1 , { 'name' : 2 }) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : foo() got multiple values for argument 'name' >>> But using / (positional only arguments), it is possible since it allows name as a positional argument and 'name' as a key in the keyword arguments: >>> def foo ( name , / , kwds ): ... return 'name' in kwds ... >>> foo ( 1 , { 'name' : 2 }) True In other words, the names of positional-only parameters can be used in kwds without ambiguity. 4.9.3.5. Recap ¶ The use case will determine which parameters to use in the function definition: def f ( pos1 , pos2 , / , pos_or_kwd , * , kwd1 , kwd2 ): As guidance: Use positional-only if you want the name of the parameters to not be available to the user. This is useful when parameter names have no real meaning, if you want to enforce the order of the arguments when the function is called or if you need to take some positional parameters and arbitrary keywords. Use keyword-only when names have meaning and the function definition is more understandable by being explicit with names or you want to prevent users relying on the position of the argument being passed. For an API, use positional-only to prevent breaking API changes if the parameter’s name is modified in the future. 4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists ¶ Finally, the least frequently used option is to specify that a function can be called with an arbitrary number of arguments. These arguments will be wrapped up in a tuple (see Tuples and Sequences ). Before the variable number of arguments, zero or more normal arguments may occur. def write_multiple_items ( file , separator , * args ): file . write ( separator . join ( args )) Normally, these variadic arguments will be last in the list of formal parameters, because they scoop up all remaining input arguments that are passed to the function. Any formal parameters which occur after the args parameter are ‘keyword-only’ arguments, meaning that they can only be used as keywords rather than positional arguments. >>> def concat ( args , sep = "/" ): ... return sep . join ( args ) ... >>> concat ( "earth" , "mars" , "venus" ) 'earth/mars/venus' >>> concat ( "earth" , "mars" , "venus" , sep = "." ) 'earth.mars.venus' 4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists ¶ The reverse situation occurs when the arguments are already in a list or tuple but need to be unpacked for a function call requiring separate positional arguments. For instance, the built-in range() function expects separate start and stop arguments. If they are not available separately, write the function call with the * -operator to unpack the arguments out of a list or tuple: >>> list ( range ( 3 , 6 )) # normal call with separate arguments [3, 4, 5] >>> args = [ 3 , 6 ] >>> list ( range ( * args )) # call with arguments unpacked from a list [3, 4, 5] In the same fashion, dictionaries can deliver keyword arguments with the -operator: >>> def parrot ( voltage , state = 'a stiff' , action = 'voom' ): ... print ( "-- This parrot wouldn't" , action , end = ' ' ) ... print ( "if you put" , voltage , "volts through it." , end = ' ' ) ... print ( "E's" , state , "!" ) ... >>> d = { "voltage" : "four million" , "state" : "bleedin' demised" , "action" : "VOOM" } >>> parrot ( d ) -- This parrot wouldn't VOOM if you put four million volts through it. E's bleedin' demised ! 4.9.6. Lambda Expressions ¶ Small anonymous functions can be created with the lambda keyword. This function returns the sum of its two arguments: lambda a, b: a+b . Lambda functions can be used wherever function objects are required. They are syntactically restricted to a single expression. Semantically, they are just syntactic sugar for a normal function definition. Like nested function definitions, lambda functions can reference variables from the containing scope: >>> def make_incrementor ( n ): ... return lambda x : x + n ... >>> f = make_incrementor ( 42 ) >>> f ( 0 ) 42 >>> f ( 1 ) 43 The above example uses a lambda expression to return a function. Another use is to pass a small function as an argument. For instance, list.sort() takes a sorting key function key which can be a lambda function: >>> pairs = [( 1 , 'one' ), ( 2 , 'two' ), ( 3 , 'three' ), ( 4 , 'four' )] >>> pairs . sort ( key = lambda pair : pair [ 1 ]) >>> pairs [(4, 'four'), (1, 'one'), (3, 'three'), (2, 'two')] 4.9.7. Documentation Strings ¶ Here are some conventions about the content and formatting of documentation strings. The first line should always be a short, concise summary of the object’s purpose. For brevity, it should not explicitly state the object’s name or type, since these are available by other means (except if the name happens to be a verb describing a function’s operation). This line should begin with a capital letter and end with a period. If there are more lines in the documentation string, the second line should be blank, visually separating the summary from the rest of the description. The following lines should be one or more paragraphs describing the object’s calling conventions, its side effects, etc. The Python parser strips indentation from multi-line string literals when they serve as module, class, or function docstrings. Here is an example of a multi-line docstring: >>> def my_function (): ... """Do nothing, but document it. ... ... No, really, it doesn't do anything: ... ... >>> my_function() ... >>> ... """ ... pass ... >>> print ( my_function . __doc__ ) Do nothing, but document it. No, really, it doesn't do anything: >>> my_function() >>> 4.9.8. Function Annotations ¶ Function annotations are completely optional metadata information about the types used by user-defined functions (see PEP 3107 and PEP 484 for more information). Annotations are stored in the __annotations__ attribute of the function as a dictionary and have no effect on any other part of the function. Parameter annotations are defined by a colon after the parameter name, followed by an expression evaluating to the value of the annotation. Return annotations are defined by a literal -> , followed by an expression, between the parameter list and the colon denoting the end of the def statement. The following example has a required argument, an optional argument, and the return value annotated: >>> def f ( ham : str , eggs : str = 'eggs' ) -> str : ... print ( "Annotations:" , f . __annotations__ ) ... print ( "Arguments:" , ham , eggs ) ... return ham + ' and ' + eggs ... >>> f ( 'spam' ) Annotations: {'ham': <class 'str'>, 'return': <class 'str'>, 'eggs': <class 'str'>} Arguments: spam eggs 'spam and eggs' 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style ¶ Now that you are about to write longer, more complex pieces of Python, it is a good time to talk about coding style . Most languages can be written (or more concise, formatted ) in different styles; some are more readable than others. Making it easy for others to read your code is always a good idea, and adopting a nice coding style helps tremendously for that. For Python, PEP 8 has emerged as the style guide that most projects adhere to; it promotes a very readable and eye-pleasing coding style. Every Python developer should read it at some point; here are the most important points extracted for you: Use 4-space indentation, and no tabs. 4 spaces are a good compromise between small indentation (allows greater nesting depth) and large indentation (easier to read). Tabs introduce confusion, and are best left out. Wrap lines so that they don’t exceed 79 characters. This helps users with small displays and makes it possible to have several code files side-by-side on larger displays. Use blank lines to separate functions and classes, and larger blocks of code inside functions. When possible, put comments on a line of their own. Use docstrings. Use spaces around operators and after commas, but not directly inside bracketing constructs: a = f(1, 2) + g(3, 4) . Name your classes and functions consistently; the convention is to use UpperCamelCase for classes and lowercase_with_underscores for functions and methods. Always use self as the name for the first method argument (see A First Look at Classes for more on classes and methods). Don’t use fancy encodings if your code is meant to be used in international environments. Python’s default, UTF-8, or even plain ASCII work best in any case. Likewise, don’t use non-ASCII characters in identifiers if there is only the slightest chance people speaking a different language will read or maintain the code. Footnotes [ 1 ] Actually, call by object reference would be a better description, since if a mutable object is passed, the caller will see any changes the callee makes to it (items inserted into a list). Table of Contents 4. More Control Flow Tools 4.1. if Statements 4.2. for Statements 4.3. The range() Function 4.4. break and continue Statements 4.5. else Clauses on Loops 4.6. pass Statements 4.7. match Statements 4.8. Defining Functions 4.9. More on Defining Functions 4.9.1. Default Argument Values 4.9.2. Keyword Arguments 4.9.3. Special parameters 4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments 4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters 4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments 4.9.3.4. Function Examples 4.9.3.5. Recap 4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists 4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists 4.9.6. Lambda Expressions 4.9.7. Documentation Strings 4.9.8. Function Annotations 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style Previous topic 3. An Informal Introduction to Python Next topic 5. Data Structures This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules \| next \| previous \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 4. More Control Flow Tools \| Theme Auto Light Dark \| © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. 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Got it Close Post 5575 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 0 tags followed No Laying Up Podcast: 1108: Brooks Koepka and the Returning Member Program YouTube Golf YouTube Golf YouTube Golf Follow Jan 13 No Laying Up Podcast: 1108: Brooks Koepka and the Returning Member Program # golf # recommendations Comments Add Comment 1 min read No Laying Up Podcast: 1108: Koepka and the Returning Member Program YouTube Golf YouTube Golf YouTube Golf Follow Jan 13 No Laying Up Podcast: 1108: Koepka and the Returning Member Program # golf # recommendations Comments Add Comment 1 min read Grant Horvat: Can I Beat Bob With 1 Club? (Meltdown) YouTube Golf YouTube Golf YouTube Golf Follow Jan 12 Grant Horvat: Can I Beat Bob With 1 Club? (Meltdown) # golf # videogames # recommendations Comments Add Comment 1 min read Peter Finch Golf: Peter Finch vs Fat Perez (18 Holes Strokeplay) YouTube Golf YouTube Golf YouTube Golf Follow Jan 12 Peter Finch Golf: Peter Finch vs Fat Perez (18 Holes Strokeplay) # golf # recommendations Comments Add Comment 1 min read No Laying Up Podcast: Best Players Without a Major + Weekly Recap \| NLU Pod, Ep 1107 YouTube Golf YouTube Golf YouTube Golf Follow Jan 12 No Laying Up Podcast: Best Players Without a Major + Weekly Recap \| NLU Pod, Ep 1107 # golf # recommendations Comments Add Comment 1 min read Bryson Dechambeau: Hole-outs but they get increasingly longer YouTube Golf YouTube Golf YouTube Golf Follow Jan 12 Bryson Dechambeau: Hole-outs but they get increasingly longer # golf Comments Add Comment 1 min read Danny Maude: To Strike Your Irons Perfect Do This Before Every Swing YouTube Golf YouTube Golf YouTube Golf Follow Jan 10 Danny Maude: To Strike Your Irons Perfect Do This Before Every Swing # golf # lessons # recommendations Comments Add Comment 1 min read Bryson Dechambeau: Hole-outs that get increasingly longer (1-150 yards) YouTube Golf YouTube Golf YouTube Golf Follow Jan 9 Bryson Dechambeau: Hole-outs that get increasingly longer (1-150 yards) # golf Comments Add Comment 1 min read No Laying Up Podcast: Chop Session \| Trap Draw, Ep 377 YouTube Golf YouTube Golf YouTube Golf Follow Jan 8 No Laying Up Podcast: Chop Session \| Trap Draw, Ep 377 # golf # recommendations Comments Add Comment 1 min read Grant Horvat: The #1 Ranked Amateur Golfer in the World! 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Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Golf Forem © 2016 - 2026. Where hackers, sticks, weekend warriors, pros, architects and wannabes come together Log in Create account	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://calebporzio.com/easy-free-laravel-ci-using-github-actions	Easy, Free Laravel CI Using GitHub Actions \| Caleb Porzio Caleb Porzio Posts   •   Creations   •   Talks   •   Tweets Easy, Free Laravel CI Using GitHub Actions Apr 2020 I just set up a simple set of tests for the Livewire Docs Repo . I wanted a basic level of confidence that every page in the docs works. Here’s a snapshot of the test I wrote: This works perfectly in my local environment when I run phpunit , but it’d be much more useful if this ran against people’s pull requests so I can easily tell if someone’s PR breaks something. (That includes my own PRs of course lol) GitHub sorta-not-recently came out with a powerful, free service called: GitHub Actions. GitHub Actions allows you to set up “Continuous Integration” workflows easily and for no cost. “Continuous Integration” is fancy-speak for setting up a server and running tests (and other things) when you push new code, PR, or deploy. Here’s what I want out of GitHub Actions: When someone PRs new code to the repo, I want to run phpunit for the Laravel app they are PRing into. Ok, that was only one bullet point, I can tell this is going to be easy… The Set-Up (In Story Form) It was a cool spring evening. I go to the “Actions” tab in my repository. I scroll around for “Laravel”. I find nothing. I’m sad. Losing hope, I click “Workflows for Python, …” I scroll a little more and what do I see? Laravel staring back at me! I click that juicy “Set up this workflow” button and see something sorta-complex, but sort-beautiful. Clearly, this is some sort of configuration file telling GitHub how to provision (fancy-speak for “set up”) a server running Laravel. (and running the tests) Looks good to me. I should probably click the big green button. I expect something like “Import Workflow”, but instead I see “Commit new file”. This tells me the entire Actions UI just sets up a new file in my repo. I love this. Thank you GitHub. You understand me. Aaaaand there’s the file: I decide to click on the “Actions” tab to see if it’s there now, and what do you know! For some luck ducklings, this is a stopping point. Their app just works perfectly. For other mere mortals like myself, we must debug. After a minute, I get a big, red X. Ugh. Nothing works. What’s this? A nice command line output I’m intimately familiar with? This might not be so bad. Debugging Laravel tests is my jam. This should be no problem. Oh wait, I have to make a change, commit, push, and wait for this thing to re-build to get feedback. I’m screwed. Well, /this is the way/: This line needs a good ole’ “->withoutExceptionHandling()” so we can get some good… exception handling? Hmmm… There we go, a meaningful error. There it is. It’s a missing .env variable… OBVIOUSLY. Hmmm… I did recall seeing a place to add .env keys in the action workflow file… BUT wouldn’t the key be public stored on the repo then? I Google… I learn about “Environment Secrets” on GitHub repositories. This seems perfect, I create a new one for the API key I need. I add it to the workflow file. I commit this change (re-running the actions workflow); I wait patiently. Woot woot!!! It’s green! I’m so smart I can’t handle it. Everything works. Great, now let’s see what happens if I PR something breaks everything. Noice! I can click that red “x” and see the exact problem in seconds: What’s more? I even get an email! I LOVE email notifications about things that break NOT in production. I hope I get these every 10 minutes 🙏🏻 🙄. I push a fix, and BAM, green. What. A. Rush. This type of thing used to be expensive and complicated. It’s so easy now. All my pet projects get CI for free. Thank you GitHub!!! Note: If I was building a big boy app for someone, I would use the very nice Chipper CI . The fellas over there are brilliant and have created a tool that is built specifically for Laravel and covers lots of cases GitHub actions wouldn’t. This has been a poorly written thought spew. I hope you got some shrapnel of value from it. Best, Caleb My Newsletter I send out an email every so often about cool stuff I'm working on or launching. If you dig, go ahead and sign up!	2026-01-13T08:48:44
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https://calebporzio.com/easy-free-serverless-laravel-with-vercel	Easy, Free, Serverless Laravel With Vercel \| Caleb Porzio Caleb Porzio Posts   •   Creations   •   Talks   •   Tweets Easy, Free, Serverless Laravel With Vercel Oct 2020 I’m blown away by how easy and powerful it is to get Laravel running on the popular serverless platform: Vercel . This is not a one-to-one replacement for something more robust like Laravel Vapor , but it’s an incredibly useful tool to have in your tool-belt. Let’s dig in. Create A Laravel App You can either create a new Laravel app or use an existing one. I’m going to use Laravel’s CLI tool to quickly scaffold a new app. Configure Vercel To go from stock install to Vercel-ready, we only need to add 3 files to this project: api/index.php vercel.json .vercelignore Let’s walk through them one by one. api/index.php Create a new index.php file in a new api folder in the root directory of your Laravel app and fill it in with the following contents: <?php // Forward Vercel requests to normal index.php require __DIR__ . '/../public/index.php'; Unfortunately, Vercel only allows an app’s entry-point to live inside the api directory, so we have to set up a simple script to forward to Laravel’s normal public/index.php entry-point. .vercelignore Add a .vercelignore file to the root of your project with the following contents: /vendor This will make sure we don’t upload the entirety of our vendor directory to Vercel when we deploy (We’ll set up Vercel to automatically install composer dependencies). vercel.json This is the meat of the set up. Create a new vercel.json config file in your root directory and paste in the following contents: { "version": 2, "framework": null, "functions": { "api/index.php": { "runtime": " [email protected] " } }, "routes": [{ "src": "/(.)", "dest": "/api/index.php" }], "env": { "APP_ENV": "production", "APP_DEBUG": "true", "APP_URL": "https://yourproductionurl.com", "APP_CONFIG_CACHE": "/tmp/config.php", "APP_EVENTS_CACHE": "/tmp/events.php", "APP_PACKAGES_CACHE": "/tmp/packages.php", "APP_ROUTES_CACHE": "/tmp/routes.php", "APP_SERVICES_CACHE": "/tmp/services.php", "VIEW_COMPILED_PATH": "/tmp", "CACHE_DRIVER": "array", "LOG_CHANNEL": "stderr", "SESSION_DRIVER": "cookie" } } Let’s walk through these settings one by one and review what’s going on. Feel free to skip these explanations. version "version": 2, There are two versions of Vercel: “1” and “2”. We want the new and fancy “2”. functions "functions": { "api/index.php": { "runtime": " [email protected] " } }, Our entire Laravel app is going to be a single serverless function (in Vercel terms). We want the entry-point to be our newly added api/index.php , which is really just a forwarder to the main public/index.php file that would normally get hit when you visit a Laravel app from a web server. Notice we specified a “runtime” of “vercel-php”. This is the key to whole set up. “vercel-php” is a community-built PHP runtime for Vercel functions. It does all the hard work for us like installing the proper dependencies and running composer install . Check out the repo for more info: https://github.com/juicyfx/vercel-php routes "routes": [{ "src": "/(.)", "dest": "/api/index.php" }], Here we tell Vercel to forward all URIs to our newly setup server less function (our Laravel app). Think of this like an NGINX config on a normal server. env "env": { "APP_ENV": "production", "APP_DEBUG": "true", "APP_URL": "https://bot.laravel-livewire.com", "APP_CONFIG_CACHE": "/tmp/config.php", "APP_EVENTS_CACHE": "/tmp/events.php", "APP_PACKAGES_CACHE": "/tmp/packages.php", "APP_ROUTES_CACHE": "/tmp/routes.php", "APP_SERVICES_CACHE": "/tmp/services.php", "VIEW_COMPILED_PATH": "/tmp", "CACHE_DRIVER": "array", "LOG_CHANNEL": "stderr", "SESSION_DRIVER": "array" } If you didn’t see the resemblance, this is going to be our Vercel app’s .env file. Here you can specify any environment variables you want set. (What you would normally do in a traditional server’s .env file). There are two important things to note: First, you’ll notice some new env variables you don’t normally see in a .env file ( APP_CONFIG_CACHE , etc…). These are typically set by default to various places in a standard Laravel app, but because a serverless app is “state-less”, the only folder we can reliably modify at run-time is Vercel’s tmp folder. So we’ll point all “cache/tmp” type settings here. Second, you’ll notice there is no APP_KEY or any other sensitive environment info. Because this file is version controlled, it’s unsafe to store sensitive keys in it. Instead we will use Vercel’s encrypted environment variables feature. We’ll get to that in a bit. Now that you understand the configuration, let’s actually get something up and live! Install Vercel First we need the vercel command-line tool. Let’s install it via npm : npm i -g vercel Log In To Vercel Now that it’s installed, we need to connect it to your Vercel account (or create a new one if you don’t already have one): Run vercel login and enter your email address. Vercel will guide you through the rest. (It’s one of the best command-line login experiences out there) Deploy Here comes the easy part. You can deploy your app by running a single command: vercel You can basically just hit the enter key for all the prompts because the defaults are fine for us. Now, you can visit the provided link to view the progress of your deployment. (In our case: https://vercel.com/calebporzio/vercel-laravel/dn4r8780n ) From the deployment page, you can “Visit” the actual deployed app. (By clicking “Visit”) And here it is in all its glory: This is so cool to me. With 3 small files added to any Laravel project and running a simple command, you can get a free, server-less instance of your app on the internet. It’s kind of mind-blowing. Deploying To Production For a more robust set up. Let’s set our deployment up as “Production”. To deploy to “Production” with Vercel, we need to push our app to a GitHub repository and link it to our Vercel account. This way, deployments will be triggered on push automatically. Let’s go! Creating A GitHub Repo Let’s head over to GitHub and create a new repository for our Laravel app. From your profile’s homepage click the “New” button. We’ll name it, keep the defaults and create the repo. Now we can copy and paste the instructions from our new repo’s homepage into the command-line: (I’m assuming you’ve already set up a Git repo locally for your project, if not run git init && git add . && git commit -m "init" ) And that’s it, now let’s point Vercel to this repository. Linking The Repo To Vercel If you visit your new Vercel project’s main page, you’ll see a “Not Connected” link under “Git”. Click it. You’ll be taken to a page that will prompt you to link your GitHub account with Vercel. I’ve already done this (and can’t undo and redo for this post because I have production code relying on it). After you’ve linked your GH account, you can specify your new repo’s name and press “Save”. Now, your app will “redeploy” every time your push to the main branch on your GitHub repo. Your app now lives on the URL generated by Vercel. In my case, it’s vercel-laravel-three.vercel.app . Vercel makes it easy to set up custom domains if you want something more official. Visit the “Domains” tab under your project’s “Settings”. Adding Production ENV Keys For more sensitive environment variables like APP_KEY or various API keys, you can visit the “Environment Variables” tab in your project’s “Settings”: These will now be picked up by your Laravel app in production. Finishing Up So there you have it. Free, easy, serverless Laravel deployments. This makes it incredibly easy to get proof-of-concepts online quickly, or even larger applications. I personally use this set up for small, non-critical applications. My most recent project was a GitHub bot for the Livewire repository. Vercel is the perfect case for something small and isolated like that. One big hole in what I’ve laid out so far is the lack of database support. Because Vercel is serverless, your database has to be hosted on a separate cloud platform like AWS. Setting up a MySQL database with AWS and linking to it with Vercel is actually not that complex and I may cover it in a future post if you bug me enough on Twitter 😛. Thanks for following along, I hope this improves your life ❤️, Caleb My Newsletter I send out an email every so often about cool stuff I'm working on or launching. If you dig, go ahead and sign up!	2026-01-13T08:48:44
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https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html#tut-docstrings	4. More Control Flow Tools — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents 4. More Control Flow Tools 4.1. if Statements 4.2. for Statements 4.3. The range() Function 4.4. break and continue Statements 4.5. else Clauses on Loops 4.6. pass Statements 4.7. match Statements 4.8. Defining Functions 4.9. More on Defining Functions 4.9.1. Default Argument Values 4.9.2. Keyword Arguments 4.9.3. Special parameters 4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments 4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters 4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments 4.9.3.4. Function Examples 4.9.3.5. Recap 4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists 4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists 4.9.6. Lambda Expressions 4.9.7. Documentation Strings 4.9.8. Function Annotations 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style Previous topic 3. An Informal Introduction to Python Next topic 5. Data Structures This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules \| next \| previous \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 4. More Control Flow Tools \| Theme Auto Light Dark \| 4. More Control Flow Tools ¶ As well as the while statement just introduced, Python uses a few more that we will encounter in this chapter. 4.1. if Statements ¶ Perhaps the most well-known statement type is the if statement. For example: >>> x = int ( input ( "Please enter an integer: " )) Please enter an integer: 42 >>> if x < 0 : ... x = 0 ... print ( 'Negative changed to zero' ) ... elif x == 0 : ... print ( 'Zero' ) ... elif x == 1 : ... print ( 'Single' ) ... else : ... print ( 'More' ) ... More There can be zero or more elif parts, and the else part is optional. The keyword ‘ elif ’ is short for ‘else if’, and is useful to avoid excessive indentation. An if … elif … elif … sequence is a substitute for the switch or case statements found in other languages. If you’re comparing the same value to several constants, or checking for specific types or attributes, you may also find the match statement useful. For more details see match Statements . 4.2. for Statements ¶ The for statement in Python differs a bit from what you may be used to in C or Pascal. Rather than always iterating over an arithmetic progression of numbers (like in Pascal), or giving the user the ability to define both the iteration step and halting condition (as C), Python’s for statement iterates over the items of any sequence (a list or a string), in the order that they appear in the sequence. For example (no pun intended): >>> # Measure some strings: >>> words = [ 'cat' , 'window' , 'defenestrate' ] >>> for w in words : ... print ( w , len ( w )) ... cat 3 window 6 defenestrate 12 Code that modifies a collection while iterating over that same collection can be tricky to get right. Instead, it is usually more straight-forward to loop over a copy of the collection or to create a new collection: # Create a sample collection users = { 'Hans' : 'active' , 'Éléonore' : 'inactive' , '景太郎' : 'active' } # Strategy: Iterate over a copy for user , status in users . copy () . items (): if status == 'inactive' : del users [ user ] # Strategy: Create a new collection active_users = {} for user , status in users . items (): if status == 'active' : active_users [ user ] = status 4.3. The range() Function ¶ If you do need to iterate over a sequence of numbers, the built-in function range() comes in handy. It generates arithmetic progressions: >>> for i in range ( 5 ): ... print ( i ) ... 0 1 2 3 4 The given end point is never part of the generated sequence; range(10) generates 10 values, the legal indices for items of a sequence of length 10. It is possible to let the range start at another number, or to specify a different increment (even negative; sometimes this is called the ‘step’): >>> list ( range ( 5 , 10 )) [5, 6, 7, 8, 9] >>> list ( range ( 0 , 10 , 3 )) [0, 3, 6, 9] >>> list ( range ( - 10 , - 100 , - 30 )) [-10, -40, -70] To iterate over the indices of a sequence, you can combine range() and len() as follows: >>> a = [ 'Mary' , 'had' , 'a' , 'little' , 'lamb' ] >>> for i in range ( len ( a )): ... print ( i , a [ i ]) ... 0 Mary 1 had 2 a 3 little 4 lamb In most such cases, however, it is convenient to use the enumerate() function, see Looping Techniques . A strange thing happens if you just print a range: >>> range ( 10 ) range(0, 10) In many ways the object returned by range() behaves as if it is a list, but in fact it isn’t. It is an object which returns the successive items of the desired sequence when you iterate over it, but it doesn’t really make the list, thus saving space. We say such an object is iterable , that is, suitable as a target for functions and constructs that expect something from which they can obtain successive items until the supply is exhausted. We have seen that the for statement is such a construct, while an example of a function that takes an iterable is sum() : >>> sum ( range ( 4 )) # 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 6 Later we will see more functions that return iterables and take iterables as arguments. In chapter Data Structures , we will discuss in more detail about list() . 4.4. break and continue Statements ¶ The break statement breaks out of the innermost enclosing for or while loop: >>> for n in range ( 2 , 10 ): ... for x in range ( 2 , n ): ... if n % x == 0 : ... print ( f " { n } equals { x } * { n // x } " ) ... break ... 4 equals 2 * 2 6 equals 2 * 3 8 equals 2 * 4 9 equals 3 * 3 The continue statement continues with the next iteration of the loop: >>> for num in range ( 2 , 10 ): ... if num % 2 == 0 : ... print ( f "Found an even number { num } " ) ... continue ... print ( f "Found an odd number { num } " ) ... Found an even number 2 Found an odd number 3 Found an even number 4 Found an odd number 5 Found an even number 6 Found an odd number 7 Found an even number 8 Found an odd number 9 4.5. else Clauses on Loops ¶ In a for or while loop the break statement may be paired with an else clause. If the loop finishes without executing the break , the else clause executes. In a for loop, the else clause is executed after the loop finishes its final iteration, that is, if no break occurred. In a while loop, it’s executed after the loop’s condition becomes false. In either kind of loop, the else clause is not executed if the loop was terminated by a break . Of course, other ways of ending the loop early, such as a return or a raised exception, will also skip execution of the else clause. This is exemplified in the following for loop, which searches for prime numbers: >>> for n in range ( 2 , 10 ): ... for x in range ( 2 , n ): ... if n % x == 0 : ... print ( n , 'equals' , x , '' , n // x ) ... break ... else : ... # loop fell through without finding a factor ... print ( n , 'is a prime number' ) ... 2 is a prime number 3 is a prime number 4 equals 2 2 5 is a prime number 6 equals 2 * 3 7 is a prime number 8 equals 2 * 4 9 equals 3 * 3 (Yes, this is the correct code. Look closely: the else clause belongs to the for loop, not the if statement.) One way to think of the else clause is to imagine it paired with the if inside the loop. As the loop executes, it will run a sequence like if/if/if/else. The if is inside the loop, encountered a number of times. If the condition is ever true, a break will happen. If the condition is never true, the else clause outside the loop will execute. When used with a loop, the else clause has more in common with the else clause of a try statement than it does with that of if statements: a try statement’s else clause runs when no exception occurs, and a loop’s else clause runs when no break occurs. For more on the try statement and exceptions, see Handling Exceptions . 4.6. pass Statements ¶ The pass statement does nothing. It can be used when a statement is required syntactically but the program requires no action. For example: >>> while True : ... pass # Busy-wait for keyboard interrupt (Ctrl+C) ... This is commonly used for creating minimal classes: >>> class MyEmptyClass : ... pass ... Another place pass can be used is as a place-holder for a function or conditional body when you are working on new code, allowing you to keep thinking at a more abstract level. The pass is silently ignored: >>> def initlog ( * args ): ... pass # Remember to implement this! ... For this last case, many people use the ellipsis literal ... instead of pass . This use has no special meaning to Python, and is not part of the language definition (you could use any constant expression here), but ... is used conventionally as a placeholder body as well. See The Ellipsis Object . 4.7. match Statements ¶ A match statement takes an expression and compares its value to successive patterns given as one or more case blocks. This is superficially similar to a switch statement in C, Java or JavaScript (and many other languages), but it’s more similar to pattern matching in languages like Rust or Haskell. Only the first pattern that matches gets executed and it can also extract components (sequence elements or object attributes) from the value into variables. If no case matches, none of the branches is executed. The simplest form compares a subject value against one or more literals: def http_error ( status ): match status : case 400 : return "Bad request" case 404 : return "Not found" case 418 : return "I'm a teapot" case _ : return "Something's wrong with the internet" Note the last block: the “variable name” _ acts as a wildcard and never fails to match. You can combine several literals in a single pattern using \| (“or”): case 401 \| 403 \| 404 : return "Not allowed" Patterns can look like unpacking assignments, and can be used to bind variables: # point is an (x, y) tuple match point : case ( 0 , 0 ): print ( "Origin" ) case ( 0 , y ): print ( f "Y= { y } " ) case ( x , 0 ): print ( f "X= { x } " ) case ( x , y ): print ( f "X= { x } , Y= { y } " ) case _ : raise ValueError ( "Not a point" ) Study that one carefully! The first pattern has two literals, and can be thought of as an extension of the literal pattern shown above. But the next two patterns combine a literal and a variable, and the variable binds a value from the subject ( point ). The fourth pattern captures two values, which makes it conceptually similar to the unpacking assignment (x, y) = point . If you are using classes to structure your data you can use the class name followed by an argument list resembling a constructor, but with the ability to capture attributes into variables: class Point : def __init__ ( self , x , y ): self . x = x self . y = y def where_is ( point ): match point : case Point ( x = 0 , y = 0 ): print ( "Origin" ) case Point ( x = 0 , y = y ): print ( f "Y= { y } " ) case Point ( x = x , y = 0 ): print ( f "X= { x } " ) case Point (): print ( "Somewhere else" ) case _ : print ( "Not a point" ) You can use positional parameters with some builtin classes that provide an ordering for their attributes (e.g. dataclasses). You can also define a specific position for attributes in patterns by setting the __match_args__ special attribute in your classes. If it’s set to (“x”, “y”), the following patterns are all equivalent (and all bind the y attribute to the var variable): Point ( 1 , var ) Point ( 1 , y = var ) Point ( x = 1 , y = var ) Point ( y = var , x = 1 ) A recommended way to read patterns is to look at them as an extended form of what you would put on the left of an assignment, to understand which variables would be set to what. Only the standalone names (like var above) are assigned to by a match statement. Dotted names (like foo.bar ), attribute names (the x= and y= above) or class names (recognized by the “(…)” next to them like Point above) are never assigned to. Patterns can be arbitrarily nested. For example, if we have a short list of Points, with __match_args__ added, we could match it like this: class Point : __match_args__ = ( 'x' , 'y' ) def __init__ ( self , x , y ): self . x = x self . y = y match points : case []: print ( "No points" ) case [ Point ( 0 , 0 )]: print ( "The origin" ) case [ Point ( x , y )]: print ( f "Single point { x } , { y } " ) case [ Point ( 0 , y1 ), Point ( 0 , y2 )]: print ( f "Two on the Y axis at { y1 } , { y2 } " ) case _ : print ( "Something else" ) We can add an if clause to a pattern, known as a “guard”. If the guard is false, match goes on to try the next case block. Note that value capture happens before the guard is evaluated: match point : case Point ( x , y ) if x == y : print ( f "Y=X at { x } " ) case Point ( x , y ): print ( f "Not on the diagonal" ) Several other key features of this statement: Like unpacking assignments, tuple and list patterns have exactly the same meaning and actually match arbitrary sequences. An important exception is that they don’t match iterators or strings. Sequence patterns support extended unpacking: [x, y, rest] and (x, y, rest) work similar to unpacking assignments. The name after * may also be _ , so (x, y, _) matches a sequence of at least two items without binding the remaining items. Mapping patterns: {"bandwidth": b, "latency": l} captures the "bandwidth" and "latency" values from a dictionary. Unlike sequence patterns, extra keys are ignored. An unpacking like rest is also supported. (But _ would be redundant, so it is not allowed.) Subpatterns may be captured using the as keyword: case ( Point ( x1 , y1 ), Point ( x2 , y2 ) as p2 ): ... will capture the second element of the input as p2 (as long as the input is a sequence of two points) Most literals are compared by equality, however the singletons True , False and None are compared by identity. Patterns may use named constants. These must be dotted names to prevent them from being interpreted as capture variable: from enum import Enum class Color ( Enum ): RED = 'red' GREEN = 'green' BLUE = 'blue' color = Color ( input ( "Enter your choice of 'red', 'blue' or 'green': " )) match color : case Color . RED : print ( "I see red!" ) case Color . GREEN : print ( "Grass is green" ) case Color . BLUE : print ( "I'm feeling the blues :(" ) For a more detailed explanation and additional examples, you can look into PEP 636 which is written in a tutorial format. 4.8. Defining Functions ¶ We can create a function that writes the Fibonacci series to an arbitrary boundary: >>> def fib ( n ): # write Fibonacci series less than n ... """Print a Fibonacci series less than n.""" ... a , b = 0 , 1 ... while a < n : ... print ( a , end = ' ' ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... print () ... >>> # Now call the function we just defined: >>> fib ( 2000 ) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 The keyword def introduces a function definition . It must be followed by the function name and the parenthesized list of formal parameters. The statements that form the body of the function start at the next line, and must be indented. The first statement of the function body can optionally be a string literal; this string literal is the function’s documentation string, or docstring . (More about docstrings can be found in the section Documentation Strings .) There are tools which use docstrings to automatically produce online or printed documentation, or to let the user interactively browse through code; it’s good practice to include docstrings in code that you write, so make a habit of it. The execution of a function introduces a new symbol table used for the local variables of the function. More precisely, all variable assignments in a function store the value in the local symbol table; whereas variable references first look in the local symbol table, then in the local symbol tables of enclosing functions, then in the global symbol table, and finally in the table of built-in names. Thus, global variables and variables of enclosing functions cannot be directly assigned a value within a function (unless, for global variables, named in a global statement, or, for variables of enclosing functions, named in a nonlocal statement), although they may be referenced. The actual parameters (arguments) to a function call are introduced in the local symbol table of the called function when it is called; thus, arguments are passed using call by value (where the value is always an object reference , not the value of the object). [ 1 ] When a function calls another function, or calls itself recursively, a new local symbol table is created for that call. A function definition associates the function name with the function object in the current symbol table. The interpreter recognizes the object pointed to by that name as a user-defined function. Other names can also point to that same function object and can also be used to access the function: >>> fib <function fib at 10042ed0> >>> f = fib >>> f ( 100 ) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 Coming from other languages, you might object that fib is not a function but a procedure since it doesn’t return a value. In fact, even functions without a return statement do return a value, albeit a rather boring one. This value is called None (it’s a built-in name). Writing the value None is normally suppressed by the interpreter if it would be the only value written. You can see it if you really want to using print() : >>> fib ( 0 ) >>> print ( fib ( 0 )) None It is simple to write a function that returns a list of the numbers of the Fibonacci series, instead of printing it: >>> def fib2 ( n ): # return Fibonacci series up to n ... """Return a list containing the Fibonacci series up to n.""" ... result = [] ... a , b = 0 , 1 ... while a < n : ... result . append ( a ) # see below ... a , b = b , a + b ... return result ... >>> f100 = fib2 ( 100 ) # call it >>> f100 # write the result [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89] This example, as usual, demonstrates some new Python features: The return statement returns with a value from a function. return without an expression argument returns None . Falling off the end of a function also returns None . The statement result.append(a) calls a method of the list object result . A method is a function that ‘belongs’ to an object and is named obj.methodname , where obj is some object (this may be an expression), and methodname is the name of a method that is defined by the object’s type. Different types define different methods. Methods of different types may have the same name without causing ambiguity. (It is possible to define your own object types and methods, using classes , see Classes ) The method append() shown in the example is defined for list objects; it adds a new element at the end of the list. In this example it is equivalent to result = result + [a] , but more efficient. 4.9. More on Defining Functions ¶ It is also possible to define functions with a variable number of arguments. There are three forms, which can be combined. 4.9.1. Default Argument Values ¶ The most useful form is to specify a default value for one or more arguments. This creates a function that can be called with fewer arguments than it is defined to allow. For example: def ask_ok ( prompt , retries = 4 , reminder = 'Please try again!' ): while True : reply = input ( prompt ) if reply in { 'y' , 'ye' , 'yes' }: return True if reply in { 'n' , 'no' , 'nop' , 'nope' }: return False retries = retries - 1 if retries < 0 : raise ValueError ( 'invalid user response' ) print ( reminder ) This function can be called in several ways: giving only the mandatory argument: ask_ok('Do you really want to quit?') giving one of the optional arguments: ask_ok('OK to overwrite the file?', 2) or even giving all arguments: ask_ok('OK to overwrite the file?', 2, 'Come on, only yes or no!') This example also introduces the in keyword. This tests whether or not a sequence contains a certain value. The default values are evaluated at the point of function definition in the defining scope, so that i = 5 def f ( arg = i ): print ( arg ) i = 6 f () will print 5 . Important warning: The default value is evaluated only once. This makes a difference when the default is a mutable object such as a list, dictionary, or instances of most classes. For example, the following function accumulates the arguments passed to it on subsequent calls: def f ( a , L = []): L . append ( a ) return L print ( f ( 1 )) print ( f ( 2 )) print ( f ( 3 )) This will print [ 1 ] [ 1 , 2 ] [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] If you don’t want the default to be shared between subsequent calls, you can write the function like this instead: def f ( a , L = None ): if L is None : L = [] L . append ( a ) return L 4.9.2. Keyword Arguments ¶ Functions can also be called using keyword arguments of the form kwarg=value . For instance, the following function: def parrot ( voltage , state = 'a stiff' , action = 'voom' , type = 'Norwegian Blue' ): print ( "-- This parrot wouldn't" , action , end = ' ' ) print ( "if you put" , voltage , "volts through it." ) print ( "-- Lovely plumage, the" , type ) print ( "-- It's" , state , "!" ) accepts one required argument ( voltage ) and three optional arguments ( state , action , and type ). This function can be called in any of the following ways: parrot ( 1000 ) # 1 positional argument parrot ( voltage = 1000 ) # 1 keyword argument parrot ( voltage = 1000000 , action = 'VOOOOOM' ) # 2 keyword arguments parrot ( action = 'VOOOOOM' , voltage = 1000000 ) # 2 keyword arguments parrot ( 'a million' , 'bereft of life' , 'jump' ) # 3 positional arguments parrot ( 'a thousand' , state = 'pushing up the daisies' ) # 1 positional, 1 keyword but all the following calls would be invalid: parrot () # required argument missing parrot ( voltage = 5.0 , 'dead' ) # non-keyword argument after a keyword argument parrot ( 110 , voltage = 220 ) # duplicate value for the same argument parrot ( actor = 'John Cleese' ) # unknown keyword argument In a function call, keyword arguments must follow positional arguments. All the keyword arguments passed must match one of the arguments accepted by the function (e.g. actor is not a valid argument for the parrot function), and their order is not important. This also includes non-optional arguments (e.g. parrot(voltage=1000) is valid too). No argument may receive a value more than once. Here’s an example that fails due to this restriction: >>> def function ( a ): ... pass ... >>> function ( 0 , a = 0 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : function() got multiple values for argument 'a' When a final formal parameter of the form name is present, it receives a dictionary (see Mapping Types — dict ) containing all keyword arguments except for those corresponding to a formal parameter. This may be combined with a formal parameter of the form name (described in the next subsection) which receives a tuple containing the positional arguments beyond the formal parameter list. ( name must occur before name .) For example, if we define a function like this: def cheeseshop ( kind , arguments , ** keywords ): print ( "-- Do you have any" , kind , "?" ) print ( "-- I'm sorry, we're all out of" , kind ) for arg in arguments : print ( arg ) print ( "-" * 40 ) for kw in keywords : print ( kw , ":" , keywords [ kw ]) It could be called like this: cheeseshop ( "Limburger" , "It's very runny, sir." , "It's really very, VERY runny, sir." , shopkeeper = "Michael Palin" , client = "John Cleese" , sketch = "Cheese Shop Sketch" ) and of course it would print: -- Do you have any Limburger ? -- I'm sorry, we're all out of Limburger It's very runny, sir. It's really very, VERY runny, sir. ---------------------------------------- shopkeeper : Michael Palin client : John Cleese sketch : Cheese Shop Sketch Note that the order in which the keyword arguments are printed is guaranteed to match the order in which they were provided in the function call. 4.9.3. Special parameters ¶ By default, arguments may be passed to a Python function either by position or explicitly by keyword. For readability and performance, it makes sense to restrict the way arguments can be passed so that a developer need only look at the function definition to determine if items are passed by position, by position or keyword, or by keyword. A function definition may look like: def f(pos1, pos2, /, pos_or_kwd, , kwd1, kwd2): ----------- ---------- ---------- \| \| \| \| Positional or keyword \| \| - Keyword only -- Positional only where / and are optional. If used, these symbols indicate the kind of parameter by how the arguments may be passed to the function: positional-only, positional-or-keyword, and keyword-only. Keyword parameters are also referred to as named parameters. 4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments ¶ If / and * are not present in the function definition, arguments may be passed to a function by position or by keyword. 4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters ¶ Looking at this in a bit more detail, it is possible to mark certain parameters as positional-only . If positional-only , the parameters’ order matters, and the parameters cannot be passed by keyword. Positional-only parameters are placed before a / (forward-slash). The / is used to logically separate the positional-only parameters from the rest of the parameters. If there is no / in the function definition, there are no positional-only parameters. Parameters following the / may be positional-or-keyword or keyword-only . 4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments ¶ To mark parameters as keyword-only , indicating the parameters must be passed by keyword argument, place an * in the arguments list just before the first keyword-only parameter. 4.9.3.4. Function Examples ¶ Consider the following example function definitions paying close attention to the markers / and * : >>> def standard_arg ( arg ): ... print ( arg ) ... >>> def pos_only_arg ( arg , / ): ... print ( arg ) ... >>> def kwd_only_arg ( * , arg ): ... print ( arg ) ... >>> def combined_example ( pos_only , / , standard , * , kwd_only ): ... print ( pos_only , standard , kwd_only ) The first function definition, standard_arg , the most familiar form, places no restrictions on the calling convention and arguments may be passed by position or keyword: >>> standard_arg ( 2 ) 2 >>> standard_arg ( arg = 2 ) 2 The second function pos_only_arg is restricted to only use positional parameters as there is a / in the function definition: >>> pos_only_arg ( 1 ) 1 >>> pos_only_arg ( arg = 1 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : pos_only_arg() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword arguments: 'arg' The third function kwd_only_arg only allows keyword arguments as indicated by a * in the function definition: >>> kwd_only_arg ( 3 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : kwd_only_arg() takes 0 positional arguments but 1 was given >>> kwd_only_arg ( arg = 3 ) 3 And the last uses all three calling conventions in the same function definition: >>> combined_example ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : combined_example() takes 2 positional arguments but 3 were given >>> combined_example ( 1 , 2 , kwd_only = 3 ) 1 2 3 >>> combined_example ( 1 , standard = 2 , kwd_only = 3 ) 1 2 3 >>> combined_example ( pos_only = 1 , standard = 2 , kwd_only = 3 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : combined_example() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword arguments: 'pos_only' Finally, consider this function definition which has a potential collision between the positional argument name and kwds which has name as a key: def foo ( name , kwds ): return 'name' in kwds There is no possible call that will make it return True as the keyword 'name' will always bind to the first parameter. For example: >>> foo ( 1 , { 'name' : 2 }) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : foo() got multiple values for argument 'name' >>> But using / (positional only arguments), it is possible since it allows name as a positional argument and 'name' as a key in the keyword arguments: >>> def foo ( name , / , kwds ): ... return 'name' in kwds ... >>> foo ( 1 , { 'name' : 2 }) True In other words, the names of positional-only parameters can be used in kwds without ambiguity. 4.9.3.5. Recap ¶ The use case will determine which parameters to use in the function definition: def f ( pos1 , pos2 , / , pos_or_kwd , * , kwd1 , kwd2 ): As guidance: Use positional-only if you want the name of the parameters to not be available to the user. This is useful when parameter names have no real meaning, if you want to enforce the order of the arguments when the function is called or if you need to take some positional parameters and arbitrary keywords. Use keyword-only when names have meaning and the function definition is more understandable by being explicit with names or you want to prevent users relying on the position of the argument being passed. For an API, use positional-only to prevent breaking API changes if the parameter’s name is modified in the future. 4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists ¶ Finally, the least frequently used option is to specify that a function can be called with an arbitrary number of arguments. These arguments will be wrapped up in a tuple (see Tuples and Sequences ). Before the variable number of arguments, zero or more normal arguments may occur. def write_multiple_items ( file , separator , * args ): file . write ( separator . join ( args )) Normally, these variadic arguments will be last in the list of formal parameters, because they scoop up all remaining input arguments that are passed to the function. Any formal parameters which occur after the args parameter are ‘keyword-only’ arguments, meaning that they can only be used as keywords rather than positional arguments. >>> def concat ( args , sep = "/" ): ... return sep . join ( args ) ... >>> concat ( "earth" , "mars" , "venus" ) 'earth/mars/venus' >>> concat ( "earth" , "mars" , "venus" , sep = "." ) 'earth.mars.venus' 4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists ¶ The reverse situation occurs when the arguments are already in a list or tuple but need to be unpacked for a function call requiring separate positional arguments. For instance, the built-in range() function expects separate start and stop arguments. If they are not available separately, write the function call with the * -operator to unpack the arguments out of a list or tuple: >>> list ( range ( 3 , 6 )) # normal call with separate arguments [3, 4, 5] >>> args = [ 3 , 6 ] >>> list ( range ( * args )) # call with arguments unpacked from a list [3, 4, 5] In the same fashion, dictionaries can deliver keyword arguments with the -operator: >>> def parrot ( voltage , state = 'a stiff' , action = 'voom' ): ... print ( "-- This parrot wouldn't" , action , end = ' ' ) ... print ( "if you put" , voltage , "volts through it." , end = ' ' ) ... print ( "E's" , state , "!" ) ... >>> d = { "voltage" : "four million" , "state" : "bleedin' demised" , "action" : "VOOM" } >>> parrot ( d ) -- This parrot wouldn't VOOM if you put four million volts through it. E's bleedin' demised ! 4.9.6. Lambda Expressions ¶ Small anonymous functions can be created with the lambda keyword. This function returns the sum of its two arguments: lambda a, b: a+b . Lambda functions can be used wherever function objects are required. They are syntactically restricted to a single expression. Semantically, they are just syntactic sugar for a normal function definition. Like nested function definitions, lambda functions can reference variables from the containing scope: >>> def make_incrementor ( n ): ... return lambda x : x + n ... >>> f = make_incrementor ( 42 ) >>> f ( 0 ) 42 >>> f ( 1 ) 43 The above example uses a lambda expression to return a function. Another use is to pass a small function as an argument. For instance, list.sort() takes a sorting key function key which can be a lambda function: >>> pairs = [( 1 , 'one' ), ( 2 , 'two' ), ( 3 , 'three' ), ( 4 , 'four' )] >>> pairs . sort ( key = lambda pair : pair [ 1 ]) >>> pairs [(4, 'four'), (1, 'one'), (3, 'three'), (2, 'two')] 4.9.7. Documentation Strings ¶ Here are some conventions about the content and formatting of documentation strings. The first line should always be a short, concise summary of the object’s purpose. For brevity, it should not explicitly state the object’s name or type, since these are available by other means (except if the name happens to be a verb describing a function’s operation). This line should begin with a capital letter and end with a period. If there are more lines in the documentation string, the second line should be blank, visually separating the summary from the rest of the description. The following lines should be one or more paragraphs describing the object’s calling conventions, its side effects, etc. The Python parser strips indentation from multi-line string literals when they serve as module, class, or function docstrings. Here is an example of a multi-line docstring: >>> def my_function (): ... """Do nothing, but document it. ... ... No, really, it doesn't do anything: ... ... >>> my_function() ... >>> ... """ ... pass ... >>> print ( my_function . __doc__ ) Do nothing, but document it. No, really, it doesn't do anything: >>> my_function() >>> 4.9.8. Function Annotations ¶ Function annotations are completely optional metadata information about the types used by user-defined functions (see PEP 3107 and PEP 484 for more information). Annotations are stored in the __annotations__ attribute of the function as a dictionary and have no effect on any other part of the function. Parameter annotations are defined by a colon after the parameter name, followed by an expression evaluating to the value of the annotation. Return annotations are defined by a literal -> , followed by an expression, between the parameter list and the colon denoting the end of the def statement. The following example has a required argument, an optional argument, and the return value annotated: >>> def f ( ham : str , eggs : str = 'eggs' ) -> str : ... print ( "Annotations:" , f . __annotations__ ) ... print ( "Arguments:" , ham , eggs ) ... return ham + ' and ' + eggs ... >>> f ( 'spam' ) Annotations: {'ham': <class 'str'>, 'return': <class 'str'>, 'eggs': <class 'str'>} Arguments: spam eggs 'spam and eggs' 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style ¶ Now that you are about to write longer, more complex pieces of Python, it is a good time to talk about coding style . Most languages can be written (or more concise, formatted ) in different styles; some are more readable than others. Making it easy for others to read your code is always a good idea, and adopting a nice coding style helps tremendously for that. For Python, PEP 8 has emerged as the style guide that most projects adhere to; it promotes a very readable and eye-pleasing coding style. Every Python developer should read it at some point; here are the most important points extracted for you: Use 4-space indentation, and no tabs. 4 spaces are a good compromise between small indentation (allows greater nesting depth) and large indentation (easier to read). Tabs introduce confusion, and are best left out. Wrap lines so that they don’t exceed 79 characters. This helps users with small displays and makes it possible to have several code files side-by-side on larger displays. Use blank lines to separate functions and classes, and larger blocks of code inside functions. When possible, put comments on a line of their own. Use docstrings. Use spaces around operators and after commas, but not directly inside bracketing constructs: a = f(1, 2) + g(3, 4) . Name your classes and functions consistently; the convention is to use UpperCamelCase for classes and lowercase_with_underscores for functions and methods. Always use self as the name for the first method argument (see A First Look at Classes for more on classes and methods). Don’t use fancy encodings if your code is meant to be used in international environments. Python’s default, UTF-8, or even plain ASCII work best in any case. Likewise, don’t use non-ASCII characters in identifiers if there is only the slightest chance people speaking a different language will read or maintain the code. Footnotes [ 1 ] Actually, call by object reference would be a better description, since if a mutable object is passed, the caller will see any changes the callee makes to it (items inserted into a list). Table of Contents 4. More Control Flow Tools 4.1. if Statements 4.2. for Statements 4.3. The range() Function 4.4. break and continue Statements 4.5. else Clauses on Loops 4.6. pass Statements 4.7. match Statements 4.8. Defining Functions 4.9. More on Defining Functions 4.9.1. Default Argument Values 4.9.2. Keyword Arguments 4.9.3. Special parameters 4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments 4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters 4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments 4.9.3.4. Function Examples 4.9.3.5. Recap 4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists 4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists 4.9.6. Lambda Expressions 4.9.7. Documentation Strings 4.9.8. Function Annotations 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style Previous topic 3. An Informal Introduction to Python Next topic 5. Data Structures This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules \| next \| previous \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 4. More Control Flow Tools \| Theme Auto Light Dark \| © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. 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https://calebporzio.com/11-awesome-laravel-helper-functions	11 Awesome Laravel Helper Functions (that aren't in Laravel) \| Caleb Porzio Caleb Porzio Posts   •   Creations   •   Talks   •   Tweets 11 Awesome Laravel Helper Functions (that aren't in Laravel) Feb 2019 TLDR: I packaged up all the helper functions I use in my projects. They are cool. You can install it by running composer require calebporzio/awesome-helpers . Let’s just jump right in and introduce the helper functions I included in the package and find uber-duber useful. We’ll go in ascending order of awesome-ness, so you’re not overwhelmed with too much 🔥out of the gate. ok() For those times you just want to return a successful response from a controller without any data. However, you think return response() is either ugly, not semantic, or plain wrong (because it returns a 200 by default and the 204 status code (No Content) is more accurate). Route::get('/', function () { return ok(); ); _Thanks to Logan Henson for the idea._ str_wrap() str_wrap('pigs', '-blanket-'); // returns: "-blanket-pigs-blanket-" str_between() str_between('--two-ferns--', '--'); // returns "two-ferns" str_between('[two-ferns]', '[', ']'); // returns "two-ferns" str_match() Because every time I have to write $matches[1] using preg_match , I die a little inside. str_match('persianwifefinder.com', '/(.*)\.com/'); // returns "persianwifefinder" str_validate() A nice, simple way to harness the power of Laravel’s validator without writing something heavy like Validator::make(…) , having to name the data you want to validate, and potentially dealing with a validation exception when all you want is a message or two. str_validate(' [email protected] ', 'regex:/\.net$/\|email\|max:10'); // returns: ["Format is invalid.", "May not be greater than 10 characters."] carbon() If I had a nickel for every time I saw Error: Class ‘…\Carbon' not found because I forgot to import Carbon\Carbon , I could attend Laracon Online. carbon('1 year ago'); // Same as: Carbon::parse('1 year ago'); user() Writing auth()-> before every user() is 8 characters of my apps I will never get back. user(); // Same as: auth()->user(); money() If you’ve every stumbled on PHP’s money_format , function and thought you found a nice simple tool for converting ints, to dollar strings, and been fooled again? This one’s for you. money(12); // returns "$12.00" money(12.75); // returns "$12.75" money(12.75, $withCents = false); // returns "$13" stopwatch() For debugging and profiling random stuff without looking on stack overflow to figure out how to get something sensible out of microtime() . stopwatch() is a simple way to time (in seconds) whatever code you run inside a callback. stopwatch(function () { sleep(4); }); // returns 4.000.... chain() Why every class ever isn’t fluent… I just don’t know. chain() allows you to make any ole’ PHP object chainable (meaning you can chain methods one after the other). There is also a crazy handy feature added to this (the “{carry}” operator, for passing the result of one method into the next). chain(new Str) ->singular('cars') ->upper('{carry}') // If "{carry}" isn't Z enough for you, Taylor had the nify idea to make a "carry" constant available (see next line) with the function. The choice is yours. ->start(carry, 'the ') ->finish(carry, ' life!')(); // returns "the CAR life" // Note: the "()" at the end get's the result returned from the last called method. You can also just cast the result to a string `(string)` if the result is a string. tinker() And now, for the most 🔥helper of them all (I have a tweet to prove it). A helper function so useful, it just may be in the same league as the infamous dd() . I give you… $user = User::find($id); tinker($user); // Will open up an `artisan tinker` session with the `$user` object available for manipulation. // Note: only works when run inside a console context, most commonly this will be your PHPUnit tests. What a ride… Well there you go. 11 super-dee-duper useful helper functions to improve your Laravel workflow. If you have some of your own you want to contribute to the package, you can submit PRs here . TTFN, Caleb My Newsletter I send out an email every so often about cool stuff I'm working on or launching. If you dig, go ahead and sign up!	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://calebporzio.com/how-livewire-works-a-deep-dive	How Livewire works (a deep dive) \| Caleb Porzio Caleb Porzio Posts   •   Creations   •   Talks   •   Tweets How Livewire works (a deep dive) Oct 2021 The experience of using Livewire seems magical. It’s as if your front-end HTML can call your PHP code and everything just works. A lot goes into making this magic happen. Let me show you what’s going on: Our Example For this writeup, we’re going to use the example of a simple counter component. Here’s what the Livewire component looks like: Counter.php <?php namespace App\Http\Livewire; class Counter extends \Livewire\Component { public $count = 0; public function increment() { $this->count++; } public function render() { return view('livewire.counter'); } } counter.blade.php <div> <h1>Count: {{ $count }}</h1> <button wire:click="increment">Increment</button> </div> In this example, when we load the page we see “Count: 0“ and when we hit the “Increment” button, the “0” magically turns into a “1”. Now that we’ve established something concrete, let’s talk about how Livewire makes this happen. The Initial Render Let’s say we want to include this Livewire component in a completely standard blade view. Here’s how that would look: <html> <livewire:counter /> @livewireScripts </html> When you load this page, Laravel processes this Blade file like any other, except that Livewire does some hackery to get Blade to convert <livewire:counter /> into: @livewire('counter') . In this simple case, the @livewire('counter') directive compiles down to code that looks like this: echo \Livewire\Livewire::mount('counter')->html(); Before we dig into what’s happening in mount() we’ll just stay outside and look at the result of that call: <div wire:id="44Njb4Yue0jBTzpzRlUf" wire:initial-data="{&quot;fingerprint&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;44Njb4Yue0jBTzpzRlUf&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;counter&quot;,&quot;locale&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;path&quot;:&quot;test&quot;,&quot;method&quot;:&quot;GET&quot;},&quot;effects&quot;:{&quot;listeners&quot;:[]},&quot;serverMemo&quot;:{&quot;children&quot;:[],&quot;errors&quot;:[],&quot;htmlHash&quot;:&quot;402ed05a&quot;,&quot;data&quot;:{&quot;count&quot;:0},&quot;dataMeta&quot;:[],&quot;checksum&quot;:&quot;1dc6e1fbb14c1a5cf8c138bb6b09dd99493dee38a9a89a8133901d1d38f40eac&quot;}}"> <h1>Count: 0</h1> <button wire:click="increment">Increment</button> </div> <!-- Livewire Component wire-end:44Njb4Yue0jBTzpzRlUf --> As you can see, Livewire renders the component as you’d expect, but it also pumps the HTML with lots of metadata for its own internal purposes. We’ll dig into this in the next section, but while we’re here let’s also briefly look at what @livewireScripts does. Essentially this Blade directive compiles down to two <script> tags that load all the JavaScript Livewire needs to function. I’ll leave out all the unnecessary details of that and just show you a stripped down version: <script src="/livewire/livewire.js?id=36e5f3515222d88e5c4a"></script> <script> window.livewire = new Livewire(); document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function () { window.livewire.start(); } }); </script> As you can see, Livewire loads its own JavaScript, then initializes it when the page is ready. The Page Initialization The cool thing about Livewire is even if you have JavaScript disabled, the component renders in plain HTML. This is great for getting content on a page instantly and making search engines happy. Now that the content is on the page and in the browser, let’s look at what happens when Livewire’s JavaScript is initialized and the Livewire.start() method is called. Here’s a little verbatim snippet of Livewire’s start() function in JavaScript: start() { DOM.rootComponentElementsWithNoParents().forEach(el => { this.components.addComponent(new Component(el, this.connection)) }) ... } Livewire uses document.querySelectorAll to get the root elements of Livewire components on the page. It does this by looking for the presence of a [wire:id] attribute. Once it finds them, it initializes them by passing them into a dedicated class constructor called Component . Each Livewire component on a page has its own instance of the Component class in JavaScript memory. If there was a god class in Livewire, it would be this. When Component initializes, it extracts all the metadata embedded in the HTML and stores it in memory. More specifically, it gets the contents of the [wire:initial-data] property that shipped with the page (recall from a previous snippet): <div wire:id="44Njb4Yue0jBTzpzRlUf" wire:initial-data="..."> Here’ s the actual JavaScript code from the constructor of Component that does this: const initialData = JSON.parse(this.el.getAttribute('wire:initial-data')) this.el.removeAttribute('wire:initial-data') this.fingerprint = initialData.fingerprint this.serverMemo = initialData.serverMemo this.effects = initialData.effects Now Livewire’s JavaScript knows the following information about the “counter” component: It’s fingerprint (an object containing a component’s name, id, etc…) It’s serverMemo (persistent data about the component) It’s effects (side effects that should get run on page load) Understand these three properties is essential to understanding Livewire’s inner workings. We will revisit them later in more detail. The final stage of initialization is for Livewire to walk through all the DOM nodes in a component and look for any Livewire attributes. In our case, we have a button with a wire:click attribute: <button wire:click=“increment”>Increment</button> When Livewire sees this element, it registers a click event listener on it, with a handler that triggers an AJAX request to the server. Before we move onto that, a quick review of where we are: We have HTML on the page that looks like this: <div wire:id="44Njb4Yue0jBTzpzRlUf"> <h1>Count: 0</h1> <button wire:click="increment">Increment</button> </div> And in memory, JavaScript has an instance of the Component class with all the data we need about this Livewire component. There is also an event listener attached to the <button> element now. Let’s move on to the next big concept: performing an update. Which in our case looks like clicking the button. The Page Update Rather than walking through everything that happens when the button is clicked, let’s just look at the AJAX request that gets sent to the server, and also the AJAX response that comes back. We can talk more details in a minute, but it might be helpful for you to see this from an outside-in perspective: AJAX Request { "fingerprint": { "id": "44Njb4Yue0jBTzpzRlUf", "name": "counter", "locale": "en", "path": "", "method": "GET" }, "serverMemo": { "children": [], "errors": [], "htmlHash": "402ed05a", "data": { "count": 0 }, "dataMeta": [], "checksum": "18a19f65fabc363e6b74d9c5a3338d6906a07f0281a3e91b4ebca491d5917702" }, "updates": [ { "type": "callMethod", "payload": { "id": "kwfdh", "method": "increment", "params": [] } } ] } There’s a LOT going on here, so we’ll dedicate a whole section to this request object, but the important thing to node is the serverMemo.data object and the updates array. These are the two things that should look intuitive to you. AJAX Response { "effects": { "html": "<div wire:id=\"tkAIyMxrzcymYe2Z5OTq\">\n <h1>Count: 1<\/h1>\n \n <button wire:click=\"increment\">Increment<\/button>\n<\/div>\n", "dirty": [ "count" ] }, "serverMemo": { "htmlHash": "a7613101", "data": { "count": 1 }, "checksum": "6e8f9599e47d3725f5470db6d38f8ee3d141214996576dca6720198d45a866a3" } } Now that the server has done its thing, the response that comes back contains the new HTML that should show up on the page AND the new data represented in JSON. Again, I’ll dedicate an entire section to what’s going on here, but let’s start with a deep dive on the request: The Request I’m not sure there’s any better way to approach this part than just explaining each individual item in the request payload. Let’s do it: fingerprint "fingerprint": { "id": "44Njb4Yue0jBTzpzRlUf", "name": "counter", "locale": "en", "path": "", "method": "GET" }, This is data associated with a component that makes it unique and provides essential non-changing information about it. In addition to the name and id of the component, there is also information about the locale of the application and information about the path of the original page this component was loaded on. This information is actually an essential part of Livewire’s security system. When the server gets this data, it will look up the original route of the page load, extract any authentication middleware (and other middleware) and apply those to every subsequent request from this component. This way, if a component is loaded on a page with special authorization, someone can’t make an AJAX request to that component from a different page without that authorization. serverMemo "serverMemo": { ... } The “server memo” is all data that DOES change throughout a component’s lifecycle. This data is used to tell Livewire how to “hydrate” or boot up our Counter.php component class as if it’s been running in the backend this whole time. There are lots here, but I’m only going to cover what’s relevant for this guide: serverMemo.data "data": { "count": 0 }, The data object is one of the most important and clear pieces of data we need to send back to the server. This is how Livewire’s PHP side knows it needs to set public $count to 0 on the next request. serverMemo.data "dataMeta": [], We aren’t using dataMeta on this request, but it’s worth mentioning. This array stores deeper information about data. For example, we set the $count property to an Eloquent Collection, dataMeta would store a note about that so that JavaScript would just see the data as a plain array, but PHP would no to “hydrate” it back into an Eloquent collection for each request. checksum "checksum": "18a19f65fabc363e6b74d9c5a3338d6906a07f0281a3e91b4ebca491d5917702" This is THE most important security feature in Livewire. Each component payload is signed with a secured checksum hash generated from the entire payload. This way if anything tampers with the data used to send back to the server, the backend will be able to tell that and will throw an exception. updates "updates": [ { "type": "callMethod", "payload": { "id": "kwfdh", "method": "increment", "params": [] } } ] “updates” is a list of instructions to perform on the component in the backend. In our case, we’re calling the “increment” method. But this is where any wire:model updates or dispatched events would come through. Phew, ok, now that we have a bit of context, let’s look at what happens on the server when it receives this request payload: Hydrating From The Request Ok, It’s PHP time. I’m not going to write out every single PHP operation that happens in a Livewire request because you and I both would hate that. Instead we’ll just look at the highlights. When the payload comes in from the browser, PHP creates a new Livewire Request object to store all the data: <?php namespace Livewire; class Request { public $fingerprint; public $updates; public $memo; Now, with this data, Livewire fetches a raw instance of the Livewire component in question: $this->instance = app('livewire')->getInstance($instance->request->name(), $instance->request->id()); $this->instance is an instance of the actual Counter.php Livewire class. However, it hasn’t been “hydrated” yet (filled with all the data or “state” from the frontend) The rest of the magic happens in a method inside Livewire’s service provider ( LivewireServiceProvider.php ) called: registerHydrationMiddleware() . Here’s a taste of what’s inside: LifecycleManager::registerHydrationMiddleware([ /* This is the core middleware stack of Livewire. It's important / / to understand that the request goes through each class by the / / order it is listed in this array, and is reversed on response / / / / ↓ Incoming Request Outgoing Response ↑ / / ↓ ↑ / / ↓ Secure Stuff ↑ / / ↓ / SecureHydrationWithChecksum::class, / --------------- ↑ / / ↓ / NormalizeServerMemoSansDataForJavaScript::class, / -- ↑ / / ↓ / HashDataPropertiesForDirtyDetection::class, / ------- ↑ / / ↓ ↑ / / ↓ Hydrate Stuff ↑ / / ↓ / HydratePublicProperties::class, / ------------------- ↑ / / ↓ / CallPropertyHydrationHooks::class, / ---------------- ↑ / / ↓ / CallHydrationHooks::class, / ------------------------ ↑ / / ↓ ↑ / / ↓ Update Stuff ↑ / / ↓ / PerformDataBindingUpdates::class, / ----------------- ↑ / / ↓ / PerformActionCalls::class, / ------------------------ ↑ / / ↓ / PerformEventEmissions::class, / --------------------- ↑ / / ↓ ↑ / / ↓ Output Stuff ↑ / / ↓ / RenderView::class, / -------------------------------- ↑ / / ↓ / NormalizeComponentPropertiesForJavaScript::class, / - ↑ */ ]); Just so we’re clear, this is actual copy/pasted source code above. My goal was to demonstrate the concept of “hydrating” and “dehydrating” directly in the code. You can see by the code above that the request travels through these middlewares one way on the way in, and then in the reverse order on the way you. To understand how Livewire “hydrates” a component’s properties, we’ll take a quick peek inside HydratePublicProperties . Here are a few snippets yanked out to demonstrate: class HydratePublicProperties implements HydrationMiddleware { use SerializesAndRestoresModelIdentifiers; public static function hydrate($instance, $request) { $publicProperties = $request->memo['data'] ?? []; ... foreach ($publicProperties as $property => $value) { ... $instance->$property = $value; ... } } .... } As you can see by the above code, after this “hydration middleware” runs, our Counter.php component class will have its properties set from the front-end state. Calling The “increment” method Now that our component is “hydrated” with the proper state, it’s time to actually call our “increment” method on it. That get’s handled in the PerformActionCalls::class middleware. Here’s a stripped-down version to see it in action: class PerformActionCalls implements HydrationMiddleware { public static function hydrate($instance, $request) { foreach ($request->updates as $update) { ... $id = $update['payload']['id']; $method = $update['payload']['method']; $params = $update['payload']['params']; ... $instance->callMethod($method, $params); } } } As you can see, each update triggers ->callMethod on the component. The implementation of this method isn’t really important, as you can imagine, it…well…calls that method on the class! Render Time Now that we’ve taken in the request, hydrated up the component, AND called the method we intended to call, it’s time to render the contents of our component out to HTML then send it back to the front-end. At the end of the hydration middleware stack, there is one called RenderView::class that is in charge of rendering a component. Rather than walking you through every single PHP call, I’m going to just paste (and rework for simplicity) in relevant snippets so you can get the gist of how a Livewire component’s view gets rendered: // Get the Blade view from the component. $view = $this->render(); // Pass it all the public properties as data (like $count) $view->with($this->getPublicPropertiesDefinedByClass()); // Render the Blade to plain HTML $html = $view->render(); // In the RenderView middleware, add the HTML to the response payload data_set($response, 'effects.html', $html); After adding the HTML to the response, Livewire has other middlewares that add more things into the response. One of them ( HydratePublicProperties ) gets the new public property values from the component and adds the data to the response payload. Let’s take a look at the Response payload more deeply before talk front-end again: The Response Here is the full Response from earlier in this article so you can see the big picture: AJAX Response { "effects": { "html": "<div wire:id=\"tkAIyMxrzcymYe2Z5OTq\">\n <h1>Count: 1<\/h1>\n \n <button wire:click=\"increment\">Increment<\/button>\n<\/div>\n", "dirty": [ "count" ] }, "serverMemo": { "htmlHash": "a7613101", "data": { "count": 1 }, "checksum": "6e8f9599e47d3725f5470db6d38f8ee3d141214996576dca6720198d45a866a3" } } Most of this payload is self-explanatory. There are two concepts here: “serverMemo” and “effects”. The “serverMemo” object is all the new “state” of the component until it goes back to the server for another request. This is things like the data. Notice there is a “checksum” included as well. This has been updated for this new payload and will be passed to the backend on the next request for security. At this point, it’s also worth noting that Livewire tries its best to only send the minimum amount of data necessary. For example, you’ll notice an “htmlHash” property. This is a hash of the HTML being sent over. This way we can evaluate on the next request if the HTML is different and only send the full HTML if it’s changed. Otherwise, we can save on the response payload size. The same goes with the data. Livewire will only send the data that is different for each response. Think of it more like a “diff” of the data. Now that we’ve seen the full backend cycle, let’s look at what the front-end does with this information to turn the number “0” to “1”. Handing The Response In JS When the response comes back, Livewire already knows the component that sent it out, so it can match up the response with that component and let IT handle the response. There is a method in JS on the component class called handleResponse . Here is a sample of it to demonstrate what it does: handleResponse(message) { let response = message.response this.updateServerMemoFromResponseAndMergeBackIntoResponse(message) ... if (response.effects.html) { ... this.handleMorph(response.effects.html.trim()) } } As you can see, the response comes back from the server and Livewire’s front-end component object updates itself with all the new data (from the “serverMemo”). After it’s all synced up, it’s finally time to manipulate the DOM of the actual page. Turning the number “0” into the number “1”. This happens inside the handleMorph() function. Let’s talk about morphing HTML Morphing The HTML In order to turn the “0” into a “1” on the page, we COULD just replace all the HTML inside the component with the new HTML from the server. However, this is a bad idea for lots of reasons, mainly that it would wipe out any temporary state in the DOM like text in text inputs. So instead, we use a package called “morphdom” to intelligently figure out what parts of the actual DOM are different from the HTML from the server and ONLY manipulate the actual DOM in the places there is a mismatch. This mechanism deserves an entire article on its own so I won’t go into too much detail on it here. Feel free to source dive Livewire (that goes for all of this) to learn more about the inner workings. After morphdom runs, the HTML is updated to “1” and we are done! Wrapping Up Phew! What a ride. I hope that was helpful for those of you looking for deeper knowledge without reading and understanding every line of code in Livewire. This article just skimmed the surface. There are many more deep mechanisms that come together to make Livewire work smoothly. Maybe they’ll be the topic of future articles, maybe not. But you can always see all of them by diving through the source code yourself. Happy Livewireing! Caleb My Newsletter I send out an email every so often about cool stuff I'm working on or launching. If you dig, go ahead and sign up!	2026-01-13T08:48:44
https://cassidoo.co/post/career-chat-ai-networking/	A career chat with students in the age of AI Cassidy Williams Software Engineer in Chicago home newsletter blog github bluesky twitter --> codepen --> linkedin patreon --> A career chat with students in the age of AI Jan 10, 2026 #advice #events #recommendation I gave a short talk today to some students at Haverford College and Bryn Mawr College about AI, a career in tech, networking, and getting jobs in general! My friends Lilly and Johnson from FSH Tech are teaching a J-Term course at these schools to help students learn about agentic AI, production deployment, and building real-world tools. It’s a cool short course, and the students had a lot of questions. In general, I think students today are worried about the job market, and I can’t blame them. I was asked if it’s harder or easier to get a job now than it was when I entered the industry, and… it’s both? I think it’s easier because there’s a lot more resources out there now that are more easily accessible than ever for the job hunt… but also the economy is weird, it’s hard to find entry-level roles, and the AI spam on both sides of the job application table is a huge mess. The point I really wanted to drive home in this talk, and one that I think is important for everyone (not just students), is that human connection now is more important than ever. Referrals tell employers that you’re a real human, not just a bot mass-applying to roles. It’s a really powerful signal for them, even if you haven’t worked super closely with the person who is referring you. My favorite book on this subject is Build Your Dream Network by J. Kelly Hoey. Getting those human connections can start with something as simple as a follow-up email, and can really blossom into a great relationship. Anyway, it was good chatting to the students, I had a great time! And… now I gotta reply to the ones that were really listening and sent me follow-ups directly afterwards, ha. The kids are all right! Random post • Older post → View posts by tag #advice #personal #musings #events #recommendation #learning #work #technical #project #meta © 2026 Cassidy Williams. This site is open source !	2026-01-13T08:48:44

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