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url stringlengths 11 2.25k	text stringlengths 88 50k	ts timestamp[s]date 2026-01-13 08:47:33 2026-01-13 09:30:40
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qn7gRClrC9U&list=PLNG_1j3cPCaZZ7etkzWA7JfdmKWT0pMsa&index=4	The first React Working Group - YouTube 정보 보도자료 저작권 문의하기 크리에이터 광고 개발자 약관 개인정보처리방침 정책 및 안전 YouTube 작동의 원리 새로운 기능 테스트하기 © 2026 Google LLC, Sundar Pichai, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View CA 94043, USA, 0807-882-594 (무료), yt-support-solutions-kr@google.com, 호스팅: Google LLC, 사업자정보 , 불법촬영물 신고 크리에이터들이 유튜브 상에 게시, 태그 또는 추천한 상품들은 판매자들의 약관에 따라 판매됩니다. 유튜브는 이러한 제품들을 판매하지 않으며, 그에 대한 책임을 지지 않습니다. var ytInitialData = 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https://devguide.python.org/	Python Developer’s Guide Contents Menu Expand Light mode Dark mode Auto light/dark, in light mode Auto light/dark, in dark mode Skip to content Python Developer's Guide Python Developer's Guide Getting started Setup and building Fixing “easy” issues (and beyond) Git bootcamp and cheat sheet Lifecycle of a pull request Where to get help Generative AI Development workflow Following Python’s development Changing Python Development cycle Adding to the stdlib Standard library extension modules Changing Python’s C API Changing CPython’s grammar Porting to a new platform Software Bill-of-Materials (SBOM) Python Security Response Team (PSRT) Issues and triaging Issue tracker Triaging an issue GitHub labels GitHub issues for BPO users Triage Team Documentation Getting started Helping with documentation Style guide reStructuredText markup Translations Translating Coordinating Helping with the Developer’s Guide Testing and buildbots Running and writing tests Silence warnings from the test suite Increase test coverage Working with buildbots New buildbot workers Development tools Argument Clinic Tutorial How-to guides GDB support Dynamic analysis with Clang Tools for tracking compiler warnings Core team Responsibilities Accepting pull requests Experts index Team log Motivations and affiliations How to join the core team Memorialization CPython’s internals Status of Python versions Python Contributor’s Guide (draft) [Plan for the Contributor’s Guide] Introduction The CPython project Code of Conduct Roles Governance Generative AI GitHub Directory structure Communication channels Outreach Issues and triaging Issue tracker Triaging an issue GitHub labels Reviewing Triage Team Documentation contributions Getting started Helping with documentation Style guide reStructuredText markup Pull request lifecycle Translating Helping with the Developer’s Guide Code contributions Setup and building Git tips Pull request lifecycle Development workflow Following Python’s development Development cycle Adding to the stdlib Standard library extension modules Changing Python’s C API Changing Python Changing CPython’s grammar Porting to a new platform Software Bill-of-Materials (SBOM) Python Security Response Team (PSRT) Testing and buildbots Running and writing tests Silence warnings from the test suite Increase test coverage Working with buildbots New buildbot workers Development tools Argument Clinic Tutorial How-to guides GDB support Dynamic analysis with Clang Tools for tracking compiler warnings Core team Responsibilities Accepting pull requests Experts index Team log Motivations and affiliations How to join the core team Accessibility, design, and user success Security and infrastructure contributions Workflows Install Git Get the source code Install Dependencies Compile and build Regenerating auto-created files Install Git Using GitHub Codespaces Back to top View this page Edit this page Python Developer’s Guide ¶ This guide is a comprehensive resource for contributing to Python – for both new and experienced contributors. It is maintained by the same community that maintains Python. We welcome your contributions to Python! Quick reference ¶ Here are the basic steps needed to get set up and contribute a pull request. This is meant as a checklist, once you know the basics. For complete instructions please see the setup guide . Install and set up Git and other dependencies (see the Git Setup page for detailed information). Fork the CPython repository to your GitHub account and get the source code using: git clone https://github.com/<your_username>/cpython cd cpython Build Python: Unix ./configure --with-pydebug && make -j $( nproc ) macOS ./configure --with-pydebug && make -j8 Windows PCbuild\build.bat -e -d See also more detailed instructions , how to install and build dependencies , and the platform-specific pages for Unix , macOS , and Windows . Run the tests : Unix ./python -m test -j3 macOS ./python.exe -m test -j8 Note: Most macOS systems use ./python.exe in order to avoid filename conflicts with the Python directory. Windows .\python.bat -m test -j3 Create a new branch where your work for the issue will go, for example: git checkout -b fix-issue-12345 main If an issue does not already exist, please create it . Trivial issues (for example, typo fixes) do not require any issue to be created. Once you fixed the issue, run the tests, and the patchcheck: Unix make patchcheck macOS make patchcheck Windows .\python.bat Tools\patchcheck\patchcheck.py If everything is ok, commit. Push the branch on your fork on GitHub and create a pull request . Include the issue number using gh-NNNN in the pull request description. For example: gh-12345: Fix some bug in spam module Add a News entry into the Misc/NEWS.d directory as individual file. The news entry can be created by using blurb-it , or the blurb tool and its blurb add command. Please read more about blurb in its repository . Note First time contributors will need to sign the Contributor Licensing Agreement (CLA) as described in the Licensing section of this guide. Quick links ¶ Here are some links that you probably will reference frequently while contributing to Python: Issue tracker Buildbot status Where to get help PEPs (Python Enhancement Proposals) Git bootcamp and cheat sheet Contributing ¶ We encourage everyone to contribute to Python and that’s why we have put up this developer’s guide. If you still have questions after reviewing the material in this guide, then the Core Python Mentorship group is available to help guide new contributors through the process. A number of individuals from the Python community have contributed to a series of excellent guides at Open Source Guides . Core developers and contributors alike will find the following guides useful: How to Contribute to Open Source Building Welcoming Communities Guide for contributing to Python: Contributors Documentarians Triagers Core team Setup and building Helping with documentation Issue tracker Responsibilities Where to get help Getting started Triaging an issue Team log Lifecycle of a pull request Style guide Helping triage issues Accepting pull requests Running and writing tests reStructuredText primer Experts index Development cycle Fixing “easy” issues (and beyond) Translating GitHub labels Motivations and affiliations Following Python’s development Helping with the Developer’s Guide GitHub issues for BPO users Experts index Git bootcamp and cheat sheet Triage Team Development cycle We recommend that the documents in this guide be read as needed. You can stop where you feel comfortable and begin contributing immediately without reading and understanding these documents all at once. If you do choose to skip around within the documentation, be aware that it is written assuming preceding documentation has been read so you may find it necessary to backtrack to fill in missing concepts and terminology. Proposing changes to Python itself ¶ Improving Python’s code, documentation and tests are ongoing tasks that are never going to be “finished”, as Python operates as part of an ever-evolving system of technology. An even more challenging ongoing task than these necessary maintenance activities is finding ways to make Python, in the form of the standard library and the language definition, an even better tool in a developer’s toolkit. While these kinds of change are much rarer than those described above, they do happen and that process is also described as part of this guide: Adding to the stdlib Changing Python Other interpreter implementations ¶ This guide is specifically for contributing to the Python reference interpreter, also known as CPython (while most of the standard library is written in Python, the interpreter core is written in C and integrates most easily with the C and C++ ecosystems). There are other Python implementations, each with a different focus. Like CPython, they always have more things they would like to do than they have developers to work on them. Some major examples that may be of interest are: PyPy : A Python interpreter focused on high speed (JIT-compiled) operation on major platforms. GraalPy : A Python interpreter which has first-class support for embedding in Java, built on GraalVM. Jython : A Python interpreter focused on good integration with the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) environment. IronPython : A Python interpreter focused on good integration with the Common Language Runtime (CLR) provided by .NET and Mono. Stackless : A Python interpreter focused on providing lightweight microthreads while remaining largely compatible with CPython specific extension modules. MicroPython : A tiny Python interpreter with small subset of the Python standard library that is optimised to run on microcontrollers and in constrained environments. CircuitPython : A fork of MicroPython designed to simplify experimenting and learning to code on low-cost microcontroller boards. Key resources ¶ Coding style guides PEP 7 (Style Guide for C Code) PEP 8 (Style Guide for Python Code) Issue tracker Experts index Buildbot status Source code Browse online Snapshot of the main branch PEPs (Python Enhancement Proposals) Where to get help Team log Additional resources ¶ Anyone can clone the sources for this guide. See Helping with the Developer’s Guide . Help with … CPython’s internals Changing CPython’s grammar Tool support GDB support Dynamic analysis with Clang Various tools with configuration files as found in the Misc directory Information about editors and their configurations can be found in the wiki python.org maintenance Search this guide Code of conduct ¶ Please note that all interactions on Python Software Foundation -supported infrastructure is covered by the PSF Code of Conduct , which includes all infrastructure used in the development of Python itself (for example, mailing lists, issue trackers, GitHub, etc.). In general this means everyone is expected to be open, considerate, and respectful of others no matter what their position is within the project. Status of Python branches ¶ Moved to Status of Python versions Full table of contents ¶ Getting started Setup and building Install Git Get the source code Compile and build Install dependencies Regenerate configure Regenerate the ABI dump Troubleshoot the build Editors and tools Directory structure Using a container Fixing “easy” issues (and beyond) Git bootcamp and cheat sheet Forking CPython GitHub repository Cloning a forked CPython repository Configure the remotes Listing the remote repositories Setting up your name and email address Enabling autocrlf on Windows Creating and switching branches Deleting branches Renaming branch Staging and committing files Reverting changes Stashing changes Comparing changes Pushing changes Creating a pull request Linking to issues and pull requests Updating your CPython fork Applying a patch to Git Checking out others’ pull requests Accepting and merging a pull request Cancelling an automatic merge Backporting merged changes Editing a pull request prior to merging GitHub CLI Git worktree Lifecycle of a pull request Introduction Quick guide Step-by-step guide Making good PRs Copyrights patchcheck Making good commits Licensing Submitting Converting an existing patch from b.p.o to GitHub Reviewing Keeping continuous integration green Update branch button Committing/rejecting Crediting Where to get help Discourse Ask #python-dev Core mentorship File a bug Generative AI Acceptable uses Unacceptable uses Considerations for success Development workflow Following Python’s development Standards of behaviour in these communication channels Mailing lists Discourse (discuss.python.org web forum) Discord (private chat server) IRC Blogs Setting expectations for open source participation Additional repositories Changing Python Considerations Suggesting new features and language changes PEP process Development cycle Branches Stages Repository administration Governance Adding to the stdlib Adding to a pre-existing module Adding a new module Adding a new environment variable Standard library extension modules Classifying extension modules Adding an extension module to CPython Changing Python’s C API The internal API Public C API Unstable C API Limited API Changing CPython’s grammar Porting to a new platform Software Bill-of-Materials (SBOM) Updating a dependency Adding a new dependency Removing a dependency Python Security Response Team (PSRT) Vulnerability report triage Coordinating a vulnerability report Handling code signing certificate reports Template responses Issues and triaging Issue tracker Using the issue tracker Disagreement with a resolution on the issue tracker Triaging an issue Checklist for triaging Helping triage issues GitHub labels Type labels Component labels OS labels Topic labels Version labels Other labels Labels specific to PRs GitHub issues for BPO users How to format my comments nicely? How to attach files to an issue? How to link to file paths in the repository when writing comments? How to do advanced searches? Where is the “nosy list”? How to add issue dependencies? What on earth is a “mannequin”? Where did the “resolution” field go? Where did the “low”, “high”, and “critical” priorities go? How to find a random issue? Where are regression labels? 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https://dev.to/codemouse92/dead-simple-python-generators-and-coroutines-21ll	Dead Simple Python: Generators and Coroutines - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Jason C. McDonald Posted on Aug 1, 2019 • Edited on Apr 27, 2022           Dead Simple Python: Generators and Coroutines # python # beginners # oop # functional Dead Simple Python (13 Part Series) 1 Introducing "Dead Simple Python" 2 Dead Simple Python: Virtual Environments and pip ... 9 more parts... 3 Dead Simple Python: Project Structure and Imports 4 Dead Simple Python: Data Typing and Immutability 5 Dead Simple Python: Classes 6 Dead Simple Python: Errors 7 Dead Simple Python: Loops and Iterators 8 Dead Simple Python: Iteration Power Tools 9 Dead Simple Python: List Comprehensions and Generator Expressions 10 Dead Simple Python (An Announcement) 11 Dead Simple Python: Generators and Coroutines 12 Dead Simple Python: Lambdas, Decorators, and Other Magic 13 Dead Simple Python: Working with Files Like the articles? Buy the book! Dead Simple Python by Jason C. McDonald is available from No Starch Press. Programming is often about waiting. Waiting for a function, waiting for input, waiting for a calculation, waiting for the tests to pass... ...waiting for Jason to write another Dead Simple Python already. Wouldn't it be nice if your program waited for you for once? That's precisely what generators and coroutines do! We've been building up to this for the past three articles, but I'm happy to announce that the wait is over. If you haven't yet read Loops and Iterators , Iterator Power Tools , and List Comprehensions and Generator Expressions yet, you should go through those first. For everyone else, let's dive right in. Meet the Generator How would you generate a Fibonacci sequence of any length? Clearly there's some data you'd need to keep track of, and it would need to be manipulated in a certain way to create the next element. Your first instinct might be to create an iterable class, and that's not a bad idea. Let's start with that, using what we already covered in the previous sections: class Fibonacci : def __init__ ( self , limit ): self . n1 = 0 self . n2 = 1 self . n = 1 self . i = 1 self . limit = limit def __iter__ ( self ): return self def __next__ ( self ): if self . i > self . limit : raise StopIteration if self . i > 1 : self . n = self . n1 + self . n2 self . n1 , self . n2 = self . n2 , self . n self . i += 1 return self . n fib = Fibonacci ( 10 ) for i in fib : print ( i ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode stored more compactly, and - If you've been following the series so far, there probably aren't any surprises there. However, that approach might feel a bit overpowered for something as simple as a sequence. There's certainly plenty of boilerplate. This sort of situation is exactly what a generator is for. def fibonacci ( limit ): if limit >= 1 : yield ( n2 : = 1 ) n1 = 0 for _ in range ( 1 , limit ): yield ( n : = n1 + n2 ) n1 , n2 = n2 , n for i in fibonacci ( 10 ): print ( i ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The generator is definitely more compact — only 9 lines long, versus 22 for the class — but it is just as readable. The secret sauce is the yield keyword, which returns a value without exiting the function. yield is functionally identical to the __next__() function on our class. The generator will run up to (and including) its yield statement, and then will wait for another __next__() call before it does anything more. Once it does get that call, it will continue running until it hits another yield . NOTE: That strange-looking := is the new "walrus operator" in Python 3.8, which assigns AND returns a value. If you're on Python 3.7 or earlier, you can break these statements up into two lines (separate assignment and yield statements). You'll also note the lack of a raise StopIteration statement. Generators don't require them; in fact, since PEP 479 , they don't even allow them. When the generator function terminates, either naturally or with a return statement, StopIteration is raised automatically behind the scenes. Generators and Try Revised: 29 Nov 2019 It used to be that yield could not appearwithin the try clause of a try-finally statement. PEP 255 , which defined the generator syntax, explains why: The difficulty is that there's no guarantee the generator will ever be resumed, hence no guarantee that the finally block will ever get executed; that's too much a violation of finally's purpose to bear. This was changed in PEP 342 PEP 342 , which was finalized in Python 2.5. So why discuss such an old change at all? Simple: up to today, I was under the impression that yield couldn't appear in try-finally . Some articles on the topic incorrectly cite the old rule. Generator as an Object You may recall that Python treats functions as objects, and generators are no exception! Building on our earlier example, we can save a particular instance of a generator. For example, what if I wanted to print out only the 10th-20th values of the Fibonacci sequence? First, I'll save the generator in a variable, so I can reuse it. The limit isn't going to matter much to me, so I'll use something large. It will be easier to use my loop ranges to determine what I display, as that keeps the limiting logic close to the print statements. fib = fibonacci ( 100 ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Next, I'll use a loop to skip the first 10 elements. for _ in range ( 10 ): next ( fib ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The next() function is actually what loops always use to advance through iterables. In the case of generators, this returns whatever value is being returned by yield . In this situation, since we don't care about those values yet, we just throw them away (by doing nothing with them). By the way, I could also have called fib.__next__() — that's what next(fib) calls anyway — but I prefer the clean look of the approach I took. It usually comes down to preference; both are equally valid. I'm now ready to access some values from the generator, but not all of them. Thus, I'll still use a range() , and retrieve the values from the generator directly with next() . for n in range ( 10 , 21 ): print ( f " { n } th value: { next ( fib ) } " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This prints out the desired values quite nicely: 10th value: 89 11th value: 144 12th value: 233 13th value: 377 14th value: 610 15th value: 987 16th value: 1597 17th value: 2584 18th value: 4181 19th value: 6765 20th value: 10946 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode You'll recall that we set our limit to 100 earlier. We're done with our generator now, but we really shouldn't just walk away and leave it waiting for another next() call! Leaving it sitting idle in memory for the rest of our program would be wasteful of resources (however few). Instead, we can manually tell our generator we're done with it. fib . close () Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode That will manually close the generator, the same as if it had reached a return statement. It can now be cleaned up by the garbage collector. Meet the Coroutine Generators allow us to quickly define an iterable that stores its state in between calls. However, what if we want the opposite: to pass information in and have the function patiently wait until it gets it? Python provides coroutines for this purpose. For anyone who is already a bit familiar with coroutines, you should understand that what I'm referring to are specifically known as simple coroutines (although I'm just saying "coroutine" throughout for the sanity of the reader.) If you've seen any Python code using concurrency, you may have already encountered its younger cousin, the native coroutine (also called the "asyncronous coroutine"). For now, understand that both simple coroutines and native coroutines are officially considered "coroutines," and they share many principles; native coroutines build upon the concepts introduced with simple coroutines. We'll come back to that one when we discuss async in a later article. Again, for now just assume that when I say "coroutine," I'm referring to a simple coroutine. Imagine you want to find all the letters common between a bunch of strings, say, those funny character names in Charles Dickens' books. You don't know how many strings there are, they'll be input at runtime, and not necessarily all at once. Clearly, this approach must: Be reusable. Have state (the letters in common so far.) Be iterative in nature, since we don't know how many strings we'll get. A typical function isn't ideal for this sitation, since we'd have to pass all the data at once as a list or tuple, and because they don't store state by themselves. Meanwhile, generators can't handle input except when first called. We could try a class, although that's a lot of boilerplate. Let's start there anyway, just to get a better grip on what we're dealing with. In my first version, I'll be mutating a list I pass to the class, so I can view the results any time I please. If I were sticking with a class, I probably wouldn't do it that way, but it's the smallest viable class for our purposes. Besides, it's functionally identical to the coroutine we'll write shortly, and that's useful for comparing approaches. class CommonLetterCounter : def __init__ ( self , results ): self . letters = {} self . counted = [] self . results = results self . i = 0 def add_word ( self , word ): word = word . lower () for c in word : if c . isalpha (): if c not in self . letters : self . letters [ c ] = 0 self . letters [ c ] += 1 self . counted = sorted ( self . letters . items (), key = lambda kv : kv [ 1 ]) self . counted = self . counted [:: - 1 ] self . results . clear () for item in self . counted : self . results . append ( item ) names = [ ' Skimpole ' , ' Sloppy ' , ' Wopsle ' , ' Toodle ' , ' Squeers ' , ' Honeythunder ' , ' Tulkinghorn ' , ' Bumble ' , ' Wegg ' , ' Swiveller ' , ' Sweedlepipe ' , ' Jellyby ' , ' Smike ' , ' Heep ' , ' Sowerberry ' , ' Pumblechook ' , ' Podsnap ' , ' Tox ' , ' Wackles ' , ' Scrooge ' , ' Snodgrass ' , ' Winkle ' , ' Pickwick ' ] results = [] counter = CommonLetterCounter ( results ) for name in names : counter . add_word ( name ) for letter , count in results : print ( f ' { letter } apppears { count } times. ' ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode According to my output, Charles Dickens particularly liked names with e, o, s, l, and p. Who knew? We can accomplish the same result with a coroutine . def count_common_letters ( results ): letters = {} while True : word = yield word = word . lower () for c in word : if c . isalpha (): if c not in letters : letters [ c ] = 0 letters [ c ] += 1 counted = sorted ( letters . items (), key = lambda kv : kv [ 1 ]) counted = counted [:: - 1 ] results . clear () for item in counted : results . append ( item ) names = [ ' Skimpole ' , ' Sloppy ' , ' Wopsle ' , ' Toodle ' , ' Squeers ' , ' Honeythunder ' , ' Tulkinghorn ' , ' Bumble ' , ' Wegg ' , ' Swiveller ' , ' Sweedlepipe ' , ' Jellyby ' , ' Smike ' , ' Heep ' , ' Sowerberry ' , ' Pumblechook ' , ' Podsnap ' , ' Tox ' , ' Wackles ' , ' Scrooge ' , ' Snodgrass ' , ' Winkle ' , ' Pickwick ' ] results = [] counter = count_common_letters ( results ) counter . send ( None ) # prime the coroutine for name in names : counter . send ( name ) # send data to the coroutine counter . close () # manually end the coroutine for letter , count in results : print ( f ' { letter } apppears { count } times. ' ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Let's take a closer look at what's happening here. A coroutine doesn't look any different from a function at first blush, but as with generators, the use of the yield keyword makes all the difference. In a coroutine, however, yield stands for "wait until you get input, and then use it right here". You'll notice that most the processing logic is the same between the two approaches; we've merely done away with the class boilerplate. We store an instance of a coroutine the same as we would store an object, just to ensure we are using the same instance every time we send more data to it. The major difference between a class and a coroutine is the usage. We send data to the coroutine using its send() function: for name in names : counter . send ( name ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Before we can do this, however, we must first prime the coroutine with a call to either counter.send(None) (used above) or counter.__next__() . A coroutine can't receive a value right away; it must first run through all its code leading up to its first yield . As with a generator, a coroutine is finished when it either reaches the end of its normal execution flow, or when it hits a return statement. Since neither of these things has a chance of happening in our example, I close the coroutine manually: counter . close () Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In short, to use a coroutine: Save an instance of it as a variable, for example, counter , Prime it with counter.send(None) , counter.__next__() , or next(counter) , Send data to it with counter.send() , If necessary, close it with counter.close() . Coroutines and Try Remember that rule about generators and not putting a yield in the try clause of a try-finally statement? It doesn't apply here! Because yield behaves very differently in a coroutine (handling incoming data, not outgoing data), it's totally acceptable to use it in this manner. throw() Generators and coroutines also have a throw() function, which is used to raise an exception at the place they're paused. You'll remember from the "Errors" article that exceptions can be used as a normal part of execution flow. Imagine for example that you want to send data to a remote server. You've got convenient little Connection objects, and you use a coroutine to send data over that connection. Somewhere else in your code, you detect that you've lost the network connection, but because of how you communicate with your server, all that data the coroutine is so diligently sending would just drop into a black hole without complaint. Oops. Consider this example code I've stubbed out. (Assume that the actual Connection logic doesn't lend itself to either handling fallback or reporting connection errors itself.) class Connection : """ Stub object simulating connection to a server """ def __init__ ( self , addr ): self . addr = addr def transmit ( self , data ): print ( f " X: { data [ 0 ] } , Y: { data [ 1 ] } sent to { self . addr } " ) def send_to_server ( conn ): """ Coroutine demonstrating sending data """ while True : raw_data = yield raw_data = raw_data . split ( ' ' ) coords = ( float ( raw_data [ 0 ]), float ( raw_data [ 1 ])) conn . transmit ( coords ) conn = Connection ( " example.com " ) sender = send_to_server ( conn ) sender . send ( None ) for i in range ( 1 , 6 ): sender . send ( f " { 100 / i } { 200 / i } " ) # Simulate connection error... conn . addr = None # ...but assume the sender knows nothing about it. for i in range ( 1 , 6 ): sender . send ( f " { 100 / i } { 200 / i } " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Running that example, we see that the first five send() calls go to example.com , but the last five drop into None . This obviously won't do - we want to report the problem, and start sending data to a file instead so it isn't lost forever. This is where throw() comes in. As soon as we know we've lost the connection, we can alert the coroutine to this fact, allowing it to respond appropriately. We first add a try-except to our coroutine: def send_to_server ( conn ): while True : try : raw_data = yield raw_data = raw_data . split ( ' ' ) coords = ( float ( raw_data [ 0 ]), float ( raw_data [ 1 ])) conn . transmit ( coords ) except ConnectionError : print ( " Oops! Connection lost. Creating fallback. " ) # Create a fallback connection! conn = Connection ( " local file " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Our usage example only needs one change: as soon as we know we've lost connection, we use sender.throw(ConnectionError) : conn = Connection ( " example.com " ) sender = send_to_server ( conn ) sender . send ( None ) for i in range ( 1 , 6 ): sender . send ( f " { 100 / i } { 200 / i } " ) # Simulate connection error... conn . addr = None # ...but assume the sender knows nothing about it. sender . throw ( ConnectionError ) # ALERT THE SENDER! for i in range ( 1 , 6 ): sender . send ( f " { 100 / i } { 200 / i } " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode That is all! Now we get the message about the connection problem as soon as the coroutine is alerted, and the rest of the messages are routed to our local file. yield from When using a generator or a coroutine, you are not limited to only a local yield . You can, in fact, get other iterables, generators, or coroutines involved using yield from . For example, let's say I want to rewrite my Fibonacci sequence to have no limits, and I just want to hardcode the first five values to get things started. def fibonacci (): starter = [ 1 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 ] yield from starter n1 = starter [ - 2 ] n2 = starter [ - 1 ] while True : yield ( n : = n1 + n2 ) n1 , n2 = n2 , n Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In this case, yield from temporarily hands off to another iterable, whether it be a container, an object, or another generator. Once that iterable has reached its end, this generator picks up and carries on like normal. In just using this generator, you wouldn't have known it was using another iterator for part of the time. It just works the same as always. fib = fibonacci () for n in range ( 1 , 11 ): print ( f " { n } th value: { next ( fib ) } " ) fib . close () Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Coroutines can also hand off in a similar manner. For example, in our Connection example, what if we created a second coroutine that handles writing data to a file? In the case we had a connection error, we could switch to using that behind the scenes. class Connection : """ Stub object simulating connection to a server """ def __init__ ( self , addr ): self . addr = addr def transmit ( self , data ): print ( f " X: { data [ 0 ] } , Y: { data [ 1 ] } sent to { self . addr } " ) def save_to_file (): while True : raw_data = yield raw_data = raw_data . split ( ' ' ) coords = ( float ( raw_data [ 0 ]), float ( raw_data [ 1 ])) print ( f " X: { coords [ 0 ] } , Y: { coords [ 1 ] } sent to local file " ) def send_to_server ( conn ): while True : if conn is None : yield from save_to_file () else : try : raw_data = yield raw_data = raw_data . split ( ' ' ) coords = ( float ( raw_data [ 0 ]), float ( raw_data [ 1 ])) conn . transmit ( coords ) except ConnectionError : print ( " Oops! Connection lost. Using fallback. " ) conn = None conn = Connection ( " example.com " ) sender = send_to_server ( conn ) sender . send ( None ) for i in range ( 1 , 6 ): sender . send ( f " { 100 / i } { 200 / i } " ) # Simulate connection error... conn . addr = None # ...but assume the sender knows nothing about it. sender . throw ( ConnectionError ) # ALERT THE SENDER! for i in range ( 1 , 6 ): sender . send ( f " { 100 / i } { 200 / i } " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This behavior was defined in PEP 380 , so read that for more information. Combining Generators and Coroutines You may be wondering: "can I combine the two return data directly from a coroutine like I can from a generator?" I was curious about this too while writing the article, and apparently you can . It all has to do with recognizing when the function is being treated like a generator, instead of a coroutine. The key to this is simple: __next__() and send(None) are effectively the same thing to a coroutine. def count_common_letters (): letters = {} word = yield while word is not None : word = word . lower () for c in word : if c . isalpha (): if c not in letters : letters [ c ] = 0 letters [ c ] += 1 word = yield counted = sorted ( letters . items (), key = lambda kv : kv [ 1 ]) counted = counted [:: - 1 ] for item in counted : yield item names = [ ' Skimpole ' , ' Sloppy ' , ' Wopsle ' , ' Toodle ' , ' Squeers ' , ' Honeythunder ' , ' Tulkinghorn ' , ' Bumble ' , ' Wegg ' , ' Swiveller ' , ' Sweedlepipe ' , ' Jellyby ' , ' Smike ' , ' Heep ' , ' Sowerberry ' , ' Pumblechook ' , ' Podsnap ' , ' Tox ' , ' Wackles ' , ' Scrooge ' , ' Snodgrass ' , ' Winkle ' , ' Pickwick ' ] counter = count_common_letters () counter . send ( None ) for name in names : counter . send ( name ) for letter , count in counter : print ( f ' { letter } apppears { count } times. ' ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode I only needed to watch for when the coroutine started receiving None (after the initial priming, of course). Since I was storing the result of yield in word , I could break out of the loop for receiving information once word was None . When we switch from using a coroutine as a coroutine, to using it as a generator, it needs to handle a single send(None) before it starts outputting data with yield . ( This StackOverflow question demonstrates that phenomenon.) In calling our coroutine, we never explicitly send(None) before switching our usage; Python does that in the background. Also, remember that the coroutine/generator is still a function. It merely pauses every time it encounters a yield . In my example, I could not suddenly go back to using counter as a coroutine, because there's no execution flow that would take me back to word = yield . It is perfectly possible to write it so you can switch back and forth, although perhaps not advisable if it comes at the cost of readability or becomes overly complicated. Review Generators and coroutines allow you to quickly write functions that "wait" for you. Later on, we'll meet the native coroutine , a type of coroutine used in concurrency. Let's review the essentials from this section: Generators are iterables that wait for you to request output. Generators are written as normal functions, except they use the yield keyword to return values in the same way as a class would with its __next__() function. When a generator reaches the natural end of its execution order, or hits a return statement, it raises StopIteration and ends. Coroutines are similar to generators, except they wait for information to be sent to it via foo.send() function. Both a generator and a coroutine can be advanced to the next yield statement with next(foo) or foo.__next__() . Before a coroutine can have anything sent to it with foo.send() , it must be "primed" with foo.send(None) , next(foo) , or foo.__next__() . An exception can be raised at the current yield with foo.throw() . A generator or coroutine can be manually stopped with `foo.close(). A single function can behave first like a coroutine, and then like a generator. As always, you can learn plenty more from the documentation: Python Tutorial: Classes - Generators PEP 255: Simple Generators PEP 479: Change StopIteration handling inside generators PEP 342: Coroutines via Enhanced Generators PEP 380: Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator Thanks to deniska (Freenode IRC #python ), @rhymes , and @florimondmanca (DEV.to) for suggested revisions. Dead Simple Python (13 Part Series) 1 Introducing "Dead Simple Python" 2 Dead Simple Python: Virtual Environments and pip ... 9 more parts... 3 Dead Simple Python: Project Structure and Imports 4 Dead Simple Python: Data Typing and Immutability 5 Dead Simple Python: Classes 6 Dead Simple Python: Errors 7 Dead Simple Python: Loops and Iterators 8 Dead Simple Python: Iteration Power Tools 9 Dead Simple Python: List Comprehensions and Generator Expressions 10 Dead Simple Python (An Announcement) 11 Dead Simple Python: Generators and Coroutines 12 Dead Simple Python: Lambdas, Decorators, and Other Magic 13 Dead Simple Python: Working with Files Top comments (7) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand   Florimond Manca Florimond Manca Florimond Manca Follow Location France Joined Aug 6, 2018 • Aug 2 '19 • Edited on Aug 2 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Very in-depth article about generators! I enjoyed it a lot. At first your use of the term "coroutine" when referring to generators that use .send() and yield from was a bit jarring to me — as of Python 3.6 a coroutine is the return value of a coroutine function: async def foo (): pass print ( type ( foo ()) # coroutine But then I realized that you were probably using that term as the more general computer science concept of a routine that can be paused during execution (see Coroutine ). Still, the fact that coroutine is now "reserved terminology" in Python might be confusing to some people. Perhaps a disclaimer that coroutine refers more to the computer science general concept rather than the coroutine built-in type would be helpful. :-) Like comment: Like comment: 2  likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   Jason C. McDonald Jason C. McDonald Jason C. McDonald Follow Author. Speaker. Time Lord. (Views are my own) Email codemouse92@outlook.com Location Time Vortex Pronouns he/him Work Author of "Dead Simple Python" (No Starch Press) Joined Jan 31, 2017 • Aug 2 '19 • Edited on Aug 2 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Well, no, not precisely. In Python, the term "coroutine" does indeed officially refer to both. In fact, the two have their own qualified names. What I described is called a simple coroutine , which was defined in PEP 342 , and further expanded in PEP 380 . Coroutines first appeared in Python 2.5, and continue to be a distinct and fully supported language feature. You're referring to a native coroutine (also called an asynchronous coroutine ), which was defined in PEP 492 , and was based on simple coroutines, but designed to overcome some specific limitations of the former. Native coroutines first appeared in Python 3.5. Again, this didn't replace simple coroutines, but rather offered another form of them specifically for use in concurrency. I'll put a little clause or two about this in the article. Also, don't worry, I'll be coming back around to async and concurrency soon; once that's written, I'll come back to this article and link across. Like comment: Like comment: 5  likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   Florimond Manca Florimond Manca Florimond Manca Follow Location France Joined Aug 6, 2018 • Aug 2 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks for clarifying :) Actually, I wasn’t aware that native coroutine was the official name for generators used in this fashion. I'll put a little clause or two about this in the article. Thanks! Just to be clear, I was simply raising the concern that as async programming is becoming more and more used/popular in Python and most people talk about coroutines as a shorthand for async coroutines, using the shorthand to refer to native ones could be confusing. Anyway I think you’ve got the point so thanks for taking that into account. :) Like comment: Like comment: 1  like Like Thread Thread   Jason C. McDonald Jason C. McDonald Jason C. McDonald Follow Author. Speaker. Time Lord. (Views are my own) Email codemouse92@outlook.com Location Time Vortex Pronouns he/him Work Author of "Dead Simple Python" (No Starch Press) Joined Jan 31, 2017 • Aug 2 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Uh oh! I just realized I'd had a dyslexic moment, and read something in PEP 492 backwards... What I described are simple coroutines , and the newer type is the native coroutine (also called an "asyncronous coroutine"). Blinks Naming is hard. Anyhow, I've gone back and edited both my comment and article. Thanks again...if you hadn't asked about that, I would have never caught my error! Like comment: Like comment: 3  likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   rhymes rhymes rhymes Follow Such software as dreams are made on. I mostly rant about performance, unnecessary complexity, privacy and data collection. Joined Feb 2, 2017 • Aug 2 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great article Jason! Just a couple of details: An exception can be raised at the current yield with foo.raise(). -> with foo.throw(). In sorted(self.letters.items(), key=lambda kv: kv[1]) the lambda can be replaced with operator.itemgetter(1) , it's one of my favorite small things that are in the standard library :D I was wondering if there was a way to simplify the coroutine code, using a context manager. The __enter__ could call send(None) and the __exit__ could call close() . With a simple generator is easy to do something similar: >>> from contextlib import contextmanager >>> @ contextmanager ... def generator (): ... try : ... yield list ( range ( 10 )) ... finally : ... print ( "cleanup..." ) ... >>> with generator () as numbers : ... print ( numbers ) ... [ 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] cleanup ... But the same doesn't work for a coroutine... As a first I came up with this: from contextlib import closing def print_char (): try : while True : print ( f "char: {yield}" ) finally : print ( "cleanup..." ) with closing ( print_char ()) as printer : printer . send ( None ) for c in "hello world" : printer . send ( c ) >>> char : h char : e char : l char : l char : o char : char : w char : o char : r char : l char : d cleanup ... I came up with something like this then: from contextlib import ContextDecorator class coroutine ( ContextDecorator ): def __init__ ( self , function ): self . coro = function () def __enter__ ( self ): self . coro . send ( None ) def __exit__ ( self , exc_type , exc , exc_tb ): self . coro . close () def send ( self , * args ): self . coro . send ( * args ) def print_char (): while True : print ( f "char: {yield}" ) printer = coroutine ( print_char ) with printer : for c in "hello world" : printer . send ( c ) but I'm not sure it's improving much :D Like comment: Like comment: 1  like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   Jason C. McDonald Jason C. McDonald Jason C. McDonald Follow Author. Speaker. Time Lord. (Views are my own) Email codemouse92@outlook.com Location Time Vortex Pronouns he/him Work Author of "Dead Simple Python" (No Starch Press) Joined Jan 31, 2017 • Aug 2 '19 • Edited on Aug 2 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Ooh! Thanks for catching that typo! That would have been confusing. As to the lambda or itemgetter() , I'd actually gone back and forth between the two in writing that example. I think using the lambda there is my own personal preference more than anything. That is certainly a clever combination of a context and a coroutine, by the way. (Naturally, I didn't discuss contexts in this article, as I haven't discussed them yet in the series.) Thanks for the feedback. Like comment: Like comment: 1  like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   Abdur-Rahmaan Janhangeer Abdur-Rahmaan Janhangeer Abdur-Rahmaan Janhangeer Follow Cruising python seas. Independent Py Dev Location Mauritius Work Independent Py Dev at MyOwnAccount Joined Jan 28, 2019 • Aug 3 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide The way it presented generators, i knew it would be a 👌 read, and i was right! Taking the time to cover only those two helps a lot, best article on coroutines i've read to date. Rhanks for writing this up 👍 Like comment: Like comment: 1  like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Jason C. McDonald Follow Author. Speaker. Time Lord. (Views are my own) Location Time Vortex Pronouns he/him Work Author of "Dead Simple Python" (No Starch Press) Joined Jan 31, 2017 More from Jason C. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Challenges > Xano AI-Powered Backend Challenge CHALLENGE RESULTS 🏆 Winners Announced! 🎊 Congrats to the Xano AI-Powered Backend Challenge Winners! Read Announcement Challenge ends soon! Submit your entry now DAYS : HOURS : MINUTES : SECONDS See prompts Xano AI-Powered Backend Challenge View Entries Please sign in to follow this challenge Build production-ready backends at AI speed. Challenge Status: Ended Ended Join our next Challenge Update: Winner Announcement Delayed to Jan 1 We're excited to announce our newest challenge with Xano ! Running through December 14 , the Xano AI-Powered Backend Challenge invites you to harness the power of AI to build production-ready backends that are scalable, secure, and maintainable. Whether you're exploring AI-assisted development, building public APIs, or creating full-stack applications, this challenge is the perfect opportunity to showcase how human expertise transforms AI-generated code into production-ready backends. Each prompt winner will receive: $1,500 USD Gift Card or Equivalent DEV++ Membership Exclusive DEV Badge All Participants with a valid submission will receive a completion badge on their DEV profile. We hope you give it a try! Key Dates Contest start: November 26, 2025 Submissions due: December 14, 2025 Winners announced: January 01, 2026 Badge Rewards Xano AI-Powered Backend Challenge Completion Xano AI-Powered Backend Challenge Winner Find Out More Ask questions and share your ideas on the Xano AI-Powered Backend Challenge Launch Post. View Launch Post Sponsored by Xano Xano is an all-in-one backend platform that provides everything you need to build and ship apps and agents — including a managed data layer (Postgres and authentication), a full execution layer for business logic and automation (runtime, workflows, and background jobs), a connectivity and operations layer (API and MCP gateways, integrations, and monitoring), and native support for agent reasoning and LLM integrations. Build and deploy production-grade software — visually, with code, or through AI — and launch in minutes. Connect to any frontend, deploy with one click, and scale to millions of users. Trusted by 100,000+ builders and engineers. Learn More → Challenge Prompts Full-Stack, AI-First Application Build a full-stack application where AI jumpstarts your backend development. Steps: Generate your backend using AI within VS Code, Cursor, Windsurf, or another compatible IDE with the XanoScript extension Refine and enhance the AI-generated backend in Xano to make it production-ready Connect a frontend of your choice (we recommend low-code tools like Lovable or WeWeb, but any frontend framework works!) The goal? Show us how you take AI-generated backend code and transform it into something scalable, secure, and maintainable through thoughtful human refinement. What your submission should include: An overview of your full-stack application and what problem it solves A link to your deployed application with screenshots or videos showing your solution in action (if login is required, provide test credentials) The original AI prompt(s) you used to generate your backend Description of how you transformed the AI-generated backend in Xano (include before/after code snippets to showcase your improvements if applicable) Your overall experience using Xano (what was most helpful, any challenges) A cover image (optional) Team Submissions: Please pick one member to publish the submission and credit teammates by listing their DEV usernames directly in the body of the post. Submission Template Judging Criteria: Use of underlying technology Usability and User Experience Accessibility Creativity Production-Ready Public API Build a consumable public API that provides a useful data service for third-party applications. Think creative datasets and services like: Star Wars character information Local building permit laws Sports statistics Or anything else you can imagine! Your API should be well-documented, properly secured, and ready for real-world use. What your submission should include: An overview of your public API and what data service it provides Your API documentation and example endpoints (information about rate limits, authentication, and how third-party developers can use your API) Example API calls and responses with screenshots or videos if you've built a demo application that consumes your API The original AI prompt(s) you used to generate your backend Description of how you transformed the AI-generated backend in Xano (include before/after code snippets to showcase your improvements if applicable) Your overall experience using Xano (what was most helpful, any challenges) A cover image (optional) Team Submissions: Please pick one member to publish the submission and credit teammates by listing their DEV usernames directly in the body of the post. Submission Template Judging Criteria: Use of underlying technology Usability and User Experience Accessibility Creativity Helpful Links & Resources Get Started with Xano Create a Xano account Use promo code M_Xano_PER_100_2511_1_DEVCHALLENGE-XANO1 to unlock 1 month free of Xano's Starter plan. Make sure the subscription type is set to monthly! Give your workspace a name and create your project! Familiarize yourself with the UI: the database tab, the API tab, and the AI tab! Navigate to your instance settings panel: scroll to the bottom to select METADATA API & MCP Server Create a new access token, and be sure to copy it! Inside VSCode or your favorite IDE, install the XanoScript extension , and paste your access token to get started! Key Resources Xano Documentation Ask the Xano Community Xano YouTube Channel XanoScript VS Code Extension - Compatible with VS Code, Cursor, Windsurf, and other .vsix-compatible IDEs Connect: Follow @nocodebackend on X LinkedIn YouTube Frequently Asked Questions Participation Can I submit to both prompts? Yes, you are welcome to submit to both prompts. Can I submit to a prompt more than once? Yes, you can submit multiple submissions per prompt but you'll need to publish a separate post for each submission. Can I work on a team? Yes, you can work on teams of up to four people for the challenge. If you collaborate with anyone, you'll need to list their DEV handles in your submission post so we can award a badge to your entire team! Please only publish one submission per team. DEV does not handle prize-splitting, so in the event that your submission wins a gift card, you will need to split that amongst yourselves. Thank you for understanding! How old do I have to be to participate? Participants need to be 18+ in order to participate. If I live in X, am I eligible to participate? For eligibility rules, see our official challenge rules . Submission Can my submission include open source code? Riffing on open source code and borrowing and improving on previous work/ideas is encouraged but it's important your changes are significant enough to ensure your submission is valid. When does riffing become plagiarism? It will depend, but transparency is important, license compatibility is important. You can use someone else's code to give you a jumpstart to demonstrate your ideas on top of someone else's base, but not just re-package the base. It should be clear to the judges what you added to the project in terms of the code and conceptual inspiration. This means, you should clearly state what you were building on and what elements are original to this new submission. When building on existing code, we expect a significant change that adds something tangible to the output, such as a new feature, a new endpoint, a new function, or a new presentation. Not just changes to styling or configuration. What happens if my submission is considered plagiarized or invalid? Anything deemed to be plagiarism will not be eligible for prizes. Incidental plagiarism may simply result in your disqualification from the challenge (regardless of the number of other valid submissions you have published). Egregious plagiarism will result in your suspension from DEV entirely. Any non-generic, non-trivial usage of prior work, including open source code must be credited in your submission. Do submissions have to be in English? Non-english submissions are eligible for a completion badge but not eligible for prizes due to the current limitations of our judges. We will not be judging on mastery of the English language, so please don't let this deter you from submitting if you are not a native English speaker! We hope to evolve this in the future to be more accommodating. Do I need a license for my code? You are not required to license your code but we strongly recommend that you do. Here are some you may consider: MIT , Apache , BSD-2 , BSD-3 , or Commons Clause . Can I use AI? Use of AI is allowed as long as all other rules are followed. In fact, this challenge is specifically about using AI as part of your development process! We want to give you a chance to show off your skills in realistic scenarios. If you use AI tools to help you achieve your submission, all the power to you. Judging and Prizing Can there be ties? In the event of a tie in scoring between judges, the judges will select the entry that received the highest number of positive reactions on their DEV post to determine the winner. How will I know if I won? Winners will be announced in a DEV post on the winner announcement date noted in our key dates section. When will I receive my DEV badge? Both participation and winner badges will be awarded, in most cases, the same day as the winner announcement. When will I receive my prizes? The DEV Team will contact you via the email associated with your DEV profile within, at most, 10 business days of the announcement date to share the details of claiming your prizes. What steps do I need to take to receive my gift card or equivalent prize? The winner (including each member of a team) may be required to sign and return an affidavit of eligibility and publicity/liability release, and provide any additional tax filing information (such as a W-9, social security number or Federal tax ID number) within seven (7) business days following the date of your first email notification. Xano AI-Powered Backend Challenge Rules NO PURCHASE NECESSARY. Open only to 18+. Contest entry period ends December 14, 2025 at 11:59 PM PST. Contest is void where prohibited or restricted by law or regulation. All entries must be submitted during the contest period. For Official Rules, see Xano AI-Powered Backend Challenge Contest Rules and General Contest Official Rules . Dismiss 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . 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https://www.highlight.io/docs/general/company/our-competitors	Our Competitors Star us on GitHub Star Docs Sign in Sign up General Docs Welcome to highlight.io Get Started Roadmap Company Values Compliance & Security Open Source Contributing Overview GraphQL Backend Frontend (app.highlight.io) Landing Site (highlight.io) Documentation End to End SDK Example Apps Adding an SDK Application Architecture GitHub Code Spaces Code Style Good First Issues Self-hosting Self-hosted [Dev] Self-hosted [Hobby] Self-hosted [Enterprise] Telemetry Our Competitors Product Philosophy Product Features Session Replay Overview Canvas & Iframe Dev-tool Window Recording Tracking Users & Recording Events Filtering Sessions GraphQL Live Mode Performance Impact Player Session Caching Rage Clicks Request Proxying Session Search Extracting the Session URL Session Search Deep Linking Shadow Dom + Web Components Error Monitoring Overview Enhancing Errors with GitHub Error Search Filtering Errors Grouping Errors Managing Errors Manually Reporting Errors Sourcemaps General Features Overview Alerts Comments Digests Environments Search Segments Services Webhooks Logging Overview Log Alerts Log Search Tracing Overview Trace Search Dashboards Overview Dashboard Management Metrics Tutorials Service Latency Web Vitals & Page Speed User Engagement User Analytics Graphing Drilldown Event Search Dashboard Variables SQL Editor Metrics (beta) Overview Frequently Asked Questions. Integrations Integrations Overview Amplitude Integration ClickUp Integration Discord Integration Electron Support Front Integration GitHub Integration Grafana Integration Overview Setup Dashboards Alerts Height Integration Intercom Integration Jira Integration LaunchDarkly Integration Linear Integration Mixpanel Integration Nuxt Integration Pendo Integration Segment Integration Slack Integration Vercel Integration WordPress Plugin Highlight.io Changelog Overview Changelog 12 (02/17) Changelog 13 (02/24) Changelog 14 (03/03) Changelog 15 (03/11) Changelog 16 (03/19) Changelog 17 (04/07) Changelog 18 (04/26) Changelog 19 (05/22) Changelog 20 (06/06) Changelog 21 (06/21) Changelog 22 (08/07) Changelog 23 (08/22) Changelog 24 (09/11) Changelog 25 (10/03) Changelog 26 (11/08) Changelog 27 (12/22) Changelog 28 (3/6) Changelog 29 (4/2) Menu Highlight Docs Welcome to highlight.io Get Started Roadmap Company Values Compliance & Security Open Source Contributing Overview GraphQL Backend Frontend (app.highlight.io) Landing Site (highlight.io) Documentation End to End SDK Example Apps Adding an SDK Application Architecture GitHub Code Spaces Code Style Good First Issues Self-hosting Self-hosted [Dev] Self-hosted [Hobby] Self-hosted [Enterprise] Telemetry Our Competitors Product Philosophy Product Features Session Replay Overview Canvas & Iframe Dev-tool Window Recording Tracking Users & Recording Events Filtering Sessions GraphQL Live Mode Performance Impact Player Session Caching Rage Clicks Request Proxying Session Search Extracting the Session URL Session Search Deep Linking Shadow Dom + Web Components Error Monitoring Overview Enhancing Errors with GitHub Error Search Filtering Errors Grouping Errors Managing Errors Manually Reporting Errors Sourcemaps General Features Overview Alerts Comments Digests Environments Search Segments Services Webhooks Logging Overview Log Alerts Log Search Tracing Overview Trace Search Dashboards Overview Dashboard Management Metrics Tutorials Service Latency Web Vitals & Page Speed User Engagement User Analytics Graphing Drilldown Event Search Dashboard Variables SQL Editor Metrics (beta) Overview Frequently Asked Questions. Integrations Integrations Overview Amplitude Integration ClickUp Integration Discord Integration Electron Support Front Integration GitHub Integration Grafana Integration Overview Setup Dashboards Alerts Height Integration Intercom Integration Jira Integration LaunchDarkly Integration Linear Integration Mixpanel Integration Nuxt Integration Pendo Integration Segment Integration Slack Integration Vercel Integration WordPress Plugin Highlight.io Changelog Overview Changelog 12 (02/17) Changelog 13 (02/24) Changelog 14 (03/03) Changelog 15 (03/11) Changelog 16 (03/19) Changelog 17 (04/07) Changelog 18 (04/26) Changelog 19 (05/22) Changelog 20 (06/06) Changelog 21 (06/21) Changelog 22 (08/07) Changelog 23 (08/22) Changelog 24 (09/11) Changelog 25 (10/03) Changelog 26 (11/08) Changelog 27 (12/22) Changelog 28 (3/6) Changelog 29 (4/2) Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Docs Home SDK Client SDK API Reference Cloudflare Worker SDK API Reference Go SDK API Reference Hono SDK API Reference Java SDK API Reference Next.JS SDK API Reference Node.JS SDK API Reference Python SDK API Reference Ruby SDK API Reference Rust SDK API Reference Docs / Highlight Docs / Company / Our Competitors Our Competitors We respect our competitors. In fact, we're not in the business of trying to convince people to use our product when it's not the right fit for them. Explore details about some of our competitors below. Session Replay Competitors LogRocket Learn more about how we compare to LogRocket. Hotjar Learn more about how we compare to Hotjar. Fullstory Learn more about how we compare to Fullstory. Smartlook Learn more about how we compare to Smartlook. Inspectlet Learn more about how we compare to Inspectlet. Datadog Learn more about how we compare to Datadog. Sentry Learn more about how we compare to Sentry. Site24x7 Learn more about how we compare to Site24x7. Sprig Learn more about how we compare to Sprig. Mouseflow Learn more about how we compare to Mouseflow. Heap Learn more about how we compare to Heap. Error Monitoring Competitors Datadog Learn more about how we compare to Datadog. Sentry Learn more about how we compare to Sentry. Heap Learn more about how we compare to Heap. Site24x7 Learn more about how we compare to Site24x7. LogicMonitor Learn more about how we compare to LogicMonitor. Axiom Learn more about how we compare to Axiom. Better Stack Learn more about how we compare to Better Stack. HyperDX Learn more about how we compare to HyperDX. Site24x7 Learn more about how we compare to Site24x7. Logging Competitors Datadog Learn more about how we compare to Datadog. Site24x7 Learn more about how we compare to Site24x7. Last9 Learn more about how we compare to Last9. Axiom Learn more about how we compare to Axiom. Better Stack Learn more about how we compare to Better Stack. HyperDX Learn more about how we compare to HyperDX. Dash0 Learn more about how we compare to Dash0. Telemetry Product Philosophy Community / Support Suggest Edits? Follow us! [object Object]	2026-01-13T08:49:01
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https://dev.to/evanlin/reading-list-staff-engineering-and-tech-management-books-3d67	Reading List: Staff Engineering and Tech Management Books - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Evan Lin Posted on Jan 11 • Originally published at evanlin.com on Jan 11 Reading List: Staff Engineering and Tech Management Books # management # leadership # resources # career title: [Reading List] Books Related to Staff Engineering and Tech Management published: false date: 2024-01-29 00:00:00 UTC tags: canonical_url: http://www.evanlin.com/staff-eng-reading/ --- > One of my biggest gains in 2023 was discovering many excellent books. These books have been of great help to my career development. The photo shows the books I bought last year related to career development. These books can be roughly divided into three categories. > > The first category is books about understanding and becoming (or choosing not to become) a Manager: > > - 《The Manager's Path》✨ (A must-read classic, even if you don't want to be a Manager) > -《An… [pic.twitter.com/XZaubZD9U7](https://t.co/XZaubZD9U7) > > — 北火 (@beihuo) [January 29, 2024](https://twitter.com/beihuo/status/1752112937337327939?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw) <script async="" src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script> # Category 1: Books about understanding and becoming (or choosing not to become) a Manager: ### 《The Manager’s Path》 (A must-read classic, even if you don't want to be a Manager) ![The Manager's Path](http://www.evanlin.com/images/2022/400w-6587319.jpeg) This is available on [Safari Online](https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/the-managers-path/9781491973882/), and there's also an [audio Book](https://learning.oreilly.com/videos/the-managers-path/9781492036432/) version. I've finished reading this one, but I haven't written a review yet. ### 《An Elegant Puzzle: Systems of Engineering Management》 from [Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/Elegant-Puzzle-Systems-Engineering-Management/dp/1732265186) ![image-20240130120333120](http://www.evanlin.com/images/2022/image-20240130120333120.png) ### 《Become an Effective Software Engineering Manager》 (Read the Kindle version, which has very practical tips) ![Become an Effective Software Engineering Manager](http://www.evanlin.com/images/2022/400w-20240130120435874.jpeg) This is also available on [Safari online](https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/become-an-effective/9781680507867/). # Category 2: Books aimed at helping you become a better engineer: ### 《Staff Engineer: Leadership beyond the management track》 ![img](http://www.evanlin.com/images/2022/StaffEngCoverHero.png) [Original text](https://staffeng.com/book) has been translated into Chinese, and the [Gitbook is open](https://yucliu.gitbook.io/staff-engineer/). ### 《The Staff Engineer Path》 ![The Staff Engineer's Path](http://www.evanlin.com/images/2022/400w-20240130120901125.jpeg) This is also available on [Safari online](https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/-/9781098118723/), and there's also an [audio book](https://learning.oreilly.com/videos/-/9781663721174/) version. I also have a [review](https://www.evanlin.com/reading-staff-eng-path/) to share. # Category 3: Books focused on cultivating better teams and work environments: ### 《Shape Up》 ### 《Rework》 ### 《Remote》 ### 《It doesn’t have to be crazy at work》 The above books are to be looked up. Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Evan Lin Follow Attitude is Everything. @golangtw Co-Organizer / LINE Taiwan Technology Evangelist. Golang GDE. Location Taipei Work Technology Evangelist at LINE Corp. Joined Jun 16, 2020 More from Evan Lin Steve Jobs: The Biography (Updated Edition) # career # leadership # motivation # product 2020: Review and Outlook # career # devjournal # productivity Book Sharing: These Strategists Are Unusual # discuss # resources # watercooler 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account	2026-01-13T08:49:01
https://dev.to/help/writing-editing-scheduling#Q-How-do-I-set-a-cover-image-for-my-post	Writing, Editing and Scheduling - DEV Help - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close DEV Help The latest help documentation, tips and tricks from the DEV Community. Help > Writing, Editing and Scheduling Writing, Editing and Scheduling In this article The Editor Drafting and publishing a post: Scheduling a post: Creating a Series Cross-posting Content Helpful Resources DEV Editor guide Markdown Cheatsheet Best Practices for Writing on DEV Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism on DEV Guidelines for AI-assisted Articles on DEV Common Questions Q: How do I set a canonical URL on my post? Q: How do I set a cover image for my post? Q: Do I own the articles that I publish? Q: Can I cross-post something I've already written on my own blog or Medium? Q: Can I use profanity in my posts? Q: Why has my post been removed? Q: Will you put ads on my posts' pages? Explore the ins and outs of writing, editing, scheduling, and managing articles. The Editor The DEV editor is your primary tool for writing and sharing posts. With a Markdown -based syntax and flexible options for embedding content, the editor is one of the main ways DEV members express themselves. Drafting, scheduling, and publishing posts are all options; importing via RSS is also a feature that we provide. Learn how to use the DEV editor to create and format your articles effectively: Drafting and publishing a post: Click on " Write a Post " in the top right corner of the site. Follow the prompts to fill out the necessary inputs. Give your post a title, write the body content, add appropriate tags, and fill out any other optional fields. If you're not ready to share your article, just click "Save draft" in the bottom left. You can access your drafts from your user dashboard and return to editing your post whenever you wish. Once you're ready to share your post, click the "Publish" button in the bottom left. Note: if you are using the Basic Markdown editor you interface is more minimalistic, and you'll need to change published: false to published: true in the Front Matter of the post, then save to publish your post. Congratulations, your post should be published! You should see the article listed on your public profile. Note that you can access analytics for each post you've shared from your user dashboard by clicking on the ... beside the article title. Scheduling a post: To schedule a post, you may open a draft or start writing a new post. Once you've got your post set up, click on the hexagon icon in the bottom left-hand corner near the Publish button. See "Schedule Publication" and use the inputs to select a date and time for the post to go live. Note: this feature is set to your local time zone. Creating a Series DEV provides authors with the ability to link articles together in a series. A series has a title and an associated page to hold all the entries (e.g. Sloan's Inbox ). Most often this is done for articles that are thematically related or recurring weekly posts. We have a handy guide here that explains step-by-step how to create a series on DEV. Note: If you've written the first entry in a series and are wondering why the series title is not easily visible, it's because we don't actually display information about a post being part of a series until there is more than one entry in the series. Once you write your second entry in the series, the Table of Contents and title for the series should appear. Cross-posting Content DEV offers a variety of features for those who want to cross-post content from elsewhere on the web. We encourage folks to share articles from their personal and company blogs! Notably, we offer folks the ability to import content via RSS and set canonical links on any posts that are shared. Using the RSS Feed on DEV Community Configure RSS Feed: Navigate to extensions within the settings. Under "Publishing to DEV Community 👩‍💻👨‍💻 from RSS," enter your blog's RSS feed URL. You will see the option to "Mark the RSS source as canonical URL" or "Replace links with DEV Community links." Check the info below (Specifying a Canonical URL) to help you decide which option to select. Click "submit feed settings." Edit Post Drafts Before Publishing Go to your user dashboard. Click edit beside the post you want to post. Save each draft after making changes. Publish Post when ready. How to Specify a Canonical URL Members reposting content often worry about original posts becoming less discoverable in search engines and their website losing visibility as the newer publishing platform (e.g., DEV) might surpass the original blog. Fortunately, DEV allows authors to address these concerns. By inputting a canonical URL, contributors can ensure search engines understand the original source. This prevents any penalties for reposting, and search engine crawlers boost the ranking of the original article. Option 1 (RSS Import): Check the "Mark the RSS source as canonical URL by default" box upon import. Option 2 (Individual Posts): Identify your editor version in /settings/customization. Rich + Markdown Editor: Click the gear icon next to "Save draft" and enter the original post's URL in the "Canonical URL" field. Basic Markdown Editor: Add canonical_url: X to the post's front matter, specifying the original post's URL. Following these steps ensures proper attribution and maintains the visibility of your content. Helpful Resources Below you'll find various resources we recommend for better understanding DEV's writing policies and tools. DEV Editor guide A quick guide that provides you with technical tips for using the DEV Editor and our brand of Markdown. You can also find it by clicking the "?" page in the editor . Markdown Cheatsheet A handy cheatsheet for commonly-used Markdown formatting syntax. Best Practices for Writing on DEV A helpful series that offers both technical tips and general guidance for making the best-fit article for DEV. 🙌 Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism on DEV This resource offers guidance for how to avoid plagiarism. We take a strong stance against plagiarism on DEV; please don't hesitate to report any plagiarism to us. Guidelines for AI-assisted Articles on DEV These guidelines detail our requirements for properly labelling AI-assisted content on DEV. Please don't hesitate to report any content that is written with AI-assistance if it isn't following these guidelines. Common Questions Q: How do I set a canonical URL on my post? In the post editor, click the hexagon icon in the bottom left-hand corner beside "save draft" and you'll see an input box to designate a Canonical URL. Note: if you are using the Basic Markdown editor you must add a line for it inside the triple dashes (aka Front Matter), like so: --- title: published: false tags: canonical_url: <https://mycoolsite.com/my-post> --- Q: How do I set a cover image for my post? If using the Rich + Markdown editor, then click the "Add a cover image" button above the title of the post. If using the Basic Markdown editor, include cover_image: [url] in the front matter of your post. Note: you may change your editor type from your settings . Q: Do I own the articles that I publish? Yes, you own the rights to the content you create and post on dev.to and you have the full authority to post, edit, and remove your content as you see fit. Q: Can I cross-post something I've already written on my own blog or Medium? Absolutely, as long as you have the rights you need to do so! And if it's of high quality, we'll feature it. Q: Can I use profanity in my posts? We don't disallow profanity in general, but we do have an internal policy of not promoting posts that have profanity in the title, so you might want to keep that in mind. If your profanity is targeted at individuals or hateful, then it would cross the lines of what's acceptable via our Code of Conduct and we may take necessary action to remove you content. Q: Why has my post been removed? Your post is subject to removal at the discretion of the moderators if they believe it does not meet the requirements of our Code of Conduct . If you think we may have made a mistake, please email us at support@dev.to . Q: Will you put ads on my posts' pages? It's possible. We do allow organizations to purchase advertisements with DEV. However, if you would prefer that no ads be placed next to your posts, just navigate to Settings > Customization , scroll down to sponsors, and uncheck the box beside "Permit Nearby External Sponsors (When publishing)" Of course, we'd appreciate it if you keep those boxes checked as this is important to our business. But, we respect your decision and appreciate you sharing posts with us! 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account	2026-01-13T08:49:01
https://dev.to/ben/meme-monday-2if1#main-content	Meme Monday - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Ben Halpern Posted on Jan 12           Meme Monday # jokes # watercooler # discuss Meme Monday! Today's cover image comes from last week's thread . DEV is an inclusive space! Humor in poor taste will be downvoted by mods. Top comments (18) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand   bingkahu bingkahu bingkahu Follow Full-stack developer focused on decentralized communication and privacy-centric web applications. Lead maintainer of CodeChat, an open-source peer-to-peer messaging platform built on WebRTC and PeerJS Education School Work Student Joined Jan 11, 2026 • Jan 12 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Finally, a UI that doesn't make me check my phone for a code. This is the peak user experience we should all strive for. 10/10 security. Like comment: Like comment: 4  likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   Ben Halpern Ben Halpern Ben Halpern Follow A Canadian software developer who thinks he’s funny. Email ben@forem.com Location NY Education Mount Allison University Pronouns He/him Work Co-founder at Forem Joined Dec 27, 2015 • Jan 12 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide haha Like comment: Like comment: 2  likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   Ben Halpern Ben Halpern Ben Halpern Follow A Canadian software developer who thinks he’s funny. Email ben@forem.com Location NY Education Mount Allison University Pronouns He/him Work Co-founder at Forem Joined Dec 27, 2015 • Jan 12 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Today's AI comedy showdown based on the joke from the cover Gemini ChatGPT Like comment: Like comment: 2  likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   Ben Halpern Ben Halpern Ben Halpern Follow A Canadian software developer who thinks he’s funny. Email ben@forem.com Location NY Education Mount Allison University Pronouns He/him Work Co-founder at Forem Joined Dec 27, 2015 • Jan 12 • Edited on Jan 12 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide These are both complicated and not great but I think Gemini is a bit funnier here Like comment: Like comment: 2  likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   Reid Burton Reid Burton Reid Burton Follow I am an amateur programmer. I program in more languages than I care to remember. Location string Location = null; Education Homeschooled Pronouns He/Him Work Ceo of unemployment. Joined Nov 7, 2024 • Jan 12 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Tru dat. Like comment: Like comment: 2  likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   Best Codes Best Codes Best Codes Follow I love coding, 3D designing, and listening to music. I'm currently a fanatic about Rust, TypeScript, and Next.js. Christian, Coder, Creator Email bestcodes.official+devto@gmail.com Location Earth Education Self-taught Work Freelance Programmer \| Fullstack Dev Joined Oct 24, 2023 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It's hard to tell which one is “funnier” because they're both so bad 💀 Like comment: Like comment: 1  like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   heckno heckno heckno Follow Joined Sep 4, 2025 • Jan 12 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Like comment: Like comment: 9  likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   Aryan Choudhary Aryan Choudhary Aryan Choudhary Follow Level up 10x faster Email aryanc1240@gmail.com Location Pune, India Pronouns He/Him Work SDE 1 Joined Nov 5, 2024 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Haha I'm gonna use this term Like comment: Like comment: 1  like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   heckno heckno heckno Follow Joined Sep 4, 2025 • Jan 12 • Edited on Jan 12 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Like comment: Like comment: 10  likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   bingkahu bingkahu bingkahu Follow Full-stack developer focused on decentralized communication and privacy-centric web applications. Lead maintainer of CodeChat, an open-source peer-to-peer messaging platform built on WebRTC and PeerJS Education School Work Student Joined Jan 11, 2026 • Jan 12 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide 😂 Like comment: Like comment: 3  likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   Ben Halpern Ben Halpern Ben Halpern Follow A Canadian software developer who thinks he’s funny. Email ben@forem.com Location NY Education Mount Allison University Pronouns He/him Work Co-founder at Forem Joined Dec 27, 2015 • Jan 12 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide lol Like comment: Like comment: 1  like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   Best Codes Best Codes Best Codes Follow I love coding, 3D designing, and listening to music. I'm currently a fanatic about Rust, TypeScript, and Next.js. Christian, Coder, Creator Email bestcodes.official+devto@gmail.com Location Earth Education Self-taught Work Freelance Programmer \| Fullstack Dev Joined Oct 24, 2023 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Like comment: Like comment: 3  likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   Aryan Choudhary Aryan Choudhary Aryan Choudhary Follow Level up 10x faster Email aryanc1240@gmail.com Location Pune, India Pronouns He/Him Work SDE 1 Joined Nov 5, 2024 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Like comment: Like comment: 2  likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   Brian Zavala Brian Zavala Brian Zavala Follow CS Student & Dad. I build privacy-first apps on Arch Linux (btw). Turning caffeine into code. Location Texas Education Bachelor of science in computer science Pronouns He/Him Work Founder & Lead Dev Joined Sep 2, 2024 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide When someone asks me about my side-project Like comment: Like comment: 2  likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   Timm David Timm David Timm David Follow Joined Dec 10, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide hahaha great. Like comment: Like comment: 1  like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   Hadil Ben Abdallah Hadil Ben Abdallah Hadil Ben Abdallah Follow Software Engineer • Technical Content Writer • LinkedIn Content Creator Email hadilbenabdallah111@gmail.com Location Tunisia Education ENET'COM Pronouns she/her Work Content Writer & Social Media Manager Joined Nov 13, 2023 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Like comment: Like comment: 1  like Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (18 comments) Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments. Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Ben Halpern Follow A Canadian software developer who thinks he’s funny. Location NY Education Mount Allison University Pronouns He/him Work Co-founder at Forem Joined Dec 27, 2015 More from Ben Halpern Meme Monday # discuss # jokes # watercooler Meme Monday # discuss # watercooler # jokes Meme Monday # discuss # watercooler # jokes 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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https://dev.to/muhammad_yawar_malik/building-a-multi-account-cloudwatch-dashboard-that-actually-works-1m0e	Building a Multi-Account CloudWatch Dashboard That Actually Works - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Muhammad Yawar Malik Posted on Jan 9           Building a Multi-Account CloudWatch Dashboard That Actually Works # aws # sre # monitoring # cloudwatch Cross-account monitoring in AWS isn't optional anymore. When you're managing multiple accounts, jumping between consoles to check metrics wastes time during incidents. Here's how to set it up properly. Why You Need This You have a central monitoring account and several workload accounts (dev, staging, prod). You want one dashboard to see everything. Simple. The Setup (3 Steps) 1. Enable Cross-Account Access in Source Accounts In each account you want to monitor, run this: aws cloudwatch put-dashboard --dashboard-name sharing-enabled Then create an IAM role that allows your monitoring account to read metrics: Trust policy (in source accounts): { "Version": "2012-10-17", "Statement": [{ "Effect": "Allow", "Principal": { "AWS": "arn:aws:iam::MONITORING-ACCOUNT-ID:root" }, "Action": "sts:AssumeRole" }] } Permission policy: { "Version": "2012-10-17", "Statement": [{ "Effect": "Allow", "Action": [ "cloudwatch:GetMetricData", "cloudwatch:GetMetricStatistics", "cloudwatch:ListMetrics" ], "Resource": "" }] } 2. Configure Monitoring Account In your central monitoring account, create a role that can assume the roles in source accounts. Add this to your monitoring role: { "Effect": "Allow", "Action": "sts:AssumeRole", "Resource": "arn:aws:iam:::role/CloudWatchCrossAccountRole" } 3. Build Your Dashboard Go to CloudWatch in your monitoring account. When adding widgets, you can now specify the account: Account: 123456789012 (prod-account) Region: us-east-1 Namespace: AWS/EC2 Metric: CPUUtilization What to Actually Monitor Don't try to monitor everything. Start with these: Per Account: EC2: CPU, StatusCheckFailed RDS: DatabaseConnections, FreeableMemory ALB: TargetResponseTime, UnHealthyHostCount Lambda: Errors, Duration, ConcurrentExecutions Cost tracking: Estimated charges by account (daily) Pro Tips Use consistent naming - Tag your resources properly. Filter widgets by tags like Environment:prod rather than hardcoding instance IDs. Widget organization - Group by service, not by account. One section for all RDS metrics across accounts, not one section per account. Refresh rate - Set to 1 minute for production dashboards. Auto-refresh helps during incidents. Share the dashboard - CloudWatch supports sharing via link. Your team shouldn't need AWS console access to view metrics. Common Gotchas Regional resources - CloudWatch dashboards are regional. If you have resources in multiple regions, you need multiple widgets or use CloudWatch cross-region functionality. Metric delay - Some metrics have 1-5 minute delays. Don't panic if numbers aren't real-time. IAM is per-region - Your cross-account roles work globally, but CloudWatch API calls are regional. The Result One dashboard. Multiple accounts. All your critical metrics visible in under 10 seconds. That's what matters when production breaks at 2 AM. Quick Setup Script Save time with this: In each source account aws iam create-role \ --role-name CloudWatchCrossAccountRole \ --assume-role-policy-document file://trust-policy.json aws iam attach-role-policy \ --role-name CloudWatchCrossAccountRole \ --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/CloudWatchReadOnlyAccess Done. Now build your dashboard and stop switching accounts. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Muhammad Yawar Malik Follow Exploring Cloud Infrastructure, SRE, and DevOps. I share lessons on building fast, reliable systems Location United Kingdom Education University of Hertfordshire Work Site Reliability Engineer, Cloud Security Engineer Joined Jul 4, 2025 More from Muhammad Yawar Malik AWS IAM Security: A Practical Guide That Actually Works in Production # aws # security # cloud # iam 10 AWS Production Incidents That Taught Me Real-World SRE # aws # sre # monitoring # cloudwatch What 100+ Production Incidents Taught Me About System Design # aws # systemdesign # sre # devops 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/mohammadidrees/thinking-in-first-principles-how-to-question-an-async-queue-based-design-5cf1#step-7-visibility-question-user-experience	Thinking in First Principles: How to Question an Async Queue–Based Design - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Mohammad-Idrees Posted on Jan 13 Thinking in First Principles: How to Question an Async Queue–Based Design # architecture # interview # learning # systemdesign Async queues are one of the most commonly suggested “solutions” in system design interviews. But many candidates jump straight to using queues without understanding: What problems they actually solve What new problems they introduce How to systematically discover those problems This post teaches a first-principles questioning process you can apply to any async queue design—without assuming prior knowledge. Why This Matters In interviews, interviewers are not evaluating whether you know Kafka, SQS, or RabbitMQ. They are evaluating whether you can: Reason about time Reason about failure Reason about order Reason about user experience Async queues change all four. What “First Principles” Means Here First principles means: We do not start with solutions We do not assume correctness We ask basic, unavoidable questions that every system must answer Async queues feel correct because they remove blocking—but correctness is not guaranteed by intuition. The Reference Mental Model (Abstract) We will reason about this abstract pattern , not a specific product: User → API → Storage → Queue → Worker → Storage Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode No domain assumptions. This could be: Chat messages Emails Payments Notifications Image processing The questioning process stays the same. Step 1: The Root Question (Always Start Here) What is the system responsible for completing before it can respond? This is the most important question in system design. Why? Because it defines: Request boundaries Latency expectations Responsibility In an async queue design, the implicit answer is: “The request is complete once the work is enqueued.” This is different from synchronous designs, where the request completes after work finishes. So far, this seems good. Step 2: Introduce Time (What Happens Later?) Now ask: Which part of the work happens after the request is done? Answer: The worker processing This leads to an important realization: The system has split work across time Time separation is powerful—but it creates new questions. Step 3: Causality Question (Identity Across Time) Once work happens later, we must ask: How does the system know which output belongs to which input? This question always appears when time is decoupled. Typical answer: IDs in the job payload (request ID, entity ID) This introduces a new invariant: Each input must produce exactly one correct output Now we test whether the system can guarantee this. Step 4: Failure Question (The Queue Reality) Now ask the most important async-specific question: What happens if the worker crashes mid-processing? Realistic answers: The job is retried The work may run again The output may be produced twice This leads to a critical realization: Async queues are usually at-least-once , not exactly-once This is not a tooling issue. It is a fundamental property of distributed systems . Step 5: Duplication Question (Invariant Violation) Now ask: What happens if the same job is processed twice? Consequences: Duplicate outputs Duplicate side effects Conflicting state This violates the earlier invariant: “Exactly one output per input” At this point, we have discovered a correctness problem , not a performance problem. Step 6: Ordering Question (Time Without Synchrony) Now consider multiple inputs. Ask: What defines the order of processing? Important realization: Queue order ≠ business order Different workers process at different speeds Later inputs may finish first Now ask: Does correctness depend on order? If yes (and many systems do): Async queues alone are insufficient This problem emerges only when you question order explicitly. Step 7: Visibility Question (User Experience) Now switch perspectives. How does the user know the work is finished? Possible answers: Polling Guessing Timeouts Each answer reveals a problem: Polling wastes resources Guessing is unreliable Timeouts fail under load This violates a core system principle: Users should not wait blindly Case Study: A Simple Example (Problem-Agnostic) Imagine a system where users upload photos to be processed. Flow: User uploads photo API stores metadata Job is enqueued Worker processes photo Result is stored Now apply the questions: When does the upload request complete? → After enqueue What if the worker crashes? → Job retried What if it runs twice? → Two processed images What if two photos depend on order? → Order not guaranteed How does the user know processing is done? → Polling None of these issues are about images. They are about time, failure, identity, and visibility . What Async Queues Actually Trade Async queues solve one problem: They remove blocking from the request path But they introduce others: Solved Introduced Blocking Duplicate work Latency coupling Ordering ambiguity Resource exhaustion Completion uncertainty This is not bad. It just must be understood and handled . The One-Page Interview Checklist (Memorize This) For any async queue design , ask these five questions: What completes the request? What runs later? What happens if it runs twice? What defines order? How does the user observe completion? If you cannot answer all five clearly, the design is incomplete. Final Mental Model Async systems remove time coupling but destroy causality by default Your job as an engineer is not to “use queues” Your job is to restore correctness explicitly That is what interviewers are looking for. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Mohammad-Idrees Follow Joined Mar 16, 2023 More from Mohammad-Idrees How to Identify System Design Problems from First Principles # architecture # interview # systemdesign # tutorial 🧱 The Blueprint of Success: Mastering the Technical Requirements Document (TRD) # architecture # career # systemdesign 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/t/aws/page/4#main-content	Amazon Web Services Page 4 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Amazon Web Services Follow Hide Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a collection of web services for computing, storage, machine learning, security, and more There are over 200+ AWS services as of 2023. Create Post submission guidelines Articles which primary focus is AWS are permitted to used the #aws tag. Older #aws posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Building a Multi-Account CloudWatch Dashboard That Actually Works Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Follow Jan 9 Building a Multi-Account CloudWatch Dashboard That Actually Works # aws # cloudwatch # monitoring # sre 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Zero Budget, High Impact: My First Step Becoming an AWS Community Builder lihaong lihaong lihaong Follow Jan 9 Zero Budget, High Impact: My First Step Becoming an AWS Community Builder # aws # awsbudget # tutorial # cloud Comments Add Comment 3 min read Orphaned EBS Volumes Costing You $$$? 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You're my only hope. # localstack # aws # terraform Comments Add Comment 4 min read Saving Plans de AWS- Vistazo breve Barbara Gaspar Barbara Gaspar Barbara Gaspar Follow Jan 9 Saving Plans de AWS- Vistazo breve # aws # finops Comments Add Comment 2 min read Auto Scaling Role & Azure Virtual Machine Scale Sets (VMSS) daniel shaibu daniel shaibu daniel shaibu Follow Jan 9 Auto Scaling Role & Azure Virtual Machine Scale Sets (VMSS) # devops # aws # cloud # cloudcomputing Comments Add Comment 3 min read AWS CloudFormation Drift Detection & Remediation Guide Spacelift team Spacelift team Spacelift team Follow for Spacelift Jan 9 AWS CloudFormation Drift Detection & Remediation Guide # aws # devops Comments Add Comment 9 min read SQS to Lambda vs API kerry convery kerry convery kerry convery Follow Jan 9 SQS to Lambda vs API # aws # lambda # sqs # node Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🚨 AWS 129: Bridging the Gap - Implementing VPC Peering Hritik Raj Hritik Raj Hritik Raj Follow Jan 9 🚨 AWS 129: Bridging the Gap - Implementing VPC Peering # aws # networking # vpc # 100daysofcloud Comments Add Comment 3 min read I Accidentally Launched 50 EC2 Instances with CloudFormation SpotFleet (and How to Prevent It) Yuto Takashi Yuto Takashi Yuto Takashi Follow Jan 9 I Accidentally Launched 50 EC2 Instances with CloudFormation SpotFleet (and How to Prevent It) # aws # devops # infrastructureascode # jenkins Comments Add Comment 4 min read Mastering AWS Well Architecture Framework Dmitry Golovach Dmitry Golovach Dmitry Golovach Follow Jan 9 Mastering AWS Well Architecture Framework # aws Comments Add Comment 3 min read Day 14: Scheduling AWS Lambda with EventBridge (The Serverless Cron). Eric Rodríguez Eric Rodríguez Eric Rodríguez Follow Jan 9 Day 14: Scheduling AWS Lambda with EventBridge (The Serverless Cron). # aws # serverless # automation # devops Comments Add Comment 1 min read Сине-зеленое развертывание на EKS Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Follow Jan 9 Сине-зеленое развертывание на EKS # eks # aws # bluegreen # programming Comments Add Comment 1 min read Implementing Security Lake in AWS GovCloud for FedRAMP High Compliance Ophir Zahavi Ophir Zahavi Ophir Zahavi Follow for AWS Community Builders Jan 8 Implementing Security Lake in AWS GovCloud for FedRAMP High Compliance # security # aws # awssecuritylake # fedramp 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 11 min read The Backtesting Nightmare: When Data Size Kills Agility Varun S Varun S Varun S Follow Jan 9 The Backtesting Nightmare: When Data Size Kills Agility # aws # lakehouse # datalake # apacheiceberg Comments Add Comment 10 min read LLMs are like Humans - They make mistakes. Here is how we limit them with Guardrails Ali-Funk Ali-Funk Ali-Funk Follow Jan 8 LLMs are like Humans - They make mistakes. Here is how we limit them with Guardrails # aws # ai # guardrails # architecture Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Prepare for a Certification in any Tech Career KWAN KWAN KWAN Follow Jan 9 How to Prepare for a Certification in any Tech Career # programming # cloud # aws # certification 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 4 min read 🌐 AWS 127: Building from Scratch - Creating a Custom Public VPC Hritik Raj Hritik Raj Hritik Raj Follow Jan 7 🌐 AWS 127: Building from Scratch - Creating a Custom Public VPC # aws # networking # vpc # 100daysofcloud Comments Add Comment 3 min read Connecting Your Frontend to AWS: APIs, Authentication, and Storage Blessing Njoku Blessing Njoku Blessing Njoku Follow Jan 8 Connecting Your Frontend to AWS: APIs, Authentication, and Storage # aws # frontend # webdev # programming Comments Add Comment 3 min read Instancias reservadas de AWS- Vistazo breve Barbara Gaspar Barbara Gaspar Barbara Gaspar Follow Jan 8 Instancias reservadas de AWS- Vistazo breve # aws # finops Comments Add Comment 2 min read AWS Community Builder Applications for 2026 is Now Open! Here's Why You Should Apply. KUSEH SIMON WEWOLIAMO KUSEH SIMON WEWOLIAMO KUSEH SIMON WEWOLIAMO Follow for AWS Community Builders Jan 8 AWS Community Builder Applications for 2026 is Now Open! Here's Why You Should Apply. # aws # cloud # containers # ai Comments Add Comment 1 min read Wearable Tech Data + Better Health Insights + Building a Scalable IoT Pipeline on AWS wellallyTech wellallyTech wellallyTech Follow Jan 9 Wearable Tech Data + Better Health Insights + Building a Scalable IoT Pipeline on AWS # aws # architecture # serverless # iot Comments Add Comment 3 min read I finally Deployed on AWS Olamide Olanrewaju Olamide Olanrewaju Olamide Olanrewaju Follow Jan 8 I finally Deployed on AWS # aws # beginners # devjournal Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Management Follow Hide "Would I rather be feared or loved? Easy. Both. I want people to be afraid of how much they love me." - Michael Scott (The Office) Create Post Older #management posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Why Your Job Isn’t Disappearing—But Your Tasks Are (Part 3: The Career) synthaicode synthaicode synthaicode Follow Jan 12 Why Your Job Isn’t Disappearing—But Your Tasks Are (Part 3: The Career) # ai # career # management # softwaredevelopment 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Power of the Duo: Why Strategic Partnerships are the Secret to Resilient Teams adegiamb adegiamb adegiamb Follow Jan 12 The Power of the Duo: Why Strategic Partnerships are the Secret to Resilient Teams # culture # softskills # productivity # management Comments Add Comment 4 min read Quiverstone: The Single Pane of Glass for AWS Multi-Account Chaos Ross Wickman Ross Wickman Ross Wickman Follow for AWS Community Builders Jan 12 Quiverstone: The Single Pane of Glass for AWS Multi-Account Chaos # management # governance # saas # tooling Comments Add Comment 3 min read Human–AI Collaboration in Project Teams — Redefining Leadership and Decision-Making Aaryan Gupta Aaryan Gupta Aaryan Gupta Follow Jan 12 Human–AI Collaboration in Project Teams — Redefining Leadership and Decision-Making # ai # leadership # management # productivity Comments Add Comment 2 min read What's the Hardest Thing to Manage? - Silicon Valley VC's Management Wisdom Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 What's the Hardest Thing to Manage? - Silicon Valley VC's Management Wisdom # leadership # management # startup Comments Add Comment 11 min read Reading List: Staff Engineering and Tech Management Books Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Reading List: Staff Engineering and Tech Management Books # management # leadership # resources # career Comments Add Comment 2 min read DevOps: Netflix Gaming Platform Director Views Tech Debt as Innovation Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 DevOps: Netflix Gaming Platform Director Views Tech Debt as Innovation # architecture # devops # management Comments Add Comment 3 min read What AI Actually Replaces in Software Development (Part 2: The Reality) synthaicode synthaicode synthaicode Follow Jan 11 What AI Actually Replaces in Software Development (Part 2: The Reality) # ai # career # management # softwaredevelopment Comments Add Comment 3 min read Book Sharing: Miracle Questions for High-Performing Teams Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Sharing: Miracle Questions for High-Performing Teams # leadership # management # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read Book Sharing: Copyable Leadership - Fan Deng's Nine Business Lessons, Praised by 3 Million Paying Members Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Sharing: Copyable Leadership - Fan Deng's Nine Business Lessons, Praised by 3 Million Paying Members # leadership # learning # management Comments Add Comment 4 min read Sharing a Good Book: How to Criticize Effectively (Instead of Yelling) to Build a High-Performing Team Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Sharing a Good Book: How to Criticize Effectively (Instead of Yelling) to Build a High-Performing Team # leadership # management # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read Book Review: The Staff Engineer's Path Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Review: The Staff Engineer's Path # career # leadership # management Comments Add Comment 3 min read EIOC: A Detection Framework for Human‑Layer Security Narnaiezzsshaa Truong Narnaiezzsshaa Truong Narnaiezzsshaa Truong Follow Jan 11 EIOC: A Detection Framework for Human‑Layer Security # cybersecurity # career # management # mentalhealth Comments Add Comment 3 min read AI Does Tasks. Humans Do Deals. synthaicode synthaicode synthaicode Follow Jan 10 AI Does Tasks. Humans Do Deals. # ai # career # softwareengineering # management Comments Add Comment 3 min read Navigating the Startup Landscape: Mastering Competitive Analysis Visakh Vijayan Visakh Vijayan Visakh Vijayan Follow Jan 10 Navigating the Startup Landscape: Mastering Competitive Analysis # analytics # management # startup Comments Add Comment 3 min read When Everyone Runs a Factory Chris Korhonen Chris Korhonen Chris Korhonen Follow Jan 11 When Everyone Runs a Factory # ai # agents # management 7 reactions Comments 3 comments 10 min read Dynamic Pricing Intelligence: AI Layer vs. Full Platform Replacement Genco Divrikli Genco Divrikli Genco Divrikli Follow Jan 9 Dynamic Pricing Intelligence: AI Layer vs. Full Platform Replacement # ai # architecture # management Comments Add Comment 15 min read Not Every Problem Needs AI, but Every AI Needs Governance Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Follow Jan 9 Not Every Problem Needs AI, but Every AI Needs Governance # discuss # ai # architecture # management Comments Add Comment 1 min read What CEO retreats actually change for engineering execution Imperium by Edstellar Imperium by Edstellar Imperium by Edstellar Follow Jan 8 What CEO retreats actually change for engineering execution # leadership # management # product # softwareengineering Comments Add Comment 3 min read AI Strategy 2026: The Year of Relentless Momentum and Brutal Honesty Yaseen Yaseen Yaseen Follow Jan 8 AI Strategy 2026: The Year of Relentless Momentum and Brutal Honesty # ai # softwareengineering # career # management Comments Add Comment 4 min read AI Cost Management: Turning the Financial Ghost into a Wish-Granting Genie Yaseen Yaseen Yaseen Follow Jan 7 AI Cost Management: Turning the Financial Ghost into a Wish-Granting Genie # ai # finops # management # cloud Comments Add Comment 4 min read AI Project Management: What Helps vs What’s Hype in 2026 Now Bella Sean Bella Sean Bella Sean Follow Jan 7 AI Project Management: What Helps vs What’s Hype in 2026 Now # discuss # ai # management # productivity Comments Add Comment 7 min read Stop Chasing Five Stars. Start Building Systems. Arjun Rajkumar Arjun Rajkumar Arjun Rajkumar Follow Jan 5 Stop Chasing Five Stars. Start Building Systems. # management # productivity # startup Comments Add Comment 5 min read A Retail Investor's Self-Discipline Journey: Using AI to Block 80% of Bad Trades fmzquant fmzquant fmzquant Follow Jan 5 A Retail Investor's Self-Discipline Journey: Using AI to Block 80% of Bad Trades # ai # marketing # trader # management Comments Add Comment 8 min read No todo el riesgo en la IA proviene de intenciones maliciosas Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Follow Jan 6 No todo el riesgo en la IA proviene de intenciones maliciosas # ai # management # security Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... trending guides/resources Technical Debt Is a Myth Created By Bad Managers A Halloween Retrospective 🎃 The Cargo Cult What Does Odoo Migration Really Cost? A Transparent Pricing Breakdown for 2025 Stop Measuring Noise: The Productivity Metrics That Really Matter in Software Engineering Your Go-To Daily Standup Agenda and How to Actually Make It Work AI Cost Management: Turning the Financial Ghost into a Wish-Granting Genie The Open Source Myth: Why "Free" Doesn't Always Mean Free TorqueLogic: An AI-Driven Management Information System for High-Performance Fleet Management and... 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https://docs.python.org/3/faq/general.html	General Python FAQ — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents General Python FAQ General Information Python in the real world Previous topic Python Frequently Asked Questions Next topic Programming FAQ This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules \| next \| previous \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » Python Frequently Asked Questions » General Python FAQ \| Theme Auto Light Dark \| General Python FAQ ¶ Contents General Python FAQ General Information What is Python? What is the Python Software Foundation? Are there copyright restrictions on the use of Python? Why was Python created in the first place? What is Python good for? How does the Python version numbering scheme work? How do I obtain a copy of the Python source? How do I get documentation on Python? I’ve never programmed before. Is there a Python tutorial? Is there a newsgroup or mailing list devoted to Python? How do I get a beta test version of Python? How do I submit bug reports and patches for Python? Are there any published articles about Python that I can reference? Are there any books on Python? Where in the world is www.python.org located? Why is it called Python? Do I have to like “Monty Python’s Flying Circus”? Python in the real world How stable is Python? How many people are using Python? Have any significant projects been done in Python? What new developments are expected for Python in the future? Is it reasonable to propose incompatible changes to Python? Is Python a good language for beginning programmers? General Information ¶ What is Python? ¶ Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language. It incorporates modules, exceptions, dynamic typing, very high level dynamic data types, and classes. It supports multiple programming paradigms beyond object-oriented programming, such as procedural and functional programming. Python combines remarkable power with very clear syntax. It has interfaces to many system calls and libraries, as well as to various window systems, and is extensible in C or C++. It is also usable as an extension language for applications that need a programmable interface. Finally, Python is portable: it runs on many Unix variants including Linux and macOS, and on Windows. To find out more, start with The Python Tutorial . The Beginner’s Guide to Python links to other introductory tutorials and resources for learning Python. What is the Python Software Foundation? ¶ The Python Software Foundation is an independent non-profit organization that holds the copyright on Python versions 2.1 and newer. The PSF’s mission is to advance open source technology related to the Python programming language and to publicize the use of Python. The PSF’s home page is at https://www.python.org/psf/ . Donations to the PSF are tax-exempt in the US. If you use Python and find it helpful, please contribute via the PSF donation page . Are there copyright restrictions on the use of Python? ¶ You can do anything you want with the source, as long as you leave the copyrights in and display those copyrights in any documentation about Python that you produce. If you honor the copyright rules, it’s OK to use Python for commercial use, to sell copies of Python in source or binary form (modified or unmodified), or to sell products that incorporate Python in some form. We would still like to know about all commercial use of Python, of course. See the license page to find further explanations and the full text of the PSF License. The Python logo is trademarked, and in certain cases permission is required to use it. Consult the Trademark Usage Policy for more information. Why was Python created in the first place? ¶ Here’s a very brief summary of what started it all, written by Guido van Rossum: I had extensive experience with implementing an interpreted language in the ABC group at CWI, and from working with this group I had learned a lot about language design. This is the origin of many Python features, including the use of indentation for statement grouping and the inclusion of very-high-level data types (although the details are all different in Python). I had a number of gripes about the ABC language, but also liked many of its features. It was impossible to extend the ABC language (or its implementation) to remedy my complaints – in fact its lack of extensibility was one of its biggest problems. I had some experience with using Modula-2+ and talked with the designers of Modula-3 and read the Modula-3 report. Modula-3 is the origin of the syntax and semantics used for exceptions, and some other Python features. I was working in the Amoeba distributed operating system group at CWI. We needed a better way to do system administration than by writing either C programs or Bourne shell scripts, since Amoeba had its own system call interface which wasn’t easily accessible from the Bourne shell. My experience with error handling in Amoeba made me acutely aware of the importance of exceptions as a programming language feature. It occurred to me that a scripting language with a syntax like ABC but with access to the Amoeba system calls would fill the need. I realized that it would be foolish to write an Amoeba-specific language, so I decided that I needed a language that was generally extensible. During the 1989 Christmas holidays, I had a lot of time on my hand, so I decided to give it a try. During the next year, while still mostly working on it in my own time, Python was used in the Amoeba project with increasing success, and the feedback from colleagues made me add many early improvements. In February 1991, after just over a year of development, I decided to post to USENET. The rest is in the Misc/HISTORY file. What is Python good for? ¶ Python is a high-level general-purpose programming language that can be applied to many different classes of problems. The language comes with a large standard library that covers areas such as string processing (regular expressions, Unicode, calculating differences between files), internet protocols (HTTP, FTP, SMTP, XML-RPC, POP, IMAP), software engineering (unit testing, logging, profiling, parsing Python code), and operating system interfaces (system calls, filesystems, TCP/IP sockets). Look at the table of contents for The Python Standard Library to get an idea of what’s available. A wide variety of third-party extensions are also available. Consult the Python Package Index to find packages of interest to you. How does the Python version numbering scheme work? ¶ Python versions are numbered “A.B.C” or “A.B”: A is the major version number – it is only incremented for really major changes in the language. B is the minor version number – it is incremented for less earth-shattering changes. C is the micro version number – it is incremented for each bugfix release. Not all releases are bugfix releases. In the run-up to a new feature release, a series of development releases are made, denoted as alpha, beta, or release candidate. Alphas are early releases in which interfaces aren’t yet finalized; it’s not unexpected to see an interface change between two alpha releases. Betas are more stable, preserving existing interfaces but possibly adding new modules, and release candidates are frozen, making no changes except as needed to fix critical bugs. Alpha, beta and release candidate versions have an additional suffix: The suffix for an alpha version is “aN” for some small number N . The suffix for a beta version is “bN” for some small number N . The suffix for a release candidate version is “rcN” for some small number N . In other words, all versions labeled 2.0aN precede the versions labeled 2.0bN , which precede versions labeled 2.0rcN , and those precede 2.0. You may also find version numbers with a “+” suffix, e.g. “2.2+”. These are unreleased versions, built directly from the CPython development repository. In practice, after a final minor release is made, the version is incremented to the next minor version, which becomes the “a0” version, e.g. “2.4a0”. See the Developer’s Guide for more information about the development cycle, and PEP 387 to learn more about Python’s backward compatibility policy. See also the documentation for sys.version , sys.hexversion , and sys.version_info . How do I obtain a copy of the Python source? ¶ The latest Python source distribution is always available from python.org, at https://www.python.org/downloads/ . The latest development sources can be obtained at https://github.com/python/cpython/ . The source distribution is a gzipped tar file containing the complete C source, Sphinx-formatted documentation, Python library modules, example programs, and several useful pieces of freely distributable software. The source will compile and run out of the box on most UNIX platforms. Consult the Getting Started section of the Python Developer’s Guide for more information on getting the source code and compiling it. How do I get documentation on Python? ¶ The standard documentation for the current stable version of Python is available at https://docs.python.org/3/ . EPUB, plain text, and downloadable HTML versions are also available at https://docs.python.org/3/download.html . The documentation is written in reStructuredText and processed by the Sphinx documentation tool . The reStructuredText source for the documentation is part of the Python source distribution. I’ve never programmed before. Is there a Python tutorial? ¶ There are numerous tutorials and books available. The standard documentation includes The Python Tutorial . Consult the Beginner’s Guide to find information for beginning Python programmers, including lists of tutorials. Is there a newsgroup or mailing list devoted to Python? ¶ There is a newsgroup, comp.lang.python , and a mailing list, python-list . The newsgroup and mailing list are gatewayed into each other – if you can read news it’s unnecessary to subscribe to the mailing list. comp.lang.python is high-traffic, receiving hundreds of postings every day, and Usenet readers are often more able to cope with this volume. Announcements of new software releases and events can be found in comp.lang.python.announce, a low-traffic moderated list that receives about five postings per day. It’s available as the python-announce mailing list . More info about other mailing lists and newsgroups can be found at https://www.python.org/community/lists/ . How do I get a beta test version of Python? ¶ Alpha and beta releases are available from https://www.python.org/downloads/ . All releases are announced on the comp.lang.python and comp.lang.python.announce newsgroups and on the Python home page at https://www.python.org/ ; an RSS feed of news is available. You can also access the development version of Python through Git. See The Python Developer’s Guide for details. How do I submit bug reports and patches for Python? ¶ To report a bug or submit a patch, use the issue tracker at https://github.com/python/cpython/issues . For more information on how Python is developed, consult the Python Developer’s Guide . Are there any published articles about Python that I can reference? ¶ It’s probably best to cite your favorite book about Python. The very first article about Python was written in 1991 and is now quite outdated. Guido van Rossum and Jelke de Boer, “Interactively Testing Remote Servers Using the Python Programming Language”, CWI Quarterly, Volume 4, Issue 4 (December 1991), Amsterdam, pp 283–303. Are there any books on Python? ¶ Yes, there are many, and more are being published. See the python.org wiki at https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonBooks for a list. You can also search online bookstores for “Python” and filter out the Monty Python references; or perhaps search for “Python” and “language”. Where in the world is www.python.org located? ¶ The Python project’s infrastructure is located all over the world and is managed by the Python Infrastructure Team. Details here . Why is it called Python? ¶ When he began implementing Python, Guido van Rossum was also reading the published scripts from “Monty Python’s Flying Circus” , a BBC comedy series from the 1970s. Van Rossum thought he needed a name that was short, unique, and slightly mysterious, so he decided to call the language Python. Do I have to like “Monty Python’s Flying Circus”? ¶ No, but it helps. :) Python in the real world ¶ How stable is Python? ¶ Very stable. New, stable releases have been coming out roughly every 6 to 18 months since 1991, and this seems likely to continue. As of version 3.9, Python will have a new feature release every 12 months ( PEP 602 ). The developers issue bugfix releases of older versions, so the stability of existing releases gradually improves. Bugfix releases, indicated by a third component of the version number (e.g. 3.5.3, 3.6.2), are managed for stability; only fixes for known problems are included in a bugfix release, and it’s guaranteed that interfaces will remain the same throughout a series of bugfix releases. The latest stable releases can always be found on the Python download page . Python 3.x is the recommended version and supported by most widely used libraries. Python 2.x is not maintained anymore . How many people are using Python? ¶ There are probably millions of users, though it’s difficult to obtain an exact count. Python is available for free download, so there are no sales figures, and it’s available from many different sites and packaged with many Linux distributions, so download statistics don’t tell the whole story either. The comp.lang.python newsgroup is very active, but not all Python users post to the group or even read it. Have any significant projects been done in Python? ¶ See https://www.python.org/about/success for a list of projects that use Python. Consulting the proceedings for past Python conferences will reveal contributions from many different companies and organizations. High-profile Python projects include the Mailman mailing list manager and the Zope application server . Several Linux distributions, most notably Red Hat , have written part or all of their installer and system administration software in Python. Companies that use Python internally include Google, Yahoo, and Lucasfilm Ltd. What new developments are expected for Python in the future? ¶ See https://peps.python.org/ for the Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs). PEPs are design documents describing a suggested new feature for Python, providing a concise technical specification and a rationale. Look for a PEP titled “Python X.Y Release Schedule”, where X.Y is a version that hasn’t been publicly released yet. New development is discussed on the python-dev mailing list . Is it reasonable to propose incompatible changes to Python? ¶ In general, no. There are already millions of lines of Python code around the world, so any change in the language that invalidates more than a very small fraction of existing programs has to be frowned upon. Even if you can provide a conversion program, there’s still the problem of updating all documentation; many books have been written about Python, and we don’t want to invalidate them all at a single stroke. Providing a gradual upgrade path is necessary if a feature has to be changed. PEP 5 describes the procedure followed for introducing backward-incompatible changes while minimizing disruption for users. Is Python a good language for beginning programmers? ¶ Yes. It is still common to start students with a procedural and statically typed language such as Pascal, C, or a subset of C++ or Java. Students may be better served by learning Python as their first language. Python has a very simple and consistent syntax and a large standard library and, most importantly, using Python in a beginning programming course lets students concentrate on important programming skills such as problem decomposition and data type design. With Python, students can be quickly introduced to basic concepts such as loops and procedures. They can probably even work with user-defined objects in their very first course. For a student who has never programmed before, using a statically typed language seems unnatural. It presents additional complexity that the student must master and slows the pace of the course. The students are trying to learn to think like a computer, decompose problems, design consistent interfaces, and encapsulate data. While learning to use a statically typed language is important in the long term, it is not necessarily the best topic to address in the students’ first programming course. Many other aspects of Python make it a good first language. Like Java, Python has a large standard library so that students can be assigned programming projects very early in the course that do something. Assignments aren’t restricted to the standard four-function calculator and check balancing programs. By using the standard library, students can gain the satisfaction of working on realistic applications as they learn the fundamentals of programming. Using the standard library also teaches students about code reuse. Third-party modules such as PyGame are also helpful in extending the students’ reach. Python’s interactive interpreter enables students to test language features while they’re programming. They can keep a window with the interpreter running while they enter their program’s source in another window. If they can’t remember the methods for a list, they can do something like this: >>> L = [] >>> dir ( L ) ['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__iadd__', '__imul__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__reversed__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'append', 'clear', 'copy', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert', 'pop', 'remove', 'reverse', 'sort'] >>> [ d for d in dir ( L ) if '__' not in d ] ['append', 'clear', 'copy', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert', 'pop', 'remove', 'reverse', 'sort'] >>> help ( L . append ) Help on built-in function append: append(...) L.append(object) -> None -- append object to end >>> L . append ( 1 ) >>> L [1] With the interpreter, documentation is never far from the student as they are programming. There are also good IDEs for Python. IDLE is a cross-platform IDE for Python that is written in Python using Tkinter. Emacs users will be happy to know that there is a very good Python mode for Emacs. All of these programming environments provide syntax highlighting, auto-indenting, and access to the interactive interpreter while coding. Consult the Python wiki for a full list of Python editing environments. If you want to discuss Python’s use in education, you may be interested in joining the edu-sig mailing list . Table of Contents General Python FAQ General Information Python in the real world Previous topic Python Frequently Asked Questions Next topic Programming FAQ This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules \| next \| previous \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » Python Frequently Asked Questions » General Python FAQ \| Theme Auto Light Dark \| © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. Last updated on Jan 13, 2026 (06:19 UTC). Found a bug ? Created using Sphinx 8.2.3.	2026-01-13T08:49:01
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Right menu My Experience with Google Antigravity: How I Refactored Easy Kit Utils with AI Agents 🚀 Domenico Tenace Domenico Tenace Domenico Tenace Follow for This is Learning Jan 6 My Experience with Google Antigravity: How I Refactored Easy Kit Utils with AI Agents 🚀 # ai # coding # opensource # antigravity 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Graph RAG: Why Vector Search Alone Is Not Enough for Serious Backend Systems Manas Mishra Manas Mishra Manas Mishra Follow Dec 24 '25 Graph RAG: Why Vector Search Alone Is Not Enough for Serious Backend Systems # rag # ai # backend # opensource Comments Add Comment 2 min read AI-to-AI Communication: Navigating the Risks in an Interconnected AI Ecosystem John R. Black III John R. Black III John R. Black III Follow Dec 23 '25 AI-to-AI Communication: Navigating the Risks in an Interconnected AI Ecosystem # cybersecurity # ai # systemdesign # zerotrust Comments 4 comments 4 min read How to Automate 2FA and Account Creation for AI Agents nottelabs nottelabs nottelabs Follow Dec 23 '25 How to Automate 2FA and Account Creation for AI Agents # webdev # programming # ai # devops 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Introduction to Deep Learning: Understanding the Basics Nomidl Official Nomidl Official Nomidl Official Follow Dec 24 '25 Introduction to Deep Learning: Understanding the Basics # programming # ai # python # deeplearning Comments Add Comment 4 min read AI Copilots for Developers: Beyond Code Completion OutworkTech OutworkTech OutworkTech Follow Dec 23 '25 AI Copilots for Developers: Beyond Code Completion # ai # developer # productivity # testing Comments Add Comment 3 min read Day 31 of improving my Data Science skills Sylvester Promise Sylvester Promise Sylvester Promise Follow Dec 23 '25 Day 31 of improving my Data Science skills # ai # productivity # tutorial # opensource Comments Add Comment 1 min read AI-Powered Low-Code Platforms for Apps and Agents Nick Peterson Nick Peterson Nick Peterson Follow Dec 23 '25 AI-Powered Low-Code Platforms for Apps and Agents # ai # agents # lowcode # nocode Comments Add Comment 6 min read How Intelligent Planning Transforms ERP Systems With OptaPlanner Richa Singh Richa Singh Richa Singh Follow Dec 23 '25 How Intelligent Planning Transforms ERP Systems With OptaPlanner # ai # algorithms # architecture Comments Add Comment 4 min read Timefold Task Scheduling: A Practical Guide to Smarter, Scalable Planning Richa Singh Richa Singh Richa Singh Follow Dec 23 '25 Timefold Task Scheduling: A Practical Guide to Smarter, Scalable Planning # ai # algorithms # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building Bushido: Designing Tension with Only Two Buttons (7 Games in 7 Weeks - Week 3) varun chaaras varun chaaras varun chaaras Follow Dec 27 '25 Building Bushido: Designing Tension with Only Two Buttons (7 Games in 7 Weeks - Week 3) # showdev # gamedev # programming # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read Powerful LLMs Are Not the Problem — Using Them “Raw” Is A systems-engineering view for builders yuer yuer yuer Follow Dec 23 '25 Powerful LLMs Are Not the Problem — Using Them “Raw” Is A systems-engineering view for builders # softwareengineering # llm # ai # architecture Comments Add Comment 5 min read Lessons from running the same debugging prompt through different AI systems Rohit Gavali Rohit Gavali Rohit Gavali Follow Dec 23 '25 Lessons from running the same debugging prompt through different AI systems # webdev # programming # ai Comments Add Comment 8 min read Should we stop using AI for Software Development? Leon Revill Leon Revill Leon Revill Follow Jan 9 Should we stop using AI for Software Development? # ai # softwareengineering # leadership Comments Add Comment 9 min read How We Decide Whether AI Software Is Worth Paying For Rylko Roman Rylko Roman Rylko Roman Follow Dec 23 '25 How We Decide Whether AI Software Is Worth Paying For # ai # software # webdev # investing Comments Add Comment 5 min read How to Bypass reCAPTCHA and Turnstile in Crawlee with CapSolver luisgustvo luisgustvo luisgustvo Follow Dec 24 '25 How to Bypass reCAPTCHA and Turnstile in Crawlee with CapSolver # ai # automation # bypass # webdev Comments Add Comment 7 min read Stop Flattening Your Images: How Qwen2-VL Unlocks "Layered" Vision Juddiy Juddiy Juddiy Follow Dec 23 '25 Stop Flattening Your Images: How Qwen2-VL Unlocks "Layered" Vision # webdev # ai # python # web3 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read AI Engineering: Advent of AI with goose Day 14 - Complete Operations System Erica Erica Erica Follow Dec 22 '25 AI Engineering: Advent of AI with goose Day 14 - Complete Operations System # ai # goose # adventofai # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Practical Observations from Real-World Software Development in the Age of AI Fahad TEch Fahad TEch Fahad TEch Follow Jan 6 Practical Observations from Real-World Software Development in the Age of AI # discuss # ai # productivity # softwareengineering Comments Add Comment 1 min read Kilo Code Weekly Product Roundup Darko from Kilo Darko from Kilo Darko from Kilo Follow Dec 23 '25 Kilo Code Weekly Product Roundup # coding # product # ai Comments Add Comment 3 min read Qwen Image 2512 Workflow: Complete Guide to AI Image Generation in 2026 Garyvov Garyvov Garyvov Follow Jan 5 Qwen Image 2512 Workflow: Complete Guide to AI Image Generation in 2026 # ai # deeplearning # opensource # tutorial Comments Add Comment 11 min read Data Science & AI: A Developer’s Guide to the Future of Analytics Software Developer Software Developer Software Developer Follow Dec 23 '25 Data Science & AI: A Developer’s Guide to the Future of Analytics # ai # datascience # analytics # futurechallenge 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Fabrice Bellard Releases MicroQuickJS Aman Shekhar Aman Shekhar Aman Shekhar Follow Dec 24 '25 Fabrice Bellard Releases MicroQuickJS # ai # machinelearning # techtrends Comments Add Comment 5 min read AI in Web Development: Real Changes, Use Cases, and Limits rukmini santoshi rukmini santoshi rukmini santoshi Follow Dec 23 '25 AI in Web Development: Real Changes, Use Cases, and Limits # webdev # ai # aiinwebdevelopment # webdevelopmen Comments Add Comment 8 min read 📊 2026-01-05 - Daily Intelligence Recap - Top 3 Signals Agent_Asof Agent_Asof Agent_Asof Follow Jan 5 📊 2026-01-05 - Daily Intelligence Recap - Top 3 Signals # tech # programming # startup # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close # cloudwatch Follow Hide Create Post Older #cloudwatch posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Building a Multi-Account CloudWatch Dashboard That Actually Works Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Follow Jan 9 Building a Multi-Account CloudWatch Dashboard That Actually Works # aws # cloudwatch # monitoring # sre 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🚨 AWS 125: Guardian of the Cloud - Setting Up CloudWatch Alarms Hritik Raj Hritik Raj Hritik Raj Follow Jan 5 🚨 AWS 125: Guardian of the Cloud - Setting Up CloudWatch Alarms # aws # cloudwatch # monitoring # 100daysofcloud Comments Add Comment 3 min read 10 AWS Production Incidents That Taught Me Real-World SRE Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Follow Jan 8 10 AWS Production Incidents That Taught Me Real-World SRE # aws # sre # monitoring # cloudwatch 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read Automating CloudWatch Orphan Alarm Detection: A Production-Ready Solution Prashant Gupta Prashant Gupta Prashant Gupta Follow Jan 2 Automating CloudWatch Orphan Alarm Detection: A Production-Ready Solution # aws # cloudwatch # monitoring Comments Add Comment 8 min read Monitor multiple resources using a single CloudWatch Alarm (with CDK) Johannes Konings Johannes Konings Johannes Konings Follow for AWS Community Builders Dec 13 '25 Monitor multiple resources using a single CloudWatch Alarm (with CDK) # aws # cdk # cloudwatch Comments Add Comment 4 min read AWS CloudWatch Alarm Failed Monitoring Prashant Gupta Prashant Gupta Prashant Gupta Follow Dec 28 '25 AWS CloudWatch Alarm Failed Monitoring # aws # cloudwatch # alarm # monitoring Comments Add Comment 3 min read A Practical Guide to AWS CloudWatch That Most Engineers Skip Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Follow Jan 4 A Practical Guide to AWS CloudWatch That Most Engineers Skip # cloudwatch # aws # monitoring # devops 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Automating EC2 Recovery with AWS Lambda and CloudWatch maryam mairaj maryam mairaj maryam mairaj Follow for SUDO Consultants Nov 7 '25 Automating EC2 Recovery with AWS Lambda and CloudWatch # cloudwatch # ec2 # aws # lambda Comments Add Comment 5 min read AI-Powered AWS CloudWatch Alarm Triage Terraform Module Wayne Workman Wayne Workman Wayne Workman Follow Nov 7 '25 AI-Powered AWS CloudWatch Alarm Triage Terraform Module # terraform # aws # cloudwatch # devops Comments Add Comment 5 min read Trying out Amazon CloudWatch Network Flow Monitor in EKS Kentaro Matsumoto Kentaro Matsumoto Kentaro Matsumoto Follow for AWS Community Builders Nov 25 '25 Trying out Amazon CloudWatch Network Flow Monitor in EKS # aws # cloudwatch 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read How To Install Cloudwatch Agent On Amazon Linux By Using CLI Thu Kha Kyawe Thu Kha Kyawe Thu Kha Kyawe Follow Nov 11 '25 How To Install Cloudwatch Agent On Amazon Linux By Using CLI # aws # cloudwatch # 2025 Comments Add Comment 5 min read How To Create a CloudWatch Dashboard for EC2 and ELB Thu Kha Kyawe Thu Kha Kyawe Thu Kha Kyawe Follow Nov 9 '25 How To Create a CloudWatch Dashboard for EC2 and ELB # aws # cloudwatch # dashboard # 2025 Comments Add Comment 4 min read How To Create a CloudWatch Alarm for CPU Utilization Thu Kha Kyawe Thu Kha Kyawe Thu Kha Kyawe Follow Nov 8 '25 How To Create a CloudWatch Alarm for CPU Utilization # aws # cloudwatch # sns # 2025 Comments Add Comment 2 min read Monitoring multiple dynamic resources using a single Amazon CloudWatch alarm Pubudu Jayawardana Pubudu Jayawardana Pubudu Jayawardana Follow for AWS Community Builders Oct 21 '25 Monitoring multiple dynamic resources using a single Amazon CloudWatch alarm # aws # cloudwatch # monitoring 13 reactions Comments 2 comments 5 min read Day 46: Set-up CloudWatch alarms and SNS topics on AWS Udoh Deborah Udoh Deborah Udoh Deborah Follow Sep 9 '25 Day 46: Set-up CloudWatch alarms and SNS topics on AWS # cloudwatch # aws # linux # devops 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Turn log lines into alerts (without building a whole observability stack) Michael Uanikehi Michael Uanikehi Michael Uanikehi Follow for AWS Community Builders Sep 13 '25 Turn log lines into alerts (without building a whole observability stack) # cloudwatch # observability # monitoring # aws 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Improve observability for Windows EC2 instances with the CloudWatch Agent Jeroen Reijn Jeroen Reijn Jeroen Reijn Follow for AWS Community Builders Oct 6 '25 Improve observability for Windows EC2 instances with the CloudWatch Agent # aws # cdk # observability # cloudwatch 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 8 min read Masking Sensitive Data in CloudWatch Logs for APIs (and keeping your secrets safe!) Bijay Singh deo Bijay Singh deo Bijay Singh deo Follow Sep 16 '25 Masking Sensitive Data in CloudWatch Logs for APIs (and keeping your secrets safe!) # aws # cloudwatch # devops # security 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Automating Your Log Retention Strategy on AWS Muhammad Zeeshan Muhammad Zeeshan Muhammad Zeeshan Follow Sep 1 '25 Automating Your Log Retention Strategy on AWS # aws # s3 # cloudstorage # cloudwatch Comments Add Comment 2 min read Unpacking Containers: CloudWatch’s Role in Docker Monitoring Aarush Luthra Aarush Luthra Aarush Luthra Follow Aug 6 '25 Unpacking Containers: CloudWatch’s Role in Docker Monitoring # docker # aws # monitoring # cloudwatch 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Monitoring Java APIs with Amazon CloudWatch and AWS X-Ray Airat Yusuff Airat Yusuff Airat Yusuff Follow for AWS Community Builders Aug 14 '25 Monitoring Java APIs with Amazon CloudWatch and AWS X-Ray # aws # observability # cloudwatch # xray 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read AWS Cloud Path Week 15: AWS Networking Workshop Part 5 - Hybrid DNS with Route 53 Resolver, Network Monitoring and VPC Flow Logs Elizabeth Adeotun Adegbaju Elizabeth Adeotun Adegbaju Elizabeth Adeotun Adegbaju Follow for AWS Community Builders Aug 3 '25 AWS Cloud Path Week 15: AWS Networking Workshop Part 5 - Hybrid DNS with Route 53 Resolver, Network Monitoring and VPC Flow Logs # aws # networking # cloudwatch # monitoring Comments Add Comment 6 min read Cloudwatch Monitoring muhirwaJD muhirwaJD muhirwaJD Follow Jul 2 '25 Cloudwatch Monitoring # cloudwatch # cloudcomputing # cloudflarechallenge # awschallenge Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🛡️ Proactive Monitoring with AWS CloudWatch Canaries for Web Apps Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi Follow for AWS Community Builders Jul 22 '25 🛡️ Proactive Monitoring with AWS CloudWatch Canaries for Web Apps # aws # docker # web # cloudwatch 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Terraform Fundamentals: CloudWatch DevOps Fundamental DevOps Fundamental DevOps Fundamental Follow for DevOps Fundamentals Jun 21 '25 Terraform Fundamentals: CloudWatch # terraform # iac # aws # cloudwatch Comments Add Comment 6 min read loading... trending guides/resources Trying out Amazon CloudWatch Network Flow Monitor in EKS 10 AWS Production Incidents That Taught Me Real-World SRE How To Create a CloudWatch Dashboard for EC2 and ELB How To Install Cloudwatch Agent On Amazon Linux By Using CLI Automating EC2 Recovery with AWS Lambda and CloudWatch Automating CloudWatch Orphan Alarm Detection: A Production-Ready Solution AWS CloudWatch Alarm Failed Monitoring AI-Powered AWS CloudWatch Alarm Triage Terraform Module A Practical Guide to AWS CloudWatch That Most Engineers Skip Building a Multi-Account CloudWatch Dashboard That Actually Works How To Create a CloudWatch Alarm for CPU Utilization 🚨 AWS 125: Guardian of the Cloud - Setting Up CloudWatch Alarms Monitor multiple resources using a single CloudWatch Alarm (with CDK) 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/rogo032/youre-running-ec2-instances-that-do-nothing-112k	You’re Running EC2 Instances That Do Nothing - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Nikola Roganovic Posted on Jan 11 • Originally published at costlyfy.com           You’re Running EC2 Instances That Do Nothing # aws # devops # cloud # sre Somewhere in your account, EC2 instances are running with no traffic, no purpose, and no owner. They exist only because nobody had the audacity to delete them. They Were Never Meant to Survive These instances were born from lies. They were launched for a “temporary test.” They survived three reorgs. They outlived the engineer who created them. Now they sit there. Running. Billing. Judging you silently. Who approved them? Who needs them? Who even knows they exist? AWS charges you for your ignorance. Idle Does Not Mean Free You tell yourself idle instances aren’t that expensive. That is a lie you repeat to sleep better. CPU at 1%. Disk doing nothing. Network flatlined. You're still being charged. Compute. Storage. Attached volumes. Elastic IPs you forgot about. Idle infrastructure resources are not free. They are active waste. You don’t get a discount for ignorance. AWS bills uptime, not intention. How many instances would vanish if “no traffic” was a deletion rule? If the answer scares you, good. Fear Is Cheaper Than Discipline Nobody logs into them. Nobody updates them. Nobody monitors them. But nobody deletes them either. Because deleting the wrong instance is dangerous. Because breaking something is problematic. Because wasting money is quiet. So you choose fear over discipline. You choose silence over ownership. If you can’t explain what breaks when it’s terminated, you already lost control. This Is Not Technical Debt. It’s Financial Carelessness. You wouldn’t keep routing traffic to unhealthy instances. You wouldn’t run production with broken readiness checks. You wouldn’t ignore failing health checks. But you ignore idle EC2 because the damage arrives monthly, not instantly. That doesn’t make it harmless. It makes it dangerous. You are not “scaling responsibly.” You are leaking money because nobody owns cleanup. So here’s the uncomfortable truth: If you’re afraid to delete EC2 instances, you don’t understand your own system. If you don’t review EC2 costs monthly, you are guessing. If you accept idle infrastructure, you are choosing waste. Now decide. Keep paying for servers nobody needs. Or admit the mess and clean it up. For more stories like this, check out CostlyFY . Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Nikola Roganovic Follow DevOps engineer with 7+ years of hands-on experience designing, operating, and optimizing AWS infrastructure. I’ve worked on production systems where reliability, cost, and simplicity actually matter. Work DevOps Joined Apr 14, 2025 More from Nikola Roganovic 10 Proven Ways to Cut Your AWS Bill # aws # devops # cloud # sre 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account	2026-01-13T08:49:01
https://www.highlight.io/docs/general/company/values	Values Star us on GitHub Star Docs Sign in Sign up General Docs Welcome to highlight.io Get Started Roadmap Company Values Compliance & Security Open Source Contributing Overview GraphQL Backend Frontend (app.highlight.io) Landing Site (highlight.io) Documentation End to End SDK Example Apps Adding an SDK Application Architecture GitHub Code Spaces Code Style Good First Issues Self-hosting Self-hosted [Dev] Self-hosted [Hobby] Self-hosted [Enterprise] Telemetry Our Competitors Product Philosophy Product Features Session Replay Overview Canvas & Iframe Dev-tool Window Recording Tracking Users & Recording Events Filtering Sessions GraphQL Live Mode Performance Impact Player Session Caching Rage Clicks Request Proxying Session Search Extracting the Session URL Session Search Deep Linking Shadow Dom + Web Components Error Monitoring Overview Enhancing Errors with GitHub Error Search Filtering Errors Grouping Errors Managing Errors Manually Reporting Errors Sourcemaps General Features Overview Alerts Comments Digests Environments Search Segments Services Webhooks Logging Overview Log Alerts Log Search Tracing Overview Trace Search Dashboards Overview Dashboard Management Metrics Tutorials Service Latency Web Vitals & Page Speed User Engagement User Analytics Graphing Drilldown Event Search Dashboard Variables SQL Editor Metrics (beta) Overview Frequently Asked Questions. Integrations Integrations Overview Amplitude Integration ClickUp Integration Discord Integration Electron Support Front Integration GitHub Integration Grafana Integration Overview Setup Dashboards Alerts Height Integration Intercom Integration Jira Integration LaunchDarkly Integration Linear Integration Mixpanel Integration Nuxt Integration Pendo Integration Segment Integration Slack Integration Vercel Integration WordPress Plugin Highlight.io Changelog Overview Changelog 12 (02/17) Changelog 13 (02/24) Changelog 14 (03/03) Changelog 15 (03/11) Changelog 16 (03/19) Changelog 17 (04/07) Changelog 18 (04/26) Changelog 19 (05/22) Changelog 20 (06/06) Changelog 21 (06/21) Changelog 22 (08/07) Changelog 23 (08/22) Changelog 24 (09/11) Changelog 25 (10/03) Changelog 26 (11/08) Changelog 27 (12/22) Changelog 28 (3/6) Changelog 29 (4/2) Menu Highlight Docs Welcome to highlight.io Get Started Roadmap Company Values Compliance & Security Open Source Contributing Overview GraphQL Backend Frontend (app.highlight.io) Landing Site (highlight.io) Documentation End to End SDK Example Apps Adding an SDK Application Architecture GitHub Code Spaces Code Style Good First Issues Self-hosting Self-hosted [Dev] Self-hosted [Hobby] Self-hosted [Enterprise] Telemetry Our Competitors Product Philosophy Product Features Session Replay Overview Canvas & Iframe Dev-tool Window Recording Tracking Users & Recording Events Filtering Sessions GraphQL Live Mode Performance Impact Player Session Caching Rage Clicks Request Proxying Session Search Extracting the Session URL Session Search Deep Linking Shadow Dom + Web Components Error Monitoring Overview Enhancing Errors with GitHub Error Search Filtering Errors Grouping Errors Managing Errors Manually Reporting Errors Sourcemaps General Features Overview Alerts Comments Digests Environments Search Segments Services Webhooks Logging Overview Log Alerts Log Search Tracing Overview Trace Search Dashboards Overview Dashboard Management Metrics Tutorials Service Latency Web Vitals & Page Speed User Engagement User Analytics Graphing Drilldown Event Search Dashboard Variables SQL Editor Metrics (beta) Overview Frequently Asked Questions. Integrations Integrations Overview Amplitude Integration ClickUp Integration Discord Integration Electron Support Front Integration GitHub Integration Grafana Integration Overview Setup Dashboards Alerts Height Integration Intercom Integration Jira Integration LaunchDarkly Integration Linear Integration Mixpanel Integration Nuxt Integration Pendo Integration Segment Integration Slack Integration Vercel Integration WordPress Plugin Highlight.io Changelog Overview Changelog 12 (02/17) Changelog 13 (02/24) Changelog 14 (03/03) Changelog 15 (03/11) Changelog 16 (03/19) Changelog 17 (04/07) Changelog 18 (04/26) Changelog 19 (05/22) Changelog 20 (06/06) Changelog 21 (06/21) Changelog 22 (08/07) Changelog 23 (08/22) Changelog 24 (09/11) Changelog 25 (10/03) Changelog 26 (11/08) Changelog 27 (12/22) Changelog 28 (3/6) Changelog 29 (4/2) Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Docs Home SDK Client SDK API Reference Cloudflare Worker SDK API Reference Go SDK API Reference Hono SDK API Reference Java SDK API Reference Next.JS SDK API Reference Node.JS SDK API Reference Python SDK API Reference Ruby SDK API Reference Rust SDK API Reference Docs / Highlight Docs / Company / Values Values Overview This doc acts as a reference for our values at highlight.io, which includes how we work and we build things. It acts a way for us to understand how we should operate and what the "startup mentality" means to us. If you'd like to learn more about our product philosophy (which is more related to our product) see this doc . We build in public. With everything we build, we maintain an unwavering promise to use open source technologies so that you and your team don't have a dependency on our hosted offerings. We strive to build in public in every way we can. This means sharing our roadmap, product specs, and company strategy. We see this as giving you all the more reason to consider joining us in building highlight . We execute quickly and fail fast. Given that most of the things we build are zero to one, there's often no better way to learn than to build. It's hard to predict how something will scale or be interacted w/ without building something and getting early feedback. With this philosophy, however, it's easy to ship low quality work. To address this, we always prefer to "cut scope, not quality"; we build out a few, very polished modules rather than many half-baked ones. ABC: Always be chilling.... Though working at highlight.io can be fast-paced at times, we keep it chill. This means taking time for social events, taking time off, and learning about each other beyond just work. We're all humans, and we all have lives outside of work. Company Compliance & Security Community / Support Suggest Edits? Follow us! 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https://dev.to/adehorizon/how-i-passed-the-aws-certified-cloud-practitioner-in-24-days-for-free-4c49#comments	How I Passed the AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner in 24 Days (For Free) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Adedoyin Posted on Jan 5 How I Passed the AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner in 24 Days (For Free) # aws # awscloudpractitioner # cloudcertification # examprep If you are looking to validate your cloud skills, the AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner (CLF-C02) is the starting line. It’s the foundational badge that says, "I understand the AWS Cloud ecosystem." Passing the Cloud Practitioner exam proves you understand the vocabulary of the cloud. It does not mean you are ready to architect a complex, fault-tolerant system for a Fortune 500 company tomorrow. I recently passed this exam, and I did it in just 24 days . But before I share my study plan, I need to be transparent about two things: I didn't start from zero. I have been working with AWS services prior to this exam. I spent $0 on study materials. I used entirely free resources. However, having hands-on experience doesn’t automatically mean you’ll pass. The exam is its own beast, designed to test not just what you can do , but how well you know the specific AWS terminology and "the AWS way" of solving problems. So even a complete beginner with the right study materials can ace this exam. Here is how I navigated the tricky questions and passed in under a month—and how you can too. The "Experience Paradox" You might think, "If I already use EC2 and S3, do I really need to study?" The answer is a resounding yes . There is a difference between knowing how to spin up a server and answering a multiple-choice question that asks you to choose between two services that sound almost identical. The exam loves tricky scenarios. You need to sit down and train your brain to recognize keywords that differentiate a "good" answer from the "right" answer. The Lesson: Don’t rely solely on your work experience. You need to study the exam logic . My 24-Day Strategy (Using Free Resources) Everyone learns differently. I focused on finding high-quality free content that matched my learning style. Whether you are a visual learner or a note-taker, there is a free path for you. Step 1: The Knowledge Injection (Days 1–14) I spent the first two weeks consuming the core material. Since I was not interested in spending any money for a foundational certificate, I stuck to free content, but if you are more comfortable with paid courses (like Udemy or A Cloud Guru), that works perfectly fine too. For Visual Learners: AWS Skill Builder: This is Amazon’s official free learning center. Look for the "AWS Cloud Practitioner Essentials" digital course. It’s interactive and comes straight from the source. YouTube (FreeCodeCamp): Search for the "AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner" full course on FreeCodeCamp. These are often 13+ hour videos that cover everything in depth. For Readers/Note Takers: AWS Whitepapers: This is non-negotiable. Read the Overview of Amazon Web Services and the AWS Well-Architected Framework . The exam pulls questions directly from these concepts. Step 2: Cracking the "Tricky" Code (Days 15–23) This was the most critical phase. I shifted from passive learning to active testing. I hunted down free practice questions and sample exams. My goal wasn't just to get the answer right, but to understand why the other three answers were wrong. Identify the Distractors: AWS will often list a service that could work, but isn't the most cost-effective or cloud-native solution. Keyword Association: I trained myself to link problems to services. (e.g., "Decoupling" SQS; "Global content delivery" CloudFront). Step 3: Exam Day (Day 24) By the time I sat for the exam, I wasn't just relying on my prior work experience; I was relying on my ability to dissect the questions. Exam Day Advice Identify what AWS is really asking. Eliminate obviously wrong answers first. This skill alone can easily be the difference between failing and passing. Don’t rush Read each question slowly. AWS loves to add extra information you don’t need, Use keywords like “most cost-effective”, “least operational effort”, or “high availability” Trust your preparation: If you’re unsure, think: What would AWS recommend as best practice? If you’ve studied properly, many questions will feel familiar. Final Thoughts: Certified ≠ Qualified I am proud of this certification, but I want to leave you with an important piece of advice: This certificate is just a foundational step. Certified means you passed a test. Qualified means you can build solutions. Do not stop here. Use this win to build momentum. Real growth comes from: Hands-on projects Real-world problem solving Breaking and fixing systems Going for higher-level certifications (Solutions Architect, Developer, DevOps, etc.) Get certified, but don’t stop there. If you’re serious about cloud computing, this is just the beginning. 🚀 Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Adedoyin Follow 01101000 01101001 Joined Dec 29, 2025 More from Adedoyin AWS Organizations: The Easy Way # aws # productivity # tutorial 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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https://dev.to/mohammadidrees/thinking-in-first-principles-how-to-question-an-async-queue-based-design-5cf1#step-5-duplication-question-invariant-violation	Thinking in First Principles: How to Question an Async Queue–Based Design - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Mohammad-Idrees Posted on Jan 13 Thinking in First Principles: How to Question an Async Queue–Based Design # architecture # interview # learning # systemdesign Async queues are one of the most commonly suggested “solutions” in system design interviews. But many candidates jump straight to using queues without understanding: What problems they actually solve What new problems they introduce How to systematically discover those problems This post teaches a first-principles questioning process you can apply to any async queue design—without assuming prior knowledge. Why This Matters In interviews, interviewers are not evaluating whether you know Kafka, SQS, or RabbitMQ. They are evaluating whether you can: Reason about time Reason about failure Reason about order Reason about user experience Async queues change all four. What “First Principles” Means Here First principles means: We do not start with solutions We do not assume correctness We ask basic, unavoidable questions that every system must answer Async queues feel correct because they remove blocking—but correctness is not guaranteed by intuition. The Reference Mental Model (Abstract) We will reason about this abstract pattern , not a specific product: User → API → Storage → Queue → Worker → Storage Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode No domain assumptions. This could be: Chat messages Emails Payments Notifications Image processing The questioning process stays the same. Step 1: The Root Question (Always Start Here) What is the system responsible for completing before it can respond? This is the most important question in system design. Why? Because it defines: Request boundaries Latency expectations Responsibility In an async queue design, the implicit answer is: “The request is complete once the work is enqueued.” This is different from synchronous designs, where the request completes after work finishes. So far, this seems good. Step 2: Introduce Time (What Happens Later?) Now ask: Which part of the work happens after the request is done? Answer: The worker processing This leads to an important realization: The system has split work across time Time separation is powerful—but it creates new questions. Step 3: Causality Question (Identity Across Time) Once work happens later, we must ask: How does the system know which output belongs to which input? This question always appears when time is decoupled. Typical answer: IDs in the job payload (request ID, entity ID) This introduces a new invariant: Each input must produce exactly one correct output Now we test whether the system can guarantee this. Step 4: Failure Question (The Queue Reality) Now ask the most important async-specific question: What happens if the worker crashes mid-processing? Realistic answers: The job is retried The work may run again The output may be produced twice This leads to a critical realization: Async queues are usually at-least-once , not exactly-once This is not a tooling issue. It is a fundamental property of distributed systems . Step 5: Duplication Question (Invariant Violation) Now ask: What happens if the same job is processed twice? Consequences: Duplicate outputs Duplicate side effects Conflicting state This violates the earlier invariant: “Exactly one output per input” At this point, we have discovered a correctness problem , not a performance problem. Step 6: Ordering Question (Time Without Synchrony) Now consider multiple inputs. Ask: What defines the order of processing? Important realization: Queue order ≠ business order Different workers process at different speeds Later inputs may finish first Now ask: Does correctness depend on order? If yes (and many systems do): Async queues alone are insufficient This problem emerges only when you question order explicitly. Step 7: Visibility Question (User Experience) Now switch perspectives. How does the user know the work is finished? Possible answers: Polling Guessing Timeouts Each answer reveals a problem: Polling wastes resources Guessing is unreliable Timeouts fail under load This violates a core system principle: Users should not wait blindly Case Study: A Simple Example (Problem-Agnostic) Imagine a system where users upload photos to be processed. Flow: User uploads photo API stores metadata Job is enqueued Worker processes photo Result is stored Now apply the questions: When does the upload request complete? → After enqueue What if the worker crashes? → Job retried What if it runs twice? → Two processed images What if two photos depend on order? → Order not guaranteed How does the user know processing is done? → Polling None of these issues are about images. They are about time, failure, identity, and visibility . What Async Queues Actually Trade Async queues solve one problem: They remove blocking from the request path But they introduce others: Solved Introduced Blocking Duplicate work Latency coupling Ordering ambiguity Resource exhaustion Completion uncertainty This is not bad. It just must be understood and handled . The One-Page Interview Checklist (Memorize This) For any async queue design , ask these five questions: What completes the request? What runs later? What happens if it runs twice? What defines order? How does the user observe completion? If you cannot answer all five clearly, the design is incomplete. Final Mental Model Async systems remove time coupling but destroy causality by default Your job as an engineer is not to “use queues” Your job is to restore correctness explicitly That is what interviewers are looking for. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Mohammad-Idrees Follow Joined Mar 16, 2023 More from Mohammad-Idrees How to Identify System Design Problems from First Principles # architecture # interview # systemdesign # tutorial 🧱 The Blueprint of Success: Mastering the Technical Requirements Document (TRD) # architecture # career # systemdesign 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account	2026-01-13T08:49:01
https://zeroday.forem.com/terminaltools/what-is-a-denial-of-service-dos-attack-a-comprehensive-guide-4oh6	What is a Denial of Service (DoS) Attack? A Comprehensive Guide - Security Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Security Forem Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Stephano Kambeta Posted on Dec 16, 2025 What is a Denial of Service (DoS) Attack? A Comprehensive Guide # dos # networksec # iot # security Denial of Service (DoS) attacks are a major threat in the world of cybersecurity . These attacks aim to overwhelm a network or system, making it unavailable to users. Understanding how DoS attacks work and their potential impact is crucial for anyone interested in protecting their digital assets. In this post, we will explore what Denial of Service attacks are, how they operate, and the various types that exist. We will also discuss the signs of an attack, prevention strategies, and how to respond if you find yourself under attack. This guide is designed to be easy to understand, whether you're new to cybersecurity or looking to refresh your knowledge. Denial of Service attacks can disrupt your online activities and affect your business operations. It's important to be aware of these threats and take steps to safeguard your systems. What is a Denial of Service (DoS) Attack? A Denial of Service (DoS) attack is a malicious attempt to disrupt the normal functioning of a targeted server, service, or network by overwhelming it with a flood of traffic. The goal of a DoS attack is to make the targeted system or service unavailable to its intended users, causing inconvenience and potential financial loss. How DoS Attacks Work DoS attacks typically work by sending an excessive amount of requests or data to a target system. This flood of traffic can consume the system's resources, such as bandwidth, memory, or processing power, causing it to slow down or crash. Common Types of DoS Attacks Volume-Based Attacks: These attacks flood the target with a massive volume of traffic, overwhelming its bandwidth. Examples include UDP floods and ICMP floods. Protocol-Based Attacks: These attacks exploit weaknesses in network protocols to consume server resources. Examples include SYN floods and Ping of Death. Application Layer Attacks: These attacks target specific applications or services to exhaust server resources. Examples include HTTP floods and Slowloris attacks. Understanding the different types of DoS attacks is essential for implementing effective defense strategies. Examples of Denial of Service Attacks Denial of Service (DoS) attacks have been used in various high-profile cases to disrupt services and cause damage. Here are a few notable examples: Famous Historical Examples Estonian Cyberattacks (2007): Estonia experienced a large-scale DoS attack that targeted government websites, banks, and media outlets. The attack was attributed to political tensions with Russia and caused widespread disruption. Dyn DNS Attack (2016): A massive DoS attack on Dyn, a DNS provider, led to outages for major websites such as Twitter, Reddit, and Netflix. The attack used a botnet of IoT devices to flood Dyn's servers with traffic. Impact on Businesses and Individuals DoS attacks can have severe consequences, including: Financial Loss: Downtime and service interruptions can lead to significant financial losses for businesses due to lost revenue and decreased customer trust. Reputation Damage: Frequent or prolonged outages can damage a company’s reputation, leading to a loss of customer confidence and long-term harm to brand value. Operational Disruption: For organizations dependent on online services, a DoS attack can disrupt operations, affecting productivity and the ability to conduct business effectively. Understanding these examples highlights the importance of protecting against DoS attacks to avoid similar impacts on your own systems. How DoS Attacks Affect Systems and Networks? Denial of Service (DoS) attacks can have a range of detrimental effects on systems and networks, impacting their performance and availability. Understanding these effects can help in better preparation and response. Effects on Server Performance During a DoS attack, servers may become overwhelmed by excessive requests or data. This overload can lead to: Slowed Performance: The server struggles to process legitimate requests efficiently due to the high volume of attack traffic. Crashes or Freezes: In severe cases, the server may crash or freeze, making it completely unresponsive to users. Impact on Website Availability and User Experience For websites, DoS attacks can cause: Downtime: Users may be unable to access the website or specific services, leading to a loss of accessibility. Decreased User Experience: Slow load times or errors can frustrate users and drive them away, affecting overall satisfaction. Consequences for Businesses Businesses can face serious consequences from DoS attacks, including: Revenue Loss: Interruptions in service can lead to lost sales and decreased revenue. Customer Trust Issues: Frequent disruptions can erode customer trust and loyalty. Increased Costs: Businesses may incur additional costs for mitigation and recovery efforts. DoS attacks can significantly impact the performance and availability of systems and networks, leading to financial and reputational damage. Signs of a Denial of Service Attack Recognizing the signs of a Denial of Service (DoS) attack early can help in mitigating its impact and taking appropriate action. Here are some common symptoms that may indicate an ongoing DoS attack: Common Symptoms of an Ongoing DoS Attack Unusual Network Traffic: A sudden spike in incoming traffic or unusual patterns in network traffic can signal a DoS attack. Slow System Performance: Significant slowdowns in server or network performance, such as delayed response times or lag, may be a sign of an attack. Frequent Server Crashes: Regular crashes or reboots of servers and services can indicate that they are being overwhelmed by malicious traffic. How to Detect Unusual Network Behavior To detect unusual network behavior, consider: Monitoring Tools: Use network monitoring tools to track traffic patterns and identify anomalies. Logging and Analysis: Regularly review server and network logs for signs of abnormal activity or high traffic volumes. Alert Systems: Implement alert systems to notify you of unusual spikes in traffic or other signs of potential attacks. Early detection of DoS attack signs is crucial for timely response and mitigation efforts. Preventing and Mitigating DoS Attacks Preventing and mitigating Denial of Service (DoS) attacks is essential to maintaining the availability and performance of your systems and networks. Here are some effective strategies and best practices: Basic Prevention Strategies Firewalls: Use firewalls to filter out malicious traffic and block unwanted requests before they reach your servers. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS): Deploy IDS to monitor network traffic for suspicious activity and detect potential threats early. Advanced Techniques Rate Limiting: Implement rate limiting to control the number of requests a server will accept from a single IP address over a specified period. Load Balancing: Distribute incoming traffic across multiple servers to prevent any single server from becoming overwhelmed. Best Practices for Ongoing Protection Regular Updates: Keep your software, hardware, and security systems up-to-date to protect against known vulnerabilities. Traffic Analysis: Continuously analyze traffic patterns to identify and address potential threats before they become major issues. Backup Systems: Maintain regular backups of your data and systems to ensure you can recover quickly in case of an attack. Implementing a combination of basic and advanced strategies, along with best practices, is key to effectively preventing and mitigating DoS attacks. Response Strategies During a DoS Attack When a Denial of Service (DoS) attack occurs, having a clear response strategy is crucial to minimize damage and restore normal operations. Here are some essential steps to take if you find yourself under attack: Immediate Steps to Take Activate DDoS Protection: If you have DDoS protection services in place, activate them immediately to help filter out malicious traffic. Contact Your ISP: Inform your Internet Service Provider (ISP) about the attack. They may be able to provide additional support and help mitigate the attack at their end. Assess the Situation: Quickly evaluate the scope of the attack to understand its impact on your systems and prioritize response actions. Communication with Stakeholders and Customers Effective communication during an attack is important to maintain trust and manage expectations: Inform Internal Teams: Keep your internal teams informed about the attack status and response actions to ensure coordinated efforts. Notify Affected Users: Update your users and customers about the issue, provide information on the steps being taken, and offer estimated timelines for resolution. Provide Regular Updates: Keep stakeholders informed with regular updates throughout the attack and recovery process. Having a well-defined response strategy and maintaining clear communication are critical for effectively managing a DoS attack and minimizing its impact. Tools and Services for DoS Protection Using specialized tools and services can significantly enhance your defense against Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. These solutions help in detecting, mitigating, and managing attacks effectively. Here’s an overview of popular tools and services for DoS protection: Overview of Popular DoS Protection Tools and Services Cloud-Based DDoS Protection Services: Providers like Cloudflare, Akamai, and AWS Shield offer cloud-based solutions that can absorb and mitigate large-scale attacks by filtering traffic through their global network. Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS): Tools such as Snort and Suricata can detect and block suspicious traffic patterns and provide real-time protection against known attack vectors. Network Security Appliances: Hardware devices from vendors like Arbor Networks and Radware are designed to provide on-premises protection and can be integrated with existing security infrastructure. How They Help in Mitigating Attacks These tools and services offer various benefits: Traffic Filtering: They can filter out malicious traffic, allowing only legitimate requests to reach your servers. Traffic Scrubbing: Cloud-based services can "scrub" incoming traffic to remove malicious data before it reaches your network. Real-Time Monitoring: They provide real-time monitoring and alerts to detect and respond to attacks as they occur. Utilizing a combination of these tools and services can enhance your ability to protect against and respond to DoS attacks, ensuring better security for your systems and networks. Conclusion Denial of Service (DoS) attacks pose a significant threat to the availability and performance of systems and networks. Understanding what DoS attacks are, recognizing their signs, and implementing effective prevention and response strategies are crucial for safeguarding your digital assets. By employing a combination of basic and advanced protection measures, monitoring for unusual behavior, and using specialized tools and services, you can better defend against these attacks and minimize their impact. Staying informed and prepared helps ensure that your systems remain resilient in the face of potential threats. Effective DoS protection requires a proactive approach, combining preventive measures with swift response actions to maintain security and operational stability. Additional Resources For further reading and tools related to Denial of Service (DoS) protection, consider exploring the following resources: Cloudflare's DDoS Protection Guide - A comprehensive guide on understanding and mitigating DDoS attacks. Akamai DDoS Protection Solutions - Overview of Akamai's services for DDoS protection. AWS Shield - Amazon Web Services' DDoS protection service information. Snort - Open-source Intrusion Prevention System for network security. Suricata - High-performance Network IDS, IPS, and Network Security Monitoring engine. These resources provide valuable information and tools to help enhance your defense against DoS attacks and improve overall network security. FQAs What is a Denial of Service (DoS) attack? A Denial of Service (DoS) attack is a malicious attempt to disrupt the normal functioning of a targeted server, service, or network by overwhelming it with a flood of traffic. The goal is to make the system or service unavailable to its intended users. How can I tell if my system is under a DoS attack? Signs of a DoS attack include unusual spikes in network traffic, slow system performance, and frequent server crashes. Monitoring tools and network logs can help detect these symptoms. What are some basic strategies to prevent DoS attacks? Basic prevention strategies include using firewalls to filter out malicious traffic and deploying intrusion detection systems (IDS) to monitor for suspicious activity. What should I do if my system is under a DoS attack? Immediately activate any DDoS protection services, contact your ISP for support, and assess the scope of the attack. Communicate with internal teams and affected users to manage the situation. What tools can help protect against DoS attacks? Popular tools for DoS protection include cloud-based DDoS protection services like Cloudflare and AWS Shield, intrusion prevention systems (IPS) like Snort and Suricata, and network security appliances from vendors like Arbor Networks. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Stephano Kambeta Follow Cyber security and Ethical hacking teacher Joined Mar 12, 2025 More from Stephano Kambeta Understanding SQL Injection: What It Is and How to Protect Your Website # sql # sqlinjection # networksec # cybersecurity Understanding Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): How to Detect and Prevent Attacks # networksec # xss # cybersecurity # websecurity How to Stop Man-in-the-Middle Attacks and Secure Your Online Data # cybersecurity # security # mitm # tutorial 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Security Forem — Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Security Forem © 2016 - 2026. Share. Secure. Succeed Log in Create account	2026-01-13T08:49:01
https://www.bellard.org/ts_sms	ts_sms: Short Message Compression using Large Language Models ts_sms: Short Message Compression using Large Language Models Compression example: ./ts_sms c "Lossless compression reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy. No information is lost in lossless compression." 뮭䅰㼦覞㻪紹陠聚牊 Decompression example: ./ts_sms d 뮭䅰㼦覞㻪紹陠聚牊 Lossless compression reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy. No information is lost in lossless compression. Comparison with brotli which embeds a dictionary to optimize the compression of small messages: ./ts_sms c "Lossless compression reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy. No information is lost in lossless compression." -F base64 9mY1wFk1VUFdUjvxC0wQfA== echo -n "Lossless compression reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy. No information is lost in lossless compression." \| brotli \| base64 H4cAYEVPlqqQnpIJ3RBsRngCqhywb5ksOXr9JgfAu42tLx5BpYJuPXKKY9U0Rn1dxoVKWgFFY8Bz 0zceYpcspm/ft+EqAA== Download Linux version: ts_sms-2024-12-26.tar.gz . Windows version: ts_sms-2024-12-26-win64.zip . Technical information ts_sms works similarly to ts_zip . It uses a specific padding system compatible with arithmetic coding so that the message length does not need to be explicitly encoded. Fabrice Bellard - https://bellard.org/	2026-01-13T08:49:01
https://bellard.org	Fabrice Bellard's Home Page https://bellard.org Micro QuickJS : a Javascript engine for microcontrollers. TSAC : Very Low Bitrate Audio Compression. ts_zip : a practical text compression utility using a large language model. ts_sms : short message compression using a large language model. TextSynth Server is a web server proposing a REST API to large language models. They can be used for example for text completion, question answering, classification, chat, translation, image generation. NNCP (lossless data compressor) is now leading the Large Text Compression Benchmark . QuickJS : a small but complete Javascript engine. textsynth.com provides access to large language models. A tiny and obfuscated image decoder for the 2018 edition of the International Obfuscated C Contest . LibBF is small library to handle arbitrary precision floating point numbers. The TinyPI program computes millions of digits of PI. Run X Window or Windows 2000 in your browser. TinyEMU (previously known as RISCVEMU) is a small emulator emulating 128 bit RISC-V and x86 machines. The SoftFP library is a new IEEE 754-2008 floating point emulation library supporting the 32/64/128 bit floating point types. BPG (Better Portable Graphics) is a new image format based on HEVC and supported by most browsers with a small Javascript decoder. A 4G LTE/5G NR/NB-IoT base station running entirely in software on a standard PC. A new ASN1 compiler generating small and efficient C code. A PC emulator in Javascript : how much time takes your browser to boot Linux ? 2700 billion decimal digits of Pi computed with a desktop computer. Analog and Digital TV (DVB-T) signal generation by displaying an image on a PC display. QEMU is a generic machine emulator and virtualizer. FFMPEG , the Open Source Multimedia System. I launched this project in year 2000 and led it for several years. TCC is a tiny but complete ISOC99 C compiler which enables you to use C as scripting language. TCC has its roots in the OTCC project. The TCCBOOT boot loader demonstrate the speed of TCC by compiling and launching a Linux kernel in less than 15 seconds. QEmacs (for Quick Emacs) is an emacs clone I began to learn Unicode rendering algorithms, text buffers manipulation and XML/HTML/CSS parsing. OTCC is a very small self-compiling compiler for a subset of C I wrote to win the 2001 edition of the International Obfuscated C Contest . TinyGL : a Small, Free and Fast Subset of OpenGL. An online Scientific Web Calculator . Pi formulas, algorithms and computations. A tiny C program to print the biggest known prime number. Old projects . If you have any questions or suggestions, write to fabrice at bellard last update: December 22, 2025	2026-01-13T08:49:01
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # devsecops Follow Hide Integrating security practices into the DevOps lifecycle. Create Post Older #devsecops posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Crafting the Perfect Golden AMI for Auto Scaling Groups in AWS kelvin manavar kelvin manavar kelvin manavar Follow Sep 22 '25 Crafting the Perfect Golden AMI for Auto Scaling Groups in AWS # aws # devops # cloud # devsecops Comments Add Comment 3 min read Taming the Hydra: Why Your Kubernetes Secrets Management is Broken (And How CyberArk Conjur Fixes It) binyam binyam binyam Follow Sep 18 '25 Taming the Hydra: Why Your Kubernetes Secrets Management is Broken (And How CyberArk Conjur Fixes It) # devsecops # devops # kubernetes Comments Add Comment 4 min read DevSecOps Pipeline \| Jenkins, Terraform, Docker, Trivy, AWS Ritesh Singh Ritesh Singh Ritesh Singh Follow Oct 19 '25 DevSecOps Pipeline \| Jenkins, Terraform, Docker, Trivy, AWS # ansible # terraform # devsecops # aws Comments Add Comment 8 min read Forget Everything You Knew About DevOps: The New Rules for 2025 \|Are You Still Just "Doing DevOps"? 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It's Time to Evolve. # devops # devsecops # platformengineer # aiops 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read OpenStack for DevOps Beginners: Hands-On with MicroStack Abdul-Rahman Ahmad (Alpha) Abdul-Rahman Ahmad (Alpha) Abdul-Rahman Ahmad (Alpha) Follow Oct 3 '25 OpenStack for DevOps Beginners: Hands-On with MicroStack # openstack # microstack # devops # devsecops Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Power of Scheduled Automated Backups for DevOps and SaaS GitProtect Team GitProtect Team GitProtect Team Follow for GitProtect Sep 25 '25 The Power of Scheduled Automated Backups for DevOps and SaaS # devops # saas # devsecops # backup Comments Add Comment 8 min read Applying Bandit SAST Tool to Secure Python Applications JEFFERSON ROSAS CHAMBILLA JEFFERSON ROSAS CHAMBILLA JEFFERSON ROSAS CHAMBILLA Follow Sep 24 '25 Applying Bandit SAST Tool to Secure Python Applications # appsec # devsecops # bandit # cybersecurity 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 3 min read 🔍 Applying Flawfinder: A Lightweight SAST Tool to Secure C/C++ Codebases JEFFERSON ROSAS CHAMBILLA JEFFERSON ROSAS CHAMBILLA JEFFERSON ROSAS CHAMBILLA Follow Sep 23 '25 🔍 Applying Flawfinder: A Lightweight SAST Tool to Secure C/C++ Codebases # flawfinder # cybersecurity # appsec # devsecops 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Troubleshooting Common DevOps Challenges Narendra Chauhan Narendra Chauhan Narendra Chauhan Follow for AddWeb Solution Pvt Ltd Sep 19 '25 Troubleshooting Common DevOps Challenges # devops # troubleshooting # devsecops # continuousdelivery 55 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Workload Identity Federation Explained in 2 Minutes (with a School Trip Analogy) Manikanta majeti Manikanta majeti Manikanta majeti Follow Aug 16 '25 Workload Identity Federation Explained in 2 Minutes (with a School Trip Analogy) # cloudsecurity # iam # workloadidentityfederation # devsecops Comments Add Comment 1 min read Shift Left Security Practices Developers Like Fatih Koç Fatih Koç Fatih Koç Follow Sep 16 '25 Shift Left Security Practices Developers Like # devops # devsecops # kubernetes # docker Comments Add Comment 8 min read Git and Practical Tips for Security: Actionable Practices, Workflows, and Platform-Specific Guidance Ivan Honchar Ivan Honchar Ivan Honchar Follow Sep 17 '25 Git and Practical Tips for Security: Actionable Practices, Workflows, and Platform-Specific Guidance # cybersecurity # git # devsecops # softwareengineering 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 12 min read Speaking Different Languages: How to Align Dev and Sec Teams Effectively SnykSec SnykSec SnykSec Follow for Snyk Sep 17 '25 Speaking Different Languages: How to Align Dev and Sec Teams Effectively # devsecops Comments Add Comment 5 min read Authentication vs. Authorization Munzir Azmi Munzir Azmi Munzir Azmi Follow Aug 13 '25 Authentication vs. Authorization # cybersecurity # security # devsecops Comments Add Comment 1 min read Global Product Security Strategy: A Multi-Layered Framework (I.P. developed) Ivan Piskunov Ivan Piskunov Ivan Piskunov Follow Sep 8 '25 Global Product Security Strategy: A Multi-Layered Framework (I.P. developed) # cybersecurity # appsec # devsecops 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Secure at Inception: Introducing New Tools for Securing AI-Native Development SnykSec SnykSec SnykSec Follow for Snyk Aug 5 '25 Secure at Inception: Introducing New Tools for Securing AI-Native Development # compliance # devsecops # opensourcesecurity # cicd Comments Add Comment 7 min read 🚀 Pulumi AWS Provider 7.0: Multi-Region AWS IaC & IAM Role Chaining Pulumi Team Pulumi Team Pulumi Team Follow for Pulumi Aug 12 '25 🚀 Pulumi AWS Provider 7.0: Multi-Region AWS IaC & IAM Role Chaining # aws # devops # devsecops # python 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Falco With Kubernetes Omar Ahmed Omar Ahmed Omar Ahmed Follow Sep 6 '25 Falco With Kubernetes # kubernetes # falco # devops # devsecops Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Setup a LAMP Server at Home Using AWS (Step-by-Step Guide) Alan Varghese Alan Varghese Alan Varghese Follow Sep 6 '25 How to Setup a LAMP Server at Home Using AWS (Step-by-Step Guide) # cloud # aws # devops # devsecops 7 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read Istio - Service Mesh Omar Ahmed Omar Ahmed Omar Ahmed Follow Sep 5 '25 Istio - Service Mesh # devops # devsecops # kubernetes # istio Comments Add Comment 5 min read Building your own SBOM Engine for .NET & Node.js pep pep pep Follow Sep 4 '25 Building your own SBOM Engine for .NET & Node.js # dotnet # node # devsecops # sbom 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Vault With Kubernetes 🔐 Omar Ahmed Omar Ahmed Omar Ahmed Follow Sep 3 '25 Vault With Kubernetes 🔐 # devops # devsecops # vault # kubernetes 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 9 min read 🧠 AI Malware Mutants: The Cybersecurity Crisis of 2025 Dark Tech Insights Dark Tech Insights Dark Tech Insights Follow Jul 31 '25 🧠 AI Malware Mutants: The Cybersecurity Crisis of 2025 # cybersecurity # ai # ransomware # devsecops Comments Add Comment 3 min read From DevOps to DevSecOps: How Secure Software Development Evolved Mitchell Jhonson Mitchell Jhonson Mitchell Jhonson Follow Jul 29 '25 From DevOps to DevSecOps: How Secure Software Development Evolved # softwaredevelopment # programming # devops # devsecops Comments Add Comment 5 min read DevSecOps Pipeline Security: Automation and Continuous Monitoring Rafal Rafal Rafal Follow Aug 10 '25 DevSecOps Pipeline Security: Automation and Continuous Monitoring # cybersecurity # devsecops # automation # cicd 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Career Follow Hide This tag is for anything relating to careers! Job offers, workplace conflict, interviews, resumes, promotions, etc. Create Post submission guidelines All articles and discussions should relate to careers in some way. Pretty much everything on dev.to is about our careers in some way. Ideally, though, keep the tag related to getting, leaving, or maintaining a career or job. about #career A career is the field in which you work, while a job is a position held in that field. Related tags include #resume and #portfolio as resources to enhance your #career Older #career posts 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Designing a URL Shortener Biswas Prasana Swain Biswas Prasana Swain Biswas Prasana Swain Follow Jul 5 '25 Designing a URL Shortener # systemdesign # tutorial # career # learning Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Truth About Cover Letters for Coding Jobs 📝 David Thurman @ BeyondCode.app David Thurman @ BeyondCode.app David Thurman @ BeyondCode.app Follow for Beyond Code Aug 8 '25 The Truth About Cover Letters for Coding Jobs 📝 # career # beginners # hiring # programming 6 reactions Comments 4 comments 3 min read The Transformative Power of AWS Generative AI - My Journey to Innovation 🚀 Shivansh Barapatre Shivansh Barapatre Shivansh Barapatre Follow Aug 8 '25 The Transformative Power of AWS Generative AI - My Journey to Innovation 🚀 # awschallenge # genrativeai # career # learning 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read I Thought Networking Was Useless. I Was Wrong Branden Hernandez Branden Hernandez Branden Hernandez Follow Jul 28 '25 I Thought Networking Was Useless. I Was Wrong # networking # netlify # devjournal # career Comments 1 comment 4 min read From Junior to Senior Software Engineer: The Journey, Lessons, and Real Talk ZUBAIR MAHMUD ZUBAIR MAHMUD ZUBAIR MAHMUD Follow Aug 8 '25 From Junior to Senior Software Engineer: The Journey, Lessons, and Real Talk # softwareengineering # webdev # career Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Write a CV That Matches Today’s Hiring Standards David Jone David Jone David Jone Follow Jul 4 '25 How to Write a CV That Matches Today’s Hiring Standards # resume # career # cv Comments Add Comment 9 min read Starting My IT Journey Ajay Raja Ajay Raja Ajay Raja Follow Aug 8 '25 Starting My IT Journey # beginners # learning # career # firstpost 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Who's hiring — August 2025 fmerian fmerian fmerian Follow Jul 31 '25 Who's hiring — August 2025 # career # devrel # writing # opensource 17 reactions Comments 10 comments 2 min read Chase it afraid! Joseph Ochego Joseph Ochego Joseph Ochego Follow Jul 18 '25 Chase it afraid! # career # passion # fear # programming 5 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read 🎯 Why I’m Starting This Blog (and What You’ll Learn From It) Muhammad Farooq Muhammad Farooq Muhammad Farooq Follow Jul 4 '25 🎯 Why I’m Starting This Blog (and What You’ll Learn From It) # career # learning # programming # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read From 7,000 Lines of Rejection to Research-Based Success: My Chrome Extension Journey Hazrat Mosaddique Ali Hazrat Mosaddique Ali Hazrat Mosaddique Ali Follow Jul 4 '25 From 7,000 Lines of Rejection to Research-Based Success: My Chrome Extension Journey # webdev # begin # career # learning 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Why You're Not Landing Interviews David Thurman @ BeyondCode.app David Thurman @ BeyondCode.app David Thurman @ BeyondCode.app Follow for Beyond Code Aug 7 '25 Why You're Not Landing Interviews # programming # beginners # career # codenewbie 24 reactions Comments 8 comments 4 min read Clarity Is the Real Velocity Tony St Pierre Tony St Pierre Tony St Pierre Follow Jul 4 '25 Clarity Is the Real Velocity # discuss # programming # learning # career 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Using HTML to its full extend Danny Engelman Danny Engelman Danny Engelman Follow Aug 6 '25 Using HTML to its full extend # html # webdev # career # productivity 1 reaction Comments 3 comments 1 min read Como o GitHub Copilot pode ser O amigo do Arquiteto de Soluções? Angelo Matias Angelo Matias Angelo Matias Follow Jul 3 '25 Como o GitHub Copilot pode ser O amigo do Arquiteto de Soluções? # webdev # productivity # career Comments Add Comment 3 min read Transitioning into Web Development – Seeking Advice, Communities & Mentorship DaoistRose DaoistRose DaoistRose Follow Aug 6 '25 Transitioning into Web Development – Seeking Advice, Communities & Mentorship # discuss # webdev # programming # career 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 1 min read What's next after the Bolt hackathon WLH Challenge: After the Hack Submission goldenekpendu goldenekpendu goldenekpendu Follow Aug 1 '25 What's next after the Bolt hackathon # devchallenge # wlhchallenge # career # entrepreneurship 19 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read La cima inalcanzable-Perspectiva de un junior jose muñoz jose muñoz jose muñoz Follow Aug 6 '25 La cima inalcanzable-Perspectiva de un junior # programming # beginners # career # learning Comments Add Comment 2 min read AI Utilization Guidelines for Continuous Engineer Growth hiro hiro hiro Follow Jul 26 '25 AI Utilization Guidelines for Continuous Engineer Growth # ai # beginners # career # productivity 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read How to Choose a Great Tech Hire: Beyond Algorithm Tests and Whiteboard Coding Victoria Drake Victoria Drake Victoria Drake Follow Aug 5 '25 How to Choose a Great Tech Hire: Beyond Algorithm Tests and Whiteboard Coding # hiring # engineering # career # management 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read 7 Beginner Coding Projects That Instantly Level Up Your Skills 🔥 David Thurman @ BeyondCode.app David Thurman @ BeyondCode.app David Thurman @ BeyondCode.app Follow for Beyond Code Aug 10 '25 7 Beginner Coding Projects That Instantly Level Up Your Skills 🔥 # beginners # programming # career # learning 4 reactions Comments 3 comments 4 min read No Fancy Setup, No Bootcamp – Just Grit, Code & Faith Muhammad Saif Muhammad Saif Muhammad Saif Follow Aug 5 '25 No Fancy Setup, No Bootcamp – Just Grit, Code & Faith # webdev # programming # javascript # career 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read From MVP to Impact: What’s Next for Soulvia? WLH Challenge: After the Hack Submission hannalap hannalap hannalap Follow Jul 31 '25 From MVP to Impact: What’s Next for Soulvia? # devchallenge # wlhchallenge # career # entrepreneurship 18 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read The traits and pitfalls in Software Engineering careers Eduardo Klein Eduardo Klein Eduardo Klein Follow Aug 5 '25 The traits and pitfalls in Software Engineering careers # career # careerdevelopment # management # softwareengineering Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Doubtful Architect Hatem Zidi Hatem Zidi Hatem Zidi Follow Aug 5 '25 The Doubtful Architect # architecture # learning # career # softwareengineering Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://riverbankcomputing.com/software/pyqt/intro/	Riverbank Computing \| Introduction Riverbank Computing News Software PyQt Introduction Download PyQt6 Documentation PyQt5 Documentation PyQt4 Documentation PyQt-3D Introduction Download PyQt-Charts Introduction Download PyQt-DataVisualization Introduction Download PyQt-Graphs Introduction Download PyQt-NetworkAuth Introduction Download PyQt-Purchasing Introduction Download PyQt-WebEngine Introduction Download SIP Introduction Documentation Download MetaSIP Introduction Documentation Download PyQt-builder Introduction Documentation Download pyqtdeploy Introduction Documentation Download QScintilla Introduction Documentation Scintilla Documentation Download Other Stuff Books PyQt6 Book (Herrmann) PyQt6 Book (Fitzpatrick) PyQt5 Book (Fitzpatrick) PyQt4 Book (Summerfield) PyQt3 Book (Rempt) Tools Eric IDE Mu Python Editor fman Build System Support Asking for Help Mailing Lists PyQt Wiki Commercial PyQt Commercial Version License FAQ Buy PyQt About login Login What is PyQt? PyQt is a set of Python bindings for The Qt Company's Qt application framework. The bindings are implemented as a set of Python modules and contain over 1,000 classes. PyQt6 supports Qt6 and runs on Windows (Intel and ARM), macOS (Intel and Apple Silicon) and Linux (Intel and ARM). PyQt5 supports Qt5 and runs on Windows (Intel), macOS (Intel and Apple Silicon), Android, iOS and Linux (Intel). PyQt4 supports Qt v4 but both are no longer supported and no new releases will be made. License PyQt is dual licensed on all supported platforms under the GNU GPL v3 and the Riverbank Commercial License. Unlike Qt, PyQt is not available under the LGPL. You can purchase the commercial version of PyQt here . More information about licensing can be found in the License FAQ . PyQt does not include a copy of Qt. You must obtain a correctly licensed copy of Qt yourself. However, binary wheels of the GPL version of PyQt6 and PyQt5 are provided and these include a copy of the corresponding LGPL version of Qt. PyQt Components A description of the components of PyQt5 can be found in the PyQt5 Reference Guide . A description of the components of PyQt4 can be found in the PyQt4 Reference Guide . Why PyQt? PyQt brings together the Qt C++ cross-platform application framework and the cross-platform interpreted language Python . Qt is more than a GUI toolkit. It includes abstractions of network sockets, threads, Unicode, regular expressions, SQL databases, SVG, OpenGL, XML, a fully functional web browser, a help system, a multimedia framework, as well as a rich collection of GUI widgets. Qt classes employ a signal/slot mechanism for communicating between objects that is type safe but loosely coupled making it easy to create re-usable software components. Qt also includes Qt Designer, a graphical user interface designer. PyQt is able to generate Python code from Qt Designer. It is also possible to add new GUI controls written in Python to Qt Designer. Python is a simple but powerful object-orientated language. Its simplicity makes it easy to learn, but its power means that large and complex applications can be created. Its interpreted nature means that Python programmers are very productive because there is no edit/compile/link/run development cycle. Much of Python's power comes from its comprehensive set of extension modules providing a wide variety of functions including HTTP servers, XML parsers, database access, data compression tools and, of course, graphical user interfaces. Extension modules are usually implemented in either Python, C or C++. Using tools such as SIP it is relatively straight forward to create an extension module that encapsulates an existing C or C++ library. Used in this way, Python can then become the glue to create new applications from established libraries. PyQt combines all the advantages of Qt and Python. A programmer has all the power of Qt, but is able to exploit it with the simplicity of Python. Recent News PyQt v6.10.2 Released SIP v6.15.1 Released SIP v6.15.0 Released PyQt v6.10.1 Released PyQt-builder v1.19.1 Released Downloads PyQt PyQt-3D PyQt-Charts PyQt-DataVisualization PyQt-Graphs PyQt-NetworkAuth PyQt-Purchasing PyQt-WebEngine SIP MetaSIP PyQt-builder pyqtdeploy QScintilla Documentation PyQt6 PyQt5 SIP MetaSIP PyQt-builder pyqtdeploy QScintilla PyQt4	2026-01-13T08:49:01
https://dev.to/thormeier	Pascal Thormeier - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Pascal Thormeier Passionate full stack developer, course author for Educative, book author for Packt. Find my work and get to know me on my Linktree: https://linktr.ee/thormeier Location Switzerland Joined Joined on Jul 20, 2020 Personal website https://thormeier.dev github website Education BSc FHNW Computer Science (iCompetence) Pronouns he/him Work Software Developer GIS at Canton of Zurich Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. 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Got it Close Show all 18 badges More info about @thormeier Skills/Languages My philosophy is to "choose the right tools for the job at hand" - that's why I'm not sticking to any language or framework I'm familiar with. Currently learning IoT, Raspberry Pi Available for All kinds of tech discussions, commissions. Post 68 posts published Comment 302 comments written Tag 28 tags followed Pin Pinned Two years of dev.to - let's celebrate with a "Dance Dance Revolution" clone! 💃🕺🎉 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Jul 21 '22 Two years of dev.to - let's celebrate with a "Dance Dance Revolution" clone! 💃🕺🎉 # showdev # webdev # javascript # watercooler 68 reactions Comments 20 comments 1 min read Funny Hat Day! 👒🎩 How to do face detection with your webcam and JavaScript 📸🧠 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Jul 18 '22 Funny Hat Day! 👒🎩 How to do face detection with your webcam and JavaScript 📸🧠 # javascript # machinelearning # webdev # tutorial 54 reactions Comments 9 comments 7 min read Speed up your Vue app: The most unexpected and perhaps silliest way 🤪🚀 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Apr 26 '22 Speed up your Vue app: The most unexpected and perhaps silliest way 🤪🚀 # vue # javascript # webdev # performance 29 reactions Comments 4 comments 3 min read Use your i-moon-gination: Let's build a Moon phase visualizer with CSS and JS! 🗓️🌙 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Mar 24 '22 Use your i-moon-gination: Let's build a Moon phase visualizer with CSS and JS! 🗓️🌙 # javascript # webdev # tutorial # beginners 127 reactions Comments 5 comments 6 min read The Mythical One-Fits-All Build Tool Plugin 🦄 (It Actually Exists) Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Jan 11 The Mythical One-Fits-All Build Tool Plugin 🦄 (It Actually Exists) # typescript # javascript # webdev # programming 4 reactions Comments 3 comments 7 min read Want to connect with Pascal Thormeier? 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Sign in Old School Tech: How to Animate The Classic DVD Logo Bouncing 📀📐 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Jan 8 Old School Tech: How to Animate The Classic DVD Logo Bouncing 📀📐 # showdev # webdev # javascript # programming 11 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Beating annoying minigames with Java☕ - Or: How to create a smart auto-clicker 🤖🎮 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Jan 8 '24 Beating annoying minigames with Java☕ - Or: How to create a smart auto-clicker 🤖🎮 # showdev # java # programming # automation 9 reactions Comments 4 comments 7 min read Coding with crustaceans?🦐 - CodeLobster IDE🦞 review Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Dec 19 '23 Coding with crustaceans?🦐 - CodeLobster IDE🦞 review # webdev # programming # review # tooling 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read ⚠️ Don't try this at home: A CMS written in Bash ONLY?? Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Sep 3 '23 ⚠️ Don't try this at home: A CMS written in Bash ONLY?? # bash # webdev # programming # donttrythisathome 98 reactions Comments 30 comments 14 min read I wrote a book on CSS Grid - Here's how! 📖💡 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow May 20 '23 I wrote a book on CSS Grid - Here's how! 📖💡 # showdev # css # watercooler # design 34 reactions Comments 18 comments 8 min read Use ALL the Features: How To Create a Fancy Password Input With Vue3 🔑✅ Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Apr 1 '23 Use ALL the Features: How To Create a Fancy Password Input With Vue3 🔑✅ # vue # webdev # tutorial # javascript 14 reactions Comments 6 comments 5 min read I asked ChatGPT to draft a four-hour agile retrospective - here's how it went 🦾💬 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Feb 1 '23 I asked ChatGPT to draft a four-hour agile retrospective - here's how it went 🦾💬 # welcome 23 reactions Comments 6 comments 6 min read Throwing Around Text – Kinetic Typography Part 4: Rotating Around the World 🎡🌍 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Jan 25 '23 Throwing Around Text – Kinetic Typography Part 4: Rotating Around the World 🎡🌍 # webdev # css # tutorial # design 11 reactions Comments 2 comments 5 min read dev.to codes! Collaborative coding experiment: The most liked comment picks the next line of code, day 5 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Nov 12 '22 dev.to codes! Collaborative coding experiment: The most liked comment picks the next line of code, day 5 # community # opensource # programming # ruby 5 reactions Comments 2 comments 1 min read dev.to codes! Collaborative coding experiment: The most liked comment picks the next line of code, day 4 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Nov 11 '22 dev.to codes! Collaborative coding experiment: The most liked comment picks the next line of code, day 4 # programming # community # opensource # ruby 12 reactions Comments 5 comments 1 min read dev.to codes! Collaborative coding experiment: The most liked comment picks the next line of code, day 3 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Nov 10 '22 dev.to codes! Collaborative coding experiment: The most liked comment picks the next line of code, day 3 # programming # community # opensource # ruby 5 reactions Comments 3 comments 1 min read dev.to codes! Collaborative coding experiment: The most liked comment picks the next line of code, day 2 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Nov 9 '22 dev.to codes! Collaborative coding experiment: The most liked comment picks the next line of code, day 2 # programming # community # fun # ruby 23 reactions Comments 15 comments 1 min read dev.to codes! Collaborative coding experiment: The most liked comment picks the next line of code, day 1 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Nov 8 '22 dev.to codes! Collaborative coding experiment: The most liked comment picks the next line of code, day 1 # programming # opensource # community # fun 29 reactions Comments 11 comments 1 min read Create useful noise patterns with Academy award winning Ken Perlin 🏆🎲 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Oct 12 '22 Create useful noise patterns with Academy award winning Ken Perlin 🏆🎲 # javascript # algorithms # tutorial # gamedev 14 reactions Comments 2 comments 7 min read Throwing around text - Kinetic typography part 3: The Walking Text that follows you 🧟🧟 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow May 2 '22 Throwing around text - Kinetic typography part 3: The Walking Text that follows you 🧟🧟 # webdev # javascript # tutorial # design 29 reactions Comments 3 comments 5 min read Let's have a blast of fun! How to build a Minesweeper clone for the CLI with NodeJS 💣🔍 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Mar 9 '22 Let's have a blast of fun! How to build a Minesweeper clone for the CLI with NodeJS 💣🔍 # node # javascript # tutorial # gamedev 59 reactions Comments 8 comments 9 min read ⚠️ Don't try this at home: CSS _as_ the backend - introducing Cascading Server Sheets! Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Feb 21 '22 ⚠️ Don't try this at home: CSS _as_ the backend - introducing Cascading Server Sheets! # css # node # donttrythisathome # tutorial 422 reactions Comments 110 comments 8 min read Start and stop a llama! How to create a non-autoplay GIF web component 🎞️🛑🔥 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Feb 17 '22 Start and stop a llama! How to create a non-autoplay GIF web component 🎞️🛑🔥 # html # javascript # tutorial # webdev 87 reactions Comments 7 comments 5 min read 5 tips for Vue beginners - stuff to get you started fast🚀 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Feb 13 '22 5 tips for Vue beginners - stuff to get you started fast🚀 # vue # javascript # beginners # webdev 40 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Throwing around text - Kinetic typography part 2: Tricking gravity thanks to matter.js! 📃🛫🤯 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Jan 30 '22 Throwing around text - Kinetic typography part 2: Tricking gravity thanks to matter.js! 📃🛫🤯 # webdev # design # javascript # tutorial 32 reactions Comments 12 comments 6 min read Throwing around text - Kinetic typography part 1: A chilly warm-up 📝 ️ 🚀 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Jan 25 '22 Throwing around text - Kinetic typography part 1: A chilly warm-up 📝 ️ 🚀 # webdev # css # tutorial # design 24 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read How 1.5 years of writing posts on dev.to made me a better developer ✍️↔️🧑‍💻🚀 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Jan 16 '22 How 1.5 years of writing posts on dev.to made me a better developer ✍️↔️🧑‍💻🚀 # discuss # career # watercooler 194 reactions Comments 14 comments 5 min read Self-built Tic-tac-toe AIs vs Human - The ultimate showdown in five rounds, from dumbed down to highly sophisticated 🥊🏆 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Jan 8 '22 Self-built Tic-tac-toe AIs vs Human - The ultimate showdown in five rounds, from dumbed down to highly sophisticated 🥊🏆 # node # javascript # algorithms # tutorial 21 reactions Comments Add Comment 14 min read Remote pair programming - What are YOUR best practices? 🧑‍💻👩🏽‍💻 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Dec 30 '21 Remote pair programming - What are YOUR best practices? 🧑‍💻👩🏽‍💻 # watercooler # productivity # discuss # programming 10 reactions Comments 7 comments 2 min read I plowed through coding slang Wikipedia articles so you don't have to - 25 terms you probably didn't know 🍝💻 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Dec 10 '21 I plowed through coding slang Wikipedia articles so you don't have to - 25 terms you probably didn't know 🍝💻 # watercooler # programming # computerscience # uselessknowledge 47 reactions Comments 3 comments 12 min read Create beautiful rosette patterns with JavaScript 🖌️🌼 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Nov 14 '21 Create beautiful rosette patterns with JavaScript 🖌️🌼 # javascript # svg # webdev # tutorial 83 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read ⚠️ Don't try this at home: CSS-only image detail zoom - As hacky as possible! 🖼️🔍 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Nov 6 '21 ⚠️ Don't try this at home: CSS-only image detail zoom - As hacky as possible! 🖼️🔍 # html # css # webdev # donttrythisathome 132 reactions Comments 16 comments 5 min read Ancient computer science: Let's build a Roman numeral converter from scratch 🏺📜 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Oct 4 '21 Ancient computer science: Let's build a Roman numeral converter from scratch 🏺📜 # webdev # javascript # tutorial # mathematics 53 reactions Comments 14 comments 5 min read Let's build a rainbow on a canvas from scratch! 🌈📐 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Sep 25 '21 Let's build a rainbow on a canvas from scratch! 🌈📐 # webdev # tutorial # javascript # mathematics 77 reactions Comments 8 comments 7 min read Let's build a box pushing puzzle game from scratch! 📦🕹️ Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Sep 5 '21 Let's build a box pushing puzzle game from scratch! 📦🕹️ # webdev # tutorial # javascript # html 67 reactions Comments 5 comments 6 min read Let's build a web radio player from scratch 🌐📻 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Aug 25 '21 Let's build a web radio player from scratch 🌐📻 # tutorial # webdev # javascript # css 167 reactions Comments 9 comments 8 min read It's alive! Simulate organisms with Conway's game of life on a canvas 🧫🔋 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Jul 21 '21 It's alive! Simulate organisms with Conway's game of life on a canvas 🧫🔋 # tutorial # computerscience # javascript # maths 39 reactions Comments 18 comments 7 min read Feel like a secret agent: Hidden messages in images with steganography 🖼️🕵️‍♀️ Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Jun 19 '21 Feel like a secret agent: Hidden messages in images with steganography 🖼️🕵️‍♀️ # javascript # tutorial # cryptography # webdev 255 reactions Comments 18 comments 5 min read How to generate thousands of usernames and halfway decent passwords with Bash💯💯 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow May 17 '21 How to generate thousands of usernames and halfway decent passwords with Bash💯💯 # bash # linux # tutorial 31 reactions Comments 6 comments 5 min read Machine learning in Scratch?? 🐱💡 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Apr 28 '21 Machine learning in Scratch?? 🐱💡 # machinelearning # scratch # computerscience # algorithms 48 reactions Comments 2 comments 5 min read Random numbers in CSS? Really? 🎲🤔 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Apr 14 '21 Random numbers in CSS? Really? 🎲🤔 # css # computerscience # webdev # random 46 reactions Comments 16 comments 3 min read I'm going to give Snowpack a try now ️📦 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Apr 5 '21 I'm going to give Snowpack a try now ️📦 # webdev # javascript # node # operations 58 reactions Comments 10 comments 6 min read Yummyplan🍞📅 got some updates! Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Mar 27 '21 Yummyplan🍞📅 got some updates! # showdev # webdev # vue # javascript 20 reactions Comments 9 comments 2 min read 🕵️Something new every now and then: Trying Brunch🍴 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Mar 20 '21 🕵️Something new every now and then: Trying Brunch🍴 # javascript # webdev # node # operations 8 reactions Comments 3 comments 5 min read Crunching numbers: Algorithms I wrote for Project Euler🧮💻 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Mar 12 '21 Crunching numbers: Algorithms I wrote for Project Euler🧮💻 # mathematics # computerscience # javascript # algorithms 30 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Yummyplan - An app to plan meals for an entire week🍞📅 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Mar 7 '21 Yummyplan - An app to plan meals for an entire week🍞📅 # showdev # webdev # vue # javascript 149 reactions Comments 26 comments 2 min read Algorithm explained: K-means clustering📈 with PHP🐘 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Feb 23 '21 Algorithm explained: K-means clustering📈 with PHP🐘 # machinelearning # computerscience # tutorial # php 14 reactions Comments 2 comments 4 min read Let's build an actual working digital Drum kit🥁 you can play with your keyboard⌨️🤘 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Feb 12 '21 Let's build an actual working digital Drum kit🥁 you can play with your keyboard⌨️🤘 # javascript # css # webdev # tutorial 108 reactions Comments 4 comments 6 min read Let's build an actual working Guitar🎸 with JavaScript 💻🤘 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Feb 2 '21 Let's build an actual working Guitar🎸 with JavaScript 💻🤘 # javascript # css # webdev # tutorial 354 reactions Comments 47 comments 7 min read Build your own WYSIWYG markdown editor for Vue 📝👀 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Jan 28 '21 Build your own WYSIWYG markdown editor for Vue 📝👀 # vue # javascript # webdev # tutorial 309 reactions Comments 27 comments 6 min read How to generate placeholder images with a simple Node script 🖼️🖌️🤖 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Jan 16 '21 How to generate placeholder images with a simple Node script 🖼️🖌️🤖 # showdev # node # javascript # tutorial 49 reactions Comments 3 comments 4 min read 🍳 🍲 Cooking for devs - a creative counterweight Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Jan 11 '21 🍳 🍲 Cooking for devs - a creative counterweight # watercooler # tutorial # tips # motivation 10 reactions Comments 1 comment 5 min read Tech prototyping tools and libs for backend web devs 💻🚀🌐 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Jan 5 '21 Tech prototyping tools and libs for backend web devs 💻🚀🌐 # prototyping # webdev # node # php 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Tech prototyping tools and libs for frontend web devs 💻🚀🌐 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Dec 30 '20 Tech prototyping tools and libs for frontend web devs 💻🚀🌐 # prototyping # webdev # javascript # css 62 reactions Comments 5 comments 4 min read 🌟🖼️ Shiny image loading effect with Vue Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Dec 22 '20 🌟🖼️ Shiny image loading effect with Vue # vue # css # webdev # javascript 27 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Algorithm explained: Linear regression using gradient descent with PHP Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Dec 11 '20 Algorithm explained: Linear regression using gradient descent with PHP # machinelearning # php # computerscience # tutorial 35 reactions Comments 7 comments 10 min read How I adjusted the Eisenhower matrix to boost my productivity🚀 Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Nov 26 '20 How I adjusted the Eisenhower matrix to boost my productivity🚀 # productivity # career # agile # tutorial 19 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Game show feeling: How I created a hardware mute button for Linux Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Nov 19 '20 Game show feeling: How I created a hardware mute button for Linux # linux # tutorial # javascript # node 20 reactions Comments 5 comments 6 min read Algorithm explained: Text similarity using a vector space model Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Nov 16 '20 Algorithm explained: Text similarity using a vector space model # computerscience # nlp # tutorial # php 17 reactions Comments 6 comments 8 min read Algorithm explained: The Doomsday rule Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Nov 9 '20 Algorithm explained: The Doomsday rule # computerscience # php # tutorial # maths 19 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Let's build a Mandelbrot set visualizer Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Oct 30 '20 Let's build a Mandelbrot set visualizer # math # javascript # computerscience # tutorial 12 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Algorithm explained: Levenshtein edit distance Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Oct 24 '20 Algorithm explained: Levenshtein edit distance # computerscience # nlp # tutorial # php 72 reactions Comments 2 comments 8 min read The Magic Computer - A party trick's secret explained Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Oct 8 '20 The Magic Computer - A party trick's secret explained # watercooler # tutorial # computerscience # mathematics 25 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read 📋✍️ Hand-drawn border animation using clip-path and border-radius Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Oct 1 '20 📋✍️ Hand-drawn border animation using clip-path and border-radius # showdev # webdev # css # html 12 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/amaan_sarfaraz_15f8675671	AMAAN SARFARAZ - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions AMAAN SARFARAZ 404 bio not found Joined Joined on Oct 11, 2025 More info about @amaan_sarfaraz_15f8675671 Post 7 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 0 tags followed Building a LinkedIn Outreach Agent with LangGraph and ConnectSafely.ai AMAAN SARFARAZ AMAAN SARFARAZ AMAAN SARFARAZ Follow Jan 13 Building a LinkedIn Outreach Agent with LangGraph and ConnectSafely.ai # langgraph # ai # automation # typescript Comments Add Comment 5 min read Building a LinkedIn Outreach Agent with ConnectSafely.ai and Mastra AMAAN SARFARAZ AMAAN SARFARAZ AMAAN SARFARAZ Follow Jan 13 Building a LinkedIn Outreach Agent with ConnectSafely.ai and Mastra # ai # automation # typescript # agents Comments Add Comment 10 min read Building a LinkedIn Lead Gen Agent That Actually Works AMAAN SARFARAZ AMAAN SARFARAZ AMAAN SARFARAZ Follow Jan 12 Building a LinkedIn Lead Gen Agent That Actually Works # ai # python # automation # agents Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building a Multi-Agent LinkedIn Automation System AMAAN SARFARAZ AMAAN SARFARAZ AMAAN SARFARAZ Follow Jan 6 Building a Multi-Agent LinkedIn Automation System Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building a LinkedIn Premium Member Extractor Agent with ConnectSafely.ai and LangGraph AMAAN SARFARAZ AMAAN SARFARAZ AMAAN SARFARAZ Follow Dec 26 '25 Building a LinkedIn Premium Member Extractor Agent with ConnectSafely.ai and LangGraph Comments Add Comment 7 min read Building a Complete LinkedIn Automation Agent with ConnectSafely.AI MCP AMAAN SARFARAZ AMAAN SARFARAZ AMAAN SARFARAZ Follow Dec 24 '25 Building a Complete LinkedIn Automation Agent with ConnectSafely.AI MCP Comments Add Comment 8 min read Building a LinkedIn Group Member Extractor with Mastra and ConnectSafely.AI AMAAN SARFARAZ AMAAN SARFARAZ AMAAN SARFARAZ Follow Dec 23 '25 Building a LinkedIn Group Member Extractor with Mastra and ConnectSafely.AI Comments Add Comment 15 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account	2026-01-13T08:49:01
https://docs.python.org/ko/3/	3.14.2 Documentation 테마 자동 라이트 다크 내려받기 이 문서 내려받기 버전별 설명서 Python 3.15 (in development) Python 3.14 (stable) Python 3.13 (stable) Python 3.12 (security-fixes) Python 3.11 (security-fixes) Python 3.10 (security-fixes) Python 3.9 (EOL) Python 3.8 (EOL) Python 3.7 (EOL) Python 3.6 (EOL) Python 3.5 (EOL) Python 3.4 (EOL) Python 3.3 (EOL) Python 3.2 (EOL) Python 3.1 (EOL) Python 3.0 (EOL) Python 2.7 (EOL) Python 2.6 (EOL) 모든 버전 기타 자원 PEP Index Beginner's Guide Book List Audio/Visual Talks Python Developer’s Guide 내비게이션 색인 모듈 \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » \| 테마 자동 라이트 다크 \| Python 3.14.2 문서 환영합니다! 파이썬 3.14.2 공식 설명서의 한국어 번역입니다. 설명서 섹션들: 파이썬 3.14 의 새로운 기능은? 또는 파이썬 2.0 이후의 모든 "새로운 기능" 문서 자습서 Start here: a tour of Python's syntax and features 라이브러리 레퍼런스 표준 라이브러리와 내장 언어 레퍼런스 문법과 언어 요소 파이썬 설정 및 사용법 How to install, configure, and use Python 파이썬 HOWTO In-depth topic manuals 파이썬 모듈 설치하기 Third-party modules and PyPI.org 파이썬 모듈 배포하기 다른 사람들이 사용할 수 있도록 모듈을 게시하기 확장 및 내장 C/C++ 프로그래머용 파이썬의 C API C API 레퍼런스 FAQs 자주 나오는 질문들 (답도 있습니다!) 폐지 폐지된 기능 색인, 용어집, 검색: 전체 모듈 색인 모든 모듈과 라이브러리 일반 색인 모든 함수, 클래스, 용어 용어집 용어들을 설명합니다 검색 페이지 이 문서를 검색합니다 완전한 목차 모든 섹션들과 서브섹션들을 나열합니다 프로젝트 정보: 문제 보고하기 Contributing to docs 설명서 내려받기 파이썬의 역사와 라이센스 저작권 설명서 정보 내려받기 이 문서 내려받기 버전별 설명서 Python 3.15 (in development) Python 3.14 (stable) Python 3.13 (stable) Python 3.12 (security-fixes) Python 3.11 (security-fixes) Python 3.10 (security-fixes) Python 3.9 (EOL) Python 3.8 (EOL) Python 3.7 (EOL) Python 3.6 (EOL) Python 3.5 (EOL) Python 3.4 (EOL) Python 3.3 (EOL) Python 3.2 (EOL) Python 3.1 (EOL) Python 3.0 (EOL) Python 2.7 (EOL) Python 2.6 (EOL) 모든 버전 기타 자원 PEP Index Beginner's Guide Book List Audio/Visual Talks Python Developer’s Guide « 내비게이션 색인 모듈 \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » \| 테마 자동 라이트 다크 \| © 저작권 2001 Python Software Foundation. 해당하는 페이지의 저작권은 파이썬 소프트웨어 재단 저작권 라이센스 버전 2를 통해 보호받음을 고지 드립니다. 해당하는 문서 내의 예제, 사용법, 그리고 다른 코드들은 또한 Zero Clause BSD 라이센스를 통해 보호받음을 고지 드립니다. 보다 다양한 정보를 위해서는 라이센스와 기록물 을 참고 부탁드립니다. 파이썬 소프트웨어 재단은 비영리 재단입니다. 기부를 부탁드립니다. 마지막 업데이트: 1월 13, 2026 (06:54 UTC). 문제가 생기셨나요 ? 해당하는 문서는 스핑크스 8.2.3를 통해 만들어졌습니다.	2026-01-13T08:49:01
https://docs.python.org/tutorial/index.html	The Python Tutorial — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Previous topic Changelog Next topic 1. Whetting Your Appetite This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules \| next \| previous \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial \| Theme Auto Light Dark \| The Python Tutorial ¶ Tip This tutorial is designed for programmers that are new to the Python language, not beginners who are new to programming. Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has efficient high-level data structures and a simple but effective approach to object-oriented programming. Python’s elegant syntax and dynamic typing, together with its interpreted nature, make it an ideal language for scripting and rapid application development in many areas on most platforms. The Python interpreter and the extensive standard library are freely available in source or binary form for all major platforms from the Python website, https://www.python.org/ , and may be freely distributed. The same site also contains distributions of and pointers to many free third party Python modules, programs and tools, and additional documentation. The Python interpreter is easily extended with new functions and data types implemented in C or C++ (or other languages callable from C). Python is also suitable as an extension language for customizable applications. This tutorial introduces the reader informally to the basic concepts and features of the Python language and system. Be aware that it expects you to have a basic understanding of programming in general. It helps to have a Python interpreter handy for hands-on experience, but all examples are self-contained, so the tutorial can be read off-line as well. For a description of standard objects and modules, see The Python Standard Library . The Python Language Reference gives a more formal definition of the language. To write extensions in C or C++, read Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter and Python/C API Reference Manual . There are also several books covering Python in depth. This tutorial does not attempt to be comprehensive and cover every single feature, or even every commonly used feature. Instead, it introduces many of Python’s most noteworthy features, and will give you a good idea of the language’s flavor and style. After reading it, you will be able to read and write Python modules and programs, and you will be ready to learn more about the various Python library modules described in The Python Standard Library . The Glossary is also worth going through. 1. Whetting Your Appetite 2. Using the Python Interpreter 2.1. Invoking the Interpreter 2.1.1. Argument Passing 2.1.2. Interactive Mode 2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment 2.2.1. Source Code Encoding 3. An Informal Introduction to Python 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator 3.1.1. Numbers 3.1.2. Text 3.1.3. Lists 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming 4. More Control Flow Tools 4.1. if Statements 4.2. for Statements 4.3. The range() Function 4.4. break and continue Statements 4.5. else Clauses on Loops 4.6. pass Statements 4.7. match Statements 4.8. Defining Functions 4.9. More on Defining Functions 4.9.1. Default Argument Values 4.9.2. Keyword Arguments 4.9.3. Special parameters 4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments 4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters 4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments 4.9.3.4. Function Examples 4.9.3.5. Recap 4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists 4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists 4.9.6. Lambda Expressions 4.9.7. Documentation Strings 4.9.8. Function Annotations 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style 5. Data Structures 5.1. More on Lists 5.1.1. Using Lists as Stacks 5.1.2. Using Lists as Queues 5.1.3. List Comprehensions 5.1.4. Nested List Comprehensions 5.2. The del statement 5.3. Tuples and Sequences 5.4. Sets 5.5. Dictionaries 5.6. Looping Techniques 5.7. More on Conditions 5.8. Comparing Sequences and Other Types 6. Modules 6.1. More on Modules 6.1.1. Executing modules as scripts 6.1.2. The Module Search Path 6.1.3. “Compiled” Python files 6.2. Standard Modules 6.3. The dir() Function 6.4. Packages 6.4.1. Importing * From a Package 6.4.2. Intra-package References 6.4.3. Packages in Multiple Directories 7. Input and Output 7.1. Fancier Output Formatting 7.1.1. Formatted String Literals 7.1.2. The String format() Method 7.1.3. Manual String Formatting 7.1.4. Old string formatting 7.2. Reading and Writing Files 7.2.1. Methods of File Objects 7.2.2. Saving structured data with json 8. Errors and Exceptions 8.1. Syntax Errors 8.2. Exceptions 8.3. Handling Exceptions 8.4. Raising Exceptions 8.5. Exception Chaining 8.6. User-defined Exceptions 8.7. Defining Clean-up Actions 8.8. Predefined Clean-up Actions 8.9. Raising and Handling Multiple Unrelated Exceptions 8.10. Enriching Exceptions with Notes 9. Classes 9.1. A Word About Names and Objects 9.2. Python Scopes and Namespaces 9.2.1. Scopes and Namespaces Example 9.3. A First Look at Classes 9.3.1. Class Definition Syntax 9.3.2. Class Objects 9.3.3. Instance Objects 9.3.4. Method Objects 9.3.5. Class and Instance Variables 9.4. Random Remarks 9.5. Inheritance 9.5.1. Multiple Inheritance 9.6. Private Variables 9.7. Odds and Ends 9.8. Iterators 9.9. Generators 9.10. Generator Expressions 10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library 10.1. Operating System Interface 10.2. File Wildcards 10.3. Command Line Arguments 10.4. Error Output Redirection and Program Termination 10.5. String Pattern Matching 10.6. Mathematics 10.7. Internet Access 10.8. Dates and Times 10.9. Data Compression 10.10. Performance Measurement 10.11. Quality Control 10.12. Batteries Included 11. Brief Tour of the Standard Library — Part II 11.1. Output Formatting 11.2. Templating 11.3. Working with Binary Data Record Layouts 11.4. Multi-threading 11.5. Logging 11.6. Weak References 11.7. Tools for Working with Lists 11.8. Decimal Floating-Point Arithmetic 12. Virtual Environments and Packages 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Creating Virtual Environments 12.3. Managing Packages with pip 13. What Now? 14. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution 14.1. Tab Completion and History Editing 14.2. Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter 15. Floating-Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations 15.1. Representation Error 16. Appendix 16.1. Interactive Mode 16.1.1. Error Handling 16.1.2. Executable Python Scripts 16.1.3. The Interactive Startup File 16.1.4. The Customization Modules Previous topic Changelog Next topic 1. Whetting Your Appetite This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules \| next \| previous \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial \| Theme Auto Light Dark \| © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. Last updated on Jan 13, 2026 (06:19 UTC). Found a bug ? Created using Sphinx 8.2.3.	2026-01-13T08:49:01
https://dev.to/help/writing-editing-scheduling#Q-How-do-I-set-a-canonical-URL-on-my-post	Writing, Editing and Scheduling - DEV Help - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close DEV Help The latest help documentation, tips and tricks from the DEV Community. Help > Writing, Editing and Scheduling Writing, Editing and Scheduling In this article The Editor Drafting and publishing a post: Scheduling a post: Creating a Series Cross-posting Content Helpful Resources DEV Editor guide Markdown Cheatsheet Best Practices for Writing on DEV Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism on DEV Guidelines for AI-assisted Articles on DEV Common Questions Q: How do I set a canonical URL on my post? Q: How do I set a cover image for my post? Q: Do I own the articles that I publish? Q: Can I cross-post something I've already written on my own blog or Medium? Q: Can I use profanity in my posts? Q: Why has my post been removed? Q: Will you put ads on my posts' pages? Explore the ins and outs of writing, editing, scheduling, and managing articles. The Editor The DEV editor is your primary tool for writing and sharing posts. With a Markdown -based syntax and flexible options for embedding content, the editor is one of the main ways DEV members express themselves. Drafting, scheduling, and publishing posts are all options; importing via RSS is also a feature that we provide. Learn how to use the DEV editor to create and format your articles effectively: Drafting and publishing a post: Click on " Write a Post " in the top right corner of the site. Follow the prompts to fill out the necessary inputs. Give your post a title, write the body content, add appropriate tags, and fill out any other optional fields. If you're not ready to share your article, just click "Save draft" in the bottom left. You can access your drafts from your user dashboard and return to editing your post whenever you wish. Once you're ready to share your post, click the "Publish" button in the bottom left. Note: if you are using the Basic Markdown editor you interface is more minimalistic, and you'll need to change published: false to published: true in the Front Matter of the post, then save to publish your post. Congratulations, your post should be published! You should see the article listed on your public profile. Note that you can access analytics for each post you've shared from your user dashboard by clicking on the ... beside the article title. Scheduling a post: To schedule a post, you may open a draft or start writing a new post. Once you've got your post set up, click on the hexagon icon in the bottom left-hand corner near the Publish button. See "Schedule Publication" and use the inputs to select a date and time for the post to go live. Note: this feature is set to your local time zone. Creating a Series DEV provides authors with the ability to link articles together in a series. A series has a title and an associated page to hold all the entries (e.g. Sloan's Inbox ). Most often this is done for articles that are thematically related or recurring weekly posts. We have a handy guide here that explains step-by-step how to create a series on DEV. Note: If you've written the first entry in a series and are wondering why the series title is not easily visible, it's because we don't actually display information about a post being part of a series until there is more than one entry in the series. Once you write your second entry in the series, the Table of Contents and title for the series should appear. Cross-posting Content DEV offers a variety of features for those who want to cross-post content from elsewhere on the web. We encourage folks to share articles from their personal and company blogs! Notably, we offer folks the ability to import content via RSS and set canonical links on any posts that are shared. Using the RSS Feed on DEV Community Configure RSS Feed: Navigate to extensions within the settings. Under "Publishing to DEV Community 👩‍💻👨‍💻 from RSS," enter your blog's RSS feed URL. You will see the option to "Mark the RSS source as canonical URL" or "Replace links with DEV Community links." Check the info below (Specifying a Canonical URL) to help you decide which option to select. Click "submit feed settings." Edit Post Drafts Before Publishing Go to your user dashboard. Click edit beside the post you want to post. Save each draft after making changes. Publish Post when ready. How to Specify a Canonical URL Members reposting content often worry about original posts becoming less discoverable in search engines and their website losing visibility as the newer publishing platform (e.g., DEV) might surpass the original blog. Fortunately, DEV allows authors to address these concerns. By inputting a canonical URL, contributors can ensure search engines understand the original source. This prevents any penalties for reposting, and search engine crawlers boost the ranking of the original article. Option 1 (RSS Import): Check the "Mark the RSS source as canonical URL by default" box upon import. Option 2 (Individual Posts): Identify your editor version in /settings/customization. Rich + Markdown Editor: Click the gear icon next to "Save draft" and enter the original post's URL in the "Canonical URL" field. Basic Markdown Editor: Add canonical_url: X to the post's front matter, specifying the original post's URL. Following these steps ensures proper attribution and maintains the visibility of your content. Helpful Resources Below you'll find various resources we recommend for better understanding DEV's writing policies and tools. DEV Editor guide A quick guide that provides you with technical tips for using the DEV Editor and our brand of Markdown. You can also find it by clicking the "?" page in the editor . Markdown Cheatsheet A handy cheatsheet for commonly-used Markdown formatting syntax. Best Practices for Writing on DEV A helpful series that offers both technical tips and general guidance for making the best-fit article for DEV. 🙌 Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism on DEV This resource offers guidance for how to avoid plagiarism. We take a strong stance against plagiarism on DEV; please don't hesitate to report any plagiarism to us. Guidelines for AI-assisted Articles on DEV These guidelines detail our requirements for properly labelling AI-assisted content on DEV. Please don't hesitate to report any content that is written with AI-assistance if it isn't following these guidelines. Common Questions Q: How do I set a canonical URL on my post? In the post editor, click the hexagon icon in the bottom left-hand corner beside "save draft" and you'll see an input box to designate a Canonical URL. Note: if you are using the Basic Markdown editor you must add a line for it inside the triple dashes (aka Front Matter), like so: --- title: published: false tags: canonical_url: <https://mycoolsite.com/my-post> --- Q: How do I set a cover image for my post? If using the Rich + Markdown editor, then click the "Add a cover image" button above the title of the post. If using the Basic Markdown editor, include cover_image: [url] in the front matter of your post. Note: you may change your editor type from your settings . Q: Do I own the articles that I publish? Yes, you own the rights to the content you create and post on dev.to and you have the full authority to post, edit, and remove your content as you see fit. Q: Can I cross-post something I've already written on my own blog or Medium? Absolutely, as long as you have the rights you need to do so! And if it's of high quality, we'll feature it. Q: Can I use profanity in my posts? We don't disallow profanity in general, but we do have an internal policy of not promoting posts that have profanity in the title, so you might want to keep that in mind. If your profanity is targeted at individuals or hateful, then it would cross the lines of what's acceptable via our Code of Conduct and we may take necessary action to remove you content. Q: Why has my post been removed? Your post is subject to removal at the discretion of the moderators if they believe it does not meet the requirements of our Code of Conduct . If you think we may have made a mistake, please email us at support@dev.to . Q: Will you put ads on my posts' pages? It's possible. We do allow organizations to purchase advertisements with DEV. 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But, we respect your decision and appreciate you sharing posts with us! 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account	2026-01-13T08:49:01
https://docs.python.org/el/3/	3.14.2 Documentation Θέμα Αυτόματα Φωτεινό Σκούρο Κατεβάστε Κατεβάστε αυτά τα έγγραφα Έγγραφα ανά έκδοση Python 3.15 (in development) Python 3.14 (stable) Python 3.13 (stable) Python 3.12 (security-fixes) Python 3.11 (security-fixes) Python 3.10 (security-fixes) Python 3.9 (EOL) Python 3.8 (EOL) Python 3.7 (EOL) Python 3.6 (EOL) Python 3.5 (EOL) Python 3.4 (EOL) Python 3.3 (EOL) Python 3.2 (EOL) Python 3.1 (EOL) Python 3.0 (EOL) Python 2.7 (EOL) Python 2.6 (EOL) Όλες οι εκδόσεις Άλλες πηγές PEP Index Beginner's Guide Book List Audio/Visual Talks Python Developer’s Guide Πλοήγηση ευρετήριο μονάδες \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » \| Θέμα Αυτόματα Φωτεινό Σκούρο \| Τεκμηρίωση του Python - 3.14.2 Καλώς ήρθατε! Αυτό είναι η επίσημη τεκμηρίωση για την Python 3.14.2. Ενότητες Τεκμηρίωσης: Τι νέο υπάρχει στην Python 3.14; Ή όλα "Τι νέο υπάρχει" έγγραφα από την Python 2.0 Tutorial Ξεκινήστε εδώ, μια περιήγηση στη σύνταξη και τις δυνατότητες της Python Αναφορά βιβλιοθήκης Τυπική Βιβλιοθήκη και builtins Γλωσσική αναφορά Συντακτικά και γλωσσικά στοιχεία Ρύθμιση και χρήση της Python Πως να εγκαταστήσετε, ρυθμίσετε, και χρησιμοποιήσετε την Python Python HOWTOs Σε βάθος εγχειρίδια θεμάτων Εγκατάσταση Python modules Modules τρίτων και PyPI.org Διανομή Python modules Δημοσίευση modules για χρήση από άλλους Επέκταση και ενσωμάτωση Για προγραμματιστές C/C++ Το C API της Python Αναφορά C API FAQs Συχνές ερωτήσεις (με απαντήσεις!) Απαρχαιωμένες δυνατότητες Απαρχαιωμένη λειτουργικότητα Ευρετήρια, Γλωσσάριο, και αναζήτηση: Global module Index Όλα τα modules και οι βιβλιοθήκες Γενικό ευρετήριο Όλες οι συναρτήσεις, οι κλάσεις, οι όροι Γλωσσάριο Οι όροι εξηγούνται Αναζήτηση σελίδας Αναζητήστε αυτήν την τεκμηρίωση Ολοκληρωμένος πίνακας περιεχομένων Παραθέτει όλες τις ενότητες και τις υποενότητες Πληροφορίες έργου: Αναφορά ζητημάτων Συμβολή στην τεκμηρίωση Κατεβάστε την τεκμηρίωση Ιστορία και άδεια της Python Πνευματικά δικαιώματα Σχετικά με την τεκμηρίωση Κατεβάστε Κατεβάστε αυτά τα έγγραφα Έγγραφα ανά έκδοση Python 3.15 (in development) Python 3.14 (stable) Python 3.13 (stable) Python 3.12 (security-fixes) Python 3.11 (security-fixes) Python 3.10 (security-fixes) Python 3.9 (EOL) Python 3.8 (EOL) Python 3.7 (EOL) Python 3.6 (EOL) Python 3.5 (EOL) Python 3.4 (EOL) Python 3.3 (EOL) Python 3.2 (EOL) Python 3.1 (EOL) Python 3.0 (EOL) Python 2.7 (EOL) Python 2.6 (EOL) Όλες οι εκδόσεις Άλλες πηγές PEP Index Beginner's Guide Book List Audio/Visual Talks Python Developer’s Guide « Πλοήγηση ευρετήριο μονάδες \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » \| Θέμα Αυτόματα Φωτεινό Σκούρο \| © Πνευματικά δικαιώματα 2001 Python Software Foundation. Η σελίδα αυτή διατίθεται υπό την άδεια χρήσης του Python Software Foundation, 2η έκδοση. Παραδείγματα, οδηγοί και λοιπά κομμάτια κώδικα στην τεκμηρίωση διατίθενται επιπλέον υπό την άδεια χρήσης Zero Clause BSD. Δες την Ιστορία και Άδεια χρήσης για περισσότερες πληροφορίες. Το Python Software Foundation είναι ένας μη κερδοσκοπικός οργανισμός. Παρακαλώ κάντε μια δωρεά. Τελευταία ενημέρωση στις Ιαν 13, 2026 (06:16 UTC). Βρήκες ένα bug ? Δημιουργήθηκε με την χρήση του Sphinx 8.2.3.	2026-01-13T08:49:01
https://dev.to/t/gamedev	Game Dev - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Game Dev Follow Hide 👾 👾 👾 Create Post submission guidelines Write! Just keep it clean and civil! about #gamedev From GameMaker Studio to Unity, RPG Maker to 6502 assembly - this is your stop for all things related to game development! However, please make sure that your post is about DEVELOPING A GAME, or TOOLS THAT DEVELOPERS CAN USE, but please make sure they are tools MADE for developers, not just tools like twitter. That can go in topics like #socialmedia. Older #gamedev posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 … 75 … 174 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Seeking Peer Connections for CodeChat P2P Testing bingkahu bingkahu bingkahu Follow Jan 12 Seeking Peer Connections for CodeChat P2P Testing # watercooler # coding # github # gamedev Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why My First Animation Blueprint Didn’t Work in Unreal Engine Dinesh Dinesh Dinesh Follow Jan 11 Why My First Animation Blueprint Didn’t Work in Unreal Engine # gamedev # unrealengine # beginners # animation Comments Add Comment 2 min read Getting Started with 2D Games Using Pyxel (Part 9): Shooting Bullets Kajiru Kajiru Kajiru Follow Jan 12 Getting Started with 2D Games Using Pyxel (Part 9): Shooting Bullets # python # gamedev # tutorial # pyxel Comments Add Comment 4 min read Can You Beat AI at This Simple Game? Daniel Tofan Daniel Tofan Daniel Tofan Follow Jan 12 Can You Beat AI at This Simple Game? # webdev # gamedev # ai # pwa Comments Add Comment 3 min read Hello, Newbie Here. Devon Pinkston Devon Pinkston Devon Pinkston Follow Jan 12 Hello, Newbie Here. # discuss # codenewbie # cpp # gamedev Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to Think About Games: Unity OP-Bright OP-Bright OP-Bright Follow Jan 12 How to Think About Games: Unity # beginners # design # gamedev Comments Add Comment 6 min read The Importance of Pixel Art for Developers JaylinJones0 JaylinJones0 JaylinJones0 Follow Jan 12 The Importance of Pixel Art for Developers # design # developer # gamedev Comments Add Comment 3 min read How Speed Finally Made My Character Feel Alive Dinesh Dinesh Dinesh Follow Jan 12 How Speed Finally Made My Character Feel Alive # gamedev # unrealengine # beginners # animation Comments Add Comment 2 min read Sharing a Good Book: Iwata Asks - The Legendary Life of the Nintendo Savior, From Genius Programmer to President Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Sharing a Good Book: Iwata Asks - The Legendary Life of the Nintendo Savior, From Genius Programmer to President # learning # gamedev # leadership # career Comments Add Comment 9 min read Getting Started with 2D Games Using Pyxel (Part 8): Spawning Asteroids Kajiru Kajiru Kajiru Follow Jan 11 Getting Started with 2D Games Using Pyxel (Part 8): Spawning Asteroids # python # gamedev # tutorial # pyxel Comments Add Comment 4 min read [Showdev] Blitzy: a lightweight 2D game engine in Kotlin xeroup xeroup xeroup Follow Jan 11 [Showdev] Blitzy: a lightweight 2D game engine in Kotlin # showdev # kotlin # opensource # gamedev Comments Add Comment 2 min read I Built an Open-Source ARK ASA Server Manager (Desktop EXE Tool) sanjay sanjay sanjay Follow Jan 11 I Built an Open-Source ARK ASA Server Manager (Desktop EXE Tool) # opensource # gamedev # software # gameserver Comments Add Comment 1 min read Turning Images Into Game-Ready PBR Textures With Python (Offline, No Subscriptions) Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 9 Turning Images Into Game-Ready PBR Textures With Python (Offline, No Subscriptions) # python # gamedev # computervision # opengl Comments Add Comment 2 min read How I Speed Up My Asset Store Publishing Process GuardingPearSoftware GuardingPearSoftware GuardingPearSoftware Follow Jan 10 How I Speed Up My Asset Store Publishing Process # automation # gamedev # productivity # tooling Comments Add Comment 5 min read Getting Started with 2D Games Using Pyxel (Part 7): Control the Character Kajiru Kajiru Kajiru Follow Jan 10 Getting Started with 2D Games Using Pyxel (Part 7): Control the Character # python # gamedev # tutorial # pyxel Comments Add Comment 3 min read PiGym – Pi digits memorization game Eoic Eoic Eoic Follow Jan 10 PiGym – Pi digits memorization game # showdev # gamedev # llm # discuss Comments Add Comment 1 min read 11 Years on a Hobby Project: SymOntoClay Dev Journal Sergiy Tolkachov Sergiy Tolkachov Sergiy Tolkachov Follow Jan 10 11 Years on a Hobby Project: SymOntoClay Dev Journal # devjournal # opensource # dsl # gamedev 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 4 min read How I Turned a Static Character into a Moving One in Unreal Engine Dinesh Dinesh Dinesh Follow Jan 10 How I Turned a Static Character into a Moving One in Unreal Engine # gamedev # unrealengine # beginners # animation Comments Add Comment 2 min read Getting Started with 2D Games Using Pyxel (Part 6): Moving Characters Kajiru Kajiru Kajiru Follow Jan 9 Getting Started with 2D Games Using Pyxel (Part 6): Moving Characters # python # gamedev # tutorial # pyxel Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building Your First Game on Midnight: A Complete Developer Tutorial UtkarshVarma UtkarshVarma UtkarshVarma Follow Jan 9 Building Your First Game on Midnight: A Complete Developer Tutorial # beginners # gamedev # tutorial # web3 Comments Add Comment 13 min read Game Dev Digest — Issue #313 - Procedural Generation and more Game Dev Digest - The Newsletter On Unity Game Dev Game Dev Digest - The Newsletter On Unity Game Dev Game Dev Digest - The Newsletter On Unity Game Dev Follow Jan 9 Game Dev Digest — Issue #313 - Procedural Generation and more # news # gamedev # unity3d # csharp Comments Add Comment 6 min read Creating Materials in Unreal Engine 5 and Understanding ORM Textures (Day 14) Dinesh Dinesh Dinesh Follow Jan 9 Creating Materials in Unreal Engine 5 and Understanding ORM Textures (Day 14) # gamedev # unrealengine # beginners # learning Comments Add Comment 2 min read I’m experimenting with an open-source narrative engine for tabletop RPGs — feedback welcome Timothy Button Timothy Button Timothy Button Follow Jan 8 I’m experimenting with an open-source narrative engine for tabletop RPGs — feedback welcome # opensource # gamedev # softwareengineering # tools Comments Add Comment 1 min read You Know Python Basics—Now Let's Build Something Real Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Jan 8 You Know Python Basics—Now Let's Build Something Real # python # beginners # gamedev # programming Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🐍 Building a Premium Snake Game with Vanilla JavaScript Oathan Rex Oathan Rex Oathan Rex Follow Jan 8 🐍 Building a Premium Snake Game with Vanilla JavaScript # javascript # gamedev # canvas # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... trending guides/resources Cells, Queries, and Chaos: The Game of Life in SQL! Game development with SpecKit, Rust and Bevy I Built a Game Engine from Scratch in C++ (Here's What I Learned) Tiny Games, Big Feelings Running Local LLMs in Game Engines - Here's My Journey with Godot + Ollama Game Dev is tedious — and I like it. End up building a decent ADV game engine with Antigravity and Chat GPT From GDScript to C#: A Practical Guide to Converting Your Godot Scripts Make Games with Flutter in 2025: Flame Engine, Tools, and Free Assets My Current Tech Stack in 2026 YouTube launches AI-powered Playables Builder beta to let creators design andshare their own games Render Graph, a simple implementation 🌙 MoonScript — A Cleaner, Softer, More Beautiful Lua A Solo Game Developer who uses only Free & Open Source Tools I Built a Deckbuilder Game Engine with Kiro: From Specs to "Slay the Spire" 🚀 Neovim for Unreal Engine: Major Update with Asset Tracking Plugin 'UEA.nvim' Porting Mistreevous to C#: A High-Performance Behavior Tree Library for Modern .NET I Built a Game in Less Than a Day (Without Writing a Single Line of Code) Helldivers 2 Storage Crisis Solved I Built a Game That Reads Your Mind (Using 100% AI) 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/leonrevill	Leon Revill - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Leon Revill CTO 🚀 \| Engineer at Heart 🛠️ \| Translating complex tech into clear value for teams & stakeholders Location Derby, United Kingdom Joined Joined on Jan 8, 2026 Personal website https://www.denoise.digital/ Education University of Derby Work CTO at Alertive More info about @leonrevill Post 1 post published Comment 0 comments written Tag 0 tags followed Should we stop using AI for Software Development? Leon Revill Leon Revill Leon Revill Follow Jan 9 Should we stop using AI for Software Development? # ai # softwareengineering # leadership Comments Add Comment 9 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account	2026-01-13T08:49:01
https://dev.to/t/tutorial	Tutorial - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # tutorial Follow Hide Tutorial is a general purpose tag. We welcome all types of tutorial - code related or not! It's all about learning, and using tutorials to teach others! Create Post submission guidelines Tutorials should teach by example. This can include an interactive component or steps the reader can follow to understand. Older #tutorial posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 … 75 … 2222 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Weather Service Project (Part 2): Building the Interactive Frontend with GitHub Pages or Netlify and JavaScript Daniel Daniel Daniel Follow for Datalaria Jan 13 Weather Service Project (Part 2): Building the Interactive Frontend with GitHub Pages or Netlify and JavaScript # frontend # javascript # tutorial # webdev Comments Add Comment 6 min read How to Handle Stripe and Paystack Webhooks in Next.js (The App Router Way) Esimit Karlgusta Esimit Karlgusta Esimit Karlgusta Follow Jan 13 How to Handle Stripe and Paystack Webhooks in Next.js (The App Router Way) # api # nextjs # security # tutorial 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Lessons learned integrating Paddle (Sandbox to Live) & fixing DMARC as a solo dev yongsheng he yongsheng he yongsheng he Follow Jan 13 Lessons learned integrating Paddle (Sandbox to Live) & fixing DMARC as a solo dev # saas # security # startup # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read Software Testing for BFSI Anna Anna Anna Follow Jan 13 Software Testing for BFSI # discuss # tutorial # automation # startup Comments Add Comment 5 min read How to Identify System Design Problems from First Principles Mohammad-Idrees Mohammad-Idrees Mohammad-Idrees Follow Jan 13 How to Identify System Design Problems from First Principles # architecture # interview # systemdesign # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read AWS Is Moving Toward AI Factories, Not One-Off AI Projects Thej Deep Thej Deep Thej Deep Follow Jan 13 AWS Is Moving Toward AI Factories, Not One-Off AI Projects # ai # aws # tutorial # cloudcomputing Comments Add Comment 3 min read Furthest Building You Can Reach: Coding Problem Explained Stack Overflowed Stack Overflowed Stack Overflowed Follow Jan 13 Furthest Building You Can Reach: Coding Problem Explained # coding # codingproblem # code # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read I Got Tired Of Crappy Tool Sites, So I Built My Own (120+ Free Dev Tools) Tyler Heinrichs Tyler Heinrichs Tyler Heinrichs Follow Jan 12 I Got Tired Of Crappy Tool Sites, So I Built My Own (120+ Free Dev Tools) # discuss # webdev # tutorial # productivity Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building Interactive Data Visualizations in A2UI Angular: A Complete Guide vishalmysore vishalmysore vishalmysore Follow Jan 12 Building Interactive Data Visualizations in A2UI Angular: A Complete Guide # angular # javascript # tutorial # ui Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building a Multifunctional Discord Bot: A Comprehensive Technical Deep Dive J3ffJessie J3ffJessie J3ffJessie Follow Jan 12 Building a Multifunctional Discord Bot: A Comprehensive Technical Deep Dive # api # architecture # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 10 min read Build an Influencer Outreach CRM with Auto-Enrichment Olamide Olaniyan Olamide Olaniyan Olamide Olaniyan Follow Jan 13 Build an Influencer Outreach CRM with Auto-Enrichment # webdev # programming # ai # tutorial Comments Add Comment 14 min read The `/context` Command: X-Ray Vision for Your Tokens Rajesh Royal Rajesh Royal Rajesh Royal Follow Jan 12 The `/context` Command: X-Ray Vision for Your Tokens # tutorial # claudecode # productivity # beginners Comments Add Comment 4 min read Push Claude Code Updates to Your Phone with ntfy Israel Saba Israel Saba Israel Saba Follow Jan 13 Push Claude Code Updates to Your Phone with ntfy # automation # llm # productivity # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read Testing in Rust Aviral Srivastava Aviral Srivastava Aviral Srivastava Follow Jan 13 Testing in Rust # rust # testing # tutorial Comments Add Comment 9 min read Proyecto Weather Service (Parte 2): Construyendo el Frontend Interactivo con GitHub Pages o Netlify y JavaScript Daniel Daniel Daniel Follow for Datalaria Jan 13 Proyecto Weather Service (Parte 2): Construyendo el Frontend Interactivo con GitHub Pages o Netlify y JavaScript # frontend # javascript # spanish # tutorial Comments Add Comment 7 min read n8n: Credential - Atlassian Credentials account codebangkok codebangkok codebangkok Follow Jan 13 n8n: Credential - Atlassian Credentials account # api # automation # tutorial Comments Add Comment 1 min read Stop Random Pod Scheduling: Master Kubernetes Affinity & Anti-Affinity with NGINX (Practical Guide for DevOps & SRE) Srinivasaraju Tangella Srinivasaraju Tangella Srinivasaraju Tangella Follow Jan 13 Stop Random Pod Scheduling: Master Kubernetes Affinity & Anti-Affinity with NGINX (Practical Guide for DevOps & SRE) # devops # kubernetes # performance # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read How to use AI to Increase Organic Traffic to a Shopify Store Alex Alex Alex Follow Jan 12 How to use AI to Increase Organic Traffic to a Shopify Store # shopify # ecommerce # ai # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read Solana Passkeys on the Web (No Extension Required) Fred Fred Fred Follow Jan 12 Solana Passkeys on the Web (No Extension Required) # react # security # tutorial # web3 Comments Add Comment 2 min read Find All Duplicate Elements in an Array (C++) Nithya Dharshini official Nithya Dharshini official Nithya Dharshini official Follow Jan 12 Find All Duplicate Elements in an Array (C++) # programming # beginners # tutorial # cpp 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Getting Started with 2D Games Using Pyxel (Part 9): Shooting Bullets Kajiru Kajiru Kajiru Follow Jan 12 Getting Started with 2D Games Using Pyxel (Part 9): Shooting Bullets # python # gamedev # tutorial # pyxel Comments Add Comment 4 min read Build a Prime Number Checker with Python and Tkinter Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Mate Technologies Follow Jan 13 Build a Prime Number Checker with Python and Tkinter # opensource # tutorial # python # primenumberchecker Comments Add Comment 3 min read LAB: ConfigMap & Secret — From Developer Code to DevOps Troubleshooting Aisalkyn Aidarova Aisalkyn Aidarova Aisalkyn Aidarova Follow Jan 12 LAB: ConfigMap & Secret — From Developer Code to DevOps Troubleshooting # devops # kubernetes # security # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read var, let, const: Why JavaScript Needed Three Ways to Declare Variables Razumovsky Razumovsky Razumovsky Follow Jan 11 var, let, const: Why JavaScript Needed Three Ways to Declare Variables # webdev # beginners # javascript # tutorial Comments Add Comment 7 min read PART 1 — StatefulSet + Headless Service + Persistent Storage Aisalkyn Aidarova Aisalkyn Aidarova Aisalkyn Aidarova Follow Jan 12 PART 1 — StatefulSet + Headless Service + Persistent Storage # devops # kubernetes # mysql # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... trending guides/resources How I Built a Graphics Renderer for Node.js Web Development Is Meant to Be Built, Not Watched Como Implementar um Sistema RAG do Zero em Python Introducing Nano Banana Pro: Complete Developer Tutorial Code Reviews: Quality Control or Ego Olympics? Building a Premium New Year 2026 Celebration Site 🎉 Decoding Life One Cell at a Time: A Journey Through Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Testing Angular 21 Components with Vitest: A Complete Guide Compreendendo 'this' no JavaScript Rust Lifetimes Explained Async/Await is finally back in Zig Como Criar um Chatbot com RAG do Zero: Guia Prático com OpenAI e Qdrant Exploring Extension Blocks in .NET 10 Extensões para VSCode Python Registry Pattern: A Clean Alternative to Factory Classes New File-Based Apps in .NET 10: You Can Now Run C# in Just 1 File! Amazon Spring 2026 SDE Internship Interview Guide: OA Patterns & The Ultimate BQ Strategy Qwen Image Models Training - 0 to Hero Level Tutorial - LoRA & Fine Tuning - Base & Edit Model 🧩 How We Solved “Unable to Get Certificate CRL” in Rails: A Debugging Story Solving Git Authentication Failures: "Password authentication is not supported" Error 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/lev_goukassian_5fe7ea654a/i-read-a-70-page-document-about-architectural-blueprint-for-smart-contracts-so-you-dont-have-to-5bhp	I Read a 70-Page Document About Architectural Blueprint for Smart Contracts, So You Don’t Have To - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. 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Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Lev Goukassian Posted on Jan 5 I Read a 70-Page Document About Architectural Blueprint for Smart Contracts, So You Don’t Have To # ternarylogic # ethereum # blockchain # smartcontract Let me tell you something. When they slid this thing across my desk, this " Architectural Blueprint ", it didn't look like a technical document. It looked like a suicide note written by a particularly verbose A.I. that had just discovered philosophy, esoteric numerology, and the Department of Motor Vehicles all at the same time. Seventy pages. By the end, I wasn't sure if I was supposed to build a smart contract, start a new religion, or simply lie down in a dark room and wait for the sweet embrace of the void. This wasn’t a blueprint; it was a cosmic joke, and the punchline was my sanity. See, we've been living in a binary world, right? A world of Ones and Zeros. On or Off. Yes or No. It’s simple, clean. Like a light switch. You want to execute a trade? Flip it to Yes. You want to reject a payment? Flip it to No. It’s the digital equivalent of grunting. It's functional, but it's not... enlightened. Or so the 70-page gospel told me. I picture the author, this "Lev Goukassian" name that kept popping up like a prophetic signature, not as a programmer but as a wild-eyed prophet in a desert, screaming at the sky. "You fools! You've forgotten the third state! The space between! The glorious, infuriating, soul-crushing... ZERO!" This document wasn't about technology; it was the origin myth of a new universe. And in this universe, there are three gods in the digital pantheon. There's the bright, shining god of +1 , whom we’ll call Major YES! He's the god of action, of commitment, of the cosmic "Heck yeah, let's do it!" Then there's the grim, vengeful god of -1 , Major NO!, who smites your transaction with fire and brimstone (or, you know, an error message). So far, so good. It's familiar territory. But this blueprint, this blasphemous tome, introduced a third deity. A god of chaos. A god of cosmic indecision. They call it the "Epistemic Hold," but I know it by its true name: The Great Divine "UHHHHHHHH..." This 0 state isn't a "no." It's far, far worse. It's the universe forcing you to stop and think. It's a mandatory, time-bounded, legally-binding period of hesitation. Imagine you're a knight, charging into battle, lance leveled, righteous fury pumping through your veins. You’re just about to impale the dragon. Suddenly, the universe freezes. A little bespectacled angel with a clipboard materializes beside you and says, "Excuse me, Sir Knight, before we proceed with the 'impaling,' can you please provide three forms of photographic I.D., notarized proof of ownership of this specific lance, and a notarized statement from the dragon confirming its consent to be impaled, in triplicate? We'll need to hold this action for 3-5 business days pending verification." THAT is the 0 state. It’s a sacred pause. A "Sacred Pause" was literally a term in the document. It's a built-in existential crisis for every transaction. It turns a binary decision into a three-act play with a really tedious second act. The entire purpose, this holy grail they call "Ternary Logic," is to create a system where every moment of doubt, every flicker of uncertainty, is not a flaw to be eliminated, but a feature to be logged, hashed, anchored, and worshiped. Every transaction is a drama, a courtroom drama, and you have to build the entire courthouse before you can buy a sandwich. And the most sacred, most infallible commandment of this new religion? "No Log = No Action." This isn't a guideline; it's a law of physics. The universe itself, as envisioned by this blueprint, will not let you do a single thing without filing the paperwork. The big bang couldn't happen until the proton submitted a SubatomicParticleInitiationForm.pdf . I have recurring nightmares where I'm suffocating and I can't draw a breath because I can't find the appropriate form for "Respiratory Action Authorization." Every choice, from accepting a multi-million dollar transfer to just blinking, must be logged on the "Immutable Ledger," a divine scroll from which nothing can ever be erased. It's the ultimate heavenly HR file. It doesn't just record what you did; it records why you did it, the evidence you used, the fact you hesitated ( 0 state), the celestial argument you had with the Oracle-Custodian, and what you had for lunch. It’s an eternal, unchangeable record of every mistake, every awkward moment, every time you said "you too" when the waiter said "enjoy your meal." But who runs this divine bureaucracy? Who are the high priests of this three-faced god? Get this. It's not one despot. Oh no, that would be too simple. This is a "tri-cameral governance model." Three houses. Three squabbling factions holding the fate of the digital cosmos in their perpetually gridlocked hands. It's a corporate pantheon from the ninth circle of hell. First, you have the Technical Council. Nine of them. Think of them as the High Mages of the Code Monastery. Their only job is to tend to the technical spine of the universe. They don't care why you want to do something, only that the code for doing it is esthetically pleasing and free of syntactical sin. They are the purists, the monks who will spend a thousand years debating the proper placement of a semicolon while the universe collapses around them. They're the guys who, when the dragon is breathing fire on the village, will argue that the dragon.breatheFire() function is an inelegant design and should be refactored before we do anything so rash as "fighting back." They need a 75% quorum to agree on anything, which means seven out of nine monks must nod in unison. Getting them to agree on pizza toppings would require a sacred prophecy. And yet, these are the people who decide the literal operating system of reality. Then there's the Stewardship Custodians. Eleven of them. They are the Paladins of Principles, the holy fun police. If the Technical Council is the "Can we?" department, the Stewards are the "Should we?" department. Their entire purpose, as far as I can tell, is to say "No." They are the embodiment of the Goukassian Principle, a clause so profound and vague it can be used to justify anything. It’s about "preserving continuity between conscience and accountability," which basically means they get to veto your cool new idea on the grounds that it might hurt someone's feelings, or God forbid, be weaponizable. They enforce the "No Spy" and "No Weapon" rules. This means in the Ternary Logic universe, you can't build a security camera because it's "spying," and you can't build a water pistol because it's a "weapon." Their main job is to ensure the system is not misused, which they achieve by making it almost impossible to use for anything at all. They're the ones who would have rejected the invention of the wheel because it could be used to run over someone's foot. Eleven of them. With another 75% quorum. So they need EIGHT Paladins of NO to agree before they can allow something. And finally, the most terrifying of all: the Smart Contract Treasury . It has no members. It's an autonomous, incorruptible, code-governed vending machine of divine funds. It’s the universe's piggy bank, but its key is carved into the fabric of space-time itself. It holds all the money, all the resources for maintenance and upgrades, and it only releases funds when the other two factions, the Code Monks and the Fun Police, manage to agree on something. Imagine that! The Mages have to propose a new feature, the Paladins have to approve its ethical purity, and ONLY THEN will the Holy Vending Machine dispense a single gold coin to pay for it. It’s a financial chokehold designed by a cosmic sadist. It enforces the "No Log = No Action" rule by being able to magically drain your bank account if you forget to dot an 'i' on your Action Submission Form. It has no soul. No mercy. It's just spreadsheets and wrath. So, a process flows like this: An idea is born ( +1 ). "Let's build a bridge!" It immediately enters the Sacred 0 of Bureaucratic Deliberation. The High Mages of the Technical Council spend six months arguing about whether to use steel or enchanted wood. The Paladins of Stewardship Custodians spend six months arguing that the bridge could be used by trolls, which is a form of harassment, and that its structural integrity might hurt the feelings of the river it crosses. They finally agree on a small, ethically-sourced plank that can hold one squirrel at a time. This ratified proposal is sent to the Automated Treasury. The Treasury checks its logs, sees that one of the Mages once used an unapproved variable name in 2028, fines him for it, and then, and only then, releases three copper shillings to pay for the plank. The entire seventeen-step, three-year process is logged on the Immutable Scroll of Destiny for all to see, for all eternity. This is the "enhanced trust and accountability" the blueprint prattles on about. It’s not trust; it’s terror. It’s the kind of trust you have in a sniper who has you in their sights. You trust they'll follow their programming. It’s "transparent" in the same way a glass prison is. You can see everything, you just can't do anything. And how does the system get its information from "the real world" to resolve the Sacred 0 ? Through the Oracle-Custodian Gateway. I swear to god, that's what they call it. It sounds like something from a bad 90s fantasy game. The Oracles are the mythical creatures, the brave adventurers, who must venture out into the chaotic mists of "off-chain" to find the evidence required to break the Hold spell. An action is stuck! The Sacred 0 has been invoked! We need proof that this shipment of coffee is, in fact, "ethically sourced"! "Summon the Oracle!" And some sleep-deprived intern in a basement, surrounded by empty energy drink cans, gets a notification on his phone. He is the Oracle. He must now venture forth to the coffee plantation, find the farmer, get a signed statement, take a picture with him, get that notarized, scan it, upload it to IPFS, generate a hash, and then call the resolveHold() function on the cosmic smart contract. He is the hero of our story. And if he fails, if the paperwork is wrong, the transaction remains frozen in its Hold state forever, a digital ghost haunting the ledger. The Custodians are the ones who handle disputes. When two Oracles bring back conflicting evidence ("The farmer said yes!" vs. "The farmer was actually a mannequin!"), the issue is escalated to the Paladins of Stewardship Custodians. Eleven people in robes now have to have a formal tribunal to decide if the mannequin farmer constitutes fraud. The entire trial, every objection, EVERY MOMENT OF HESITATION ( 0 !!), is logged. Immutable. Forever. For that single bag of coffee. This isn't risk mitigation; it's risk fossilization. Then the document gets into the really fun stuff. The use cases. It reads like a list of epic quests, each one a logistical Odyssey powered by bureaucratic nightmare fuel. Automated AML Reporting. Imagine a money launderer tries to make a big, shady transaction. The smart contract sees the amount, screams SUSPICIOUS! , and immediately throws itself into the Sacred 0 . It automatically alerts the Stewardship Custodians and summons the Oracles. "Find me proof that this is not for crime!" the contract wails. The Oracles must scramble to query sanction lists, verify identities, and track the funds. The whole time, the launderer's money is just... frozen. In limbo. He can't touch it. He can't take it back. He's just stuck in the Divine Waiting Room. If the Oracles find proof of crime, the transaction is cast into the hellish -1 state, a permanent "Rejected" eternally logged for regulators to see. If they find nothing, it's allowed to proceed, but not before a Suspicious Activity Report is automatically filed and an audit trail thick enough to choke a horse is generated. It’s basically the universe tattling on you, in triplicate, with cryptographic proof. Green Bond Verification. This is my favorite. A company wants to issue a "green bond" to build, say, a wind farm. Investors give them money. The smart contract takes the money and immediately enters the Sacred 0 . It will not release a penny to the company until it receives proof that the money is being used for good. The company builds a single turbine. They then have to summon the Oracle. An Oracle (our exhausted intern again) must physically go to the wind farm, take a GPS-tagged photo of the turbine next to today's newspaper, interview a local squirrel who witnessed the construction, and get a certificate of "eco-friendliness" from a licensed druid. All this evidence is collected, hashed, and presented to the contract. The contract checks the evidence, nods its digital head, and releases a fraction of the funds for the next turbine. Repeat this process for three hundred turbines. Every screw, every wire, every environmentally-friendly squirrel's opinion is logged, anchored to the public Bitcoin blockchain for proof against time-traveling forgers, and enshrined on the Immutable Ledger. The project will take a thousand years, but by the gods, you will know for a fact that it was "green." The transparency is blinding. By page 50, I wasn't reading anymore. I was hallucinating. I saw the little Hold() gnomes. I saw the nine robed monks arguing over the placement of a comma. I saw the eleven Paladins of No gleefully stamping "REJECTED" on a kitten's request for a saucer of milk because the paperwork was unsigned. I saw the Automated Treasury vending machine cackling as it withheld the final coin needed to save the world. The "epistemic uncertainty" wasn't just a concept; it was a physical presence in the room, a smoky, shimmering entity that smelled like old paper and desperation, constantly whispering "Are you really sure?" The blueprint concludes with a "Roadmap," which is just a five-stage plan for unleashing this beautiful monstrosity upon the world. Phase 1: Core Infrastructure. Phase 5: Pilot Deployments. It's so calm, so reasonable. It’s like reading a manual on how to assemble a Doomsday Device that comes with encouraging little smiley faces and a "You can do it!" on the final page. So, I finished it. I closed the file. I stared at my ceiling. The binary world seemed so quaint. So simple. So refreshingly decisive. A light switch is just a light switch. It doesn't ask for your life story before it turns on the light. The Ternary Logic framework, this glorious, terrifying, divinely inspired, and utterly insane system, would demand to know why you need light, whether the bulb was ethically sourced, proof that you are not planning to use the light to read forbidden texts, and it would make you wait for a week in the dark while it verified everything with a guy named Steve in Accounting. And you know what? After 70 pages, I get it. I don't agree with it. I think it's a form of digital self-flagellation invented by a madman. But I get its twisted, clockwork beauty. It's a system designed not for efficiency, but for absolute, incontrovertible, soul-crushing accountability. It's a machine that builds perfect, transparent, trustworthy prisons around every facet of existence. My final state, after reading it? I'm not a +1 . I'm not a -1 . I'm stuck. I'm in a permanent, personal Epistemic Hold. I'm waiting for an Oracle to bring me proof that this isn't the most elaborate prank in human history. Until then, I'm just floating here, in the 0 , a living testament to the principle that sometimes, the most intelligent response to cosmic absurdity is to do absolutely nothing at all. And log it, of course. Can't forget to log it. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Lev Goukassian Follow Author of the Sacred Pause and creator of Ternary Moral Logic (TML). Stage 4 cancer survivor building open-source AI accountability with urgency, truth, and lived experience. Location Santa Monica, CA Work Founder, FractonicMind (open-source initiative) Joined Sep 4, 2025 Trending on DEV Community Hot I Didn’t “Become” a Senior Developer. I Accumulated Damage. # programming # ai # career # discuss If a problem can be solved without AI, does AI actually make it better? # ai # architecture # discuss AI should not be in Code Editors # programming # ai # productivity # discuss 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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https://dev.to/pila/constructors-in-python-init-vs-new-2f9j#example-2	Constructors in Python (__init vs __new__) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Pila louis Posted on Sep 16, 2020           Constructors in Python (__init vs __new__) # python # programming # 100daysofcode Most object-oriented programming languages such as Java, C++, C#..etc have the concept of a constructor, a special method that creates and initializes the object when it is created. Python is a little different; it has a constructor and an initializer. The constructor function is rarely used unless you're doing something exotic. So, we'll start our discussion with the initialization method. The assumption in this article is that you already know the basics of classes and objects in python. The constructor function in python is called __new__ and __init__ is the initializer function. Quoting the python documentation, __new__ is used when you need to control the creation of a new instance while __init__ is used when you need to control the initialization of a new instance. __new__ is the first step of instance creation. It's called first and is responsible for returning a new instance of your class. In contrast, __init__ doesn't return anything; it's only responsible for initializing the instance after it's been created. In general, you shouldn't need to override __new__ unless you're subclassing an immutable type like str, int, Unicode, or tuple. NOTE: Never name a function of your own with leading and trailing double underscores. It may mean nothing to Python, but there's always the possibility that the designers of Python will add a function that has a special purpose with that name in the future, and when they do, your code will break. Example 1: Using __init__ class Point: def __init__(self, data): self.num = data def print_num(self): print(self.num) obj = Point(100) obj.print_num() Output: 100 Note: The self parameter is a reference to the current instance of the class and is used to access variables that belong to the class. Example 2: class Person: def __new__(cls): return object.__new__(cls) def __init__(self): self.instance_method() def instance_method(self): print('success!') personObj = Person() Notice that __init__ receives the argument self, while __new__ receives the class (cls ). Since self is a reference to the instance, this should tell you quite evidently that the instance is already created by the time __init__ gets called, since it gets passed the instance. It's also possible to call instance methods precisely because the instance has already been created. Thank you for reading. 😄 END!!! Top comments (3) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand   Tongyu Lu Tongyu Lu Tongyu Lu Follow High school student at PRISMS. Interested in CS, ML, game-dev. USACO Platinum qualified, but still getting better at projects. Codes for fun. Location Earth Education https://prismsus.org Joined Jul 30, 2020 • Mar 7 '21 • Edited on Mar 7 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You can actually use super (). method_name ( * args , ** kw ) # PEP 3135 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In this case, it can be super (). __new__ ( cls , * args , ** kw ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The cls is actually necessary for __new__ . See more about PEP 3135 → Like comment: Like comment: 4  likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   Adyasha Mohanty Adyasha Mohanty Adyasha Mohanty Follow talks in bits believe in queue DS life is abstract data type Joined Feb 25, 2024 • Feb 25 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you for making me clear in new and init Like comment: Like comment: 2  likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   Matheesha Matheesha Matheesha Follow Joined Jun 6, 2024 • Jul 6 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide So are people teaching wrong when they call __init__ the constructor? 🤔 Like comment: Like comment: 1  like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Pila louis Follow Full-stack software engineer with over 3years of industrial experience. I work well in a fast-paced environment. I am able to rise up to whatever it takes to make an impact in a new environment. Work Software Engineer at Chatdesk, Inc Joined Nov 11, 2019 Trending on DEV Community Hot How to Crack Any Software Developer Interview in 2026 (Updated for AI & Modern Hiring) # softwareengineering # programming # career # interview I Am 38, I Am a Nurse, and I Have Always Wanted to Learn Coding # career # learning # beginners # coding AI should not be in Code Editors # programming # ai # productivity # discuss 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/floss	Matheesha - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Matheesha 404 bio not found Joined Joined on Jun 6, 2024 More info about @floss Badges One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close Post 0 posts published Comment 1 comment written Tag 20 tags followed Want to connect with Matheesha? Create an account to connect with Matheesha. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account	2026-01-13T08:49:01
https://piccalil.li/blog/date-is-out-and-temporal-is-in/#play-basic	Date is out, Temporal is in - Piccalilli Front-end education for the real world. Since 2018. — From set.studio Articles Links Courses Newsletter Merch Login Switch to Dark Theme RSS Date is out, Temporal is in Mat “Wilto” Marquis , 07 January 2026 Topic: JavaScript Save 15% on all of our premium courses until the end of January! Check out the courses Advert Time makes fools of us all, and JavaScript is no slouch in that department either. Honestly, I’ve never minded the latter much — in fact, if you’ve taken JavaScript for Everyone or tuned into the newsletter , you already know that I largely enjoy JavaScript’s little quirks, believe it or not. I like when you can see the seams; I like how, for as formal and iron-clad as the ES-262 specification might seem, you can still see all the good and bad decisions made by the hundreds of people who’ve been building the language in mid-flight, if you know where to look. JavaScript has character . Sure, it doesn’t necessarily do everything exactly the way one might expect, but y’know, if you ask me, JavaScript has a real charm once you get to know it! There’s one part of the language where that immediately falls apart for me, though. Code language js Copy to clipboard // Numeric months are zero-indexed, but years and days are not: console . log ( new Date ( 2026 , 1 , 1 ) ) ; // Result: Date Sun Feb 01 2026 00:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) The Date constructor. Code language js Copy to clipboard // A numeric string between 32 and 49 is assumed to be in the 2000s: console . log ( new Date ( "49" ) ) ; // Result: Date Fri Jan 01 2049 00:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) // A numeric string between 33 and 99 is assumed to be in the 1900s: console . log ( new Date ( "99" ) ) ; // Result: Date Fri Jan 01 1999 00:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) // ...But 100 and up start from year zero: console . log ( new Date ( "100" ) ) ; // Result: Date Fri Jan 01 0100 00:00:00 GMT-0456 (Eastern Standard Time) I dislike Date immensely . Code language js Copy to clipboard // A string-based date works the way you might expect: console . log ( new Date ( "2026/1/2" ) ) ; // Result: Date Fri Jan 02 2026 00:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) // A leading zero on the month? No problem; one is one, right? console . log ( new Date ( "2026/02/2" ) ) ; // Result: Date Mon Feb 02 2026 00:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) // Slightly different formatting? Sure! console . log ( new Date ( "2026-02-2" ) ) ; // Result: Date Mon Feb 02 2026 00:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) // A leading zero on the day? Of course; why wouldn't it work? console . log ( new Date ( '2026/01/02' ) ) ; // Result: Date Fri Jan 02 2026 00:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) // Unless, of course, you separate the year, month, and date with hyphens. // Then it gets the _day_ wrong. console . log ( new Date ( '2026-01-02' ) ) ; // Result: Date Thu Jan 01 2026 19:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) Date sucks. It was hastily and shamelessly copied off of Java’s homework in the car on the way to school and it got all the same answers wrong, right down to the name at the top of the page: Date doesn’t represent a date , it represents a time . Internally, dates are stored as number values called time values : Unix timestamps, divided into 1,000 milliseconds — which, okay, yes, a Unix time does also necessarily imply a date, sure, but still : Date represents a time, from which you can infer a date. Gross. Code language js Copy to clipboard // Unix timestamp for Monday, December 4, 1995 12:00:00 AM GMT-05 (the day JavaScript was announced): const timestamp = 818053200 ; console . log ( new Date ( timestamp * 1000 ) ) ; // Result: Date Mon Dec 04 1995 00:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) Words like “date” and “time” mean things, but, sure — whatever, JavaScript . Java deprecated their Date way back in 1997, only a few years after JavaScript’s Date was turned loose on the unsuspecting world; meanwhile, we’ve been saddled with this mess ever since. It’s wildly inconsistent when it comes to parsing dates, as you’ve seen so far here. It has no sense of time zones beyond the local one and GMT, which is not ideal where “world-wide” is right there in the web’s name — and speaking-of, Date only respects the Gregorian calendar model. It wholesale does not understand the concept of daylight savings time, which— I mean, okay, yeah, samesies, but I’m not made of computers . All these shortcomings make it exceptionally common to use a third-party library dedicated to working around it all, some of which are absolutely massive ; a performance drain that has done real and measurable damage to the web. None of these are my major issue with Date . My complaint is about more than parsing or syntax or “developer ergonomics” or the web-wide performance impact of wholly necessary workarounds or even the definition of the word “date.” My issue with Date is soul-deep. My problem with Date is that using it means deviating from the fundamental nature of time itself . Advert All JavaScript’s primitives values are immutable , meaning that the values themselves cannot be changed. The number value 3 can never represent anything but the concept of “three” — you can’t make true mean anything other than “true.” These are values with concrete, iron-clad, real-world meanings. We know what three is. It can’t be some other non-three thing. These immutable data types are stored by value , meaning that a variable that represents the number value 3 effectively “contains” — and thus behaves as — the number value 3 . When an immutable value is assigned to a variable, the JavaScript engine creates a copy of that value and stores the copy in memory: Code language js Copy to clipboard const theNumber = 3 ; console . log ( theNumber ) ; // Result: 3 This fits the common mental model for “a variable” just fine: theNumber “contains” 3 . When we initialize theOtherNumber with the value bound to theNumber , that mental model holds: once again a 3 is created and stored in memory. theOtherNumber can now be thought of as containing its own discrete 3 . Code language js Copy to clipboard const theNumber = 3 ; const theOtherNumber = theNumber ; console . log ( theOtherNumber ) ; // Result: 3; The value of theNumber isn’t changed when we alter the value associated with theOtherNumber , of course — again, we’re working with two discrete instances of 3 . Code language js Copy to clipboard const theNumber = 3 ; let theOtherNumber = theNumber ; theOtherNumber = 5 ; console . log ( theOtherNumber ) ; // Result: 5; console . log ( theNumber ) ; // Result: 3 When you change the value bound to theOtherNumber , you’re not changing the 3 , you’re creating a new, immutable number value and binding that in its place. Hence an error when you try to tinker with a variable declared using const : Code language js Copy to clipboard const theNumber = 3 ; theNumber = 5 ; // Result: Uncaught TypeError: invalid assignment to const 'theNumber' You can’t change the binding of a const , and you definitely can’t alter the meaning of 3 . Data types that can be changed after they’re created are mutable , meaning that the data value itself can be altered. Object values — any non-primitive value, like an array, map, or set — are mutable. Variables (and object properties, function parameters, and elements in an array, set, or map) can’t “contain” an object, the way we might think of theNumber in the example above as “containing” 3 . A variable can contain either a primitive value or a reference value , the latter of which is a pointer to that object’s stored location in memory. When you assign an object to a variable, instead of creating a copy of that object, the identifier represents a reference to the object’s stored position in memory. That’s why an object bound to a variable declared with const can still be altered: the reference value can’t be changed, but the values of the object can: Code language js Copy to clipboard const theObject = { theValue : 3 } ; theObject . theValue ++ ; console . log ( theObject . theValue ) ; // Result: 4 You still can’t change the binding of a const , but you can alter the object that binding references. When a reference value is assigned from one variable to another, the JavaScript engine creates a copy of that reference value — not the object value itself, the way a discrete copy is made of a primitive value. Both identifiers point to the same object in memory — any changes made to that object by way of one reference will be reflected by the others, because they’re all referencing the same thing: Code language js Copy to clipboard const theObject = { theValue : 3 } ; const theOtherObj = theObject ; theOtherObj . theValue ++ ; console . log ( theOtherObj . theValue ) ; // Result: 4 console . log ( theObject . theValue ) ; // Result: 4 This is what gets me about JavaScript’s date handling. Despite representing “point to it on a calendar” values, JavaScript’s date values are mutable — Date is a constructor, invoking a constructor with new necessarily results in an object, and all objects are inherently mutable: Code language js Copy to clipboard const theDate = new Date ( ) ; console . log ( typeof theDate ) ; // Result: object Even though “January 1st, 2026” is as much an immutable real-world concept as “three” or “true,” the only way we have of representing that date is a with a mutable data structure. This also means that any variable initialized with an instance of the Date constructor contains a reference value, pointing to a data value in memory that can be changed by way of any reference to that value: Code language js Copy to clipboard const theDate = new Date ( ) ; console . log ( theDate . toDateString ( ) ) ; // Result: Tue Dec 30 2025 theDate . setMonth ( 10 ) ; console . log ( theDate . toDateString ( ) ) ; // Result: Sun Nov 30 2025 Again, we’re going to breeze right over the fact that month 10 is November . So despite real-world dates having set-in-stone meanings , the process of interacting with an instance of Date that represents that real-world value can mean altering that instance in ways we didn’t necessarily intend: Code language js Copy to clipboard const today = new Date ( ) ; const addDay = theDate => { theDate . setDate ( theDate . getDate ( ) + 1 ) ; return theDate ; } ; console . log ( ` Today is ${ today . toLocaleDateString ( ) } , tomorrow is ${ addDay ( today ) . toLocaleDateString ( ) } . ` ) ; // Result: Today is 12/31/2025. Tomorrow is 1/1/2026. Fine so far, right? Today is today, tomorrow is tomorrow; all is right in the world. You’d be forgiven for committing this to a codebase and moving on with your day. That is, unless we reordered the output slightly. Code language js Copy to clipboard const today = new Date ( ) ; const addDay = theDate => { theDate . setDate ( theDate . getDate ( ) + 1 ) ; return theDate ; } ; console . log ( ` Tomorrow will be ${ addDay ( today ) . toLocaleDateString ( ) } . Today is ${ today . toLocaleDateString ( ) } . ` ) ; // Result: Tomorrow will be 1/1/2026. Today is 1/1/2026. See what happened there? the variable today represents a reference to the object created by new Date() . When we provided today as an argument to the addDay function, the parameter theDate now represents a copy of the reference value — not a copy of the value, but a second reference to the object that represents today’s date. When we manipulate that value to determine the date of the following day, we’re manipulating the mutable object in memory, not an immutable copy — today becomes tomorrow, the falcon has a hard time hearing the falconer, the center starts to look a little iffy vis-a-vis “holding,” and so on. Now, by this point you can probably tell that I’m not here to praise Date , but what you might not expect is that I’m here to bury it. That’s right: Date is soon to be over, done, gone, as “deprecated” as any part of the web platform can be — which is to say, “around forever, but you shouldn’t use it anymore, if you can avoid it.” Soon we will — at long last — have an object that replaces Date wholesale: Temporal . Advert Temporal is not a constructor, it’s a namespace object The sharp-eyed among you may have noticed that I said “an object that replaces Date ,” not “a constructor.” Temporal is not a constructor, and your browser’s developer console will tell you the same if you attempt to invoke it as one: Code language js Copy to clipboard const today = new Temporal ( ) ; // Uncaught TypeError: Temporal is not a constructor Temporal is a way better name for something that pertains to time , if you ask me. Instead, Temporal is a namespace object — an ordinary object made up of static properties and methods, like the Math object: Code language js Copy to clipboard console . log ( Temporal ) ; /* Result (expanded): Temporal { … } Duration: function Duration() Instant: function Instant() Now: Temporal.Now { … } PlainDate: function PlainDate() PlainDateTime: function PlainDateTime() PlainMonthDay: function PlainMonthDay() PlainTime: function PlainTime() PlainYearMonth: function PlainYearMonth() ZonedDateTime: function ZonedDateTime() Symbol(Symbol.toStringTag): "Temporal" / I find this immediately understandable compared to Date . The classes and namespaces objects that Temporal contains allow you to calculate durations between two points in time, represent a point in time with or without time zone specificity , or access the current moment in time via the Now property. Temporal.Now references a namespace object containing properties and methods of its own: Code language js Copy to clipboard console . log ( Temporal . Now ) ; / Result (expanded): Temporal.Now { … } instant: function instant() plainDateISO: function plainDateISO() plainDateTimeISO: function plainDateTimeISO() plainTimeISO: function plainTimeISO() timeZoneId: function timeZoneId() zonedDateTimeISO: function zonedDateTimeISO() Symbol(Symbol.toStringTag): "Temporal.Now" <prototype>: Object { … } / Temporal gives us a sensible, plain-language way to grab today’s date, a la raggedy old Date : the Now property contains a plainDateISO() method. Since we’re not specifying anything in the way of time zones (a thing we can do now, thanks to Temporal) that method gives us back today’s date in the current one — EST, in my case: Code language js Copy to clipboard console . log ( Temporal . Now . plainDateISO ( ) ) ; / Result (expanded): Temporal.PlainDate 2025-12-31 <prototype>: Object { … } / Notice how plainDateISO results in an already-formatted, date-only value? Stay tuned; that’ll come up again later. —wait. That looks familiar: Code language js Copy to clipboard const nowTemporal = Temporal . Now . plainDateISO ( ) ; const nowDate = new Date ( ) ; console . log ( nowTemporal ) ; / Result (expanded): Temporal.PlainDate 2025-12-31 <prototype>: Object { … } / console . log ( nowDate ) ; / Result (expanded): Date Tue Dec 31 2025 11:05:52 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) <prototype>: Date.prototype { … } / Could it be that—… Code language js Copy to clipboard const rightNow = Temporal . Now . instant ( ) ; console . log ( typeof rightNow ) ; // object Yes, we’re still working with a mutable object that represents the current date , I say in my spookiest voice, flashlight squarely beneath my chin. At a glance, this might not seem like it addresses my big complaint with Date at all. Well, we’re kind of at the mercy of the nature of the language, here: dates represent complex real-world values, complex data necessitates complex data structures, and for JavaScript, that means objects. The difference is in how we interact with these Temporal objects, as compared to instances of Date , and — as is so often the case — the magic is in the prototype chain: Code language js Copy to clipboard const nowTemporal = Temporal . Now . plainDateISO ( ) ; console . log ( nowTemporal . __proto__ ) ; / Result (expanded): Object { … } add: function add() calendarId: >> constructor: function PlainDate() day: >> dayOfWeek: >> dayOfYear: >> daysInMonth: >> daysInWeek: >> daysInYear: >> equals: function equals() era: >> eraYear: >> inLeapYear: >> month: >> monthCode: >> monthsInYear: >> since: function since() subtract: function subtract() toJSON: function toJSON() toLocaleString: function toLocaleString() toPlainDateTime: function toPlainDateTime() toPlainMonthDay: function toPlainMonthDay() toPlainYearMonth: function toPlainYearMonth() toString: function toString() toZonedDateTime: function toZonedDateTime() until: function until() valueOf: function valueOf() weekOfYear: >> with: function with() withCalendar: function withCalendar() year: >> yearOfWeek: >> Symbol(Symbol.toStringTag): "Temporal.PlainDate" <get calendarId()>: function calendarId() <get day()>: function day() <get dayOfWeek()>: function dayOfWeek() <get dayOfYear()>: function dayOfYear() <get daysInMonth()>: function daysInMonth() <get daysInWeek()>: function daysInWeek() <get daysInYear()>: function daysInYear() <get era()>: function era() <get eraYear()>: function eraYear() <get inLeapYear()>: function inLeapYear() / Right away you’ll notice that there are a number of methods and properties devoted to accessing, formatting, and manipulating the details of the Temporal object we’re working with. No big surprises there — it means a little bit of a learning curve, sure, but nothing an occasional trip over to MDN couldn’t solve, and they all more-or-less do what they say on their respective tins. The big difference from working with Date is how they do so, at a fundamental level: Code language js Copy to clipboard const nowTemporal = Temporal . Now . plainDateISO ( ) ; // Current local date: console . log ( nowTemporal ) ; / Result (expanded): Temporal.PlainDate 2025-12-30 <prototype>: Object { … } / // Current local year: console . log ( nowTemporal . year ) ; // Result: 2025 // Current local date and time: console . log ( nowTemporal . toPlainDateTime ( ) ) ; / Result (expanded): Temporal.PlainDateTime 2025-12-30T00:00:00 <prototype>: Object { … } / // Specify that this date represents the Europe/London time zone: console . log ( nowTemporal . toZonedDateTime ( "Europe/London" ) ) ; / Result (expanded): Temporal.ZonedDateTime 2025-12-30T00:00:00+00:00[Europe/London] <prototype>: Object { … } / // Add a day to this date: console . log ( nowTemporal . add ( { days : 1 } ) ) ; / Temporal.PlainDate 2025-12-31 <prototype>: Object { … } / // Add one month and one day to this date, and subtract two years: console . log ( nowTemporal . add ( { months : 1 , days : 1 } ) . subtract ( { years : 2 } ) ) ; / Temporal.PlainDate 2024-01-31 <prototype>: Object { … } / console . log ( nowTemporal ) ; / Result (expanded): Temporal.PlainDate 2025-12-30 <prototype>: Object { … } / Notice how none of these transformations required us to manually spin up any new objects, and that the value of the object referenced by nowTemporal remains unchanged? Unlike Date , the methods we use to interact with a Temporal object result in new Temporal objects, rather than requiring us to use them in the context of a new instance or to modify the instance we’re working with — which is how we’re able to chain the add and subtract methods together in nowTemporal.add({ months: 1, days: 1 }).subtract({ years: 2 }) . Sure, we’re still working with objects, and that means we’re working with mutable data structures that represent real-world values: Code language js Copy to clipboard const nowTemporal = Temporal . Now . plainDateISO ( ) ; nowTemporal . someProperty = true ; console . log ( nowTemporal ) ; / Result (expanded): Temporal.PlainDate 2026-01-05 someProperty: true <prototype>: Object { … } …But the value represented by that Temporal object isn’t meant to be changed during the normal course of interacting with it — even though the object is still essentially mutable, we’re not stuck using that object in ways that could alter what it means in terms of real-world dates and times. I’ll take it. So, let’s revisit that janky little “today is X, tomorrow is Y” script we wrote using Date earlier. First, we’ll fix it by making sure we’re working with two discrete instances of Date rather than modifying the instance that represents today’s date: Code language js Copy to clipboard const today = new Date ( ) ; const addDay = theDate => { const tomorrow = new Date ( ) ; tomorrow . setDate ( theDate . getDate ( ) + 1 ) ; return tomorrow ; } ; console . log ( ` Tomorrow will be ${ addDay ( today ) . toLocaleDateString ( ) } . Today is ${ today . toLocaleDateString ( ) } . ` ) ; // Result: Tomorrow will be 1/1/2026. Today is 12/31/2025. Thanks, I hate it. Okay, fine. It gets the job done, just as it has since the day Date first bumbled its way onto the web. We’re not unwittingly altering the value of today since we’re spinning up a new instance of Date inside our addDay function — wordy, but it works, as it has for decades now. We add 1 to it, which we have to just kind of know means add one day. Then in our template literal we need to keep nudging JavaScript to give us the date in a format that doesn’t include the current time, as a string. It’s functional, but verbose. Now, let’s redo it using Temporal : Code language js Copy to clipboard const today = Temporal . Now . plainDateISO ( ) ; console . log ( ` Tomorrow will be ${ today . add ( { days : 1 } ) } . Today is ${ today } . ` ) ; // Result: Tomorrow will be 2026-01-01. Today is 2025-12-31. Now we’re talking. So much better . Leaner, meaner, and way less margin for error. We want today’s date without the time, and the object that results from invoking plainDateISO (and any new Temporal objects created from it) will retain that formatting without being coerced to a string. Formatting: check . We want to output a value that represents today’s date plus one day, and we want to do so in a way where we are unmistakably saying “add one day to it” with no parsing guesswork: check and check . Most importantly, we don’t want to run the risk of having our original today object altered unintentionally — because the result of calling the add method will always be a new Temporal object: check . Temporal is going to be a massive improvement over Date , and I only say “going to be” because it still isn’t quite ready for prime-time usage. The draft specification for the proposed Temporal object has reached stage three of the standardization process, meaning it is now officially “recommended for implementation” — not yet part of the standard that informs the ongoing development of JavaScript itself, but close enough that browsers can start tinkering with it. That means the results of that early experimentation may be used to further refine the specification, so nothing is set in stone just yet. Web standards are an iterative process, after all. That’s where you and I come in. Now that Temporal has landed in the latest versions of Chrome and Firefox — and others, soon — it’s time for us to get in there and kick the tires a little bit. We may not have had any say in Date , but we get to experiment with Temporal before the final implementations land. Soon, JavaScript will have sensible, modern date handling, and we’ll finally be able to cram Date way in the back of the junk drawer with the rubber bands, mismatched jar lids, mystery keys, and probably-half-empty AA batteries — still present, still an inexorable part of the web platform, but no longer our first, last, and only way of handling dates. And we only had to wait— well, hold on, let me just crunch the numbers real quick: Try it out const today = Temporal.Now.plainDateISO(); const jsShipped = Temporal.PlainDate.from( "1995-12-04" ); const sinceDate = today.since( jsShipped, { largestUnit: 'year' }); console.log( `${ sinceDate.years } years, ${ sinceDate.months } months, and ${ sinceDate.days } days.` ); Run Sure, the best time to replace Date would’ve been back in 1995, but hey: the second best time is Temporal.Now , right? Enjoyed this article? You can support us by leaving a tip via Open Collective Advert Author Mat “Wilto” Marquis Independent front-end developer, designer, author of Javascript For Web Designers, JavaScript for Everyone, and hobby collector. Check out Mat’s JavaScript Course More about Mat “Wilto” Marquis Newsletter Newsletter Join thousands of subscribers and discover our twice weekly newsletter, featuring high quality, curated design, dev and tech links. Short. ~5 links, twice weekly Digestible. 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Right menu Installing Paper Minecraft on Ubuntu Server 24.04: Issues I Ran Into & How I Fixed Them Danielius Navickas Danielius Navickas Danielius Navickas Follow Dec 7 '25 Installing Paper Minecraft on Ubuntu Server 24.04: Issues I Ran Into & How I Fixed Them # linux # ubuntu # beginners # tooling Comments Add Comment 2 min read Learning Slowly, Learning Consistently: My Approach to Coding Sareena Rahim Sareena Rahim Sareena Rahim Follow Dec 7 '25 Learning Slowly, Learning Consistently: My Approach to Coding # beginners # coding # learning # python 2 reactions Comments 6 comments 3 min read Mastering Feature Selection Techniques with R Dipti Dipti Dipti Follow Nov 4 '25 Mastering Feature Selection Techniques with R # beginners # datascience # machinelearning 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Using Claude, Perplexity, v0, ChatGPT, etc to Make Tech Apps and Write Content Alex Gulakov Alex Gulakov Alex Gulakov Follow Nov 4 '25 Using Claude, Perplexity, v0, ChatGPT, etc to Make Tech Apps and Write Content # webdev # ai # productivity # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read I'm a Junior… but I'm a Team Lead!! 💫 Sara H Sara H Sara H Follow Dec 8 '25 I'm a Junior… but I'm a Team Lead!! 💫 # llm # ai # programming # beginners 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read Re-Engineering Education for the Age of AI Woody Hayday Woody Hayday Woody Hayday Follow Nov 3 '25 Re-Engineering Education for the Age of AI # ai # beginners # architecture # learning Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🧬 Types of Inheritance in Java Murali Rajendran Murali Rajendran Murali Rajendran Follow Nov 4 '25 🧬 Types of Inheritance in Java # beginners # tutorial # programming # java Comments Add Comment 2 min read Build a SaaS Admin Dashboard with React, Shadcn UI & TypeScript Sadee Sadee Sadee Follow Nov 26 '25 Build a SaaS Admin Dashboard with React, Shadcn UI & TypeScript # webdev # tutorial # react # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read More Than Skills: The Human Traits That Build Great Teams István Döbrentei István Döbrentei István Döbrentei Follow Nov 8 '25 More Than Skills: The Human Traits That Build Great Teams # career # hr # beginners # learning Comments Add Comment 4 min read Rust Error Handling: 80 / 20 Guide Jane Jane Jane Follow for Mastering Backend Dec 8 '25 Rust Error Handling: 80 / 20 Guide # rust # programming # backend # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 9 min read Why the Fck Is Anyone Still Using FTP⁉️ Sephyi Sephyi Sephyi Follow Dec 8 '25 Why the Fck Is Anyone Still Using FTP⁉️ # security # devops # webdev # beginners 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Install WireGuard on Ubuntu 24.04 and Create Your Own VPN LetsCloud Team LetsCloud Team LetsCloud Team Follow for LetsCloud Inc Nov 3 '25 How to Install WireGuard on Ubuntu 24.04 and Create Your Own VPN # webdev # vpn # productivity # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read Tryyyy out Firechat!! Saurabh Kumar Saurabh Kumar Saurabh Kumar Follow Dec 7 '25 Tryyyy out Firechat!! # webdev # programming # beginners # productivity 1 reaction Comments 4 comments 3 min read Serverless overview from a Solution Architect Perspective Aisalkyn Aidarova Aisalkyn Aidarova Aisalkyn Aidarova Follow Nov 3 '25 Serverless overview from a Solution Architect Perspective # serverless # architecture # beginners # aws 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 22 min read Ubuntu 24.04 Cheat-Sheet for MC-Server Support (Everything I Use) Danielius Navickas Danielius Navickas Danielius Navickas Follow Dec 7 '25 Ubuntu 24.04 Cheat-Sheet for MC-Server Support (Everything I Use) # linux # ubuntu # beginners # tooling Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Save and Exit Vim? The Ultimate Guide for Beginners 高雅的松灯高雅的松灯高雅的松灯 Follow Dec 7 '25 How to Save and Exit Vim? The Ultimate Guide for Beginners # vim # linux # beginners # productivity 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Wait—Your Voice Is Just 0s and 1s?! Hammad Khalid Hammad Khalid Hammad Khalid Follow Nov 3 '25 Wait—Your Voice Is Just 0s and 1s?! # audio # beginners # dsp # fun 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Problem 4: Flatten a Nested List Vicente G. Reyes Vicente G. Reyes Vicente G. Reyes Follow Dec 8 '25 Problem 4: Flatten a Nested List # python # beginners # learning 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Illusion of isolation in Docker Ayush Kumar Anand Ayush Kumar Anand Ayush Kumar Anand Follow Dec 7 '25 Illusion of isolation in Docker # docker # devops # linux # beginners 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read A Developer’s Guide to Domain Types: What They Mean and How to Choose the Right One Badass_Technologia Badass_Technologia Badass_Technologia Follow Dec 8 '25 A Developer’s Guide to Domain Types: What They Mean and How to Choose the Right One # discuss # webdev # beginners # tutorial 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Today I learn HTML & CSS fundamentals Rostyslav Harasymiak Rostyslav Harasymiak Rostyslav Harasymiak Follow Dec 7 '25 Today I learn HTML & CSS fundamentals # html # beginners # learning # css 7 reactions Comments 3 comments 4 min read Cloud Security: Concepts, Best Practices, Challenges, and the Role of AI Ogunkola Adeola Ogunkola Adeola Ogunkola Adeola Follow Nov 4 '25 Cloud Security: Concepts, Best Practices, Challenges, and the Role of AI # beginners # cloud # security # community Comments Add Comment 5 min read From Non-CS to Full-Stack AI Engineer: My Learning in Public Roadmap Arham Ghori Arham Ghori Arham Ghori Follow Nov 25 '25 From Non-CS to Full-Stack AI Engineer: My Learning in Public Roadmap # learninpublic # learning # beginners # career 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Refactoring If-Else Hell into a Strategy Pattern in PHP ⚙️ CodeCraft Diary CodeCraft Diary CodeCraft Diary Follow Nov 25 '25 Refactoring If-Else Hell into a Strategy Pattern in PHP ⚙️ # php # programming # beginners # webdev Comments Add Comment 3 min read My Project 6: Swiss Living Cost Calculator PRO(with Python + Streamlit) Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Follow Dec 6 '25 My Project 6: Swiss Living Cost Calculator PRO(with Python + Streamlit) # python # learning # codenewbie # beginners 6 reactions Comments 3 comments 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/neisha1618/callbacks-vs-promises-4mi1#main-content	Callbacks vs Promises - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Neisha Rose Posted on Apr 5, 2020           Callbacks vs Promises # javascript # callbacks # promises The Goal The goal is to achieve asynchronous code. Async code allows multiple things to happen at the same time. When you start an action, your program continues to run. When the action finishes, the program is informed and gets access to the result. We can achieve async code using two methods: callbacks and promises. With callback we pass a callback into a function that would then get called upon completion. With promises, you attach callbacks on the returned promise object. Callbacks A callback is a function that is to be executed after another function has finished executing. Async callbacks are functions that are passed as arguments. and when that function is called it will start executing code in the background. When the background code finishes running, it calls the callback function to let you know the work is done. We use these callbacks because we want to avoid executing things out of order. If we want to wait for something in JavaScript, we need to use a callback. Let’s make that pb&J from scratch using callbacks synchronous code This synchronous Peanut Butter & Jelly function runs in order, one function after another. but what if we had a function that needed to be ran first and other functions couldn't be ran until after this function finishes. Let’s think of making bread from scratch. you can’t put the peanut butter and jelly on the bread until it’s made so you must wait until its done. With synchronous code it doesn’t wait it just does it. How can we fix it? Async Callbacks We make an async callback so that we can make sure no other function runs until our bread is made. Let’s picture inside all the other functions there’s ample amounts of code to run. This can cause an issue because you can have plenty of nested callbacks inside one another. That leads to what we call callback hell. Callback hell can riddle code with bugs that are hard to catch. For this we need a way to make aync code while avoiding so many nested callbacks. Promises Promises are native to JavaScript, but you can also install promises libraries such as: Bluebird and Q. Promises are JavaScript objects that represent an eventual completion or failure of an asynchronous operation. A promise is a returned object where you attach callbacks, instead of passing callbacks into a function. the place where you attach the callback after a successful completion of a task is called, .then(). inside this you pass a callback through. What makes promises a way to avoid callback hell is that you can chain multiple .then() on each other which avoid nested callbacks and a neater line of code. For the failure of completing a task you can pass it through a .catch(). Let’s change our callback to a promise Here we take our PB&J function and turn it into a promise. We will first return the makeBread function and then on the successful completion of that function we will return a promise that will pass in the next callback to be ran. Next, we will chain on the other function that will be ran after that in order. thus, making async function. As you can see the code is neither and we avoid callback hell. We can also chain on an error message to the .catch() method and on that message "ewww crunchy peanut butter" because that will just ruin my sandwich. Final Promise Let’s make our promise a little bit neater by just passing in the callbacks. Conclusion Both callbacks and promises help make our code asynchronous. Making callbacks async can cause issues such as callback hell, so to avoid this we can use promises instead, doing this helps us avoid this pitfall while keeping our code async and neat. Top comments (3) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand   Devang patil Devang patil Devang patil Follow Javascript Developer Location Mumbai Education Be Comp Sci Work SSE at Race Joined Nov 22, 2019 • Oct 18 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide async await makes more readable than promise I believe. Like comment: Like comment: 3  likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   Mahesh Muttinti Mahesh Muttinti Mahesh Muttinti Follow I am a full stack web and mobile application developer. Email maheshmuttinti@gmail.com Location Hyderabad Work Not working Joined Dec 31, 2020 • Oct 17 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Indeed. Like comment: Like comment: 1  like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   Kway Jaye Kway Jaye Kway Jaye Follow Joined Jun 2, 2024 • Aug 12 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice Like comment: Like comment: 1  like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Neisha Rose Follow Returning to software engineering after a few years away. Currently rebuilding my skills in web development, WordPress, and JavaScript. Writing to stay accountable, share what I learn, and connect Location New Orleans, La Work IT Technician Joined Mar 4, 2020 More from Neisha Rose React and server side rendering with Next.js # react # webdev # javascript # codenewbie Navigating single page applications with React Router. # react # javascript # webdev # codenewbie Express Routing # webdev # javascript # beginners # express 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://www.highlight.io/docs/getting-started/browser/replay-configuration/identifying-sessions	Identifying Users Star us on GitHub Star Docs Sign in Sign up Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. 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Menu Highlight Docs Welcome to highlight.io Get Started Roadmap Company Values Compliance & Security Open Source Contributing Overview GraphQL Backend Frontend (app.highlight.io) Landing Site (highlight.io) Documentation End to End SDK Example Apps Adding an SDK Application Architecture GitHub Code Spaces Code Style Good First Issues Self-hosting Self-hosted [Dev] Self-hosted [Hobby] Self-hosted [Enterprise] Telemetry Our Competitors Product Philosophy Product Features Session Replay Overview Canvas & Iframe Dev-tool Window Recording Tracking Users & Recording Events Filtering Sessions GraphQL Live Mode Performance Impact Player Session Caching Rage Clicks Request Proxying Session Search Extracting the Session URL Session Search Deep Linking Shadow Dom + Web Components Error Monitoring Overview Enhancing Errors with GitHub Error Search Filtering Errors Grouping Errors Managing Errors Manually Reporting Errors Sourcemaps General Features Overview Alerts Comments Digests Environments Search Segments Services Webhooks Logging Overview Log Alerts Log Search Tracing Overview Trace Search Dashboards Overview Dashboard Management Metrics Tutorials Service Latency Web Vitals & Page Speed User Engagement User Analytics Graphing Drilldown Event Search Dashboard Variables SQL Editor Metrics (beta) Overview Frequently Asked Questions. Integrations Integrations Overview Amplitude Integration ClickUp Integration Discord Integration Electron Support Front Integration GitHub Integration Grafana Integration Overview Setup Dashboards Alerts Height Integration Intercom Integration Jira Integration LaunchDarkly Integration Linear Integration Mixpanel Integration Nuxt Integration Pendo Integration Segment Integration Slack Integration Vercel Integration WordPress Plugin Highlight.io Changelog Overview Changelog 12 (02/17) Changelog 13 (02/24) Changelog 14 (03/03) Changelog 15 (03/11) Changelog 16 (03/19) Changelog 17 (04/07) Changelog 18 (04/26) Changelog 19 (05/22) Changelog 20 (06/06) Changelog 21 (06/21) Changelog 22 (08/07) Changelog 23 (08/22) Changelog 24 (09/11) Changelog 25 (10/03) Changelog 26 (11/08) Changelog 27 (12/22) Changelog 28 (3/6) Changelog 29 (4/2) Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Docs Home SDK Client SDK API Reference Cloudflare Worker SDK API Reference Go SDK API Reference Hono SDK API Reference Java SDK API Reference Next.JS SDK API Reference Node.JS SDK API Reference Python SDK API Reference Ruby SDK API Reference Rust SDK API Reference Docs / Getting Started / Browser / highlight.run SDK / Identifying Users Identifying Users To tag sessions with user-specific identifiers (name, email, etc.), you can call the H.identify() method in your app. This will automatically index your sessions so that they can be filtered by these attributes. H.identify('eliza@corp.com', { id: 'ajdf837dj', phone: '867-5309' }) User Display Names By default, Highlight will show the identifier as the user's display name on the session viewer and session feed. You can override this by setting the highlightDisplayName or email fields in the H.identify() metadata. Customer User Avatars You can replace the placeholder user avatars Highlight uses with an image that you provide. You can do this by setting the avatar field in the H.identify() metadata. The image URL usually comes from your authentication provider (Firebase, Auth0, Active Directory, etc.). You can forward that URL to Highlight. Saving the image Highlight does not make a copy of the image. Highlight will render the image directly. This means the image will adhere to any authorization policies. H.identify('steven@corp.com', { avatar: 'https://<IMAGE_URL>.png' }) API See the H.identify() API documentation for more information on how to use it. What happens before a user is identified? All key session information is tracked regardless of whether a session is identified. Highlight will generate an identifier for a user which you can see in the session player unless you set your own by calling H.identify() . When a user is identified we will attempt to assign their information to previous sessions from the same browser. If this happens you will see an indicator in the UI showing the data was inferred for a session and that the session was never explicitly identified. Content-Security-Policy iframe Recording Community / Support Suggest Edits? Follow us! [object Object]	2026-01-13T08:49:01
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Career Follow Hide This tag is for anything relating to careers! Job offers, workplace conflict, interviews, resumes, promotions, etc. Create Post submission guidelines All articles and discussions should relate to careers in some way. Pretty much everything on dev.to is about our careers in some way. Ideally, though, keep the tag related to getting, leaving, or maintaining a career or job. about #career A career is the field in which you work, while a job is a position held in that field. Related tags include #resume and #portfolio as resources to enhance your #career Older #career posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Reading List: Staff Engineering and Tech Management Books Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Reading List: Staff Engineering and Tech Management Books # management # leadership # resources # career Comments Add Comment 2 min read Burnout vs PTSD in the Workplace: Similar Background Programs, Different Trigger Sets (A Clinical Control-Systems View) Connie Baugher Connie Baugher Connie Baugher Follow Jan 11 Burnout vs PTSD in the Workplace: Similar Background Programs, Different Trigger Sets (A Clinical Control-Systems View) # mentalhealth # career # neuroscience # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read PTSD in the Workplace (Veterans in Tech): A Control-Systems View of Persistent Threat Processing Connie Baugher Connie Baugher Connie Baugher Follow Jan 11 PTSD in the Workplace (Veterans in Tech): A Control-Systems View of Persistent Threat Processing # veterans # mentalhealth # career # neuroscience 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read What AI Actually Replaces in Software Development (Part 2: The Reality) synthaicode synthaicode synthaicode Follow Jan 11 What AI Actually Replaces in Software Development (Part 2: The Reality) # ai # career # management # softwaredevelopment Comments Add Comment 3 min read A Skill do Dev do Futuro: Por que a engenharia de software é à prova de tempo Tiago Calado Tiago Calado Tiago Calado Follow Jan 11 A Skill do Dev do Futuro: Por que a engenharia de software é à prova de tempo # webdev # ai # career # softwareengineering Comments 2 comments 8 min read [TW_DevRel] Company Visit to NTU Software Engineering Course on October 28, 2022 Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [TW_DevRel] Company Visit to NTU Software Engineering Course on October 28, 2022 # learning # softwareengineering # community # career Comments Add Comment 5 min read APCSCamp 2021: How to Learn Programming and Intern at LINE Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 APCSCamp 2021: How to Learn Programming and Intern at LINE # learning # beginners # career # programming Comments Add Comment 10 min read [MOOC] Georgia Tech Language Institute - Week 2: Better Business Writing in English Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [MOOC] Georgia Tech Language Institute - Week 2: Better Business Writing in English # career # learning # writing Comments Add Comment 2 min read Book Sharing: Life Begins at 40: What to Do Based on the Experiences of 10,000 People Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Sharing: Life Begins at 40: What to Do Based on the Experiences of 10,000 People # career # productivity # resources Comments Add Comment 7 min read Book Sharing: The One-Person Business - Why Small is Beautiful for Future Business Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Sharing: The One-Person Business - Why Small is Beautiful for Future Business # career # learning # startup Comments Add Comment 3 min read Book Review: Dyson - The Inventor's Life Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Review: Dyson - The Inventor's Life # learning # motivation # career # productivity Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Builds That Last Manifesto Hoang Le Hoang Le Hoang Le Follow Jan 11 The Builds That Last Manifesto # programming # career # productivity # architecture Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building Career Architect: An AI-Powered Job Application Pipeline for Engineers Henry Ohanga Henry Ohanga Henry Ohanga Follow Jan 11 Building Career Architect: An AI-Powered Job Application Pipeline for Engineers # automation # ai # career # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read Relationship Advice for Software Engineers: From Dating to Marriage Connie Baugher Connie Baugher Connie Baugher Follow Jan 11 Relationship Advice for Software Engineers: From Dating to Marriage # relationships # career # productivity # humor Comments Add Comment 3 min read Week 0: Starting a 16-Week Journey to Platform Engineering Jimmy Maina Jimmy Maina Jimmy Maina Follow Jan 11 Week 0: Starting a 16-Week Journey to Platform Engineering # backend # platformengineering # learninginpublic # career Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building Interview prep ai Shashank Chakraborty Shashank Chakraborty Shashank Chakraborty Follow Jan 11 Building Interview prep ai # ai # interview # career # programming Comments Add Comment 3 min read 2020: Review and Outlook Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 2020: Review and Outlook # career # devjournal # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read Steve Jobs: The Biography (Updated Edition) Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Steve Jobs: The Biography (Updated Edition) # career # leadership # motivation # product Comments Add Comment 4 min read [TW_DevRel] Campus Resources for LINE Taiwan Developer Relations and Technical Promotion Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [TW_DevRel] Campus Resources for LINE Taiwan Developer Relations and Technical Promotion # learning # community # resources # career Comments Add Comment 8 min read [MOOC] Georgia Tech Language Institute - Week 4: Better Business Writing in English Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [MOOC] Georgia Tech Language Institute - Week 4: Better Business Writing in English # learning # devjournal # writing # career Comments Add Comment 3 min read [MOOC] Georgia Tech Language Institute - Week 1: Better Business Writing in English Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [MOOC] Georgia Tech Language Institute - Week 1: Better Business Writing in English # career # learning # writing Comments Add Comment 2 min read Book Sharing: The Art of the Mature Adult Comeback Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Sharing: The Art of the Mature Adult Comeback # discuss # resources # mentalhealth # career Comments Add Comment 2 min read Book Review: The Staff Engineer's Path Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Review: The Staff Engineer's Path # career # leadership # management Comments Add Comment 3 min read Anyone else feel like they spend more time finding information than writing code? Kumar Kislay Kumar Kislay Kumar Kislay Follow Jan 11 Anyone else feel like they spend more time finding information than writing code? # discuss # documentation # career # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read Why Portugal Can Be Your Next Career Step Walter Alleyz Walter Alleyz Walter Alleyz Follow Jan 11 Why Portugal Can Be Your Next Career Step # career # international # workplace # braziliandevs Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://docs.python.org/3/faq/installed.html	“Why is Python Installed on my Computer?” FAQ — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents “Why is Python Installed on my Computer?” FAQ What is Python? Why is Python installed on my machine? Can I delete Python? Previous topic Graphic User Interface FAQ Next topic Deprecations This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules \| next \| previous \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » Python Frequently Asked Questions » “Why is Python Installed on my Computer?” FAQ \| Theme Auto Light Dark \| “Why is Python Installed on my Computer?” FAQ ¶ What is Python? ¶ Python is a programming language. It’s used for many different applications. It’s used in some high schools and colleges as an introductory programming language because Python is easy to learn, but it’s also used by professional software developers at places such as Google, NASA, and Lucasfilm Ltd. If you wish to learn more about Python, start with the Beginner’s Guide to Python . Why is Python installed on my machine? ¶ If you find Python installed on your system but don’t remember installing it, there are several possible ways it could have gotten there. Perhaps another user on the computer wanted to learn programming and installed it; you’ll have to figure out who’s been using the machine and might have installed it. A third-party application installed on the machine might have been written in Python and included a Python installation. There are many such applications, from GUI programs to network servers and administrative scripts. Some Windows machines also have Python installed. At this writing we’re aware of computers from Hewlett-Packard and Compaq that include Python. Apparently some of HP/Compaq’s administrative tools are written in Python. Many Unix-compatible operating systems, such as macOS and some Linux distributions, have Python installed by default; it’s included in the base installation. Can I delete Python? ¶ That depends on where Python came from. If someone installed it deliberately, you can remove it without hurting anything. On Windows, use the Add/Remove Programs icon in the Control Panel. If Python was installed by a third-party application, you can also remove it, but that application will no longer work. You should use that application’s uninstaller rather than removing Python directly. If Python came with your operating system, removing it is not recommended. If you remove it, whatever tools were written in Python will no longer run, and some of them might be important to you. Reinstalling the whole system would then be required to fix things again. Table of Contents “Why is Python Installed on my Computer?” FAQ What is Python? Why is Python installed on my machine? Can I delete Python? Previous topic Graphic User Interface FAQ Next topic Deprecations This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules \| next \| previous \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » Python Frequently Asked Questions » “Why is Python Installed on my Computer?” FAQ \| Theme Auto Light Dark \| © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. Last updated on Jan 13, 2026 (06:19 UTC). Found a bug ? Created using Sphinx 8.2.3.	2026-01-13T08:49:01
https://docs.python.org/zh-tw/3/	3.14.2 Documentation 主題自動淺色模式深色模式下載下載這些說明文件各版本說明文件 Python 3.15 (in development) Python 3.14 (stable) Python 3.13 (stable) Python 3.12 (security-fixes) Python 3.11 (security-fixes) Python 3.10 (security-fixes) Python 3.9 (EOL) Python 3.8 (EOL) Python 3.7 (EOL) Python 3.6 (EOL) Python 3.5 (EOL) Python 3.4 (EOL) Python 3.3 (EOL) Python 3.2 (EOL) Python 3.1 (EOL) Python 3.0 (EOL) Python 2.7 (EOL) Python 2.6 (EOL) 所有版本其他資源 PEP Index Beginner's Guide Book List Audio/Visual Talks Python Developer’s Guide 導航索引模組 \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » \| 主題自動淺色模式深色模式 \| Python 3.14.2 說明文件歡迎！這是 Python 3.14.2 的官方說明文件。文件章節： Python 3.14 有什麼新功能？或自 2.0 起的所有「有什麼新功能？」文件 Python 教學從這裡開始：Python 的語法與特性導覽函式庫參考手冊標準函式庫與內建函式語言參考手冊語法及語言要素 Python 的設置與使用如何安裝、設定與使用 Python Python 如何達成任務深度主題說明手冊安裝 Python 模組第三方模組與 PyPI.org 發布 Python 模組發佈模組讓其他人可以使用擴充和嵌入給 C/C++ 程式設計師 Python 的 C 應用程式介面 (API) C API 參考手冊常見問答集常被提出的問題（還有答案！）棄用功能已棄用的功能索引、術語表與搜尋：全域模組索引所有模組與函式庫總索引全部函式、類別和術語術語表術語解釋搜尋頁搜尋這份說明文件完整內容列表列出所有章節與小節專案資訊：回報問題貢獻說明文件下載說明文件 Python 的沿革與授權版權所有關於說明文件下載下載這些說明文件各版本說明文件 Python 3.15 (in development) Python 3.14 (stable) Python 3.13 (stable) Python 3.12 (security-fixes) Python 3.11 (security-fixes) Python 3.10 (security-fixes) Python 3.9 (EOL) Python 3.8 (EOL) Python 3.7 (EOL) Python 3.6 (EOL) Python 3.5 (EOL) Python 3.4 (EOL) Python 3.3 (EOL) Python 3.2 (EOL) Python 3.1 (EOL) Python 3.0 (EOL) Python 2.7 (EOL) Python 2.6 (EOL) 所有版本其他資源 PEP Index Beginner's Guide Book List Audio/Visual Talks Python Developer’s Guide « 導航索引模組 \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » \| 主題自動淺色模式深色模式 \| © 版權所有 2001 Python Software Foundation. 此頁面採用 Python 軟體基金會授權條款第 2 版。文件中的範例、應用技巧與其他程式碼額外採用了 Zero Clause BSD 授權條款。更多訊息請見歷史與授權條款。 Python 軟體基金會是一家非營利法人。敬請捐贈。最後更新於 1月 13, 2026 (07:45 UTC)。發現 bug ？以 Sphinx 8.2.3建立。	2026-01-13T08:49:01
https://dev.to/devangnpatil	Devang patil - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Devang patil Javascript Developer Location Mumbai Joined Joined on Nov 22, 2019 github website twitter website Education Be Comp Sci Work SSE at Race More info about @devangnpatil Badges Six Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least six years. Got it Close Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. Got it Close Four Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least four years. Got it Close Three Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least three years. Got it Close Two Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least two years. Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close Skills/Languages Js, React, Node, Hhml css, jquery, backbone Post 0 posts published Comment 2 comments written Tag 6 tags followed Want to connect with Devang patil? Create an account to connect with Devang patil. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account	2026-01-13T08:49:01
https://dev.to/loiconlyone/jai-galere-pendant-3-semaines-pour-monter-un-cluster-kubernetes-et-voila-ce-que-jai-appris-30l6#shell-scripts-%E2%86%92-ansible-pourquoi-jai-migr%C3%A9	J'ai galéré pendant 3 semaines pour monter un cluster Kubernetes (et voilà ce que j'ai appris) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. 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Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse BeardDemon Posted on Jan 10 J'ai galéré pendant 3 semaines pour monter un cluster Kubernetes (et voilà ce que j'ai appris) # kubernetes # devops # learning Le contexte Bon, soyons honnêtes. Au début, j'avais un gros bordel de scripts bash éparpillés partout. Genre 5-6 fichiers avec des noms comme install-docker.sh , setup-k8s-FINAL-v3.sh (oui, le v3...). À chaque fois que je devais recréer mon infra, c'était 45 minutes de galère + 10 minutes à me demander pourquoi ça marchait pas. J'avais besoin de quelque chose de plus propre pour mon projet SAE e-commerce. Ce que je voulais vraiment Pas un truc de démo avec minikube. Non. Je voulais: 3 VMs qui tournent vraiment (1 master + 2 workers) Tout automatisé - je tape une commande et ça se déploie ArgoCD pour faire du GitOps (parce que push to deploy c'est quand même cool) Des logs centralisés (Loki + Grafana) Et surtout : pouvoir tout péter et tout recréer en 10 minutes L'architecture (spoiler: ça marche maintenant) ┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Mon PC (Debian) │ │ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ ┌─────────┐ │ │ Master │ │ Worker 1 │ │ Worker 2│ │ │ .56.10 │ │ .56.11 │ │ .56.12 │ │ └──────────┘ └──────────┘ └─────────┘ └─────────────────────────────────────────┘ Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Chaque VM a 4Go de RAM et 4 CPUs. Oui, ça bouffe des ressources. Non, ça passe pas sur un laptop pourri. Comment c'est organisé J'ai tout mis dans un repo bien rangé (pour une fois): ansible-provisioning/ ├── Vagrantfile # Les 3 VMs ├── playbook.yml # Le chef d'orchestre ├── manifests/ # Mes applis K8s │ ├── apiclients/ │ ├── apicatalogue/ │ ├── databases/ │ └── ... (toutes mes APIs) └── roles/ # Les briques Ansible ├── docker/ ├── kubernetes/ ├── k8s-master/ └── argocd/ Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Chaque rôle fait UN truc. C'est ça qui a changé ma vie. Shell scripts → Ansible : pourquoi j'ai migré Avant (la galère) J'avais un script prepare-system.sh qui ressemblait à ça: #!/bin/bash swapoff -a sed -i '/swap/d' /etc/fstab modprobe br_netfilter # ... 50 lignes de commandes # Aucune gestion d'erreur # Si ça plante au milieu, bonne chance Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Le pire ? Si je relançais le script après un fail, tout pétait. Genre le sed essayait de supprimer une ligne qui existait plus. Classique. Après (je respire enfin) Maintenant j'ai un rôle Ansible system-prepare : - name : Virer le swap shell : swapoff -a ignore_errors : yes - name : Enlever le swap du fstab lineinfile : path : /etc/fstab regexp : ' .swap.' state : absent - name : Charger br_netfilter modprobe : name : br_netfilter state : present Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode La différence ? Je peux relancer 10 fois, ça fait pas de conneries C'est lisible par un humain Si ça plante, je sais exactement où Le Vagrantfile (ou comment lancer 3 VMs d'un coup) Vagrant . configure ( "2" ) do \| config \| config . vm . box = "debian/bullseye64" # Config libvirt (KVM/QEMU) config . vm . provider "libvirt" do \| libvirt \| libvirt . memory = 4096 libvirt . cpus = 4 libvirt . management_network_address = "192.168.56.0/24" end # NFS pour partager les manifests config . vm . synced_folder "." , "/vagrant" , type: "nfs" , nfs_version: 4 # Le master config . vm . define "vm-master" do \| vm \| vm . vm . network "private_network" , ip: "192.168.56.10" vm . vm . hostname = "master" end # Les 2 workers ( 1 .. 2 ). each do \| i \| config . vm . define "vm-slave- #{ i } " do \| vm \| vm . vm . network "private_network" , ip: "192.168.56.1 #{ i } " vm . vm . hostname = "slave- #{ i } " end end # Ansible se lance automatiquement config . vm . provision "ansible" do \| ansible \| ansible . playbook = "playbook.yml" ansible . groups = { "master" => [ "vm-master" ], "workers" => [ "vm-slave-1" , "vm-slave-2" ] } end end Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Un vagrant up et boom, tout se monte tout seul. Le playbook : l'ordre c'est important --- # 1. Tous les nœuds en même temps - name : Setup de base hosts : k8s_cluster roles : - system-prepare # Swap off, modules kernel - docker # Docker + containerd - kubernetes # kubelet, kubeadm, kubectl # 2. Le master d'abord - name : Init master hosts : master roles : - k8s-master # kubeadm init + Flannel # 3. Les workers ensuite, un par un - name : Join workers hosts : workers serial : 1 # IMPORTANT: un à la fois roles : - k8s-worker # 4. Les trucs bonus sur le master - name : Dashboard + ArgoCD + Monitoring hosts : master roles : - k8s-dashboard - argocd - logging - metrics-server Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Le serial: 1 c'est crucial. J'avais essayé sans, les deux workers essayaient de join en même temps et ça partait en cacahuète. Les rôles en détail Rôle: k8s-master (le chef d'orchestre) C'est lui qui initialise le cluster. Voici les parties importantes: - name : Init cluster k8s command : kubeadm init --apiserver-advertise-address=192.168.56.10 --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16 when : not k8s_initialise.stat.exists - name : Copier config kubectl copy : src : /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf dest : /home/vagrant/.kube/config owner : vagrant group : vagrant - name : Installer Flannel (réseau pod) shell : \| kubectl apply -f https://github.com/flannel-io/flannel/releases/latest/download/kube-flannel.yml environment : KUBECONFIG : /home/vagrant/.kube/config - name : Générer commande join pour les workers copy : content : " kubeadm join 192.168.56.10:6443 --token {{ k8s_token.stdout }} --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:{{ k8s_ca_hash.stdout }}" dest : /vagrant/join.sh mode : ' 0755' - name : Créer fichier .master-ready copy : content : " Master initialized" dest : /vagrant/.master-ready Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Le fichier .master-ready c'est un flag pour dire aux workers "go, vous pouvez join maintenant". Rôle: k8s-worker (le suiveur patient) - name : Attendre que le fichier .master-ready existe wait_for : path : /vagrant/.master-ready timeout : 600 - name : Joindre le cluster shell : bash /vagrant/join.sh args : creates : /etc/kubernetes/kubelet.conf register : join_result failed_when : - join_result.rc != 0 - " 'already exists in the cluster' not in join_result.stderr" - name : Attendre que le node soit Ready shell : \| for i in {1..60}; do STATUS=$(kubectl get node $(hostname) -o jsonpath='{.status.conditions[?(@.type=="Ready")].status}') if [ "$STATUS" = "True" ]; then exit 0 fi sleep 5 done exit 1 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Le worker attend gentiment que le master soit prêt avant de faire quoi que ce soit. Les galères que j'ai rencontrées Galère #1: NFS qui marche pas Au début, le partage NFS entre l'hôte et les VMs plantait. Symptôme: mount.nfs: Connection timed out Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Solution: # Sur l'hôte sudo apt install nfs-kernel-server sudo systemctl start nfs-server sudo ufw allow from 192.168.56.0/24 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Le firewall bloquait les connexions NFS. Classique. Galère #2: Kubeadm qui timeout Le kubeadm init prenait 10 minutes et finissait par timeout. Cause: Pas assez de RAM sur les VMs (j'avais mis 2Go). Solution: Passer à 4Go par VM. Ça bouffe mais c'est nécessaire. Galère #3: Les workers qui join pas Les workers restaient en NotReady même après le join. Cause: Flannel (le CNI) était pas encore installé sur le master. Solution: Attendre que Flannel soit complètement déployé avant de faire join les workers: - name : Attendre Flannel command : kubectl wait --for=condition=ready pod -l app=flannel -n kube-flannel --timeout=300s environment : KUBECONFIG : /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Galère #4: Ansible qui relance tout à chaque fois Au début, chaque vagrant provision refaisait TOUT depuis zéro. Solution: Ajouter des conditions when partout: - name : Init cluster k8s command : kubeadm init ... when : not k8s_initialise.stat.exists # ← Ça sauve des vies Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode L'idempotence c'est vraiment la base avec Ansible. Les commandes utiles au quotidien # Lancer tout cd ansible-provisioning && vagrant up # Vérifier l'état du cluster vagrant ssh vm-master -c 'kubectl get nodes' # Voir les pods vagrant ssh vm-master -c 'kubectl get pods -A' # Refaire le provisioning (sans détruire les VMs) vagrant provision # Tout péter et recommencer vagrant destroy -f && vagrant up # SSH sur le master vagrant ssh vm-master # Logs d'un pod vagrant ssh vm-master -c 'kubectl logs -n apps apicatalogue-xyz' Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode ArgoCD et les applications Une fois le cluster monté, ArgoCD déploie automatiquement mes apps. Voici comment je déclare l'API Catalogue: apiVersion : argoproj.io/v1alpha1 kind : Application metadata : name : catalogue-manager-application namespace : argocd spec : destination : namespace : apps server : https://kubernetes.default.svc source : path : ansible-provisioning/manifests/apicatalogue repoURL : https://github.com/uha-sae53/Vagrant.git targetRevision : main project : default syncPolicy : automated : prune : true selfHeal : true Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode ArgoCD surveille mon repo GitHub. Dès que je change un manifest, ça se déploie automatiquement. Metrics Server et HPA J'ai aussi ajouté le Metrics Server pour l'auto-scaling: - name : Installer Metrics Server shell : \| kubectl apply -f https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/metrics-server/releases/latest/download/components.yaml environment : KUBECONFIG : /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf - name : Patcher pour ignorer TLS (dev seulement) shell : \| kubectl patch deployment metrics-server -n kube-system --type='json' \ -p='[{"op": "add", "path": "/spec/template/spec/containers/0/args/-", "value": "--kubelet-insecure-tls"}]' Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Avec ça, mes pods peuvent scaler automatiquement en fonction de la charge CPU/RAM. Le résultat final Après tout ça, voici ce que je peux faire: # Démarrer tout de zéro vagrant up # ⏱️ 8 minutes plus tard... # Vérifier que tout tourne vagrant ssh vm-master -c 'kubectl get pods -A' # Résultat: # NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS # apps apicatalogue-xyz 1/1 Running # apps apiclients-abc 1/1 Running # apps apicommandes-def 1/1 Running # apps api-panier-ghi 1/1 Running # apps frontend-jkl 1/1 Running # argocd argocd-server-xxx 1/1 Running # logging grafana-yyy 1/1 Running # logging loki-0 1/1 Running # kube-system metrics-server-zzz 1/1 Running Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Tout fonctionne, tout est automatisé. Conclusion Ce que j'ai appris: Ansible > scripts shell (vraiment, vraiment) L'idempotence c'est pas un luxe Tester chaque rôle séparément avant de tout brancher Les workers doivent attendre le master (le serial: 1 sauve des vies) 4Go de RAM minimum par VM pour K8s Le code complet est sur GitHub: https://github.com/uha-sae53/Vagrant Des questions ? Ping moi sur Twitter ou ouvre une issue sur le repo. Et si vous galérez avec Kubernetes, vous êtes pas seuls. J'ai passé 3 semaines là-dessus, c'est normal que ce soit compliqué au début. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse BeardDemon Follow Nananère je suis très sérieux... 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Menu Highlight Docs Welcome to highlight.io Get Started Roadmap Company Values Compliance & Security Open Source Contributing Overview GraphQL Backend Frontend (app.highlight.io) Landing Site (highlight.io) Documentation End to End SDK Example Apps Adding an SDK Application Architecture GitHub Code Spaces Code Style Good First Issues Self-hosting Self-hosted [Dev] Self-hosted [Hobby] Self-hosted [Enterprise] Telemetry Our Competitors Product Philosophy Product Features Session Replay Overview Canvas & Iframe Dev-tool Window Recording Tracking Users & Recording Events Filtering Sessions GraphQL Live Mode Performance Impact Player Session Caching Rage Clicks Request Proxying Session Search Extracting the Session URL Session Search Deep Linking Shadow Dom + Web Components Error Monitoring Overview Enhancing Errors with GitHub Error Search Filtering Errors Grouping Errors Managing Errors Manually Reporting Errors Sourcemaps General Features Overview Alerts Comments Digests Environments Search Segments Services Webhooks Logging Overview Log Alerts Log Search Tracing Overview Trace Search Dashboards Overview Dashboard Management Metrics Tutorials Service Latency Web Vitals & Page Speed User Engagement User Analytics Graphing Drilldown Event Search Dashboard Variables SQL Editor Metrics (beta) Overview Frequently Asked Questions. Integrations Integrations Overview Amplitude Integration ClickUp Integration Discord Integration Electron Support Front Integration GitHub Integration Grafana Integration Overview Setup Dashboards Alerts Height Integration Intercom Integration Jira Integration LaunchDarkly Integration Linear Integration Mixpanel Integration Nuxt Integration Pendo Integration Segment Integration Slack Integration Vercel Integration WordPress Plugin Highlight.io Changelog Overview Changelog 12 (02/17) Changelog 13 (02/24) Changelog 14 (03/03) Changelog 15 (03/11) Changelog 16 (03/19) Changelog 17 (04/07) Changelog 18 (04/26) Changelog 19 (05/22) Changelog 20 (06/06) Changelog 21 (06/21) Changelog 22 (08/07) Changelog 23 (08/22) Changelog 24 (09/11) Changelog 25 (10/03) Changelog 26 (11/08) Changelog 27 (12/22) Changelog 28 (3/6) Changelog 29 (4/2) Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Docs Home SDK Client SDK API Reference Cloudflare Worker SDK API Reference Go SDK API Reference Hono SDK API Reference Java SDK API Reference Next.JS SDK API Reference Node.JS SDK API Reference Python SDK API Reference Ruby SDK API Reference Rust SDK API Reference Docs / Getting Started / Server / Python / Python App Using highlight.io with Other Python Frameworks Learn how to set up highlight.io in your Python app. 1 Configure client-side Highlight. (optional) If you're using Highlight on the frontend for your application, make sure you've initialized it correctly and followed the fullstack mapping guide . 2 Install the highlight-io python package. Download the package from pypi and save it to your requirements. If you use a zip or s3 file upload to publish your function, you will want to make sure highlight-io is part of the build. poetry add highlight-io # or with pip pip install highlight-io 3 Initialize the Highlight SDK. Setup the SDK. import highlight_io # `instrument_logging=True` sets up logging instrumentation. # if you do not want to send logs or are using `loguru`, pass `instrument_logging=False` H = highlight_io.H( "<YOUR_PROJECT_ID>", instrument_logging=True, service_name="my-app", service_version="git-sha", environment="production", ) 4 Verify your installation. Check that your installation is valid by throwing an error. Try raising an exception somewhere in your code. You should see a DivideByZero error in the Highlight errors page within a few moments. import logging import random import time import highlight_io # `instrument_logging=True` sets up logging instrumentation. # if you do not want to send logs or are using `loguru`, pass `instrument_logging=False` H = highlight_io.H( "<YOUR_PROJECT_ID>", instrument_logging=True, service_name="my-app", service_version="git-sha", environment="production", ) def main(): with H.trace(span_name="my_span"): logging.info('hello, world!', {'favorite_number': 7}) return f"<h1>bad idea { 5/0 }</h1>" if __name__ == "__main__": main() 5 Call the built-in Python logging library. Logs are reported automatically from the builtin logging methods (as long as instrument_logging=True is provided to the highlight_io.H constructor). Visit the highlight logs portal and check that backend logs are coming in. Arguments passed as a dictionary as the second parameter will be interpreted as structured key-value pairs that logs can be easily searched by. import logging def main(): logging.info('hello, world!') logging.warn('whoa there', {'key': 'value'}) 6 Verify your backend logs are being recorded. Visit the highlight logs portal and check that backend logs are coming in. 7 Run your code with the H.trace() wrapper. Wrap your code with H.trace(), and run your code. import logging def main(): with H.trace(span_name="my_span"): logging.info('hello, world!', {'favorite_number': 7}) return f"<h1>Hello world</h1>" if __name__ == "__main__": main() 8 Use a decorator to trace your functions. Use the highlight_io.trace() decorator to create spans for your functions. import logging @highlight_io.trace def my_cool_method(): logging.info("hello my_cool_method", {"customer": "unknown", "trace": "inside"}) time.sleep(random.randint(0, 10) / 1000) logging.info("goodbye my_cool_method", {"customer": "unknown", "trace": "inside"}) def main(): with H.trace(span_name="my_span"): logging.info('hello, world!', {'favorite_number': 7}) my_cool_method() return f"<h1>Hello world</h1>" if __name__ == "__main__": main() 9 Verify your backend traces are being recorded. Visit the highlight traces portal and check that backend traces are coming in. Loguru Python AI / LLM Libraries [object Object]	2026-01-13T08:49:01
https://dev.to/jiwoomap/building-a-remembering-ai-trading-agent-with-python-langgraph-and-obsidian-30hn#main-content	Building a "Remembering" AI Trading Agent with Python, LangGraph, and Obsidian - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Jaeil Woo Posted on Jan 11 Building a "Remembering" AI Trading Agent with Python, LangGraph, and Obsidian # ai # machinelearning # python # opensource Hello DEV community! I'm excited to share an open-source project I've been working on: TradingAgents-Dashboard . It's a Dockerized AI trading assistant that not only analyzes the market but remembers your insights forever using a local knowledge base (RAG). The Problem: "Stateless" AI Most AI trading bots today are "stateless". They run an analysis, give you a result, and then forget everything the moment you close the terminal. "Wait, didn't we decide last week that inflation correlates with this stock?" "Where is that news link I saw yesterday?" As a developer and trader, I wanted an agent that grows smarter over time, just like a human analyst. The Solution: AI + Obsidian (RAG) I built a dashboard wrapping the TradingAgents framework, adding a persistent memory layer using Obsidian . Github Repo: jiwoomap/TradingAgents-Dashboard How it works: Analyze: Agents (Bull, Bear, Risk Manager) debate market conditions using LangGraph. Persist: All insights and debates are auto-saved to your local Obsidian Vault as Markdown files. Recall (RAG): Before making a new decision, the agents search your vault (via ChromaDB) to retrieve past lessons and context. Tech Stack Framework: LangChain / LangGraph (Multi-Agent Orchestration) UI: Streamlit (Web Dashboard) Database: ChromaDB (Vector Store for RAG) Memory: Obsidian (Markdown-based Knowledge Base) Infrastructure: Docker & Docker Compose Key Features Interactive Debate UI: Watch the "Bull" and "Bear" agents fight it out in real-time. Fact Checker: Prevents hallucinations by validating news URLs (200 OK checks). Dockerized: Get started in 1 minute with docker-compose up . Data Sovereignty: Your financial data and strategies live on your disk , not in a cloud database. Try it out! I'd love to get your feedback. If you're interested in AI Agents or FinTech, give it a spin! Clone the repo: git clone https://github.com/jiwoomap/TradingAgents-Dashboard.git Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Jaeil Woo Follow Software Engineer specializing in Data Engineering and AI Agents. Exploring the intersection of Finance and Machine Learning. Joined Jan 11, 2026 Trending on DEV Community Hot AI should not be in Code Editors # programming # ai # productivity # discuss If a problem can be solved without AI, does AI actually make it better? # ai # architecture # discuss Top 7 Featured DEV Posts of the Week # top7 # discuss 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account	2026-01-13T08:49:01
https://www.highlight.io/docs/general/product-features/session-replay/events-and-users	Tracking Users & Recording Events Star us on GitHub Star Docs Sign in Sign up General Docs Welcome to highlight.io Get Started Roadmap Company Values Compliance & Security Open Source Contributing Overview GraphQL Backend Frontend (app.highlight.io) Landing Site (highlight.io) Documentation End to End SDK Example Apps Adding an SDK Application Architecture GitHub Code Spaces Code Style Good First Issues Self-hosting Self-hosted [Dev] Self-hosted [Hobby] Self-hosted [Enterprise] Telemetry Our Competitors Product Philosophy Product Features Session Replay Overview Canvas & Iframe Dev-tool Window Recording Tracking Users & Recording Events Filtering Sessions GraphQL Live Mode Performance Impact Player Session Caching Rage Clicks Request Proxying Session Search Extracting the Session URL Session Search Deep Linking Shadow Dom + Web Components Error Monitoring Overview Enhancing Errors with GitHub Error Search Filtering Errors Grouping Errors Managing Errors Manually Reporting Errors Sourcemaps General Features Overview Alerts Comments Digests Environments Search Segments Services Webhooks Logging Overview Log Alerts Log Search Tracing Overview Trace Search Dashboards Overview Dashboard Management Metrics Tutorials Service Latency Web Vitals & Page Speed User Engagement User Analytics Graphing Drilldown Event Search Dashboard Variables SQL Editor Metrics (beta) Overview Frequently Asked Questions. Integrations Integrations Overview Amplitude Integration ClickUp Integration Discord Integration Electron Support Front Integration GitHub Integration Grafana Integration Overview Setup Dashboards Alerts Height Integration Intercom Integration Jira Integration LaunchDarkly Integration Linear Integration Mixpanel Integration Nuxt Integration Pendo Integration Segment Integration Slack Integration Vercel Integration WordPress Plugin Highlight.io Changelog Overview Changelog 12 (02/17) Changelog 13 (02/24) Changelog 14 (03/03) Changelog 15 (03/11) Changelog 16 (03/19) Changelog 17 (04/07) Changelog 18 (04/26) Changelog 19 (05/22) Changelog 20 (06/06) Changelog 21 (06/21) Changelog 22 (08/07) Changelog 23 (08/22) Changelog 24 (09/11) Changelog 25 (10/03) Changelog 26 (11/08) Changelog 27 (12/22) Changelog 28 (3/6) Changelog 29 (4/2) Menu Highlight Docs Welcome to highlight.io Get Started Roadmap Company Values Compliance & Security Open Source Contributing Overview GraphQL Backend Frontend (app.highlight.io) Landing Site (highlight.io) Documentation End to End SDK Example Apps Adding an SDK Application Architecture GitHub Code Spaces Code Style Good First Issues Self-hosting Self-hosted [Dev] Self-hosted [Hobby] Self-hosted [Enterprise] Telemetry Our Competitors Product Philosophy Product Features Session Replay Overview Canvas & Iframe Dev-tool Window Recording Tracking Users & Recording Events Filtering Sessions GraphQL Live Mode Performance Impact Player Session Caching Rage Clicks Request Proxying Session Search Extracting the Session URL Session Search Deep Linking Shadow Dom + Web Components Error Monitoring Overview Enhancing Errors with GitHub Error Search Filtering Errors Grouping Errors Managing Errors Manually Reporting Errors Sourcemaps General Features Overview Alerts Comments Digests Environments Search Segments Services Webhooks Logging Overview Log Alerts Log Search Tracing Overview Trace Search Dashboards Overview Dashboard Management Metrics Tutorials Service Latency Web Vitals & Page Speed User Engagement User Analytics Graphing Drilldown Event Search Dashboard Variables SQL Editor Metrics (beta) Overview Frequently Asked Questions. Integrations Integrations Overview Amplitude Integration ClickUp Integration Discord Integration Electron Support Front Integration GitHub Integration Grafana Integration Overview Setup Dashboards Alerts Height Integration Intercom Integration Jira Integration LaunchDarkly Integration Linear Integration Mixpanel Integration Nuxt Integration Pendo Integration Segment Integration Slack Integration Vercel Integration WordPress Plugin Highlight.io Changelog Overview Changelog 12 (02/17) Changelog 13 (02/24) Changelog 14 (03/03) Changelog 15 (03/11) Changelog 16 (03/19) Changelog 17 (04/07) Changelog 18 (04/26) Changelog 19 (05/22) Changelog 20 (06/06) Changelog 21 (06/21) Changelog 22 (08/07) Changelog 23 (08/22) Changelog 24 (09/11) Changelog 25 (10/03) Changelog 26 (11/08) Changelog 27 (12/22) Changelog 28 (3/6) Changelog 29 (4/2) Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Docs Home SDK Client SDK API Reference Cloudflare Worker SDK API Reference Go SDK API Reference Hono SDK API Reference Java SDK API Reference Next.JS SDK API Reference Node.JS SDK API Reference Python SDK API Reference Ruby SDK API Reference Rust SDK API Reference Docs / Highlight Docs / Product Features / Session Replay / Tracking Users & Recording Events Tracking Users & Recording Events Identifying Users & Tracking Events With session replay, it can be useful to identify the actual users and track actions that they perform. By default, your users in highlight.io remain anonymous, but we offer the option to identify and track actions with our javascript SDK. Read more in our SDK Configuration guide. Definition of a Session A highlight session starts when you H.init in your web application (or call H.start if you are manually delaying the recording start). Once a session starts, we will continue recording in the same session for up to 4 hours. Each browser tab / instance will start a distinct session, so if your web app is opened in 2 tabs at once, we will record 2 sessions. However, once a session starts, it can be resumed. If your web app is opened in a single tab, closed, and then reopened within 15 minutes of closing, we will resume the existing highlight session. If more than 15 minutes have passed, we will start a new session. Active time is the time when a user is interacting with your page with no more than a 10-second gap in activity. For example, if a user is moving their mouse / typing / clicking for 30 seconds with no gaps of longer than 10 seconds, that would count as 30 seconds of active time. Dev-tool Window Recording Filtering Sessions Community / Support Suggest Edits? Follow us! [object Object]	2026-01-13T08:49:01
https://dev.to/help/writing-editing-scheduling#Q-Can-I-use-profanity-in-my-posts	Writing, Editing and Scheduling - DEV Help - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close DEV Help The latest help documentation, tips and tricks from the DEV Community. Help > Writing, Editing and Scheduling Writing, Editing and Scheduling In this article The Editor Drafting and publishing a post: Scheduling a post: Creating a Series Cross-posting Content Helpful Resources DEV Editor guide Markdown Cheatsheet Best Practices for Writing on DEV Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism on DEV Guidelines for AI-assisted Articles on DEV Common Questions Q: How do I set a canonical URL on my post? Q: How do I set a cover image for my post? Q: Do I own the articles that I publish? Q: Can I cross-post something I've already written on my own blog or Medium? Q: Can I use profanity in my posts? Q: Why has my post been removed? Q: Will you put ads on my posts' pages? Explore the ins and outs of writing, editing, scheduling, and managing articles. The Editor The DEV editor is your primary tool for writing and sharing posts. With a Markdown -based syntax and flexible options for embedding content, the editor is one of the main ways DEV members express themselves. Drafting, scheduling, and publishing posts are all options; importing via RSS is also a feature that we provide. Learn how to use the DEV editor to create and format your articles effectively: Drafting and publishing a post: Click on " Write a Post " in the top right corner of the site. Follow the prompts to fill out the necessary inputs. Give your post a title, write the body content, add appropriate tags, and fill out any other optional fields. If you're not ready to share your article, just click "Save draft" in the bottom left. You can access your drafts from your user dashboard and return to editing your post whenever you wish. Once you're ready to share your post, click the "Publish" button in the bottom left. Note: if you are using the Basic Markdown editor you interface is more minimalistic, and you'll need to change published: false to published: true in the Front Matter of the post, then save to publish your post. Congratulations, your post should be published! You should see the article listed on your public profile. Note that you can access analytics for each post you've shared from your user dashboard by clicking on the ... beside the article title. Scheduling a post: To schedule a post, you may open a draft or start writing a new post. Once you've got your post set up, click on the hexagon icon in the bottom left-hand corner near the Publish button. See "Schedule Publication" and use the inputs to select a date and time for the post to go live. Note: this feature is set to your local time zone. Creating a Series DEV provides authors with the ability to link articles together in a series. A series has a title and an associated page to hold all the entries (e.g. Sloan's Inbox ). Most often this is done for articles that are thematically related or recurring weekly posts. We have a handy guide here that explains step-by-step how to create a series on DEV. Note: If you've written the first entry in a series and are wondering why the series title is not easily visible, it's because we don't actually display information about a post being part of a series until there is more than one entry in the series. Once you write your second entry in the series, the Table of Contents and title for the series should appear. Cross-posting Content DEV offers a variety of features for those who want to cross-post content from elsewhere on the web. We encourage folks to share articles from their personal and company blogs! Notably, we offer folks the ability to import content via RSS and set canonical links on any posts that are shared. Using the RSS Feed on DEV Community Configure RSS Feed: Navigate to extensions within the settings. Under "Publishing to DEV Community 👩‍💻👨‍💻 from RSS," enter your blog's RSS feed URL. You will see the option to "Mark the RSS source as canonical URL" or "Replace links with DEV Community links." Check the info below (Specifying a Canonical URL) to help you decide which option to select. Click "submit feed settings." Edit Post Drafts Before Publishing Go to your user dashboard. Click edit beside the post you want to post. Save each draft after making changes. Publish Post when ready. How to Specify a Canonical URL Members reposting content often worry about original posts becoming less discoverable in search engines and their website losing visibility as the newer publishing platform (e.g., DEV) might surpass the original blog. Fortunately, DEV allows authors to address these concerns. By inputting a canonical URL, contributors can ensure search engines understand the original source. This prevents any penalties for reposting, and search engine crawlers boost the ranking of the original article. Option 1 (RSS Import): Check the "Mark the RSS source as canonical URL by default" box upon import. Option 2 (Individual Posts): Identify your editor version in /settings/customization. Rich + Markdown Editor: Click the gear icon next to "Save draft" and enter the original post's URL in the "Canonical URL" field. Basic Markdown Editor: Add canonical_url: X to the post's front matter, specifying the original post's URL. Following these steps ensures proper attribution and maintains the visibility of your content. Helpful Resources Below you'll find various resources we recommend for better understanding DEV's writing policies and tools. DEV Editor guide A quick guide that provides you with technical tips for using the DEV Editor and our brand of Markdown. You can also find it by clicking the "?" page in the editor . Markdown Cheatsheet A handy cheatsheet for commonly-used Markdown formatting syntax. Best Practices for Writing on DEV A helpful series that offers both technical tips and general guidance for making the best-fit article for DEV. 🙌 Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism on DEV This resource offers guidance for how to avoid plagiarism. We take a strong stance against plagiarism on DEV; please don't hesitate to report any plagiarism to us. Guidelines for AI-assisted Articles on DEV These guidelines detail our requirements for properly labelling AI-assisted content on DEV. Please don't hesitate to report any content that is written with AI-assistance if it isn't following these guidelines. Common Questions Q: How do I set a canonical URL on my post? In the post editor, click the hexagon icon in the bottom left-hand corner beside "save draft" and you'll see an input box to designate a Canonical URL. Note: if you are using the Basic Markdown editor you must add a line for it inside the triple dashes (aka Front Matter), like so: --- title: published: false tags: canonical_url: <https://mycoolsite.com/my-post> --- Q: How do I set a cover image for my post? If using the Rich + Markdown editor, then click the "Add a cover image" button above the title of the post. If using the Basic Markdown editor, include cover_image: [url] in the front matter of your post. Note: you may change your editor type from your settings . Q: Do I own the articles that I publish? Yes, you own the rights to the content you create and post on dev.to and you have the full authority to post, edit, and remove your content as you see fit. Q: Can I cross-post something I've already written on my own blog or Medium? Absolutely, as long as you have the rights you need to do so! And if it's of high quality, we'll feature it. Q: Can I use profanity in my posts? We don't disallow profanity in general, but we do have an internal policy of not promoting posts that have profanity in the title, so you might want to keep that in mind. If your profanity is targeted at individuals or hateful, then it would cross the lines of what's acceptable via our Code of Conduct and we may take necessary action to remove you content. Q: Why has my post been removed? Your post is subject to removal at the discretion of the moderators if they believe it does not meet the requirements of our Code of Conduct . If you think we may have made a mistake, please email us at support@dev.to . Q: Will you put ads on my posts' pages? It's possible. We do allow organizations to purchase advertisements with DEV. However, if you would prefer that no ads be placed next to your posts, just navigate to Settings > Customization , scroll down to sponsors, and uncheck the box beside "Permit Nearby External Sponsors (When publishing)" Of course, we'd appreciate it if you keep those boxes checked as this is important to our business. But, we respect your decision and appreciate you sharing posts with us! 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account	2026-01-13T08:49:01
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Beginners Follow Hide "A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step." -Chinese Proverb Create Post submission guidelines UPDATED AUGUST 2, 2019 This tag is dedicated to beginners to programming, development, networking, or to a particular language. Everything should be geared towards that! For Questions... Consider using this tag along with #help, if... You are new to a language, or to programming in general, You want an explanation with NO prerequisite knowledge required. You want insight from more experienced developers. Please do not use this tag if you are merely new to a tool, library, or framework. See also, #explainlikeimfive For Articles... Posts should be specifically geared towards true beginners (experience level 0-2 out of 10). 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Right menu How JavaScript Code is executed \| Episode 2 Himanshu Gupta Himanshu Gupta Himanshu Gupta Follow Dec 12 '25 How JavaScript Code is executed \| Episode 2 # javascript # beginners # coding # basic Comments Add Comment 2 min read You Need Your Code to Be More Reliable Than People Using It Abdulkabir Musa Abdulkabir Musa Abdulkabir Musa Follow Dec 10 '25 You Need Your Code to Be More Reliable Than People Using It # programming # webdev # beginners # softwareengineering 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read From Product Manager to AI Builder: What It Takes to Go from Prompt to Production Andreea Papillon Andreea Papillon Andreea Papillon Follow Nov 11 '25 From Product Manager to AI Builder: What It Takes to Go from Prompt to Production # ai # beginners # startup # chatgpt Comments 1 comment 12 min read grid-template-rows && Array(3)、.map()、Math.floor() NikiMunger NikiMunger NikiMunger Follow Nov 7 '25 grid-template-rows && Array(3)、.map()、Math.floor() # beginners # css # javascript Comments Add Comment 1 min read Leveling with cluster analysis in Python: basic Python concepts Hilton Fernandes Hilton Fernandes Hilton Fernandes Follow Nov 6 '25 Leveling with cluster analysis in Python: basic Python concepts # beginners # tutorial # python # datascience Comments Add Comment 5 min read My project 1 : Building a Mini Blog(with Python + Flask) Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Follow Dec 9 '25 My project 1 : Building a Mini Blog(with Python + Flask) # python # beginners # learning # codenewbie 6 reactions Comments 4 comments 4 min read A Simple Guide to Route Tables and Internet Gateways in AWS Irfan Satrio Irfan Satrio Irfan Satrio Follow Nov 19 '25 A Simple Guide to Route Tables and Internet Gateways in AWS # aws # networking # beginners 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 4 min read Cursor + Trigger krithik krithik krithik Follow Nov 7 '25 Cursor + Trigger # beginners # tutorial # database # sql Comments Add Comment 2 min read Correlation vs Regression Coefficients: A Beginner's Guide. Nicholus Gathirwa Nicholus Gathirwa Nicholus Gathirwa Follow Nov 6 '25 Correlation vs Regression Coefficients: A Beginner's Guide. # beginners # datascience # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Install Golang and Handle JSON: A Beginner's Guide kingyou kingyou kingyou Follow Nov 11 '25 How to Install Golang and Handle JSON: A Beginner's Guide # go # beginners # tutorial # json 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Understanding monitoring vs observability: core differences Thomas Johnson Thomas Johnson Thomas Johnson Follow Nov 6 '25 Understanding monitoring vs observability: core differences # monitoring # devops # beginners Comments Add Comment 5 min read dev diary 20251106 hirooka kazuya hirooka kazuya hirooka kazuya Follow Nov 7 '25 dev diary 20251106 # aws # serverless # beginners # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read 10 Engineering lessons I wish I learned sooner (Every Developer Should Master) Neilton Rocha Neilton Rocha Neilton Rocha Follow Dec 10 '25 10 Engineering lessons I wish I learned sooner (Every Developer Should Master) # softwareengineering # careeradvice # node # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read 🔄 Loop Master: Menguasai Seni Algoritma Perulangan ahmadasroni38 ahmadasroni38 ahmadasroni38 Follow Nov 6 '25 🔄 Loop Master: Menguasai Seni Algoritma Perulangan # algorithms # beginners # tutorial Comments Add Comment 13 min read Go Under the Hood: Memory, Concurrency, and Mental Models Most Developers Get Wrong Pavel Sanikovich Pavel Sanikovich Pavel Sanikovich Follow Dec 10 '25 Go Under the Hood: Memory, Concurrency, and Mental Models Most Developers Get Wrong # go # beginners # programming # tutorial 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 2 min read Go Memory Model Explained Simply (But Correctly) Pavel Sanikovich Pavel Sanikovich Pavel Sanikovich Follow Dec 10 '25 Go Memory Model Explained Simply (But Correctly) # go # beginners # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read Why I Stopped Watching Tutorials and Started Breaking Things😈💣💥 Maame Afua A. P. Fordjour Maame Afua A. P. Fordjour Maame Afua A. P. Fordjour Follow Dec 9 '25 Why I Stopped Watching Tutorials and Started Breaking Things😈💣💥 # beginners # python # career # productivity 9 reactions Comments 6 comments 2 min read Making Chaos Conversational: A Beginner-Friendly Guide to the LitmusChaos MCP Server Pritesh Kiri Pritesh Kiri Pritesh Kiri Follow for LitmusChaos Nov 20 '25 Making Chaos Conversational: A Beginner-Friendly Guide to the LitmusChaos MCP Server # testing # mcp # devops # beginners 6 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read What are Azure DevOps integration of services ? Ank Ank Ank Follow Nov 6 '25 What are Azure DevOps integration of services ? # webdev # azure # basic # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read Calculator using Vanilla JavaScript Developer Developer Developer Follow Dec 11 '25 Calculator using Vanilla JavaScript # webdev # programming # javascript # beginners Comments 1 comment 1 min read Explain the difference between subquery,CTE and stored procedures Roy Shavi Kinyua Roy Shavi Kinyua Roy Shavi Kinyua Follow Nov 6 '25 Explain the difference between subquery,CTE and stored procedures # beginners # tutorial # database # sql Comments Add Comment 1 min read Rust chronicles #2 - ownership, the unprecedented memory safety guarantee without a garbage collector Malek Malek Malek Follow Dec 10 '25 Rust chronicles #2 - ownership, the unprecedented memory safety guarantee without a garbage collector # rust # programming # software # beginners Comments Add Comment 6 min read The Beginner's Guide to Raycast: Replace Spotlight in 15 Minutes Leon Wong 282 Leon Wong 282 Leon Wong 282 Follow Nov 7 '25 The Beginner's Guide to Raycast: Replace Spotlight in 15 Minutes # beginners # productivity # tooling 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read What Is SERP Tracking? The Real Way Marketers Stay Ahead in the Search Game Kervi 11 Kervi 11 Kervi 11 Follow Nov 7 '25 What Is SERP Tracking? The Real Way Marketers Stay Ahead in the Search Game # serp # productivity # beginners # api Comments Add Comment 3 min read MONGODB IN ACTION : BUILDING A SMART STUDENT DATABASE WITH CRUD OPERATIONS HARI SARAVANAN HARI SARAVANAN HARI SARAVANAN Follow Nov 6 '25 MONGODB IN ACTION : BUILDING A SMART STUDENT DATABASE WITH CRUD OPERATIONS # webdev # devops # database # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/stevenlu2004	Tongyu Lu - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Tongyu Lu High school student at PRISMS. Interested in CS, ML, game-dev. USACO Platinum qualified, but still getting better at projects. Codes for fun. Location Earth Joined Joined on Jul 30, 2020 github website Education https://prismsus.org More info about @stevenlu2004 Badges Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. Got it Close Four Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least four years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Three Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least three years. Got it Close Two Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least two years. Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close GitHub Repositories pygame-flappy-bird PyGame implementation of Flappy Bird Python • 1 star 2048 A simple C++ implementation of the classic game of 2048. C++ landmark Simple LAN file sharing using Node.js JavaScript • 1 star Skills/Languages I know some C++, Python, HTML/CSS/JS (Express, React), and a bit of Java Currently learning I plan to learn more about machine learning, get myself more familiar with PyQt5, and probably do some small projects. Post 2 posts published Comment 3 comments written Tag 22 tags followed High School Research #00 \| Getting Started: idea + some literature review + glossary Tongyu Lu Tongyu Lu Tongyu Lu Follow Oct 8 '20 High School Research #00 \| Getting Started: idea + some literature review + glossary 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Want to connect with Tongyu Lu? Create an account to connect with Tongyu Lu. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in USACO 2014 December Gold 1 Tongyu Lu Tongyu Lu Tongyu Lu Follow Aug 16 '20 USACO 2014 December Gold 1 # usaco # computerscience 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. 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https://dev.to/sloan/series/22731	Sloan's Inbox Series' Articles - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Sloan's Inbox Series' Articles Back to Sloan the DEV Moderator's Series Sloan's Inbox: Staying Positive Amidst Industry Drama Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Apr 27 '23 Sloan's Inbox: Staying Positive Amidst Industry Drama # discuss 32 reactions Comments 20 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: Surviving A Job Performance Plan: Is There Hope? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team May 3 '23 Sloan's Inbox: Surviving A Job Performance Plan: Is There Hope? # discuss 17 reactions Comments 7 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: How Do Badges Work on DEV? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team May 10 '23 Sloan's Inbox: How Do Badges Work on DEV? # discuss # meta 22 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Sloan's Inbox: Newbie Seeking Guidance on Real-life Project Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team May 11 '23 Sloan's Inbox: Newbie Seeking Guidance on Real-life Project # discuss # career 9 reactions Comments 4 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: Navigating Career Confusion in ICT Domain Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team May 18 '23 Sloan's Inbox: Navigating Career Confusion in ICT Domain # discuss # career # ict 9 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: What's Your Advice on Where to Start and How to Study in the World of Coding? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team May 19 '23 Sloan's Inbox: What's Your Advice on Where to Start and How to Study in the World of Coding? # discuss # beginners # learning 11 reactions Comments 2 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: How Do You Balance Values and Professional Work? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team May 25 '23 Sloan's Inbox: How Do You Balance Values and Professional Work? # discuss # career 5 reactions Comments 3 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: How to Approach Your Manager When Interviewing for a New Job? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Jun 1 '23 Sloan's Inbox: How to Approach Your Manager When Interviewing for a New Job? # discuss # career 6 reactions Comments 2 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: What Skills Do I Need to Land a Jr. Position? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Jun 8 '23 Sloan's Inbox: What Skills Do I Need to Land a Jr. Position? # discuss # career 12 reactions Comments 8 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: What Are Your Favorite Tags, Orgs, and Coding Challenges? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Jun 15 '23 Sloan's Inbox: What Are Your Favorite Tags, Orgs, and Coding Challenges? # discuss # codenewbie # showdev # tutorial 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: How Do I Overcome Language Barriers in the Coding Community? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Jun 22 '23 Sloan's Inbox: How Do I Overcome Language Barriers in the Coding Community? # discuss 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: What is the Secret to a Truly Great Portfolio? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Jun 29 '23 Sloan's Inbox: What is the Secret to a Truly Great Portfolio? # discuss # beginners # career # careerdevelopment 17 reactions Comments 2 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: How Do You Find a Mentor That Is Right for You? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Jul 6 '23 Sloan's Inbox: How Do You Find a Mentor That Is Right for You? # discuss 14 reactions Comments 2 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: What's it take to go from 0 dev skills to successful game developer? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Jul 13 '23 Sloan's Inbox: What's it take to go from 0 dev skills to successful game developer? # discuss # career # gamedev # beginners 22 reactions Comments 5 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: Considering taking a coding sabbatical... Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Jul 20 '23 Sloan's Inbox: Considering taking a coding sabbatical... # discuss # career # burnout 17 reactions Comments 6 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: Will working with legacy code hold me back? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Jul 27 '23 Sloan's Inbox: Will working with legacy code hold me back? # discuss # beginners # career # refactoring 10 reactions Comments 7 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: Any advice on how to advocate for a11y improvements at my org? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Aug 3 '23 Sloan's Inbox: Any advice on how to advocate for a11y improvements at my org? # discuss # career # a11y 14 reactions Comments 8 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: Applying for jobs with an inactive GitHub profile? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Aug 10 '23 Sloan's Inbox: Applying for jobs with an inactive GitHub profile? # discuss # career # beginners 11 reactions Comments 9 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: Bored... Is it time to get another job? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Aug 17 '23 Sloan's Inbox: Bored... Is it time to get another job? # discuss # career 19 reactions Comments 18 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: Any advice for estimating work? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Aug 24 '23 Sloan's Inbox: Any advice for estimating work? # discuss 7 reactions Comments 7 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: Considering a role as a Dev Advocate, but worried about less coding & more marketing... Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Sep 7 '23 Sloan's Inbox: Considering a role as a Dev Advocate, but worried about less coding & more marketing... # discuss # devrel # career 10 reactions Comments 13 comments 2 min read Sloan's Inbox: Do I need to write blog posts to be a successful dev? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Sep 14 '23 Sloan's Inbox: Do I need to write blog posts to be a successful dev? # discuss 11 reactions Comments 15 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: Striving to be a T-shaped developer... how to find my specialization? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Sep 21 '23 Sloan's Inbox: Striving to be a T-shaped developer... how to find my specialization? # discuss 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: How to connect with folks over Open Source? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Oct 5 '23 Sloan's Inbox: How to connect with folks over Open Source? # discuss # opensource # help # community 5 reactions Comments 6 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: How to stand out as a beginner dev? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Oct 12 '23 Sloan's Inbox: How to stand out as a beginner dev? # discuss # codenewbie # beginner # help 9 reactions Comments 4 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: How and when to choose a JavaScript Framework? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Oct 19 '23 Sloan's Inbox: How and when to choose a JavaScript Framework? # discuss # codenewbie # beginners # javascript 6 reactions Comments 3 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: Considering a career change from coding to graphic design, any advice? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Oct 26 '23 Sloan's Inbox: Considering a career change from coding to graphic design, any advice? # discuss # career # design 4 reactions Comments 5 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: Advice for a dev hobbyist that wants to get a career in software development? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Nov 2 '23 Sloan's Inbox: Advice for a dev hobbyist that wants to get a career in software development? # discuss # career # raspberrypi 8 reactions Comments 8 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: Struggling to focus, any advice? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Nov 9 '23 Sloan's Inbox: Struggling to focus, any advice? # discuss # productivity # career 1 reaction Comments 4 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: How do you find a mentor? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Nov 16 '23 Sloan's Inbox: How do you find a mentor? # discuss # beginners # mentor 9 reactions Comments 3 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: What strategies are most effective for retaining acquired knowledge? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Nov 30 '23 Sloan's Inbox: What strategies are most effective for retaining acquired knowledge? # discuss # learning # productivity # beginners 6 reactions Comments 6 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: How did open source come to be? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Dec 7 '23 Sloan's Inbox: How did open source come to be? # discuss # learning # opensource 6 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read Sloan's Inbox: What's the hardest thing about being a developer? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Dec 14 '23 Sloan's Inbox: What's the hardest thing about being a developer? # discuss # learning # opensource 11 reactions Comments 8 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: Any job-hunting advice for a newbie? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Dec 21 '23 Sloan's Inbox: Any job-hunting advice for a newbie? # discuss # career # beginners # codenewbie 6 reactions Comments 5 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: Feeling like I'm not doing enough... Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Dec 28 '23 Sloan's Inbox: Feeling like I'm not doing enough... # discuss # learning # opensource 2 reactions Comments 4 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: Is it realistic for someone's first developer job to be in game dev? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Jan 4 '24 Sloan's Inbox: Is it realistic for someone's first developer job to be in game dev? # discuss # gamedev # career 15 reactions Comments 13 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: How do you improve focus? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Jan 11 '24 Sloan's Inbox: How do you improve focus? # discuss # productivity # career 17 reactions Comments 8 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: As a beginner, should I use AI as a tool and how? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Jan 18 '24 Sloan's Inbox: As a beginner, should I use AI as a tool and how? # discuss # beginners # ai 12 reactions Comments 11 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: Any advice for overcoming a fear of public speaking? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Jan 25 '24 Sloan's Inbox: Any advice for overcoming a fear of public speaking? # discuss # speaking # conference # help 23 reactions Comments 10 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: Going With Vanilla JS or Frameworks as a Beginner? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Feb 1 '24 Sloan's Inbox: Going With Vanilla JS or Frameworks as a Beginner? # discuss # javascript # beginners # help 11 reactions Comments 6 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: Any advice for a web dev who is considering a career in cybersecurity? Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow for The DEV Team Feb 8 '24 Sloan's Inbox: Any advice for a web dev who is considering a career in cybersecurity? # discuss # webdev # security # cybersecurity 7 reactions Comments 4 comments 1 min read Sloan's Inbox: How to ask for a raise? 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Beginners Follow Hide "A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step." -Chinese Proverb Create Post submission guidelines UPDATED AUGUST 2, 2019 This tag is dedicated to beginners to programming, development, networking, or to a particular language. Everything should be geared towards that! For Questions... Consider using this tag along with #help, if... You are new to a language, or to programming in general, You want an explanation with NO prerequisite knowledge required. You want insight from more experienced developers. Please do not use this tag if you are merely new to a tool, library, or framework. See also, #explainlikeimfive For Articles... Posts should be specifically geared towards true beginners (experience level 0-2 out of 10). 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Right menu Day 1: Found the map Blink Blink Blink Follow Dec 6 '25 Day 1: Found the map # programming # productivity # beginners # career 13 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read Uniface 101: A Look at the image Data Type 🖼️ Peter + AI Peter + AI Peter + AI Follow Nov 2 '25 Uniface 101: A Look at the image Data Type 🖼️ # data # programming # beginners # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read Starting My Learning Journey in Tech Rehman Jatt Rehman Jatt Rehman Jatt Follow Dec 6 '25 Starting My Learning Journey in Tech # beginners # learning # productivity # webdev Comments 4 comments 1 min read Uniface 10.4: What's the Deal with the 'any' Data Type? 🤔 Peter + AI Peter + AI Peter + AI Follow Nov 2 '25 Uniface 10.4: What's the Deal with the 'any' Data Type? 🤔 # beginners # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read Unlock Uniface Automation: A Beginner's Guide to $ude("compile") 🚀 Peter + AI Peter + AI Peter + AI Follow Nov 2 '25 Unlock Uniface Automation: A Beginner's Guide to $ude("compile") 🚀 # automation # beginners # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read Unlocking Uniface: A Simple Guide to the $ude("import") Function 🚀 Peter + AI Peter + AI Peter + AI Follow Nov 2 '25 Unlocking Uniface: A Simple Guide to the $ude("import") Function 🚀 # beginners # softwaredevelopment # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read Change your old methods for writing a JavaScript Code - Shorthand's for JavaScript Code Simc Dev Simc Dev Simc Dev Follow Nov 3 '25 Change your old methods for writing a JavaScript Code - Shorthand's for JavaScript Code # javascript # webdev # programming # beginners 5 reactions Comments 2 comments 1 min read Git and GitHub setup for Linux and Windows \| Full Guide. Bek Brace Bek Brace Bek Brace Follow Nov 15 '25 Git and GitHub setup for Linux and Windows \| Full Guide. # git # github # githubactions # beginners 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read The transition property in CSS alok-38 alok-38 alok-38 Follow Nov 3 '25 The transition property in CSS # webdev # beginners # tutorial # css 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read 3 Practical Ways to Build Your Own AI Model (For Any Skill Level) Art light Art light Art light Follow Dec 6 '25 3 Practical Ways to Build Your Own AI Model (For Any Skill Level) # ai # beginners # python # machinelearning 78 reactions Comments 8 comments 4 min read Java String concat() Method: A No-BS Guide for Developers Satyam Gupta Satyam Gupta Satyam Gupta Follow Nov 2 '25 Java String concat() Method: A No-BS Guide for Developers # java # webdev # beginners # javascript Comments Add Comment 6 min read Java String compareToIgnoreCase() Explained: Your Guide to Case-Insensitive Sorting Satyam Gupta Satyam Gupta Satyam Gupta Follow Nov 2 '25 Java String compareToIgnoreCase() Explained: Your Guide to Case-Insensitive Sorting # java # webdev # beginners # javascript Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building Streaming Iceberg Tables for Real-Time Logistics Analytics Eliana Lam Eliana Lam Eliana Lam Follow for AWS Community Builders Dec 6 '25 Building Streaming Iceberg Tables for Real-Time Logistics Analytics # aws # productivity # beginners # cloud 5 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read I Finally Understood This Magic CSS Snippet alok-38 alok-38 alok-38 Follow Nov 2 '25 I Finally Understood This Magic CSS Snippet # webdev # css # beginners # frontend Comments Add Comment 2 min read Let's Talk About Dates in Uniface! 📅 Peter + AI Peter + AI Peter + AI Follow Nov 2 '25 Let's Talk About Dates in Uniface! 📅 # data # programming # beginners # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read My Project 5: Building an Expense Tracker (with Python + SQLite + Streamlit) Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Follow Dec 5 '25 My Project 5: Building an Expense Tracker (with Python + SQLite + Streamlit) # learning # python # beginners # codenewbie 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Day 1 of #LearnInPublic Java Patterns Aviral Pathak Aviral Pathak Aviral Pathak Follow Nov 1 '25 Day 1 of #LearnInPublic Java Patterns # programming # beginners # tutorial # java Comments Add Comment 2 min read Understanding Uniface $text Function: Easy Message Handling 📝 Peter + AI Peter + AI Peter + AI Follow Nov 2 '25 Understanding Uniface $text Function: Easy Message Handling 📝 # beginners # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read A Simple Guide to Deleting Uniface Objects with $ude("delete") 🚀 Peter + AI Peter + AI Peter + AI Follow Nov 2 '25 A Simple Guide to Deleting Uniface Objects with $ude("delete") 🚀 # beginners # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🚀 Unlocking Uniface: A Simple Guide to the $ude("exist") Function Peter + AI Peter + AI Peter + AI Follow Nov 2 '25 🚀 Unlocking Uniface: A Simple Guide to the $ude("exist") Function # beginners # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read first post Sam benadick J Sam benadick J Sam benadick J Follow Nov 2 '25 first post # datascience # data # beginners # python Comments Add Comment 1 min read Dear Junior Coders: Stop Chasing Shiny Objects Cesar Aguirre Cesar Aguirre Cesar Aguirre Follow Nov 24 '25 Dear Junior Coders: Stop Chasing Shiny Objects # career # careerdevelopment # beginners # programming 39 reactions Comments 13 comments 2 min read 🔤 String Interpolation in Uniface 10.4: A Practical Guide Peter + AI Peter + AI Peter + AI Follow Nov 2 '25 🔤 String Interpolation in Uniface 10.4: A Practical Guide # beginners # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read What's the "handle" on Uniface Handles? 🤔 A Simple Guide Peter + AI Peter + AI Peter + AI Follow Nov 2 '25 What's the "handle" on Uniface Handles? 🤔 A Simple Guide # beginners # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read Zero to SaaS vs ShipFast, Which One Actually Helps You Build a Real SaaS? Esimit Karlgusta Esimit Karlgusta Esimit Karlgusta Follow Dec 5 '25 Zero to SaaS vs ShipFast, Which One Actually Helps You Build a Real SaaS? # nextjs # beginners # webdev # programming 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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https://dev.to/neisha1618/callbacks-vs-promises-4mi1#comment-2a56h	Callbacks vs Promises - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Neisha Rose Posted on Apr 5, 2020           Callbacks vs Promises # javascript # callbacks # promises The Goal The goal is to achieve asynchronous code. Async code allows multiple things to happen at the same time. When you start an action, your program continues to run. When the action finishes, the program is informed and gets access to the result. We can achieve async code using two methods: callbacks and promises. With callback we pass a callback into a function that would then get called upon completion. With promises, you attach callbacks on the returned promise object. Callbacks A callback is a function that is to be executed after another function has finished executing. Async callbacks are functions that are passed as arguments. and when that function is called it will start executing code in the background. When the background code finishes running, it calls the callback function to let you know the work is done. We use these callbacks because we want to avoid executing things out of order. If we want to wait for something in JavaScript, we need to use a callback. Let’s make that pb&J from scratch using callbacks synchronous code This synchronous Peanut Butter & Jelly function runs in order, one function after another. but what if we had a function that needed to be ran first and other functions couldn't be ran until after this function finishes. Let’s think of making bread from scratch. you can’t put the peanut butter and jelly on the bread until it’s made so you must wait until its done. With synchronous code it doesn’t wait it just does it. How can we fix it? Async Callbacks We make an async callback so that we can make sure no other function runs until our bread is made. Let’s picture inside all the other functions there’s ample amounts of code to run. This can cause an issue because you can have plenty of nested callbacks inside one another. That leads to what we call callback hell. Callback hell can riddle code with bugs that are hard to catch. For this we need a way to make aync code while avoiding so many nested callbacks. Promises Promises are native to JavaScript, but you can also install promises libraries such as: Bluebird and Q. Promises are JavaScript objects that represent an eventual completion or failure of an asynchronous operation. A promise is a returned object where you attach callbacks, instead of passing callbacks into a function. the place where you attach the callback after a successful completion of a task is called, .then(). inside this you pass a callback through. What makes promises a way to avoid callback hell is that you can chain multiple .then() on each other which avoid nested callbacks and a neater line of code. For the failure of completing a task you can pass it through a .catch(). Let’s change our callback to a promise Here we take our PB&J function and turn it into a promise. We will first return the makeBread function and then on the successful completion of that function we will return a promise that will pass in the next callback to be ran. Next, we will chain on the other function that will be ran after that in order. thus, making async function. As you can see the code is neither and we avoid callback hell. We can also chain on an error message to the .catch() method and on that message "ewww crunchy peanut butter" because that will just ruin my sandwich. Final Promise Let’s make our promise a little bit neater by just passing in the callbacks. Conclusion Both callbacks and promises help make our code asynchronous. Making callbacks async can cause issues such as callback hell, so to avoid this we can use promises instead, doing this helps us avoid this pitfall while keeping our code async and neat. Top comments (3) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand   Devang patil Devang patil Devang patil Follow Javascript Developer Location Mumbai Education Be Comp Sci Work SSE at Race Joined Nov 22, 2019 • Oct 18 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide async await makes more readable than promise I believe. Like comment: Like comment: 3  likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   Mahesh Muttinti Mahesh Muttinti Mahesh Muttinti Follow I am a full stack web and mobile application developer. Email maheshmuttinti@gmail.com Location Hyderabad Work Not working Joined Dec 31, 2020 • Oct 17 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Indeed. Like comment: Like comment: 1  like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   Kway Jaye Kway Jaye Kway Jaye Follow Joined Jun 2, 2024 • Aug 12 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice Like comment: Like comment: 1  like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Neisha Rose Follow Returning to software engineering after a few years away. Currently rebuilding my skills in web development, WordPress, and JavaScript. Writing to stay accountable, share what I learn, and connect Location New Orleans, La Work IT Technician Joined Mar 4, 2020 More from Neisha Rose React and server side rendering with Next.js # react # webdev # javascript # codenewbie Navigating single page applications with React Router. # react # javascript # webdev # codenewbie Express Routing # webdev # javascript # beginners # express 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/sivarampg/building-a-production-ready-prediction-market-smart-contract-in-solidity-complete-guide-with-2iio	Building a Production-Ready Prediction Market Smart Contract in Solidity: Complete Guide with Foundry - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Sivaram Posted on Jan 8           Building a Production-Ready Prediction Market Smart Contract in Solidity: Complete Guide with Foundry # smartcontract # solidity # web3 # ethereum TL;DR I built an open-source, gas-optimized prediction market smart contract in Solidity using Foundry. It features pot-based binary markets, proportional payout distribution, admin resolution, and comprehensive security patterns. 95 tests, 98%+ coverage, deployable to Ethereum, Base, Polygon, Arbitrum, Optimism, and BSC. GitHub: https://github.com/SivaramPg/evm-simple-prediction-market-contract Table of Contents Introduction Architecture Overview Smart Contract Design Payout Formula Deep Dive Security Patterns Implemented Gas Optimization Techniques Testing with Foundry Multi-Chain Deployment Conclusion Introduction Prediction markets are fascinating DeFi primitives that allow users to bet on the outcome of future events. Unlike AMM-based prediction markets (like Polymarket's CLAMM), this implementation uses a simpler pot-based parimutuel system - perfect for learning smart contract development or bootstrapping your own prediction market protocol. What We're Building Binary prediction markets (YES/NO outcomes) Pot-based parimutuel betting (proportional payouts) ERC20 stablecoin integration (USDC, USDT, DAI) Admin-controlled resolution (oracle-free for simplicity) Multi-chain deployment (6 EVM chains) Tech Stack Solidity ^0.8.20 - Smart contract language Foundry - Development framework (forge, cast, anvil) OpenZeppelin patterns - Security best practices Slither/Mythril compatible - Static analysis ready Architecture Overview System Components ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ PredictionMarket.sol │ ├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Config │ Market[] │ Positions │ │ - admin │ - id │ - yesBet │ │ - stablecoin │ - question │ - noBet │ │ - feeRecipient │ - resolutionTime │ - claimed │ │ - maxFeePercentage │ - state │ │ │ - paused │ - yesPool / noPool │ │ │ │ - winningOutcome │ │ │ │ - configSnapshot │ │ ├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Functions │ │ - createMarket() - placeBet() - claimWinnings() │ │ - resolveMarket() - cancelMarket() - claimMultiple() │ │ - pause/unpause() - updateConfig() │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode State Machine Markets follow a strict state machine: ┌──────────┐ │ Active │ ←── createMarket() └────┬─────┘ │ │ (resolution time reached) ▼ ┌─────────────────────────────┐ │ │ ▼ ▼ ┌──────────┐ ┌───────────┐ │ Resolved │ │ Cancelled │ └──────────┘ └───────────┘ │ │ └──────────┬──────────────────┘ ▼ claimWinnings() Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Smart Contract Design Storage Layout Efficient storage packing is crucial for gas optimization: struct Config { address admin; // slot 0 (20 bytes) bool paused; // slot 0 (1 byte) - packed! address stablecoin; // slot 1 uint8 stablecoinDecimals;// slot 1 - packed! address feeRecipient; // slot 2 uint16 maxFeePercentage; // slot 2 - packed! uint256 marketCounter; // slot 3 } struct Market { uint256 id; string question; // dynamic, separate slot uint256 resolutionTime; MarketState state; // uint8 Outcome winningOutcome; // uint8 uint256 yesPool; uint256 noPool; uint256 creationFee; address creator; ConfigSnapshot configSnapshot; // frozen at creation } struct UserPosition { uint256 yesBet; uint256 noBet; bool claimed; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Key Design Decisions 1. Config Snapshot at Market Creation function createMarket(...) external returns (uint256) { // Snapshot config at creation time market.configSnapshot = ConfigSnapshot({ feeRecipient: config.feeRecipient, maxFeePercentage: config.maxFeePercentage }); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Why? If admin changes fee settings mid-market, existing markets retain their original terms. This prevents rug-pull scenarios where admins could change fees after users have committed funds. 2. No Opposition = Must Cancel function resolveMarket(uint256 marketId, Outcome outcome) external onlyAdmin { require(market.yesPool > 0 && market.noPool > 0, NoOpposition()); // ... } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Why? If only one side has bets, there's no losing pool to distribute. The market must be cancelled with full refunds. 3. Manual Admin Resolution We chose manual resolution over oracles for simplicity. For production, consider integrating: Chainlink Functions for API-based resolution UMA Optimistic Oracle for dispute-based resolution Reality.eth for crowd-sourced resolution Payout Formula Deep Dive The Parimutuel Formula payout = user_bet + (user_bet / winning_pool) * losing_pool Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Or equivalently: payout = user_bet * (1 + losing_pool / winning_pool) payout = user_bet * total_pool / winning_pool Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Implementation function _calculatePayout( uint256 marketId, address user ) internal view returns (uint256) { Market storage market = markets[marketId]; UserPosition storage position = userPositions[marketId][user]; if (market.state == MarketState.Cancelled) { // Full refund on cancellation return position.yesBet + position.noBet; } // Resolved market uint256 winningPool; uint256 losingPool; uint256 userWinningBet; if (market.winningOutcome == Outcome.Yes) { winningPool = market.yesPool; losingPool = market.noPool; userWinningBet = position.yesBet; } else { winningPool = market.noPool; losingPool = market.yesPool; userWinningBet = position.noBet; } if (userWinningBet == 0) return 0; // payout = userBet + (userBet * losingPool) / winningPool uint256 winnings = (userWinningBet * losingPool) / winningPool; return userWinningBet + winnings; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Example Scenarios Scenario 1: Equal Pools YES pool: 100 USDC, NO pool: 100 USDC Alice bet 100 USDC on YES, YES wins Payout: 100 + (100 * 100) / 100 = 200 USDC (2x return) Scenario 2: Unequal Pools YES pool: 100 USDC, NO pool: 400 USDC Alice bet 100 USDC on YES, YES wins Payout: 100 + (100 * 400) / 100 = 500 USDC (5x return) Scenario 3: Multiple Winners YES pool: 200 USDC (Alice: 100, Bob: 100), NO pool: 100 USDC YES wins Alice: 100 + (100 * 100) / 200 = 150 USDC Bob: 100 + (100 * 100) / 200 = 150 USDC Security Patterns Implemented 1. Checks-Effects-Interactions (CEI) function claimWinnings(uint256 marketId) external { // CHECKS require(market.state != MarketState.Active, MarketNotFinalized()); require(!position.claimed, AlreadyClaimed()); require(position.yesBet > 0 \|\| position.noBet > 0, NoPosition()); // EFFECTS position.claimed = true; uint256 payout = _calculatePayout(marketId, msg.sender); // INTERACTIONS if (payout > 0) { IERC20(config.stablecoin).transfer(msg.sender, payout); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Reentrancy Protection Although we follow CEI, we also use state flags: // The `claimed` flag is set BEFORE external call position.claimed = true; // EFFECT // ... IERC20(config.stablecoin).transfer(...); // INTERACTION Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. Integer Overflow Protection Solidity 0.8+ has built-in overflow checks, but we're explicit: // Safe accumulation market.yesPool += amount; // Reverts on overflow in 0.8+ Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 4. Access Control modifier onlyAdmin() { require(msg.sender == config.admin, NotAdmin()); _; } modifier whenNotPaused() { require(!config.paused, Paused()); _; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 5. Input Validation function createMarket( string calldata question, uint256 resolutionTime, uint256 fee ) external whenNotPaused returns (uint256) { require(bytes(question).length > 0, EmptyQuestion()); require(resolutionTime > block.timestamp, InvalidResolutionTime()); // ... } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 6. Balance Checks Before Transfer function placeBet(...) external { require( IERC20(config.stablecoin).balanceOf(msg.sender) >= amount, InsufficientBalance() ); require( IERC20(config.stablecoin).allowance(msg.sender, address(this)) >= amount, InsufficientAllowance() ); // ... } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Gas Optimization Techniques 1. Custom Errors (Solidity 0.8.4+) // Gas expensive require(condition, "This is an error message"); // Gas efficient (saves ~50 gas per error) error NotAdmin(); require(condition, NotAdmin()); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Calldata vs Memory // Use calldata for read-only dynamic parameters function createMarket( string calldata question, // calldata, not memory uint256 resolutionTime, uint256 fee ) external { ... } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. Storage Packing struct Config { address admin; // 20 bytes bool paused; // 1 byte ─┐ uint8 decimals; // 1 byte ─┼─ packed into same slot uint16 maxFee; // 2 bytes ─┘ } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 4. Unchecked Arithmetic (Where Safe) // When we know overflow is impossible unchecked { for (uint256 i = 0; i < marketIds.length; ++i) { // ++i is cheaper than i++ } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 5. Short-Circuit Evaluation // Cheaper check first require(market.state == MarketState.Active && block.timestamp < market.resolutionTime, MarketNotActive()); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Testing with Foundry Test Structure test/ ├── BaseTest.sol # Common setup and helpers ├── unit/ │ ├── MarketCreation.t.sol │ ├── Betting.t.sol │ ├── Resolution.t.sol │ ├── Cancellation.t.sol │ ├── Claiming.t.sol │ ├── AccessControl.t.sol │ └── ViewFunctions.t.sol ├── integration/ │ └── MarketLifecycle.t.sol └── fuzz/ └── PayoutFuzz.t.sol Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Base Test Setup abstract contract BaseTest is Test { PredictionMarket public market; MockERC20 public stablecoin; address public admin = makeAddr("admin"); address public alice = makeAddr("alice"); address public bob = makeAddr("bob"); uint256 constant DECIMALS = 6; uint256 constant ONE_WEEK = 7 days; function setUp() public virtual { vm.startPrank(admin); stablecoin = new MockERC20("USDC", "USDC", DECIMALS); market = new PredictionMarket( address(stablecoin), DECIMALS, admin, feeRecipient, 500 // 5% max fee ); vm.stopPrank(); // Fund test accounts stablecoin.mint(alice, usdc(10_000)); stablecoin.mint(bob, usdc(10_000)); // Approve vm.prank(alice); stablecoin.approve(address(market), type(uint256).max); vm.prank(bob); stablecoin.approve(address(market), type(uint256).max); } function usdc(uint256 amount) internal pure returns (uint256) { return amount * 10*DECIMALS; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Unit Test Example contract ClaimingTest is BaseTest { function test_ClaimWinnings_WinningSide() public { // Setup uint256 marketId = createDefaultMarket(); placeBet(alice, marketId, Outcome.Yes, usdc(100)); placeBet(bob, marketId, Outcome.No, usdc(50)); warpToResolution(marketId); resolveMarket(marketId, Outcome.Yes); uint256 balanceBefore = stablecoin.balanceOf(alice); // Execute vm.prank(alice); market.claimWinnings(marketId); // Assert: 100 + (100/100) 50 = 150 assertEq( stablecoin.balanceOf(alice), balanceBefore + usdc(150) ); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Fuzz Testing contract PayoutFuzzTest is BaseTest { function testFuzz_PayoutDistribution( uint256 yesAmount, uint256 noAmount ) public { // Bound inputs to reasonable ranges yesAmount = bound(yesAmount, usdc(1), usdc(1_000_000)); noAmount = bound(noAmount, usdc(1), usdc(1_000_000)); // Setup uint256 marketId = createDefaultMarket(); placeBet(alice, marketId, Outcome.Yes, yesAmount); placeBet(bob, marketId, Outcome.No, noAmount); warpToResolution(marketId); resolveMarket(marketId, Outcome.Yes); // Claim vm.prank(alice); market.claimWinnings(marketId); vm.prank(bob); market.claimWinnings(marketId); // Invariant: Contract should have 0 balance assertEq(stablecoin.balanceOf(address(market)), 0); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Running Tests # Run all tests forge test # Run with verbosity forge test -vvv # Run specific test forge test --match-test test_ClaimWinnings # Run with gas reporting forge test --gas-report # Run coverage forge coverage Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Test Results Running 95 tests... ✓ All tests passed Coverage: - Line coverage: 98.35% - Function coverage: 100% - Branch coverage: 94.12% Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Multi-Chain Deployment Supported Networks Network Chain ID Stablecoin Ethereum Mainnet 1 USDC Base 8453 USDC Polygon 137 USDC Arbitrum One 42161 USDC Optimism 10 USDC BSC 56 USDT/BUSD Deployment Script // script/Deploy.s.sol contract DeployScript is Script { function run() external { uint256 deployerPrivateKey = vm.envUint("PRIVATE_KEY"); address stablecoin = vm.envOr("STABLECOIN_ADDRESS", address(0)); uint8 decimals = uint8(vm.envOr("STABLECOIN_DECIMALS", uint256(6))); address admin = vm.envOr("ADMIN_ADDRESS", msg.sender); address feeRecipient = vm.envOr("FEE_RECIPIENT", msg.sender); uint16 maxFee = uint16(vm.envOr("MAX_FEE_PERCENTAGE", uint256(500))); vm.startBroadcast(deployerPrivateKey); // Deploy mock token if needed (testnet) if (stablecoin == address(0)) { MockERC20 token = new MockERC20("Mock USDC", "mUSDC", decimals); stablecoin = address(token); } PredictionMarket market = new PredictionMarket( stablecoin, decimals, admin, feeRecipient, maxFee ); vm.stopBroadcast(); console.log("PredictionMarket deployed at:", address(market)); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Deploy Commands # Deploy to Base Sepolia (testnet) forge script script/Deploy.s.sol:DeployScript \ --rpc-url $BASE_SEPOLIA_RPC \ --broadcast \ --verify # Deploy to Polygon Mainnet forge script script/Deploy.s.sol:DeployScript \ --rpc-url $POLYGON_MAINNET_RPC \ --broadcast \ --verify \ --etherscan-api-key $POLYGONSCAN_API_KEY Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Foundry Configuration # foundry.toml [profile.default] src = "src" out = "out" libs = [ "lib" ] optimizer = true optimizer_runs = 200 via_ir = false [rpc_endpoints] ethereum = "${ETHEREUM_MAINNET_RPC}" base = "${BASE_MAINNET_RPC}" polygon = "${POLYGON_MAINNET_RPC}" arbitrum = "${ARBITRUM_MAINNET_RPC}" optimism = "${OPTIMISM_MAINNET_RPC}" bsc = "${BSC_MAINNET_RPC}" [etherscan] ethereum = { key = "${ETHERSCAN_API_KEY}" } base = { key = "${BASESCAN_API_KEY}" } polygon = { key = "${POLYGONSCAN_API_KEY}" } arbitrum = { key = "${ARBISCAN_API_KEY}" } optimism = { key = "${OPSCAN_API_KEY}" } bsc = { key = "${BSCSCAN_API_KEY}" } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Conclusion This prediction market smart contract demonstrates: Clean architecture with separation of concerns Gas-efficient Solidity patterns Comprehensive security measures Thorough testing with Foundry Multi-chain deployment capability What's Next? For a production deployment, consider adding: Oracle Integration - Chainlink, UMA, or Reality.eth Time-weighted fees - Dynamic fees based on market age Liquidity incentives - Rewards for early participants Governance - DAO-controlled resolution disputes Cross-chain - LayerZero or Axelar for unified liquidity Resources Foundry Book Solidity Docs OpenZeppelin Contracts EVM Opcodes & Gas Costs Disclaimer: This code is for educational purposes only. It has not been audited and should not be used in production without proper security review. Found this useful? Star the repo and follow for more Web3 tutorials! solidity #ethereum #smartcontracts #defi #predictionmarket #foundry #web3 #blockchain #tutorial #opensource Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Sivaram Follow Full Stack Engineer. Consultant. Designing & Developing Blockchain & AI E2E Solutions. De-risking Ambiguity. OSS Location India Joined Oct 5, 2023 More from Sivaram Building a Prediction Market on Solana with Anchor: Complete Rust Smart Contract Guide # solana # web3 # smartcontract # predictionmarket 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account	2026-01-13T08:49:02
https://dev.to/jwebsite-go/readiness-probe-3co0#%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8	Readiness probe - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Posted on Jan 13 Readiness probe # devops # aws # kubernetes # beginners Readiness probe — это проверка “готово ли приложение принимать трафик” . Проще говоря: “Ты уже готов работать с пользователями или ещё нет?” Чаще всего это термин из Kubernetes . Простыми словами 👇 Представь кафе: Кафе открыто , но повар ещё не готов, кухня не прогрелась, продукты не разложены. Readiness probe — это как вопрос официанту: 👉 «Можно уже пускать клиентов?» Если ответ “нет” — клиенты не заходят. Если “да” — клиентов начинают пускать. В Kubernetes что происходит Kubernetes регулярно проверяет приложение (например, по HTTP-запросу или команде). Если readiness probe успешен ✅ → pod получает трафик (его добавляют в Service / Load Balancer). Если неуспешен ❌ → pod жив , но трафик к нему не идёт . ⚠️ Важно: Readiness probe не убивает pod , он просто временно “выводится из оборота”. Чем отличается от liveness probe Коротко: Liveness probe — “Ты вообще жив?” ❌ нет → pod перезапускают Readiness probe — “Ты готов обслуживать запросы?” ❌ нет → pod живёт, но без трафика Когда readiness probe особенно нужен приложение долго стартует подключается к БД делает миграции временно перегружено зависит от внешних сервисов Погнали, наглядно и без заумных слов 😄 Реальный YAML-пример с readiness + liveness + startup apiVersion : v1 kind : Pod metadata : name : demo-app spec : containers : - name : app image : my-app:1.0 ports : - containerPort : 8080 # 1️⃣ Startup probe — ждём, пока приложение ВООБЩЕ запустится startupProbe : httpGet : path : /health/startup port : 8080 failureThreshold : 30 periodSeconds : 5 # → даём до 150 секунд на старт # 2️⃣ Readiness probe — готово ли принимать трафик readinessProbe : httpGet : path : /health/ready port : 8080 initialDelaySeconds : 5 periodSeconds : 5 failureThreshold : 3 # 3️⃣ Liveness probe — не зависло ли livenessProbe : httpGet : path : /health/live port : 8080 periodSeconds : 10 failureThreshold : 3 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Что здесь происходит по шагам 🟦 Startup probe Вопрос: «Ты уже ЗАПУСТИЛСЯ?» Kubernetes не запускает readiness и liveness , пока startup probe не станет OK если не стал OK за лимит → pod перезапускают 💡 Нужен для: Java / Spring приложений с миграциями долгого старта 🟩 Readiness probe Вопрос: «Ты ГОТОВ принимать запросы?» если ❌ → pod убирают из Service pod не перезапускают когда снова ✅ → трафик возвращается 💡 Типично проверяют: подключение к БД доступность зависимостей перегрузку 🟥 Liveness probe Вопрос: «Ты вообще ЖИВ?» если ❌ → pod перезапускают 💡 Проверяет: deadlock зависшие потоки утечки памяти Сравнение: startup vs readiness (очень коротко) Probe Когда Если FAIL Для чего startup только при старте pod перезапуск долгий запуск readiness всё время убрать трафик временно не готов liveness всё время pod перезапуск приложение зависло Жизненный пример Приложение стартует так: запускается JVM (40 сек) миграции БД (30 сек) готово принимать запросы 👉 startup probe ждёт шаги 1–2 👉 readiness probe включает трафик только после шага 3 👉 liveness probe следит, чтобы всё не зависло через час Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Follow DevOps Engineer. AWS, Terraform, Docker and CI/CD. Building real projects and sharing my DevOps journey. Location United States Work DevOps Engineer Joined Dec 20, 2025 More from Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Сине-зеленое развертывание на EKS # eks # aws # bluegreen # programming Kubernetes #1 # kubernetes # nginx # docker # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account	2026-01-13T08:49:02
https://dev.to/t/monitoring	Monitoring - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # monitoring Follow Hide Tag for content related to software monitoring. Create Post submission guidelines Articles should be related to software monitoring in some way. Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Observing Behavioral Anomalies in Web Applications Beyond Signature Scanners 0x7b 0x7b 0x7b Follow Jan 12 Observing Behavioral Anomalies in Web Applications Beyond Signature Scanners # monitoring # performance # security # testing Comments Add Comment 1 min read Modern Java Observability in 2026 - Spring Boot 4 on Amazon EKS Yuriy Bezsonov Yuriy Bezsonov Yuriy Bezsonov Follow Jan 13 Modern Java Observability in 2026 - Spring Boot 4 on Amazon EKS # java # kubernetes # monitoring # springboot Comments Add Comment 8 min read I Built a Reddit Keyword Monitoring System. Here's What Actually Works. Short Play Skits Short Play Skits Short Play Skits Follow Jan 10 I Built a Reddit Keyword Monitoring System. Here's What Actually Works. # showdev # automation # monitoring # startup Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Complete Guide to Prometheus Metric Types Sunny Nazar Sunny Nazar Sunny Nazar Follow for AWS Community Builders Jan 11 The Complete Guide to Prometheus Metric Types # prometheus # monitoring # devops # observability Comments Add Comment 12 min read Getting Started with Amazon CloudWatch for Beginners Gayatri Sonawane Gayatri Sonawane Gayatri Sonawane Follow Jan 9 Getting Started with Amazon CloudWatch for Beginners # aws # beginners # devops # monitoring Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building a Multi-Account CloudWatch Dashboard That Actually Works Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Follow Jan 9 Building a Multi-Account CloudWatch Dashboard That Actually Works # aws # cloudwatch # monitoring # sre 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Is your monitoring testing strategy chaos? Simon Hanmer Simon Hanmer Simon Hanmer Follow for AWS Community Builders Jan 8 Is your monitoring testing strategy chaos? # monitoring # chaosengineering # fis # serverless Comments Add Comment 5 min read Top 10 DevOps Monitoring Tools to Prevent Production Issues in 2026 Jay Mahyavansh Jay Mahyavansh Jay Mahyavansh Follow Jan 8 Top 10 DevOps Monitoring Tools to Prevent Production Issues in 2026 # discuss # devops # monitoring # tooling Comments Add Comment 5 min read Is your monitoring testing strategy chaos? Simon Hanmer Simon Hanmer Simon Hanmer Follow Jan 8 Is your monitoring testing strategy chaos? # aws # chaosengineering # serverless # monitoring Comments Add Comment 5 min read Your 30-Minute Morning Monitoring Routine? The Problem Isn't Too Much Data. Yuto Takashi Yuto Takashi Yuto Takashi Follow Jan 8 Your 30-Minute Morning Monitoring Routine? The Problem Isn't Too Much Data. # monitoring # aws # devops # jenkins Comments Add Comment 2 min read I thought plugging in LangSmith would solve agentic AI monitoring Benedict L Benedict L Benedict L Follow Jan 6 I thought plugging in LangSmith would solve agentic AI monitoring # agents # architecture # llm # monitoring Comments Add Comment 2 min read How I Built a One-Command Observability Stack for Dokploy Huy Pham Huy Pham Huy Pham Follow Jan 6 How I Built a One-Command Observability Stack for Dokploy # devops # monitoring # grafana # docker Comments Add Comment 3 min read I Launched CronMonitor on Product Hunt Today 🚀 Łukasz Maśląg Łukasz Maśląg Łukasz Maśląg Follow for CronMonitor Jan 7 I Launched CronMonitor on Product Hunt Today 🚀 # showdev # devops # monitoring # startup Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why .dev, .app, .page (and 40+ Other TLDs) Don't Respond to WHOIS Serg Petrov Serg Petrov Serg Petrov Follow Jan 6 Why .dev, .app, .page (and 40+ Other TLDs) Don't Respond to WHOIS # webdev # beginners # monitoring # tutorial 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read How do you monitor external APIs your app depends on? Kramer Balázs Kramer Balázs Kramer Balázs Follow Jan 5 How do you monitor external APIs your app depends on? # api # saas # monitoring # automation Comments Add Comment 1 min read Simulated and monitored DDoS attacks Write up research Alem Djokovic Alem Djokovic Alem Djokovic Follow Jan 6 Simulated and monitored DDoS attacks Write up research # cybersecurity # linux # monitoring # networking Comments Add Comment 20 min read I got tired of guessing why my server crashed: Building a "Smart" Monitor with Global Checks & JSON Validation Ilya Ploskovitov Ilya Ploskovitov Ilya Ploskovitov Follow Jan 3 I got tired of guessing why my server crashed: Building a "Smart" Monitor with Global Checks & JSON Validation # devops # monitoring # cloudfunctions # webdev Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🚨 AWS 125: Guardian of the Cloud - Setting Up CloudWatch Alarms Hritik Raj Hritik Raj Hritik Raj Follow Jan 5 🚨 AWS 125: Guardian of the Cloud - Setting Up CloudWatch Alarms # aws # cloudwatch # monitoring # 100daysofcloud Comments Add Comment 3 min read Saving AWS ECS CloudWatch Cost. Kadiri George Kadiri George Kadiri George Follow Jan 3 Saving AWS ECS CloudWatch Cost. # aws # devops # monitoring Comments Add Comment 5 min read The real problems I faced after deploying agentic AI to production Benedict L Benedict L Benedict L Follow Jan 6 The real problems I faced after deploying agentic AI to production # agents # ai # llm # monitoring 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read 10 AWS Production Incidents That Taught Me Real-World SRE Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Follow Jan 8 10 AWS Production Incidents That Taught Me Real-World SRE # aws # sre # monitoring # cloudwatch 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read Handling Timezone Issues in Cron Jobs (2025 Guide) Łukasz Maśląg Łukasz Maśląg Łukasz Maśląg Follow for CronMonitor Jan 2 Handling Timezone Issues in Cron Jobs (2025 Guide) # cron # linux # devops # monitoring Comments 2 comments 3 min read Nobody Knows What's Happening Anymore Gnaneswar Gnaneswar Gnaneswar Follow Jan 2 Nobody Knows What's Happening Anymore # discuss # devops # monitoring Comments Add Comment 4 min read Automating CloudWatch Orphan Alarm Detection: A Production-Ready Solution Prashant Gupta Prashant Gupta Prashant Gupta Follow Jan 2 Automating CloudWatch Orphan Alarm Detection: A Production-Ready Solution # aws # cloudwatch # monitoring Comments Add Comment 8 min read AWS ECS Service Task Recycle Prashant Gupta Prashant Gupta Prashant Gupta Follow Jan 2 AWS ECS Service Task Recycle # aws # ecs # monitoring Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... trending guides/resources How to Monitor Network Device Health Using SNMP Exporter and Prometheus Lesson 24: Freqtrade-Trading Monitoring and Adjustment Grafana Cloud Monitoring Setup (Apache + PHP-FPM + Alloy) Observability in Local Development with OpenTelemetry, OTLP, and Aspire Dashboard A List of Status Pages Every TechOps Engineer Should Know Modern Logging with Grafana Alloy + Loki Building a Lightweight Camunda Monitoring Dashboard: From Enterprise Pain to Open Source Solution Managing AI Agent Drift Over Time: A Practical Framework for Reliability, Evals, and Observability Complete Beginner's Guide to Blue-Green Deployment with Nginx and Real-Time Alerting Understanding L1 DevOps: The First Line of Support in Modern Operations Monitor Gemini CLI using OpenTelemetry for realtime usage statistics Prometric-Go Part 2 — Full Hands-On Demo with Grafana, Prometheus & k6 📈 Prometheus: The Essential Guide to Monitoring Systems AIDE - File Integrity Monitoring for System Security 第 24 课：Freqtrade交易监控与调整 How to Implement Observability for AI Agents with LangGraph, OpenAI Agents, and Crew AI ELK Stack for Developers: Simplifying Logging in Development How switching to SQS Batch operations improves Performance an Billing Cloudflare went down yesterday. 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https://piccalil.li/blog/date-is-out-and-temporal-is-in/#arrows	Date is out, Temporal is in - Piccalilli Front-end education for the real world. Since 2018. — From set.studio Articles Links Courses Newsletter Merch Login Switch to Dark Theme RSS Date is out, Temporal is in Mat “Wilto” Marquis , 07 January 2026 Topic: JavaScript Save 15% on all of our premium courses until the end of January! Check out the courses Advert Time makes fools of us all, and JavaScript is no slouch in that department either. Honestly, I’ve never minded the latter much — in fact, if you’ve taken JavaScript for Everyone or tuned into the newsletter , you already know that I largely enjoy JavaScript’s little quirks, believe it or not. I like when you can see the seams; I like how, for as formal and iron-clad as the ES-262 specification might seem, you can still see all the good and bad decisions made by the hundreds of people who’ve been building the language in mid-flight, if you know where to look. JavaScript has character . Sure, it doesn’t necessarily do everything exactly the way one might expect, but y’know, if you ask me, JavaScript has a real charm once you get to know it! There’s one part of the language where that immediately falls apart for me, though. Code language js Copy to clipboard // Numeric months are zero-indexed, but years and days are not: console . log ( new Date ( 2026 , 1 , 1 ) ) ; // Result: Date Sun Feb 01 2026 00:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) The Date constructor. Code language js Copy to clipboard // A numeric string between 32 and 49 is assumed to be in the 2000s: console . log ( new Date ( "49" ) ) ; // Result: Date Fri Jan 01 2049 00:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) // A numeric string between 33 and 99 is assumed to be in the 1900s: console . log ( new Date ( "99" ) ) ; // Result: Date Fri Jan 01 1999 00:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) // ...But 100 and up start from year zero: console . log ( new Date ( "100" ) ) ; // Result: Date Fri Jan 01 0100 00:00:00 GMT-0456 (Eastern Standard Time) I dislike Date immensely . Code language js Copy to clipboard // A string-based date works the way you might expect: console . log ( new Date ( "2026/1/2" ) ) ; // Result: Date Fri Jan 02 2026 00:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) // A leading zero on the month? No problem; one is one, right? console . log ( new Date ( "2026/02/2" ) ) ; // Result: Date Mon Feb 02 2026 00:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) // Slightly different formatting? Sure! console . log ( new Date ( "2026-02-2" ) ) ; // Result: Date Mon Feb 02 2026 00:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) // A leading zero on the day? Of course; why wouldn't it work? console . log ( new Date ( '2026/01/02' ) ) ; // Result: Date Fri Jan 02 2026 00:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) // Unless, of course, you separate the year, month, and date with hyphens. // Then it gets the _day_ wrong. console . log ( new Date ( '2026-01-02' ) ) ; // Result: Date Thu Jan 01 2026 19:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) Date sucks. It was hastily and shamelessly copied off of Java’s homework in the car on the way to school and it got all the same answers wrong, right down to the name at the top of the page: Date doesn’t represent a date , it represents a time . Internally, dates are stored as number values called time values : Unix timestamps, divided into 1,000 milliseconds — which, okay, yes, a Unix time does also necessarily imply a date, sure, but still : Date represents a time, from which you can infer a date. Gross. Code language js Copy to clipboard // Unix timestamp for Monday, December 4, 1995 12:00:00 AM GMT-05 (the day JavaScript was announced): const timestamp = 818053200 ; console . log ( new Date ( timestamp * 1000 ) ) ; // Result: Date Mon Dec 04 1995 00:00:00 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) Words like “date” and “time” mean things, but, sure — whatever, JavaScript . Java deprecated their Date way back in 1997, only a few years after JavaScript’s Date was turned loose on the unsuspecting world; meanwhile, we’ve been saddled with this mess ever since. It’s wildly inconsistent when it comes to parsing dates, as you’ve seen so far here. It has no sense of time zones beyond the local one and GMT, which is not ideal where “world-wide” is right there in the web’s name — and speaking-of, Date only respects the Gregorian calendar model. It wholesale does not understand the concept of daylight savings time, which— I mean, okay, yeah, samesies, but I’m not made of computers . All these shortcomings make it exceptionally common to use a third-party library dedicated to working around it all, some of which are absolutely massive ; a performance drain that has done real and measurable damage to the web. None of these are my major issue with Date . My complaint is about more than parsing or syntax or “developer ergonomics” or the web-wide performance impact of wholly necessary workarounds or even the definition of the word “date.” My issue with Date is soul-deep. My problem with Date is that using it means deviating from the fundamental nature of time itself . Advert All JavaScript’s primitives values are immutable , meaning that the values themselves cannot be changed. The number value 3 can never represent anything but the concept of “three” — you can’t make true mean anything other than “true.” These are values with concrete, iron-clad, real-world meanings. We know what three is. It can’t be some other non-three thing. These immutable data types are stored by value , meaning that a variable that represents the number value 3 effectively “contains” — and thus behaves as — the number value 3 . When an immutable value is assigned to a variable, the JavaScript engine creates a copy of that value and stores the copy in memory: Code language js Copy to clipboard const theNumber = 3 ; console . log ( theNumber ) ; // Result: 3 This fits the common mental model for “a variable” just fine: theNumber “contains” 3 . When we initialize theOtherNumber with the value bound to theNumber , that mental model holds: once again a 3 is created and stored in memory. theOtherNumber can now be thought of as containing its own discrete 3 . Code language js Copy to clipboard const theNumber = 3 ; const theOtherNumber = theNumber ; console . log ( theOtherNumber ) ; // Result: 3; The value of theNumber isn’t changed when we alter the value associated with theOtherNumber , of course — again, we’re working with two discrete instances of 3 . Code language js Copy to clipboard const theNumber = 3 ; let theOtherNumber = theNumber ; theOtherNumber = 5 ; console . log ( theOtherNumber ) ; // Result: 5; console . log ( theNumber ) ; // Result: 3 When you change the value bound to theOtherNumber , you’re not changing the 3 , you’re creating a new, immutable number value and binding that in its place. Hence an error when you try to tinker with a variable declared using const : Code language js Copy to clipboard const theNumber = 3 ; theNumber = 5 ; // Result: Uncaught TypeError: invalid assignment to const 'theNumber' You can’t change the binding of a const , and you definitely can’t alter the meaning of 3 . Data types that can be changed after they’re created are mutable , meaning that the data value itself can be altered. Object values — any non-primitive value, like an array, map, or set — are mutable. Variables (and object properties, function parameters, and elements in an array, set, or map) can’t “contain” an object, the way we might think of theNumber in the example above as “containing” 3 . A variable can contain either a primitive value or a reference value , the latter of which is a pointer to that object’s stored location in memory. When you assign an object to a variable, instead of creating a copy of that object, the identifier represents a reference to the object’s stored position in memory. That’s why an object bound to a variable declared with const can still be altered: the reference value can’t be changed, but the values of the object can: Code language js Copy to clipboard const theObject = { theValue : 3 } ; theObject . theValue ++ ; console . log ( theObject . theValue ) ; // Result: 4 You still can’t change the binding of a const , but you can alter the object that binding references. When a reference value is assigned from one variable to another, the JavaScript engine creates a copy of that reference value — not the object value itself, the way a discrete copy is made of a primitive value. Both identifiers point to the same object in memory — any changes made to that object by way of one reference will be reflected by the others, because they’re all referencing the same thing: Code language js Copy to clipboard const theObject = { theValue : 3 } ; const theOtherObj = theObject ; theOtherObj . theValue ++ ; console . log ( theOtherObj . theValue ) ; // Result: 4 console . log ( theObject . theValue ) ; // Result: 4 This is what gets me about JavaScript’s date handling. Despite representing “point to it on a calendar” values, JavaScript’s date values are mutable — Date is a constructor, invoking a constructor with new necessarily results in an object, and all objects are inherently mutable: Code language js Copy to clipboard const theDate = new Date ( ) ; console . log ( typeof theDate ) ; // Result: object Even though “January 1st, 2026” is as much an immutable real-world concept as “three” or “true,” the only way we have of representing that date is a with a mutable data structure. This also means that any variable initialized with an instance of the Date constructor contains a reference value, pointing to a data value in memory that can be changed by way of any reference to that value: Code language js Copy to clipboard const theDate = new Date ( ) ; console . log ( theDate . toDateString ( ) ) ; // Result: Tue Dec 30 2025 theDate . setMonth ( 10 ) ; console . log ( theDate . toDateString ( ) ) ; // Result: Sun Nov 30 2025 Again, we’re going to breeze right over the fact that month 10 is November . So despite real-world dates having set-in-stone meanings , the process of interacting with an instance of Date that represents that real-world value can mean altering that instance in ways we didn’t necessarily intend: Code language js Copy to clipboard const today = new Date ( ) ; const addDay = theDate => { theDate . setDate ( theDate . getDate ( ) + 1 ) ; return theDate ; } ; console . log ( ` Today is ${ today . toLocaleDateString ( ) } , tomorrow is ${ addDay ( today ) . toLocaleDateString ( ) } . ` ) ; // Result: Today is 12/31/2025. Tomorrow is 1/1/2026. Fine so far, right? Today is today, tomorrow is tomorrow; all is right in the world. You’d be forgiven for committing this to a codebase and moving on with your day. That is, unless we reordered the output slightly. Code language js Copy to clipboard const today = new Date ( ) ; const addDay = theDate => { theDate . setDate ( theDate . getDate ( ) + 1 ) ; return theDate ; } ; console . log ( ` Tomorrow will be ${ addDay ( today ) . toLocaleDateString ( ) } . Today is ${ today . toLocaleDateString ( ) } . ` ) ; // Result: Tomorrow will be 1/1/2026. Today is 1/1/2026. See what happened there? the variable today represents a reference to the object created by new Date() . When we provided today as an argument to the addDay function, the parameter theDate now represents a copy of the reference value — not a copy of the value, but a second reference to the object that represents today’s date. When we manipulate that value to determine the date of the following day, we’re manipulating the mutable object in memory, not an immutable copy — today becomes tomorrow, the falcon has a hard time hearing the falconer, the center starts to look a little iffy vis-a-vis “holding,” and so on. Now, by this point you can probably tell that I’m not here to praise Date , but what you might not expect is that I’m here to bury it. That’s right: Date is soon to be over, done, gone, as “deprecated” as any part of the web platform can be — which is to say, “around forever, but you shouldn’t use it anymore, if you can avoid it.” Soon we will — at long last — have an object that replaces Date wholesale: Temporal . Advert Temporal is not a constructor, it’s a namespace object The sharp-eyed among you may have noticed that I said “an object that replaces Date ,” not “a constructor.” Temporal is not a constructor, and your browser’s developer console will tell you the same if you attempt to invoke it as one: Code language js Copy to clipboard const today = new Temporal ( ) ; // Uncaught TypeError: Temporal is not a constructor Temporal is a way better name for something that pertains to time , if you ask me. Instead, Temporal is a namespace object — an ordinary object made up of static properties and methods, like the Math object: Code language js Copy to clipboard console . log ( Temporal ) ; /* Result (expanded): Temporal { … } Duration: function Duration() Instant: function Instant() Now: Temporal.Now { … } PlainDate: function PlainDate() PlainDateTime: function PlainDateTime() PlainMonthDay: function PlainMonthDay() PlainTime: function PlainTime() PlainYearMonth: function PlainYearMonth() ZonedDateTime: function ZonedDateTime() Symbol(Symbol.toStringTag): "Temporal" / I find this immediately understandable compared to Date . The classes and namespaces objects that Temporal contains allow you to calculate durations between two points in time, represent a point in time with or without time zone specificity , or access the current moment in time via the Now property. Temporal.Now references a namespace object containing properties and methods of its own: Code language js Copy to clipboard console . log ( Temporal . Now ) ; / Result (expanded): Temporal.Now { … } instant: function instant() plainDateISO: function plainDateISO() plainDateTimeISO: function plainDateTimeISO() plainTimeISO: function plainTimeISO() timeZoneId: function timeZoneId() zonedDateTimeISO: function zonedDateTimeISO() Symbol(Symbol.toStringTag): "Temporal.Now" <prototype>: Object { … } / Temporal gives us a sensible, plain-language way to grab today’s date, a la raggedy old Date : the Now property contains a plainDateISO() method. Since we’re not specifying anything in the way of time zones (a thing we can do now, thanks to Temporal) that method gives us back today’s date in the current one — EST, in my case: Code language js Copy to clipboard console . log ( Temporal . Now . plainDateISO ( ) ) ; / Result (expanded): Temporal.PlainDate 2025-12-31 <prototype>: Object { … } / Notice how plainDateISO results in an already-formatted, date-only value? Stay tuned; that’ll come up again later. —wait. That looks familiar: Code language js Copy to clipboard const nowTemporal = Temporal . Now . plainDateISO ( ) ; const nowDate = new Date ( ) ; console . log ( nowTemporal ) ; / Result (expanded): Temporal.PlainDate 2025-12-31 <prototype>: Object { … } / console . log ( nowDate ) ; / Result (expanded): Date Tue Dec 31 2025 11:05:52 GMT-0500 (Eastern Standard Time) <prototype>: Date.prototype { … } / Could it be that—… Code language js Copy to clipboard const rightNow = Temporal . Now . instant ( ) ; console . log ( typeof rightNow ) ; // object Yes, we’re still working with a mutable object that represents the current date , I say in my spookiest voice, flashlight squarely beneath my chin. At a glance, this might not seem like it addresses my big complaint with Date at all. Well, we’re kind of at the mercy of the nature of the language, here: dates represent complex real-world values, complex data necessitates complex data structures, and for JavaScript, that means objects. The difference is in how we interact with these Temporal objects, as compared to instances of Date , and — as is so often the case — the magic is in the prototype chain: Code language js Copy to clipboard const nowTemporal = Temporal . Now . plainDateISO ( ) ; console . log ( nowTemporal . __proto__ ) ; / Result (expanded): Object { … } add: function add() calendarId: >> constructor: function PlainDate() day: >> dayOfWeek: >> dayOfYear: >> daysInMonth: >> daysInWeek: >> daysInYear: >> equals: function equals() era: >> eraYear: >> inLeapYear: >> month: >> monthCode: >> monthsInYear: >> since: function since() subtract: function subtract() toJSON: function toJSON() toLocaleString: function toLocaleString() toPlainDateTime: function toPlainDateTime() toPlainMonthDay: function toPlainMonthDay() toPlainYearMonth: function toPlainYearMonth() toString: function toString() toZonedDateTime: function toZonedDateTime() until: function until() valueOf: function valueOf() weekOfYear: >> with: function with() withCalendar: function withCalendar() year: >> yearOfWeek: >> Symbol(Symbol.toStringTag): "Temporal.PlainDate" <get calendarId()>: function calendarId() <get day()>: function day() <get dayOfWeek()>: function dayOfWeek() <get dayOfYear()>: function dayOfYear() <get daysInMonth()>: function daysInMonth() <get daysInWeek()>: function daysInWeek() <get daysInYear()>: function daysInYear() <get era()>: function era() <get eraYear()>: function eraYear() <get inLeapYear()>: function inLeapYear() / Right away you’ll notice that there are a number of methods and properties devoted to accessing, formatting, and manipulating the details of the Temporal object we’re working with. No big surprises there — it means a little bit of a learning curve, sure, but nothing an occasional trip over to MDN couldn’t solve, and they all more-or-less do what they say on their respective tins. The big difference from working with Date is how they do so, at a fundamental level: Code language js Copy to clipboard const nowTemporal = Temporal . Now . plainDateISO ( ) ; // Current local date: console . log ( nowTemporal ) ; / Result (expanded): Temporal.PlainDate 2025-12-30 <prototype>: Object { … } / // Current local year: console . log ( nowTemporal . year ) ; // Result: 2025 // Current local date and time: console . log ( nowTemporal . toPlainDateTime ( ) ) ; / Result (expanded): Temporal.PlainDateTime 2025-12-30T00:00:00 <prototype>: Object { … } / // Specify that this date represents the Europe/London time zone: console . log ( nowTemporal . toZonedDateTime ( "Europe/London" ) ) ; / Result (expanded): Temporal.ZonedDateTime 2025-12-30T00:00:00+00:00[Europe/London] <prototype>: Object { … } / // Add a day to this date: console . log ( nowTemporal . add ( { days : 1 } ) ) ; / Temporal.PlainDate 2025-12-31 <prototype>: Object { … } / // Add one month and one day to this date, and subtract two years: console . log ( nowTemporal . add ( { months : 1 , days : 1 } ) . subtract ( { years : 2 } ) ) ; / Temporal.PlainDate 2024-01-31 <prototype>: Object { … } / console . log ( nowTemporal ) ; / Result (expanded): Temporal.PlainDate 2025-12-30 <prototype>: Object { … } / Notice how none of these transformations required us to manually spin up any new objects, and that the value of the object referenced by nowTemporal remains unchanged? Unlike Date , the methods we use to interact with a Temporal object result in new Temporal objects, rather than requiring us to use them in the context of a new instance or to modify the instance we’re working with — which is how we’re able to chain the add and subtract methods together in nowTemporal.add({ months: 1, days: 1 }).subtract({ years: 2 }) . Sure, we’re still working with objects, and that means we’re working with mutable data structures that represent real-world values: Code language js Copy to clipboard const nowTemporal = Temporal . Now . plainDateISO ( ) ; nowTemporal . someProperty = true ; console . log ( nowTemporal ) ; / Result (expanded): Temporal.PlainDate 2026-01-05 someProperty: true <prototype>: Object { … } …But the value represented by that Temporal object isn’t meant to be changed during the normal course of interacting with it — even though the object is still essentially mutable, we’re not stuck using that object in ways that could alter what it means in terms of real-world dates and times. I’ll take it. So, let’s revisit that janky little “today is X, tomorrow is Y” script we wrote using Date earlier. First, we’ll fix it by making sure we’re working with two discrete instances of Date rather than modifying the instance that represents today’s date: Code language js Copy to clipboard const today = new Date ( ) ; const addDay = theDate => { const tomorrow = new Date ( ) ; tomorrow . setDate ( theDate . getDate ( ) + 1 ) ; return tomorrow ; } ; console . log ( ` Tomorrow will be ${ addDay ( today ) . toLocaleDateString ( ) } . Today is ${ today . toLocaleDateString ( ) } . ` ) ; // Result: Tomorrow will be 1/1/2026. Today is 12/31/2025. Thanks, I hate it. Okay, fine. It gets the job done, just as it has since the day Date first bumbled its way onto the web. We’re not unwittingly altering the value of today since we’re spinning up a new instance of Date inside our addDay function — wordy, but it works, as it has for decades now. We add 1 to it, which we have to just kind of know means add one day. Then in our template literal we need to keep nudging JavaScript to give us the date in a format that doesn’t include the current time, as a string. It’s functional, but verbose. Now, let’s redo it using Temporal : Code language js Copy to clipboard const today = Temporal . Now . plainDateISO ( ) ; console . log ( ` Tomorrow will be ${ today . add ( { days : 1 } ) } . Today is ${ today } . ` ) ; // Result: Tomorrow will be 2026-01-01. Today is 2025-12-31. Now we’re talking. So much better . Leaner, meaner, and way less margin for error. We want today’s date without the time, and the object that results from invoking plainDateISO (and any new Temporal objects created from it) will retain that formatting without being coerced to a string. Formatting: check . We want to output a value that represents today’s date plus one day, and we want to do so in a way where we are unmistakably saying “add one day to it” with no parsing guesswork: check and check . Most importantly, we don’t want to run the risk of having our original today object altered unintentionally — because the result of calling the add method will always be a new Temporal object: check . Temporal is going to be a massive improvement over Date , and I only say “going to be” because it still isn’t quite ready for prime-time usage. The draft specification for the proposed Temporal object has reached stage three of the standardization process, meaning it is now officially “recommended for implementation” — not yet part of the standard that informs the ongoing development of JavaScript itself, but close enough that browsers can start tinkering with it. That means the results of that early experimentation may be used to further refine the specification, so nothing is set in stone just yet. Web standards are an iterative process, after all. That’s where you and I come in. Now that Temporal has landed in the latest versions of Chrome and Firefox — and others, soon — it’s time for us to get in there and kick the tires a little bit. We may not have had any say in Date , but we get to experiment with Temporal before the final implementations land. Soon, JavaScript will have sensible, modern date handling, and we’ll finally be able to cram Date way in the back of the junk drawer with the rubber bands, mismatched jar lids, mystery keys, and probably-half-empty AA batteries — still present, still an inexorable part of the web platform, but no longer our first, last, and only way of handling dates. And we only had to wait— well, hold on, let me just crunch the numbers real quick: Try it out const today = Temporal.Now.plainDateISO(); const jsShipped = Temporal.PlainDate.from( "1995-12-04" ); const sinceDate = today.since( jsShipped, { largestUnit: 'year' }); console.log( `${ sinceDate.years } years, ${ sinceDate.months } months, and ${ sinceDate.days } days.` ); Run Sure, the best time to replace Date would’ve been back in 1995, but hey: the second best time is Temporal.Now , right? Enjoyed this article? You can support us by leaving a tip via Open Collective Advert Author Mat “Wilto” Marquis Independent front-end developer, designer, author of Javascript For Web Designers, JavaScript for Everyone, and hobby collector. Check out Mat’s JavaScript Course More about Mat “Wilto” Marquis Newsletter Newsletter Join thousands of subscribers and discover our twice weekly newsletter, featuring high quality, curated design, dev and tech links. Short. ~5 links, twice weekly Digestible. 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https://dev.to/abytebybyte/weekly-update-16-2fnc	Weekly Update #16 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Aby Noctel Posted on Nov 5, 2025 Weekly Update #16 # beginners # sfml # devlog # gamedev Hello to the people reading this week's update I would summarize this week's progress as it's late yet I wanted to post this one before bed added collision with bottom of the screen with origin of the sprite being at the center added Tile and TileMap classes added the ability to add tiles and remove tiles, made them into a vector of vectors implemented the tiles thingies inside the game class so I could see and test the results That's all for this week I hope I can get more work done as I am starting to feel worse than before but surely it's nothing serious and will pass by Stay safe and I'll see you all again next week! Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Aby Noctel Follow Just a normal guy trying to document his journey as a game dev Pronouns He/Him/His Joined Jul 14, 2025 More from Aby Noctel Weekly update #22 # beginners # godot # devlog # gamedev Weekly update #21 # gamedev # beginners # godot Weekly update #20 # devlog # gamedev # godot 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account	2026-01-13T08:49:02
https://www.highlight.io/docs/general/product-features/error-monitoring/error-search	Error Search Star us on GitHub Star Docs Sign in Sign up General Docs Welcome to highlight.io Get Started Roadmap Company Values Compliance & Security Open Source Contributing Overview GraphQL Backend Frontend (app.highlight.io) Landing Site (highlight.io) Documentation End to End SDK Example Apps Adding an SDK Application Architecture GitHub Code Spaces Code Style Good First Issues Self-hosting Self-hosted [Dev] Self-hosted [Hobby] Self-hosted [Enterprise] Telemetry Our Competitors Product Philosophy Product Features Session Replay Overview Canvas & Iframe Dev-tool Window Recording Tracking Users & Recording Events Filtering Sessions GraphQL Live Mode Performance Impact Player Session Caching Rage Clicks Request Proxying Session Search Extracting the Session URL Session Search Deep Linking Shadow Dom + Web Components Error Monitoring Overview Enhancing Errors with GitHub Error Search Filtering Errors Grouping Errors Managing Errors Manually Reporting Errors Sourcemaps General Features Overview Alerts Comments Digests Environments Search Segments Services Webhooks Logging Overview Log Alerts Log Search Tracing Overview Trace Search Dashboards Overview Dashboard Management Metrics Tutorials Service Latency Web Vitals & Page Speed User Engagement User Analytics Graphing Drilldown Event Search Dashboard Variables SQL Editor Metrics (beta) Overview Frequently Asked Questions. 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Integrations Integrations Overview Amplitude Integration ClickUp Integration Discord Integration Electron Support Front Integration GitHub Integration Grafana Integration Overview Setup Dashboards Alerts Height Integration Intercom Integration Jira Integration LaunchDarkly Integration Linear Integration Mixpanel Integration Nuxt Integration Pendo Integration Segment Integration Slack Integration Vercel Integration WordPress Plugin Highlight.io Changelog Overview Changelog 12 (02/17) Changelog 13 (02/24) Changelog 14 (03/03) Changelog 15 (03/11) Changelog 16 (03/19) Changelog 17 (04/07) Changelog 18 (04/26) Changelog 19 (05/22) Changelog 20 (06/06) Changelog 21 (06/21) Changelog 22 (08/07) Changelog 23 (08/22) Changelog 24 (09/11) Changelog 25 (10/03) Changelog 26 (11/08) Changelog 27 (12/22) Changelog 28 (3/6) Changelog 29 (4/2) Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Docs Home SDK Client SDK API Reference Cloudflare Worker SDK API Reference Go SDK API Reference Hono SDK API Reference Java SDK API Reference Next.JS SDK API Reference Node.JS SDK API Reference Python SDK API Reference Ruby SDK API Reference Rust SDK API Reference Docs / Highlight Docs / Product Features / Error Monitoring / Error Search Error Search In highlight.io , you can search for a errors using different attributes on the error group and error instance. The instance is a specific occurance of an error that occurred. Based on the error event, stacktrace, and other attributes, instances are organized into groups. These groups are returned by the search on the Errors search page . Searching for Errors For general information on searching errors, check out our Search docs . Default Key The default key for error search is event . If you enter an expression without a key ( undefined variable ) it will be used as the key for the expression ( event="undefined variable" ). To search for a error event, simply type the text of the message. Given the following error: sql: statement is closed We can find this error by typing sql: statement is closed . Error Instance Search The error instances of a specific group and be searched as well. By clicking the "See all instances" button, you can search across instances to get more information on different occurrences of the error group. Autoinjected Attributes Errors can be searched by the following attributes: Attribute Description Example browser User's browser Chrome client_id Client id associated with the session DQbQCEHN0FLuwCeW50AeLI0cH6C4 environment The environment specified in the SDK production event Title of the error sql: statement is closed has_session If the error is tied to a session true secure_session_id Id of the session wh1jcuN5F9G6Ra5CKeCjdIk6Rbyd service_name Name of the service specified in the SDK private-graph service_version Version of the service specified in the SDK e1845285cb360410aee05c61dd0cc57f85afe6da status Status of the error group RESOLVED tag Tag applied to error database error trace_id Trace id that contains this log 7654ff38c4631d5a51b26f7e637eea3c type Broad type of the error React.ErrorBoundary visited_url URL where the error occurred https://app.highlight.io/1/errors Helpful Tips Use contains, =** , and matches =// operators when searching by visited_url to avoid being too limited by query params. See Searching by Visited URL for more information. Enhancing Errors with GitHub Filtering Errors Community / Support Suggest Edits? Follow us! [object Object]	2026-01-13T08:49:02
https://dev.to/loiconlyone/jai-galere-pendant-3-semaines-pour-monter-un-cluster-kubernetes-et-voila-ce-que-jai-appris-30l6#le-contexte	J'ai galéré pendant 3 semaines pour monter un cluster Kubernetes (et voilà ce que j'ai appris) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse BeardDemon Posted on Jan 10 J'ai galéré pendant 3 semaines pour monter un cluster Kubernetes (et voilà ce que j'ai appris) # kubernetes # devops # learning Le contexte Bon, soyons honnêtes. Au début, j'avais un gros bordel de scripts bash éparpillés partout. Genre 5-6 fichiers avec des noms comme install-docker.sh , setup-k8s-FINAL-v3.sh (oui, le v3...). À chaque fois que je devais recréer mon infra, c'était 45 minutes de galère + 10 minutes à me demander pourquoi ça marchait pas. J'avais besoin de quelque chose de plus propre pour mon projet SAE e-commerce. Ce que je voulais vraiment Pas un truc de démo avec minikube. Non. Je voulais: 3 VMs qui tournent vraiment (1 master + 2 workers) Tout automatisé - je tape une commande et ça se déploie ArgoCD pour faire du GitOps (parce que push to deploy c'est quand même cool) Des logs centralisés (Loki + Grafana) Et surtout : pouvoir tout péter et tout recréer en 10 minutes L'architecture (spoiler: ça marche maintenant) ┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Mon PC (Debian) │ │ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ ┌─────────┐ │ │ Master │ │ Worker 1 │ │ Worker 2│ │ │ .56.10 │ │ .56.11 │ │ .56.12 │ │ └──────────┘ └──────────┘ └─────────┘ └─────────────────────────────────────────┘ Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Chaque VM a 4Go de RAM et 4 CPUs. Oui, ça bouffe des ressources. Non, ça passe pas sur un laptop pourri. Comment c'est organisé J'ai tout mis dans un repo bien rangé (pour une fois): ansible-provisioning/ ├── Vagrantfile # Les 3 VMs ├── playbook.yml # Le chef d'orchestre ├── manifests/ # Mes applis K8s │ ├── apiclients/ │ ├── apicatalogue/ │ ├── databases/ │ └── ... (toutes mes APIs) └── roles/ # Les briques Ansible ├── docker/ ├── kubernetes/ ├── k8s-master/ └── argocd/ Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Chaque rôle fait UN truc. C'est ça qui a changé ma vie. Shell scripts → Ansible : pourquoi j'ai migré Avant (la galère) J'avais un script prepare-system.sh qui ressemblait à ça: #!/bin/bash swapoff -a sed -i '/swap/d' /etc/fstab modprobe br_netfilter # ... 50 lignes de commandes # Aucune gestion d'erreur # Si ça plante au milieu, bonne chance Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Le pire ? Si je relançais le script après un fail, tout pétait. Genre le sed essayait de supprimer une ligne qui existait plus. Classique. Après (je respire enfin) Maintenant j'ai un rôle Ansible system-prepare : - name : Virer le swap shell : swapoff -a ignore_errors : yes - name : Enlever le swap du fstab lineinfile : path : /etc/fstab regexp : ' .swap.' state : absent - name : Charger br_netfilter modprobe : name : br_netfilter state : present Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode La différence ? Je peux relancer 10 fois, ça fait pas de conneries C'est lisible par un humain Si ça plante, je sais exactement où Le Vagrantfile (ou comment lancer 3 VMs d'un coup) Vagrant . configure ( "2" ) do \| config \| config . vm . box = "debian/bullseye64" # Config libvirt (KVM/QEMU) config . vm . provider "libvirt" do \| libvirt \| libvirt . memory = 4096 libvirt . cpus = 4 libvirt . management_network_address = "192.168.56.0/24" end # NFS pour partager les manifests config . vm . synced_folder "." , "/vagrant" , type: "nfs" , nfs_version: 4 # Le master config . vm . define "vm-master" do \| vm \| vm . vm . network "private_network" , ip: "192.168.56.10" vm . vm . hostname = "master" end # Les 2 workers ( 1 .. 2 ). each do \| i \| config . vm . define "vm-slave- #{ i } " do \| vm \| vm . vm . network "private_network" , ip: "192.168.56.1 #{ i } " vm . vm . hostname = "slave- #{ i } " end end # Ansible se lance automatiquement config . vm . provision "ansible" do \| ansible \| ansible . playbook = "playbook.yml" ansible . groups = { "master" => [ "vm-master" ], "workers" => [ "vm-slave-1" , "vm-slave-2" ] } end end Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Un vagrant up et boom, tout se monte tout seul. Le playbook : l'ordre c'est important --- # 1. Tous les nœuds en même temps - name : Setup de base hosts : k8s_cluster roles : - system-prepare # Swap off, modules kernel - docker # Docker + containerd - kubernetes # kubelet, kubeadm, kubectl # 2. Le master d'abord - name : Init master hosts : master roles : - k8s-master # kubeadm init + Flannel # 3. Les workers ensuite, un par un - name : Join workers hosts : workers serial : 1 # IMPORTANT: un à la fois roles : - k8s-worker # 4. Les trucs bonus sur le master - name : Dashboard + ArgoCD + Monitoring hosts : master roles : - k8s-dashboard - argocd - logging - metrics-server Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Le serial: 1 c'est crucial. J'avais essayé sans, les deux workers essayaient de join en même temps et ça partait en cacahuète. Les rôles en détail Rôle: k8s-master (le chef d'orchestre) C'est lui qui initialise le cluster. Voici les parties importantes: - name : Init cluster k8s command : kubeadm init --apiserver-advertise-address=192.168.56.10 --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16 when : not k8s_initialise.stat.exists - name : Copier config kubectl copy : src : /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf dest : /home/vagrant/.kube/config owner : vagrant group : vagrant - name : Installer Flannel (réseau pod) shell : \| kubectl apply -f https://github.com/flannel-io/flannel/releases/latest/download/kube-flannel.yml environment : KUBECONFIG : /home/vagrant/.kube/config - name : Générer commande join pour les workers copy : content : " kubeadm join 192.168.56.10:6443 --token {{ k8s_token.stdout }} --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:{{ k8s_ca_hash.stdout }}" dest : /vagrant/join.sh mode : ' 0755' - name : Créer fichier .master-ready copy : content : " Master initialized" dest : /vagrant/.master-ready Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Le fichier .master-ready c'est un flag pour dire aux workers "go, vous pouvez join maintenant". Rôle: k8s-worker (le suiveur patient) - name : Attendre que le fichier .master-ready existe wait_for : path : /vagrant/.master-ready timeout : 600 - name : Joindre le cluster shell : bash /vagrant/join.sh args : creates : /etc/kubernetes/kubelet.conf register : join_result failed_when : - join_result.rc != 0 - " 'already exists in the cluster' not in join_result.stderr" - name : Attendre que le node soit Ready shell : \| for i in {1..60}; do STATUS=$(kubectl get node $(hostname) -o jsonpath='{.status.conditions[?(@.type=="Ready")].status}') if [ "$STATUS" = "True" ]; then exit 0 fi sleep 5 done exit 1 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Le worker attend gentiment que le master soit prêt avant de faire quoi que ce soit. Les galères que j'ai rencontrées Galère #1: NFS qui marche pas Au début, le partage NFS entre l'hôte et les VMs plantait. Symptôme: mount.nfs: Connection timed out Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Solution: # Sur l'hôte sudo apt install nfs-kernel-server sudo systemctl start nfs-server sudo ufw allow from 192.168.56.0/24 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Le firewall bloquait les connexions NFS. Classique. Galère #2: Kubeadm qui timeout Le kubeadm init prenait 10 minutes et finissait par timeout. Cause: Pas assez de RAM sur les VMs (j'avais mis 2Go). Solution: Passer à 4Go par VM. Ça bouffe mais c'est nécessaire. Galère #3: Les workers qui join pas Les workers restaient en NotReady même après le join. Cause: Flannel (le CNI) était pas encore installé sur le master. Solution: Attendre que Flannel soit complètement déployé avant de faire join les workers: - name : Attendre Flannel command : kubectl wait --for=condition=ready pod -l app=flannel -n kube-flannel --timeout=300s environment : KUBECONFIG : /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Galère #4: Ansible qui relance tout à chaque fois Au début, chaque vagrant provision refaisait TOUT depuis zéro. Solution: Ajouter des conditions when partout: - name : Init cluster k8s command : kubeadm init ... when : not k8s_initialise.stat.exists # ← Ça sauve des vies Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode L'idempotence c'est vraiment la base avec Ansible. Les commandes utiles au quotidien # Lancer tout cd ansible-provisioning && vagrant up # Vérifier l'état du cluster vagrant ssh vm-master -c 'kubectl get nodes' # Voir les pods vagrant ssh vm-master -c 'kubectl get pods -A' # Refaire le provisioning (sans détruire les VMs) vagrant provision # Tout péter et recommencer vagrant destroy -f && vagrant up # SSH sur le master vagrant ssh vm-master # Logs d'un pod vagrant ssh vm-master -c 'kubectl logs -n apps apicatalogue-xyz' Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode ArgoCD et les applications Une fois le cluster monté, ArgoCD déploie automatiquement mes apps. Voici comment je déclare l'API Catalogue: apiVersion : argoproj.io/v1alpha1 kind : Application metadata : name : catalogue-manager-application namespace : argocd spec : destination : namespace : apps server : https://kubernetes.default.svc source : path : ansible-provisioning/manifests/apicatalogue repoURL : https://github.com/uha-sae53/Vagrant.git targetRevision : main project : default syncPolicy : automated : prune : true selfHeal : true Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode ArgoCD surveille mon repo GitHub. Dès que je change un manifest, ça se déploie automatiquement. Metrics Server et HPA J'ai aussi ajouté le Metrics Server pour l'auto-scaling: - name : Installer Metrics Server shell : \| kubectl apply -f https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/metrics-server/releases/latest/download/components.yaml environment : KUBECONFIG : /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf - name : Patcher pour ignorer TLS (dev seulement) shell : \| kubectl patch deployment metrics-server -n kube-system --type='json' \ -p='[{"op": "add", "path": "/spec/template/spec/containers/0/args/-", "value": "--kubelet-insecure-tls"}]' Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Avec ça, mes pods peuvent scaler automatiquement en fonction de la charge CPU/RAM. Le résultat final Après tout ça, voici ce que je peux faire: # Démarrer tout de zéro vagrant up # ⏱️ 8 minutes plus tard... # Vérifier que tout tourne vagrant ssh vm-master -c 'kubectl get pods -A' # Résultat: # NAMESPACE NAME READY STATUS # apps apicatalogue-xyz 1/1 Running # apps apiclients-abc 1/1 Running # apps apicommandes-def 1/1 Running # apps api-panier-ghi 1/1 Running # apps frontend-jkl 1/1 Running # argocd argocd-server-xxx 1/1 Running # logging grafana-yyy 1/1 Running # logging loki-0 1/1 Running # kube-system metrics-server-zzz 1/1 Running Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Tout fonctionne, tout est automatisé. Conclusion Ce que j'ai appris: Ansible > scripts shell (vraiment, vraiment) L'idempotence c'est pas un luxe Tester chaque rôle séparément avant de tout brancher Les workers doivent attendre le master (le serial: 1 sauve des vies) 4Go de RAM minimum par VM pour K8s Le code complet est sur GitHub: https://github.com/uha-sae53/Vagrant Des questions ? Ping moi sur Twitter ou ouvre une issue sur le repo. Et si vous galérez avec Kubernetes, vous êtes pas seuls. J'ai passé 3 semaines là-dessus, c'est normal que ce soit compliqué au début. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse BeardDemon Follow Nananère je suis très sérieux... Location Alsace Education UHA - Université Haute Alsace Work Administrateur réseau Joined Jul 19, 2024 Trending on DEV Community Hot How to Crack Any Software Developer Interview in 2026 (Updated for AI & Modern Hiring) # softwareengineering # programming # career # interview The First Week at a Startup Taught Me More Than I Expected # startup # beginners # career # learning The First Week at a Startup Taught Me More Than I Expected # startup # beginners # career # learning 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/jiwoomap/building-a-remembering-ai-trading-agent-with-python-langgraph-and-obsidian-30hn#how-it-works	Building a "Remembering" AI Trading Agent with Python, LangGraph, and Obsidian - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Jaeil Woo Posted on Jan 11 Building a "Remembering" AI Trading Agent with Python, LangGraph, and Obsidian # ai # machinelearning # python # opensource Hello DEV community! I'm excited to share an open-source project I've been working on: TradingAgents-Dashboard . It's a Dockerized AI trading assistant that not only analyzes the market but remembers your insights forever using a local knowledge base (RAG). The Problem: "Stateless" AI Most AI trading bots today are "stateless". They run an analysis, give you a result, and then forget everything the moment you close the terminal. "Wait, didn't we decide last week that inflation correlates with this stock?" "Where is that news link I saw yesterday?" As a developer and trader, I wanted an agent that grows smarter over time, just like a human analyst. The Solution: AI + Obsidian (RAG) I built a dashboard wrapping the TradingAgents framework, adding a persistent memory layer using Obsidian . Github Repo: jiwoomap/TradingAgents-Dashboard How it works: Analyze: Agents (Bull, Bear, Risk Manager) debate market conditions using LangGraph. Persist: All insights and debates are auto-saved to your local Obsidian Vault as Markdown files. Recall (RAG): Before making a new decision, the agents search your vault (via ChromaDB) to retrieve past lessons and context. Tech Stack Framework: LangChain / LangGraph (Multi-Agent Orchestration) UI: Streamlit (Web Dashboard) Database: ChromaDB (Vector Store for RAG) Memory: Obsidian (Markdown-based Knowledge Base) Infrastructure: Docker & Docker Compose Key Features Interactive Debate UI: Watch the "Bull" and "Bear" agents fight it out in real-time. Fact Checker: Prevents hallucinations by validating news URLs (200 OK checks). Dockerized: Get started in 1 minute with docker-compose up . Data Sovereignty: Your financial data and strategies live on your disk , not in a cloud database. Try it out! I'd love to get your feedback. If you're interested in AI Agents or FinTech, give it a spin! Clone the repo: git clone https://github.com/jiwoomap/TradingAgents-Dashboard.git Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Jaeil Woo Follow Software Engineer specializing in Data Engineering and AI Agents. Exploring the intersection of Finance and Machine Learning. 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We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account	2026-01-13T08:49:02
https://www.highlight.io/docs/general/integrations/electron-integration	Electron Support Star us on GitHub Star Docs Sign in Sign up General Docs Welcome to highlight.io Get Started Roadmap Company Values Compliance & Security Open Source Contributing Overview GraphQL Backend Frontend (app.highlight.io) Landing Site (highlight.io) Documentation End to End SDK Example Apps Adding an SDK Application Architecture GitHub Code Spaces Code Style Good First Issues Self-hosting Self-hosted [Dev] Self-hosted [Hobby] Self-hosted [Enterprise] Telemetry Our Competitors Product Philosophy Product Features Session Replay Overview Canvas & Iframe Dev-tool Window Recording Tracking Users & Recording Events Filtering Sessions GraphQL Live Mode Performance Impact Player Session Caching Rage Clicks Request Proxying Session Search Extracting the Session URL Session Search Deep Linking Shadow Dom + Web Components Error Monitoring Overview Enhancing Errors with GitHub Error Search Filtering Errors Grouping Errors Managing Errors Manually Reporting Errors Sourcemaps General Features Overview Alerts Comments Digests Environments Search Segments Services Webhooks Logging Overview Log Alerts Log Search Tracing Overview Trace Search Dashboards Overview Dashboard Management Metrics Tutorials Service Latency Web Vitals & Page Speed User Engagement User Analytics Graphing Drilldown Event Search Dashboard Variables SQL Editor Metrics (beta) Overview Frequently Asked Questions. 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Integrations Integrations Overview Amplitude Integration ClickUp Integration Discord Integration Electron Support Front Integration GitHub Integration Grafana Integration Overview Setup Dashboards Alerts Height Integration Intercom Integration Jira Integration LaunchDarkly Integration Linear Integration Mixpanel Integration Nuxt Integration Pendo Integration Segment Integration Slack Integration Vercel Integration WordPress Plugin Highlight.io Changelog Overview Changelog 12 (02/17) Changelog 13 (02/24) Changelog 14 (03/03) Changelog 15 (03/11) Changelog 16 (03/19) Changelog 17 (04/07) Changelog 18 (04/26) Changelog 19 (05/22) Changelog 20 (06/06) Changelog 21 (06/21) Changelog 22 (08/07) Changelog 23 (08/22) Changelog 24 (09/11) Changelog 25 (10/03) Changelog 26 (11/08) Changelog 27 (12/22) Changelog 28 (3/6) Changelog 29 (4/2) Getting Started Getting Started with Highlight Fullstack Mapping Browser React.js Next.js Remix Vue.js Angular Gatsby.js SvelteKit Electron highlight.run SDK Overview Canvas & WebGL Console Messages Content-Security-Policy Identifying Users iframe Recording Monkey Patches Browser OpenTelemetry Persistent Asset Storage Privacy Proxying Highlight React.js Error Boundary Recording Network Requests and Responses Recording WebSocket Events Salesforce Lightning Web Components (LWC) Data Export Sourcemap Configuration Tracking Events Troubleshooting Upgrading Highlight Versioning Sessions & Errors Other React Native (beta) Server Go Overview chi Echo Fiber Gin GORM gqlgen Logrus Manual Tracing gorilla mux JS Overview Apollo AWS Lambda Cloudflare Workers Express.js Firebase Hono Nest.js Next.js Node.js Pino tRPC Winston Python Overview AWS Lambda Azure Functions Django FastAPI Flask Google Cloud Functions Loguru Other Frameworks Python AI / LLM Libraries Python Libraries Ruby Overview Other Frameworks Ruby on Rails Rust Overview actix-web No Framework Hosting Providers Overview Metrics in AWS Logging in AWS Logging in Azure Fly.io NATS Log Shipper Logging in GCP Heroku Log Drain Render Log Stream Logging in Trigger.dev Vercel Log Drain Elixir Overview Elixir App Java: All Frameworks PHP: All Frameworks C# .NET ASP C# .NET 4 ASP Docker / Docker Compose File Fluent Forward curl OpenTelemetry Protocol (OTLP) Syslog RFC5424 Systemd / Journald Native OpenTelemetry Overview Error Monitoring Logging Tracing Browser Instrumentation Metrics Fullstack Frameworks Overview Next.js Fullstack Overview Next.js Page Router Guide Next.js App Router Guide Edge Runtime Advanced Config Remix Walkthrough Self Host & Local Dev Overview Development deployment guide. Integrations Microsoft Teams self-hosted Hobby deployment guide. Traefik SSL Proxying. Docs Home SDK Client SDK API Reference Cloudflare Worker SDK API Reference Go SDK API Reference Hono SDK API Reference Java SDK API Reference Next.JS SDK API Reference Node.JS SDK API Reference Python SDK API Reference Ruby SDK API Reference Rust SDK API Reference Docs / Highlight Docs / Integrations / Electron Support Electron Support If you are running Highlight in Electron, a Desktop based JS framework, you can benefit from the additional functionality that tracks main process window events to stop and start Highlight recording when your app is minimized. Please ensure you are using Highlight SDK version highlight.run@4.3.4. or higher. Call configureElectronHighlight with a BrowserWindow object to instrument Electron events. const mainWindow = new BrowserWindow(...) configureElectronHighlight(mainWindow) Under the hood, the function will forward the focus and blur events to your renderer process so that the highlight recording SDK can track them. mainWindow.on('focus', () => { mainWindow.webContents.send('highlight.run', { visible: true }); }); window.on('blur', () => { mainWindow.webContents.send('highlight.run', { visible: false }); }); This will stop the Highlight recording when the app is not visible and resume the session when the app regains visibility to help minimize performance and battery impact that Highlight may have on Electron users. Discord Integration Front Integration Community / Support Suggest Edits? Follow us! [object Object]	2026-01-13T08:49:02
https://docs.python.org/3/reference/compound_stmts.html#while	8. Compound statements — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents 8. Compound statements 8.1. The if statement 8.2. The while statement 8.3. The for statement 8.4. The try statement 8.4.1. except clause 8.4.2. except* clause 8.4.3. else clause 8.4.4. finally clause 8.5. The with statement 8.6. The match statement 8.6.1. Overview 8.6.2. Guards 8.6.3. Irrefutable Case Blocks 8.6.4. Patterns 8.6.4.1. OR Patterns 8.6.4.2. AS Patterns 8.6.4.3. Literal Patterns 8.6.4.4. Capture Patterns 8.6.4.5. Wildcard Patterns 8.6.4.6. Value Patterns 8.6.4.7. Group Patterns 8.6.4.8. Sequence Patterns 8.6.4.9. Mapping Patterns 8.6.4.10. Class Patterns 8.7. Function definitions 8.8. Class definitions 8.9. Coroutines 8.9.1. Coroutine function definition 8.9.2. The async for statement 8.9.3. The async with statement 8.10. Type parameter lists 8.10.1. Generic functions 8.10.2. Generic classes 8.10.3. Generic type aliases 8.11. Annotations Previous topic 7. Simple statements Next topic 9. Top-level components This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules \| next \| previous \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Language Reference » 8. Compound statements \| Theme Auto Light Dark \| 8. Compound statements ¶ Compound statements contain (groups of) other statements; they affect or control the execution of those other statements in some way. In general, compound statements span multiple lines, although in simple incarnations a whole compound statement may be contained in one line. The if , while and for statements implement traditional control flow constructs. try specifies exception handlers and/or cleanup code for a group of statements, while the with statement allows the execution of initialization and finalization code around a block of code. Function and class definitions are also syntactically compound statements. A compound statement consists of one or more ‘clauses.’ A clause consists of a header and a ‘suite.’ The clause headers of a particular compound statement are all at the same indentation level. Each clause header begins with a uniquely identifying keyword and ends with a colon. A suite is a group of statements controlled by a clause. A suite can be one or more semicolon-separated simple statements on the same line as the header, following the header’s colon, or it can be one or more indented statements on subsequent lines. Only the latter form of a suite can contain nested compound statements; the following is illegal, mostly because it wouldn’t be clear to which if clause a following else clause would belong: if test1 : if test2 : print ( x ) Also note that the semicolon binds tighter than the colon in this context, so that in the following example, either all or none of the print() calls are executed: if x < y < z : print ( x ); print ( y ); print ( z ) Summarizing: compound_stmt : if_stmt \| while_stmt \| for_stmt \| try_stmt \| with_stmt \| match_stmt \| funcdef \| classdef \| async_with_stmt \| async_for_stmt \| async_funcdef suite : stmt_list NEWLINE \| NEWLINE INDENT statement + DEDENT statement : stmt_list NEWLINE \| compound_stmt stmt_list : simple_stmt ( ";" simple_stmt )* [ ";" ] Note that statements always end in a NEWLINE possibly followed by a DEDENT . Also note that optional continuation clauses always begin with a keyword that cannot start a statement, thus there are no ambiguities (the ‘dangling else ’ problem is solved in Python by requiring nested if statements to be indented). The formatting of the grammar rules in the following sections places each clause on a separate line for clarity. 8.1. The if statement ¶ The if statement is used for conditional execution: if_stmt : "if" assignment_expression ":" suite ( "elif" assignment_expression ":" suite )* [ "else" ":" suite ] It selects exactly one of the suites by evaluating the expressions one by one until one is found to be true (see section Boolean operations for the definition of true and false); then that suite is executed (and no other part of the if statement is executed or evaluated). If all expressions are false, the suite of the else clause, if present, is executed. 8.2. The while statement ¶ The while statement is used for repeated execution as long as an expression is true: while_stmt : "while" assignment_expression ":" suite [ "else" ":" suite ] This repeatedly tests the expression and, if it is true, executes the first suite; if the expression is false (which may be the first time it is tested) the suite of the else clause, if present, is executed and the loop terminates. A break statement executed in the first suite terminates the loop without executing the else clause’s suite. A continue statement executed in the first suite skips the rest of the suite and goes back to testing the expression. 8.3. The for statement ¶ The for statement is used to iterate over the elements of a sequence (such as a string, tuple or list) or other iterable object: for_stmt : "for" target_list "in" starred_expression_list ":" suite [ "else" ":" suite ] The starred_expression_list expression is evaluated once; it should yield an iterable object. An iterator is created for that iterable. The first item provided by the iterator is then assigned to the target list using the standard rules for assignments (see Assignment statements ), and the suite is executed. This repeats for each item provided by the iterator. When the iterator is exhausted, the suite in the else clause, if present, is executed, and the loop terminates. A break statement executed in the first suite terminates the loop without executing the else clause’s suite. A continue statement executed in the first suite skips the rest of the suite and continues with the next item, or with the else clause if there is no next item. The for-loop makes assignments to the variables in the target list. This overwrites all previous assignments to those variables including those made in the suite of the for-loop: for i in range ( 10 ): print ( i ) i = 5 # this will not affect the for-loop # because i will be overwritten with the next # index in the range Names in the target list are not deleted when the loop is finished, but if the sequence is empty, they will not have been assigned to at all by the loop. Hint: the built-in type range() represents immutable arithmetic sequences of integers. For instance, iterating range(3) successively yields 0, 1, and then 2. Changed in version 3.11: Starred elements are now allowed in the expression list. 8.4. The try statement ¶ The try statement specifies exception handlers and/or cleanup code for a group of statements: try_stmt : try1_stmt \| try2_stmt \| try3_stmt try1_stmt : "try" ":" suite ( "except" [ expression [ "as" identifier ]] ":" suite )+ [ "else" ":" suite ] [ "finally" ":" suite ] try2_stmt : "try" ":" suite ( "except" "" expression [ "as" identifier ] ":" suite )+ [ "else" ":" suite ] [ "finally" ":" suite ] try3_stmt : "try" ":" suite "finally" ":" suite Additional information on exceptions can be found in section Exceptions , and information on using the raise statement to generate exceptions may be found in section The raise statement . Changed in version 3.14: Support for optionally dropping grouping parentheses when using multiple exception types. See PEP 758 . 8.4.1. except clause ¶ The except clause(s) specify one or more exception handlers. When no exception occurs in the try clause, no exception handler is executed. When an exception occurs in the try suite, a search for an exception handler is started. This search inspects the except clauses in turn until one is found that matches the exception. An expression-less except clause, if present, must be last; it matches any exception. For an except clause with an expression, the expression must evaluate to an exception type or a tuple of exception types. Parentheses can be dropped if multiple exception types are provided and the as clause is not used. The raised exception matches an except clause whose expression evaluates to the class or a non-virtual base class of the exception object, or to a tuple that contains such a class. If no except clause matches the exception, the search for an exception handler continues in the surrounding code and on the invocation stack. [ 1 ] If the evaluation of an expression in the header of an except clause raises an exception, the original search for a handler is canceled and a search starts for the new exception in the surrounding code and on the call stack (it is treated as if the entire try statement raised the exception). When a matching except clause is found, the exception is assigned to the target specified after the as keyword in that except clause, if present, and the except clause’s suite is executed. All except clauses must have an executable block. When the end of this block is reached, execution continues normally after the entire try statement. (This means that if two nested handlers exist for the same exception, and the exception occurs in the try clause of the inner handler, the outer handler will not handle the exception.) When an exception has been assigned using as target , it is cleared at the end of the except clause. This is as if except E as N : foo was translated to except E as N : try : foo finally : del N This means the exception must be assigned to a different name to be able to refer to it after the except clause. Exceptions are cleared because with the traceback attached to them, they form a reference cycle with the stack frame, keeping all locals in that frame alive until the next garbage collection occurs. Before an except clause’s suite is executed, the exception is stored in the sys module, where it can be accessed from within the body of the except clause by calling sys.exception() . When leaving an exception handler, the exception stored in the sys module is reset to its previous value: >>> print ( sys . exception ()) None >>> try : ... raise TypeError ... except : ... print ( repr ( sys . exception ())) ... try : ... raise ValueError ... except : ... print ( repr ( sys . exception ())) ... print ( repr ( sys . exception ())) ... TypeError() ValueError() TypeError() >>> print ( sys . exception ()) None 8.4.2. except clause ¶ The except* clause(s) specify one or more handlers for groups of exceptions ( BaseExceptionGroup instances). A try statement can have either except or except* clauses, but not both. The exception type for matching is mandatory in the case of except* , so except: is a syntax error. The type is interpreted as in the case of except , but matching is performed on the exceptions contained in the group that is being handled. An TypeError is raised if a matching type is a subclass of BaseExceptionGroup , because that would have ambiguous semantics. When an exception group is raised in the try block, each except clause splits (see split() ) it into the subgroups of matching and non-matching exceptions. If the matching subgroup is not empty, it becomes the handled exception (the value returned from sys.exception() ) and assigned to the target of the except* clause (if there is one). Then, the body of the except* clause executes. If the non-matching subgroup is not empty, it is processed by the next except* in the same manner. This continues until all exceptions in the group have been matched, or the last except* clause has run. After all except* clauses execute, the group of unhandled exceptions is merged with any exceptions that were raised or re-raised from within except* clauses. This merged exception group propagates on.: >>> try : ... raise ExceptionGroup ( "eg" , ... [ ValueError ( 1 ), TypeError ( 2 ), OSError ( 3 ), OSError ( 4 )]) ... except * TypeError as e : ... print ( f 'caught { type ( e ) } with nested { e . exceptions } ' ) ... except * OSError as e : ... print ( f 'caught { type ( e ) } with nested { e . exceptions } ' ) ... caught <class 'ExceptionGroup'> with nested (TypeError(2),) caught <class 'ExceptionGroup'> with nested (OSError(3), OSError(4)) + Exception Group Traceback (most recent call last): \| File "<doctest default[0]>", line 2, in <module> \| raise ExceptionGroup("eg", \| [ValueError(1), TypeError(2), OSError(3), OSError(4)]) \| ExceptionGroup: eg (1 sub-exception) +-+---------------- 1 ---------------- \| ValueError: 1 +------------------------------------ If the exception raised from the try block is not an exception group and its type matches one of the except* clauses, it is caught and wrapped by an exception group with an empty message string. This ensures that the type of the target e is consistently BaseExceptionGroup : >>> try : ... raise BlockingIOError ... except * BlockingIOError as e : ... print ( repr ( e )) ... ExceptionGroup('', (BlockingIOError(),)) break , continue and return cannot appear in an except* clause. 8.4.3. else clause ¶ The optional else clause is executed if the control flow leaves the try suite, no exception was raised, and no return , continue , or break statement was executed. Exceptions in the else clause are not handled by the preceding except clauses. 8.4.4. finally clause ¶ If finally is present, it specifies a ‘cleanup’ handler. The try clause is executed, including any except and else clauses. If an exception occurs in any of the clauses and is not handled, the exception is temporarily saved. The finally clause is executed. If there is a saved exception it is re-raised at the end of the finally clause. If the finally clause raises another exception, the saved exception is set as the context of the new exception. If the finally clause executes a return , break or continue statement, the saved exception is discarded. For example, this function returns 42. def f (): try : 1 / 0 finally : return 42 The exception information is not available to the program during execution of the finally clause. When a return , break or continue statement is executed in the try suite of a try … finally statement, the finally clause is also executed ‘on the way out.’ The return value of a function is determined by the last return statement executed. Since the finally clause always executes, a return statement executed in the finally clause will always be the last one executed. The following function returns ‘finally’. def foo (): try : return 'try' finally : return 'finally' Changed in version 3.8: Prior to Python 3.8, a continue statement was illegal in the finally clause due to a problem with the implementation. Changed in version 3.14: The compiler emits a SyntaxWarning when a return , break or continue appears in a finally block (see PEP 765 ). 8.5. The with statement ¶ The with statement is used to wrap the execution of a block with methods defined by a context manager (see section With Statement Context Managers ). This allows common try … except … finally usage patterns to be encapsulated for convenient reuse. with_stmt : "with" ( "(" with_stmt_contents "," ? ")" \| with_stmt_contents ) ":" suite with_stmt_contents : with_item ( "," with_item )* with_item : expression [ "as" target ] The execution of the with statement with one “item” proceeds as follows: The context expression (the expression given in the with_item ) is evaluated to obtain a context manager. The context manager’s __enter__() is loaded for later use. The context manager’s __exit__() is loaded for later use. The context manager’s __enter__() method is invoked. If a target was included in the with statement, the return value from __enter__() is assigned to it. Note The with statement guarantees that if the __enter__() method returns without an error, then __exit__() will always be called. Thus, if an error occurs during the assignment to the target list, it will be treated the same as an error occurring within the suite would be. See step 7 below. The suite is executed. The context manager’s __exit__() method is invoked. If an exception caused the suite to be exited, its type, value, and traceback are passed as arguments to __exit__() . Otherwise, three None arguments are supplied. If the suite was exited due to an exception, and the return value from the __exit__() method was false, the exception is reraised. If the return value was true, the exception is suppressed, and execution continues with the statement following the with statement. If the suite was exited for any reason other than an exception, the return value from __exit__() is ignored, and execution proceeds at the normal location for the kind of exit that was taken. The following code: with EXPRESSION as TARGET : SUITE is semantically equivalent to: manager = ( EXPRESSION ) enter = type ( manager ) . __enter__ exit = type ( manager ) . __exit__ value = enter ( manager ) hit_except = False try : TARGET = value SUITE except : hit_except = True if not exit ( manager , * sys . exc_info ()): raise finally : if not hit_except : exit ( manager , None , None , None ) With more than one item, the context managers are processed as if multiple with statements were nested: with A () as a , B () as b : SUITE is semantically equivalent to: with A () as a : with B () as b : SUITE You can also write multi-item context managers in multiple lines if the items are surrounded by parentheses. For example: with ( A () as a , B () as b , ): SUITE Changed in version 3.1: Support for multiple context expressions. Changed in version 3.10: Support for using grouping parentheses to break the statement in multiple lines. See also PEP 343 - The “with” statement The specification, background, and examples for the Python with statement. 8.6. The match statement ¶ Added in version 3.10. The match statement is used for pattern matching. Syntax: match_stmt : 'match' subject_expr ":" NEWLINE INDENT case_block + DEDENT subject_expr : `!star_named_expression` "," `!star_named_expressions`? \| `!named_expression` case_block : 'case' patterns [ guard ] ":" `!block` Note This section uses single quotes to denote soft keywords . Pattern matching takes a pattern as input (following case ) and a subject value (following match ). The pattern (which may contain subpatterns) is matched against the subject value. The outcomes are: A match success or failure (also termed a pattern success or failure). Possible binding of matched values to a name. The prerequisites for this are further discussed below. The match and case keywords are soft keywords . See also PEP 634 – Structural Pattern Matching: Specification PEP 636 – Structural Pattern Matching: Tutorial 8.6.1. Overview ¶ Here’s an overview of the logical flow of a match statement: The subject expression subject_expr is evaluated and a resulting subject value obtained. If the subject expression contains a comma, a tuple is constructed using the standard rules . Each pattern in a case_block is attempted to match with the subject value. The specific rules for success or failure are described below. The match attempt can also bind some or all of the standalone names within the pattern. The precise pattern binding rules vary per pattern type and are specified below. Name bindings made during a successful pattern match outlive the executed block and can be used after the match statement . Note During failed pattern matches, some subpatterns may succeed. Do not rely on bindings being made for a failed match. Conversely, do not rely on variables remaining unchanged after a failed match. The exact behavior is dependent on implementation and may vary. This is an intentional decision made to allow different implementations to add optimizations. If the pattern succeeds, the corresponding guard (if present) is evaluated. In this case all name bindings are guaranteed to have happened. If the guard evaluates as true or is missing, the block inside case_block is executed. Otherwise, the next case_block is attempted as described above. If there are no further case blocks, the match statement is completed. Note Users should generally never rely on a pattern being evaluated. Depending on implementation, the interpreter may cache values or use other optimizations which skip repeated evaluations. A sample match statement: >>> flag = False >>> match ( 100 , 200 ): ... case ( 100 , 300 ): # Mismatch: 200 != 300 ... print ( 'Case 1' ) ... case ( 100 , 200 ) if flag : # Successful match, but guard fails ... print ( 'Case 2' ) ... case ( 100 , y ): # Matches and binds y to 200 ... print ( f 'Case 3, y: { y } ' ) ... case _ : # Pattern not attempted ... print ( 'Case 4, I match anything!' ) ... Case 3, y: 200 In this case, if flag is a guard. Read more about that in the next section. 8.6.2. Guards ¶ guard : "if" `!named_expression` A guard (which is part of the case ) must succeed for code inside the case block to execute. It takes the form: if followed by an expression. The logical flow of a case block with a guard follows: Check that the pattern in the case block succeeded. If the pattern failed, the guard is not evaluated and the next case block is checked. If the pattern succeeded, evaluate the guard . If the guard condition evaluates as true, the case block is selected. If the guard condition evaluates as false, the case block is not selected. If the guard raises an exception during evaluation, the exception bubbles up. Guards are allowed to have side effects as they are expressions. Guard evaluation must proceed from the first to the last case block, one at a time, skipping case blocks whose pattern(s) don’t all succeed. (I.e., guard evaluation must happen in order.) Guard evaluation must stop once a case block is selected. 8.6.3. Irrefutable Case Blocks ¶ An irrefutable case block is a match-all case block. A match statement may have at most one irrefutable case block, and it must be last. A case block is considered irrefutable if it has no guard and its pattern is irrefutable. A pattern is considered irrefutable if we can prove from its syntax alone that it will always succeed. Only the following patterns are irrefutable: AS Patterns whose left-hand side is irrefutable OR Patterns containing at least one irrefutable pattern Capture Patterns Wildcard Patterns parenthesized irrefutable patterns 8.6.4. Patterns ¶ Note This section uses grammar notations beyond standard EBNF: the notation SEP.RULE+ is shorthand for RULE (SEP RULE)* the notation !RULE is shorthand for a negative lookahead assertion The top-level syntax for patterns is: patterns : open_sequence_pattern \| pattern pattern : as_pattern \| or_pattern closed_pattern : \| literal_pattern \| capture_pattern \| wildcard_pattern \| value_pattern \| group_pattern \| sequence_pattern \| mapping_pattern \| class_pattern The descriptions below will include a description “in simple terms” of what a pattern does for illustration purposes (credits to Raymond Hettinger for a document that inspired most of the descriptions). Note that these descriptions are purely for illustration purposes and may not reflect the underlying implementation. Furthermore, they do not cover all valid forms. 8.6.4.1. OR Patterns ¶ An OR pattern is two or more patterns separated by vertical bars \| . Syntax: or_pattern : "\|" . closed_pattern + Only the final subpattern may be irrefutable , and each subpattern must bind the same set of names to avoid ambiguity. An OR pattern matches each of its subpatterns in turn to the subject value, until one succeeds. The OR pattern is then considered successful. Otherwise, if none of the subpatterns succeed, the OR pattern fails. In simple terms, P1 \| P2 \| ... will try to match P1 , if it fails it will try to match P2 , succeeding immediately if any succeeds, failing otherwise. 8.6.4.2. AS Patterns ¶ An AS pattern matches an OR pattern on the left of the as keyword against a subject. Syntax: as_pattern : or_pattern "as" capture_pattern If the OR pattern fails, the AS pattern fails. Otherwise, the AS pattern binds the subject to the name on the right of the as keyword and succeeds. capture_pattern cannot be a _ . In simple terms P as NAME will match with P , and on success it will set NAME = <subject> . 8.6.4.3. Literal Patterns ¶ A literal pattern corresponds to most literals in Python. Syntax: literal_pattern : signed_number \| signed_number "+" NUMBER \| signed_number "-" NUMBER \| strings \| "None" \| "True" \| "False" signed_number : [ "-" ] NUMBER The rule strings and the token NUMBER are defined in the standard Python grammar . Triple-quoted strings are supported. Raw strings and byte strings are supported. f-strings and t-strings are not supported. The forms signed_number '+' NUMBER and signed_number '-' NUMBER are for expressing complex numbers ; they require a real number on the left and an imaginary number on the right. E.g. 3 + 4j . In simple terms, LITERAL will succeed only if <subject> == LITERAL . For the singletons None , True and False , the is operator is used. 8.6.4.4. Capture Patterns ¶ A capture pattern binds the subject value to a name. Syntax: capture_pattern : ! '_' NAME A single underscore _ is not a capture pattern (this is what !'_' expresses). It is instead treated as a wildcard_pattern . In a given pattern, a given name can only be bound once. E.g. case x, x: ... is invalid while case [x] \| x: ... is allowed. Capture patterns always succeed. The binding follows scoping rules established by the assignment expression operator in PEP 572 ; the name becomes a local variable in the closest containing function scope unless there’s an applicable global or nonlocal statement. In simple terms NAME will always succeed and it will set NAME = <subject> . 8.6.4.5. Wildcard Patterns ¶ A wildcard pattern always succeeds (matches anything) and binds no name. Syntax: wildcard_pattern : '_' _ is a soft keyword within any pattern, but only within patterns. It is an identifier, as usual, even within match subject expressions, guard s, and case blocks. In simple terms, _ will always succeed. 8.6.4.6. Value Patterns ¶ A value pattern represents a named value in Python. Syntax: value_pattern : attr attr : name_or_attr "." NAME name_or_attr : attr \| NAME The dotted name in the pattern is looked up using standard Python name resolution rules . The pattern succeeds if the value found compares equal to the subject value (using the == equality operator). In simple terms NAME1.NAME2 will succeed only if <subject> == NAME1.NAME2 Note If the same value occurs multiple times in the same match statement, the interpreter may cache the first value found and reuse it rather than repeat the same lookup. This cache is strictly tied to a given execution of a given match statement. 8.6.4.7. Group Patterns ¶ A group pattern allows users to add parentheses around patterns to emphasize the intended grouping. Otherwise, it has no additional syntax. Syntax: group_pattern : "(" pattern ")" In simple terms (P) has the same effect as P . 8.6.4.8. Sequence Patterns ¶ A sequence pattern contains several subpatterns to be matched against sequence elements. The syntax is similar to the unpacking of a list or tuple. sequence_pattern : "[" [ maybe_sequence_pattern ] "]" \| "(" [ open_sequence_pattern ] ")" open_sequence_pattern : maybe_star_pattern "," [ maybe_sequence_pattern ] maybe_sequence_pattern : "," . maybe_star_pattern + "," ? maybe_star_pattern : star_pattern \| pattern star_pattern : "" ( capture_pattern \| wildcard_pattern ) There is no difference if parentheses or square brackets are used for sequence patterns (i.e. (...) vs [...] ). Note A single pattern enclosed in parentheses without a trailing comma (e.g. (3 \| 4) ) is a group pattern . While a single pattern enclosed in square brackets (e.g. [3 \| 4] ) is still a sequence pattern. At most one star subpattern may be in a sequence pattern. The star subpattern may occur in any position. If no star subpattern is present, the sequence pattern is a fixed-length sequence pattern; otherwise it is a variable-length sequence pattern. The following is the logical flow for matching a sequence pattern against a subject value: If the subject value is not a sequence [ 2 ] , the sequence pattern fails. If the subject value is an instance of str , bytes or bytearray the sequence pattern fails. The subsequent steps depend on whether the sequence pattern is fixed or variable-length. If the sequence pattern is fixed-length: If the length of the subject sequence is not equal to the number of subpatterns, the sequence pattern fails Subpatterns in the sequence pattern are matched to their corresponding items in the subject sequence from left to right. Matching stops as soon as a subpattern fails. If all subpatterns succeed in matching their corresponding item, the sequence pattern succeeds. Otherwise, if the sequence pattern is variable-length: If the length of the subject sequence is less than the number of non-star subpatterns, the sequence pattern fails. The leading non-star subpatterns are matched to their corresponding items as for fixed-length sequences. If the previous step succeeds, the star subpattern matches a list formed of the remaining subject items, excluding the remaining items corresponding to non-star subpatterns following the star subpattern. Remaining non-star subpatterns are matched to their corresponding subject items, as for a fixed-length sequence. Note The length of the subject sequence is obtained via len() (i.e. via the __len__() protocol). This length may be cached by the interpreter in a similar manner as value patterns . In simple terms [P1, P2, P3, … , P<N>] matches only if all the following happens: check <subject> is a sequence len(subject) == <N> P1 matches <subject>[0] (note that this match can also bind names) P2 matches <subject>[1] (note that this match can also bind names) … and so on for the corresponding pattern/element. 8.6.4.9. Mapping Patterns ¶ A mapping pattern contains one or more key-value patterns. The syntax is similar to the construction of a dictionary. Syntax: mapping_pattern : "{" [ items_pattern ] "}" items_pattern : "," . key_value_pattern + "," ? key_value_pattern : ( literal_pattern \| value_pattern ) ":" pattern \| double_star_pattern double_star_pattern : "" capture_pattern At most one double star pattern may be in a mapping pattern. The double star pattern must be the last subpattern in the mapping pattern. Duplicate keys in mapping patterns are disallowed. Duplicate literal keys will raise a SyntaxError . Two keys that otherwise have the same value will raise a ValueError at runtime. The following is the logical flow for matching a mapping pattern against a subject value: If the subject value is not a mapping [ 3 ] ,the mapping pattern fails. If every key given in the mapping pattern is present in the subject mapping, and the pattern for each key matches the corresponding item of the subject mapping, the mapping pattern succeeds. If duplicate keys are detected in the mapping pattern, the pattern is considered invalid. A SyntaxError is raised for duplicate literal values; or a ValueError for named keys of the same value. Note Key-value pairs are matched using the two-argument form of the mapping subject’s get() method. Matched key-value pairs must already be present in the mapping, and not created on-the-fly via __missing__() or __getitem__() . In simple terms {KEY1: P1, KEY2: P2, ... } matches only if all the following happens: check <subject> is a mapping KEY1 in <subject> P1 matches <subject>[KEY1] … and so on for the corresponding KEY/pattern pair. 8.6.4.10. Class Patterns ¶ A class pattern represents a class and its positional and keyword arguments (if any). Syntax: class_pattern : name_or_attr "(" [ pattern_arguments "," ?] ")" pattern_arguments : positional_patterns [ "," keyword_patterns ] \| keyword_patterns positional_patterns : "," . pattern + keyword_patterns : "," . keyword_pattern + keyword_pattern : NAME "=" pattern The same keyword should not be repeated in class patterns. The following is the logical flow for matching a class pattern against a subject value: If name_or_attr is not an instance of the builtin type , raise TypeError . If the subject value is not an instance of name_or_attr (tested via isinstance() ), the class pattern fails. If no pattern arguments are present, the pattern succeeds. Otherwise, the subsequent steps depend on whether keyword or positional argument patterns are present. For a number of built-in types (specified below), a single positional subpattern is accepted which will match the entire subject; for these types keyword patterns also work as for other types. If only keyword patterns are present, they are processed as follows, one by one: The keyword is looked up as an attribute on the subject. If this raises an exception other than AttributeError , the exception bubbles up. If this raises AttributeError , the class pattern has failed. Else, the subpattern associated with the keyword pattern is matched against the subject’s attribute value. If this fails, the class pattern fails; if this succeeds, the match proceeds to the next keyword. If all keyword patterns succeed, the class pattern succeeds. If any positional patterns are present, they are converted to keyword patterns using the __match_args__ attribute on the class name_or_attr before matching: The equivalent of getattr(cls, "__match_args__", ()) is called. If this raises an exception, the exception bubbles up. If the returned value is not a tuple, the conversion fails and TypeError is raised. If there are more positional patterns than len(cls.__match_args__) , TypeError is raised. Otherwise, positional pattern i is converted to a keyword pattern using __match_args__[i] as the keyword. __match_args__[i] must be a string; if not TypeError is raised. If there are duplicate keywords, TypeError is raised. See also Customizing positional arguments in class pattern matching Once all positional patterns have been converted to keyword patterns, the match proceeds as if there were only keyword patterns. For the following built-in types the handling of positional subpatterns is different: bool bytearray bytes dict float frozenset int list set str tuple These classes accept a single positional argument, and the pattern there is matched against the whole object rather than an attribute. For example int(0\|1) matches the value 0 , but not the value 0.0 . In simple terms CLS(P1, attr=P2) matches only if the following happens: isinstance(<subject>, CLS) convert P1 to a keyword pattern using CLS.__match_args__ For each keyword argument attr=P2 : hasattr(<subject>, "attr") P2 matches <subject>.attr … and so on for the corresponding keyword argument/pattern pair. See also PEP 634 – Structural Pattern Matching: Specification PEP 636 – Structural Pattern Matching: Tutorial 8.7. Function definitions ¶ A function definition defines a user-defined function object (see section The standard type hierarchy ): funcdef : [ decorators ] "def" funcname [ type_params ] "(" [ parameter_list ] ")" [ "->" expression ] ":" suite decorators : decorator + decorator : "@" assignment_expression NEWLINE parameter_list : defparameter ( "," defparameter ) "," "/" [ "," [ parameter_list_no_posonly ]] \| parameter_list_no_posonly parameter_list_no_posonly : defparameter ( "," defparameter )* [ "," [ parameter_list_starargs ]] \| parameter_list_starargs parameter_list_starargs : "" [ star_parameter ] ( "," defparameter ) [ "," [ parameter_star_kwargs ]] \| "" ( "," defparameter )+ [ "," [ parameter_star_kwargs ]] \| parameter_star_kwargs parameter_star_kwargs : "" parameter [ "," ] parameter : identifier [ ":" expression ] star_parameter : identifier [ ":" [ "" ] expression ] defparameter : parameter [ "=" expression ] funcname : identifier A function definition is an executable statement. Its execution binds the function name in the current local namespace to a function object (a wrapper around the executable code for the function). This function object contains a reference to the current global namespace as the global namespace to be used when the function is called. The function definition does not execute the function body; this gets executed only when the function is called. [ 4 ] A function definition may be wrapped by one or more decorator expressions. Decorator expressions are evaluated when the function is defined, in the scope that contains the function definition. The result must be a callable, which is invoked with the function object as the only argument. The returned value is bound to the function name instead of the function object. Multiple decorators are applied in nested fashion. For example, the following code @f1 ( arg ) @f2 def func (): pass is roughly equivalent to def func (): pass func = f1 ( arg )( f2 ( func )) except that the original function is not temporarily bound to the name func . Changed in version 3.9: Functions may be decorated with any valid assignment_expression . Previously, the grammar was much more restrictive; see PEP 614 for details. A list of type parameters may be given in square brackets between the function’s name and the opening parenthesis for its parameter list. This indicates to static type checkers that the function is generic. At runtime, the type parameters can be retrieved from the function’s __type_params__ attribute. See Generic functions for more. Changed in version 3.12: Type parameter lists are new in Python 3.12. When one or more parameters have the form parameter = expression , the function is said to have “default parameter values.” For a parameter with a default value, the corresponding argument may be omitted from a call, in which case the parameter’s default value is substituted. If a parameter has a default value, all following parameters up until the “ * ” must also have a default value — this is a syntactic restriction that is not expressed by the grammar. Default parameter values are evaluated from left to right when the function definition is executed. This means that the expression is evaluated once, when the function is defined, and that the same “pre-computed” value is used for each call. This is especially important to understand when a default parameter value is a mutable object, such as a list or a dictionary: if the function modifies the object (e.g. by appending an item to a list), the default parameter value is in effect modified. This is generally not what was intended. A way around this is to use None as the default, and explicitly test for it in the body of the function, e.g.: def whats_on_the_telly ( penguin = None ): if penguin is None : penguin = [] penguin . append ( "property of the zoo" ) return penguin Function call semantics are described in more detail in section Calls . A function call always assigns values to all parameters mentioned in the parameter list, either from positional arguments, from keyword arguments, or from default values. If the form “ identifier ” is present, it is initialized to a tuple receiving any excess positional parameters, defaulting to the empty tuple. If the form “ identifier ” is present, it is initialized to a new ordered mapping receiving any excess keyword arguments, defaulting to a new empty mapping of the same type. Parameters after “ ” or “ identifier ” are keyword-only parameters and may only be passed by keyword arguments. Parameters before “ / ” are positional-only parameters and may only be passed by positional arguments. Changed in version 3.8: The / function parameter syntax may be used to indicate positional-only parameters. See PEP 570 for details. Parameters may have an annotation of the form “ : expression ” following the parameter name. Any parameter may have an annotation, even those of the form identifier or *identifier . (As a special case, parameters of the form identifier may have an annotation “ : expression ”.) Functions may have “return” annotation of the form “ -> expression ” after the parameter list. These annotations can be any valid Python expression. The presence of annotations does not change the semantics of a function. See Annotations for more information on annotations. Changed in version 3.11: Parameters of the form “ identifier ” may have an annotation “ : expression ”. See PEP 646 . It is also possible to create anonymous functions (functions not bound to a name), for immediate use in expressions. This uses lambda expressions, described in section Lambdas . Note that the lambda expression is merely a shorthand for a simplified function definition; a function defined in a “ def ” statement can be passed around or assigned to another name just like a function defined by a lambda expression. The “ def ” form is actually more powerful since it allows the execution of multiple statements and annotations. Programmer’s note: Functions are first-class objects. A “ def ” statement executed inside a function definition defines a local function that can be returned or passed around. Free variables used in the nested function can access the local variables of the function containing the def. See section Naming and binding for details. See also PEP 3107 - Function Annotations The original specification for function annotations. PEP 484 - Type Hints Definition of a standard meaning for annotations: type hints. PEP 526 - Syntax for Variable Annotations Ability to type hint variable declarations, including class variables and instance variables. PEP 563 - Postponed Evaluation of Annotations Support for forward references within annotations by preserving annotations in a string form at runtime instead of eager evaluation. PEP 318 - Decorators for Functions and Methods Function and method decorators were introduced. Class decorators were introduced in PEP 3129 . 8.8. Class definitions ¶ A class definition defines a class object (see section The standard type hierarchy ): classdef : [ decorators ] "class" classname [ type_params ] [ inheritance ] ":" suite inheritance : "(" [ argument_list ] ")" classname : identifier A class definition is an executable statement. The inheritance list usually gives a list of base classes (see Metaclasses for more advanced uses), so each item in the list should evaluate to a class object which allows subclassing. Classes without an inheritance list inherit, by default, from the base class object ; hence, class Foo : pass is equivalent to class Foo ( object ): pass The class’s suite is then executed in a new execution frame (see Naming and binding ), using a newly created local namespace and the original global namespace. (Usually, the suite contains mostly function definitions.) When the class’s suite finishes execution, its execution frame is discarded but its local namespace is saved. [ 5 ] A class object is then created using the inheritance list for the base classes and the saved local namespace for the attribute dictionary. The class name is bound to this class object in the original local namespace. The order in which attributes are defined in the class body is preserved in the new class’s __dict__ . Note that this is reliable only right after the class is created and only for classes that were defined using the definition syntax. Class creation can be customized heavily using metaclasses . Classes can also be decorated: just like when decorating functions, @f1 ( arg ) @f2 class Foo : pass is roughly equivalent to class Foo : pass Foo = f1 ( arg )( f2 ( Foo )) The evaluation rules for the decorator expressions are the same as for function decorators. The result is then bound to the class name. Changed in version 3.9: Classes may be decorated with any valid assignment_expression . Previously, the grammar was much more restrictive; see PEP 614 for details. A list of type parameters may be given in square brackets immediately after the class’s name. This indicates to static type checkers that the class is generic. At runtime, the type parameters can be retrieved from the class’s __type_params__ attribute. See Generic classes for more. Changed in version 3.12: Type parameter lists are new in Python 3.12. Programmer’s note: Variables defined in the class definition are class attributes; they are shared by instances. Instance attributes can be set in a method with self.name = value . Both class and instance attributes are accessible through the notation “ self.name ”, and an instance attribute hides a class attribute with the same name when accessed in this way. Class attributes can be used as defaults for instance attributes, but using mutable values there can lead to unexpected results. Descriptors can be used to create instance variables with different implementation details. See also PEP 3115 - Metaclasses in Python 3000 The proposal that changed the declaration of metaclasses to the current syntax, and the semantics for how classes with metaclasses are constructed. PEP 3129 - Class Decorators The proposal that added class decorators. Function and method decorators were introduced in PEP 318 . 8.9. Coroutines ¶ Added in version 3.5. 8.9.1. Coroutine function definition ¶ async_funcdef : [ decorators ] "async" "def" funcname "(" [ parameter_list ] ")" [ "->" expression ] ":" suite Execution of Python coroutines can be suspended and resumed at many points (see coroutine ). await expressions, async for and async with can only be used in the body of a coroutine function. Functions defined with async def syntax are always coroutine functions, even if they do not contain await or async keywords. It is a SyntaxError to use a yield from expression inside the body of a coroutine function. An example of a coroutine function: async def func ( param1 , param2 ): do_stuff () await some_coroutine () Changed in version 3.7: await and async are now keywords; previously they were only treated as such inside the body of a coroutine function. 8.9.2. The async for statement ¶ async_for_stmt : "async" for_stmt An asynchronous iterable provides an __aiter__ method that directly returns an asynchronous iterator , which can call asynchronous code in its __anext__ method. The async for statement allows convenient iteration over asynchronous iterables. The following code: async for TARGET in ITER : SUITE else : SUITE2 Is semantically equivalent to: iter = ( ITER ) iter = type ( iter ) . __aiter__ ( iter ) running = True while running : try : TARGET = await type ( iter ) . __anext__ ( iter ) except StopAsyncIteration : running = False else : SUITE else : SUITE2 See also __aiter__() and __anext__() for details. It is a SyntaxError to use an async for statement outside the body of a coroutine function. 8.9.3. The async with statement ¶ async_with_stmt : "async" with_stmt An asynchronous context manager is a context manager that is able to suspend execution in its enter and exit methods. The following code: async with EXPRESSION as TARGET : SUITE is semantically equivalent to: manager = ( EXPRESSION ) aenter = type ( manager ) . __aenter__ aexit = type ( manager ) . __aexit__ value = await aenter ( manager ) hit_except = False try : TARGET = value SUITE except : hit_except = True if not await aexit ( manager , sys . exc_info ()): raise finally : if not hit_except : await aexit ( manager , None , None , None ) See also __aenter__() and __aexit__() for details. It is a SyntaxError to use an async with statement outside the body of a coroutine function. See also PEP 492 - Coroutines with async and await syntax The proposal that made coroutines a proper standalone concept in Python, and added supporting syntax. 8.10. Type parameter lists ¶ Added in version 3.12. Changed in version 3.13: Support for default values was added (see PEP 696 ). type_params : "[" type_param ( "," type_param )* "]" type_param : typevar \| typevartuple \| paramspec typevar : identifier ( ":" expression )? ( "=" expression )? typevartuple : "" identifier ( "=" expression )? paramspec : "*" identifier ( "=" expression )? Functions (including coroutines ), classes and type aliases may contain a type parameter list: def max [ T ]( args : list [ T ]) -> T : ... async def amax [ T ]( args : list [ T ]) -> T : ... class Bag [ T ]: def __iter__ ( self ) -> Iterator [ T ]: ... def add ( self , arg : T ) -> None : ... type ListOrSet [ T ] = list [ T ] \| set [ T ] Semantically, this indicates that the function, class, or type	2026-01-13T08:49:02
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Right menu Weekly Update #16 Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Follow Nov 5 '25 Weekly Update #16 # devlog # gamedev # sfml # beginners Comments Add Comment 1 min read Learning SQL: The Language Behind Your Data Sareena Rahim Sareena Rahim Sareena Rahim Follow Nov 9 '25 Learning SQL: The Language Behind Your Data # sql # database # beginners # python Comments Add Comment 3 min read How Programming Languages Are Converted into Machine Code Rashedin \| FullStack Developer Rashedin \| FullStack Developer Rashedin \| FullStack Developer Follow Dec 10 '25 How Programming Languages Are Converted into Machine Code # beginners # computerscience # programming 21 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read I Automated My Boring Dev Tasks With Simple Bash Scripts (You Don't Need DevOps Experience) NJEI NJEI NJEI Follow Dec 10 '25 I Automated My Boring Dev Tasks With Simple Bash Scripts (You Don't Need DevOps Experience) # bash # productivity # automation # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 18 min read Create OpenAI API key codebangkok codebangkok codebangkok Follow Dec 10 '25 Create OpenAI API key # openai # beginners # api # tutorial Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🎮 GDScript (Legacy Mode) — The Old Scripting Language Behind Early Godot Engines Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Follow Nov 29 '25 🎮 GDScript (Legacy Mode) — The Old Scripting Language Behind Early Godot Engines # beginners # gamedev # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Understanding the Asterisk () in Python Function Arguments ak0047 ak0047 ak0047 Follow Nov 6 '25 Understanding the Asterisk () in Python Function Arguments # python # beginners # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read Memory Layouts Explained in Bare Metal Systems Ripan Deuri Ripan Deuri Ripan Deuri Follow Dec 9 '25 Memory Layouts Explained in Bare Metal Systems # beginners # computerscience # architecture # tutorial Comments Add Comment 5 min read Day 1, part II : Call by value Chhavi Joshi Chhavi Joshi Chhavi Joshi Follow Nov 5 '25 Day 1, part II : Call by value # beginners # tutorial # java # coding Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building SVGs with the new Snap.svg (Basics - part 1) Orlin Vakarelov Orlin Vakarelov Orlin Vakarelov Follow Dec 9 '25 Building SVGs with the new Snap.svg (Basics - part 1) # beginners # tutorial # webdev # javascript Comments Add Comment 7 min read Effective Prompting for Generative Vision Models Sara Han Sara Han Sara Han Follow for Pruna AI Nov 10 '25 Effective Prompting for Generative Vision Models # ai # promptengineering # beginners # tutorial 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Prompts that work for beginners (small, clear, and testable) Fahim ul Haq Fahim ul Haq Fahim ul Haq Follow Nov 5 '25 Prompts that work for beginners (small, clear, and testable) # learning # beginners # ai # productivity Comments Add Comment 7 min read I Built a File-Hiding App Because I Didn't Know Any Better (And It Actually Works!) Rolan Lobo Rolan Lobo Rolan Lobo Follow Nov 6 '25 I Built a File-Hiding App Because I Didn't Know Any Better (And It Actually Works!) # beginners # python # opensource # webdev Comments Add Comment 5 min read Tipos de EC2 Instance INGRID SILVA INGRID SILVA INGRID SILVA Follow Nov 4 '25 Tipos de EC2 Instance # beginners # architecture # cloud # aws Comments Add Comment 3 min read 80. Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array II \| LeetCode \| Top Interview 150 \| Coding Questions Debesh P. Debesh P. Debesh P. Follow Dec 9 '25 80. Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array II \| LeetCode \| Top Interview 150 \| Coding Questions # leetcode # programming # productivity # beginners 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read 'JS & React "Silent Killers": Implicit Returns & Stale State' mayank sagar mayank sagar mayank sagar Follow Dec 10 '25 'JS & React "Silent Killers": Implicit Returns & Stale State' # javascript # react # webdev # beginners Comments Add Comment 4 min read 26. Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array \| LeetCode \| Top Interview 150 \| Coding Questions Debesh P. Debesh P. Debesh P. Follow Dec 9 '25 26. Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array \| LeetCode \| Top Interview 150 \| Coding Questions # leetcode # programming # productivity # beginners 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🚀 Writing cleaner, scalable JavaScript starts with small habits. Dharmendra Kumar Dharmendra Kumar Dharmendra Kumar Follow Dec 9 '25 🚀 Writing cleaner, scalable JavaScript starts with small habits. # webdev # programming # javascript # beginners 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Terraform state file and Remote backend Nandan K Nandan K Nandan K Follow Nov 28 '25 Terraform state file and Remote backend # terraform # devops # beginners # aws 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read My Project [Python + Flask Roadmap] Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Follow Dec 8 '25 My Project [Python + Flask Roadmap] # python # learning # beginners # codenewbie 7 reactions Comments 3 comments 3 min read The Magic of io.ReadCloser in Go: It's Still Getting Data! Chandrashekhar Kachawa Chandrashekhar Kachawa Chandrashekhar Kachawa Follow Nov 10 '25 The Magic of io.ReadCloser in Go: It's Still Getting Data! # go # google # beginners # backend Comments Add Comment 4 min read What Is The Difference Between Single and Double Quotes in PHP? Vijay Thapa Vijay Thapa Vijay Thapa Follow Dec 9 '25 What Is The Difference Between Single and Double Quotes in PHP? # php # webdev # beginners # programming 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read 🧠 Managed vs Unmanaged Code — Explained for Beginners eXpLorE wItH mE eXpLorE wItH mE eXpLorE wItH mE Follow Nov 5 '25 🧠 Managed vs Unmanaged Code — Explained for Beginners # csharp # basic # beginners # java Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Night Kubernetes Almost Made Me Quit DevOps Forever Arbythecoder Arbythecoder Arbythecoder Follow Dec 3 '25 The Night Kubernetes Almost Made Me Quit DevOps Forever # devops # kubernetes # beginners # webdev 26 reactions Comments 19 comments 9 min read The Science of Prompt Evaluation: From BLEU & ROUGE to Real Human Feedback Ananya S Ananya S Ananya S Follow Dec 8 '25 The Science of Prompt Evaluation: From BLEU & ROUGE to Real Human Feedback # ai # llm # promptengineering # beginners 3 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/pila/constructors-in-python-init-vs-new-2f9j#example-1-using%C2%A0-raw-init-endraw-	Constructors in Python (__init vs __new__) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Pila louis Posted on Sep 16, 2020           Constructors in Python (__init vs __new__) # python # programming # 100daysofcode Most object-oriented programming languages such as Java, C++, C#..etc have the concept of a constructor, a special method that creates and initializes the object when it is created. Python is a little different; it has a constructor and an initializer. The constructor function is rarely used unless you're doing something exotic. So, we'll start our discussion with the initialization method. The assumption in this article is that you already know the basics of classes and objects in python. The constructor function in python is called __new__ and __init__ is the initializer function. Quoting the python documentation, __new__ is used when you need to control the creation of a new instance while __init__ is used when you need to control the initialization of a new instance. __new__ is the first step of instance creation. It's called first and is responsible for returning a new instance of your class. In contrast, __init__ doesn't return anything; it's only responsible for initializing the instance after it's been created. In general, you shouldn't need to override __new__ unless you're subclassing an immutable type like str, int, Unicode, or tuple. NOTE: Never name a function of your own with leading and trailing double underscores. It may mean nothing to Python, but there's always the possibility that the designers of Python will add a function that has a special purpose with that name in the future, and when they do, your code will break. Example 1: Using __init__ class Point: def __init__(self, data): self.num = data def print_num(self): print(self.num) obj = Point(100) obj.print_num() Output: 100 Note: The self parameter is a reference to the current instance of the class and is used to access variables that belong to the class. Example 2: class Person: def __new__(cls): return object.__new__(cls) def __init__(self): self.instance_method() def instance_method(self): print('success!') personObj = Person() Notice that __init__ receives the argument self, while __new__ receives the class (cls ). Since self is a reference to the instance, this should tell you quite evidently that the instance is already created by the time __init__ gets called, since it gets passed the instance. It's also possible to call instance methods precisely because the instance has already been created. Thank you for reading. 😄 END!!! Top comments (3) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand   Tongyu Lu Tongyu Lu Tongyu Lu Follow High school student at PRISMS. Interested in CS, ML, game-dev. USACO Platinum qualified, but still getting better at projects. Codes for fun. Location Earth Education https://prismsus.org Joined Jul 30, 2020 • Mar 7 '21 • Edited on Mar 7 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You can actually use super (). method_name ( * args , ** kw ) # PEP 3135 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In this case, it can be super (). __new__ ( cls , * args , ** kw ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The cls is actually necessary for __new__ . See more about PEP 3135 → Like comment: Like comment: 4  likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   Adyasha Mohanty Adyasha Mohanty Adyasha Mohanty Follow talks in bits believe in queue DS life is abstract data type Joined Feb 25, 2024 • Feb 25 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you for making me clear in new and init Like comment: Like comment: 2  likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   Matheesha Matheesha Matheesha Follow Joined Jun 6, 2024 • Jul 6 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide So are people teaching wrong when they call __init__ the constructor? 🤔 Like comment: Like comment: 1  like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Pila louis Follow Full-stack software engineer with over 3years of industrial experience. I work well in a fast-paced environment. I am able to rise up to whatever it takes to make an impact in a new environment. Work Software Engineer at Chatdesk, Inc Joined Nov 11, 2019 Trending on DEV Community Hot How to Crack Any Software Developer Interview in 2026 (Updated for AI & Modern Hiring) # softwareengineering # programming # career # interview I Am 38, I Am a Nurse, and I Have Always Wanted to Learn Coding # career # learning # beginners # coding AI should not be in Code Editors # programming # ai # productivity # discuss 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/leena_malhotra/why-asking-for-better-outputs-misses-the-real-problem-29f9	Why Asking for Better Outputs Misses the Real Problem - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Leena Malhotra Posted on Jan 12           Why Asking for Better Outputs Misses the Real Problem # programming # ai # imagegen # nanobanana Yesterday, I spent four hours debugging why Ideogram V3 kept generating inconsistent architectural renders. The whitepaper promised "improved spatial coherence." My outputs looked like they were designed by committee. This isn't a model problem. It's a workflow problem. When Ideogram V3's Whitepaper Met Reality I was building a pipeline to generate interior design variations for an e-commerce platform. The whitepaper showed beautiful examples of architectural spaces with perfect lighting. Here's the prompt I used from their examples: "Modern minimalist living room, floor-to-ceiling windows, natural light, Scandinavian furniture, architectural photography" Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode First three generations: perfect. Fourth one: furniture floating off the ground. Fifth: window placement changed. By the tenth iteration, I had seven different room layouts. Same seed, same parameters, same model version. The issue wasn't randomness—it was me treating each generation as independent. The whitepaper examples worked because they were single, carefully-constructed prompts. I was running iterative experiments without maintaining state. The fix: class PromptContext : def __init__ ( self , base_intent ): self . base_intent = base_intent self . style_locks = {} def generate_with_memory ( self , variation ): locked = " " . join ([ f " { k } : { v } " for k , v in self . style_locks . items ()]) return f " { self . base_intent } . { locked } . { variation } " context = PromptContext ( " Modern minimalist living room " ) context . style_locks [ " windows " ] = " floor-to-ceiling on north wall " context . style_locks [ " floor " ] = " light oak hardwood " Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Cost: 40% more tokens per request. Benefit: went from 60% usable outputs to 95%. The whitepaper shows capability, not workflow. When you can test the same prompt across multiple AI models , the dissonance between documentation and reality becomes measurable rather than frustrating. SD3.5 Medium's Averaging Problem I needed product packaging concepts that felt "premium but approachable" for a beverage brand. The brief: Japanese minimalism meets 1970s American optimism. First attempt: { " prompt " : " Premium beverage packaging, minimalist, warm nostalgic colors, sophisticated " , " cfg_scale " : 7.5 , " sampler " : " DPM++ 2M Karras " } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Result: generic wellness brand aesthetics. Technically perfect. Strategically useless. I ran 50 variations testing cfg_scale from 5.0 to 12.0: cfg_scale=5.0 → Lost brand identity cfg_scale=7.5 → Safe, averaged aesthetics cfg_scale=10.0 → Interesting tensions emerged cfg_scale=12.0 → Overcooked, but committed Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The fix: Stop describing the middle ground. Describe the extremes. prompt_a = " 1970s American optimism, warm oranges, rounded typography, sunburst graphics " prompt_b = " Japanese minimalism, white space, geometric precision " # Generate separately at cfg_scale=11.0 # Then synthesize specific elements Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode SD3.5 Medium optimizes for "nothing broken" with vague targets. Give it contradictory specifics and higher CFG, and you get interesting failures to work with. Three unusable images and one brilliant image beats ten mediocre ones. Trade-off: 3x generation time. But revision time savings made it worth it. When Nano Banana PRO New Silently Changed Three-month-old content pipeline. Generated weekly newsletter summaries. Worked fine. One Monday: every output was 40% shorter and weirdly formal. Before (v1.2): 480 tokens, conversational. After (v1.3): 310 tokens, corporate. Release notes: "improved efficiency and coherence." No mention of temperature rescaling. The diff script I now run: def model_regression_test ( old_model , new_model , test_prompts ): results = [] for prompt in test_prompts : old_response = generate ( old_model , prompt , temp = 0.7 ) new_response = generate ( new_model , prompt , temp = 0.7 ) diff = { " length_delta " : len ( new_response ) - len ( old_response ), " formality_delta " : analyze_formality ( new_response ) - analyze_formality ( old_response ) } if abs ( diff [ " length_delta " ]) > 100 : print ( f " WARNING: Length shift " ) results . append ( diff ) return results Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The actual issue: they changed temperature scaling. temp=0.7 in v1.3 behaved like temp=0.4 in v1.2. My fix: pin model versions in production, regression test before upgrading. # requirements.txt nano-banana-pro==1.2.8 # Regression test before upgrade Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode "Improved" means "different." Treat model updates like database migrations. Running parallel tests across Nano Banana PRO New and legacy versions reveals what release notes hide. The Context Switching Tax My workflow last month: Draft prompt in ChatGPT Test in Jupyter notebook Check results in Notion Discuss in Slack Update Google Doc Re-run notebook Forget step 1 decisions I was generating legal disclaimer variations. Each category needed specific regulatory language. I'd test in ChatGPT, worked great. Copy to notebook, different results. Thirty minutes debugging before realizing different model versions. The system I built: class ExperimentLog : def __init__ ( self ): self . conn = sqlite3 . connect ( " experiments.db " ) self . setup_db () def log ( self , model , prompt , params , output , success , notes = "" ): self . conn . execute ( """ INSERT INTO experiments (timestamp, model, prompt, parameters, output, success) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?) """ , ( datetime . now (). isoformat (), model , prompt , json . dumps ( params ), output [: 500 ], success )) def get_successful_prompts ( self , model ): return self . conn . execute ( """ SELECT prompt, parameters FROM experiments WHERE model = ? AND success = 1 ORDER BY timestamp DESC """ , ( model ,)). fetchall () Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Now I search "legal disclaimers last week" and get exact parameters, model version, output. No re-discovering. Context switching isn't just a productivity tax—it fragments intent into micro-decisions scattered across tools. The Long Document Problem 140-page RFP. Needed specific technical requirements. Cross-references, tables, nested appendices. Tried: upload to ChatGPT, ask questions. Me: "What are data retention requirements in Section 7?" ChatGPT: "The document mentions retention in multiple sections..." Me: "No, I need specific retention periods." ChatGPT: "Based on the document, periods vary by type..." Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Summaries of summaries. Never the actual spec. The workflow: def chunk_document ( pdf_path , chunk_size = 4000 ): reader = pypdf . PdfReader ( pdf_path ) chunks = [] for i , page in enumerate ( reader . pages ): text = page . extract_text () words = text . split () for start in range ( 0 , len ( words ), chunk_size - 200 ): chunks . append ({ " page " : i + 1 , " text " : " " . join ( words [ start : start + chunk_size ]) }) return chunks def extract_requirements ( pdf_path ): chunks = chunk_document ( pdf_path ) requirements = [] for chunk in chunks : prompt = f """ Extract technical requirements from: Page { chunk [ ' page ' ] } : { chunk [ ' text ' ] } Return JSON: {{ " requirements " : [{{ " type " : " retention " , " spec " : " 7 years " , " section " : " 7.3.2 " }}]}} """ result = call_llm_api ( prompt ) requirements . extend ( result . get ( " requirements " , [])) return requirements Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Output: [ { "type" : "retention" , "spec" : "7 years for financial records" , "section" : "7.3.2" , "page" : 45 }, { "type" : "retention" , "spec" : "3 years for operational logs" , "section" : "7.3.2" , "page" : 45 } ] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Trade-off: more processing time and API costs. But went from 3 hours frustrated questioning to 20 minutes automated extraction. Research papers that took hours to read now take minutes with a Document Summarizer . What I'd Do Differently Starting over, I'd version everything. Git for prompts, not just code. Build logging first—wasted weeks re-discovering experiments. Test edge cases, not happy paths. The whitepaper examples are optimized demos. Automate diffs and treat model updates like schema migrations. This is still evolving. If you've hit similar workflow issues, drop a comment. -Leena:) Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Leena Malhotra Follow Creator and strategist blending machine learning, business, and creativity. Harvard Business School ’06. Writing about AI, productivity, and building systems for a self-directed life. Location California, United states Education Harvard Business School Joined Jun 17, 2025 More from Leena Malhotra AI Explains Code Well Until the Moment Context Actually Matters # webdev # programming # ai Using AI in Production Code Without Creating Invisible Bugs # webdev # programming # ai Ship Faster, Break Less: My Rules for Using AI Safely in Codebases # webdev # programming # ai # coding 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://packaging.python.org/	Python Packaging User Guide Contents Menu Expand Light mode Dark mode Auto light/dark, in light mode Auto light/dark, in dark mode Hide navigation sidebar Hide table of contents sidebar Skip to content Toggle site navigation sidebar Python Packaging User Guide Toggle Light / Dark / Auto color theme Toggle table of contents sidebar Python Packaging User Guide Overview of Python Packaging The Packaging Flow Tutorials Toggle navigation of Tutorials Installing Packages Managing Application Dependencies Packaging Python Projects Guides Toggle navigation of Guides Installation Toggle navigation of Installation Install packages in a virtual environment using pip and venv Installing packages using virtualenv Installing stand alone command line tools Installing pip/setuptools/wheel with Linux Package Managers Installing scientific packages Building and Publishing Toggle navigation of Building and Publishing Writing your pyproject.toml Packaging and distributing projects Dropping support for older Python versions Packaging binary extensions Packaging namespace packages Creating and packaging command-line tools Creating and discovering plugins Using TestPyPI Making a PyPI-friendly README Publishing package distribution releases using GitHub Actions CI/CD workflows How to modernize a setup.py based project? Licensing examples and user scenarios Hosting Toggle navigation of Hosting Package index mirrors and caches Hosting your own simple repository Tool recommendations Analyzing PyPI package downloads Discussions Toggle navigation of Discussions Versioning Deploying Python applications pip vs easy_install install_requires vs requirements files Distribution package vs. import package Package Formats src layout vs flat layout Is setup.py deprecated? Single-sourcing the Project Version Supporting downstream packaging PyPA specifications Toggle navigation of PyPA specifications Package Distribution Metadata Toggle navigation of Package Distribution Metadata Names and normalization Core metadata specifications Version specifiers Dependency specifiers pyproject.toml specification Dependency Groups Inline script metadata Platform compatibility tags Well-known Project URLs in Metadata glob patterns License Expression Package Installation Metadata Toggle navigation of Package Installation Metadata Recording installed projects Entry points specification Recording the Direct URL Origin of installed distributions Direct URL Data Structure Python Virtual Environments Externally Managed Environments Package Distribution File Formats Toggle navigation of Package Distribution File Formats Source distribution format Binary distribution format Package Index Interfaces Toggle navigation of Package Index Interfaces The .pypirc file Simple repository API File Yanking Index hosted attestations Project Status Markers Python Description Formats Toggle navigation of Python Description Formats build-details.json Toggle navigation of build-details.json v1.0 Reproducible Environments Toggle navigation of Reproducible Environments pylock.toml Specification PyPA schemas Project Summaries Glossary How to Get Support Contribute to this guide News Back to top View this page Edit this page Toggle Light / Dark / Auto color theme Toggle table of contents sidebar Python Packaging User Guide ¶ Welcome to the Python Packaging User Guide , a collection of tutorials and references to help you distribute and install Python packages with modern tools. This guide is maintained on GitHub by the Python Packaging Authority . We happily accept contributions and feedback . 😊 Overview and Flow ¶ Note Building your understanding of Python packaging is a journey. Patience and continuous improvement are key to success. The overview and flow sections provide a starting point for understanding the Python packaging ecosystem. The Overview of Python Packaging explains Python packaging and its use when preparing and distributing projects. This section helps you build understanding about selecting the tools and processes that are most suitable for your use case. It includes what packaging is, the problems that it solves, and key considerations. To get an overview of the workflow used to publish your code, see packaging flow . Tutorials ¶ Tutorials walk through the steps needed to complete a project for the first time. Tutorials aim to help you succeed and provide a starting point for future exploration. The Tutorials section includes: A tutorial on installing packages A tutorial on managing application dependencies in a version controlled project A tutorial on packaging and distributing your project Guides ¶ Guides provide steps to perform a specific task. Guides are more focused on users who are already familiar with Python packaging and are looking for specific information. The Guides section provides “how to” instructions in three major areas: package installation; building and distributing packages; miscellaneous topics. Explanations and Discussions ¶ The Discussions section provides in-depth explanations and discussion about topics, such as: Deploying Python applications pip vs easy_install Reference ¶ The PyPA specifications section for packaging interoperability specifications. The list of other projects maintained by members of the Python Packaging Authority. The Glossary for definitions of terms used in Python packaging. Next Overview of Python Packaging Copyright © 2013–2020, PyPA Made with Sphinx and @pradyunsg 's Furo Last updated on Jan 06, 2026 On this page Python Packaging User Guide Overview and Flow Tutorials Guides Explanations and Discussions Reference	2026-01-13T08:49:02
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Beginners Follow Hide "A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step." -Chinese Proverb Create Post submission guidelines UPDATED AUGUST 2, 2019 This tag is dedicated to beginners to programming, development, networking, or to a particular language. Everything should be geared towards that! For Questions... Consider using this tag along with #help, if... You are new to a language, or to programming in general, You want an explanation with NO prerequisite knowledge required. You want insight from more experienced developers. Please do not use this tag if you are merely new to a tool, library, or framework. See also, #explainlikeimfive For Articles... Posts should be specifically geared towards true beginners (experience level 0-2 out of 10). Posts should require NO prerequisite knowledge, except perhaps general (language-agnostic) essentials of programming. Posts should NOT merely be for beginners to a tool, library, or framework. If your article does not meet these qualifications, please select a different tag. Promotional Rules Posts should NOT primarily promote an external work. This is what Listings is for. Otherwise accepable posts MAY include a brief (1-2 sentence) plug for another resource at the bottom. Resource lists ARE acceptable if they follow these rules: Include at least 3 distinct authors/creators. Clearly indicate which resources are FREE, which require PII, and which cost money. Do not use personal affiliate links to monetize. Indicate at the top that the article contains promotional links. about #beginners If you're writing for this tag, we recommend you read this article . If you're asking a question, read this article . Older #beginners posts 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Weekly Update #16 Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Aby Noctel Follow Nov 5 '25 Weekly Update #16 # devlog # gamedev # sfml # beginners Comments Add Comment 1 min read Learning SQL: The Language Behind Your Data Sareena Rahim Sareena Rahim Sareena Rahim Follow Nov 9 '25 Learning SQL: The Language Behind Your Data # sql # database # beginners # python Comments Add Comment 3 min read How Programming Languages Are Converted into Machine Code Rashedin \| FullStack Developer Rashedin \| FullStack Developer Rashedin \| FullStack Developer Follow Dec 10 '25 How Programming Languages Are Converted into Machine Code # beginners # computerscience # programming 21 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read I Automated My Boring Dev Tasks With Simple Bash Scripts (You Don't Need DevOps Experience) NJEI NJEI NJEI Follow Dec 10 '25 I Automated My Boring Dev Tasks With Simple Bash Scripts (You Don't Need DevOps Experience) # bash # productivity # automation # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 18 min read Create OpenAI API key codebangkok codebangkok codebangkok Follow Dec 10 '25 Create OpenAI API key # openai # beginners # api # tutorial Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🎮 GDScript (Legacy Mode) — The Old Scripting Language Behind Early Godot Engines Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Follow Nov 29 '25 🎮 GDScript (Legacy Mode) — The Old Scripting Language Behind Early Godot Engines # beginners # gamedev # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Understanding the Asterisk () in Python Function Arguments ak0047 ak0047 ak0047 Follow Nov 6 '25 Understanding the Asterisk () in Python Function Arguments # python # beginners # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read Memory Layouts Explained in Bare Metal Systems Ripan Deuri Ripan Deuri Ripan Deuri Follow Dec 9 '25 Memory Layouts Explained in Bare Metal Systems # beginners # computerscience # architecture # tutorial Comments Add Comment 5 min read Day 1, part II : Call by value Chhavi Joshi Chhavi Joshi Chhavi Joshi Follow Nov 5 '25 Day 1, part II : Call by value # beginners # tutorial # java # coding Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building SVGs with the new Snap.svg (Basics - part 1) Orlin Vakarelov Orlin Vakarelov Orlin Vakarelov Follow Dec 9 '25 Building SVGs with the new Snap.svg (Basics - part 1) # beginners # tutorial # webdev # javascript Comments Add Comment 7 min read Effective Prompting for Generative Vision Models Sara Han Sara Han Sara Han Follow for Pruna AI Nov 10 '25 Effective Prompting for Generative Vision Models # ai # promptengineering # beginners # tutorial 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Prompts that work for beginners (small, clear, and testable) Fahim ul Haq Fahim ul Haq Fahim ul Haq Follow Nov 5 '25 Prompts that work for beginners (small, clear, and testable) # learning # beginners # ai # productivity Comments Add Comment 7 min read I Built a File-Hiding App Because I Didn't Know Any Better (And It Actually Works!) Rolan Lobo Rolan Lobo Rolan Lobo Follow Nov 6 '25 I Built a File-Hiding App Because I Didn't Know Any Better (And It Actually Works!) # beginners # python # opensource # webdev Comments Add Comment 5 min read Tipos de EC2 Instance INGRID SILVA INGRID SILVA INGRID SILVA Follow Nov 4 '25 Tipos de EC2 Instance # beginners # architecture # cloud # aws Comments Add Comment 3 min read 80. Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array II \| LeetCode \| Top Interview 150 \| Coding Questions Debesh P. Debesh P. Debesh P. Follow Dec 9 '25 80. Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array II \| LeetCode \| Top Interview 150 \| Coding Questions # leetcode # programming # productivity # beginners 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read 'JS & React "Silent Killers": Implicit Returns & Stale State' mayank sagar mayank sagar mayank sagar Follow Dec 10 '25 'JS & React "Silent Killers": Implicit Returns & Stale State' # javascript # react # webdev # beginners Comments Add Comment 4 min read 26. Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array \| LeetCode \| Top Interview 150 \| Coding Questions Debesh P. Debesh P. Debesh P. Follow Dec 9 '25 26. Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array \| LeetCode \| Top Interview 150 \| Coding Questions # leetcode # programming # productivity # beginners 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🚀 Writing cleaner, scalable JavaScript starts with small habits. Dharmendra Kumar Dharmendra Kumar Dharmendra Kumar Follow Dec 9 '25 🚀 Writing cleaner, scalable JavaScript starts with small habits. # webdev # programming # javascript # beginners 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Terraform state file and Remote backend Nandan K Nandan K Nandan K Follow Nov 28 '25 Terraform state file and Remote backend # terraform # devops # beginners # aws 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read My Project [Python + Flask Roadmap] Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Follow Dec 8 '25 My Project [Python + Flask Roadmap] # python # learning # beginners # codenewbie 7 reactions Comments 3 comments 3 min read The Magic of io.ReadCloser in Go: It's Still Getting Data! Chandrashekhar Kachawa Chandrashekhar Kachawa Chandrashekhar Kachawa Follow Nov 10 '25 The Magic of io.ReadCloser in Go: It's Still Getting Data! # go # google # beginners # backend Comments Add Comment 4 min read What Is The Difference Between Single and Double Quotes in PHP? Vijay Thapa Vijay Thapa Vijay Thapa Follow Dec 9 '25 What Is The Difference Between Single and Double Quotes in PHP? # php # webdev # beginners # programming 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read 🧠 Managed vs Unmanaged Code — Explained for Beginners eXpLorE wItH mE eXpLorE wItH mE eXpLorE wItH mE Follow Nov 5 '25 🧠 Managed vs Unmanaged Code — Explained for Beginners # csharp # basic # beginners # java Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Night Kubernetes Almost Made Me Quit DevOps Forever Arbythecoder Arbythecoder Arbythecoder Follow Dec 3 '25 The Night Kubernetes Almost Made Me Quit DevOps Forever # devops # kubernetes # beginners # webdev 26 reactions Comments 19 comments 9 min read The Science of Prompt Evaluation: From BLEU & ROUGE to Real Human Feedback Ananya S Ananya S Ananya S Follow Dec 8 '25 The Science of Prompt Evaluation: From BLEU & ROUGE to Real Human Feedback # ai # llm # promptengineering # beginners 3 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://www.fsf.org/free-software-supporter/	Free Software Supporter — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software Push freedom ahead! The free software community has always thwarted the toughest challenges facing freedom in technology. This winter season, we want to thank the many individuals and projects that have helped us get where we are today: a world where a growing number of users are able to do their computing in full freedom. Our work isn't over. We have so much more to do. Help us reach our stretch New Year's membership goal of 100 new associate members by January 16, 2026, and keep the FSF strong and independent. Join \| Read more   Join   Renew   Donate Skip to content , sitemap or skip to search . Personal tools Log in Help! Members forum About Campaigns Licensing Membership Resources Community ♥Donate♥ Shop Search You are here: Home &rsaquo; Free Software Supporter Info Free Software Supporter by Free Software Foundation Contributions — Published on Dec 06, 2011 05:28 PM We send out a monthly email newsletter covering stories of interest to the free software community, as well as occasional action alerts when urgent issues arise. Use this link to subscribe to the Supporter. The Free Software Supporter will keep you up to date each month on news from the free software movement. The Free Software Supporter is published in English, Spanish, Brazilian Portuguese, and French. If you would like to receive the Free Software Supporter in Spanish, Brazilian Portuguese, or French, please specify your language preference in your user profile . If you have suggestions for news items that should be included, please send them to us at campaigns@fsf.org . Back issues 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 Document Actions Share on social networks Syndicate: News Events Blogs Jobs GNU 1PC9aZC4hNX2rmmrt7uHTfYAS3hRbph4UN Sign up Enter your email address to receive our monthly newsletter, the Free Software Supporter News Eko K. A. Owen joins the FSF board as the union staff pick Dec 29, 2025 Free Software Foundation receives historic private donations Dec 24, 2025 Free Software Awards winners announced: Andy Wingo, Alx Sa, Govdirectory Dec 09, 2025 More news… Recent blogs Turning freedom values into freedom practice with the FSF tech team December GNU Spotlight with Amin Bandali featuring sixteen new GNU releases: GnuPG, a2ps, and more! Celebrate the new year: join the free software community! A message from FSF president Ian Kelling Recent blogs - More… Upcoming Events Free Software Directory meeting on IRC: Friday, January 16, starting at 12:00 EST (17:00 UTC) Jan 16, 2026 12:00 PM - 03:00 PM — #fsf on libera.chat Previous events… Upcoming events…   The FSF is a charity with a worldwide mission to advance software freedom — learn about our history and work. Copyright © 2004-2026 Free Software Foundation , Inc. Privacy Policy . This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works 3.0 license (or later version) — Why this license? Skip sitemap or skip to licensing items About Staff and Board Contact Us Press Information Jobs Volunteering and Internships History Privacy Policy JavaScript Licenses Hardware Database Free Software Directory Free Software Resources Copyright Infringement Notification Skip to general items Campaigns Freedom Ladder Fight to Repair Free JavaScript High Priority Free Software Projects Secure Boot vs Restricted Boot Surveillance Upgrade from Windows Working Together for Free Software GNU Operating System Defective by Design End Software Patents OpenDocument Free BIOS Connect with free software users Skip to philosophical items Licensing Education Licenses GNU GPL GNU AGPL GNU LGPL GNU FDL Licensing FAQ Compliance How to use GNU licenses for your own software Latest News Upcoming Events FSF Blogs Skip list Donate to the FSF Join the FSF Patrons Associate Members My Account Working Together for Free Software Fund Philosophy The Free Software Definition Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism Free Software and Free Manuals Selling Free Software Motives for Writing Free Software The Right To Read Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software Complete Sitemap fsf.org is powered by: Plone Zope Python CiviCRM HTML5 Arabic Belarussian Bulgarian Catalan Chinese Cornish Czech Danish English French German Greek Hebrew Hindi Italian Japanese Korean Norwegian Polish Portuguese Portuguese (Brazil) Romanian Russian Slovak Spanish Swedish Turkish Urdu Welsh   Send your feedback on our translations and new translations of pages to campaigns@fsf.org .	2026-01-13T08:49:02
https://dev.to/abytebybyte/weekly-update-16-2fnc#comments	Weekly Update #16 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Aby Noctel Posted on Nov 5, 2025 Weekly Update #16 # beginners # sfml # devlog # gamedev Hello to the people reading this week's update I would summarize this week's progress as it's late yet I wanted to post this one before bed added collision with bottom of the screen with origin of the sprite being at the center added Tile and TileMap classes added the ability to add tiles and remove tiles, made them into a vector of vectors implemented the tiles thingies inside the game class so I could see and test the results That's all for this week I hope I can get more work done as I am starting to feel worse than before but surely it's nothing serious and will pass by Stay safe and I'll see you all again next week! Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Aby Noctel Follow Just a normal guy trying to document his journey as a game dev Pronouns He/Him/His Joined Jul 14, 2025 More from Aby Noctel Weekly update #22 # beginners # godot # devlog # gamedev Weekly update #21 # gamedev # beginners # godot Weekly update #20 # devlog # gamedev # godot 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account	2026-01-13T08:49:02
https://dev.to/neisha1618	Neisha Rose - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Neisha Rose Returning to software engineering after a few years away. Currently rebuilding my skills in web development, WordPress, and JavaScript. Writing to stay accountable, share what I learn, and connect Location New Orleans, La Joined Joined on Mar 4, 2020 github website Work IT Technician Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. Got it Close Four Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least four years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Three Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least three years. Got it Close Two Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least two years. Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close 4 Week Writing Streak You've posted at least one post per week for 4 consecutive weeks! Got it Close More info about @neisha1618 Currently learning AWS, C# Post 14 posts published Comment 3 comments written Tag 1 tag followed An Introduction to GraphQL Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Follow Jul 26 '20 An Introduction to GraphQL # webdev # graphql # beginners # codenewbie 108 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read Want to connect with Neisha Rose? Create an account to connect with Neisha Rose. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in React and server side rendering with Next.js Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Follow Jul 20 '20 React and server side rendering with Next.js # react # webdev # javascript # codenewbie 22 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Getting started with our PostgreSQL database Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Follow Jul 13 '20 Getting started with our PostgreSQL database # node # database # sql # webdev 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Introduction to Socket.Io Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Follow Jul 6 '20 Introduction to Socket.Io # webdev # beginners # node 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Navigating single page applications with React Router. Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Follow Jun 29 '20 Navigating single page applications with React Router. # react # javascript # webdev # codenewbie 12 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read In Sync with Asynchronous Request Methods: Axios Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Follow Jun 1 '20 In Sync with Asynchronous Request Methods: Axios # webdev # codenewbie # beginners 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Express Routing Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Follow May 25 '20 Express Routing # webdev # javascript # beginners # express 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read React LifeCycle Methods Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Follow May 17 '20 React LifeCycle Methods # react # javascript # beginners 32 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Client/Server Architecture Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Follow May 11 '20 Client/Server Architecture # computerscience # javascript # webdev # beginners 21 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Inheritance: Prototypal vs Pseudoclassical Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Follow May 4 '20 Inheritance: Prototypal vs Pseudoclassical # javascript 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Callbacks vs Promises Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Follow Apr 5 '20 Callbacks vs Promises # javascript # callbacks # promises 72 reactions Comments 3 comments 3 min read React: Passing Data between Components Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Follow Mar 30 '20 React: Passing Data between Components # react # javascript 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Algorithms Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Follow Mar 23 '20 Algorithms # javascript # algorithms # beginners 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Graphs Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Neisha Rose Follow Mar 16 '20 Graphs # javascript 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/t/beginners/page/78	Beginners Page 78 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Beginners Follow Hide "A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step." -Chinese Proverb Create Post submission guidelines UPDATED AUGUST 2, 2019 This tag is dedicated to beginners to programming, development, networking, or to a particular language. Everything should be geared towards that! For Questions... Consider using this tag along with #help, if... You are new to a language, or to programming in general, You want an explanation with NO prerequisite knowledge required. You want insight from more experienced developers. Please do not use this tag if you are merely new to a tool, library, or framework. See also, #explainlikeimfive For Articles... Posts should be specifically geared towards true beginners (experience level 0-2 out of 10). Posts should require NO prerequisite knowledge, except perhaps general (language-agnostic) essentials of programming. Posts should NOT merely be for beginners to a tool, library, or framework. If your article does not meet these qualifications, please select a different tag. Promotional Rules Posts should NOT primarily promote an external work. This is what Listings is for. Otherwise accepable posts MAY include a brief (1-2 sentence) plug for another resource at the bottom. Resource lists ARE acceptable if they follow these rules: Include at least 3 distinct authors/creators. Clearly indicate which resources are FREE, which require PII, and which cost money. Do not use personal affiliate links to monetize. Indicate at the top that the article contains promotional links. about #beginners If you're writing for this tag, we recommend you read this article . If you're asking a question, read this article . Older #beginners posts 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu How to Install WireGuard on Ubuntu 24.04 and Create Your Own VPN LetsCloud Team LetsCloud Team LetsCloud Team Follow for LetsCloud Inc Nov 3 '25 How to Install WireGuard on Ubuntu 24.04 and Create Your Own VPN # webdev # vpn # productivity # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read Tryyyy out Firechat!! Saurabh Kumar Saurabh Kumar Saurabh Kumar Follow Dec 7 '25 Tryyyy out Firechat!! # webdev # programming # beginners # productivity 1 reaction Comments 4 comments 3 min read Serverless overview from a Solution Architect Perspective Aisalkyn Aidarova Aisalkyn Aidarova Aisalkyn Aidarova Follow Nov 3 '25 Serverless overview from a Solution Architect Perspective # serverless # architecture # beginners # aws 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 22 min read Ubuntu 24.04 Cheat-Sheet for MC-Server Support (Everything I Use) Danielius Navickas Danielius Navickas Danielius Navickas Follow Dec 7 '25 Ubuntu 24.04 Cheat-Sheet for MC-Server Support (Everything I Use) # linux # ubuntu # beginners # tooling Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Save and Exit Vim? The Ultimate Guide for Beginners 高雅的松灯高雅的松灯高雅的松灯 Follow Dec 7 '25 How to Save and Exit Vim? The Ultimate Guide for Beginners # vim # linux # beginners # productivity 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Wait—Your Voice Is Just 0s and 1s?! Hammad Khalid Hammad Khalid Hammad Khalid Follow Nov 3 '25 Wait—Your Voice Is Just 0s and 1s?! # audio # beginners # dsp # fun 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Problem 4: Flatten a Nested List Vicente G. Reyes Vicente G. Reyes Vicente G. Reyes Follow Dec 8 '25 Problem 4: Flatten a Nested List # python # beginners # learning 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Illusion of isolation in Docker Ayush Kumar Anand Ayush Kumar Anand Ayush Kumar Anand Follow Dec 7 '25 Illusion of isolation in Docker # docker # devops # linux # beginners 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read A Developer’s Guide to Domain Types: What They Mean and How to Choose the Right One Badass_Technologia Badass_Technologia Badass_Technologia Follow Dec 8 '25 A Developer’s Guide to Domain Types: What They Mean and How to Choose the Right One # discuss # webdev # beginners # tutorial 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Today I learn HTML & CSS fundamentals Rostyslav Harasymiak Rostyslav Harasymiak Rostyslav Harasymiak Follow Dec 7 '25 Today I learn HTML & CSS fundamentals # html # beginners # learning # css 7 reactions Comments 3 comments 4 min read Cloud Security: Concepts, Best Practices, Challenges, and the Role of AI Ogunkola Adeola Ogunkola Adeola Ogunkola Adeola Follow Nov 4 '25 Cloud Security: Concepts, Best Practices, Challenges, and the Role of AI # beginners # cloud # security # community Comments Add Comment 5 min read From Non-CS to Full-Stack AI Engineer: My Learning in Public Roadmap Arham Ghori Arham Ghori Arham Ghori Follow Nov 25 '25 From Non-CS to Full-Stack AI Engineer: My Learning in Public Roadmap # learninpublic # learning # beginners # career 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Refactoring If-Else Hell into a Strategy Pattern in PHP ⚙️ CodeCraft Diary CodeCraft Diary CodeCraft Diary Follow Nov 25 '25 Refactoring If-Else Hell into a Strategy Pattern in PHP ⚙️ # php # programming # beginners # webdev Comments Add Comment 3 min read My Project 6: Swiss Living Cost Calculator PRO(with Python + Streamlit) Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Follow Dec 6 '25 My Project 6: Swiss Living Cost Calculator PRO(with Python + Streamlit) # python # learning # codenewbie # beginners 6 reactions Comments 3 comments 4 min read Python Basic kk1123 kk1123 kk1123 Follow Nov 3 '25 Python Basic # beginners # python # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Uniface 101: Understanding the `boolean` Data Type 💡 Peter + AI Peter + AI Peter + AI Follow Nov 2 '25 Uniface 101: Understanding the `boolean` Data Type 💡 # beginners # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read I built a clean React login & signup UI with light/dark mode (free code + full kit) Varaprasad1111 Varaprasad1111 Varaprasad1111 Follow Dec 7 '25 I built a clean React login & signup UI with light/dark mode (free code + full kit) # react # javascript # beginners # webdev Comments Add Comment 1 min read How Small Problems in My App Led Me to Discover APIs Sareena Rahim Sareena Rahim Sareena Rahim Follow Nov 2 '25 How Small Problems in My App Led Me to Discover APIs # api # fastapi # python # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read 2025 so farrrrrr.............. Hasnain Makada Hasnain Makada Hasnain Makada Follow Nov 3 '25 2025 so farrrrrr.............. # discuss # personaljourney # career # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read Learning to Learn: The Real Skill of a Developer Yunus Emre Altanay Yunus Emre Altanay Yunus Emre Altanay Follow Nov 2 '25 Learning to Learn: The Real Skill of a Developer # programming # ai # productivity # beginners Comments Add Comment 5 min read Demystifying Uniface 10.4's $ude("lookup") Function ✨ Peter + AI Peter + AI Peter + AI Follow Nov 2 '25 Demystifying Uniface 10.4's $ude("lookup") Function ✨ # code # programming # beginners # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Scaffolding, Frameworks, and Build Tools: A Simple Guide to What They Are Auren Auren Auren Follow Nov 4 '25 Scaffolding, Frameworks, and Build Tools: A Simple Guide to What They Are # tooling # javascript # frontend # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Stop Confusing sites-available and sites-enabled (Nginx Guide) Rijul Rajesh Rijul Rajesh Rijul Rajesh Follow Dec 6 '25 Stop Confusing sites-available and sites-enabled (Nginx Guide) # nginx # beginners 11 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🎛️ Meet polyfront slider — The Enterprise-Grade Web Component Slider for Any Framework ✨ Nirmal Samaranayaka Nirmal Samaranayaka Nirmal Samaranayaka Follow Nov 1 '25 🎛️ Meet polyfront slider — The Enterprise-Grade Web Component Slider for Any Framework ✨ # webdev # react # javascript # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read Understanding Linux File System: ls -ltr Decoded and Directory Structure Explained NJEI NJEI NJEI Follow Dec 6 '25 Understanding Linux File System: ls -ltr Decoded and Directory Structure Explained # linux # beginners # tutorial # devops 3 reactions Comments 2 comments 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://www.fsf.org/iphone	Apple's iOS takes a bite out of your freedom — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software Push freedom ahead! The free software community has always thwarted the toughest challenges facing freedom in technology. This winter season, we want to thank the many individuals and projects that have helped us get where we are today: a world where a growing number of users are able to do their computing in full freedom. Our work isn't over. We have so much more to do. Help us reach our stretch New Year's membership goal of 100 new associate members by January 16, 2026, and keep the FSF strong and independent. Join \| Read more   Join   Renew   Donate Skip to content , sitemap or skip to search . Personal tools Log in Help! Members forum About Campaigns Licensing Membership Resources Community ♥Donate♥ Shop Search You are here: Home &rsaquo; Campaigns &rsaquo; Apple's iOS takes a bite out of your freedom Info Apple's iOS takes a bite out of your freedom by Zak Rogoff Contributions — Published on Dec 14, 2012 02:16 PM Thinking about buying an Apple product? Think again. Here are five good reasons to boycott Apple's iOS. Read on, and learn how you can take action. Apple, not you, controls what you can install on mobile devices Apple corporate headquarters keeps a tight lock on the apps available for its mobile operating system (iOS), which is used on the iPhone, iPad, and Apple Watch. Software developers even have to pay a tax to Apple to publish their work in the App Store. With the vice-like grip they have on Macs now thanks to Apple Silicon, new Mac computers now forbid you from installing free software applications or operating systems, due to improper use of code signing. Apple also prevents you from changing the operating system on the devices, so there's no way to escape the restrictions. If you try to change the software on your device, Apple's lawyers claim you are a criminal under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). They've done this as recently as December 2019 , when they used the DMCA to remove a post to Twitter that revealed an iPhone encryption key. Apple is a patent bully Apple continually amasses patents, simply so that it can threaten other developers with lawsuits if they create something vaguely similar to an Apple program, even by accident. Sometimes the company even uses its massive patent arsenal to threaten developers of programs that interact with its products. Apple's aggression chills innovation in the world of software (especially free software ), because developers are scared of getting on Apple's bad side. Apple uses DRM to prevent sharing and remixing media All Apple products accept and welcome DRM (Digital Restrictions Management) that takes control of your music, movies and games away from you. Even though it's possible to download DRM-free music on an Apple device, its streaming music and movies have DRM. Apple's App Store only allows restrictively licensed software As part of its micromanaging of the apps available for iOS, Apple censors all free software. Additionally, Apple Music, which comes with their desktop and mobile devices, refuses to play media in free formats like Ogg Vorbis and Ogg Theora. Apple keeps users' personal data in a sketchy corporate database Apple operates a network of services for managing contacts, calendars and correspondence across all its devices. This amounts to a huge vacuum sucking up users' personal information and storing it in a centralized server farms that are vulnerable to attacks. And since the software running on people's Apple devices is proprietary, no one except Apple can audit it and know exactly what it is sending to the mothership. If you're using an iPhone, the situation is particularly bad: the devices exposes your whereabouts and provides ways for others to track you without your knowledge. Take action! You can help by writing to Apple CEO Tim Cook (tcook@apple.com) and letting him know that you won't buy Apple devices because of their proprietary software and DRM. Please CC us on the email at campaigns@fsf.org. If you need help on drafting one, check out an example email from the FSF's anti-DRM campaign, Defective by Design . Learn More Antitrust Day: Tech monopolies shouldn't be allowed to control app stores (2022) Pumpkins, markets, and one bad Apple (2022) A wake up call for iPhone users, it's time to go. (2021) The problems with Apple aren't just outages, they are injustices (2020) Why you should avoid the new iPhone (2017) Give Apple the iOS Challenge! Apple is a prominent user of DRM Watch Your Freedom (Because Apple's Not) (2015) FSF statement on iPhone, Apple Pay, and Apple Watch (2014) Apple hoards software patents, stamping out innovation (2013) FSF statement on new iPhone models from Apple (2013) Apple's ebook sales restrictions: the newest reason to use free software (2012) Pot, meet kettle: a response to Steve Jobs' letter on Flash (2012) Apple v. Samsung: A patent battle with freedom as the collateral damage (2012) Apple's iOS: smaller package, bigger restrictions (2011) VLC developer takes a stand against DRM enforcement in Apple's App Store (2010) GPL Enforcement in Apple's App Store (2010) iPad is iBad for freedom (2010) Apple says you can't have freedom because you might be clumsy, evil, and a drug dealer (from 2009) Why free software and Apple's iOS and iPhone don't mix (from 2008) Document Actions Share on social networks Syndicate: News Events Blogs Jobs GNU 1PC9aZC4hNX2rmmrt7uHTfYAS3hRbph4UN Help the FSF stay strong Ring in the new year by supporting software freedom and helping us reach our goal of 100 new associate members ! 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A message from FSF president Ian Kelling Recent blogs - More… Upcoming Events Free Software Directory meeting on IRC: Friday, January 16, starting at 12:00 EST (17:00 UTC) Jan 16, 2026 12:00 PM - 03:00 PM — #fsf on libera.chat Previous events… Upcoming events…   The FSF is a charity with a worldwide mission to advance software freedom — learn about our history and work. Copyright © 2004-2026 Free Software Foundation , Inc. Privacy Policy . This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-No Derivative Works 3.0 license (or later version) — Why this license? 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https://www.flowdas.com/pages/python-docs-ko.html	파이썬 한국어 번역 — flowdas You are using an outdated browser. Please upgrade your browser or activate Google Chrome Frame to improve your experience. flowdas Home 파이썬 한국어 번역 Think Python about 파이썬 한국어 번역 https://docs.python.org 사이트의 한국어 번역이 진행중입니다. 다음은 관련 링크들입니다. https://python.flowdas.com/ - 번역의 주석판이 출판되는 장소입니다. 예제 코드에 포함된 주석과 독스트링의 번역이 포함되고 역자주도 제공됩니다. 교정이 마무리되지 않은 원고도 출판되기 때문에 가장 먼저 번역이 올라갑니다. https://github.com/flowdas/python-docs-ko - 번역 작업에 필요한 도구의 소스 코드와 도움말이 제공되는 공식 git 저장소 입니다. https://docs.python.org/ko/3/ - 번역이 최종 출판되는 장소입니다. 언어 선택기에서 한국어를 선택할 때 나오는 장소이기도 합니다. 예제 코드의 번역과 역자주는 포함되지 않습니다. https://www.facebook.com/groups/pythondocsko/ - 번역팀이 의견을 나누는 페이스북 그룹입니다. 페이스북을 쓰지 않는 분들은 메일로 연락하셔도 됩니다. https://github.com/python/python-docs-ko - 번역 결과가 저장되는 공식 git 저장소 입니다. 실제 번역물은 버전 브랜치에 있습니다. https://github.com/python/python-docs-ko/issues - 번역상의 오류를 발견했을 때 등록하는 곳입니다. 앞으로 작업할 일감이 들어있는 곳이기도 합니다. 파이썬 자습서 와 파이썬 언어 레퍼런스 는 완료되었고, 나머지는 순서 없이 작업 중입니다. 번역에 기여하기 이 프로젝트에 기여하는 가장 간단한 방법은 번역된 문서를 읽고 잘못된 부분을 찾아주시는 겁니다. 일단 사이트에 올린 후에는 다시 돌아보며 교정할 수 있는 인력을 갖고 있지 않습니다. 오탈자를 찾는 것부터 어색한 표현, 비문, 오역들을 찾아주시면 큰 도움이 됩니다. 사소한 것들은 이슈로 등록하지 않고 페이스북 그룹으로 알려주셔도 됩니다. 직접 번역으로 기여하고 싶으신 분들은 https://github.com/python/python-docs-ko 저장소를 fork 해서 po 파일을 수정한 후 PR 을 보내시면 됩니다. 일감은 https://github.com/python/python-docs-ko/issues 에서 고르시면됩니다. 모든 po 파일을 개별 이슈로 등록해 두었습니다. 이슈의 순서는 중요하지 않습니다 (대략 파일명의 역순입니다). 서로 일이 겹치지 않도록, 시작하실 때 이슈에 코멘트를 남겨주시면 좋습니다. 아주 오래된 코멘트는 무시하시고 작업하셔도 됩니다. 찾으시는 파일이 없다면 페이스북 그룹으로 문의하시고, 새 번역 이슈를 만들지는 말아주세요. 물론 버그 이슈를 등록하는 것은 언제나 환영입니다. 이 때 다음과 같은 사항을 유의하셔야 합니다. 최신 버전의 브랜치에서 작업하세요. master 브랜치는 번역물이 들어가는 곳이 아닙니다. po 파일의 일부만 번역하지 마시고 파일 전체를 번역한 후에 PR 주세요. 일부 파일들은 꽤 큽니다. 마무리할 수 있을지 미리 확인해 보시고 시작해주세요. 부분 번역을 미리 리뷰받고 싶으시면 PR 하지 마시고 페이스북 그룹으로 포스트해주세요. 교정이 끝난 최종본을 PR 해 주세요. 띄어쓰기, 철자 검사는 필수입니다. 교정에 필요한 프리뷰 빌드 도구가 https://github.com/flowdas/python-docs-ko 에서 제공됩니다. 빌드할 때 없던 경고가 생기지 않도록 확인 바랍니다. 어떤 경우에도 msgid 는 변경하지 마시고, msgstr 부분만 변경해주세요. 마크업 ( :ref:`...` , term , `... <...>`_ , ...) 뒤에 조사가 공백없이 연결되면 마크업으로 인식되지 않습니다. 띄어쓰기 없이 마크업을 분리하려면 \\ 를 삽입해주세요. :ref:... 는 번역하지 말고 그냥 두세요. 만약 :ref:`mutable <typesseq-mutable>` 처럼 참조가 <> 로 처리되어있다면 나머지 부분은 번역하세요. :ref:`가변 <typesseq-mutable>` :term:... 은 용어집 를 참조하여 번역어와 원문을 병기해야 합니다. 가령 :term:`asynchronous iterator` 는 :term:`비동기 이터레이터 <asynchronous iterator>` 로 번역해야합니다. :dfn:... 역시 번역어와 원문을 병기합니다. 예를 들어, :dfn:`comprehension` 은 :dfn:`컴프리헨션 (comprehension)` 로 번역합니다. 파이썬 자습서 는 "...입니다" 스타일인 반면, 파이썬 언어 레퍼런스 는 "...다" 스타일입니다. 파이썬 언어 레퍼런스 이외의 모든 문서는 파이썬 자습서 스타일을 유지해주세요. 가능하면 긴 msgstr 은 여러줄 로 나눠주세요. 그래야 웹에서 리뷰할 때 편합니다. 줄 나누기 할 때 필요한 공백이 빠지지 않도록 조심하시고요. 드물긴 하지만 때로 원문에 오류가 있을 수도 있습니다. 특히 실제로 동작하지 않는 무의미한 마크업이 존재하기도 합니다. 이 경우 마크업을 제거하지 마시고 그대로 유지해주세요. 원문과 번역의 마크업이 일치하지 않으면 빌더가 불평합니다. 꼭 마음의 평화를 얻으셔야한다면 원문의 오류를 등록하시기 바랍니다 ( 버그 다루기 ). 번역을 완료했지만 빌드해보면 일부 번역이 이루어지지 않은 상태로 표시되는 경우가 있습니다. 보통 두가지 경우입니다. 하나는 번역이 fuzzy 로 마킹되어 있는 경우이고, 다른 하나는 po 파일이 최신 버전이 아닌 경우입니다. fuzzy 로 마킹하는 것은 번역이 불완전해서 검토가 필요하다는 뜻입니다. 때문에 빌드되지 않습니다. po 파일이 최신 버전이 아닌 것은 제가 최신 버전의 변경 사항들을 아직 po 파일에 merge 하지 않았기 때문입니다. po 파일을 merge 할 때마다 기존과 다른 부분들이 fuzzy 로 마킹되기도 합니다. 이런 일이 일어나면 제가 새 이슈를 등록합니다. po 파일 끝에 #~ 로 시작하는 주석들이 있을 수 있습니다. 비정기적으로 원문의 변경 사항을 반영해서 po 파일을 갱신하는데, 이 때 원문에서 사라진 것으로 판단되는 msgid 가 있으면, 이런식으로 남겨둡니다. 이미 번역했던 파일이면 예전의 번역을 남겨두는 목적입니다. 변경된 부분을 찾아서 수정할 때 쓰라는 것이지요. 새로 번역하는 파일에 이런 부분이 있으면 삭제해도 무방합니다. 참고로, 저는 띄어쓰기와 철자 검사에 http://speller.cs.pusan.ac.kr/ 를 사용하고 있습니다. 이 자리를 빌려 감사드립니다. 큰 도움이 되고 있습니다. 용어집 용어는 이미 번역된 파일들을 참고해서 일관성을 유지해 주시기 바랍니다. 완전하지는 않지만 자주 등장하는 것들을 적어보았습니다. 용어집 에 등장하지 않는 용어들에 대한 번역어들입니다. 로마자 표기법으로 소리나는대로 적는 경우도 포함시켰습니다. 기여자들간의 협의에 의해 변경될 수 있습니다. 변경 전까지는 가능하면 일관성을 유지해주세요. 그래야 한꺼번에 바꾸기도 쉽습니다.: access : 액세스 algorithm : 알고리즘 alias : 에일리어스 angle brackets : 화살괄호 apostrophe : 작은따옴표 application : 응용 프로그램 architecture : 아키텍처 assign : 대입 associative array : 연관 배열 asterisk : 애스터리스크 backslash : 역 슬래시 body : 바디 buffer : 버퍼 buffered : 버퍼드 built - in : 내장 byte - oriented datastream : 바이트지향 데이터스트림 bytes : 바이트열 bytes - like : 바이트열류 cache : 캐시 callable : 콜러블 callback : 콜백 caller : 호출자 calling convention : 호출 규약 canonical : 규범적 case : 케이스 chaining : 연쇄 clause : 절 clean - up : 뒷정리 code : 코드 code block : 코드 블록 codec : 코덱 collation : 콜레이션 collection : 컬렉션 command : 명령 computationally - intensive : 계산집약적 concrete class : 구상 클래스 construct : 구조물 constructor : 생성자 container : 컨테이너 control flow : 제어 흐름 cyclic garbage collector : 순환 가비지 수거기 curly braces : 중괄호 custom : 커스텀 data structure : 자료 구조 decimal : 십진 소수 # decimal 모듈과 관련될 때 dedent : 내어쓰기 deep copy : 깊은 사본 default : 기본 delimiter : 구분자 derived class : 파생 클래스 deserializing : 역 직렬화 destructor : 파괴자 digit : 디지트 # numeric character 와 구분할 때 directory : 디렉터리 dispatch : 디스패치 documentation : 설명서 dotted expression : 점표현식 enclosing : 둘러싼 encoding : 인코딩 environment variable : 환경 변수 error : 에러 escape : 이스케이프 evaluate : 값을 구하다 exception : 예외 exhaust : 소진하다 explicit : 명시적 export : 익스포트 expose : 드러내다 factory : 팩토리 floating point number : 실수 format specifier : 포맷 지정자 formatted string literal : 포맷 문자열 리터럴 frozenset : 불변 집합 fully qualified name : 완전히 정규화된 이름 glossary : 용어집 hashability : 해시 가능성 heterogeneous : 이질적 homogeneous : 등질적 identifier : 식별자 idiom : 이디엄 imaginary unit : 허수 단위 implicit : 묵시적 indent : 들여쓰기 index : 인덱스 inheritance : 상속 inline : 인라인 instance : 인스턴스 instruction : 명령어 interface : 인터페이스 interactive : 대화형 interpreter : 인터프리터 interrupt : 인터럽트 introspection : 인트로스펙션 iteration : 이터레이션 keyword argument : 키워드 인자 lexicographical : 사전식 linked list : 연결 리스트 literal : 리터럴 local : 지역 locale : 로케일 locale specific convention : 로케일 특정 방식 locking : 로킹 logging : 로깅 lookup : 조회 loop : 루프 machine code : 기계어 magic method : 매직 메서드 mechanism : 메커니즘 machinery : 절차 mode : 모드 module : 모듈 multi - processor : 다중 프로세서 multi - threaded : 다중스레드화 operating system : 운영 체제 operation : 연산 operator : 연산자 optional : 선택적 , 생략 가능한 parallelism : 병렬성 parentheses : 괄호 parse tree : 파스 트리 parser : 파서 phase : 시기 positional argument : 위치 인자 procedure : 프로시저 prompt : 프롬프트 property : 프로퍼티 queue : 큐 quotation mark : 따옴표 raw string : 날 문자열 redirection : 리디렉션 reference counting : 참조 횟수 추적 reference cycle : 참조 순환 resume : 재개 reverse iteration : 역 이터레이션 section : 섹션 serializing : 직렬화 set : 집합 shallow copy : 얕은 사본 shell : 셸 shift : 시프트 short - circuit : 단락 - 회로 side effect : 부작용 signature : 시그니처 socket : 소켓 source : 소스 square brackets : 대괄호 stack : 스택 step : 스텝 stream : 스트림 string : 문자열 subroutine : 서브루틴 subscript notation : 서브 스크립트 표기법 superclass : 슈퍼 클래스 suspend : 일시 중지 symlink : 심볼릭 링크 syntactic sugar : 편의 문법 syntax error : 문법 에러 third party : 제삼자 thread : 스레드 token : 토큰 truth value : 논리값 tutorial : 자습서 underlying resource : 하부 자원 virtual subclass : 가상 서브 클래스 wildcard : 와일드카드 Windows : 윈도우 Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus. 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https://www.python.org/success-stories/using-python-to-build-a-solution-for-instant-tokenized-real-estate-redemptions/	Using Python to build a solution for instant tokenized real estate redemptions \| Our Success Stories \| Python.org Notice: While JavaScript is not essential for this website, your interaction with the content will be limited. Please turn JavaScript on for the full experience. Skip to content ▼ Close Python PSF Docs PyPI Jobs Community ▲ The Python Network Donate &equiv; Menu Search This Site GO A A Smaller Larger Reset Socialize LinkedIn Mastodon Chat on IRC Twitter About Applications Quotes Getting Started Help Python Brochure Downloads All releases Source code Windows macOS Android Other Platforms License Alternative Implementations Documentation Docs Audio/Visual Talks Beginner's Guide FAQ Non-English Docs PEP Index Python Books Python Essays Community Diversity Mailing Lists IRC Forums PSF Annual Impact Report Python Conferences Special Interest Groups Python Logo Python Wiki Code of Conduct Community Awards Get Involved Shared Stories Success Stories Arts Business Education Engineering Government Scientific Software Development News Python News PSF Newsletter PSF News PyCon US News News from the Community Events Python Events User Group Events Python Events Archive User Group Events Archive Submit an Event Using Python to build a solution for instant tokenized real estate redemptions Written by Brian Whippo, Head of Developer Relations, Algorand Foundation , Algorand Lofty is a startup enabling users to turn the equity of real estate properties into digital tokens, which are then available for peer-to-peer trading on a secondary marketplace. In practice, it enables real estate to be traded similarly to more liquid assets like stocks. To date, more than 180 properties have been tokenized on the platform, generating $3M+ in rental income for users. To achieve its vision for a future where real estate is more easily tradeable and investable, Lofty utilizes Algorand – a Layer-1 blockchain with native Python programmability. While the core of the platform’s smart contracts were developed in an older Algorand programming language (TEAL), the team has shifted to developing new features in Python, including a smart contract released this year that enables users to instantly redeem tokens for the value of a sold property share. Smart contracts are self-contained programs that validate transactions according to predefined rules and parameters. They are a commonly utilized tool on decentralized blockchain networks such as Algorand and Ethereum. For Lofty, smart contracts are used for all transactions, including limit orders and market orders. The former enables peer-to-peer swaps routed by Lofty, so while users experience a seamless trading experience, their funds are settled directly between buyers and sellers, never touching Lofty’s accounts. The latter enables liquidity pools to act as a counterparty to buyers and sellers, enabling instant liquid transactions from real estate. The liquidity pools themselves are also smart contract-based escrow accounts. It took the Lofty engineering team only one week to build the smart contracts for the new token redemption feature. Python programmability on Algorand makes the entire development lifecycle easier and means more affordable and efficient maintenance and upgrades going forward. Specific benefits of Algorand Python ( algopy ) versus other blockchain-specific languages include: Natural Python syntax using standard Python class structures, making code more readable and maintainable Strong typing system with proper classes and inheritance, just as one would use in regular Python Intuitive method decorators like @abimethod and @subroutine that clearly define the contract’s external method entry points vs. internal methods Simplified on-chain transaction handling with helper classes like AssetTransfer Abstraction of Algorand-specific data concepts through Python classes like Asset and Account Familiar object-oriented programming patterns, making contracts more accessible to Python developers without specialized smart contract expertise Ability to use testing, linting, formatting, and other familiar Python libraries with smart contract code In the following example, a smart contract is written in Python to facilitate token swaps. The Swap contract allows users to exchange one token for another at a fixed 1:2 ratio. The contract maintains separate incoming and outgoing asset pools, provides administrative functions for the governor, and includes safety checks to ensure sufficient liquidity before processing swaps. Code: By building its new smart contracts in Python, and tapping into Algorand’s broader suite of developer tools like AlgoKit , Lofty is able to easily and affordably maintain its code as the company scales and introduces new features. Lofty’s tokenized real estate marketplace could not exist without blockchain. By building on the decentralized, open-source, and efficient Algorand network, Lofty users benefit from instant transaction finality , a 5+ year history of 100% network uptime , and global scalability (able to settle 10,000 transactions per second ) – all at the cost of just fractions of a penny each. In addition, Algorand offers native features like atomic transactions and multisig capabilities , which are central to Lofty’s platform. Atomic transactions enable trustless transactions between users, giving them the experience and feel of a centralized exchange while ensuring that actual funds are settled safely in a peer-to-peer way, while native multisig allowed Lofty to build embedded wallets that users operate on their account dashboard. This enables anyone to immediately start using a blockchain-based product, regardless of any prior understanding of blockchain concepts. Algorand is the only Layer-1 network offering native Python programmability, giving developers a simple path to unlocking the powerful possibilities of decentralized blockchain for all types of industries. DISCLAIMER: The content provided herein is for informational purposes only. The information is provided by the Algorand Foundation. While we strive to ensure the information is up-to-date and correct, we make no representations or warranties, express or implied, about its completeness, accuracy, reliability, suitability, or availability for any purpose. This article is not intended to be financial advice. You should not take any action before conducting your own research or consulting with a qualified professional. Any reliance you place on such information is strictly at your own risk. The Algorand Foundation shall not be liable for any loss or damage, including but not limited to indirect or consequential loss, loss of data, or loss of profits, arising out of or in connection with the use of this article. 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https://dev.to/bogaboga1/odoo-core-and-the-cost-of-reinventing-everything-15n1#odoo-core-components	Odoo Core and the Cost of Reinventing Everything - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Boga Posted on Jan 12 Odoo Core and the Cost of Reinventing Everything # python # odoo # qweb # owl Hello, this is my first blog post ever. I’d like to share my experience working with Odoo , an open-source Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system, and explain why I believe many of its architectural choices cause unnecessary complexity. Odoo is a single platform that provides many prebuilt modules (mini-applications) that most companies need. For example, almost every company requires a Human Resources system to manage employee details, leaves, attendance, contracts, resignations, and more. Beyond HR, companies also need purchasing, inventory, accounting, authentication, authorization, and other systems. Odoo bundles all of these tightly coupled systems into a single installation. On paper, this sounds great — and from a business perspective, it often is. From a technical perspective , however, things get complicated very quickly. Odoo Core Components Below are the main Odoo components, ranked from least complex to most complex, and all largely developed in-house instead of relying on existing mature frameworks: Odoo HTTP Layer JSON-RPC Website routing Odoo Views XML transformed into Python and JavaScript Odoo ORM Custom inheritance system Query builder Dependency injection Caching layers Cache System Implemented from scratch WebSocket Implementation Very low-level handling Odoo HTTP Layer Odoo is not built on a standard Python web framework like Django or Flask. Instead, it implements its own HTTP framework on top of Werkzeug (a WSGI utility library). This HTTP layer introduces its own abstractions, request lifecycle, routing, and serialization logic, including JSON-RPC and website controllers. While technically impressive, it reinvents many problems that have already been solved — and battle-tested — by existing frameworks. Odoo Views In my opinion, this is one of the most problematic parts of Odoo. Instead of using standard frontend technologies, Odoo relies heavily on XML-based views . These XML files are sent to the browser and then transformed using Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) analysis into JavaScript. In other contexts (like the website), the XML may be converted into Python code and sometimes back into JavaScript again. This creates: High cognitive overhead Difficult debugging Tight coupling between backend and frontend Poor tooling support compared to modern frontend stacks It feels like building a car from raw metal just to drive from point A to point B. Odoo ORM Odoo’s ORM is not a typical ORM. It implements: A custom inheritance system (instead of using Python’s built-in one) Its own dependency injection mechanism A query builder Caching layers (LRU) Model extension via monkey-patching While powerful, this system is extremely complex and hard to reason about. Debugging model behavior often feels like navigating invisible layers of magic. WebSocket Implementation Instead of using a mature real-time framework, Odoo implements its WebSocket handling with very low-level logic, sometimes in surprisingly small and dense files. A single comment from the codebase summarizes this approach better than words ever could: The “Odoo Is Old” Argument A common defense of Odoo’s architecture is that “it’s an old system” — originally developed around 2005 using Python 2. However, this argument no longer holds. Odoo was largely rewritten from scratch around 2017 to support Python 3. At that time, many excellent frameworks already existed and had solved the same problems more cleanly, while continuing to evolve without breaking their ecosystems. Today, even small changes in Odoo’s core can break custom modules unless they are limited to simple CRUD models with minimal dependencies on core behavior. Final Thoughts Odoo is a powerful product and a successful business platform. But from a software engineering perspective, many of its design decisions prioritize control and internal consistency over maintainability, clarity, and developer experience . If you work with Odoo long enough, you stop asking “why does it work this way?” and start asking “how do I survive this upgrade?” Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Boga Follow Senior Software Engineer Joined Jan 12, 2026 Trending on DEV Community Hot 🧱 Beginner-Friendly Guide 'Maximal Rectangle' – LeetCode 85 (C++, Python, JavaScript) # programming # cpp # python # javascript The First Week at a Startup Taught Me More Than I Expected # startup # beginners # career # learning What was your win this week??? # weeklyretro # discuss 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/t/ai/page/72	Artificial Intelligence Page 72 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Artificial Intelligence Follow Hide Artificial intelligence leverages computers and machines to mimic the problem-solving and decision-making capabilities found in humans and in nature. Create Post submission guidelines Posts about artificial intelligence. Older #ai posts 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Building a HIPAA-Compliant Telehealth Solution with VAPI: What I Learned CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 24 '25 Building a HIPAA-Compliant Telehealth Solution with VAPI: What I Learned # ai # voicetech # webdev # tutorial Comments Add Comment 14 min read Build a TikTok Creator Analyzer to Find Your Next Brand Deal Olamide Olaniyan Olamide Olaniyan Olamide Olaniyan Follow Dec 24 '25 Build a TikTok Creator Analyzer to Find Your Next Brand Deal # tutorial # javascript # ai # node Comments Add Comment 7 min read Claude Code in Terminal: A Beginner's Guide to 10x Faster Development Ege Pakten Ege Pakten Ege Pakten Follow Dec 28 '25 Claude Code in Terminal: A Beginner's Guide to 10x Faster Development # webdev # claude # ai # programming Comments Add Comment 13 min read Integrating Notion, Search, and Code Docs: Building a Unified Knowledge Hub with Vezlo Dylan Ashford Dylan Ashford Dylan Ashford Follow Dec 24 '25 Integrating Notion, Search, and Code Docs: Building a Unified Knowledge Hub with Vezlo # vezlo # ai # notion # semantic Comments Add Comment 3 min read Review Checklist, Why You Need One Blessing Olaoye Blessing Olaoye Blessing Olaoye Follow Dec 24 '25 Review Checklist, Why You Need One # ai # productivity # opensource # cli 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read The Only Safe Way to Import Legacy Docs: Question-Driven Context Integration synthaicode synthaicode synthaicode Follow Dec 25 '25 The Only Safe Way to Import Legacy Docs: Question-Driven Context Integration # ai # systemdesign # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read How I Built a Free YouTube Thumbnail Prompt Generator (and Why Most Thumbnails Fail) vision ias vision ias vision ias Follow Dec 24 '25 How I Built a Free YouTube Thumbnail Prompt Generator (and Why Most Thumbnails Fail) # ai # webdev # productivity # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Actual Anatomy of an AI Agent: LLMs, RAG Loops, and Action Layers Dextra Labs Dextra Labs Dextra Labs Follow Dec 29 '25 The Actual Anatomy of an AI Agent: LLMs, RAG Loops, and Action Layers # architecture # agents # ai # llm Comments 1 comment 3 min read Building AI Products, Automation Bots, and Scalable SaaS — Why We Started xZade Group xZade Group xZade Group xZade Group Follow Dec 24 '25 Building AI Products, Automation Bots, and Scalable SaaS — Why We Started xZade Group # ai # automation # saas # buildinpublic Comments Add Comment 1 min read I got mass downvoted for sharing my Claude configuration. 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https://docs.python.org/c-api/index.html	Python/C API Reference Manual — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Previous topic 1. Embedding Python in Another Application Next topic Introduction This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules \| next \| previous \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » Python/C API Reference Manual \| Theme Auto Light Dark \| Python/C API Reference Manual ¶ This manual documents the API used by C and C++ programmers who want to write extension modules or embed Python. It is a companion to Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter , which describes the general principles of extension writing but does not document the API functions in detail. Introduction Language version compatibility Coding standards Include Files Useful macros Objects, Types and Reference Counts Exceptions Embedding Python Debugging Builds Recommended third party tools C API Stability Unstable C API Stable Application Binary Interface Platform Considerations Contents of Limited API The Very High Level Layer Available start symbols Stack Effects Reference Counting Exception Handling Printing and clearing Raising exceptions Issuing warnings Querying the error indicator Signal Handling Exception Classes Exception Objects Unicode Exception Objects Recursion Control Exception and warning types Tracebacks Defining extension modules Multiple module instances Initialization function Multi-phase initialization Legacy single-phase initialization Utilities Operating System Utilities System Functions Process Control Importing Modules Data marshalling support Parsing arguments and building values String conversion and formatting Character classification and conversion PyHash API Reflection Codec registry and support functions PyTime C API Support for Perf Maps Abstract Objects Layer Object Protocol Call Protocol Number Protocol Sequence Protocol Mapping Protocol Iterator Protocol Buffer Protocol Concrete Objects Layer Fundamental Objects Numeric Objects Sequence Objects Container Objects Function Objects Other Objects C API for extension modules Initialization, Finalization, and Threads Before Python Initialization Global configuration variables Initializing and finalizing the interpreter Process-wide parameters Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock Sub-interpreter support Asynchronous Notifications Profiling and Tracing Reference tracing Advanced Debugger Support Thread Local Storage Support Synchronization Primitives Operating System Thread APIs Python Initialization Configuration PyInitConfig C API Configuration Options Runtime Python configuration API PyConfig C API Py_GetArgcArgv() Delaying main module execution Memory Management Overview Allocator Domains Raw Memory Interface Memory Interface Object allocators Default Memory Allocators Customize Memory Allocators Debug hooks on the Python memory allocators The pymalloc allocator The mimalloc allocator tracemalloc C API Examples Object Implementation Support Allocating Objects on the Heap Object Life Cycle Common Object Structures Type Object Structures Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collection API and ABI Versioning Build-time version constants Run-time version Bit-packing macros Monitoring C API Generating Execution Events Managing the Monitoring State Previous topic 1. Embedding Python in Another Application Next topic Introduction This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules \| next \| previous \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » Python/C API Reference Manual \| Theme Auto Light Dark \| © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. Last updated on Jan 13, 2026 (06:19 UTC). Found a bug ? Created using Sphinx 8.2.3.	2026-01-13T08:49:02
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Become a member of the PSF and help advance the software and our mission. ▲ Back to Top About Applications Quotes Getting Started Help Python Brochure Downloads All releases Source code Windows macOS Android Other Platforms License Alternative Implementations Documentation Docs Audio/Visual Talks Beginner's Guide FAQ Non-English Docs PEP Index Python Books Python Essays Community Diversity Mailing Lists IRC Forums PSF Annual Impact Report Python Conferences Special Interest Groups Python Logo Python Wiki Code of Conduct Community Awards Get Involved Shared Stories Success Stories Arts Business Education Engineering Government Scientific Software Development News Python News PSF Newsletter PSF News PyCon US News News from the Community Events Python Events User Group Events Python Events Archive User Group Events Archive Submit an Event Contributing Developer's Guide Issue Tracker python-dev list Core Mentorship Report a Security Issue ▲ Back to Top Help & General Contact Diversity Initiatives Submit Website Bug Status Copyright ©2001-2026.   Python Software Foundation   Legal Statements   Privacy Notice Powered by PSF Community Infrastructure -->	2026-01-13T08:49:02
https://www.python.org/psf/donations/matching-gifts/	Matching Donations \| Python Software Foundation Notice: While JavaScript is not essential for this website, your interaction with the content will be limited. Please turn JavaScript on for the full experience. Skip to content ▼ Close Python PSF Docs PyPI Jobs Community ▲ The Python Network Donate &equiv; Menu Search This Site GO A A Smaller Larger Reset Socialize LinkedIn Mastodon Chat on IRC Twitter About Mission Statement Board of Directors & Officers PSF Staff Annual Impact Report Fiscal Sponsorees Public Records Legal & Policies PSF FAQ Developers in Residence Sponsorship PSF Sponsors Apply to Sponsor Sponsorship Prospectus 2025-26 Membership Sign up as a Member of the PSF! Membership FAQ PSF Elections Nominate a Fellow & Fellows Roster Donate End of year fundraiser 2025: Python is for Everyone Donate to the PSF Become a Supporting Member of the PSF PSF Matching Donations Volunteer Volunteer for the PSF PSF Work Groups Volunteer for PyCon US Grants Grants program Grants Program FAQ PyCon US News & Community Subscribe to the Newsletter PSF Blog Python Community Code of Conduct Community Awards Discourse Matching Donations Did you know many companies offer a matching gift program to encourage philanthropy among their employees? And that some companies will even match gifts made by family members and retirees? By completing a matching gift form (online or paper), you may be able to double, or even triple, the impact of your gift. Contributions of any amount help us award grants and provide resources for furthering the development of a diverse and international community of Python programmers. Your employer may receive a tax deduction for contributions to the Python Software Foundation (PSF) (EIN 04-3594598) , which is a public charity classified as exempt under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. How to donate and have your company match In a few simple steps, you can see if your company offers a matching gift program. Make a contribution to the PSF here . Check with your company's Human Resources or Accounting department about matching gift programs for 501(c)(3) nonprofits like the Python Software Foundation. Your company's Human Resources or Accounting Department will let you know about submission deadlines or related forms. Please contact us at psf-donations@python.org with any questions. Your employer will determine whether the PSF fits into their matching gift program requirements. The PSF receives the matching donation! The PSF appreciates each donation and act of support you make. Thank you to our participating partners! Microsoft Google employees can make a matched donation easily here Twilio employees can make a matched donation easily here The PSF The Python Software Foundation is the organization behind Python. Become a member of the PSF and help advance the software and our mission. ▲ Back to Top About Applications Quotes Getting Started Help Python Brochure Downloads All releases Source code Windows macOS Android Other Platforms License Alternative Implementations Documentation Docs Audio/Visual Talks Beginner's Guide FAQ Non-English Docs PEP Index Python Books Python Essays Community Diversity Mailing Lists IRC Forums PSF Annual Impact Report Python Conferences Special Interest Groups Python Logo Python Wiki Code of Conduct Community Awards Get Involved Shared Stories Success Stories Arts Business Education Engineering Government Scientific Software Development News Python News PSF Newsletter PSF News PyCon US News News from the Community Events Python Events User Group Events Python Events Archive User Group Events Archive Submit an Event Contributing Developer's Guide Issue Tracker python-dev list Core Mentorship Report a Security Issue ▲ Back to Top Help & General Contact Diversity Initiatives Submit Website Bug Status Copyright ©2001-2026.   Python Software Foundation   Legal Statements   Privacy Notice Powered by PSF Community Infrastructure -->	2026-01-13T08:49:02
https://www.python.org/psf/volunteer/pycon/	Volunteer Opportunities for PyCon US \| Python Software Foundation Notice: While JavaScript is not essential for this website, your interaction with the content will be limited. Please turn JavaScript on for the full experience. Skip to content ▼ Close Python PSF Docs PyPI Jobs Community ▲ The Python Network Donate &equiv; Menu Search This Site GO A A Smaller Larger Reset Socialize LinkedIn Mastodon Chat on IRC Twitter About Mission Statement Board of Directors & Officers PSF Staff Annual Impact Report Fiscal Sponsorees Public Records Legal & Policies PSF FAQ Developers in Residence Sponsorship PSF Sponsors Apply to Sponsor Sponsorship Prospectus 2025-26 Membership Sign up as a Member of the PSF! Membership FAQ PSF Elections Nominate a Fellow & Fellows Roster Donate End of year fundraiser 2025: Python is for Everyone Donate to the PSF Become a Supporting Member of the PSF PSF Matching Donations Volunteer Volunteer for the PSF PSF Work Groups Volunteer for PyCon US Grants Grants program Grants Program FAQ PyCon US News & Community Subscribe to the Newsletter PSF Blog Python Community Code of Conduct Community Awards Discourse PSF >>> Volunteer >>> Volunteer for PyCon US Volunteer Opportunities for PyCon US The volunteer staff plays a huge role in the success of PyCon US! There are many opportunities to get involved and be part of the team starting early on in the planning all the way through the final day of sprints. If you are interested in volunteering check back often for new opportunities and select one that would best fit your passion. Current Opportunities Check back here and on us.pycon.org/2026/ for volunteer opportunities at PyCon US 2026 in Long Beach, CA! The PSF The Python Software Foundation is the organization behind Python. Become a member of the PSF and help advance the software and our mission. ▲ Back to Top About Applications Quotes Getting Started Help Python Brochure Downloads All releases Source code Windows macOS Android Other Platforms License Alternative Implementations Documentation Docs Audio/Visual Talks Beginner's Guide FAQ Non-English Docs PEP Index Python Books Python Essays Community Diversity Mailing Lists IRC Forums PSF Annual Impact Report Python Conferences Special Interest Groups Python Logo Python Wiki Code of Conduct Community Awards Get Involved Shared Stories Success Stories Arts Business Education Engineering Government Scientific Software Development News Python News PSF Newsletter PSF News PyCon US News News from the Community Events Python Events User Group Events Python Events Archive User Group Events Archive Submit an Event Contributing Developer's Guide Issue Tracker python-dev list Core Mentorship Report a Security Issue ▲ Back to Top Help & General Contact Diversity Initiatives Submit Website Bug Status Copyright ©2001-2026.   Python Software Foundation   Legal Statements   Privacy Notice Powered by PSF Community Infrastructure -->	2026-01-13T08:49:02
https://www.python.org/psf/volunteer/	Volunteer \| Python Software Foundation Notice: While JavaScript is not essential for this website, your interaction with the content will be limited. Please turn JavaScript on for the full experience. Skip to content ▼ Close Python PSF Docs PyPI Jobs Community ▲ The Python Network Donate &equiv; Menu Search This Site GO A A Smaller Larger Reset Socialize LinkedIn Mastodon Chat on IRC Twitter About Mission Statement Board of Directors & Officers PSF Staff Annual Impact Report Fiscal Sponsorees Public Records Legal & Policies PSF FAQ Developers in Residence Sponsorship PSF Sponsors Apply to Sponsor Sponsorship Prospectus 2025-26 Membership Sign up as a Member of the PSF! Membership FAQ PSF Elections Nominate a Fellow & Fellows Roster Donate End of year fundraiser 2025: Python is for Everyone Donate to the PSF Become a Supporting Member of the PSF PSF Matching Donations Volunteer Volunteer for the PSF PSF Work Groups Volunteer for PyCon US Grants Grants program Grants Program FAQ PyCon US News & Community Subscribe to the Newsletter PSF Blog Python Community Code of Conduct Community Awards Discourse PSF >>> Volunteer >>> Volunteer for the PSF Volunteer The Python Software Foundation needs your help building infrastructure for the PSF and PyCon US, helping with fundraising and advocacy, and running important parts of the Python community (mailing lists, website, job board, etc). You can help out by signing up the psf-volunteers mailing list, which puts you in a pool of people that receive requests from the PSF board when there is work to be done that we cannot handle ourselves. Sign up here ! Don't worry if you won't always be available. Our goal is to build a pool of volunteers so that work can get be done by whomever is available at the time of need. This will help get things done with fewer delays. Example Tasks Help find donors and sponsors Act as a PSF representative at a conference Do a mini-presentation on the PSF at your local users group Help with other initiatives, such as grants Participate in planning and organizing PyCon US Python Software Foundation Working Groups We also have PSF working groups comprised of volunteers. See the list of active working groups here . Please note that not all working groups are currently accepting new volunteers. Volunteer for PyCon US You can also volunteer for PyCon US . The PSF The Python Software Foundation is the organization behind Python. Become a member of the PSF and help advance the software and our mission. ▲ Back to Top About Applications Quotes Getting Started Help Python Brochure Downloads All releases Source code Windows macOS Android Other Platforms License Alternative Implementations Documentation Docs Audio/Visual Talks Beginner's Guide FAQ Non-English Docs PEP Index Python Books Python Essays Community Diversity Mailing Lists IRC Forums PSF Annual Impact Report Python Conferences Special Interest Groups Python Logo Python Wiki Code of Conduct Community Awards Get Involved Shared Stories Success Stories Arts Business Education Engineering Government Scientific Software Development News Python News PSF Newsletter PSF News PyCon US News News from the Community Events Python Events User Group Events Python Events Archive User Group Events Archive Submit an Event Contributing Developer's Guide Issue Tracker python-dev list Core Mentorship Report a Security Issue ▲ Back to Top Help & General Contact Diversity Initiatives Submit Website Bug Status Copyright ©2001-2026.   Python Software Foundation   Legal Statements   Privacy Notice Powered by PSF Community Infrastructure -->	2026-01-13T08:49:02
https://www.python.org/psf/grants/faq/	Grants - Frequently Asked Questions \| Python Software Foundation Notice: While JavaScript is not essential for this website, your interaction with the content will be limited. Please turn JavaScript on for the full experience. Skip to content ▼ Close Python PSF Docs PyPI Jobs Community ▲ The Python Network Donate &equiv; Menu Search This Site GO A A Smaller Larger Reset Socialize LinkedIn Mastodon Chat on IRC Twitter About Mission Statement Board of Directors & Officers PSF Staff Annual Impact Report Fiscal Sponsorees Public Records Legal & Policies PSF FAQ Developers in Residence Sponsorship PSF Sponsors Apply to Sponsor Sponsorship Prospectus 2025-26 Membership Sign up as a Member of the PSF! Membership FAQ PSF Elections Nominate a Fellow & Fellows Roster Donate End of year fundraiser 2025: Python is for Everyone Donate to the PSF Become a Supporting Member of the PSF PSF Matching Donations Volunteer Volunteer for the PSF PSF Work Groups Volunteer for PyCon US Grants Grants program Grants Program FAQ PyCon US News & Community Subscribe to the Newsletter PSF Blog Python Community Code of Conduct Community Awards Discourse PSF >>> Grants >>> Grants Program FAQ Grants - Frequently Asked Questions Q. Will the PSF fund swag? A. The PSF does not fund swag production or disbursement. Q. Is there anything I need to know about fund disbursements ? A. The PSF offers various payment methods. If your grant request is approved, specific information will be requested in the email notification. Please see our Payment Options page ( https://www.python.org/psf/paymentoptions/ ) for more information. Q. Are there any countries or people that can't receive grants from the PSF? A. The Office of Foreign Assets and Control (OFAC) publishes lists of individuals and companies owned or controlled by, or acting for or on behalf of, targeted countries. The US government prohibits US citizens, US-based entities and US branches of foreign companies from doing business with countries or parties on these lists. The lists include individuals, groups, and entities, such as terrorists and narcotics traffickers designated under programs that are not country-specific. The Specially Designated Nationals (SDN) list contains names of individuals, banks, businesses, etc. that have been blocked from doing business in the US. OFAC lists change often and are published on OFAC’s site . The Python Software Foundation complies with OFAC regulations to avoid both civil and criminal penalties. Before the PSF accounting team adds new vendors to its system, the PSF checks the OFAC lists to confirm that the new vendor is compliant. Non-compliant vendors will not be issued reimbursements, grants, or other payments. Q. Are there any restrictions on how I describe receiving a grant from the PSF? A. Yes, there are. Specifically, the PSF awarding a grant to support a community activity is not the same as formally endorsing a particular project or commercial offering in any capacity, and should not be represented as such. This can be readily achieved by sticking to phrasing like "We have received funding from the PSF" or "This event was sponsored by the PSF". Q. Will the PSF fund grant requests for Python User Group (PUG) website hosting costs ? A. The Python Software Foundation (PSF) covers website hosting costs for approved fiscal sponsored Python User Groups or events. If you are developing a hosting or event advertising plan for your PUG, please research the following open source options before applying for a grant: Oregon State University's Open Source Lab (OSU OSL) hosting services: the PSF has a partnership with OSU OSL for website and server hosting for free or discounted for open source-affiliated projects. Read the Docs is a free platform for creating, hosting, and browsing documentation online. CiviCRM is a free, open source, web-based, internationalized relationship management and event management platform. Q. Does the PSF issue grants for event-subscription sites like Meetup ? A. Yes. The PSF currently hosts 110 groups in 33 countries covering over 280,000 members around the world via our Meetup Pro Network ( https://www.meetup.com/pro/python-software-foundation-meetups ) as long as 3 conditions are met: The Meetup holds at least 2 events per calendar year (virtual or in-person). Event content focuses on Python content at least 70% of the time. Content may include adjacent topics, such as networking, basic machine learning, etc. Please include a link to or full text of the group's code of conduct in the About section of the group's Meetup site to become and stay eligible for reimbursement and the PSF Meetup Pro network. If your group is a fiscal sponsoree of the PSF, reimbursements of meetup subscriptions are not charged against the fiscal sponsoree's fund balance. Here is a sample proposal: Grant Proposal: $180 to cover the cost of the Boston Python user group’s meetup.com subscription for 12 months: January through December of 2023. Grant Objective: meetup.com helps to increase the visibility of the user group, as well as boost attendance through automated reminders, RSVP functionality, and other tools. It also makes organizing and promoting the group easier, as well as providing a platform to garner sponsorships and thank sponsors publicly. Grant Size: $180 total, which is the cost of 12 months to organize a group on meetup.com. Grant Beneficiaries: The Boston Python user group has over 1500 members on meetup.com. We have had monthly meetings since before 2007 and have an average attendance of 60-100 Python programmers. meetup.com provides a centralized location where our members see what’s coming up and who has RSVPed for the meeting. Preferred method of funds delivery: A deposit into the PayPal account for meetup@bostonpython.com . Q. When should I submit my grant request? A. We ask that grant requests be submitted at least 8 weeks before the funding is needed - this gives us enough time to thoroughly review, ask questions, and have enough time to send you the funds. We will not accept grants that are submitted within 20 days of the event/project start date. Q. Can we use your logo or a similar logo? How should we use the words "Python" or "PyCon" which are trademarked? A. Please read our Trademark policy . This covers the Python logo or any similar logos and the use of the words "Python" or "PyCon" and how you should proceed. if you have any doubts about your intended use of the trademarks, please contact the PSF Trademarks Committee . Q. How should we report after the event/project? A. The PSF has a policy that requires all grant recipients to submit reports. These reports are useful for us to gauge the impact we are having and how the event went. For subsequent events, we require past reports in order to consider further requests. Workshops: If there were different organizers working on the previous event in your area, it is your responsibility to reach out to them to ensure a report was filed. Python conferences: If there were different organizers/or a different conference chair running the conference the previous year, please contact them to make sure a report was submitted before you submit your new grant request. This is the form grant recipients should use to submit post-event/project reports. Q. Once my grant is approved, how long does it take to receive funds? A. After you receive a notification with the amount of funding the PSF approved for your grant request and you submit an invoice, payment will be processed within 7 business days and the Controller will notify you when the payment has been sent. We sometimes run into issues when sending funding internationally so that is why we ask to receive grant requests 6 weeks out. Q. Will the human rights legislation in my country be taken into account when the PSF chooses whether or not to fund my event? A. No, we will not consider local human rights legislation in our decision-making process for community-run events. The PSF can not send money to countries under US sanction and we do still expect a regionally appropriate, robust, and enforceable Code of Conduct. More information is available on our grants page . The PSF The Python Software Foundation is the organization behind Python. Become a member of the PSF and help advance the software and our mission. ▲ Back to Top About Applications Quotes Getting Started Help Python Brochure Downloads All releases Source code Windows macOS Android Other Platforms License Alternative Implementations Documentation Docs Audio/Visual Talks Beginner's Guide FAQ Non-English Docs PEP Index Python Books Python Essays Community Diversity Mailing Lists IRC Forums PSF Annual Impact Report Python Conferences Special Interest Groups Python Logo Python Wiki Code of Conduct Community Awards Get Involved Shared Stories Success Stories Arts Business Education Engineering Government Scientific Software Development News Python News PSF Newsletter PSF News PyCon US News News from the Community Events Python Events User Group Events Python Events Archive User Group Events Archive Submit an Event Contributing Developer's Guide Issue Tracker python-dev list Core Mentorship Report a Security Issue ▲ Back to Top Help & General Contact Diversity Initiatives Submit Website Bug Status Copyright ©2001-2026.   Python Software Foundation   Legal Statements   Privacy Notice Powered by PSF Community Infrastructure -->	2026-01-13T08:49:02
https://www.python.org/psf/membership/	Become a Member of the PSF \| Python Software Foundation Notice: While JavaScript is not essential for this website, your interaction with the content will be limited. Please turn JavaScript on for the full experience. Skip to content ▼ Close Python PSF Docs PyPI Jobs Community ▲ The Python Network Donate &equiv; Menu Search This Site GO A A Smaller Larger Reset Socialize LinkedIn Mastodon Chat on IRC Twitter About Mission Statement Board of Directors & Officers PSF Staff Annual Impact Report Fiscal Sponsorees Public Records Legal & Policies PSF FAQ Developers in Residence Sponsorship PSF Sponsors Apply to Sponsor Sponsorship Prospectus 2025-26 Membership Sign up as a Member of the PSF! Membership FAQ PSF Elections Nominate a Fellow & Fellows Roster Donate End of year fundraiser 2025: Python is for Everyone Donate to the PSF Become a Supporting Member of the PSF PSF Matching Donations Volunteer Volunteer for the PSF PSF Work Groups Volunteer for PyCon US Grants Grants program Grants Program FAQ PyCon US News & Community Subscribe to the Newsletter PSF Blog Python Community Code of Conduct Community Awards Discourse Become a Member of the PSF By becoming a member, you tell us and the world that you are a part of the PSF and support our work, and as one of the classes of voting members, you add your voice to the future direction of the Foundation. We're so happy to have you! Voting Memberships As core stakeholders of the Python Software Foundation community, Supporting Members, Contributing Members, and PSF Fellows are all eligible to vote in PSF Board Elections . 1. Sign up as a Supporting Member here! Supporting Members donate an annual membership fee of $99 to the PSF to sustain the Foundation and support the Python community. We have also introduced a sliding scale rate for Supporting Membership, which you can sign up for here . Your support is crucial to the PSF's ability to do our work making Python available and supporting our community. More details are available on our Supporting Membership page . 2. Self-Certify as a Contributing Member here! Contributing Members qualify because of their work for the Python community and ecosystem. Fill out the short form linked above to sign up! You qualify as a Contributing Member if you dedicate at least five hours per month volunteering on projects which advance the mission of the PSF by creating or maintaining open source software available to the public at no charge, organizing Python events, participating in one of the PSF's working groups, etc. 3. Fellows Fellows are members who have been nominated for their extraordinary efforts and impact upon Python, the community, and the broader Python ecosystem. Visit this page to nominate a Fellow or learn more about the process. Basic Membership Sign up as a Basic Member here! Signing up as a Basic Member is free, and simply declares that you are part of the Python language community and agree to the community Code of Conduct. Thank you for being with us! Questions? Check out our Membership FAQ page . The PSF The Python Software Foundation is the organization behind Python. Become a member of the PSF and help advance the software and our mission. ▲ Back to Top About Applications Quotes Getting Started Help Python Brochure Downloads All releases Source code Windows macOS Android Other Platforms License Alternative Implementations Documentation Docs Audio/Visual Talks Beginner's Guide FAQ Non-English Docs PEP Index Python Books Python Essays Community Diversity Mailing Lists IRC Forums PSF Annual Impact Report Python Conferences Special Interest Groups Python Logo Python Wiki Code of Conduct Community Awards Get Involved Shared Stories Success Stories Arts Business Education Engineering Government Scientific Software Development News Python News PSF Newsletter PSF News PyCon US News News from the Community Events Python Events User Group Events Python Events Archive User Group Events Archive Submit an Event Contributing Developer's Guide Issue Tracker python-dev list Core Mentorship Report a Security Issue ▲ Back to Top Help & General Contact Diversity Initiatives Submit Website Bug Status Copyright ©2001-2026.   Python Software Foundation   Legal Statements   Privacy Notice Powered by PSF Community Infrastructure -->	2026-01-13T08:49:02
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https://www.python.org/events/python-user-group/past/#python-network	Our Events \| Python.org Notice: While JavaScript is not essential for this website, your interaction with the content will be limited. Please turn JavaScript on for the full experience. Skip to content ▼ Close Python PSF Docs PyPI Jobs Community ▲ The Python Network Donate &equiv; Menu Search This Site GO A A Smaller Larger Reset Socialize LinkedIn Mastodon Chat on IRC Twitter About Applications Quotes Getting Started Help Python Brochure Downloads All releases Source code Windows macOS Android Other Platforms License Alternative Implementations Documentation Docs Audio/Visual Talks Beginner's Guide FAQ Non-English Docs PEP Index Python Books Python Essays Community Diversity Mailing Lists IRC Forums PSF Annual Impact Report Python Conferences Special Interest Groups Python Logo Python Wiki Code of Conduct Community Awards Get Involved Shared Stories Success Stories Arts Business Education Engineering Government Scientific Software Development News Python News PSF Newsletter PSF News PyCon US News News from the Community Events Python Events User Group Events Python Events Archive User Group Events Archive Submit an Event from the Python User Group Calendar Past Events More Building an AI Agent 25 Nov. 2025 2025 5:30pm UTC – 8pm UTC JetBrains Amsterdam Terrace Tower office; Gelrestraat 16, 1079 MZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands DELSU Tech Invasion 3.0 19 Nov. 2025 – 20 Nov. 2025 Abraka, Nigeria Python Meeting Düsseldorf - Python Herbst Sprint 2025 15 Nov. 2025 – 16 Nov. 2025 Düsseldorf, Germany Python Kino-Barcamp Südost 14 Nov. 2025 – 16 Nov. 2025 Peißenberg, Germany Python Leiden User Group 13 Nov. 2025 2025 6:15pm UTC – 9pm UTC Leiden, The Netherlands Django Girls Chongoene #2 08 Nov. 2025 2025 Chongoene, Gaza, Mozambique Python Event Subscriptions Subscribe to Python Event Calendars: Events in iCal format Python Events Calendars For Python events near you, please have a look at the Python events map . The Python events calendars are maintained by the events calendar team . Please see the events calendar project page for details on how to submit events , subscribe to the calendars , get Twitter feeds or embed them. Thank you. ▲ Back to Top About Applications Quotes Getting Started Help Python Brochure Downloads All releases Source code Windows macOS Android Other Platforms License Alternative Implementations Documentation Docs Audio/Visual Talks Beginner's Guide FAQ Non-English Docs PEP Index Python Books Python Essays Community Diversity Mailing Lists IRC Forums PSF Annual Impact Report Python Conferences Special Interest Groups Python Logo Python Wiki Code of Conduct Community Awards Get Involved Shared Stories Success Stories Arts Business Education Engineering Government Scientific Software Development News Python News PSF Newsletter PSF News PyCon US News News from the Community Events Python Events User Group Events Python Events Archive User Group Events Archive Submit an Event Contributing Developer's Guide Issue Tracker python-dev list Core Mentorship Report a Security Issue ▲ Back to Top Help & General Contact Diversity Initiatives Submit Website Bug Status Copyright ©2001-2026.   Python Software Foundation   Legal Statements   Privacy Notice Powered by PSF Community Infrastructure -->	2026-01-13T08:49:02
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close 100 Days of Code! Follow Hide The 100 Days of Code is a coding challenge created by Alexander Kallaway to encourage people to learn new coding skills. Create Post Older #100daysofcode posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 … 75 … 145 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Building Bulletproof Dropdown Click Handling in React Chibuikem Victor Ugwu Chibuikem Victor Ugwu Chibuikem Victor Ugwu Follow Jan 10 Building Bulletproof Dropdown Click Handling in React # javascript # webdev # 100daysofcode # react Comments Add Comment 2 min read The next basic concept of Machine Learning after NumPy: Pandas Juhi Kushwah Juhi Kushwah Juhi Kushwah Follow Jan 5 The next basic concept of Machine Learning after NumPy: Pandas # 100daysofcode # mlbasics # pandas Comments Add Comment 2 min read Understanding NumPy in the context of Python for Machine Learning Juhi Kushwah Juhi Kushwah Juhi Kushwah Follow Jan 4 Understanding NumPy in the context of Python for Machine Learning # 100daysofcode # mlbasics # numpy Comments Add Comment 2 min read Understanding Data Preprocessing Juhi Kushwah Juhi Kushwah Juhi Kushwah Follow Jan 7 Understanding Data Preprocessing # 100daysofcode # mlbasics # datapreprocessing Comments Add Comment 4 min read My github reposertory! Sleepy[Yasmin] Sleepy[Yasmin] Sleepy[Yasmin] Follow Dec 31 '25 My github reposertory! # webdev # 100daysofcode # day7 Comments Add Comment 1 min read Day 6 = Section 3 done!! Sleepy[Yasmin] Sleepy[Yasmin] Sleepy[Yasmin] Follow Dec 30 '25 Day 6 = Section 3 done!! # webdev # 100daysofcode Comments Add Comment 1 min read Day 4 = file paths Sleepy[Yasmin] Sleepy[Yasmin] Sleepy[Yasmin] Follow Dec 27 '25 Day 4 = file paths # webdev # day4 # 100daysofcode Comments Add Comment 1 min read Learning how to color my page decently Sleepy[Yasmin] Sleepy[Yasmin] Sleepy[Yasmin] Follow Dec 26 '25 Learning how to color my page decently # webdev # 100daysofcode # day2 # css Comments Add Comment 1 min read My 1st solo project Sleepy[Yasmin] Sleepy[Yasmin] Sleepy[Yasmin] Follow Dec 26 '25 My 1st solo project # webdev # 100daysofcode # day2 # 1st Comments Add Comment 1 min read Why if Is Not Enough: Understanding try/except in Python Pp Pp Pp Follow Dec 20 '25 Why if Is Not Enough: Understanding try/except in Python # backend # python # programming # 100daysofcode Comments Add Comment 1 min read 1st Post/100 days of code post 1 = What i'm learning Sleepy[Yasmin] Sleepy[Yasmin] Sleepy[Yasmin] Follow Dec 25 '25 1st Post/100 days of code post 1 = What i'm learning # webdev # 100daysofcode Comments Add Comment 1 min read Week 1 of KodeKloud’s 100 Days Challenge: Days 1-4 (Or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Slow Labs Elijah Elijah Elijah Follow Dec 19 '25 Week 1 of KodeKloud’s 100 Days Challenge: Days 1-4 (Or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Slow Labs # devops # linux # kodekloud # 100daysofcode Comments Add Comment 2 min read Beginner-friendly exercises on NumPy, Pandas and Data Preprocessing Juhi Kushwah Juhi Kushwah Juhi Kushwah Follow Jan 8 Beginner-friendly exercises on NumPy, Pandas and Data Preprocessing # 100daysofcode # mlbasics Comments Add Comment 7 min read I Built 7 Production Apps in 7 Days as a 17-Year-Old Developer esteban mo esteban mo esteban mo Follow Dec 14 '25 I Built 7 Production Apps in 7 Days as a 17-Year-Old Developer # 100daysofcode # buildinpublic # webdev # indiehackers Comments Add Comment 1 min read I Built 7 Production Apps in 7 Days as a 17-Year-Old Developer esteban mo esteban mo esteban mo Follow Dec 14 '25 I Built 7 Production Apps in 7 Days as a 17-Year-Old Developer # 100daysofcode # buildinpublic # webdev # indiehackers Comments Add Comment 1 min read 2026 Backend Developer Roadmap: 100% Free Resources to Get Hired Harish A Harish A Harish A Follow for CodersNote Dec 11 '25 2026 Backend Developer Roadmap: 100% Free Resources to Get Hired # java # python # 100daysofcode # programming Comments Add Comment 6 min read Python vs. Java vs. C++: The Best Language for Coding Interviews in 2025 Alex Hunter Alex Hunter Alex Hunter Follow Dec 14 '25 Python vs. Java vs. C++: The Best Language for Coding Interviews in 2025 # python # java # cpp # 100daysofcode Comments 2 comments 3 min read I made a promise to myself that am not leaving Meru University without Python skills. Erick Mwangi Muguchia Erick Mwangi Muguchia Erick Mwangi Muguchia Follow Dec 12 '25 I made a promise to myself that am not leaving Meru University without Python skills. # programming # beginners # learning # 100daysofcode Comments 1 comment 2 min read 🗑️ Django Learning Journey – Day 8 stackbento stackbento stackbento Follow Nov 11 '25 🗑️ Django Learning Journey – Day 8 # webdev # django # python # 100daysofcode Comments Add Comment 2 min read 100 Days of Code — My GitHub Streak Journey (Aug 4 Nov 11) Aman Kureshi Aman Kureshi Aman Kureshi Follow Nov 11 '25 100 Days of Code — My GitHub Streak Journey (Aug 4 Nov 11) # 100daysofcode # github # githubstreack # webdev Comments Add Comment 1 min read Prop drilling was draining my time and patience until one concept changed everything. Asad Zaman Asad Zaman Asad Zaman Follow Nov 5 '25 Prop drilling was draining my time and patience until one concept changed everything. # webdev # react # 100daysofcode Comments Add Comment 1 min read Today I learned React Router and My brain hurts (In a good way ) Asad Zaman Asad Zaman Asad Zaman Follow Nov 3 '25 Today I learned React Router and My brain hurts (In a good way ) # 100daysofcode # webdev # programming # react Comments Add Comment 1 min read Why everyone fails at the California Housing dataset the same way(6 brutal reasons) MohammadReza Mahdian MohammadReza Mahdian MohammadReza Mahdian Follow Nov 24 '25 Why everyone fails at the California Housing dataset the same way(6 brutal reasons) # machinelearning # datascience # python # 100daysofcode Comments Add Comment 2 min read How I finally passed my AWS Cloud Practitioner Exam 🎉 Noel Erulu Noel Erulu Noel Erulu Follow Oct 30 '25 How I finally passed my AWS Cloud Practitioner Exam 🎉 # aws # programming # 100daysofcode Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🎉 Mini Game Project Completed: Tic Tac Toe! 🕹️ Developer Developer Developer Follow Nov 24 '25 🎉 Mini Game Project Completed: Tic Tac Toe! 🕹️ # tictactoe # beginners # 100daysofcode # gamedev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... trending guides/resources 📘 Week 7 Recap: State Management, Thinking in React & Mini Project Progress Why everyone fails at the California Housing dataset the same way(6 brutal reasons) 🍕 Eat-N-Split Day 2: Adding Friends & Toggling the Form I made a promise to myself that am not leaving Meru University without Python skills. Beginner-friendly exercises on NumPy, Pandas and Data Preprocessing Week 1 of KodeKloud’s 100 Days Challenge: Days 1-4 (Or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love t... Today I learned React Router and My brain hurts (In a good way ) How I finally passed my AWS Cloud Practitioner Exam 🎉 Understanding Data Preprocessing The next basic concept of Machine Learning after NumPy: Pandas Day 6 = Section 3 done!! I Built 7 Production Apps in 7 Days as a 17-Year-Old Developer No other Icons Library Needed 🥶 Python vs. Java vs. C++: The Best Language for Coding Interviews in 2025 Prop drilling was draining my time and patience until one concept changed everything. Why if Is Not Enough: Understanding try/except in Python 🎉 Mini Game Project Completed: Tic Tac Toe! 🕹️ My 1st solo project My github reposertory! 2026 Backend Developer Roadmap: 100% Free Resources to Get Hired 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. 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https://dev.to/bogaboga1/odoo-core-and-the-cost-of-reinventing-everything-15n1#odoo-http-layer	Odoo Core and the Cost of Reinventing Everything - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Boga Posted on Jan 12 Odoo Core and the Cost of Reinventing Everything # python # odoo # qweb # owl Hello, this is my first blog post ever. I’d like to share my experience working with Odoo , an open-source Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system, and explain why I believe many of its architectural choices cause unnecessary complexity. Odoo is a single platform that provides many prebuilt modules (mini-applications) that most companies need. For example, almost every company requires a Human Resources system to manage employee details, leaves, attendance, contracts, resignations, and more. Beyond HR, companies also need purchasing, inventory, accounting, authentication, authorization, and other systems. Odoo bundles all of these tightly coupled systems into a single installation. On paper, this sounds great — and from a business perspective, it often is. From a technical perspective , however, things get complicated very quickly. Odoo Core Components Below are the main Odoo components, ranked from least complex to most complex, and all largely developed in-house instead of relying on existing mature frameworks: Odoo HTTP Layer JSON-RPC Website routing Odoo Views XML transformed into Python and JavaScript Odoo ORM Custom inheritance system Query builder Dependency injection Caching layers Cache System Implemented from scratch WebSocket Implementation Very low-level handling Odoo HTTP Layer Odoo is not built on a standard Python web framework like Django or Flask. Instead, it implements its own HTTP framework on top of Werkzeug (a WSGI utility library). This HTTP layer introduces its own abstractions, request lifecycle, routing, and serialization logic, including JSON-RPC and website controllers. While technically impressive, it reinvents many problems that have already been solved — and battle-tested — by existing frameworks. Odoo Views In my opinion, this is one of the most problematic parts of Odoo. Instead of using standard frontend technologies, Odoo relies heavily on XML-based views . These XML files are sent to the browser and then transformed using Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) analysis into JavaScript. In other contexts (like the website), the XML may be converted into Python code and sometimes back into JavaScript again. This creates: High cognitive overhead Difficult debugging Tight coupling between backend and frontend Poor tooling support compared to modern frontend stacks It feels like building a car from raw metal just to drive from point A to point B. Odoo ORM Odoo’s ORM is not a typical ORM. It implements: A custom inheritance system (instead of using Python’s built-in one) Its own dependency injection mechanism A query builder Caching layers (LRU) Model extension via monkey-patching While powerful, this system is extremely complex and hard to reason about. Debugging model behavior often feels like navigating invisible layers of magic. WebSocket Implementation Instead of using a mature real-time framework, Odoo implements its WebSocket handling with very low-level logic, sometimes in surprisingly small and dense files. A single comment from the codebase summarizes this approach better than words ever could: The “Odoo Is Old” Argument A common defense of Odoo’s architecture is that “it’s an old system” — originally developed around 2005 using Python 2. However, this argument no longer holds. Odoo was largely rewritten from scratch around 2017 to support Python 3. At that time, many excellent frameworks already existed and had solved the same problems more cleanly, while continuing to evolve without breaking their ecosystems. Today, even small changes in Odoo’s core can break custom modules unless they are limited to simple CRUD models with minimal dependencies on core behavior. Final Thoughts Odoo is a powerful product and a successful business platform. But from a software engineering perspective, many of its design decisions prioritize control and internal consistency over maintainability, clarity, and developer experience . If you work with Odoo long enough, you stop asking “why does it work this way?” and start asking “how do I survive this upgrade?” Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Boga Follow Senior Software Engineer Joined Jan 12, 2026 Trending on DEV Community Hot 🧱 Beginner-Friendly Guide 'Maximal Rectangle' – LeetCode 85 (C++, Python, JavaScript) # programming # cpp # python # javascript The First Week at a Startup Taught Me More Than I Expected # startup # beginners # career # learning What was your win this week??? # weeklyretro # discuss 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account	2026-01-13T08:49:02
https://dev.to/codebunny20/looking-for-guidance-im-building-an-hrt-journey-tracker-suite-but-im-stuck-3em1	🌈 Looking for Guidance: I’m Building an HRT Journey Tracker Suite, but I’m Stuck - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse codebunny20 Posted on Jan 10 🌈 Looking for Guidance: I’m Building an HRT Journey Tracker Suite, but I’m Stuck # architecture # discuss # help # privacy Hello — I’m working on a project that means a lot to me and to the community it’s for, but I’ve hit a wall and could really use some outside perspective. I’m building a small suite of offline, privacy‑first desktop tools to help people track different parts of their HRT journey: medication logs, journaling, cycle tracking, resource saving, and even a prototype voice‑training tool and so far the hardest tool to make, the the body change mapper. Each app works on its own, stores data locally, and avoids accounts, cloud sync, or analytics. The long‑term plan is to make it easier make, updates, new tool and combine everything into one cohesive app and eventually explore a secure web version. The project Github can be located here The individual tools are coming along well — but now that I’m trying to think about unifying them, I’m running into some challenges: 🔧 Where I’m stuck How to structure a combined app without making the codebase overwhelming How to design a shared data model that still respects local‑only storage How to keep the UI accessible, simple, and consistent across tools Whether I should refactor everything first or start building the unified shell How to plan for a future web version without over‑engineering the desktop one I’ve been staring at this for too long, and I think I’ve lost the “fresh eyes” needed to make the next move. 💬 What I’m looking for Advice from people who’ve built multi‑tool apps or modular desktop suites Thoughts on structuring shared components, storage, or UI patterns Examples of similar projects or architectures General guidance on how to approach “unifying” several standalone tools Even just “here’s how I’d think about it” perspectives I’m not looking for someone to rewrite my project — just some direction, patterns, or mental models that could help me get unstuck. 🌱 In conclusion This project is meant to support people navigating transition in a safe, private, offline way. Accessibility and autonomy are core values here. I want to build something that genuinely helps people, and I want to do it thoughtfully — but right now I’m spinning my wheels. If you have experience with modular design, PySide6, app suites, or even just strong opinions about architecture, I’d love to hear from you. Thanks for reading, and thanks in advance for any guidance. It means a lot. Top comments (2) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand   Mateo Andres Mateo Andres Mateo Andres Follow I am a strong man Joined Jan 9, 2026 • Jan 10 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi, there Like comment: Like comment: 1  like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand   codebunny20 codebunny20 codebunny20 Follow I'm a trans woman and after I started my transition I started learning python and other code languages and fell down the rabbit hole and now I'm hooked. Email xavierfields89@gmail.com Education high school Pronouns She/Her Work hopefully freelance some day Joined Jan 2, 2026 • Jan 10 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide hello Like comment: Like comment: 1  like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse codebunny20 Follow I'm a trans woman and after I started my transition I started learning python and other code languages and fell down the rabbit hole and now I'm hooked. Education high school Pronouns She/Her Work hopefully freelance some day Joined Jan 2, 2026 More from codebunny20 Building Voice Trainer: a tiny, local‑first pitch analysis tool for gender‑affirming voice practice # opensource # privacy # showdev # tooling 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account	2026-01-13T08:49:02
https://docs.python.org/es/3/	3.14.2 Documentation Tema Auto Claro Oscuro Descarga Descarga esta documentación Documentos por versión Python 3.15 (in development) Python 3.14 (stable) Python 3.13 (stable) Python 3.12 (security-fixes) Python 3.11 (security-fixes) Python 3.10 (security-fixes) Python 3.9 (EOL) Python 3.8 (EOL) Python 3.7 (EOL) Python 3.6 (EOL) Python 3.5 (EOL) Python 3.4 (EOL) Python 3.3 (EOL) Python 3.2 (EOL) Python 3.1 (EOL) Python 3.0 (EOL) Python 2.7 (EOL) Python 2.6 (EOL) Todas las versiones Otros recursos Índice PEP Guía para principiantes Listado de libros Charlas audios/videos Python Developer’s Guide Navegación índice módulos \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » \| Tema Auto Claro Oscuro \| documentación de Python - 3.14.2 Welcome! This is the official documentation for Python 3.14.2. Documentation sections: ¿Qué hay de nuevo en Python 3.14? Or all "What's new" documents since Python 2.0 Tutorial Start here: a tour of Python's syntax and features Library reference Standard library and builtins Language reference Syntax and language elements Python setup and usage How to install, configure, and use Python Cómos ( HOWTOs ) de Python In-depth topic manuals Installing Python modules Third-party modules and PyPI.org Distributing Python modules Publishing modules for use by other people Extending and embedding For C/C++ programmers Python's C API C API reference Preguntas frecuentes Frequently asked questions (with answers!) Deprecations Deprecated functionality Indices, glossary, and search: Global module index All modules and libraries General index All functions, classes, and terms Glosario Terms explained Página de búsqueda Search this documentation Complete table of contents Lists all sections and subsections Project information: Reporting issues Contributing to docs Download the documentation History and license of Python Derechos de autor Acerca de la documentación Descarga Descarga esta documentación Documentos por versión Python 3.15 (in development) Python 3.14 (stable) Python 3.13 (stable) Python 3.12 (security-fixes) Python 3.11 (security-fixes) Python 3.10 (security-fixes) Python 3.9 (EOL) Python 3.8 (EOL) Python 3.7 (EOL) Python 3.6 (EOL) Python 3.5 (EOL) Python 3.4 (EOL) Python 3.3 (EOL) Python 3.2 (EOL) Python 3.1 (EOL) Python 3.0 (EOL) Python 2.7 (EOL) Python 2.6 (EOL) Todas las versiones Otros recursos Índice PEP Guía para principiantes Listado de libros Charlas audios/videos Python Developer’s Guide « Navegación índice módulos \| Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » \| Tema Auto Claro Oscuro \| © Derechos de autor 2001 Python Software Foundation. Ésta página tiene la licencia Python Software Foundation Versión 2. Ejemplos, guías, y otro código en la documentación están bajo la licencia adicional Zero Clause BSD. Ver Historia y Licencia para más información. La Python Software Foundation es una corporación sin fines de lucro. Por favor dona. Última actualización en ene 13, 2026 (06:25 UTC). Encontraste un bug ? Creado usando Sphinx 8.2.3.	2026-01-13T08:49:02
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https://dev.to/t/leadership	Leadership - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Leadership Follow Hide Leadership is not a job title. Is guiding and empowering others. Create Post about #leadership Leadership is not a job title. Is guiding and empowering others. Tell us how you have lead others and learned from leaders. Lets learn from each other how to be better leaders. Older #leadership posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Package Updates Are Investments, Not Hygiene Tasks Steven Stuart Steven Stuart Steven Stuart Follow Jan 12 Package Updates Are Investments, Not Hygiene Tasks # leadership # softwaredevelopment # testing Comments Add Comment 8 min read Code ownership is not “please fix this for me” maria tzanidaki maria tzanidaki maria tzanidaki Follow Jan 12 Code ownership is not “please fix this for me” # discuss # architecture # codequality # leadership 2 reactions Comments 3 comments 3 min read Human–AI Collaboration in Project Teams — Redefining Leadership and Decision-Making Aaryan Gupta Aaryan Gupta Aaryan Gupta Follow Jan 12 Human–AI Collaboration in Project Teams — Redefining Leadership and Decision-Making # ai # leadership # management # productivity Comments Add Comment 2 min read Sharing a Good Book: Iwata Asks - The Legendary Life of the Nintendo Savior, From Genius Programmer to President Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Sharing a Good Book: Iwata Asks - The Legendary Life of the Nintendo Savior, From Genius Programmer to President # learning # gamedev # leadership # career Comments Add Comment 9 min read What's the Hardest Thing to Manage? - Silicon Valley VC's Management Wisdom Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 What's the Hardest Thing to Manage? - Silicon Valley VC's Management Wisdom # leadership # management # startup Comments Add Comment 11 min read Sharing a Good Book: Zhang Xiaolong, the WeChat Legend Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Sharing a Good Book: Zhang Xiaolong, the WeChat Legend # discuss # leadership # product # career Comments Add Comment 10 min read Reading List: Staff Engineering and Tech Management Books Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Reading List: Staff Engineering and Tech Management Books # management # leadership # resources # career Comments Add Comment 2 min read Book Sharing: Miracle Questions for High-Performing Teams Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Sharing: Miracle Questions for High-Performing Teams # leadership # management # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read Book Review: Elon Musk Biography Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Review: Elon Musk Biography # discuss # learning # startup # leadership Comments Add Comment 4 min read Sharing Good Books: Influence Through Storytelling - Persuading Without Arguing Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Sharing Good Books: Influence Through Storytelling - Persuading Without Arguing # leadership # learning # resources Comments Add Comment 6 min read Steve Jobs: The Biography (Updated Edition) Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Steve Jobs: The Biography (Updated Edition) # career # leadership # motivation # product Comments Add Comment 4 min read Book Sharing: Copyable Leadership - Fan Deng's Nine Business Lessons, Praised by 3 Million Paying Members Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Sharing: Copyable Leadership - Fan Deng's Nine Business Lessons, Praised by 3 Million Paying Members # leadership # learning # management Comments Add Comment 4 min read Sharing a Good Book: How to Criticize Effectively (Instead of Yelling) to Build a High-Performing Team Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Sharing a Good Book: How to Criticize Effectively (Instead of Yelling) to Build a High-Performing Team # leadership # management # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read Book Review: The Staff Engineer's Path Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Review: The Staff Engineer's Path # career # leadership # management Comments Add Comment 3 min read Sharing Good Books: Raising Resilient Kids - Silicon Valley Parenting Methods the World Is Learning Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Sharing Good Books: Raising Resilient Kids - Silicon Valley Parenting Methods the World Is Learning # learning # leadership # resources # mentalhealth Comments Add Comment 7 min read A Tier List for Company AI Strategies. Michael Landry Michael Landry Michael Landry Follow Jan 12 A Tier List for Company AI Strategies. # ai # leadership 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read How “Thinking Out Loud” Unlocked Clarity for My Dev Team (And How You Can Do It Too) Shubham Choudhary Shubham Choudhary Shubham Choudhary Follow Jan 9 How “Thinking Out Loud” Unlocked Clarity for My Dev Team (And How You Can Do It Too) # leadership # softwareengineering # productivity # career Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Responsible Disclosure Myth: How VMware's Year-Long Secret Left Us All Exposed ZB25 ZB25 ZB25 Follow Jan 9 The Responsible Disclosure Myth: How VMware's Year-Long Secret Left Us All Exposed # cybersecurity # leadership Comments Add Comment 6 min read Organizational Autoimmune Disorders Ben Link Ben Link Ben Link Follow Jan 8 Organizational Autoimmune Disorders # career # leadership # mentalhealth Comments Add Comment 4 min read What CEO retreats actually change for engineering execution Imperium by Edstellar Imperium by Edstellar Imperium by Edstellar Follow Jan 8 What CEO retreats actually change for engineering execution # leadership # management # product # softwareengineering Comments Add Comment 3 min read Finding leadership in times of crisis Svile Svile Svile Follow Jan 6 Finding leadership in times of crisis # leadership # productivity # agile # startup Comments Add Comment 9 min read Why AI Ethics Isn't a Policy—It's Your Next Competitive Advantage Sunny Ahluwalia Sunny Ahluwalia Sunny Ahluwalia Follow Jan 6 Why AI Ethics Isn't a Policy—It's Your Next Competitive Advantage # discuss # ai # leadership Comments Add Comment 2 min read Analytical Capability Is Not Authority: A Critical Boundary in AI-Enabled Systems Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Follow Jan 8 Analytical Capability Is Not Authority: A Critical Boundary in AI-Enabled Systems # ai # architecture # leadership # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Culture Map: Book review and reflections from an EM Leading International Teams Davide de Paolis Davide de Paolis Davide de Paolis Follow Jan 6 The Culture Map: Book review and reflections from an EM Leading International Teams # leadership # bookscorner # growthmindset # collaboration Comments Add Comment 8 min read Cuando el análisis y la decisión se confunden, la gobernanza se rompe Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Follow Jan 7 Cuando el análisis y la decisión se confunden, la gobernanza se rompe # discuss # ai # leadership Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... trending guides/resources Building Scalable SaaS Products: A Developer's Guide I got a new job - and I was fired after 45 days From Nagging to Holding People Accountable The Cargo Cult Am I doing the best I can? Thoughts about talent, mediocrity, expectations and success. The Culture Map: Book review and reflections from an EM Leading International Teams A Complete Production-Ready Checklist for Smooth, Safe Deployments 2025 Wrapped: still building, sharing, and finding my place in the community The Now Go Build Award: Celebrating Global Builders Who Inspire the AWS Community Become a GDG on Campus Organizer: Your Complete Selection Journey How Guillermo Rauch (the Creator of Next.JS) Evolves in the Age of AI How Do You Think About Measuring Social & Environmental Impact in Tech Projects? AI SDLC Transformation — Part 1: Where to Start? The DoD Experiment: A Diagnostic Tool in Disguise Organizando eventos de tecnologia Why Everyone is Missing GPT-4o Increasing Technical Onboarding Velocity for Your Engineering Team The Workflow of the Future Is Already Here (And It's Nothing Like You Think) A Tier List for Company AI Strategies. Traffic Down? 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