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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Artificial Intelligence Follow Hide Artificial intelligence leverages computers and machines to mimic the problem-solving and decision-making capabilities found in humans and in nature. Create Post submission guidelines Posts about artificial intelligence. Older #ai posts 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Small Language Models Are Eating the World (And Why That's Great) SATINATH MONDAL SATINATH MONDAL SATINATH MONDAL Follow Jan 11 Small Language Models Are Eating the World (And Why That's Great) # ai # edge # performance # mobile Comments Add Comment 13 min read Production ML is not about models. It’s about trade-offs. Jashwanth Thatipamula Jashwanth Thatipamula Jashwanth Thatipamula Follow Jan 11 Production ML is not about models. It’s about trade-offs. # webdev # ai # machinelearning # programming 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read AI Agents: Automate 80% of Support (Case Study) Robort Gabriel Robort Gabriel Robort Gabriel Follow Jan 11 AI Agents: Automate 80% of Support (Case Study) # agents # programming # ai Comments Add Comment 6 min read Book Sharing: Nexus - From the Stone Age to the AI Era Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Sharing: Nexus - From the Stone Age to the AI Era # discuss # ai # watercooler Comments Add Comment 6 min read Back to basics: a solid foundation for using AI coding agents in a monorepo Juha Kangas Juha Kangas Juha Kangas Follow Jan 11 Back to basics: a solid foundation for using AI coding agents in a monorepo # tooling # monorepo # ai # typescript Comments Add Comment 2 min read What AI Actually Replaces in Software Development (Part 2: The Reality) synthaicode synthaicode synthaicode Follow Jan 11 What AI Actually Replaces in Software Development (Part 2: The Reality) # ai # career # management # softwaredevelopment Comments Add Comment 3 min read When Your AI Coding Assistant Gets Stuck — What's your next move? Hanyuan PENG Hanyuan PENG Hanyuan PENG Follow Jan 11 When Your AI Coding Assistant Gets Stuck — What's your next move? # vibecoding # ai # programming # knowledgesharing 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read I built a Multi-Agent Academic Tutor using Next.js 14 & App Router yx j yx j yx j Follow Jan 11 I built a Multi-Agent Academic Tutor using Next.js 14 & App Router # showdev # webdev # ai # nextjs Comments Add Comment 2 min read A Skill do Dev do Futuro: Por que a engenharia de software é à prova de tempo Tiago Calado Tiago Calado Tiago Calado Follow Jan 11 A Skill do Dev do Futuro: Por que a engenharia de software é à prova de tempo # webdev # ai # career # softwareengineering Comments 2 comments 8 min read Today I Learned: Generative AI News and Applications, March 21, 2023 Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Today I Learned: Generative AI News and Applications, March 21, 2023 # news # openai # chatgpt # ai Comments 1 comment 3 min read Why AI Agents Need Context Graphs (And How to Build One with AWS) Brooke Jamieson Brooke Jamieson Brooke Jamieson Follow for AWS Jan 12 Why AI Agents Need Context Graphs (And How to Build One with AWS) # ai # contextgraphs # agenticai # aws 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 13 min read How to Scrape Google AI Mode Using Python Darshan Khandelwal Darshan Khandelwal Darshan Khandelwal Follow Jan 12 How to Scrape Google AI Mode Using Python # webdev # programming # ai # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read Book Review: Talent Management Bible - Learning Best Practices from Fortune 500 Companies Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Review: Talent Management Bible - Learning Best Practices from Fortune 500 Companies # ui # ai # nvidia # softwaredevelopment Comments Add Comment 4 min read AI Trading: Lesson Learned #134: RAG Architecture Misunderstanding - Wrong Fix Applied Igor Ganapolsky Igor Ganapolsky Igor Ganapolsky Follow Jan 11 AI Trading: Lesson Learned #134: RAG Architecture Misunderstanding - Wrong Fix Applied # ai # trading # python # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 2 min read NV TW LLM Developer Day 2024: Conference Notes Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 NV TW LLM Developer Day 2024: Conference Notes # developer # learning # llm # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read [Conference Notes] NV TW LLM Developer Day 2024 Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Conference Notes] NV TW LLM Developer Day 2024 # developer # llm # deeplearning # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read [LangChain] Potential Issues with LangChain Embeddings Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [LangChain] Potential Issues with LangChain Embeddings # rag # llm # python # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read Today I Learned: Google I/O 2023 Developer Keynote Summary Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Today I Learned: Google I/O 2023 Developer Keynote Summary # news # google # programming # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read Today I Learned: AI Safety and the Enlightenment Era Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Today I Learned: AI Safety and the Enlightenment Era # discuss # ai # learning Comments Add Comment 1 min read [YouTube] Practical Data Considerations for Building Production-Ready LLM Applications - Summary Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [YouTube] Practical Data Considerations for Building Production-Ready LLM Applications - Summary # data # rag # llm # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read Udacity: Gemini API by Google Course Review Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Udacity: Gemini API by Google Course Review # gemini # google # api # ai Comments Add Comment 3 min read Google I/O Developer Keynote Summary Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Google I/O Developer Keynote Summary # gemini # google # api # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read Notes on GPT-4V(ision): The Dawn of LMMs Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Notes on GPT-4V(ision): The Dawn of LMMs # llm # openai # microsoft # ai Comments Add Comment 1 min read Google Gemma 2 Bootcamp Resources Released Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Google Gemma 2 Bootcamp Resources Released # google # resources # llm # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read Today I Learned: How OpenAI/ChatGPT Uses Your Data for Training Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Today I Learned: How OpenAI/ChatGPT Uses Your Data for Training # privacy # openai # chatgpt # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://zeroday.forem.com/md_tauhidhossainrubel_f/compliance-40-integrating-finance-data-and-cyber-in-us-firms-2bi | Compliance 4.0: Integrating Finance, Data and Cyber in U.S. Firms - Security Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Security Forem Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Md Tauhid Hossain Rubel Posted on Dec 29, 2025 Compliance 4.0: Integrating Finance, Data and Cyber in U.S. Firms # discuss # news A Strategic Blueprint for Economic Resilience and Competitive Advantage By Md. Tauhid Hossain Rubel Graduate Researcher | Data Analytics, Finance & Cybersecurity United States Executive Summary U.S. corporations deal with a complex regulatory environment of financial regulations, data privacy laws and ever-present cyber threats. A big problem is that the teams working in these areas tend to work in isolation. This separation breeds inefficiencies, blind spots and more vulnerability. This old way of doing things cannot keep pace with modern and interconnected risks or with the sophisticated tools now utilized by such regulators as the SEC and CISA. This article examines the need for "Compliance 4.0." This is a new and integrated model where data analytics integrates finance, data protection and cybersecurity into one coherent system. This shift is an issue of national interest. It is essential to protecting the US financial system and defending critical infrastructure, as well as to developing a culture of proactive risk management. Moving from archaic checklists to ongoing, data-driven oversight, companies will be able to increase economic competitiveness, aid national security and lead in regulatory technology innovation. This analysis makes it clear for U.S. business leaders and policymakers to establish stronger and more adaptive organizations. Keywords: U.S Economy; Financial Stability; Cybersecurity; Data Integration; Regulatory Compliance; Risk Management Introduction: The National Need For Integration The health of the United States economy is now linked with the secure and legal movement of data. Financial transactions, corporate reports and information about customers all pass through digital networks. A major challenge has emerged with large companies. Their financial compliance, data governance and cybersecurity teams will often all work in silos. This siloed structure implies gaps in oversight, slow response to problems and failure to use shared information for better risk management. This internal weakness is a national concern as it can be exploited. It endangers the integrity of markets, the privacy of consumers and the strength of fundamental economic sectors. As the U.S. regulators themselves are more sophisticated in their data analysis for the purposes of supervision, the difference between their capabilities and a company's outdated compliance methods is becoming larger. This article contends that the next step - Compliance 4.0 - requires American firms to develop fully integrated programs. They need to employ unified data and analytics to satisfy the modern regulatory requirements and gain a sustainable edge. Problem Statement: The Cost of Silos The basic problem is that the old, compartmentalized way of doing things for compliance in American business is broken. It is not commensurate with the connected risks of today or what regulators expect from now. For instance, a bank's fake detection team, office, and customer data management team, and a hacker defence centre may use different software, generate different reports, and report to different bosses. This fragmentation implies that warning signs are missed. A single issue, such as an untruthful employee, may cause separate alerts in financial records and computer logs, which nobody ever makes the link to. Current systems lack this because they are blind to the whole picture. The risks of failure to change are serious. They include financial crime that goes undetected and weakens trust, enormous data breaches due to poor management of data, and lack of speed in complying with new regulations from different areas, such as cyber incident reporting. This inefficiency eventually undermines the strength of the American corporate world. Background: A Complicated Regulatory Landscape U.S. companies are operating in a multi-layered regulatory environment. Financial institutions report to such regulatory agencies as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), following legal guidelines such as Dodd-Frank. The privacy of data is regulated by state laws such as the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) and as part of the oversight of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Cybersecurity rules derive from different sources, such as specific regulations in the industry and frameworks from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). In the past, each of these areas developed their own set of compliance practices. However, in the digital age, the demarcation between finance, data and cyber has become blurred. What happened to one place is a direct impact in the other, and there is a greater need for a unified approach. **Core Analysis: The Urge Towards Unification of View The Need for Connection: Regulatory** U.S. regulators are no longer taking issues in isolation. They are actively correlating events in the world of finance and cybersecurity and expect the same capability in the companies. Enforcement actions are now pointing to failures between these domains on a regular basis. For example, SEC sued companies for providing investors with misleading information regarding cyberattacks, making cybersecurity directly related to honest financial reporting. In one 2023 case the SEC fined a software company for its inaccurate disclosures related to a ransomware attack and emphasized the importance of having internal controls that bridge the gap between the IT and finance departments (SEC, 2023). This indicates that regulators are looking at a cyber incident not as a technical problem but as a major business event with real financial consequences. Companies, therefore, need to have processes in place that will ensure their security teams are able to quickly and accurately inform their financial reporting teams about significant events. 2. Creating the Integrated Compliance Architecture The basis for Compliance 4.0 is common data and common analysis tools. The first important step is the creation of a unified data repository. This system would consolidate information from trading platforms, network security logs, data trackers and customer privacy requests. A 2023 industry survey by Deloitte revealed that 72% of compliance leaders regard integrating data across risk areas as their greatest priority, but only 35% have a unified strategy in place (Deloitte, 2023). Once data is connected, companies are able to use analytics to identify correlations that were not previously visible. An algorithm could detect, for example, if the suspicious profits of a trader are coincident with that employee's unauthorized access to confidential company reports on the corporate network. This is an insight that is impossible if the data is locked away in separate department silos. The 3-layer compliance 4.0 Framework: Foundation: A Unified Data Governance. This layer provides one source of truth for all compliance-related data using technologies such as cloud data lakes in order to provide a single source of truth. Intelligence: Cross Domain Analytics. Here, patterns and risks across financial, data and cyber activities are identified using tools, such as security information and event management (SIEM), with complex correlation rules. Automated Reporting & Controls Testing (Assurance). This top layer has the benefit of being source of demonstrable proof of compliance to the regulators through automation and continues monitoring. 3. Strategic Benefit of Integration Adopting Compliance 4.0 has clear benefits in strengthening individual firms and the broader US economy. Economically, it greatly reduces the cost and redundancy of having three separate compliance programs. It also cuts back on regulatory fines and operational downtime from major incidents; protecting the value of shareholders. From a security point of view, an integrated program is more robust. It enables quicker and more informed responses to incidents, as it gives a full picture of the impact of an attack - from which data was stolen to whether it can impact market stability. This is a direct contribution to national objectives of hardening economic infrastructure. Furthermore, this model generates demand for a new hybrid professional who is professional in data science, regulation and security. It also drives innovation in the American RegTech industry as companies look for a solution for this integrated approach. 4. Dealing with the Challenges of Implementation The process of moving to integration is not without hurdles. Centralising sensitive compliance data makes it a prime target and the compliance system itself needs strong cybersecurity. There is also a risk of overwhelming the staff with too many alerts if the analytics are not carefully managed. The most difficult challenge is often an organizational one. Success requires removing long-standing departmental boundaries and requires strong leadership from the top to align the goals of the CFO, CISO and General Counsel. Looking into the future, Compliance 4.0 will likely become Predictive Governance in 5-10 years time. By applying machine learning to integrated data, firms will not merely find current problems but anticipate areas of future vulnerability to allow them to fix the problem before it turns into a crisis. * Justification * Advancing compliance 4.0 is clearly in the national interest of the United States. First, it helps to strengthen U.S. economic competitiveness by making major corporations more efficient, secure, and stable, which leads to attracting investment and growth. Second, it directly improves national security by developing corporate defenses that are smarter and more coordinated to make it more difficult for adversaries to disrupt the nation's economic foundations. Third, it promotes US leadership in establishing global standards. By leading the way in integrated compliance models, American businesses and regulators can export models that encourage transparency, security, and innovation around the globe. Implications for Practice & Recommendations For U.S. Industry Leaders: Appoint a senior executive who has power over finance, data and cyber compliance to promote integration. One way to quickly get a win is to launch a pilot project to integrate data from one financial and one security process to demonstrate quick value. Invest in cross-training programs so that there is mutual understanding between compliance, IT security and data privacy teams. For U.S. Policy makers & Regulators: Issue joint guidance from relevant agencies encouraging and setting out expectations on integrated risk management. Modernize examination procedures to examine the efficacy of connections between firm compliance efforts across traditional areas. Support regulatory "sandboxes" in which companies might successfully test new integrated compliance technologies. Conclusion Compliance 4.0 is an evolution that American firms need. The integrated approach of finance, data and cybersecurity is no longer optional but a very important requirement due to interconnected risks and data-savvy regulators. By developing programs on unified data and shared analytics, corporations will be able to transform compliance from a scattered cost to a source of strength and insight. This changeover will insure the individual companies and through this insure the stability and security of the entire U.S. economic system. For America to retain its competitive advantage, its top entities must adopt this connected future. References Deloitte Center for Regulatory Strategy. (2023). The future of regulatory technology: From fragmentation to integration. Deloitte Insights. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). SEC fines Software Company for Misleading Disclosure about Cyberattack [Press Release]. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Md Tauhid Hossain Rubel Follow Joined Oct 27, 2025 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Security Forem — Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Security Forem © 2016 - 2026. Share. Secure. Succeed Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:07 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # systemdesign Follow Hide Create Post Older #systemdesign posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Arquitetura de Software e Design Assistido por IA: Quem Decide, Afinal? Vinicius Cardoso Garcia Vinicius Cardoso Garcia Vinicius Cardoso Garcia Follow Dec 31 '25 Arquitetura de Software e Design Assistido por IA: Quem Decide, Afinal? # ai # architecture # softwareengineering # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 13 min read Designing an AI Foot Traffic Analysis System for Retail ZedIoT ZedIoT ZedIoT Follow Dec 31 '25 Designing an AI Foot Traffic Analysis System for Retail # ai # computervision # systemdesign # retail Comments Add Comment 2 min read Controllable AI Must Sit in the Control Plane — Otherwise It Shouldn’t Exist yuer yuer yuer Follow Jan 4 Controllable AI Must Sit in the Control Plane — Otherwise It Shouldn’t Exist # ai # architecture # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 2 min read Preventing Data Inconsistency in High-Frequency Transaction Systems BillBoox BillBoox BillBoox Follow Dec 30 '25 Preventing Data Inconsistency in High-Frequency Transaction Systems # systemdesign # database # backend # architecture Comments Add Comment 4 min read Deterministic Decision Making in Non-Deterministic Environments: Why all my projects fight the same problem Ertugrul Ertugrul Ertugrul Follow Jan 4 Deterministic Decision Making in Non-Deterministic Environments: Why all my projects fight the same problem # machinelearning # systemdesign # edgeai # engineeringphilosophy Comments Add Comment 3 min read Types of UML Diagrams Aniket Vaishnav Aniket Vaishnav Aniket Vaishnav Follow Dec 31 '25 Types of UML Diagrams # architecture # design # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 1 min read Is LeetCode Enough for Coding Interviews in 2025? 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Here's What To Do Instead. Ayush Kumar Anand Ayush Kumar Anand Ayush Kumar Anand Follow Dec 28 '25 You Can't Resize a Bloom Filter. Here's What To Do Instead. # redis # systemdesign # go # performance Comments Add Comment 6 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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https://docs.python.org/3/license.html#licenses-and-acknowledgements-for-incorporated-software | History and License — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents History and License History of the software Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2 BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software Mersenne Twister Sockets Asynchronous socket services Cookie management Execution tracing UUencode and UUdecode functions XML Remote Procedure Calls test_epoll Select kqueue SipHash24 strtod and dtoa OpenSSL expat libffi zlib cfuhash libmpdec W3C C14N test suite mimalloc asyncio Global Unbounded Sequences (GUS) Zstandard bindings Previous topic Copyright This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » History and License | Theme Auto Light Dark | History and License ¶ History of the software ¶ Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at Stichting Mathematisch Centrum (CWI, see https://www.cwi.nl ) in the Netherlands as a successor of a language called ABC. Guido remains Python’s principal author, although it includes many contributions from others. In 1995, Guido continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI, see https://www.cnri.reston.va.us ) in Reston, Virginia where he released several versions of the software. In May 2000, Guido and the Python core development team moved to BeOpen.com to form the BeOpen PythonLabs team. In October of the same year, the PythonLabs team moved to Digital Creations, which became Zope Corporation. In 2001, the Python Software Foundation (PSF, see https://www.python.org/psf/ ) was formed, a non-profit organization created specifically to own Python-related Intellectual Property. Zope Corporation was a sponsoring member of the PSF. All Python releases are Open Source (see https://opensource.org for the Open Source Definition). Historically, most, but not all, Python releases have also been GPL-compatible; the table below summarizes the various releases. Release Derived from Year Owner GPL-compatible? (1) 0.9.0 thru 1.2 n/a 1991-1995 CWI yes 1.3 thru 1.5.2 1.2 1995-1999 CNRI yes 1.6 1.5.2 2000 CNRI no 2.0 1.6 2000 BeOpen.com no 1.6.1 1.6 2001 CNRI yes (2) 2.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF no 2.0.1 2.0+1.6.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.1 2.1+2.0.1 2001 PSF yes 2.1.2 2.1.1 2002 PSF yes 2.1.3 2.1.2 2002 PSF yes 2.2 and above 2.1.1 2001-now PSF yes Note GPL-compatible doesn’t mean that we’re distributing Python under the GPL. All Python licenses, unlike the GPL, let you distribute a modified version without making your changes open source. The GPL-compatible licenses make it possible to combine Python with other software that is released under the GPL; the others don’t. According to Richard Stallman, 1.6.1 is not GPL-compatible, because its license has a choice of law clause. According to CNRI, however, Stallman’s lawyer has told CNRI’s lawyer that 1.6.1 is “not incompatible” with the GPL. Thanks to the many outside volunteers who have worked under Guido’s direction to make these releases possible. Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python ¶ Python software and documentation are licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Starting with Python 3.8.6, examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are dual licensed under the PSF License Version 2 and the Zero-Clause BSD license . Some software incorporated into Python is under different licenses. The licenses are listed with code falling under that license. See Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software for an incomplete list of these licenses. PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2 ¶ 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation ("PSF"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software ("Python") in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that PSF's License Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 2001 Python Software Foundation; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python. 4. PSF is making Python available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. 8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0 ¶ BEOPEN PYTHON OPEN SOURCE LICENSE AGREEMENT VERSION 1 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between BeOpen.com ("BeOpen"), having an office at 160 Saratoga Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051, and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using this software in source or binary form and its associated documentation ("the Software"). 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this BeOpen Python License Agreement, BeOpen hereby grants Licensee a non-exclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use the Software alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that the BeOpen Python License is retained in the Software, alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. 3. BeOpen is making the Software available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. BEOPEN MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, BEOPEN MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF THE SOFTWARE WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 4. BEOPEN SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF THE SOFTWARE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF USING, MODIFYING OR DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 5. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 6. This License Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted in all respects by the law of the State of California, excluding conflict of law provisions. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between BeOpen and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use BeOpen trademarks or trade names in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. As an exception, the "BeOpen Python" logos available at http://www.pythonlabs.com/logos.html may be used according to the permissions granted on that web page. 7. By copying, installing or otherwise using the software, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1 ¶ 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Corporation for National Research Initiatives, having an office at 1895 Preston White Drive, Reston, VA 20191 ("CNRI"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using Python 1.6.1 software in source or binary form and its associated documentation. 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, CNRI hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that CNRI's License Agreement and CNRI's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee. Alternately, in lieu of CNRI's License Agreement, Licensee may substitute the following text (omitting the quotes): "Python 1.6.1 is made available subject to the terms and conditions in CNRI's License Agreement. This Agreement together with Python 1.6.1 may be located on the internet using the following unique, persistent identifier (known as a handle): 1895.22/1013. This Agreement may also be obtained from a proxy server on the internet using the following URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1895.22/1013". 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or incorporates Python 1.6.1 or any part thereof, and wants to make the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python 1.6.1. 4. CNRI is making Python 1.6.1 available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis. CNRI MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, CNRI MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON 1.6.1 WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. 5. CNRI SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON 1.6.1 FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON 1.6.1, OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF. 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of its terms and conditions. 7. This License Agreement shall be governed by the federal intellectual property law of the United States, including without limitation the federal copyright law, and, to the extent such U.S. federal law does not apply, by the law of the Commonwealth of Virginia, excluding Virginia's conflict of law provisions. Notwithstanding the foregoing, with regard to derivative works based on Python 1.6.1 that incorporate non-separable material that was previously distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL), the law of the Commonwealth of Virginia shall govern this License Agreement only as to issues arising under or with respect to Paragraphs 4, 5, and 7 of this License Agreement. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between CNRI and Licensee. This License Agreement does not grant permission to use CNRI trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any third party. 8. By clicking on the "ACCEPT" button where indicated, or by copying, installing or otherwise using Python 1.6.1, Licensee agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement. CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2 ¶ Copyright © 1991 - 1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum Amsterdam, The Netherlands. All rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Stichting Mathematisch Centrum or CWI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION ¶ Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Licenses and Acknowledgements for Incorporated Software ¶ This section is an incomplete, but growing list of licenses and acknowledgements for third-party software incorporated in the Python distribution. Mersenne Twister ¶ The _random C extension underlying the random module includes code based on a download from http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/MT2002/emt19937ar.html . The following are the verbatim comments from the original code: A C-program for MT19937, with initialization improved 2002/1/26. Coded by Takuji Nishimura and Makoto Matsumoto. Before using, initialize the state by using init_genrand(seed) or init_by_array(init_key, key_length). Copyright (C) 1997 - 2002, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura, All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Any feedback is very welcome. http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/emt.html email: m-mat @ math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp (remove space) Sockets ¶ The socket module uses the functions, getaddrinfo() , and getnameinfo() , which are coded in separate source files from the WIDE Project, https://www.wide.ad.jp/ . Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998 WIDE Project. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. Neither the name of the project nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE PROJECT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Asynchronous socket services ¶ The test.support.asynchat and test.support.asyncore modules contain the following notice: Copyright 1996 by Sam Rushing All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Sam Rushing not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SAM RUSHING DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL SAM RUSHING BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Cookie management ¶ The http.cookies module contains the following notice: Copyright 2000 by Timothy O'Malley <timo@alum.mit.edu> All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Timothy O'Malley not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. Timothy O'Malley DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL Timothy O'Malley BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Execution tracing ¶ The trace module contains the following notice: portions copyright 2001, Autonomous Zones Industries, Inc., all rights... err... reserved and offered to the public under the terms of the Python 2.2 license. Author: Zooko O'Whielacronx http://zooko.com/ mailto:zooko@zooko.com Copyright 2000, Mojam Media, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1999, Bioreason, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Andrew Dalke Copyright 1995-1997, Automatrix, Inc., all rights reserved. Author: Skip Montanaro Copyright 1991-1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, all rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this Python software and its associated documentation for any purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of neither Automatrix, Bioreason or Mojam Media be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. UUencode and UUdecode functions ¶ The uu codec contains the following notice: Copyright 1994 by Lance Ellinghouse Cathedral City, California Republic, United States of America. All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Lance Ellinghouse not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. LANCE ELLINGHOUSE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL LANCE ELLINGHOUSE CENTRUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Modified by Jack Jansen, CWI, July 1995: - Use binascii module to do the actual line-by-line conversion between ascii and binary. This results in a 1000-fold speedup. The C version is still 5 times faster, though. - Arguments more compliant with Python standard XML Remote Procedure Calls ¶ The xmlrpc.client module contains the following notice: The XML-RPC client interface is Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Secret Labs AB Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Fredrik Lundh By obtaining, using, and/or copying this software and/or its associated documentation, you agree that you have read, understood, and will comply with the following terms and conditions: Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its associated documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Secret Labs AB or the author not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. SECRET LABS AB AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANT- ABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL SECRET LABS AB OR THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. test_epoll ¶ The test.test_epoll module contains the following notice: Copyright (c) 2001-2006 Twisted Matrix Laboratories. Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Select kqueue ¶ The select module contains the following notice for the kqueue interface: Copyright (c) 2000 Doug White, 2006 James Knight, 2007 Christian Heimes All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. SipHash24 ¶ The file Python/pyhash.c contains Marek Majkowski’ implementation of Dan Bernstein’s SipHash24 algorithm. It contains the following note: <MIT License> Copyright (c) 2013 Marek Majkowski <marek@popcount.org> Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. </MIT License> Original location: https://github.com/majek/csiphash/ Solution inspired by code from: Samuel Neves (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little) djb (supercop/crypto_auth/siphash24/little2) Jean-Philippe Aumasson (https://131002.net/siphash/siphash24.c) strtod and dtoa ¶ The file Python/dtoa.c , which supplies C functions dtoa and strtod for conversion of C doubles to and from strings, is derived from the file of the same name by David M. Gay, currently available from https://web.archive.org/web/20220517033456/http://www.netlib.org/fp/dtoa.c . The original file, as retrieved on March 16, 2009, contains the following copyright and licensing notice: /**************************************************************** * * The author of this software is David M. Gay. * * Copyright (c) 1991, 2000, 2001 by Lucent Technologies. * * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any * purpose without fee is hereby granted, provided that this entire notice * is included in all copies of any software which is or includes a copy * or modification of this software and in all copies of the supporting * documentation for such software. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS BEING PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED * WARRANTY. IN PARTICULAR, NEITHER THE AUTHOR NOR LUCENT MAKES ANY * REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE MERCHANTABILITY * OF THIS SOFTWARE OR ITS FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. * ***************************************************************/ OpenSSL ¶ The modules hashlib , posix and ssl use the OpenSSL library for added performance if made available by the operating system. Additionally, the Windows and macOS installers for Python may include a copy of the OpenSSL libraries, so we include a copy of the OpenSSL license here. For the OpenSSL 3.0 release, and later releases derived from that, the Apache License v2 applies: Apache License Version 2.0, January 2004 https://www.apache.org/licenses/ TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION 1. Definitions. "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction, and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document. 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IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. asyncio ¶ Parts of the asyncio module are incorporated from uvloop 0.16 , which is distributed under the MIT license: Copyright (c) 2015-2021 MagicStack Inc. http://magic.io Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Global Unbounded Sequences (GUS) ¶ The file Python/qsbr.c is adapted from FreeBSD’s “Global Unbounded Sequences” safe memory reclamation scheme in subr_smr.c . The file is distributed under the 2-Clause BSD License: Copyright (c) 2019,2020 Jeffrey Roberson <jeff@FreeBSD.org> Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following con | 2026-01-13T08:49:07 |
https://dev.to/farhad_hossain_500d9cf52a | Farhad Hossain - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Farhad Hossain 404 bio not found Joined Joined on Dec 10, 2025 More info about @farhad_hossain_500d9cf52a Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 2 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 0 tags followed Mouse Events in JavaScript: Why Your UI Flickers (and How to Fix It Properly) Farhad Hossain Farhad Hossain Farhad Hossain Follow Jan 13 Mouse Events in JavaScript: Why Your UI Flickers (and How to Fix It Properly) # frontend # javascript # ui 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read How JavaScript Engines Optimize Objects, Arrays, and Maps (A V8 Performance Guide) Farhad Hossain Farhad Hossain Farhad Hossain Follow Dec 23 '25 How JavaScript Engines Optimize Objects, Arrays, and Maps (A V8 Performance Guide) # javascript # performance # webdev # softwareengineering 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:07 |
https://dev.to/sname/rails-8-strong-parameters-the-double-bracket-fix-for-nested-attributes-3cd3#comments | Rails 8 Strong Parameters: The Double-Bracket Fix for Nested Attributes - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Olumuyiwa Osiname Posted on Jan 11 Rails 8 Strong Parameters: The Double-Bracket Fix for Nested Attributes # tutorial # backend # rails # ruby When upgrading to Rails 8, you may start using params.expect —often prompted by RuboCop’s Rails/StrongParametersExpect —to make strong parameter contracts more explicit. There is a sharp edge: nested attributes submitted as indexed hashes can be silently filtered out , causing validations to fail in non-obvious ways. This post documents a real failure mode we hit while building SoloBooks ’ invoicing flow—and the fix that makes expect work reliably with Rails nested attributes. All parameter examples below are simplified and anonymized to illustrate structure only. The Problem: Invoices Failed Validation After Switching to expect Invoices in SoloBooks must have at least one line item. After switching from require(...).permit(...) to params.expect(...) , invoice creation began failing validation. At first glance nothing looked wrong: the request succeeded parameters appeared present no strong-parameter error was raised But the invoice was rejected because no line items were actually assigned . A request spec caught it immediately. The Setup Our Invoice model accepts nested attributes and validates presence of line items: class Invoice < ApplicationRecord has_many :line_items , dependent: :destroy accepts_nested_attributes_for :line_items , allow_destroy: true , reject_if: :all_blank validates :line_items , presence: true end Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The Incoming Params (Critical Detail) This is the actual shape the controller receives from a Rails nested form / stimulus-rails-nested-form setup: { "invoice" => { "date" => "2026-01-11" , "due_date" => "2026-01-12" , "client_id" => "123" , "line_items_attributes" => { "0" => { "description" => "Web Development" , "quantity" => "10" , "unit_price" => "150" }, "1" => { "description" => "UI Design" , "quantity" => "5" , "unit_price" => "200" } } } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode ⚠️ Important: line_items_attributes is not an array . It is a hash keyed by dynamic numeric strings ( "0" , "1" , …). This distinction is the root cause of the bug. Step 1: Working Version with require/permit def invoice_params params . require ( :invoice ). permit ( :date , :due_date , :client_id , line_items_attributes: [ :description , :quantity , :unit_price , :_destroy ] ) end Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode With permit , nested attributes were assigned correctly and validation passed. Step 2: Switching to expect (Unexpected Validation Failure) def invoice_params params . expect ( invoice: [ :date , :due_date , :client_id , line_items_attributes: [ :description , :quantity , :unit_price , :_destroy ] ] ) end Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode No error was raised by strong parameters, but line_items_attributes was filtered out. As a result: no line items were assigned validates :line_items, presence: true failed the invoice was not persisted Inspecting the result: invoice_params [ :line_items_attributes ] # => #<ActionController::Parameters {} permitted: true> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Why This Happens This declaration: line_items_attributes: [ :description , :quantity , :unit_price ] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode means: “ line_items_attributes is a single nested hash with these keys.” But the incoming data is: line_items_attributes: { "0" => { ... }, "1" => { ... } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode That is a collection represented as an indexed hash , not a single hash. params.expect enforces structure strictly. When the shape does not match, nested attributes are silently dropped. The Fix: Double Brackets To express “a collection of nested hashes,” you must use double brackets : def invoice_params params . expect ( invoice: [ :date , :due_date , :client_id , line_items_attributes: [[ :id , :description , :quantity , :unit_price , :_destroy ]] ] ) end Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What This Means Inner array → permitted keys for each line item Outer array → indicates a repeated / collection-like structure This matches both: indexed hashes ( "0" => {...} ) arrays of hashes ( [{...}, {...}] ) Verified by Request Spec expect { post invoices_path , params: valid_params }. to not_change ( Invoice , :count ) . and change ( LineItem , :count ). by ( 0 ) # After fix: expect { post invoices_path , params: valid_params }. to change ( Invoice , :count ). by ( 1 ) . and change ( LineItem , :count ). by ( 2 ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Mental Model for expect Incoming shape expect declaration Single nested hash line_items_attributes: [:description] Indexed hash ( "0" => {...} ) line_items_attributes: [[:description]] Array of hashes line_items_attributes: [[:description]] If nested records disappear or validations fail unexpectedly, inspect the shape , not the values. A Note on RuboCop and Rails/StrongParametersExpect RuboCop often triggers this issue. The Rails/StrongParametersExpect cop encourages replacing: params . require ( :invoice ). permit ( ... ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode with: params . expect ( invoice: [ ... ]) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The intent is good: expect makes parameter structure explicit . However, the cop does not account for how Rails nested forms commonly submit *_attributes —as indexed hashes with dynamic keys. A naïve rewrite is not behavior-preserving . Practical Guidance Always verify nested attribute shapes when adopting expect For has_many nested attributes, use [[...]] If a controller handles complex or highly dynamic params, it is reasonable to: keep require/permit , or locally disable Rails/StrongParametersExpect RuboCop enforces consistency, not correctness. Key Takeaways Rails nested forms commonly submit *_attributes as indexed hashes params.expect is stricter than permit and requires explicit structure Use [[...]] for has_many nested attributes Validation failures may be the only symptom Request specs are essential when changing strong parameter handling Final Thought This bug is subtle, silent at the strong-parameter layer, and easy to ship if you rely only on manual testing. If you are migrating to params.expect in Rails 8, nested attributes deserve special attention. If this saved you time—or cost you some before you found it—you’re not alone. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Olumuyiwa Osiname Follow Experienced Ruby Developer Location Berlin, germany Work Senior Backend Engineer Joined Jun 13, 2020 More from Olumuyiwa Osiname Mastering Rails and Ruby: A Collection of Practical Tips for Cleaner Code # rails # ruby # cleancode Mastering Rails and Ruby: A Collection of Practical Tips for Cleaner Code # ruby # rails # cleancode Deploy Rails App from Github to AWS Elastic Beanstalk # aws # github # rails 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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Right menu Contrast sync vs async failure classes using first principles Mohammad-Idrees Mohammad-Idrees Mohammad-Idrees Follow Jan 13 Contrast sync vs async failure classes using first principles # architecture # computerscience # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 3 min read Mathematical Audit of Excalidraw: Finding "Logic Echoes" via Linear Algebra Petar Liovic Petar Liovic Petar Liovic Follow Jan 12 Mathematical Audit of Excalidraw: Finding "Logic Echoes" via Linear Algebra # architecture # computerscience # react # tooling 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Multi-dimensional Arrays & Row-major Order: A Deep Dive ali ehab algmass ali ehab algmass ali ehab algmass Follow Jan 12 Multi-dimensional Arrays & Row-major Order: A Deep Dive # webdev # programming # computerscience # learning Comments Add Comment 5 min read TIL: Byzantine Generals Problem in Real-World Distributed Systems Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 TIL: Byzantine Generals Problem in Real-World Distributed Systems # computerscience # learning # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 3 min read Paper Review: Scaling Up to Excellence: Practicing Model Scaling for Photo-Realistic Image Restoration In the Wild Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Paper Review: Scaling Up to Excellence: Practicing Model Scaling for Photo-Realistic Image Restoration In the Wild # computerscience # machinelearning # deeplearning # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read Is Learning Programming Without a Computer Science Degree Realistic? syed shabeh syed shabeh syed shabeh Follow Jan 12 Is Learning Programming Without a Computer Science Degree Realistic? # programming # computerscience # developers # webdev 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Golang for Mach-O File Reverse Engineering Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Golang for Mach-O File Reverse Engineering # computerscience # go # security Comments Add Comment 2 min read Dynamic Arrays: Low-Level Implementation & Amortized Analysis ali ehab algmass ali ehab algmass ali ehab algmass Follow Jan 11 Dynamic Arrays: Low-Level Implementation & Amortized Analysis # algorithms # computerscience # performance Comments Add Comment 4 min read Artificial Intelligence in Smart Grids — A Comprehensive Survey rachmad andri atmoko rachmad andri atmoko rachmad andri atmoko Follow Jan 10 Artificial Intelligence in Smart Grids — A Comprehensive Survey # ai # computerscience # iot Comments Add Comment 20 min read Interactive Program Developement - Semester Project Aleena Mubashar Aleena Mubashar Aleena Mubashar Follow Jan 10 Interactive Program Developement - Semester Project # discuss # programming # beginners # computerscience Comments 1 comment 4 min read I'm in 3rd Year - Here's My Complete OS Guide for Campus Placements 📚 Rajat Parihar Rajat Parihar Rajat Parihar Follow Jan 9 I'm in 3rd Year - Here's My Complete OS Guide for Campus Placements 📚 # operatingsystems # placements # computerscience # linux 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 25 min read Separate Stack for separate Thread. Saiful Islam Saiful Islam Saiful Islam Follow Jan 10 Separate Stack for separate Thread. # webdev # operatingsystm # computerscience # architecture 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Contiguous Memory & Cache Locality ali ehab algmass ali ehab algmass ali ehab algmass Follow Jan 10 Contiguous Memory & Cache Locality # algorithms # computerscience # performance Comments Add Comment 3 min read Memory Layout: Heap vs Stack ali ehab algmass ali ehab algmass ali ehab algmass Follow Jan 9 Memory Layout: Heap vs Stack # computerscience # programming # architecture # learning Comments Add Comment 3 min read Interactive Big O Notation Guide Sergiy Bondaryev Sergiy Bondaryev Sergiy Bondaryev Follow Jan 9 Interactive Big O Notation Guide # computerscience # programming # javascript # webdev Comments Add Comment 1 min read Hysteresis in Neural Networks — Part 1 Ertugrul Ertugrul Ertugrul Follow Jan 9 Hysteresis in Neural Networks — Part 1 # ai # computerscience # deeplearning # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 4 min read Two Pointers (Same Direction) Jayaprasanna Roddam Jayaprasanna Roddam Jayaprasanna Roddam Follow Jan 9 Two Pointers (Same Direction) # algorithms # computerscience # interview # performance Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why Your Python Tuple Can't Be a Dictionary Key Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Jan 9 Why Your Python Tuple Can't Be a Dictionary Key # python # programming # computerscience # ai Comments Add Comment 1 min read Google's LEGO tribute 🧩 Jigyasa Grover Jigyasa Grover Jigyasa Grover Follow for Google Developer Experts Jan 9 Google's LEGO tribute 🧩 # computerscience # dataengineering # google # systemdesign 24 reactions Comments 8 comments 1 min read System Design Intro #Day-1 VINAY TEJA ARUKALA VINAY TEJA ARUKALA VINAY TEJA ARUKALA Follow Jan 9 System Design Intro #Day-1 # systemdesign # beginners # computerscience # interview Comments Add Comment 2 min read What Every Programmer Should Know About Memory Part 4 Hamza Hasanain Hamza Hasanain Hamza Hasanain Follow Jan 7 What Every Programmer Should Know About Memory Part 4 # programming # computerscience # ai # cpp 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 10 min read Segmentation and Memory Aayush Sharma Aayush Sharma Aayush Sharma Follow Jan 7 Segmentation and Memory # architecture # computerscience Comments Add Comment 5 min read My Key Takeaways from DDIA Chapter 1: Reliability, Scalability, and Maintainability Faizan Firdousi Faizan Firdousi Faizan Firdousi Follow Jan 7 My Key Takeaways from DDIA Chapter 1: Reliability, Scalability, and Maintainability # systemdesign # distributedsystems # architecture # computerscience Comments Add Comment 2 min read How Clocks Turn Manual Logic into Automated Calculation? Jithendiran Jithendiran Jithendiran Follow Jan 5 How Clocks Turn Manual Logic into Automated Calculation? # computerscience Comments Add Comment 7 min read Running Form Tech: Improve Your Gait With This DIY AI Analysis wellallyTech wellallyTech wellallyTech Follow Jan 5 Running Form Tech: Improve Your Gait With This DIY AI Analysis # opencv # python # computerscience # healthtech Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... trending guides/resources Is "Vibe Coding" Ruining My CS Degree? The 2026 Computer Science Playbook: How to Learn, Where to Focus, and What It Really Takes to Get... How to build a firmware using Makefile? 📘 Lean — A Language for Formal Proofs and Verified Mathematics How an Interrupt Reaches the CPU (Part 1) Understanding How Computers Actually Work Some indexing data structures Goroutines, OS Threads, and the Go Scheduler — A Deep Dive That Actually Makes Sense Supercomputer Coatlicue: Scientific ambition or political spectacle? Linux history Google's LEGO tribute 🧩 CPUs & RAM Explained — How Computers Actually Think and Remember Introduction to GNU, GDB, ELF, and LLDB Why 0.1 + 0.2 != 0.3: Building a Precise Calculator with Go's Decimal Package Why Every Engineer Should Learn to Read Research Papers (And How to Start) 🍬 Jelly — The Language Built for Code Golf and Extreme Compression Elbrus (E2K): a CPU architecture that thinks like a compiler History of Java Line by Line, But HOW Do I Construct A BSP Tree? 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https://hmpljs.forem.com/privacy#main-content | Privacy Policy - HMPL.js Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account HMPL.js Forem Close Privacy Policy Last Updated: September 01, 2023 This Privacy Policy is designed to help you understand how DEV Community Inc. (" DEV ," " we ," or " us ") collects, use, and discloses your personal information. What's With the Defined Terms? You'll notice that some words appear in quotes in this Privacy Policy. They're called "defined terms," and we use them so that we don't have to repeat the same language again and again. They mean the same thing in every instance, to help us make sure that this Privacy Policy is consistent. We've included the defined terms throughout because we want it to be easy for you to read them in context. 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION 11. OTHER PROVISIONS 12. CONTACT US 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? This Privacy Policy applies to personal information processed by us, including on our websites, mobile applications, and other online or offline offerings — basically anything we do. To make this Privacy Policy easier to read, our websites, mobile applications, and other offerings are all collectively called the " Services. " Beyond this Privacy Policy, your use of the Services is subject to our DEV Community Terms and our Forem Terms. The Services include both our own community forum at https://www.dev.to (the " DEV Community ") and the open source tool we provide called " Forem ," available at https://www.forem.com which allows our customers to create and operate their own online forums. We collect personal information from two categories of people: (1) our customers, who use Forem and our hosting services to run and host their own forums (we'll call them " Forem Operators "), and (2) the people who interact with DEV-hosted forums, including forums provided by Forem Operators utilizing Forem and separately our own DEV Community (we'll call them " Users "). An Important Note for Users Since we provide hosting services for Forem Operators, technically we also process your information on their behalf. That processing is governed by the contracts that we have in place with each Forem Operator, not this Privacy Policy. In other words, when you share your data on a DEV-hosted forum operated by a Forem Operator, we at DEV are basically just the "pipes" — we process the data on behalf of the Forem Operator, but don't do anything with it ourselves beyond what we're required to do under our contract (and by law). So, if you post your information on a DEV-powered forum provided by a Forem Operator, that Forem Operator's privacy policy applies, and any questions or requests relating to your data on that service should be directed to that Forem Operator, not us. Likewise, if you use our mobile application, you may also interact with forums that use DEV's open-source tools but do all their hosting and data collection themselves. For those forums, we at DEV have no access to your data, so be sure to read the privacy policy of any third-party hosted forum before posting. 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT The categories of personal information we collect depend on whether you're a User or Forem Operator, how you interact with us, our Services, and the requirements of applicable law. Breaking it down, we collect three types of information: (1) information that you provide to us directly, (2) information we obtain automatically when you use our Services, and (3) information we get about you from other sources (such as third-party services and organizations). More details are below. A. Information You Provide to Us Directly We may collect the following personal information that you provide to us. Account Creation (for Forem Operators): We'll require your name and email address to get started, as well as some details about the Forem you want to run, such as: whether you're running the Forem on your own behalf or as part of an organization, and details about the community you want to support (how big is it, what topics does it cover, where do members currently communicate, how/if the community earns money, whether the community is open, invite-only or paid, any existing social media accounts, etc.) You'll need to tell us a bit about your personal coding background, and you'll have the option to provide your DEV username as well, if you are a member of the DEV.to community. Account Creation (for Users) : We collect name and email address from users that create an account on DEV Community. For other forums created by Forem Operators using Forem, the Forem Operator determines what information is required for User account creation for their respective forums. Interactive Features (for Users) . Like any other social network, both we and other Users of our Services may collect personal information that you submit or make available through our interactive features (e.g., messaging and chat features, commenting functionalities, forums, blogs, posts, and other social media pages). While we do have private messages that are only between you and the person you're messaging (as well as us and the Forem Operator, as applicable), any information you provide using the public sharing features of the Services, such as the information you post to your public profile or the topics you follow is public, including to recruiters and prospective employers, and is not subject to any of the privacy protections we mention in this Privacy Policy except where legally required. Please exercise caution before revealing any information that may identify you in the real world to others. Purchases . If you buy stuff on our shop site https://shop.dev.to/ (as either a User or Forem Operator), or otherwise if you pay us in connection with your use of the Forem service, we may collect personal information and details associated with your purchases, including payment information. Any payments made via our Services are processed by third-party payment processors, such as Stripe, Shopify, and PayPal. We do not directly collect or store any payment card information entered through our Services, but may receive information associated with your payment card information (e.g., your billing details). Your Communications with Us (Users and Forem Operators) . We may collect personal information, such as email address, phone number, or mailing address when you request information about our Services, register for our newsletter or loyalty program, request customer or technical support, apply for a job, or otherwise communicate with us. Surveys . We may contact you to participate in surveys. If you decide to participate, you may be asked to provide certain information, which may include personal information (for example, your home address). Sweepstakes or Contests . We may collect personal information you provide for any sweepstakes or contests that we offer. In some jurisdictions, we are required to publicly share information of sweepstakes and contest winners. Conferences, Trade Shows, and Other Events . We may collect personal information from individuals when we attend conferences, trade shows, and other events. Business Development and Strategic Partnerships . We may collect personal information from individuals and third parties to assess and pursue potential business opportunities. Job Applications . We may post job openings and opportunities on our Services. If you reply to one of these postings by submitting your application, CV and/or cover letter to us, we will collect and use your information to assess your qualifications. B. Information Collected Automatically We may collect personal information automatically when you use our Services: Automatic Data Collection . We may collect certain information automatically when you use our Services, such as your Internet protocol (IP) address, user settings, MAC address, cookie identifiers, mobile carrier, mobile advertising and other unique identifiers, browser or device information, location information (including approximate location derived from IP address), and Internet service provider. We may also automatically collect information regarding your use of our Services, such as pages that you visit before, during and after using our Services, information about the links you click, the types of content you interact with, the frequency and duration of your activities, and other information about how you use our Services. In addition, we may collect information that other people provide about you when they use our Services, including information about you when they tag you in their posts. Cookies, Pixel Tags/Web Beacons, and Other Technologies . We, as well as third parties that provide content, advertising, or other functionality on our Services, may use cookies, pixel tags, local storage, and other technologies (" Technologies ") to automatically collect information through your use of our Services. Cookies . Cookies are small text files placed in device browsers that store preferences and facilitate and enhance your experience. Pixel Tags/Web Beacons . A pixel tag (also known as a web beacon) is a piece of code embedded in our Services that collects information about engagement on our Services. The use of a pixel tag allows us to record, for example, that a user has visited a particular web page or clicked on a particular advertisement. We may also include web beacons in e-mails to understand whether messages have been opened, acted on, or forwarded. Our uses of these Technologies fall into the following general categories: Operationally Necessary . This includes Technologies that allow you access to our Services, applications, and tools that are required to identify irregular website behavior, prevent fraudulent activity and improve security or that allow you to make use of our functionality. Performance-Related . We may use Technologies to assess the performance of our Services, including as part of our analytic practices to help us understand how individuals use our Services ( see Analytics below ). Functionality-Related . We may use Technologies that allow us to offer you enhanced functionality when accessing or using our Services. This may include identifying you when you sign into our Services or keeping track of your specified preferences, interests, or past items viewed. Analytics . We may use Technologies and other third-party tools to process analytics information on our Services. Some of our analytics partners include Google Analytics. For more information,please visit Google Analytics' Privacy Policy . To learn more about how to opt-out of Google Analytics' use of your information, please click here . Social Media Platforms . Our Services may contain social media buttons such as Twitter, Facebook, GitHub, Instagram, and Twitch (that might include widgets such as the "share this" button or other interactive mini programs). These features may collect your IP address, which page you are visiting on our Services, and may set a cookie to enable the feature to function properly. Your interactions with these platforms are governed by the privacy policy of the company providing it. See the "Your Privacy Choices and Rights" section below to understand your choices regarding these Technologies. C. Information Collected from Other Sources We may obtain information about you from other sources, including through third-party services and organizations. For example, if you access our Services through a third-party application, such as an app store, a third-party login service (e.g., through Twitter, Apple, or GitHub), or a social networking site, we may collect whatever information about you from that third-party application that you have made available via your privacy settings. 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION We use your information for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, for administrative purposes, and to market our products and Services, as described below. A. Provide Our Services We use your information to fulfill our contract with you and provide you with our Services, such as: Managing your information and accounts; Providing access to certain areas, functionalities, and features of our Services; Answering requests for customer or technical support; Communicating with you about your account, activities on our Services, and policy changes; Processing your financial information and other payment methods for products or Services purchased; Processing applications if you apply for a job we post on our Services; and Allowing you to register for events. B. Administrative Purposes We use your information for various administrative purposes, such as: Pursuing our legitimate interests such as direct marketing, research and development (including marketing research), network and information security, and fraud prevention; Detecting security incidents, protecting against malicious, deceptive, fraudulent or illegal activity, and prosecuting those responsible for that activity; Measuring interest and engagement in our Services, including for usage-based billing purposes; Short-term, transient use, such as contextual customization of ads; Improving, optimizing, upgrading, or enhancing our Services; Developing new products and Services; Ensuring internal quality control and safety; Authenticating and verifying individual identities, including requests to exercise your rights under this policy; Debugging to identify and repair errors with our Services; Auditing relating to interactions, transactions and other compliance activities; Enforcing our agreements and policies; and Complying with our legal obligations. C. Marketing and Advertising our Products and Services We may use your personal information to tailor and provide you with content and advertisements for our Services, such as via email. If you have any questions about our marketing practices, you may contact us at any time as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. D. Other Purposes We also use your information for other purposes as requested by you or as permitted by applicable law. Consent . We may use personal information for other purposes that are clearly disclosed to you at the time you provide personal information or with your consent. Automated Decision Making. We may engage in automated decision making, including profiling, such as to suggest topics or other Users for you to follow. DEV's processing of your personal information will not result in a decision based solely on automated processing that significantly affects you unless such a decision is necessary as part of a contract we have with you, we have your consent, or we are permitted by law to engage in such automated decision making. If you have questions about our automated decision making, you may contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. De-identified and Aggregated Information . We may use personal information and other information about you to create de-identified and/or aggregated information, such as de-identified demographic information, information about the device from which you access our Services, or other analyses we create. For example, we may collect system-wide information to ensure availability of the platform, or measure aggregate data trends to analyze and optimize our Services. Share Content with Friends or Colleagues. Our Services may offer various tools and functionalities. For example, we may allow you to provide information about your friends through our referral services. Our referral services may allow you to forward or share certain content with a friend or colleague, such as an email inviting your friend to use our Services. Please only share with us contact information of people with whom you have a relationship (e.g., relative, friend neighbor, or co-worker). 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION We disclose your information to third parties for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, to protect us or others, or in the event of a major business transaction such as a merger, sale, or asset transfer, as described below. A. Disclosures to Provide our Services The categories of third parties with whom we may share your information are described below. Service Providers . We may share your personal information with our third-party service providers who use that information to help us provide our Services. This includes service providers that provide us with IT support, hosting, payment processing, customer service, and related services. For example, our Shop site is run by Shopify, who handle your shipping details on our behalf. Business Partners . We may share your personal information with business partners to provide you with a product or service you have requested. We may also share your personal information to business partners with whom we jointly offer products or services. Other Users . As described above in the "Personal Information We Collect" section of this Privacy Policy, our Service allows Users to share their profiles, and any posts, chats, etc. with other Users and with the general public, including to those who do not use our Services. APIs/SDKs . We may use third-party Application Program Interfaces ("APIs") and Software Development Kits ("SDKs") as part of the functionality of our Services. For more information about our use of APIs and SDKs, please contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. B . Disclosures to Protect Us or Others We may access, preserve, and disclose any information we store associated with you to external parties if we, in good faith, believe doing so is required or appropriate to: comply with law enforcement or national security requests and legal process, such as a court order or subpoena; protect your, our, or others' rights, property, or safety; enforce our policies or contracts; collect amounts owed to us; or assist with an investigation or prosecution of suspected or actual illegal activity. C. Disclosure in the Event of Merger, Sale, or Other Asset Transfers If we are involved in a merger, acquisition, financing due diligence, reorganization, bankruptcy, receivership, purchase or sale of assets, or transition of service to another provider, your information may be sold or transferred as part of such a transaction, as permitted by law and/or contract. 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS Your Privacy Choices . The privacy choices you may have about your personal information are determined by applicable law and are described below. Email Communications . If you receive an unwanted email from us, you can use the unsubscribe link found at the bottom of the email to opt out of receiving future emails. Note that you will continue to receive transaction-related emails regarding products or Services you have requested. We may also send you certain non-promotional communications regarding us and our Services, and you will not be able to opt out of those communications (e.g., communications regarding our Services or updates to our Terms or this Privacy Policy). Mobile Devices . We may send you push notifications through our mobile application. You may opt out from receiving these push notifications by changing the settings on your mobile device. "Do Not Track." Do Not Track (" DNT ") is a privacy preference that users can set in certain web browsers. Please note that we do not respond to or honor DNT signals or similar mechanisms transmitted by web browsers. Cookies and Interest-Based Advertising . You may stop or restrict the placement of Technologies on your device or remove them by adjusting your preferences as your browser or device permits. However, if you adjust your preferences, our Services may not work properly. Please note that cookie-based opt-outs are not effective on mobile applications. Please note you must separately opt out in each browser and on each device. Your Privacy Rights . In accordance with applicable law, you may have the right to: Access Personal Information about you, including: (i) confirming whether we are processing your personal information; (ii) obtaining access to or a copy of your personal information; Request Correction of your personal information where it is inaccurate, incomplete or outdated. In some cases, we may provide self-service tools that enable you to update your personal information; Request Deletion, Anonymization or Blocking of your personal information when processing is based on your consent or when processing is unnecessary, excessive or noncompliant; Request Restriction of or Object to our processing of your personal information when processing is noncompliant; Withdraw Your Consent to our processing of your personal information. If you refrain from providing personal information or withdraw your consent to processing, some features of our Service may not be available; Request Data Portability and Receive an Electronic Copy of Personal Information that You Have Provided to Us; Be Informed about third parties with which your personal information has been shared; and Request the Review of Decisions Taken Exclusively Based on Automated Processing if such decisions could affect your data subject rights. If you would like to exercise any of these rights, please contact us as set forth in "Contact Us" below. We will process such requests in accordance with applicable laws. 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS All information processed by us may be transferred, processed, and stored anywhere in the world, including, but not limited to, the United States or other countries, which may have data protection laws that are different from the laws where you live. We always strive to safeguard your information consistent with the requirements of applicable laws. 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION We store the personal information we collect as described in this Privacy Policy for as long as you use our Services or as necessary: to fulfill the purpose or purposes for which it was collected, to provide our Services, to resolve disputes, to establish legal defenses, to conduct audits, to pursue legitimate business purposes, to enforce our agreements, and to comply with applicable laws. 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS Refer-a-Friend and Similar Incentive Programs . As described above in the How We Use Your Personal Information section ("Share Content with Friends or Colleagues" subsection), we may offer referral programs or other incentivized data collection programs. For example, we may offer incentives to you such as discounts or promotional items or credit in connection with these programs, wherein you provide your personal information in exchange for a reward, or provide personal information regarding your friends or colleagues (such as their email address) and receive rewards when they sign up to use our Services. (The referred party may also receive rewards for signing up via your referral.) These programs are entirely voluntary and allow us to grow our business and provide additional benefits to you. The value of your data to us depends on how you ultimately use our Services, whereas the value of the referred party's data to us depends on whether the referred party ultimately becomes a User or Forem Operator and uses our Services. Said value will be reflected in the incentive offered in connection with each program. Accessibility . This Privacy Policy uses industry-standard technologies and was developed in line with the World Wide Web Consortium's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, version 2.1* . * If you wish to print this policy, please do so from your web browser or by saving the page as a PDF. California Shine the Light . The California "Shine the Light" law permits users who are California residents to request and obtain from us once a year, free of charge, a list of the third parties to whom we have disclosed their personal information (if any) for their direct marketing purposes in the prior calendar year, as well as the type of personal information disclosed to those parties. Right for Minors to Remove Posted Content . Where required by law, California residents under the age of 18 may request to have their posted content or information removed from the publicly-viewable portions of the Services by contacting us directly as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below or by logging into their account and removing the content or information using our self-service tools. 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS If you are a resident of Nevada, you have the right to opt-out of the sale of certain Personal Information to third parties who intend to license or sell that Personal Information. You can exercise this right by contacting us as set forth in the "Contact Us\" section below with the subject line "Nevada Do Not Sell Request" and providing us with your name and the email address associated with your account. Please note that we do not currently sell your Personal Information as sales are defined in Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 603A. If you have any questions, please contact us as set forth below. 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION The Services are not directed to children under 13 (or other age as required by local law), and we do not knowingly collect personal information from children. If you are a parent or guardian and believe your child has uploaded personal information to our site without your consent, you may contact us as described in the "Contact Us" section below. If we become aware that a child has provided us with personal information in violation of applicable law, we will delete any personal information we have collected, unless we have a legal obligation to keep it, and terminate the child's account if applicable. 11. OTHER PROVISIONS Third-Party Websites or Applications . The Services may contain links to other websites or applications, and other websites or applications may reference or link to our Services. These third-party services are not controlled by us. 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https://future.forem.com/harrycmary | Harry Cmary - Future Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Future Close Follow User actions Harry Cmary Hi, I’m Harry, a passionate technology content writer with a keen interest in exploring the latest trends and innovations in the tech world. Location United Kingdom Joined Joined on Dec 30, 2024 More info about @harrycmary Badges One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 2 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 0 tags followed How is AI and machine learning transforming enterprise server management today? Harry Cmary Harry Cmary Harry Cmary Follow Dec 21 '25 How is AI and machine learning transforming enterprise server management today? # ai # server Comments Add Comment 1 min read Optimizing Edge Server Latency — What Are You Using? Harry Cmary Harry Cmary Harry Cmary Follow Nov 26 '25 Optimizing Edge Server Latency — What Are You Using? # edgecomputing # iot # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Future — News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Future © 2025 - 2026. Stay on the cutting edge, and shape tomorrow Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:07 |
https://forem.com/t/systemdesign/page/6 | Systemdesign Page 6 - Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # systemdesign Follow Hide Create Post Older #systemdesign posts 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu System Architecture for Startups: Build Fast Without Painting Yourself Into a Corner Shamim Ali Shamim Ali Shamim Ali Follow Jan 7 System Architecture for Startups: Build Fast Without Painting Yourself Into a Corner # architecture # startup # systemdesign # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read Solving Latency and Pagination in Image and Keyword Based Property Search Suraj Sharma Suraj Sharma Suraj Sharma Follow Dec 26 '25 Solving Latency and Pagination in Image and Keyword Based Property Search # systemdesign # machinelearning # postgres # performance 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Legal State Governance Marcelo Filho Marcelo Filho Marcelo Filho Follow Dec 25 '25 Legal State Governance # architecture # softwaredevelopment # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 28 min read How We Prevent Ads from Interrupting Critical User Workflows Pradeep Kumar Pradeep Kumar Pradeep Kumar Follow Dec 22 '25 How We Prevent Ads from Interrupting Critical User Workflows # mobile # architecture # performance # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 2 min read How VS Code Understands Your Code: Inside the Language Server Protocol Martin Wachira Martin Wachira Martin Wachira Follow Dec 28 '25 How VS Code Understands Your Code: Inside the Language Server Protocol # lsps # devtools # systemdesign # programming 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Microservices Communication Patterns: When to Use REST, gRPC, or Message Queues Abdullahi Yusuf Abdullahi Yusuf Abdullahi Yusuf Follow Dec 22 '25 Microservices Communication Patterns: When to Use REST, gRPC, or Message Queues # microservices # systemdesign # distributedsystems # rest Comments Add Comment 9 min read A Self-Healing System That Stays Alive When Everything Fails — Pure Python, No Dependencies System Researcher System Researcher System Researcher Follow Dec 22 '25 A Self-Healing System That Stays Alive When Everything Fails — Pure Python, No Dependencies # resilience # selfhealing # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building a Scalable Rate Limiting System: Token Bucket vs Leaky Bucket Abdullahi Yusuf Abdullahi Yusuf Abdullahi Yusuf Follow Dec 22 '25 Building a Scalable Rate Limiting System: Token Bucket vs Leaky Bucket # systemdesign # ratelimiting # programming # distributedsystems Comments Add Comment 6 min read Understanding Coupling: Afferent vs Efferent Dependencies in System Design Mohamed Azmy Mohamed Azmy Mohamed Azmy Follow Jan 5 Understanding Coupling: Afferent vs Efferent Dependencies in System Design # webdev # backenddevelopment # systemdesign # architecture Comments Add Comment 3 min read Understanding Coupling: Afferent vs Efferent Dependencies in System Design Mohamed Azmy Mohamed Azmy Mohamed Azmy Follow Jan 5 Understanding Coupling: Afferent vs Efferent Dependencies in System Design # webdev # backenddevelopment # systemdesign # architecture Comments Add Comment 3 min read Lessons from Building Business-Critical Software Without Offline Mode BillBoox BillBoox BillBoox Follow Dec 25 '25 Lessons from Building Business-Critical Software Without Offline Mode # architecture # learning # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 4 min read Kubernetes Journey Part 1: Why Docker? Samarth Gambhir Samarth Gambhir Samarth Gambhir Follow Dec 22 '25 Kubernetes Journey Part 1: Why Docker? # docker # kubernetes # architecture # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why static diagrams fail: simulating an e-commerce checkout flow in Robust Design Joshua Joshua Joshua Follow Dec 23 '25 Why static diagrams fail: simulating an e-commerce checkout flow in Robust Design # systemdesign # react # webdev # programming Comments Add Comment 2 min read Real-World System Design: Authentication, RBAC, and Multi-Tenant Architecture (Part 1) Shailesh Singh Shailesh Singh Shailesh Singh Follow Dec 22 '25 Real-World System Design: Authentication, RBAC, and Multi-Tenant Architecture (Part 1) # systemdesign # authentication Comments Add Comment 3 min read Securing High-Risk Zones: An Integrated RFID and Autonomous Drone Surveillance System Ashreya Bhutani Ashreya Bhutani Ashreya Bhutani Follow Dec 22 '25 Securing High-Risk Zones: An Integrated RFID and Autonomous Drone Surveillance System # systemdesign # robotics # iot # security Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building a High-Performance Real-Time Camera Capture System in C++ Jyoti Prajapati Jyoti Prajapati Jyoti Prajapati Follow Dec 22 '25 Building a High-Performance Real-Time Camera Capture System in C++ # cpp # programming # performance # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 5 min read Cars Don’t Fail Suddenly-Software Taught Me That VechtronAI VechtronAI VechtronAI Follow Dec 22 '25 Cars Don’t Fail Suddenly-Software Taught Me That # ai # systemdesign # iot # automotive 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Silent Security Crisis: Why Your AI Systems Need Rejection Logging (And Most Don't Have It) John R. 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Black III Follow Dec 23 '25 The Silent Security Crisis: Why Your AI Systems Need Rejection Logging (And Most Don't Have It) # cybersecurity # ai # systemdesign # zerotrust Comments Add Comment 4 min read Google SRE NALSD Round — A Real Interview Walkthrough Ace Interviews Ace Interviews Ace Interviews Follow Dec 22 '25 Google SRE NALSD Round — A Real Interview Walkthrough # sre # google # systemdesign # career Comments Add Comment 7 min read Fanout at Scale: Push vs. Pull Strategies in Distributed Systems Muhammad Ahsan Farooq Muhammad Ahsan Farooq Muhammad Ahsan Farooq Follow Dec 21 '25 Fanout at Scale: Push vs. Pull Strategies in Distributed Systems # programming # systemdesign # javascript # distributedsystems Comments Add Comment 4 min read System Design Interview: Autocomplete / Type-ahead System (Final Part) ZeeshanAli-0704 ZeeshanAli-0704 ZeeshanAli-0704 Follow Dec 21 '25 System Design Interview: Autocomplete / Type-ahead System (Final Part) # systemdesign # algorithms # architecture # systemdesignwithzeeshanali Comments Add Comment 5 min read Autocomplete / Type-ahead System for a Search Box - Part 2 ZeeshanAli-0704 ZeeshanAli-0704 ZeeshanAli-0704 Follow Dec 21 '25 Autocomplete / Type-ahead System for a Search Box - Part 2 # systemdesign # algorithms # interview # architecture Comments Add Comment 5 min read How We Designed Abuse Prevention Without User Accounts in an Anonymous Chat App VibeTalk VibeTalk VibeTalk Follow Jan 2 How We Designed Abuse Prevention Without User Accounts in an Anonymous Chat App # privacy # security # systemdesign 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Your Restaurant Is a Distributed System With an Unbounded Queue rohit rajak rohit rajak rohit rajak Follow Dec 20 '25 Your Restaurant Is a Distributed System With an Unbounded Queue # operations # business # systemdesign # queueingtheory 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read I Intentionally Built a Bad Decision System (So You Don’t Have To) Ertugrul Ertugrul Ertugrul Follow Dec 19 '25 I Intentionally Built a Bad Decision System (So You Don’t Have To) # systemdesign # architecture # ai # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 5 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/missamarakay/following-cooking-recipes-makes-you-a-clearer-writer-460a#ambiguous-terms | Following Cooking Recipes Makes You a Clearer Writer - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Amara Graham Posted on Jul 17, 2019 Following Cooking Recipes Makes You a Clearer Writer # devrel # documentation I'm really into cooking, baking, pickling, really anything that will end in me eating something delicious. But I didn't find it enjoyable or "get good" at cooking overnight. My parents cooked most of our meals and if you planned on eating said meal, you were required to provide some amount of assistance, regardless of your blood relation to the family. After graduating out of dorm life I realized I needed to feed myself or starve, so I started getting bolder with my kitchen experiments and I'm pleased to say I'm still alive. "Ok Amara, but where is the tech components of this blog?" Hold on, I'm setting up the metaphor. "Ok fine." In the Kitchen If you stand in a kitchen and watch my dad cook - he reads a recipe, studies it, then goes through and pulls out all the things he needs to make it happen. For banana bread he usually has to pull the frozen bananas out early to thaw them enough to peel them, he portions out the spices so he can toss them in while mixing, he sprays the loaf pan before the mixture is together. If you watched me in my first apartment attempting banana bread for the first time, you would have seen someone who barely read the recipe (I've made this before, with supervision, and watched my dad make it for years, how hard can it be?) and did exactly every step of the instruction in series. Pull frozen bananas out of the freezer, immediately realize you can't peel a banana when its extra frozen, wait just long enough you can pry the peel off, smash the mostly still frozen bananas, slowly add each spice one at a time, measuring as you go, mix everything together, spray the pan, realize the oven isn't on, wait to pre-heat, blah blah blah, why did this take double the prep time? My dad has always taken the methodical approach to everything, he's a chemist and he loves math. I'm impatient and can't spend even 30 seconds idle when I know I need to complete a task, so I pretty much have the attention span of a Border Collie (have you seen those dogs stare at a ball, full body shaking with excitement?). At My Desk I'm sure you'll be shocked to hear when I sit down to learn some kind of new tech, I barely skim the tutorial or docs, immediately start the "doing", and often end up frustrated and annoyed with the experience. In some cases I tell myself things like "oh I've used an API like this before, I can just make it work" and 3 days later I'm banging my head on the keyboard. "Amara, just slow down and actually read the tutorial." Easier said than done. Not just for me personally, but for any dev, and that includes your dev coworkers, customers, community, etc. Time is precious, workplaces are more agile than ever, and people pay money for other people to stand in line for them. In My Brain Now recipes, just like tutorials, can be poorly written, but even the good ones can suffer from poor execution as I rambled on above. There are 5 things I learned from getting better at following cooking recipes that I think apply to written technical content. Ambiguous Terms Jargon Chunking Brevity Audience Let's take a look at each one. Ambiguous Terms Have you ever read a recipe, seen the word "mix" and go... with a spoon? A stand mixer? How long? Or how about "hand mix"? Did you know that a 'Hand Mixer' is an appliance and not the things at the end of your arms? Because a few years ago when we first started dating, my now husband did not. In tech, we love using the same term for a number of different things. Or we have a number of different words for the same thing. Really friendly to beginners right? Something like "Run this" might make sense to you, the engineer who built it, because its probably never crossed your mind that you run it globally and not in a particular directory (or vice versa) but that can be one of the most irritating things for a dev struggling with the worry of doing something wrong and/or irreversible. Be explicit in your use of terms and maybe consider a glossary of terms relevant to your project/product/industry/company. What does this mean in this context, right here, right now? Don't leave your reading punching out to search for answers. Jargon Every talk I've given on AI to beginners has included a disclaimer about not only ambiguous terminology but jargon. 'Fine-tuning' is not super intuitive, neither is 'hyperparameter'. 'Fold in' or 'soft peaks' in cooking is right up there too. Mastering the jargon can disrupt retention of fundamental topics. Explaining these terms early in docs and tutorials is crucial. You should not assume knowledge of jargon, so this is another +1 for a glossary. Chunking I am a huge fan of multi-part tutorials and how-to series, so long as they are done right. At the end of each part in a series, you should have a small complete something. Developers may not have time to sit down and do a 3-6 hour tutorial, but they should be able to get 20 minutes to an hour of uninterrupted time. You don't want to tackle a slow cooker recipe at 5pm expecting to eat it for dinner, but you may want to brown some meat so it is ready to toss in the next morning. If I have 20 minutes today to set myself up for success later today or tomorrow, I need to know I can get it done in the allocated time. And I need to feel like I can pick it up again without rereading the entire thing. Brevity Unlike this blog which is probably way too long for most of you, the more concise your written technical content the easier its going to be to follow. It's part of what makes the Tasty videos so appealing to watch - someone makes a sped up, top-down recipe that feels fast and easy even if its neither. This doesn't mean you can't write an introduction or a conclusion that goes more in depth about the content, but when you get to the meat of the docs or tutorial it should be a lean, mean, executing machine. Food bloggers are great at this, they may give you step-by-step pictures and commentary, but they almost always include the recipe separately. So feel free to tell me how you are going to save the world with this tutorial, but keep it out of the exact steps I'm following so I don't get overwhelmed. Audience This is maybe the most important, although I could argue that they all are. Knowing your developer audience is extremely important in technical writing. This helps you make decisions about what languages and references to use, what their workstation may look like, and maybe even things like their attention span. If your audience is students, whether they will admit it or not, they tend to have WAY more time to sit down and really study a tutorial. Or maybe they are participating in a hackathon and it just needs to work as fast as possible. But maybe your audience is enterprise developers, like mine often is. This means it has to be production-ready, maintainable, and even trainable across teams. Your maintenance team may be entirely separate from your product engineering team, so the content they follow may need to be different. Knowing or identifying your audience can be challenging, but this is a great opportunity for your devrel team to really shine. Celebrate Those Incremental Improvements Like I mentioned earlier, I didn't wake up one day and realize if I actually read the recipe, prepped ahead of time, and researched how to do certain kitchen techniques (again, ahead of time), I could maximize my time in the kitchen and feel less overwhelmed. In fact, I'm probably 50:50 in my ability to prep and run in parallel or haphazardly skim in series today. But snaps for me because this week I measured everything out before I started cooking! I'm sure you could make an argument that my dad is a 'senior' in the kitchen and I'm not (but I'm also not junior either), but he'd prefer you only use 'senior' when used in conjunction with "senior discount" at this point in his life. Let's say 'seasoned'. Whether you are a junior or senior dev, you still need the content you are consuming to prepare you for success. But with more and more folks using services like Blue Apron, Hello Fresh, Home Chef, arguably boxed Bootcamp experiences for the kitchen, we have a new generation of folks training themselves how to follow recipes and we can translate that experience into the tech world, allowing for more confident, empowered folks in the kitchen and at the keyboard. So instead of shouting "read the docs" or "follow the tutorial" make sure your content is as consumable and delicious as a home cooked meal. Top comments (5) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Jason C. McDonald Jason C. McDonald Jason C. McDonald Follow Author. Speaker. Time Lord. (Views are my own) Email codemouse92@outlook.com Location Time Vortex Pronouns he/him Work Author of "Dead Simple Python" (No Starch Press) Joined Jan 31, 2017 • Aug 5 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Excellent write up! I'm actually going to include this on the #beginners tag wiki for authors to read. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand JeffD JeffD JeffD Follow Code-quality 🩺 Teamwork 🐝 & everything that can simplify the developper's life 🗂️. Location France Joined Oct 16, 2017 • Sep 16 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This post is a must-read ! It's perfect 🏆 ("Hold on, I'm setting up the metaphor." 🤣) Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alvarez García Alvarez García Alvarez García Follow After more than 10 years backending, now trying to make this CSS properties work. Location Buenos Aires, Argentina Work FullStack Joined Apr 24, 2019 • Jul 25 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide DevRel in construction here, thanks for this really simple and enjoyable post. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Amara Graham Amara Graham Amara Graham Follow Enabling developers Location Austin, TX Education BS Computer Science from Trinity University Work Developer Advocate at Kestra Joined Jan 4, 2017 • Jul 25 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you! :) Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Shashamura1 Shashamura1 Shashamura1 Follow Hi everyone my name is daniel.gentle loving caring I’am a type of person that always optimistic in every thing that I doing im very couriours and ambitious to lean I’m very new in this site Email ashogbondaniel292@gmail.com Location USA Education Technical college Work CEO at mylocallatest ...https://mylocallatest512644105.wordpress.com Joined Sep 12, 2022 • Oct 8 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice post I can use it to learn as project in dev.com ..to share the interest story of cooking Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Amara Graham Follow Enabling developers Location Austin, TX Education BS Computer Science from Trinity University Work Developer Advocate at Kestra Joined Jan 4, 2017 More from Amara Graham Moving Config Docs From YAML to Markdown # documentation # yaml # markdown Moving DevEx from DevRel to Engineering # devrel # devex # engineering # reorg Bing Webmaster Tools De-indexed My Docs Site and Increased My Cognitive Load # webdev # seo # documentation 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/rogo032/10-proven-ways-to-cut-your-aws-bill-5157#comments | 10 Proven Ways to Cut Your AWS Bill - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Nikola Roganovic Posted on Jan 10 • Originally published at costlyfy.com 10 Proven Ways to Cut Your AWS Bill # aws # devops # cloud # sre 1. Right-size your EC2 instances One of the most common reasons for high AWS bills is overprovisioned EC2 instances. Many systems don’t use a fraction of their capacity and are usually just sitting there doing nothing. By regularly monitoring CPU, memory, and other metrics, you can right-size instances to match real usage. This single change often results in savings of 20 to 40 percent without affecting performance. 2. Use Auto Scaling instead of static resources Static servers cost money even when no one is using them. Auto Scaling allows your infrastructure to grow and shrink based on actual demand. This is especially useful for applications with daily traffic spikes or seasonal usage patterns. You only pay for what you need at any given moment. 3. Use Reserved Instances or Savings Plans for stable workloads If a service runs continuously and has predictable usage, on-demand pricing is usually the most expensive option. Reserved Instances and Savings Plans offer significant discounts in exchange for long-term commitment. They work best for databases, core backend services, and internal systems. A small amount of planning can lead to substantial monthly savings. But be careful, if you buy them ahead of time and don’t use them, you’re still going to pay for them. 4. Use Spot Instances for batch and non-critical workloads Spot Instances take advantage of unused AWS capacity and are therefore much cheaper than standard instances. They are ideal for batch jobs, CI pipelines, and data processing tasks. While interruptions are possible, most of these workloads can handle restarts. When designed correctly, the cost savings can be dramatic. Don't use them for stable production workloads 5. Shut down idle resources This one seems obvious, but many, many people forget about idle instances, or sometimes they don’t even know about them until it’s too late. Idle resources are silent budget killers. EC2 instances, RDS databases, and load balancers often remain running without serving any real purpose. Automating shutdowns outside of working hours is simple and highly effective. This is often the fastest way to see immediate cost reductions. 6. Move cold data to S3 Intelligent-Tiering or Glacier Not all data needs to be instantly accessible. Data that is rarely accessed should not live in expensive storage tiers. S3 Intelligent-Tiering automatically optimizes storage costs without manual intervention. Glacier is a great option for archives and long-term backups. 7. Minimize data transfer costs Data transfer is one of the most underestimated AWS expenses. Cross AZ traffic and outbound data can add up quickly. Keeping services within the same availability zone where possible can significantly reduce costs. 8. Use serverless where it makes sense Serverless pricing is based on execution time rather than uptime. For event driven systems and low or unpredictable traffic workloads, this model is often far more cost effective. It also reduces operational overhead. Fewer servers mean less maintenance and fewer hidden costs. 9. Set up AWS Budgets and Cost Anomaly Detection You cannot control what you cannot see. AWS Budgets let you define spending limits and receive alerts before costs become a problem. Cost Anomaly Detection automatically identifies unusual spikes in usage. These tools are essential for teams running production workloads. 10. Delete unused snapshots, AMIs, and EBS volumes Storage resources tend to accumulate over time. Old snapshots, AMIs, and unused EBS volumes often provide no real value but continue to generate costs. Regular cleanup and automation can lead to consistent long-term savings. This is a small habit with a big financial impact. Once, while doing an audit report for a company, I found around ten 2 TB snapshots lying around, scattered across random regions that no one knew about. Conclusion Optimizing AWS costs is not a one time task but an ongoing process. Most savings come from discipline, visibility, and smart architectural decisions. When these cost hacks are applied consistently, cloud spending becomes predictable and significantly lower, without sacrificing performance or reliability. If you enjoyed this article, feel free to check out costlyfy for more practical posts about AWS, cloud infrastructure, and cost optimization. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Nikola Roganovic Follow DevOps engineer with 7+ years of hands-on experience designing, operating, and optimizing AWS infrastructure. I’ve worked on production systems where reliability, cost, and simplicity actually matter. Work DevOps Joined Apr 14, 2025 More from Nikola Roganovic You’re Running EC2 Instances That Do Nothing # aws # cloud # devops # sre 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:07 |
https://dev.to/flo152121063061/i-tried-to-capture-system-audio-in-the-browser-heres-what-i-learned-1f99#what-i-ended-up-doing | I tried to capture system audio in the browser. Here's what I learned. - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Flo Posted on Jan 12 I tried to capture system audio in the browser. Here's what I learned. # webdev # javascript # learning # api I'm building LiveSuggest, a real-time AI assistant that listens to your meetings and gives you suggestions as you talk. Simple idea, right? Turns out, capturing audio from a browser tab is... complicated. The good news Chrome and Edge support it. You use getDisplayMedia , the same API for screen sharing, but with an audio option: const stream = await navigator . mediaDevices . getDisplayMedia ({ video : true , audio : { systemAudio : ' include ' } }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The user picks a tab to share, checks "Share tab audio", and boom — you get the audio stream. Works great for Zoom, Teams, Meet, whatever runs in a browser tab. The bad news Firefox? Implements getDisplayMedia but completely ignores the audio part. No error, no warning. You just... don't get audio. Safari? Same story. The API exists, audio doesn't. Mobile browsers? None of them support it. iOS, Android, doesn't matter. So if you're building something that needs system audio, you're looking at Chrome/Edge desktop only. That's maybe 60-65% of your potential users. What I ended up doing I detect the browser upfront and show a clear message: "Firefox doesn't support system audio capture for meetings. Use Chrome or Edge for this feature. Microphone capture is still available." No tricks, no workarounds. Just honesty. Users appreciate knowing why something doesn't work rather than wondering if they did something wrong. For Firefox/Safari users, the app falls back to microphone-only mode. It's not ideal for capturing both sides of a conversation, but it's better than nothing. The annoying details A few things that wasted my time so they don't waste yours: You have to request video. Even if you only want audio. video: true is mandatory. I immediately stop the video track after getting the stream, but you can't skip it. The "Share tab audio" checkbox is easy to miss. Chrome shows it in the sharing dialog, but it's not checked by default. If your user doesn't check it, you get a stream with zero audio tracks. No error, just silence. The stream can die anytime. User clicks "Stop sharing" in Chrome's toolbar? Your stream ends. You need to listen for the ended event and handle it gracefully. Was it worth it? Absolutely. For the browsers that support it, capturing tab audio is a game-changer. You can build things that weren't possible before — meeting assistants, live translators, accessibility tools. Just go in knowing that you'll spend time on browser detection and fallbacks. That's the web in 2025. If you're curious about what I built, check out LiveSuggest . And if you've found better workarounds for Firefox/Safari, I'd love to hear about them in the comments. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Flo Follow Joined Jan 12, 2026 Trending on DEV Community Hot What was your win this week??? # weeklyretro # discuss AI should not be in Code Editors # programming # ai # productivity # discuss The First Week at a Startup Taught Me More Than I Expected # startup # beginners # career # learning 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/missamarakay/following-cooking-recipes-makes-you-a-clearer-writer-460a#brevity | Following Cooking Recipes Makes You a Clearer Writer - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Amara Graham Posted on Jul 17, 2019 Following Cooking Recipes Makes You a Clearer Writer # devrel # documentation I'm really into cooking, baking, pickling, really anything that will end in me eating something delicious. But I didn't find it enjoyable or "get good" at cooking overnight. My parents cooked most of our meals and if you planned on eating said meal, you were required to provide some amount of assistance, regardless of your blood relation to the family. After graduating out of dorm life I realized I needed to feed myself or starve, so I started getting bolder with my kitchen experiments and I'm pleased to say I'm still alive. "Ok Amara, but where is the tech components of this blog?" Hold on, I'm setting up the metaphor. "Ok fine." In the Kitchen If you stand in a kitchen and watch my dad cook - he reads a recipe, studies it, then goes through and pulls out all the things he needs to make it happen. For banana bread he usually has to pull the frozen bananas out early to thaw them enough to peel them, he portions out the spices so he can toss them in while mixing, he sprays the loaf pan before the mixture is together. If you watched me in my first apartment attempting banana bread for the first time, you would have seen someone who barely read the recipe (I've made this before, with supervision, and watched my dad make it for years, how hard can it be?) and did exactly every step of the instruction in series. Pull frozen bananas out of the freezer, immediately realize you can't peel a banana when its extra frozen, wait just long enough you can pry the peel off, smash the mostly still frozen bananas, slowly add each spice one at a time, measuring as you go, mix everything together, spray the pan, realize the oven isn't on, wait to pre-heat, blah blah blah, why did this take double the prep time? My dad has always taken the methodical approach to everything, he's a chemist and he loves math. I'm impatient and can't spend even 30 seconds idle when I know I need to complete a task, so I pretty much have the attention span of a Border Collie (have you seen those dogs stare at a ball, full body shaking with excitement?). At My Desk I'm sure you'll be shocked to hear when I sit down to learn some kind of new tech, I barely skim the tutorial or docs, immediately start the "doing", and often end up frustrated and annoyed with the experience. In some cases I tell myself things like "oh I've used an API like this before, I can just make it work" and 3 days later I'm banging my head on the keyboard. "Amara, just slow down and actually read the tutorial." Easier said than done. Not just for me personally, but for any dev, and that includes your dev coworkers, customers, community, etc. Time is precious, workplaces are more agile than ever, and people pay money for other people to stand in line for them. In My Brain Now recipes, just like tutorials, can be poorly written, but even the good ones can suffer from poor execution as I rambled on above. There are 5 things I learned from getting better at following cooking recipes that I think apply to written technical content. Ambiguous Terms Jargon Chunking Brevity Audience Let's take a look at each one. Ambiguous Terms Have you ever read a recipe, seen the word "mix" and go... with a spoon? A stand mixer? How long? Or how about "hand mix"? Did you know that a 'Hand Mixer' is an appliance and not the things at the end of your arms? Because a few years ago when we first started dating, my now husband did not. In tech, we love using the same term for a number of different things. Or we have a number of different words for the same thing. Really friendly to beginners right? Something like "Run this" might make sense to you, the engineer who built it, because its probably never crossed your mind that you run it globally and not in a particular directory (or vice versa) but that can be one of the most irritating things for a dev struggling with the worry of doing something wrong and/or irreversible. Be explicit in your use of terms and maybe consider a glossary of terms relevant to your project/product/industry/company. What does this mean in this context, right here, right now? Don't leave your reading punching out to search for answers. Jargon Every talk I've given on AI to beginners has included a disclaimer about not only ambiguous terminology but jargon. 'Fine-tuning' is not super intuitive, neither is 'hyperparameter'. 'Fold in' or 'soft peaks' in cooking is right up there too. Mastering the jargon can disrupt retention of fundamental topics. Explaining these terms early in docs and tutorials is crucial. You should not assume knowledge of jargon, so this is another +1 for a glossary. Chunking I am a huge fan of multi-part tutorials and how-to series, so long as they are done right. At the end of each part in a series, you should have a small complete something. Developers may not have time to sit down and do a 3-6 hour tutorial, but they should be able to get 20 minutes to an hour of uninterrupted time. You don't want to tackle a slow cooker recipe at 5pm expecting to eat it for dinner, but you may want to brown some meat so it is ready to toss in the next morning. If I have 20 minutes today to set myself up for success later today or tomorrow, I need to know I can get it done in the allocated time. And I need to feel like I can pick it up again without rereading the entire thing. Brevity Unlike this blog which is probably way too long for most of you, the more concise your written technical content the easier its going to be to follow. It's part of what makes the Tasty videos so appealing to watch - someone makes a sped up, top-down recipe that feels fast and easy even if its neither. This doesn't mean you can't write an introduction or a conclusion that goes more in depth about the content, but when you get to the meat of the docs or tutorial it should be a lean, mean, executing machine. Food bloggers are great at this, they may give you step-by-step pictures and commentary, but they almost always include the recipe separately. So feel free to tell me how you are going to save the world with this tutorial, but keep it out of the exact steps I'm following so I don't get overwhelmed. Audience This is maybe the most important, although I could argue that they all are. Knowing your developer audience is extremely important in technical writing. This helps you make decisions about what languages and references to use, what their workstation may look like, and maybe even things like their attention span. If your audience is students, whether they will admit it or not, they tend to have WAY more time to sit down and really study a tutorial. Or maybe they are participating in a hackathon and it just needs to work as fast as possible. But maybe your audience is enterprise developers, like mine often is. This means it has to be production-ready, maintainable, and even trainable across teams. Your maintenance team may be entirely separate from your product engineering team, so the content they follow may need to be different. Knowing or identifying your audience can be challenging, but this is a great opportunity for your devrel team to really shine. Celebrate Those Incremental Improvements Like I mentioned earlier, I didn't wake up one day and realize if I actually read the recipe, prepped ahead of time, and researched how to do certain kitchen techniques (again, ahead of time), I could maximize my time in the kitchen and feel less overwhelmed. In fact, I'm probably 50:50 in my ability to prep and run in parallel or haphazardly skim in series today. But snaps for me because this week I measured everything out before I started cooking! I'm sure you could make an argument that my dad is a 'senior' in the kitchen and I'm not (but I'm also not junior either), but he'd prefer you only use 'senior' when used in conjunction with "senior discount" at this point in his life. Let's say 'seasoned'. Whether you are a junior or senior dev, you still need the content you are consuming to prepare you for success. But with more and more folks using services like Blue Apron, Hello Fresh, Home Chef, arguably boxed Bootcamp experiences for the kitchen, we have a new generation of folks training themselves how to follow recipes and we can translate that experience into the tech world, allowing for more confident, empowered folks in the kitchen and at the keyboard. So instead of shouting "read the docs" or "follow the tutorial" make sure your content is as consumable and delicious as a home cooked meal. Top comments (5) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Jason C. McDonald Jason C. McDonald Jason C. McDonald Follow Author. Speaker. Time Lord. (Views are my own) Email codemouse92@outlook.com Location Time Vortex Pronouns he/him Work Author of "Dead Simple Python" (No Starch Press) Joined Jan 31, 2017 • Aug 5 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Excellent write up! I'm actually going to include this on the #beginners tag wiki for authors to read. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand JeffD JeffD JeffD Follow Code-quality 🩺 Teamwork 🐝 & everything that can simplify the developper's life 🗂️. Location France Joined Oct 16, 2017 • Sep 16 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This post is a must-read ! It's perfect 🏆 ("Hold on, I'm setting up the metaphor." 🤣) Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alvarez García Alvarez García Alvarez García Follow After more than 10 years backending, now trying to make this CSS properties work. Location Buenos Aires, Argentina Work FullStack Joined Apr 24, 2019 • Jul 25 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide DevRel in construction here, thanks for this really simple and enjoyable post. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Amara Graham Amara Graham Amara Graham Follow Enabling developers Location Austin, TX Education BS Computer Science from Trinity University Work Developer Advocate at Kestra Joined Jan 4, 2017 • Jul 25 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you! :) Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Shashamura1 Shashamura1 Shashamura1 Follow Hi everyone my name is daniel.gentle loving caring I’am a type of person that always optimistic in every thing that I doing im very couriours and ambitious to lean I’m very new in this site Email ashogbondaniel292@gmail.com Location USA Education Technical college Work CEO at mylocallatest ...https://mylocallatest512644105.wordpress.com Joined Sep 12, 2022 • Oct 8 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice post I can use it to learn as project in dev.com ..to share the interest story of cooking Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Amara Graham Follow Enabling developers Location Austin, TX Education BS Computer Science from Trinity University Work Developer Advocate at Kestra Joined Jan 4, 2017 More from Amara Graham Moving Config Docs From YAML to Markdown # documentation # yaml # markdown Moving DevEx from DevRel to Engineering # devrel # devex # engineering # reorg Bing Webmaster Tools De-indexed My Docs Site and Increased My Cognitive Load # webdev # seo # documentation 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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Report Abuse Benoit Ruiz Posted on May 4, 2022 Data immutability # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Demystifying Functional Programming (8 Part Series) 1 Introduction 2 What is Functional Programming? ... 4 more parts... 3 Why should we learn and use FP? 4 Function composition and higher-order function 5 Declarative vs imperative 6 Side effects 7 Function purity and referential transparency 8 Data immutability Table of contents Introduction Characteristics of data immutability Summary Introduction Data immutability is a concept that applies to values that are created once, and cannot be modified afterwards. Values are in read-only mode, frozen in time. If we want to change a value, we have to create a copy of it, then change this copy. The newly created value becomes immutable in turn, thus carrying this read-only property. Data immutability comes in direct opposition to data mutability. A mutable value is in read-write mode, i.e. it can be altered by anyone, at any time. An example of a mutable value could be an instance of a class whose methods change the value of its properties: class User { constructor ( private name : string ) {} setName ( newName : string ): void { this . name = newName } getName (): string { return this . name } } const user = new User ( ' Bob ' ) console . log ( user . getName ()) // "Bob" user . setName ( ' Henri ' ) console . log ( user . getName ()) // "Henri" Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The fact that a property may change in time makes the code less predictable , and harder to understand, test, and debug. Mutability does not only apply to imperative paradigms such as Object-Oriented Programming. We could use code that looks functional, and still have mutability: interface User { name : string } function setName ( user : User , newName : string ): User { user . name = newName return user } const user : User = { name : ' Bob ' } console . log ( user . name ) // "Bob" const newUser = setName ( ' Henri ' ) console . log ( user . name , user === newUser ) // "Henri", true Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Note that in both cases, we used const to declare the user variable, though we were still able to mutate their name property. In JavaScript, the const keyword ensures that we cannot assign a new value to the variable, but the value inside the variable can be changed, as long as it is not a primitive type such as string , number , or boolean . Here, user is an object, i.e. a non-primitive type, so we can freely mutate its properties. There are no exceptions thrown by the compiler at compile time, nor by the JavaScript engine at runtime. There are ways to ensure immutability at both compile and run times for non-primitive values, though we will not discuss these in this article. In TypeScript/JavaScript specifically, feel free to look for: Immutability in TS, at compile time , using as const , readonly , and Readonly<A> type syntax. Immutability in JS, at runtime , using Object.freeze on both arrays and objects. Immutability in JS, at runtime , using a third-party library such as Immutable.js . Immutability in JS, at runtime , using immutable records and tuples (more on that in the next paragraph). In the latest State of JavaScript 2021, one of the most wanted features in JS that people would like to use is Immutable Data Structures such as Record and Tuple . The JavaScript Records & Tuples Proposal , which is currently in stage 2 out of 4, should allow developers to use deeply immutable object-like and array-like structures, using respectively #{ x: 1, y: 2} and #[1, 2, 3] . This shows that people (or at least JS/TS developers) are really interested in data immutability. That being said, we do not need immutability enforced by the language, or a library, to actually write code that deals with immutable values. Data immutability is a matter of not mutating values. Whether these values are technically protected against changes by the compiler/library or not, at the end of the day, it is our responsibility as developers to keep these values unaltered. Data immutability depends on the developers' discipline to not mutate values . We can be helped by technology to enforce this property, but it is not a prerequisite. Though, I would advise using features enforcing immutability as much as possible, as it can be tempting to take shortcuts and mutate values to go faster. Let's see what are the advantages and drawbacks of using immutable data in our programs. The list from the next chapter herafter is non-exhaustive; feel free to share your opinion. Characteristics of data immutability Code is more predictable Once some piece of data has been created, it cannot change anymore. We do not have to worry about changes happening behind our backs. We do not have to search the entire codebase to see if it is safe, or not, to use that particular value. If that value contains the information we need, then we can use it safely. We can let our guard down a little, and relax our defensive programming mindset. Once a value has been verified to contain all the information it should contain, then it is valid indefinitely . There cannot be any surprises, or undesired behavior. When dealing with mutable data though, we have to be extra cautious. Suddenly, our program is filled with conditions and assertions to make sure we are using a value that has the expected shape. Furthermore, the type of a value cannot help us understand where it is used in the timeline of events. A piece of data that changes over time must hold a type that works no matter its state. Thus, we end up using types that are quite generic (e.g. with lots of optional properties), and that are not great at helping us understand what is going on in a specific part of the codebase. Let's take an example. Here is a program representation, where squares are modules, ellipses are mutable values, and arrows are interactions between modules and these values (from value to module = read, from module to value = write): Can you guess what is the order in which these arrows happen? We cannot accurately predict what will be the actual data flow of this program. We can make some guesses or assumptions, for example: A → B → C → D → F → G → I → E → H B → A → F → D → C → I → G → H → E A → B → C → F → D → I → E → H → G If we really want to know the answer, we have to actually read the code, or run the program to find out. Now, let's make these values immutable. In other words, arrows from modules to values (i.e. write operations) are impossible. The modified program looks like this: Here, because the data flows in a linear direction, we can actually have a sense of timeline of events happening in the program. With this information, it is much easier to predict the path that will be taken: In this new illustration: A → B → (C → D → E) On the original one from above: A → B → C → F → D → I → H → E → G Additionally, the type of these values can be defined more accurately. For example, in the left-most module, we know that the green value has the shape {a, b, e} . In other words, we know e is defined and we do not have to make assertions later in the program. From this point and onward, the type is {a, b, e} , and not {a, b, e?} like we had in the original program. Thread-safety As we already mentioned in a previous article , data immutability allows to program with thread-safety baked in. We do not have to worry about race conditions, since we do not mutate any shared state. Reading from a read-only value is multithreading-friendly. Threads may use a local mutable state, as long as this state is not accessed by any other thread. The coordinator is in charge of gathering the results from the threads, then create a new, immutable state based on these results. If we were to implement a program with multiple threads using a shared mutable state, we would have to use complex mechanisms to have the same advantages of using immutable data. Some examples of these mechanisms could be: A granular locking mechanism to safely access some parts of the shared state. These locks should have a timeout mechanism, in case a thread dies unexpectedly, to release the lock and make the resource available again. Another service to listen to transactions, and keep a history of all the state changes, e.g. for audit or compliance purposes. Time Travel Debugging As Microsoft says : Time Travel Debugging (TTD) can help you debug issues easier by letting you "rewind" your debugger session, instead of having to reproduce the issue until you find the bug. A lot of actions in the software have consequences on the state of the program. Let's take a basic example: a "to do list" application. This program exposes a list of tasks to do. We can add, modify, or remove tasks to/from this list, and we can also mark some of these tasks as "done". If we manage to: Save the initial state, e.g. an empty "to do" list After each action, save a snapshot (or copy) of the action performed, the state at that time, and the resulting state following the action Then we can implement Time Travel Debugging quite easily. This allows us to replay the session, step by step, helping us identify which combination of action and state led to a bug, or if something unexpected happened between 2 actions. A nice side effect (not to be confused with side effects ) is that we can very easily implement undo/redo actions. All we have to do is travel back or forward in time, i.e. restore a previous state. If you are familiar with frontend development using TypeScript or JavaScript, then you might have heard about Redux . It is a library for state management, often used with React, whose particularity is to use reducers to update the state of the program. A reducer is a pure function that takes an action and the state as arguments, and returns a new state. We can easily plug a middleware to keep track of every reducer call, allowing us to build a Time Travel Debugging tool, such as Redux DevTools . More memory allocation As a reminder, if we want to change a value, we have to create a copy of it, then apply the changes on that copy. What happens if we have a huge list of values, and we want to add a new element? Or, what happens if we have an object with a lot of depth, and we want to change the value of a deeply-nested property? We have to duplicate the entire value before applying the changes, that is the rule. As a consequence, our program has to run on a device that has more memory than it actually needs to perform correctly. (disclaimer: I guess today's engines are smart enough to make optimizations in this area, but I don't have sufficient knowledge to make such a claim. Feel free to share if you know more about it!) In the majority of cases, the programs we write are used on devices that have a lot of memory. Plus, the engines that run the code have mechanisms such as Garbage Collection, a.k.a GC, to free unused memory up. Unless we need to keep track of previous values (e.g. for Time Travel Debugging, history, auditing...), the previous value that got copied becomes useless, so it can be safely removed from the memory by the GC. However, there are devices where the memory is not that abundant. This is the case for IoT (Internet of Things), or programs run on a Raspberry Pi, or similar. In these cases, immutability may not even be an option for large values. Furthermore, developers' discipline as we mentioned earlier may not even apply: the limited amount of memory may force us to purposely mutate values, as the memory is scarce. May be cumbersome to update deeply-nested values Let's take the following User model: interface User { name : string job : Job } interface Job { title : string company : Company } interface Company { name : string address : Address } interface Address { street : AddressStreet zipCode : string country : string } interface AddressStreet { name : string nb : number special ?: string } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Granted, we could have used a simple string for the company's address, but this is an academic example. Furthermore, people might want to (or are constrained to) use a complex solution to model the address, such as this one. So, keeping data immutability in mind, how would we update the name of the street? We could use the spread operator to rebuild the User object, while applying the change(s) we want: declare const user : User const userWithNewCompanyAddress : User = { ... user , job : { ... user . job , company : { ... user . job . company , address : { ... user . job . company . address , street : { ... user . job . company . address . street , name : ' Awesome avenue ' } } } } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode But wait, you said we had to clone/duplicate the value before altering it. You don't duplicate the whole object here? Indeed. Using the spread operator, we are making shallow copies of every intermediate object. This means that, if user.job.title was an object, then userWithNewCompanyAddress.job.title would be the exact same object (same reference), not a copy of it. Ok then, let's use a solution that truly clones the whole value: declare function deepCopy < A > ( obj : A ): A declare const user : User const clonedUser = deepCopy ( user ) clonedUser . job . company . address . street . name = ' Awesome avenue ' Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode I must admit, I am not fond of this approach: We need some deepCopy utilility function to clone objects (and possibly arrays). It is not very hard to implement if we use pure data: something such as JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(obj)) should do the trick, although it has its limitations. Nonetheless, such a function is not available in the standard library. [side note] I recently heard about the native structuredClone function to deep-copy an object, though it is only supported on recent browser and Node versions . It has some runtime performance impact. For a single object, it is probably negligeable. Though, what if we iterated over hundreds or thousands of objects that would be more complex than this one? We still have a mutation step, even if it applies on a copy of the initial value. It may feel odd to discourage/forbid mutations, then see this type of lines of code in the codebase. This is why I prefer the first approach: It is a one-shot step: only one value assignment to a variable It preserves the original sub-objects and their properties that are not changed: better memory footprint and less CPU utilization (please, correct me if I am wrong here) However, as you can see, the major drawback is that it is quite verbose if we are changing a deeply-nested value. In the functional world, there is a solution to that: optics . You might see the word "lens" (or "lenses") come up more often than "optics". A lens is a type of optic that, in my experience, is the most used compared to other optics such as iso , prism , or traversal . Without going into too many details, an optic is a composable and pure getter/setter . We might talk about optics in this series later, in a bonus article. For now, here is how we could leverage optics to improve readability in our case, using monocle-ts : import { Lens } from ' monocle-ts ' declare const user : User const companyStreetName = Lens . fromPath < User > ()([ ' job ' , ' company ' , ' address ' , ' street ' , ' name ' ]) const userWithNewCompanyAddress : User = companyStreetName . set ( ' Awesome avenue ' )( user ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Finally, to demonstrate the power of optics, let's imagine that the company has several addresses, and we would like to change all their street names to lowercase: const newUser = { ... user , job : { ... user . job , company : { ... user . job . company , addresses : user . job . company . addresses . map ( address => ({ ... address , street : { ... address . street , name : address . street . name . toLowerCase () } })) } } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When we start mixing objects and arrays, it gets messy quite quickly. Using optics, this would become more readable, and more composable as well: import { fromTraversable , Lens , Traversal } from ' monocle-ts ' import { Traversable } from ' fp-ts/Array ' // optic to get the name of the street, from an address const streetNameL = Lens . fromPath < Address > ()([ ' street ' , ' name ' ]) // optic to get an address from a list of addresses const companyAddressesT : Traversal < Address [], Address > = fromTraversable ( Traversable ) < Address > () // optic to get the names of the street, from a list of addresses const companyStreetNamesT : Traversal < Address [], string > = companyAddressesT . composeLens ( streetNameL ) // optic to get the names of the street of the company, from a user const userCompanyStreetNamesT : Traversal < User , string > = Lens . fromPath < User > ()( [ ' job ' , ' company ' , ' addresses ' ] ). composeTraversal ( companyStreetNamesT ) const lowerCaseCompanyStreets : ( u : User ) => User = userCompanyStreetNamesT . modify ( name => name . toLowerCase ()) const newUser = lowerCaseCompanyStreets ( user ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The most interesting part (and more declarative as well IMO) being: userCompanyStreetNamesT . modify ( name => name . toLowerCase ()) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Immutability syntax may bloat the code The standard library of some languages exposes mutable data structures by default. This is the case in TypeScript, with arrays and objects. This means that, if we want to enforce immutability, we have to use additional syntax, or use data structures imported from a third-party library. In TypeScript, adding keywords such as readonly , as const , and Readonly<> everywhere (on top of existing types) can lead to code that gets more difficult to read and understand. Which one of the following is easier to read? const actions = [ ' a ' , ' b ' , ' c ' ] type Action = ' a ' | ' b ' | ' c ' interface User { name : string actions : Action [] } function makePairs < A , B > ( arr1 : A [], arr2 : B []): [ A , B ][] { if ( arr1 . length !== arr2 . length ) { return [] } return arr1 . reduce ( ( acc , val , index ) => [... acc , [ val , arr2 [ index ]]], [] as [ A , B ][] ) } const user1 : User = { name : ' Bob ' , actions : [ ' a ' , ' a ' , ' c ' ] } const user2 : User = { name : ' Henri ' , actions : [ ' b ' , ' a ' ] } const arr1 : User [] = [ user1 ] const arr2 : User [] = [ user2 ] const res = makePairs ( arr1 , arr2 ) // const res: [User, User][] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode const actions = [ ' a ' , ' b ' , ' c ' ] as const type Action = ( typeof actions )[ number ] interface User extends Readonly < { name : string actions : readonly Action [] } > {} function makePairs < A extends Readonly < any > , B extends Readonly < any >> ( arr1 : readonly A [], arr2 : readonly B [] ): ReadonlyArray < readonly [ A , B ] > { if ( arr1 . length !== arr2 . length ) { return [] } return arr1 . reduce ( ( acc , val , index ) => [... acc , [ val , arr2 [ index ]]], [] as ReadonlyArray < readonly [ A , B ] > ) } const user1 : User = { name : ' Bob ' , actions : [ ' a ' , ' a ' , ' c ' ] } const user2 : User = { name : ' Henri ' , actions : [ ' b ' , ' a ' ] } const arr1 : readonly User [] = [ user1 ] const arr2 : readonly User [] = [ user2 ] const res = makePairs ( arr1 , arr2 ) // const res: readonly (readonly [User, User])[] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode I think you will agree with me that the first version is more readable, though less safe. It has 30% fewer characters than the version with immutable types. Again, you might want to rely on developers' discipline and not on the language's syntax to make the code less bloated. Keep in mind that, in a more complex codebase, it could be difficult to see that values (such as arr1 , arr2 or the User objects they contain) could be mutated anywhere, leading to undesired side effects. Using TypeScript syntax or a third-party library could prevent these kinds of effects to occur. As always in our jobs, it is a matter of tradeoff between safety and readability. Maybe some day, TypeScript will release a new compiler option "readonlyByDefault", and a new type operator mutable , that would allow us to use immutable data by default (though the migration of the codebase to this "mode" would be probably painful!). Summary Data immutability is great for many reasons as we have seen in this article. It has some drawbacks, but thankfully they can be mitigated, or they do not apply in the majority of cases. For me, the most important part is the predictability it offers . I think it's great to be able to read a function and be certain that the values it uses cannot be changed anywhere else (e.g. because of some arbitrary event I don't know about). If I want to know how the values are used, I can do the following: If it's not returned by the function, then it means that: Either the value (e.g. of type Foo ) is only used by the function I am currently reading => local scope, I can just focus on this particular function and not worry about the rest, Or it is a global immutable state that will never change, and always have the same type (e.g. Foo ). So I know exactly what the function is able to do with it, or if it needs more information to work properly. If it's returned by the function, then I can search for the places where the function is called, and follow the paths from there to see how the data flows in the program. Plus, it removes a big chunk of lines induced by defensive programming, so the code feels more readable and focuses on the most important parts. In my opinion, following the "breadcrumbs" in a linear way is great for understanding the codebase, and makes debugging the code easier . If we zoom out from the code, we can see that one of the most trending pieces of technology of today, which may revolutionize the World in the near future, uses data immutability: the Blockchain. Additionally, anything that needs some traceability, such as financial operations or database/service accesses, has to implement some kind of ledger or auditing mechanism to better understand (and justify) when something goes wrong. This is only possible with data immutability. Finally, I think the following quote from Archis Gore written on Quora sums up pretty well how to approach this subject in our day-to-day work: Shared state is fine if it is immutable. Mutable state is fine if it is not shared. Thank you for reading this far! In the next article, we will talk about currying, partial application, and tacit programming (also called point-free style). See you next time! Side note: Originally, I wanted to include a "how to deal with mutability" chapter where I would take some typical examples (e.g. global mutable state, object instance whose properties are partially defined) and try to make them immutable. Though, I didn't anticipate that I would write so much in the characteristics chapter! So, I decided not to write another chapter here. Let me know if you would be interested though, and I might write another article specifically for this! :) Photo by Xavi Cabrera on Unsplash . Pictures made with Excalidraw . Demystifying Functional Programming (8 Part Series) 1 Introduction 2 What is Functional Programming? ... 4 more parts... 3 Why should we learn and use FP? 4 Function composition and higher-order function 5 Declarative vs imperative 6 Side effects 7 Function purity and referential transparency 8 Data immutability Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Benoit Ruiz Follow Location France Work Software Engineer at Datadog Joined Aug 2, 2020 More from Benoit Ruiz Function purity and referential transparency # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Equivalent of Scala's for-comprehension using fp-ts # typescript # scala # functional # programming Side effects # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://hmpljs.forem.com/privacy#2-personal-information-we-collect | Privacy Policy - HMPL.js Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account HMPL.js Forem Close Privacy Policy Last Updated: September 01, 2023 This Privacy Policy is designed to help you understand how DEV Community Inc. (" DEV ," " we ," or " us ") collects, use, and discloses your personal information. What's With the Defined Terms? You'll notice that some words appear in quotes in this Privacy Policy. They're called "defined terms," and we use them so that we don't have to repeat the same language again and again. They mean the same thing in every instance, to help us make sure that this Privacy Policy is consistent. We've included the defined terms throughout because we want it to be easy for you to read them in context. 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION 11. OTHER PROVISIONS 12. CONTACT US 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? This Privacy Policy applies to personal information processed by us, including on our websites, mobile applications, and other online or offline offerings — basically anything we do. To make this Privacy Policy easier to read, our websites, mobile applications, and other offerings are all collectively called the " Services. " Beyond this Privacy Policy, your use of the Services is subject to our DEV Community Terms and our Forem Terms. The Services include both our own community forum at https://www.dev.to (the " DEV Community ") and the open source tool we provide called " Forem ," available at https://www.forem.com which allows our customers to create and operate their own online forums. We collect personal information from two categories of people: (1) our customers, who use Forem and our hosting services to run and host their own forums (we'll call them " Forem Operators "), and (2) the people who interact with DEV-hosted forums, including forums provided by Forem Operators utilizing Forem and separately our own DEV Community (we'll call them " Users "). An Important Note for Users Since we provide hosting services for Forem Operators, technically we also process your information on their behalf. That processing is governed by the contracts that we have in place with each Forem Operator, not this Privacy Policy. In other words, when you share your data on a DEV-hosted forum operated by a Forem Operator, we at DEV are basically just the "pipes" — we process the data on behalf of the Forem Operator, but don't do anything with it ourselves beyond what we're required to do under our contract (and by law). So, if you post your information on a DEV-powered forum provided by a Forem Operator, that Forem Operator's privacy policy applies, and any questions or requests relating to your data on that service should be directed to that Forem Operator, not us. Likewise, if you use our mobile application, you may also interact with forums that use DEV's open-source tools but do all their hosting and data collection themselves. For those forums, we at DEV have no access to your data, so be sure to read the privacy policy of any third-party hosted forum before posting. 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT The categories of personal information we collect depend on whether you're a User or Forem Operator, how you interact with us, our Services, and the requirements of applicable law. Breaking it down, we collect three types of information: (1) information that you provide to us directly, (2) information we obtain automatically when you use our Services, and (3) information we get about you from other sources (such as third-party services and organizations). More details are below. A. Information You Provide to Us Directly We may collect the following personal information that you provide to us. Account Creation (for Forem Operators): We'll require your name and email address to get started, as well as some details about the Forem you want to run, such as: whether you're running the Forem on your own behalf or as part of an organization, and details about the community you want to support (how big is it, what topics does it cover, where do members currently communicate, how/if the community earns money, whether the community is open, invite-only or paid, any existing social media accounts, etc.) You'll need to tell us a bit about your personal coding background, and you'll have the option to provide your DEV username as well, if you are a member of the DEV.to community. Account Creation (for Users) : We collect name and email address from users that create an account on DEV Community. For other forums created by Forem Operators using Forem, the Forem Operator determines what information is required for User account creation for their respective forums. Interactive Features (for Users) . Like any other social network, both we and other Users of our Services may collect personal information that you submit or make available through our interactive features (e.g., messaging and chat features, commenting functionalities, forums, blogs, posts, and other social media pages). While we do have private messages that are only between you and the person you're messaging (as well as us and the Forem Operator, as applicable), any information you provide using the public sharing features of the Services, such as the information you post to your public profile or the topics you follow is public, including to recruiters and prospective employers, and is not subject to any of the privacy protections we mention in this Privacy Policy except where legally required. Please exercise caution before revealing any information that may identify you in the real world to others. Purchases . If you buy stuff on our shop site https://shop.dev.to/ (as either a User or Forem Operator), or otherwise if you pay us in connection with your use of the Forem service, we may collect personal information and details associated with your purchases, including payment information. Any payments made via our Services are processed by third-party payment processors, such as Stripe, Shopify, and PayPal. We do not directly collect or store any payment card information entered through our Services, but may receive information associated with your payment card information (e.g., your billing details). Your Communications with Us (Users and Forem Operators) . We may collect personal information, such as email address, phone number, or mailing address when you request information about our Services, register for our newsletter or loyalty program, request customer or technical support, apply for a job, or otherwise communicate with us. Surveys . We may contact you to participate in surveys. If you decide to participate, you may be asked to provide certain information, which may include personal information (for example, your home address). Sweepstakes or Contests . We may collect personal information you provide for any sweepstakes or contests that we offer. In some jurisdictions, we are required to publicly share information of sweepstakes and contest winners. Conferences, Trade Shows, and Other Events . We may collect personal information from individuals when we attend conferences, trade shows, and other events. Business Development and Strategic Partnerships . We may collect personal information from individuals and third parties to assess and pursue potential business opportunities. Job Applications . We may post job openings and opportunities on our Services. If you reply to one of these postings by submitting your application, CV and/or cover letter to us, we will collect and use your information to assess your qualifications. B. Information Collected Automatically We may collect personal information automatically when you use our Services: Automatic Data Collection . We may collect certain information automatically when you use our Services, such as your Internet protocol (IP) address, user settings, MAC address, cookie identifiers, mobile carrier, mobile advertising and other unique identifiers, browser or device information, location information (including approximate location derived from IP address), and Internet service provider. We may also automatically collect information regarding your use of our Services, such as pages that you visit before, during and after using our Services, information about the links you click, the types of content you interact with, the frequency and duration of your activities, and other information about how you use our Services. In addition, we may collect information that other people provide about you when they use our Services, including information about you when they tag you in their posts. Cookies, Pixel Tags/Web Beacons, and Other Technologies . We, as well as third parties that provide content, advertising, or other functionality on our Services, may use cookies, pixel tags, local storage, and other technologies (" Technologies ") to automatically collect information through your use of our Services. Cookies . Cookies are small text files placed in device browsers that store preferences and facilitate and enhance your experience. Pixel Tags/Web Beacons . A pixel tag (also known as a web beacon) is a piece of code embedded in our Services that collects information about engagement on our Services. The use of a pixel tag allows us to record, for example, that a user has visited a particular web page or clicked on a particular advertisement. We may also include web beacons in e-mails to understand whether messages have been opened, acted on, or forwarded. Our uses of these Technologies fall into the following general categories: Operationally Necessary . This includes Technologies that allow you access to our Services, applications, and tools that are required to identify irregular website behavior, prevent fraudulent activity and improve security or that allow you to make use of our functionality. Performance-Related . We may use Technologies to assess the performance of our Services, including as part of our analytic practices to help us understand how individuals use our Services ( see Analytics below ). Functionality-Related . We may use Technologies that allow us to offer you enhanced functionality when accessing or using our Services. This may include identifying you when you sign into our Services or keeping track of your specified preferences, interests, or past items viewed. Analytics . We may use Technologies and other third-party tools to process analytics information on our Services. Some of our analytics partners include Google Analytics. For more information,please visit Google Analytics' Privacy Policy . To learn more about how to opt-out of Google Analytics' use of your information, please click here . Social Media Platforms . Our Services may contain social media buttons such as Twitter, Facebook, GitHub, Instagram, and Twitch (that might include widgets such as the "share this" button or other interactive mini programs). These features may collect your IP address, which page you are visiting on our Services, and may set a cookie to enable the feature to function properly. Your interactions with these platforms are governed by the privacy policy of the company providing it. See the "Your Privacy Choices and Rights" section below to understand your choices regarding these Technologies. C. Information Collected from Other Sources We may obtain information about you from other sources, including through third-party services and organizations. For example, if you access our Services through a third-party application, such as an app store, a third-party login service (e.g., through Twitter, Apple, or GitHub), or a social networking site, we may collect whatever information about you from that third-party application that you have made available via your privacy settings. 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION We use your information for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, for administrative purposes, and to market our products and Services, as described below. A. Provide Our Services We use your information to fulfill our contract with you and provide you with our Services, such as: Managing your information and accounts; Providing access to certain areas, functionalities, and features of our Services; Answering requests for customer or technical support; Communicating with you about your account, activities on our Services, and policy changes; Processing your financial information and other payment methods for products or Services purchased; Processing applications if you apply for a job we post on our Services; and Allowing you to register for events. B. Administrative Purposes We use your information for various administrative purposes, such as: Pursuing our legitimate interests such as direct marketing, research and development (including marketing research), network and information security, and fraud prevention; Detecting security incidents, protecting against malicious, deceptive, fraudulent or illegal activity, and prosecuting those responsible for that activity; Measuring interest and engagement in our Services, including for usage-based billing purposes; Short-term, transient use, such as contextual customization of ads; Improving, optimizing, upgrading, or enhancing our Services; Developing new products and Services; Ensuring internal quality control and safety; Authenticating and verifying individual identities, including requests to exercise your rights under this policy; Debugging to identify and repair errors with our Services; Auditing relating to interactions, transactions and other compliance activities; Enforcing our agreements and policies; and Complying with our legal obligations. C. Marketing and Advertising our Products and Services We may use your personal information to tailor and provide you with content and advertisements for our Services, such as via email. If you have any questions about our marketing practices, you may contact us at any time as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. D. Other Purposes We also use your information for other purposes as requested by you or as permitted by applicable law. Consent . We may use personal information for other purposes that are clearly disclosed to you at the time you provide personal information or with your consent. Automated Decision Making. We may engage in automated decision making, including profiling, such as to suggest topics or other Users for you to follow. DEV's processing of your personal information will not result in a decision based solely on automated processing that significantly affects you unless such a decision is necessary as part of a contract we have with you, we have your consent, or we are permitted by law to engage in such automated decision making. If you have questions about our automated decision making, you may contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. De-identified and Aggregated Information . We may use personal information and other information about you to create de-identified and/or aggregated information, such as de-identified demographic information, information about the device from which you access our Services, or other analyses we create. For example, we may collect system-wide information to ensure availability of the platform, or measure aggregate data trends to analyze and optimize our Services. Share Content with Friends or Colleagues. Our Services may offer various tools and functionalities. For example, we may allow you to provide information about your friends through our referral services. Our referral services may allow you to forward or share certain content with a friend or colleague, such as an email inviting your friend to use our Services. Please only share with us contact information of people with whom you have a relationship (e.g., relative, friend neighbor, or co-worker). 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION We disclose your information to third parties for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, to protect us or others, or in the event of a major business transaction such as a merger, sale, or asset transfer, as described below. A. Disclosures to Provide our Services The categories of third parties with whom we may share your information are described below. Service Providers . We may share your personal information with our third-party service providers who use that information to help us provide our Services. This includes service providers that provide us with IT support, hosting, payment processing, customer service, and related services. For example, our Shop site is run by Shopify, who handle your shipping details on our behalf. Business Partners . We may share your personal information with business partners to provide you with a product or service you have requested. We may also share your personal information to business partners with whom we jointly offer products or services. Other Users . As described above in the "Personal Information We Collect" section of this Privacy Policy, our Service allows Users to share their profiles, and any posts, chats, etc. with other Users and with the general public, including to those who do not use our Services. APIs/SDKs . We may use third-party Application Program Interfaces ("APIs") and Software Development Kits ("SDKs") as part of the functionality of our Services. For more information about our use of APIs and SDKs, please contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. B . Disclosures to Protect Us or Others We may access, preserve, and disclose any information we store associated with you to external parties if we, in good faith, believe doing so is required or appropriate to: comply with law enforcement or national security requests and legal process, such as a court order or subpoena; protect your, our, or others' rights, property, or safety; enforce our policies or contracts; collect amounts owed to us; or assist with an investigation or prosecution of suspected or actual illegal activity. C. Disclosure in the Event of Merger, Sale, or Other Asset Transfers If we are involved in a merger, acquisition, financing due diligence, reorganization, bankruptcy, receivership, purchase or sale of assets, or transition of service to another provider, your information may be sold or transferred as part of such a transaction, as permitted by law and/or contract. 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS Your Privacy Choices . The privacy choices you may have about your personal information are determined by applicable law and are described below. Email Communications . If you receive an unwanted email from us, you can use the unsubscribe link found at the bottom of the email to opt out of receiving future emails. Note that you will continue to receive transaction-related emails regarding products or Services you have requested. We may also send you certain non-promotional communications regarding us and our Services, and you will not be able to opt out of those communications (e.g., communications regarding our Services or updates to our Terms or this Privacy Policy). Mobile Devices . We may send you push notifications through our mobile application. You may opt out from receiving these push notifications by changing the settings on your mobile device. "Do Not Track." Do Not Track (" DNT ") is a privacy preference that users can set in certain web browsers. Please note that we do not respond to or honor DNT signals or similar mechanisms transmitted by web browsers. Cookies and Interest-Based Advertising . You may stop or restrict the placement of Technologies on your device or remove them by adjusting your preferences as your browser or device permits. However, if you adjust your preferences, our Services may not work properly. Please note that cookie-based opt-outs are not effective on mobile applications. Please note you must separately opt out in each browser and on each device. Your Privacy Rights . In accordance with applicable law, you may have the right to: Access Personal Information about you, including: (i) confirming whether we are processing your personal information; (ii) obtaining access to or a copy of your personal information; Request Correction of your personal information where it is inaccurate, incomplete or outdated. In some cases, we may provide self-service tools that enable you to update your personal information; Request Deletion, Anonymization or Blocking of your personal information when processing is based on your consent or when processing is unnecessary, excessive or noncompliant; Request Restriction of or Object to our processing of your personal information when processing is noncompliant; Withdraw Your Consent to our processing of your personal information. If you refrain from providing personal information or withdraw your consent to processing, some features of our Service may not be available; Request Data Portability and Receive an Electronic Copy of Personal Information that You Have Provided to Us; Be Informed about third parties with which your personal information has been shared; and Request the Review of Decisions Taken Exclusively Based on Automated Processing if such decisions could affect your data subject rights. If you would like to exercise any of these rights, please contact us as set forth in "Contact Us" below. We will process such requests in accordance with applicable laws. 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS All information processed by us may be transferred, processed, and stored anywhere in the world, including, but not limited to, the United States or other countries, which may have data protection laws that are different from the laws where you live. We always strive to safeguard your information consistent with the requirements of applicable laws. 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION We store the personal information we collect as described in this Privacy Policy for as long as you use our Services or as necessary: to fulfill the purpose or purposes for which it was collected, to provide our Services, to resolve disputes, to establish legal defenses, to conduct audits, to pursue legitimate business purposes, to enforce our agreements, and to comply with applicable laws. 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS Refer-a-Friend and Similar Incentive Programs . As described above in the How We Use Your Personal Information section ("Share Content with Friends or Colleagues" subsection), we may offer referral programs or other incentivized data collection programs. For example, we may offer incentives to you such as discounts or promotional items or credit in connection with these programs, wherein you provide your personal information in exchange for a reward, or provide personal information regarding your friends or colleagues (such as their email address) and receive rewards when they sign up to use our Services. (The referred party may also receive rewards for signing up via your referral.) These programs are entirely voluntary and allow us to grow our business and provide additional benefits to you. The value of your data to us depends on how you ultimately use our Services, whereas the value of the referred party's data to us depends on whether the referred party ultimately becomes a User or Forem Operator and uses our Services. Said value will be reflected in the incentive offered in connection with each program. Accessibility . This Privacy Policy uses industry-standard technologies and was developed in line with the World Wide Web Consortium's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, version 2.1* . * If you wish to print this policy, please do so from your web browser or by saving the page as a PDF. California Shine the Light . The California "Shine the Light" law permits users who are California residents to request and obtain from us once a year, free of charge, a list of the third parties to whom we have disclosed their personal information (if any) for their direct marketing purposes in the prior calendar year, as well as the type of personal information disclosed to those parties. Right for Minors to Remove Posted Content . Where required by law, California residents under the age of 18 may request to have their posted content or information removed from the publicly-viewable portions of the Services by contacting us directly as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below or by logging into their account and removing the content or information using our self-service tools. 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS If you are a resident of Nevada, you have the right to opt-out of the sale of certain Personal Information to third parties who intend to license or sell that Personal Information. You can exercise this right by contacting us as set forth in the "Contact Us\" section below with the subject line "Nevada Do Not Sell Request" and providing us with your name and the email address associated with your account. Please note that we do not currently sell your Personal Information as sales are defined in Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 603A. If you have any questions, please contact us as set forth below. 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION The Services are not directed to children under 13 (or other age as required by local law), and we do not knowingly collect personal information from children. If you are a parent or guardian and believe your child has uploaded personal information to our site without your consent, you may contact us as described in the "Contact Us" section below. If we become aware that a child has provided us with personal information in violation of applicable law, we will delete any personal information we have collected, unless we have a legal obligation to keep it, and terminate the child's account if applicable. 11. OTHER PROVISIONS Third-Party Websites or Applications . The Services may contain links to other websites or applications, and other websites or applications may reference or link to our Services. These third-party services are not controlled by us. We encourage our users to read the privacy policies of each website and application with which they interact. We do not endorse, screen or approve, and are not responsible for, the privacy practices or content of such other websites or applications. Providing personal information to third-party websites or applications is at your own risk. Changes to Our Privacy Policy . We may revise this Privacy Policy from time to time in our sole discretion. If there are any material changes to this Privacy Policy, we will notify you as required by applicable law. You understand and agree that you will be deemed to have accepted the updated Privacy Policy if you continue to use our Services after the new Privacy Policy takes effect. 12. CONTACT US If you have any questions about our privacy practices or this Privacy Policy, or to exercise your rights as detailed in this Privacy Policy, please contact us at: support@dev.to . 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV HMPL.js Forem — For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . HMPL.js Forem © 2016 - 2026. Powerful templates, minimal JS Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:07 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Beginners Follow Hide "A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step." -Chinese Proverb Create Post submission guidelines UPDATED AUGUST 2, 2019 This tag is dedicated to beginners to programming, development, networking, or to a particular language. Everything should be geared towards that! For Questions... Consider using this tag along with #help, if... You are new to a language, or to programming in general, You want an explanation with NO prerequisite knowledge required. You want insight from more experienced developers. Please do not use this tag if you are merely new to a tool, library, or framework. See also, #explainlikeimfive For Articles... Posts should be specifically geared towards true beginners (experience level 0-2 out of 10). 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Report Abuse Benoit Ruiz Posted on Oct 7, 2021 • Edited on Apr 9, 2022 Declarative vs imperative # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Demystifying Functional Programming (8 Part Series) 1 Introduction 2 What is Functional Programming? ... 4 more parts... 3 Why should we learn and use FP? 4 Function composition and higher-order function 5 Declarative vs imperative 6 Side effects 7 Function purity and referential transparency 8 Data immutability Table of contents Introduction Making a chocolate cake Some examples When to use declarative code Conclusion Introduction Functional Programming is a declarative programming paradigm, in contrast to imperative programming paradigms. Declarative programming is a paradigm describing WHAT the program does, without explicitly specifying its control flow. Imperative programming is a paradigm describing HOW the program should do something by explicitly specifying each instruction (or statement) step by step, which mutate the program's state. This "what vs how" is often used to compare both of these approaches because... Well, it is actually a good way to describe them. Granted, at the end of the day, everything compiles to instructions for the CPU. So in a way, declarative programming is a layer of abstraction on top of imperative programming. At some point, the state of the program must be changed in order for things to happen, and these changes can only occur with instructions moving data from one location (cache, memory, hard drive...) to another. But we are not here to talk about low-level programming, so let's focus on high-level languages instead. The transformation from declarative to "imperative code" is generally made by engines, interpreters, or compilers. For example, SQL is a declarative language. When using the SELECT * FROM users WHERE id <= 100 query, we are expressing (or declaring ) what we want: the first 100 users ever registered in the database. The way how these rows are retrieved is completely delegated to the SQL engine: can it use an index to accelerate the query? Should/Can it use multiple CPU cores to finish earlier? From a developer's point of view, we have no idea how these data are actually retrieved. And we don't really care, unless we are investigating some performance issues. All we care about is telling the program what data we want to retrieve, and not how to do it. The engine/compiler is smart enough to find the most optimal way to do that anyway. For languages that use a declarative paradigm (e.g. Haskell, SQL), this "underlying imperative world" is abstracted/hidden to the developers. It is something we don't have to worry about. For languages that are multi-paradigms (e.g. JavaScript, Scala), there is still the possibility to write imperative code. This allows us to write declarative code based on imperative code that we wrote ourselves. This can be useful to support FP features that are not built-into the language for example, or just to make the code more "declarative", which makes it more readable and understandable, in my opinion. The imperative code is abstracted by the declarative one, which is the one used by the developers to actually write the software. The imperative part becomes an implementation detail of the software. Making a chocolate cake Let's take an example from the real world: we would like to make a chocolate cake. How would that look like with these 2 paradigms? The imperative way First, turn on the oven to preheat it at 180°C. Next, add flour, sugar, cocoa powder, baking soda and salt to a large bowl, then stir the mixture with a paddle. Then, add milk, vegetable oil, eggs and vanilla extract to the mixture, and mix together on medium speed until well combined. Distribute the cake batter evenly in a large cake pan, then bake it for approx. 30 minutes. Remove the pan from the oven with a pot holder, let it cool for 10 minutes. Finally, remove the cake from the pan with the tapping method, and frost it evenly with chocolate frosting. The declarative way You have to preheat the oven to 180 °C. You have to mix dry ingredients in a bowl. Once dry ingredients are mixed, you have to add wet ingredients to the mixture, and mix together to form the cake batter. Once the oven and batter are ready, you have to put the batter in a pan, then bake it for 30 minutes. Once baked, you have to remove the pan from the oven and let it cool for 10 minutes. Finally, you have to remove the cake from the pan, and frost it. Ready? Go! Analysis In the imperative way, we are told what to do, and more importantly how to do it: use a large bowl, mix with a paddle, mix at medium speed, use a large pan, distribute batter evenly, remove pan with a pot holder, use the tapping method, frost evenly. These details are great when actually making a cake, especially as a beginner. But when describing how to make one, on a "higher level" of abstraction, we don't need all these information. Furthermore, we are actually doing something at each step, i.e. we are changing the world around us, step by step. If we choose to stop at an intermediate step, then we basically "wasted" all the tools and ingredients from the previous steps. In the declarative way, we are told what we will have to do to make the cake. Nothing actually happens until the last step, i.e. the world doesn't change until we have reached the 7th step. In other words, we are preparing all the steps in advance, then at the very end, we are doing what was described. How do we perform the actions described in these steps though? It's abstracted: all the "how" parts are provided as later as possible, between the "Ready?" and "Go!", either by the developer (for multi-paradigms languages) or by the engine/compiler. For example, this is where the binding between "remove the pan from the oven" and "using a pot holder" is done. We could also bind it to "using the pan handle", without changing the definition of the 5th step. Some examples Let's say we want to double every value of a given list of numbers. There are plenty of ways to iterate over a list and transform each of its elements in JavaScript: Declarative: recursive function, or functions already available such as the map and reduce methods of arrays Imperative: for loop, while loop To demonstrate that imperative code can be abstracted by declarative code, we could use a for loop and hide it inside a transformEachElement function: // "hidden" in a utils/helper/whatever module, or library-like function transformEachElement < A , B > ( elements : A , action : ( element : A ) => B ): B [] { const result = [] for ( let i = 0 ; i < elements . length : i ++ ) { result . push ( action ( elements [ i ])) } return result } // What do we want? Double each number of a given list const res = transformEachElement ([ 1 , 2 , 3 ], n => n * 2 ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode But we could use map directly as it's already declarative, and widely known for this type of use case: const res = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. map ( n => n * 2 ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Here is another example, where we want to target the text from an element of a web page. This element's location is a few levels down in the elements hierarchy (called the DOM tree). The twist is that each of these elements may not exist in practice. So, each time we progress by one node in the tree, we have to check if the next node is available or not. The imperative way could look like this: function getMainTitle (): string | null { const main = document . getElementById ( ' main ' ) if ( main !== null ) { const title = main . querySelector ( ' .title ' ) if ( title !== null ) { const text = title . querySelector < HTMLElement > ( ' .title-text ' ) if ( text !== null ) { return text . innerText } else { return null } } else { return null } } else { return null } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This is pretty verbose, and the more depth there is to reach an element, the bigger the pyramid of doom gets. Additionally, we have leaked an implementation detail : a node that doesn't exist has the value null . It could have been undefined , or 'nothing' , or something else entirely. The point is that we have to understand that null is the magic value expressing the absence of an element in the tree here. It should not be necessary to know that to understand what this function does. Here is a more declarative approach: const main : Option < Element > = Option ( document . getElementById ( ' main ' )) function getTitle ( main : Element ): Option < Element > { return Option ( main . querySelector ( ' .title ' )) } function getTitleText ( title : " Element): Option<HTMLElement> { " return Option ( title . querySelector < HTMLElement > ( ' .title-text ' ) ) } function getMainTitle (): Option < string > { return main . flatMap ( getTitle ) . flatMap ( getTitleText ) . map ( text => text . innerText ) } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In this second version, all we care about is accessing an element in the tree, where each intermediate element could be missing. In other words, we have written "what" to do in order to access the element containing the text we are looking for. This supposes that we have access to some Option data structure in our code base. There are plenty of articles available on the Internet that talk about this Option (also known as Maybe ) data type. Essentially, it allows us to express the possible absence of a value, transform it if the value is available, and combine it with other possible missing values, all that in a declarative way. In fact, this data type is so useful that some languages already provide it in their standard library (e.g. Scala, Haskell, F#), even the more mature ones (e.g. Optional in Java, C++). The flatMap and map terms may seem "mystical" at this point. We will talk about them by the end of this series, in the article about algebraic data structures and type classes. In functional programs, you will often encounter these functions or their equivalent, depending on the language: map is also known as fmap , lift , <$> flatMap is also known as bind , chain , >>= A couple of years ago (Dec. 2019), the optional operator proposal reached stage 4 in the EcmaScript specification, used for both JavaScript and TypeScript. This allows us to greatly simplify the code from above, without relying on any library: function getMainTitle (): string | null { return document . getElementById ( ' main ' ) ?. querySelector ( ' .title ' ) ?. querySelector < HTMLElement > ( ' .title-text ' ) ?. innerText } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This still "leaks" the fact that either null or undefined values should be used to mark an element as missing, but it is still way more expressive than the first imperative version from earlier. When to use declarative code This section applies only to muli-paradigms languages. Obviously, if you are using a functional language such as Haskell, you are always using declarative code. So, it is possible to make imperative code look like declarative code, to some extent. In such case, I would suggest isolating the imperative parts from the rest of the code base, to make sure developers use the "declarative" functions instead. In multi-paradigms languages, the scale between declarative and imperative is not a clear black/white separation, but rather multiple shades of grey. It is up to us to determine which shade is the best for our projects and teams. Here is a non-exhaustive list of pros and cons for each of these approaches, based on my experience: Declarative Pros Cons Better readability and understanding of the code More lines of code, where a potential bug could hide Better control over the actual execution of the changes to the world Potential loss of performance, due to more memory allocation and intermediate function calls Longer debugging, due to bigger stack traces Developers are usually less comfortable with this way of programming Imperative Pros Cons Less code overall, as there is no need to wrap imperative code inside declarative functions More time taken to read and understand what the code does Shorter debugging, due to smaller stack traces But harder debugging overall, due to state mutations and "less-controlled" changes to the world Developers are usually more comfortable with this way of programming Since code is destined to be read and understood by human beings, I think it is a good practice to use more declarative programming in our softwares. Sometimes, performance is critical and requires the use of imperative programming (we are talking about multi-paradigms languages here). In such cases, comments and documentation are crucial to understand the code base. Otherwise, some exceptions put aside, code should be self-explanatory through good naming and declarative steps , and should not require comments to understand it well. For strictly-declarative languages such as Haskell and SQL, the compiler/engine makes the best optimizations possible; so there is no need (and no way anyway) to write imperative code to improve performance. Conclusion In this article, I tried to illustrate (with some examples) the difference between these 2 approaches, and the advantages of the declarative way. The biggest benefit is making the code more readable and understandable. Misunderstanding the responsibility of some part of the code base is one of the most common reasons why bugs are introduced in the first place. It is also one of the reasons why adding improvements and features takes more time, as we need to first understand what the code does before making any changes. Functional Programming is about expressing "what" we want to do with data, but not actually doing anything until the very last moment. Doing something requires changing state and running statements. These parts are handled by engines/interpreters/compilers, since they know "how" to efficiently do "what" we wrote in the code base. It is not a requirement to fully understand this way of writing code, because it will come naturally the more functional code you write. By going through the articles of this series, you will see that declarative programming is ubiquitous, despite not being mentioned explicitly. Thank you for reading this far! As always, feel free to leave a comment if need be. The next article will talk about pure functions and referential transparency. See you there! Special thanks to Tristan Sallé for reviewing the draft of this article. Photo by Xavi Cabrera on Unsplash . Pictures made with Excalidraw . Demystifying Functional Programming (8 Part Series) 1 Introduction 2 What is Functional Programming? ... 4 more parts... 3 Why should we learn and use FP? 4 Function composition and higher-order function 5 Declarative vs imperative 6 Side effects 7 Function purity and referential transparency 8 Data immutability Top comments (9) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Greg Greg Greg Follow JS one Love, and u 2, honey (: Location Volgograd, Russia (*silently crying*) Work I haven't -_- at Jobless incorporated Joined Jan 3, 2020 • May 15 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great article, thanks! A small nerd remark: the examples with DOM are good for illustration purposes, but not very correct in a practical way - you can just use the magic of css selectors and it will be enough function getMainTitle(): string | null { return document.querySelector('#main .title .title-text')?.innerText ?? null } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Daniel2222 Daniel2222 Daniel2222 Follow Joined May 28, 2022 • May 28 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Actually, SQL is indeed imperative, not declarative. When you say "SELECT this and that such that bla bla bla", you're giving instructions. You're instructing to "select" (according to certain condition), and to "select" is an action. A true declarative statement would be one expressed, for example, in first order logic. Taking on your example, where you select all the users such that their ids are < 100, in first order logic it would be: {x / x ∈ users and x.id < 100} That's a true declarative statement. You're saying: this is the set of persons whose ids are below to 100. You're telling the WHAT, not the HOW. Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Max Pixel Max Pixel Max Pixel Follow Location Los Angeles Work Principal System Architect at Freeform Labs, Inc. Joined Jun 2, 2019 • Aug 4 '22 • Edited on Aug 4 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Indeed, and the second cake recipe is also still imperative. This would be the declarative version: "Dry Ingredients" means flour + sugar + cocoa powder + baking soda, as a roughly homogeneous mixture. "Batter" means Dry Ingredients + milk + vegetable oil + eggs + vanilla extract, as a well-combined mixture. "Panned Batter" means a large cake pan containing Batter. "Cooked Chocolate Cake" means the result of Panned Batter being in a 180°C oven for 30 minutes.* "Frosting-Ready Chocolate Cake" means Cooked Chocolate Cake that is less than 32°C and not in a pan. "Chocolate Cake" means Frosting-Ready Chocolate Cake that is has an even coating of chocolate frosting on it. * Keeping "30 minutes" verges on becoming imperative. A more declarative approach to this particular part would be to specify a final moisture content, weight, or other means of determining doneness. Perhaps it would be more declarative yet to format those steps with a more functional syntax, omitting the intermediate labels like "Batter", and using parentheses as necessary to delimit order-relevant groups. Or perhaps that would just more "functional", and equally as declarative. I think we must admit that that there is a gradient, rather than a binary distinction, between declarative and imperative programming. The most extreme end of declarativism would be to describe the chemical structures and physical composition of the final cake, and leave it at that. But that furthest end of the declarativism gradient is achievable only in small scenarios. {x / x ∈ users and x.id < 100} is useless if users are never created (they certainly didn't exist before the big bang, and aren't timeless constructs like gravity) - in the grand scheme of things, derivation is going to need to be involved, so the program as a whole cannot be as declarative as that one snippet (the formation of users must occur before the formation of the query result). Some amount of ordering and verb choice will either be important to the author of an application, or required by the engine. Ultimately, declarative programming is not about removing all traces of ordering & verb choice from programming, but rather, it's about removing the need for incidental and inevitable ordering & verb choice from programming. What can be considered incidental or inevitable depends on the engine that evaluates the program - some chefs may implicitly know that the cake's temperature should be below the frosting's fat's melting point before it is frosted, while others need a hint. Like comment: Like comment: 6 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Vignesh Vaidyanathan Vignesh Vaidyanathan Vignesh Vaidyanathan Follow Joined Sep 18, 2021 • Apr 18 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice explanation. Thank you! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand kevon217 kevon217 kevon217 Follow Joined Jun 18, 2022 • Dec 8 '22 • Edited on Dec 8 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great breakdown and examples of the distinctions! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Arshiya Arshiya Arshiya Follow Joined Jun 26, 2024 • Jul 27 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great thanks Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Kurapati Mahesh Kurapati Mahesh Kurapati Mahesh Follow Dad❤️ Content Creator Web developer 🅰️ngular ➡️(javascript) ©️SS ♓️〒♏️⎣ Joined Feb 12, 2022 • Oct 17 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide How about my version of the same: Declarative vs imperative Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand T S Ajeet T S Ajeet T S Ajeet Follow Code Blooded Location Pune, India Education NIT Trichy Work Citi Joined Mar 5, 2022 • Jul 1 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Excellent read! Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Vaidas Viper Vaidas Viper Vaidas Viper Follow A true dev enthusiast, they live and breathe the digital realms, immersing themselves in virtual adventures with unwavering passion. From epic RPGs to intense multiplayer battles, their skills are Joined Sep 11, 2024 • Sep 13 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Extraordinary breakdown and instances of the qualifications! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Benoit Ruiz Follow Location France Work Software Engineer at Datadog Joined Aug 2, 2020 More from Benoit Ruiz Data immutability # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Function purity and referential transparency # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Equivalent of Scala's for-comprehension using fp-ts # typescript # scala # functional # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://ar.legacy.reactjs.org/blog/2019/02/06/react-v16.8.0.html | React v16.8: The One With Hooks – React Blog We want to hear from you! Take our 2021 Community Survey! This site is no longer updated. Go to react.dev React المستندات الدليل التطبيقي المدونة المجتمع إصدار 18.2.0 اللّغات GitHub React v16.8: The One With Hooks February 06, 2019 by Dan Abramov This blog site has been archived. Go to react.dev/blog to see the recent posts. With React 16.8, React Hooks are available in a stable release! What Are Hooks? Hooks let you use state and other React features without writing a class. You can also build your own Hooks to share reusable stateful logic between components. If you’ve never heard of Hooks before, you might find these resources interesting: Introducing Hooks explains why we’re adding Hooks to React. Hooks at a Glance is a fast-paced overview of the built-in Hooks. Building Your Own Hooks demonstrates code reuse with custom Hooks. Making Sense of React Hooks explores the new possibilities unlocked by Hooks. useHooks.com showcases community-maintained Hooks recipes and demos. You don’t have to learn Hooks right now. Hooks have no breaking changes, and we have no plans to remove classes from React. The Hooks FAQ describes the gradual adoption strategy. No Big Rewrites We don’t recommend rewriting your existing applications to use Hooks overnight. Instead, try using Hooks in some of the new components, and let us know what you think. Code using Hooks will work side by side with existing code using classes. Can I Use Hooks Today? Yes! Starting with 16.8.0, React includes a stable implementation of React Hooks for: React DOM React DOM Server React Test Renderer React Shallow Renderer Note that to enable Hooks, all React packages need to be 16.8.0 or higher . Hooks won’t work if you forget to update, for example, React DOM. React Native will support Hooks in the 0.59 release . Tooling Support React Hooks are now supported by React DevTools. They are also supported in the latest Flow and TypeScript definitions for React. We strongly recommend enabling a new lint rule called eslint-plugin-react-hooks to enforce best practices with Hooks. It will soon be included into Create React App by default. What’s Next We described our plan for the next months in the recently published React Roadmap . Note that React Hooks don’t cover all use cases for classes yet but they’re very close . Currently, only getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() and componentDidCatch() methods don’t have equivalent Hooks APIs, and these lifecycles are relatively uncommon. If you want, you should be able to use Hooks in most of the new code you’re writing. Even while Hooks were in alpha, the React community created many interesting examples and recipes using Hooks for animations, forms, subscriptions, integrating with other libraries, and so on. We’re excited about Hooks because they make code reuse easier, helping you write your components in a simpler way and make great user experiences. We can’t wait to see what you’ll create next! Testing Hooks We have added a new API called ReactTestUtils.act() in this release. It ensures that the behavior in your tests matches what happens in the browser more closely. We recommend to wrap any code rendering and triggering updates to your components into act() calls. Testing libraries can also wrap their APIs with it (for example, react-testing-library ’s render and fireEvent utilities do this). For example, the counter example from this page can be tested like this: import React from 'react' ; import ReactDOM from 'react-dom' ; import { act } from 'react-dom/test-utils' ; import Counter from './Counter' ; let container ; beforeEach ( ( ) => { container = document . createElement ( 'div' ) ; document . body . appendChild ( container ) ; } ) ; afterEach ( ( ) => { document . body . removeChild ( container ) ; container = null ; } ) ; it ( 'can render and update a counter' , ( ) => { // Test first render and effect act ( ( ) => { ReactDOM . render ( < Counter /> , container ) ; } ) ; const button = container . querySelector ( 'button' ) ; const label = container . querySelector ( 'p' ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; // Test second render and effect act ( ( ) => { button . dispatchEvent ( new MouseEvent ( 'click' , { bubbles : true } ) ) ; } ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; } ) ; The calls to act() will also flush the effects inside of them. If you need to test a custom Hook, you can do so by creating a component in your test, and using your Hook from it. Then you can test the component you wrote. To reduce the boilerplate, we recommend using react-testing-library which is designed to encourage writing tests that use your components as the end users do. Thanks We’d like to thank everybody who commented on the Hooks RFC for sharing their feedback. We’ve read all of your comments and made some adjustments to the final API based on them. Installation React React v16.8.0 is available on the npm registry. To install React 16 with Yarn, run: yarn add react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 To install React 16 with npm, run: npm install --save react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 We also provide UMD builds of React via a CDN: < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react@16/umd/react.production.min.js " > </ script > < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react-dom@16/umd/react-dom.production.min.js " > </ script > Refer to the documentation for detailed installation instructions . ESLint Plugin for React Hooks Note As mentioned above, we strongly recommend using the eslint-plugin-react-hooks lint rule. If you’re using Create React App, instead of manually configuring ESLint you can wait for the next version of react-scripts which will come out shortly and will include this rule. Assuming you already have ESLint installed, run: # npm npm install eslint-plugin-react-hooks --save-dev # yarn yarn add eslint-plugin-react-hooks --dev Then add it to your ESLint configuration: { "plugins" : [ // ... "react-hooks" ] , "rules" : { // ... "react-hooks/rules-of-hooks" : "error" } } Changelog React Add Hooks — a way to use state and other React features without writing a class. ( @acdlite et al. in #13968 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) React DOM Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Support synchronous thenables passed to React.lazy() . ( @gaearon in #14626 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only) to match class behavior. ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Warn about mismatching Hook order in development. ( @threepointone in #14585 and @acdlite in #14591 ) Effect clean-up functions must return either undefined or a function. All other values, including null , are not allowed. @acdlite in #14119 React Test Renderer Support Hooks in the shallow renderer. ( @trueadm in #14567 ) Fix wrong state in shouldComponentUpdate in the presence of getDerivedStateFromProps for Shallow Renderer. ( @chenesan in #14613 ) Add ReactTestRenderer.act() and ReactTestUtils.act() for batching updates so that tests more closely match real behavior. ( @threepointone in #14744 ) ESLint Plugin: React Hooks Initial release . ( @calebmer in #13968 ) Fix reporting after encountering a loop. ( @calebmer and @Yurickh in #14661 ) Don’t consider throwing to be a rule violation. ( @sophiebits in #14040 ) Hooks Changelog Since Alpha Versions The above changelog contains all notable changes since our last stable release (16.7.0). As with all our minor releases , none of the changes break backwards compatibility. If you’re currently using Hooks from an alpha build of React, note that this release does contain some small breaking changes to Hooks. We don’t recommend depending on alphas in production code. We publish them so we can make changes in response to community feedback before the API is stable. Here are all breaking changes to Hooks that have been made since the first alpha release: Remove useMutationEffect . ( @sophiebits in #14336 ) Rename useImperativeMethods to useImperativeHandle . ( @threepointone in #14565 ) Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only). ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) Is this page useful? تحرير هذه الصفحة Recent Posts React Labs: What We've Been Working On – June 2022 React v18.0 How to Upgrade to React 18 React Conf 2021 Recap The Plan for React 18 Introducing Zero-Bundle-Size React Server Components React v17.0 Introducing the New JSX Transform React v17.0 Release Candidate: No New Features React v16.13.0 All posts ... المستندات التنصيب المعايير الرئيسية الدليل المتقدم مراجع API Hooks الإختبارات الوضع المتزامن (تجريبي) المساهمة الأسئلة الأكثر تكراراً القنوات GitHub Stack Overflow منتديات المٌحادثة Reactiflux محادثة مجتمع DEV Facebook Twitter المجتمع القواعد السلوكية مصادر المجتمع المزيد الدليل التطبيقي المُدوّنة شكر وتقدير React Native Privacy Terms © 2023 Meta Platforms, Inc. جميع الحقوق محفوظة | 2026-01-13T08:49:07 |
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Eleftheria Batsou Eleftheria Batsou Eleftheria Batsou Follow Jan 12 Debugging 5 Real-World Bugs: A Practical Walkthrough That Doesn't Include Console.log! # ai # debug # debugging # frontend 6 reactions Comments 1 comment 5 min read From 100+ Manual Edits to an AI Workflow: Mastering "People Removal" with Nano Banana 🍌 Xing Xiong Xing Xiong Xing Xiong Follow Jan 12 From 100+ Manual Edits to an AI Workflow: Mastering "People Removal" with Nano Banana 🍌 # showdev # ai # promptengineering # indiehackers Comments 1 comment 3 min read Can You Beat AI at This Simple Game? 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Black III Follow Jan 12 Building Automated Containment for AI-to-AI Systems: A Technical Deep Dive # ai # python # cybersecurity # devops Comments Add Comment 8 min read Dify Chatbot Testing Notes Ting Ting Ting Follow Jan 12 Dify Chatbot Testing Notes # ai # security Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Grok Precedent: Why AI Creators Are About to Lose Their Legal Shield Denis Stetskov Denis Stetskov Denis Stetskov Follow Jan 12 The Grok Precedent: Why AI Creators Are About to Lose Their Legal Shield # ai # legal # ethics # security Comments Add Comment 6 min read 🚀 Where AI Helps Backend Developers — And Where It Doesn’t Manu Kumar Pal Manu Kumar Pal Manu Kumar Pal Follow Jan 12 🚀 Where AI Helps Backend Developers — And Where It Doesn’t # ai # backend # developers # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read How I accidentally built an infinite bug loop with AI Agents (and why I fired the AI to become a manual "Game Master") GodsChoice-Dev GodsChoice-Dev GodsChoice-Dev Follow Jan 12 How I accidentally built an infinite bug loop with AI Agents (and why I fired the AI to become a manual "Game Master") # ai Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why Your AI Assistant Will Soon Complete Purchases Without You Ownlife Ownlife Ownlife Follow Jan 12 Why Your AI Assistant Will Soon Complete Purchases Without You # ai # technology # commerce Comments Add Comment 7 min read Local RAG vs Cloud RAG: What Changes When You Leave the Demo Parth Sarthi Sharma Parth Sarthi Sharma Parth Sarthi Sharma Follow Jan 12 Local RAG vs Cloud RAG: What Changes When You Leave the Demo # ai # rag # vectordatabase # softwareengineering Comments Add Comment 3 min read Better Docs, Less Effort: Using The Continue MCP Cookbook Anita Ihuman 🌼 Anita Ihuman 🌼 Anita Ihuman 🌼 Follow Jan 12 Better Docs, Less Effort: Using The Continue MCP Cookbook # ai # documentation # opensource Comments Add Comment 5 min read Therapeutic Nihilism: The Dark Side of Evidence-Based Medicine Thinking Healer Thinking Healer Thinking Healer Follow Jan 12 Therapeutic Nihilism: The Dark Side of Evidence-Based Medicine # ai # medical Comments Add Comment 5 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account HMPL.js Forem Close Privacy Policy Last Updated: September 01, 2023 This Privacy Policy is designed to help you understand how DEV Community Inc. (" DEV ," " we ," or " us ") collects, use, and discloses your personal information. What's With the Defined Terms? You'll notice that some words appear in quotes in this Privacy Policy. They're called "defined terms," and we use them so that we don't have to repeat the same language again and again. They mean the same thing in every instance, to help us make sure that this Privacy Policy is consistent. We've included the defined terms throughout because we want it to be easy for you to read them in context. 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION 11. OTHER PROVISIONS 12. CONTACT US 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? This Privacy Policy applies to personal information processed by us, including on our websites, mobile applications, and other online or offline offerings — basically anything we do. To make this Privacy Policy easier to read, our websites, mobile applications, and other offerings are all collectively called the " Services. " Beyond this Privacy Policy, your use of the Services is subject to our DEV Community Terms and our Forem Terms. The Services include both our own community forum at https://www.dev.to (the " DEV Community ") and the open source tool we provide called " Forem ," available at https://www.forem.com which allows our customers to create and operate their own online forums. We collect personal information from two categories of people: (1) our customers, who use Forem and our hosting services to run and host their own forums (we'll call them " Forem Operators "), and (2) the people who interact with DEV-hosted forums, including forums provided by Forem Operators utilizing Forem and separately our own DEV Community (we'll call them " Users "). An Important Note for Users Since we provide hosting services for Forem Operators, technically we also process your information on their behalf. That processing is governed by the contracts that we have in place with each Forem Operator, not this Privacy Policy. In other words, when you share your data on a DEV-hosted forum operated by a Forem Operator, we at DEV are basically just the "pipes" — we process the data on behalf of the Forem Operator, but don't do anything with it ourselves beyond what we're required to do under our contract (and by law). So, if you post your information on a DEV-powered forum provided by a Forem Operator, that Forem Operator's privacy policy applies, and any questions or requests relating to your data on that service should be directed to that Forem Operator, not us. Likewise, if you use our mobile application, you may also interact with forums that use DEV's open-source tools but do all their hosting and data collection themselves. For those forums, we at DEV have no access to your data, so be sure to read the privacy policy of any third-party hosted forum before posting. 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT The categories of personal information we collect depend on whether you're a User or Forem Operator, how you interact with us, our Services, and the requirements of applicable law. Breaking it down, we collect three types of information: (1) information that you provide to us directly, (2) information we obtain automatically when you use our Services, and (3) information we get about you from other sources (such as third-party services and organizations). More details are below. A. Information You Provide to Us Directly We may collect the following personal information that you provide to us. Account Creation (for Forem Operators): We'll require your name and email address to get started, as well as some details about the Forem you want to run, such as: whether you're running the Forem on your own behalf or as part of an organization, and details about the community you want to support (how big is it, what topics does it cover, where do members currently communicate, how/if the community earns money, whether the community is open, invite-only or paid, any existing social media accounts, etc.) You'll need to tell us a bit about your personal coding background, and you'll have the option to provide your DEV username as well, if you are a member of the DEV.to community. Account Creation (for Users) : We collect name and email address from users that create an account on DEV Community. For other forums created by Forem Operators using Forem, the Forem Operator determines what information is required for User account creation for their respective forums. Interactive Features (for Users) . Like any other social network, both we and other Users of our Services may collect personal information that you submit or make available through our interactive features (e.g., messaging and chat features, commenting functionalities, forums, blogs, posts, and other social media pages). While we do have private messages that are only between you and the person you're messaging (as well as us and the Forem Operator, as applicable), any information you provide using the public sharing features of the Services, such as the information you post to your public profile or the topics you follow is public, including to recruiters and prospective employers, and is not subject to any of the privacy protections we mention in this Privacy Policy except where legally required. Please exercise caution before revealing any information that may identify you in the real world to others. Purchases . If you buy stuff on our shop site https://shop.dev.to/ (as either a User or Forem Operator), or otherwise if you pay us in connection with your use of the Forem service, we may collect personal information and details associated with your purchases, including payment information. Any payments made via our Services are processed by third-party payment processors, such as Stripe, Shopify, and PayPal. We do not directly collect or store any payment card information entered through our Services, but may receive information associated with your payment card information (e.g., your billing details). Your Communications with Us (Users and Forem Operators) . We may collect personal information, such as email address, phone number, or mailing address when you request information about our Services, register for our newsletter or loyalty program, request customer or technical support, apply for a job, or otherwise communicate with us. Surveys . We may contact you to participate in surveys. If you decide to participate, you may be asked to provide certain information, which may include personal information (for example, your home address). Sweepstakes or Contests . We may collect personal information you provide for any sweepstakes or contests that we offer. In some jurisdictions, we are required to publicly share information of sweepstakes and contest winners. Conferences, Trade Shows, and Other Events . We may collect personal information from individuals when we attend conferences, trade shows, and other events. Business Development and Strategic Partnerships . We may collect personal information from individuals and third parties to assess and pursue potential business opportunities. Job Applications . We may post job openings and opportunities on our Services. If you reply to one of these postings by submitting your application, CV and/or cover letter to us, we will collect and use your information to assess your qualifications. B. Information Collected Automatically We may collect personal information automatically when you use our Services: Automatic Data Collection . We may collect certain information automatically when you use our Services, such as your Internet protocol (IP) address, user settings, MAC address, cookie identifiers, mobile carrier, mobile advertising and other unique identifiers, browser or device information, location information (including approximate location derived from IP address), and Internet service provider. We may also automatically collect information regarding your use of our Services, such as pages that you visit before, during and after using our Services, information about the links you click, the types of content you interact with, the frequency and duration of your activities, and other information about how you use our Services. In addition, we may collect information that other people provide about you when they use our Services, including information about you when they tag you in their posts. Cookies, Pixel Tags/Web Beacons, and Other Technologies . We, as well as third parties that provide content, advertising, or other functionality on our Services, may use cookies, pixel tags, local storage, and other technologies (" Technologies ") to automatically collect information through your use of our Services. Cookies . Cookies are small text files placed in device browsers that store preferences and facilitate and enhance your experience. Pixel Tags/Web Beacons . A pixel tag (also known as a web beacon) is a piece of code embedded in our Services that collects information about engagement on our Services. The use of a pixel tag allows us to record, for example, that a user has visited a particular web page or clicked on a particular advertisement. We may also include web beacons in e-mails to understand whether messages have been opened, acted on, or forwarded. Our uses of these Technologies fall into the following general categories: Operationally Necessary . This includes Technologies that allow you access to our Services, applications, and tools that are required to identify irregular website behavior, prevent fraudulent activity and improve security or that allow you to make use of our functionality. Performance-Related . We may use Technologies to assess the performance of our Services, including as part of our analytic practices to help us understand how individuals use our Services ( see Analytics below ). Functionality-Related . We may use Technologies that allow us to offer you enhanced functionality when accessing or using our Services. This may include identifying you when you sign into our Services or keeping track of your specified preferences, interests, or past items viewed. Analytics . We may use Technologies and other third-party tools to process analytics information on our Services. Some of our analytics partners include Google Analytics. For more information,please visit Google Analytics' Privacy Policy . To learn more about how to opt-out of Google Analytics' use of your information, please click here . Social Media Platforms . Our Services may contain social media buttons such as Twitter, Facebook, GitHub, Instagram, and Twitch (that might include widgets such as the "share this" button or other interactive mini programs). These features may collect your IP address, which page you are visiting on our Services, and may set a cookie to enable the feature to function properly. Your interactions with these platforms are governed by the privacy policy of the company providing it. See the "Your Privacy Choices and Rights" section below to understand your choices regarding these Technologies. C. Information Collected from Other Sources We may obtain information about you from other sources, including through third-party services and organizations. For example, if you access our Services through a third-party application, such as an app store, a third-party login service (e.g., through Twitter, Apple, or GitHub), or a social networking site, we may collect whatever information about you from that third-party application that you have made available via your privacy settings. 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION We use your information for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, for administrative purposes, and to market our products and Services, as described below. A. Provide Our Services We use your information to fulfill our contract with you and provide you with our Services, such as: Managing your information and accounts; Providing access to certain areas, functionalities, and features of our Services; Answering requests for customer or technical support; Communicating with you about your account, activities on our Services, and policy changes; Processing your financial information and other payment methods for products or Services purchased; Processing applications if you apply for a job we post on our Services; and Allowing you to register for events. B. Administrative Purposes We use your information for various administrative purposes, such as: Pursuing our legitimate interests such as direct marketing, research and development (including marketing research), network and information security, and fraud prevention; Detecting security incidents, protecting against malicious, deceptive, fraudulent or illegal activity, and prosecuting those responsible for that activity; Measuring interest and engagement in our Services, including for usage-based billing purposes; Short-term, transient use, such as contextual customization of ads; Improving, optimizing, upgrading, or enhancing our Services; Developing new products and Services; Ensuring internal quality control and safety; Authenticating and verifying individual identities, including requests to exercise your rights under this policy; Debugging to identify and repair errors with our Services; Auditing relating to interactions, transactions and other compliance activities; Enforcing our agreements and policies; and Complying with our legal obligations. C. Marketing and Advertising our Products and Services We may use your personal information to tailor and provide you with content and advertisements for our Services, such as via email. If you have any questions about our marketing practices, you may contact us at any time as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. D. Other Purposes We also use your information for other purposes as requested by you or as permitted by applicable law. Consent . We may use personal information for other purposes that are clearly disclosed to you at the time you provide personal information or with your consent. Automated Decision Making. We may engage in automated decision making, including profiling, such as to suggest topics or other Users for you to follow. DEV's processing of your personal information will not result in a decision based solely on automated processing that significantly affects you unless such a decision is necessary as part of a contract we have with you, we have your consent, or we are permitted by law to engage in such automated decision making. If you have questions about our automated decision making, you may contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. De-identified and Aggregated Information . We may use personal information and other information about you to create de-identified and/or aggregated information, such as de-identified demographic information, information about the device from which you access our Services, or other analyses we create. For example, we may collect system-wide information to ensure availability of the platform, or measure aggregate data trends to analyze and optimize our Services. Share Content with Friends or Colleagues. Our Services may offer various tools and functionalities. For example, we may allow you to provide information about your friends through our referral services. Our referral services may allow you to forward or share certain content with a friend or colleague, such as an email inviting your friend to use our Services. Please only share with us contact information of people with whom you have a relationship (e.g., relative, friend neighbor, or co-worker). 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION We disclose your information to third parties for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, to protect us or others, or in the event of a major business transaction such as a merger, sale, or asset transfer, as described below. A. Disclosures to Provide our Services The categories of third parties with whom we may share your information are described below. Service Providers . We may share your personal information with our third-party service providers who use that information to help us provide our Services. This includes service providers that provide us with IT support, hosting, payment processing, customer service, and related services. For example, our Shop site is run by Shopify, who handle your shipping details on our behalf. Business Partners . We may share your personal information with business partners to provide you with a product or service you have requested. We may also share your personal information to business partners with whom we jointly offer products or services. Other Users . As described above in the "Personal Information We Collect" section of this Privacy Policy, our Service allows Users to share their profiles, and any posts, chats, etc. with other Users and with the general public, including to those who do not use our Services. APIs/SDKs . We may use third-party Application Program Interfaces ("APIs") and Software Development Kits ("SDKs") as part of the functionality of our Services. For more information about our use of APIs and SDKs, please contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. B . Disclosures to Protect Us or Others We may access, preserve, and disclose any information we store associated with you to external parties if we, in good faith, believe doing so is required or appropriate to: comply with law enforcement or national security requests and legal process, such as a court order or subpoena; protect your, our, or others' rights, property, or safety; enforce our policies or contracts; collect amounts owed to us; or assist with an investigation or prosecution of suspected or actual illegal activity. C. Disclosure in the Event of Merger, Sale, or Other Asset Transfers If we are involved in a merger, acquisition, financing due diligence, reorganization, bankruptcy, receivership, purchase or sale of assets, or transition of service to another provider, your information may be sold or transferred as part of such a transaction, as permitted by law and/or contract. 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS Your Privacy Choices . The privacy choices you may have about your personal information are determined by applicable law and are described below. Email Communications . If you receive an unwanted email from us, you can use the unsubscribe link found at the bottom of the email to opt out of receiving future emails. Note that you will continue to receive transaction-related emails regarding products or Services you have requested. We may also send you certain non-promotional communications regarding us and our Services, and you will not be able to opt out of those communications (e.g., communications regarding our Services or updates to our Terms or this Privacy Policy). Mobile Devices . We may send you push notifications through our mobile application. You may opt out from receiving these push notifications by changing the settings on your mobile device. "Do Not Track." Do Not Track (" DNT ") is a privacy preference that users can set in certain web browsers. Please note that we do not respond to or honor DNT signals or similar mechanisms transmitted by web browsers. Cookies and Interest-Based Advertising . You may stop or restrict the placement of Technologies on your device or remove them by adjusting your preferences as your browser or device permits. However, if you adjust your preferences, our Services may not work properly. Please note that cookie-based opt-outs are not effective on mobile applications. Please note you must separately opt out in each browser and on each device. Your Privacy Rights . In accordance with applicable law, you may have the right to: Access Personal Information about you, including: (i) confirming whether we are processing your personal information; (ii) obtaining access to or a copy of your personal information; Request Correction of your personal information where it is inaccurate, incomplete or outdated. In some cases, we may provide self-service tools that enable you to update your personal information; Request Deletion, Anonymization or Blocking of your personal information when processing is based on your consent or when processing is unnecessary, excessive or noncompliant; Request Restriction of or Object to our processing of your personal information when processing is noncompliant; Withdraw Your Consent to our processing of your personal information. If you refrain from providing personal information or withdraw your consent to processing, some features of our Service may not be available; Request Data Portability and Receive an Electronic Copy of Personal Information that You Have Provided to Us; Be Informed about third parties with which your personal information has been shared; and Request the Review of Decisions Taken Exclusively Based on Automated Processing if such decisions could affect your data subject rights. If you would like to exercise any of these rights, please contact us as set forth in "Contact Us" below. We will process such requests in accordance with applicable laws. 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS All information processed by us may be transferred, processed, and stored anywhere in the world, including, but not limited to, the United States or other countries, which may have data protection laws that are different from the laws where you live. We always strive to safeguard your information consistent with the requirements of applicable laws. 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION We store the personal information we collect as described in this Privacy Policy for as long as you use our Services or as necessary: to fulfill the purpose or purposes for which it was collected, to provide our Services, to resolve disputes, to establish legal defenses, to conduct audits, to pursue legitimate business purposes, to enforce our agreements, and to comply with applicable laws. 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS Refer-a-Friend and Similar Incentive Programs . As described above in the How We Use Your Personal Information section ("Share Content with Friends or Colleagues" subsection), we may offer referral programs or other incentivized data collection programs. For example, we may offer incentives to you such as discounts or promotional items or credit in connection with these programs, wherein you provide your personal information in exchange for a reward, or provide personal information regarding your friends or colleagues (such as their email address) and receive rewards when they sign up to use our Services. (The referred party may also receive rewards for signing up via your referral.) These programs are entirely voluntary and allow us to grow our business and provide additional benefits to you. The value of your data to us depends on how you ultimately use our Services, whereas the value of the referred party's data to us depends on whether the referred party ultimately becomes a User or Forem Operator and uses our Services. Said value will be reflected in the incentive offered in connection with each program. Accessibility . This Privacy Policy uses industry-standard technologies and was developed in line with the World Wide Web Consortium's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, version 2.1* . * If you wish to print this policy, please do so from your web browser or by saving the page as a PDF. California Shine the Light . The California "Shine the Light" law permits users who are California residents to request and obtain from us once a year, free of charge, a list of the third parties to whom we have disclosed their personal information (if any) for their direct marketing purposes in the prior calendar year, as well as the type of personal information disclosed to those parties. Right for Minors to Remove Posted Content . Where required by law, California residents under the age of 18 may request to have their posted content or information removed from the publicly-viewable portions of the Services by contacting us directly as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below or by logging into their account and removing the content or information using our self-service tools. 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS If you are a resident of Nevada, you have the right to opt-out of the sale of certain Personal Information to third parties who intend to license or sell that Personal Information. You can exercise this right by contacting us as set forth in the "Contact Us\" section below with the subject line "Nevada Do Not Sell Request" and providing us with your name and the email address associated with your account. Please note that we do not currently sell your Personal Information as sales are defined in Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 603A. If you have any questions, please contact us as set forth below. 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION The Services are not directed to children under 13 (or other age as required by local law), and we do not knowingly collect personal information from children. If you are a parent or guardian and believe your child has uploaded personal information to our site without your consent, you may contact us as described in the "Contact Us" section below. If we become aware that a child has provided us with personal information in violation of applicable law, we will delete any personal information we have collected, unless we have a legal obligation to keep it, and terminate the child's account if applicable. 11. OTHER PROVISIONS Third-Party Websites or Applications . The Services may contain links to other websites or applications, and other websites or applications may reference or link to our Services. These third-party services are not controlled by us. We encourage our users to read the privacy policies of each website and application with which they interact. We do not endorse, screen or approve, and are not responsible for, the privacy practices or content of such other websites or applications. Providing personal information to third-party websites or applications is at your own risk. Changes to Our Privacy Policy . We may revise this Privacy Policy from time to time in our sole discretion. If there are any material changes to this Privacy Policy, we will notify you as required by applicable law. You understand and agree that you will be deemed to have accepted the updated Privacy Policy if you continue to use our Services after the new Privacy Policy takes effect. 12. CONTACT US If you have any questions about our privacy practices or this Privacy Policy, or to exercise your rights as detailed in this Privacy Policy, please contact us at: support@dev.to . 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV HMPL.js Forem — For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . HMPL.js Forem © 2016 - 2026. Powerful templates, minimal JS Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:07 |
https://dev.to/msnmongare | Sospeter Mong'are - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Follow User actions Sospeter Mong'are Software Engineer passionate about developing for the web Location Kenya Joined Joined on Nov 22, 2018 Personal website https://twitter.com/msnmongare github website twitter website Education BSC. Software Engineering Pronouns Mr Work Software Engineer (Backend) | API Development & Integration | Technical writer | Mentor Seven Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least seven years. Got it Close Six Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least six years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! 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Got it Close More info about @msnmongare Skills/Languages Back-end: PHP/Laravel, Python-Django, SQ, API Development & Integration Currently learning NodeJS & ExpressJs Currently hacking on MoneyMapKe Available for Mentorship, Freelancing, and IT Consultancy Post 283 posts published Comment 80 comments written Tag 14 tags followed Admin-Only Dashboard Rule of Thumb Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Jan 12 Admin-Only Dashboard Rule of Thumb # programming # beginners # datascience # database 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 3 min read Want to connect with Sospeter Mong'are? Create an account to connect with Sospeter Mong'are. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in Building a Simple Node.js + Express Backend Using PostgreSQL and an ORM (Beginner Guide) Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Jan 2 Building a Simple Node.js + Express Backend Using PostgreSQL and an ORM (Beginner Guide) # webdev # programming # ai # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read 2025 Was the Year of Fast AI, 2026 Will Be the Year of AI Quality Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Jan 2 2025 Was the Year of Fast AI, 2026 Will Be the Year of AI Quality # webdev # programming # python # beginners Comments 1 comment 3 min read From Zero to Interview-Ready: A Beginner’s DSA Roadmap (2026 Edition) Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Jan 2 From Zero to Interview-Ready: A Beginner’s DSA Roadmap (2026 Edition) # programming # webdev # beginners # productivity Comments Add Comment 2 min read 2026 GOAL PLANNING GUIDE Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Dec 30 '25 2026 GOAL PLANNING GUIDE # productivity # beginners # career # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read Thinking in CRUD: Designing a Clean and Intent-Driven Plan Management API Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Dec 26 '25 Thinking in CRUD: Designing a Clean and Intent-Driven Plan Management API # programming # webdev # ai # beginners Comments Add Comment 6 min read The Quiet Truth Every Software Engineer Learns Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Dec 25 '25 The Quiet Truth Every Software Engineer Learns # webdev # programming # ai # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Best Workflow for Collaborating on a Shared GitHub Repository Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Dec 3 '25 The Best Workflow for Collaborating on a Shared GitHub Repository # github # git # webdev # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read How a Junior Developer Should Approach System Design (The Practical, Real-World Way) Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Dec 2 '25 How a Junior Developer Should Approach System Design (The Practical, Real-World Way) # webdev # ai # systemdesign # distributedsystems 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read API Integrations: High-Level Breakdown Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Nov 25 '25 API Integrations: High-Level Breakdown # ai # beginners # api # webdev Comments Add Comment 4 min read From 7 Seconds to 600ms: How Smarter Caching Transformed My API Performance Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Nov 12 '25 From 7 Seconds to 600ms: How Smarter Caching Transformed My API Performance # webdev # programming # beginners # api 5 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read Understanding Controllers in Express.js Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Nov 11 '25 Understanding Controllers in Express.js # beginners # javascript # ai # programming Comments Add Comment 3 min read A Practical Guide to Structuring Express.js Projects for Scalability and Maintainability Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Nov 9 '25 A Practical Guide to Structuring Express.js Projects for Scalability and Maintainability # webdev # programming # javascript # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read Express + MySQL Boilerplate Project Structure (Real App Ready) Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Nov 7 '25 Express + MySQL Boilerplate Project Structure (Real App Ready) # mysql # webdev # programming # javascript 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read A Practical Guide to Routes and Routers in Express.js Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Nov 7 '25 A Practical Guide to Routes and Routers in Express.js # express # node # javascript # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read Understanding Middlewares in Express.js and How They Work Internally Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Nov 7 '25 Understanding Middlewares in Express.js and How They Work Internally # node # javascript # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read Node.js Best Practices for Building Scalable and Secure Applications Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Nov 1 '25 Node.js Best Practices for Building Scalable and Secure Applications # node # javascript # beginners 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 4 min read How to Access Your New Linux Server via SSH Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Oct 27 '25 How to Access Your New Linux Server via SSH # linux # programming # devops # productivity 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Set Up a Node.js CI/CD Pipeline on cPanel Using GitHub Actions and Passenger Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Oct 25 '25 How to Set Up a Node.js CI/CD Pipeline on cPanel Using GitHub Actions and Passenger # node # github # githubactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Understanding Array Destructuring in Node.js Database Queries Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Oct 25 '25 Understanding Array Destructuring in Node.js Database Queries # webdev # javascript # node # database Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building a Simple Node.js Server with Express Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Oct 10 '25 Building a Simple Node.js Server with Express # node # npm # javascript # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Do Polling Requests to an API in JavaScript (with MPESA STK Push Example) Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Oct 4 '25 How to Do Polling Requests to an API in JavaScript (with MPESA STK Push Example) # daraja # webdev # programming # javascript Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Do Polling Requests to an API in JavaScript (Beginner Guide) Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Oct 4 '25 How to Do Polling Requests to an API in JavaScript (Beginner Guide) # javascript # webdev # beginners # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Best Practices for Structuring a Node.js Project Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Sep 30 '25 Best Practices for Structuring a Node.js Project # node # programming # beginners # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read Integrating Lipa na MPESA (KCB MPESA STK Push) with Node.js Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Sep 30 '25 Integrating Lipa na MPESA (KCB MPESA STK Push) with Node.js # node # javascript # api # beginners 17 reactions Comments 4 comments 5 min read How to Build a WhatsApp Chatbot Using Flaresend API Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Sep 27 '25 How to Build a WhatsApp Chatbot Using Flaresend API # webdev # beginners # whatsapp # programming Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Secure Your Forgot Password Endpoint (Best Practices for Developers) Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Sep 18 '25 How to Secure Your Forgot Password Endpoint (Best Practices for Developers) # security # programming # beginners # python Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Remove Sensitive or Large Files From Your Git Repository Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Sep 18 '25 How to Remove Sensitive or Large Files From Your Git Repository # github # githubactions # programming # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Integrate KCB M-PESA STK Push API Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Sep 17 '25 How to Integrate KCB M-PESA STK Push API # kcb # beginners # tutorial # programming 4 reactions Comments 2 comments 10 min read How to Add GitHub Secrets Easily (Step-by-Step Guide) Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Sep 13 '25 How to Add GitHub Secrets Easily (Step-by-Step Guide) # github # git # githubactions # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read CI/CD Setup for Node.js on Shared Hosting (cPanel) Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Sep 13 '25 CI/CD Setup for Node.js on Shared Hosting (cPanel) # cpanel # beginners # programming # github 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Git Remote Error: “remote origin already exists” And How to Fix It Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Sep 13 '25 Git Remote Error: “remote origin already exists” And How to Fix It # github # programming # beginners # tutorial 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Disable Directory Listing in cPanel Using `.htaccess` (Options -Indexes) Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Sep 13 '25 How to Disable Directory Listing in cPanel Using `.htaccess` (Options -Indexes) # cpanel # webdev # programming # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Integrate and Consume an API in Laravel (Step-by-Step Guide) Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Sep 9 '25 How to Integrate and Consume an API in Laravel (Step-by-Step Guide) # laravel # programming # webdev # beginners 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Protect/secure Your Callback & Webhook Endpoints Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Aug 30 '25 How to Protect/secure Your Callback & Webhook Endpoints # programming # webdev # beginners # api 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Callbacks vs Webhooks When Working with APIs Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Aug 28 '25 Callbacks vs Webhooks When Working with APIs # api # programming # webdev # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read Is It Still Worth Learning to Code in an Age of AI and Automation? Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Aug 21 '25 Is It Still Worth Learning to Code in an Age of AI and Automation? # ai # webdev # programming # beginners 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Software Engineer vs Software Developer Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Aug 7 '25 Software Engineer vs Software Developer # programming # beginners # google # webdev 3 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read Practical Portfolio Projects for Backend Developers (From Beginner to Advanced Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Jul 31 '25 Practical Portfolio Projects for Backend Developers (From Beginner to Advanced # beginners # backenddevelopment # softwaredevelopment # programming 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read How I’d Design a Collaborative Tool Like Google Docs (After Fumbling the Interview Years Ago) Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Jul 28 '25 How I’d Design a Collaborative Tool Like Google Docs (After Fumbling the Interview Years Ago) # systemdesign # beginners # backenddevelopment # google 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Test DeepSeek Chat API in Postman (Based on Your Python Code) Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Jul 14 '25 How to Test DeepSeek Chat API in Postman (Based on Your Python Code) # openai # deepseek # ai # beginners 1 reaction Comments 3 comments 2 min read My First API-Posted Article Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Jul 10 '25 My First API-Posted Article # api # beginners # tutorial 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 1 min read Getting Started with the Dev.to API Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Jul 10 '25 Getting Started with the Dev.to API # devto # api # beginners # programming 3 reactions Comments 3 comments 3 min read Why Core Skills in Programming Still Matter in the Age of AI Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Jul 7 '25 Why Core Skills in Programming Still Matter in the Age of AI # ai # programming # beginners # productivity 3 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read Force Make migrations in Django Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Jun 30 '25 Force Make migrations in Django # django # python # programming # beginners Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to Fix Django Migration Errors: UUID vs. BigInt Foreign Key Conflicts Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Jun 30 '25 How to Fix Django Migration Errors: UUID vs. BigInt Foreign Key Conflicts # django # postgres # programming # beginners 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read How Long Does It Take to Understand the Basics of a New Programming Language? Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Jun 23 '25 How Long Does It Take to Understand the Basics of a New Programming Language? # beginners # programming # productivity # webdev 4 reactions Comments 3 comments 2 min read How to Go Live with M-Pesa Daraja API (Production Environment) Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Jun 18 '25 How to Go Live with M-Pesa Daraja API (Production Environment) # daraja # mpesa # programming # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Difference Between M-Pesa Till Number and Paybill Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Jun 18 '25 Difference Between M-Pesa Till Number and Paybill # mpesa # safaricom # daraja # programming Comments 1 comment 3 min read How to Check Gunicorn Logs and Monitor Your Django App as a Systemd Service Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow Jun 2 '25 How to Check Gunicorn Logs and Monitor Your Django App as a Systemd Service # webdev # programming # beginners # django 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Test SMTP credentials using Python Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow May 30 '25 Test SMTP credentials using Python # python # django # programming # webdev 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Understanding JSON: Keys, Values, and Data Structures Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow May 29 '25 Understanding JSON: Keys, Values, and Data Structures # json # programming # webdev # beginners 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read A Language-Agnostic CI/CD Pipeline flow Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow May 29 '25 A Language-Agnostic CI/CD Pipeline flow 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Testing and Sending Emails in Django Using Gmail SMTP Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow May 28 '25 Testing and Sending Emails in Django Using Gmail SMTP # google # django # python # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Set Up CI/CD for Your Django App Using GitHub Actions and Systemd Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow May 27 '25 How to Set Up CI/CD for Your Django App Using GitHub Actions and Systemd # programming # django # linux # github 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Step-by-Step: Generate SSH Key Pair for CI/CD Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow May 27 '25 Step-by-Step: Generate SSH Key Pair for CI/CD # github # git # ai # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read GitHub PR Reviews: Comment vs. Approve vs. Request Changes – When to Use Each Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow May 26 '25 GitHub PR Reviews: Comment vs. Approve vs. Request Changes – When to Use Each # github # git # programming # beginners 3 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read Fixing “502 Bad Gateway” with Gunicorn and Nginx on Ubuntu Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow May 26 '25 Fixing “502 Bad Gateway” with Gunicorn and Nginx on Ubuntu # python # django Comments Add Comment 2 min read Understanding Idempotency in APIs and Distributed Systems Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow May 22 '25 Understanding Idempotency in APIs and Distributed Systems # programming # beginners # systemdesign # ai 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read A Comprehensive Guide to Checking Logs in a Linux Server Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Sospeter Mong'are Follow May 22 '25 A Comprehensive Guide to Checking Logs in a Linux Server # linux # ubuntu # logs # devops Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # vectordatabase Follow Hide Vector databases are purpose-built databases that are specialized to tackle the problems that arise when managing vector embeddings in production scenarios. Create Post Older #vectordatabase posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Revolutionize Your Search with Snowflake Cortex Search Multi-Index and Index-Specific Boosts Tsubasa Kanno Tsubasa Kanno Tsubasa Kanno Follow Jan 12 Revolutionize Your Search with Snowflake Cortex Search Multi-Index and Index-Specific Boosts # snowflake # vectordatabase # rag # agents 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 11 min read Local RAG vs Cloud RAG: What Changes When You Leave the Demo Parth Sarthi Sharma Parth Sarthi Sharma Parth Sarthi Sharma Follow Jan 12 Local RAG vs Cloud RAG: What Changes When You Leave the Demo # ai # rag # vectordatabase # softwareengineering Comments Add Comment 3 min read Amazon S3 Vectors: When Your Data Lake Becomes Your Vector Store Sujitha Rasamsetty Sujitha Rasamsetty Sujitha Rasamsetty Follow Jan 11 Amazon S3 Vectors: When Your Data Lake Becomes Your Vector Store # aws # awscommunity # ai # vectordatabase Comments Add Comment 6 min read Prompt Routing & Context Engineering: Letting the System Decide What It Needs Parth Sarthi Sharma Parth Sarthi Sharma Parth Sarthi Sharma Follow Jan 9 Prompt Routing & Context Engineering: Letting the System Decide What It Needs # ai # promptengineering # vectordatabase # rag Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building Enterprise Vector Search in Rails (Part 1/3): Architecture & Multi-Tenant Implementation Stokry Stokry Stokry Follow Jan 11 Building Enterprise Vector Search in Rails (Part 1/3): Architecture & Multi-Tenant Implementation # rails # ruby # ai # vectordatabase 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Research Vault: Open Source Agentic AI Research Assistant Aakash Sharan Aakash Sharan Aakash Sharan Follow Jan 9 Research Vault: Open Source Agentic AI Research Assistant # rag # agents # ai # vectordatabase Comments Add Comment 5 min read What Is a Vector Database? A Practical Deep Dive with Milvus Chintan Soni Chintan Soni Chintan Soni Follow Jan 9 What Is a Vector Database? A Practical Deep Dive with Milvus # vectordatabase # milvus # aiengineering # langchain Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building an AI-Powered Product Chat with Amazon S3 Vectors and Nova Lite Debadatta Panda Debadatta Panda Debadatta Panda Follow Jan 8 Building an AI-Powered Product Chat with Amazon S3 Vectors and Nova Lite # awsbedrock # vectordatabase # serverless Comments Add Comment 2 min read Vector Database (OpenAI and Supabase )-Part 2 (Setup) Shloka Shloka Shloka Follow Jan 11 Vector Database (OpenAI and Supabase )-Part 2 (Setup) # vectordatabase # openai # supabase # rag 6 reactions Comments 1 comment 6 min read Your Vector Database is Not a Memory System Osamudiamen Osazuwa Osamudiamen Osazuwa Osamudiamen Osazuwa Follow Jan 7 Your Vector Database is Not a Memory System # agents # llm # rag # vectordatabase Comments Add Comment 2 min read Automotive Software Explained: ECUs, ADAS, OTA Updates & Vehicle Connectivity Jack Davis Jack Davis Jack Davis Follow Jan 6 Automotive Software Explained: ECUs, ADAS, OTA Updates & Vehicle Connectivity # automotive # vectordatabase # programming # softwareengineering Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Agentic Architect Series: Part 2 Imran Siddique Imran Siddique Imran Siddique Follow Jan 7 The Agentic Architect Series: Part 2 # semanticfirewall # vectordatabase # agenticrag # graphdatabase Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why “Lost in the Middle” Breaks Most RAG Systems Parth Sarthi Sharma Parth Sarthi Sharma Parth Sarthi Sharma Follow Jan 4 Why “Lost in the Middle” Breaks Most RAG Systems # ai # rag # vectordatabase # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 2 min read Loaders, Splitters & Embeddings — How Bad Chunking Breaks Even Perfect RAG Systems Parth Sarthi Sharma Parth Sarthi Sharma Parth Sarthi Sharma Follow Jan 3 Loaders, Splitters & Embeddings — How Bad Chunking Breaks Even Perfect RAG Systems # ai # rag # vectordatabase # llm Comments Add Comment 3 min read Efficient Vector Storage for AI: Why I Chose Pinecone with AWS Yasith wijesuriya Yasith wijesuriya Yasith wijesuriya Follow Jan 2 Efficient Vector Storage for AI: Why I Chose Pinecone with AWS # aws # pinecone # genai # vectordatabase Comments Add Comment 2 min read Running AI on premises with Postgres NeuronDB Support NeuronDB Support NeuronDB Support Follow Jan 1 Running AI on premises with Postgres # rag # postgres # vectordatabase # ai Comments Add Comment 7 min read How to Choose the Right Vector Database for Enterprise AI Pablo Rios Pablo Rios Pablo Rios Follow Dec 30 '25 How to Choose the Right Vector Database for Enterprise AI # vectordatabase # enterprise # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read Vector-Database: Qdrant-cluster on ECS-Fargate Sarma Sarma Sarma Follow Dec 31 '25 Vector-Database: Qdrant-cluster on ECS-Fargate # vectordatabase # ecs # fargate # qdrant Comments Add Comment 4 min read JVector — An Introduction-What is JVector? (Part 1) Alain Airom Alain Airom Alain Airom Follow Jan 11 JVector — An Introduction-What is JVector? (Part 1) # jvector # vectordatabase # rag # knowledgegraph Comments Add Comment 3 min read Dense vs Sparse Vector Stores: Which One Should You Use — and When? Parth Sarthi Sharma Parth Sarthi Sharma Parth Sarthi Sharma Follow Dec 28 '25 Dense vs Sparse Vector Stores: Which One Should You Use — and When? # langchain # rag # ai # vectordatabase Comments Add Comment 2 min read I go by the name of Vector — Using AWS S3 vector storage for cost effective and performant… mgbec mgbec mgbec Follow for AWS Community Builders Dec 27 '25 I go by the name of Vector — Using AWS S3 vector storage for cost effective and performant… # aws # vectordatabase # generativeaitools Comments Add Comment 7 min read VectorDatabase Showdown 2025: Pinecone vs Qdrant vs Weaviate con Benchmarks Reales Abdessamad Ammi Abdessamad Ammi Abdessamad Ammi Follow Dec 24 '25 VectorDatabase Showdown 2025: Pinecone vs Qdrant vs Weaviate con Benchmarks Reales # vectordatabase # machinelearning # rag # database Comments Add Comment 3 min read Questionnaire Made Easy – with IRIS, FHIR SQL Builder, and Vector Search InterSystems Developer InterSystems Developer InterSystems Developer Follow for InterSystems Dec 22 '25 Questionnaire Made Easy – with IRIS, FHIR SQL Builder, and Vector Search # sql # tutorial # vectordatabase # programming Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Serverless Semantic Engine: Architecting Mass Indexing Pipelines with Modal and Vector Databases Lucas Ribeiro Lucas Ribeiro Lucas Ribeiro Follow Dec 19 '25 The Serverless Semantic Engine: Architecting Mass Indexing Pipelines with Modal and Vector Databases # programming # ai # python # vectordatabase Comments Add Comment 17 min read Enterprise RAG Architecture: A Complete Technical Guide by AgenixHub Shubham Shubham Shubham Follow Dec 18 '25 Enterprise RAG Architecture: A Complete Technical Guide by AgenixHub # rag # langchain # vectordatabase # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... trending guides/resources Dense vs Sparse Retrieval: Mastering FAISS, BM25, and Hybrid Search How S3 Vectors Work: A Friendly Guide to AWS’s New Vector Store Embeddings y RAG en aplicaciones web You may not need pg_vector, sqlite-vss, etc. It’s All About Memory: The Missing Piece in AI Agents How Google Mistook My Sui Node for a Bitcoin Farm (And Banned Me) (again) Introducing Vector Buckets Why “Lost in the Middle” Breaks Most RAG Systems Questionnaire Made Easy – with IRIS, FHIR SQL Builder, and Vector Search Vector-Database: Qdrant-cluster on ECS-Fargate The Database Zoo: Vector Databases and High-Dimensional Search Vector Databases 101: FAISS vs Pinecone Amazon S3 Vectors: The Cost-Friendly Way to Store and Search AI Embeddings Choosing Rowstore or Columnstore? How to Pick the Right Engine for Your Workload Demystifying Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) An Introduction to LangChain MyScaleDB: Why Vector Databases Need SQL (The 2025 Reality Check) Dense vs Sparse Vector Stores: Which One Should You Use — and When? JVector — An Introduction-What is JVector? (Part 1) Building an Archaeology Matcher: A (Literal) Deep Dive Into Multimodal Vector Search 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:07 |
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Right menu 💡 What Serverless Design Taught Me About AI Cost Optimization marcusmayo marcusmayo marcusmayo Follow Oct 9 '25 💡 What Serverless Design Taught Me About AI Cost Optimization # serverless # architecture # ai # aws Comments Add Comment 1 min read Setting up AWS Budgets Thu Kha Kyawe Thu Kha Kyawe Thu Kha Kyawe Follow Nov 12 '25 Setting up AWS Budgets # aws # budgets # 2025 Comments Add Comment 1 min read AWS CloudFront Security Implementation Guide harsh patel harsh patel harsh patel Follow Oct 8 '25 AWS CloudFront Security Implementation Guide # aws # cdn Comments Add Comment 4 min read Deadlocks & Log-Based Recovery in DBMS Mugiil .B Mugiil .B Mugiil .B Follow Oct 9 '25 Deadlocks & Log-Based Recovery in DBMS # webdev # blockchain # career # aws Comments Add Comment 2 min read AWS Networking: Transit Gateway Samia Khan Samia Khan Samia Khan Follow for AWS Community Builders Oct 22 '25 AWS Networking: Transit Gateway # architecture # aws # networking # devops 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read What Really Happens When You Access AWS: Complete Data Flow Example Stella Achar Oiro Stella Achar Oiro Stella Achar Oiro Follow for AWS Community Builders Nov 12 '25 What Really Happens When You Access AWS: Complete Data Flow Example # networking # aws # python # cloudcomputing 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 14 min read Building a Dual-Mode AWS Lambda with Python and Terraform Rost Rost Rost Follow Oct 10 '25 Building a Dual-Mode AWS Lambda with Python and Terraform # terraform # aws # python # serverless 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read How to Upgrade AWS EKS Node Groups Without Downtime (Step-by-Step Guide) Ifedayo Adesiyan Ifedayo Adesiyan Ifedayo Adesiyan Follow Oct 9 '25 How to Upgrade AWS EKS Node Groups Without Downtime (Step-by-Step Guide) # kubernetes # devops # aws # deployment 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Efficient S3 File Uploads: Speed & Large File Handling in NestJS Adam - The Developer Adam - The Developer Adam - The Developer Follow Nov 13 '25 Efficient S3 File Uploads: Speed & Large File Handling in NestJS # aws # backend # typescript # tutorial 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read Debugging ECR Private Pull Through Cache Jason Butz Jason Butz Jason Butz Follow for AWS Community Builders Nov 12 '25 Debugging ECR Private Pull Through Cache # aws # containers Comments Add Comment 3 min read Cleaner Terraform: Stop Writing Backwards Conditionals John Reilly Pospos (JP) John Reilly Pospos (JP) John Reilly Pospos (JP) Follow for AWS Community Builders Nov 12 '25 Cleaner Terraform: Stop Writing Backwards Conditionals # aws # terraform # infrastructureascode # cloud 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read Why DynamoDB Fails Most Real-World Apps Maxime Lebastard Maxime Lebastard Maxime Lebastard Follow Nov 11 '25 Why DynamoDB Fails Most Real-World Apps # aws # database # saas # dynamodb 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 8 min read Project: Cloud Guardrails with OPA + Conftest + Config/SecurityHub + Auto-Remediation Aisalkyn Aidarova Aisalkyn Aidarova Aisalkyn Aidarova Follow Nov 11 '25 Project: Cloud Guardrails with OPA + Conftest + Config/SecurityHub + Auto-Remediation # terraform # aws # kubernetes # security 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Servicios de AWS que un Cloud Security Engineer debe dominar, aunque NO sean "servicios de seguridad" per se Pablo Gonzalez Robles Pablo Gonzalez Robles Pablo Gonzalez Robles Follow Nov 11 '25 Servicios de AWS que un Cloud Security Engineer debe dominar, aunque NO sean "servicios de seguridad" per se # aws # security # architecture # cloud Comments Add Comment 3 min read Automating RDS Snapshot Cleanup: Delete Manual DB and Cluster Snapshots Older Than 30 Days Amar Singh Amar Singh Amar Singh Follow Oct 8 '25 Automating RDS Snapshot Cleanup: Delete Manual DB and Cluster Snapshots Older Than 30 Days # aws # automation # costoptimization # rds Comments Add Comment 3 min read AWS AI Agent Global Hackathon Kraisorn Prasoetsang Kraisorn Prasoetsang Kraisorn Prasoetsang Follow Oct 10 '25 AWS AI Agent Global Hackathon # ai # aws # awschallenge Comments Add Comment 1 min read Secure Your AWS Account: Automate IAM Expiry Notifications with Lambda + SNS kalyani Uppara kalyani Uppara kalyani Uppara Follow Oct 8 '25 Secure Your AWS Account: Automate IAM Expiry Notifications with Lambda + SNS # aws # security # serverless # automation Comments Add Comment 6 min read From the Cloud to Capital: Three Lessons from Marketing AWS Gen AI That Forged My Product Vision shiv shiv shiv Follow Oct 11 '25 From the Cloud to Capital: Three Lessons from Marketing AWS Gen AI That Forged My Product Vision # ai # aws # startup # marketing 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 12 min read Database Normalization: From 1NF to 3NF Explained Mugiil .B Mugiil .B Mugiil .B Follow Oct 9 '25 Database Normalization: From 1NF to 3NF Explained # programming # database # aws # design Comments Add Comment 2 min read Securing LangChain APIs with AWS SSO and Active Directory Chandrani Mukherjee Chandrani Mukherjee Chandrani Mukherjee Follow Oct 9 '25 Securing LangChain APIs with AWS SSO and Active Directory # aws # security # langchain # python Comments Add Comment 4 min read Securing LangChain APIs with AWS SSO and Active Directory Chandrani Mukherjee Chandrani Mukherjee Chandrani Mukherjee Follow Oct 9 '25 Securing LangChain APIs with AWS SSO and Active Directory # aws # security # langchain # python Comments Add Comment 4 min read A Practical Guide to Building AI Agents with Java and Spring AI - Part 2 - Add Memory Yuriy Bezsonov Yuriy Bezsonov Yuriy Bezsonov Follow Nov 11 '25 A Practical Guide to Building AI Agents with Java and Spring AI - Part 2 - Add Memory # java # ai # aws # springboot Comments Add Comment 14 min read 🤖 AWS Outage (Oct 2025): Breakdown & Lessons Yeshwanth L M Yeshwanth L M Yeshwanth L M Follow for AWS Community Builders Oct 22 '25 🤖 AWS Outage (Oct 2025): Breakdown & Lessons # aws # techwithyeshwanth # cloud # devops 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read 𝗕𝗶𝗴 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗣𝗶𝗽𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗖𝗵𝗲𝗮𝘁𝘀𝗵𝗲𝗲𝘁: 𝗔𝗪𝗦, 𝗔𝘇𝘂𝗿𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗚𝗖𝗣 Narednra Reddy Yadama Narednra Reddy Yadama Narednra Reddy Yadama Follow Oct 8 '25 𝗕𝗶𝗴 𝗗𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗣𝗶𝗽𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗖𝗵𝗲𝗮𝘁𝘀𝗵𝗲𝗲𝘁: 𝗔𝗪𝗦, 𝗔𝘇𝘂𝗿𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗚𝗖𝗣 # aws # azure # gcp # bigdata 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read How the Cloud Stores Our Data Abinaya S Abinaya S Abinaya S Follow Oct 8 '25 How the Cloud Stores Our Data # cloudcomputing # aws # googlecloud Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/patrickbloemit/goodbye-fail2ban-hardening-netbird-caddy-with-crowdsec-29g6 | Goodbye Fail2Ban: Hardening Netbird & Caddy with CrowdSec - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse patrickbloem-it Posted on Dec 31, 2025 Goodbye Fail2Ban: Hardening Netbird & Caddy with CrowdSec # linux # tutorial # devops # security Goodbye Fail2Ban: Hardening Netbird & Caddy with CrowdSec Published: December 31, 2025 | Reading Time: 12 min TL;DR We migrated our Netbird VPN Management Server from Fail2Ban to CrowdSec , reducing SSH/HTTP attack noise by 99% and shifting from reactive (ban after 5 failed attempts) to preventive (block IPs from community threat intelligence before they touch our server). This post dives into why we made the leap and how you can too—with step-by-step code. The Problem: Fail2Ban in 2025 For a decade, Fail2Ban was the gold standard for simple server hardening. You set up a few regex rules, pointed it at /var/log/auth.log , and called it a day. But here's the thing: Fail2Ban is architecturally reactive. Why Fail2Ban Falls Short 1. Reactivity is a Liability Fail2Ban works like a smoke detector that only triggers after the fire has already spread. An attacker needs to hit your SSH port 5+ times before the rule kicks in. In a world of distributed botnets with 10,000+ IP addresses, that's 50,000 free attempts to probe your system before you even block a single one. Our logs showed the same pattern: every night, 500+ bogus SSH handshakes from different IPs, each one landing in auth.log and consuming CPU cycles for regex matching. The attacker's goal isn't to brute-force your password (they know that's futile)—it's to map your infrastructure, test for open ports, and document your responses for later weaponization. 2. The Silo Problem: You're Alone Fail2Ban is completely blind to the outside world. It works in isolation. Real-world scenario: An IP (let's say 203.0.113.42 ) is aggressively scanning 500 servers across Europe simultaneously. With Fail2Ban, your server doesn't know about the activity on their servers. You wait passively until 203.0.113.42 hits your SSH port 5 times. In the meantime, it's already fingerprinted 499 other servers and exfiltrated data from at least 100 of them. With CrowdSec + CAPI (Community API): The same IP probes a server in France (CrowdSec instance #1). It scans a server in Germany (CrowdSec instance #2). It touches your server in the Netherlands (instance #3). Within seconds , the community reaches consensus: this IP is malicious. All 3 servers (+ 8,000+ others running CrowdSec) block it preventively. You're no longer fighting alone. You're part of a "Waze for Cyber-Security" where threat signals are shared globally. 3. Regex Hell in the Age of JSON Modern web servers like Caddy output structured JSON logs, not plain text. Fail2Ban's strength—regex-based parsing—becomes a liability. A realistic Fail2Ban filter for Caddy: [Definition] failregex = ^(?P<host> \S +) - (?P<user> \S +) \[ (?P<time> \d {2}/ \w +/ \d {4}: \d {2}: \d {2}: \d {2}) (?P<tz>[ \+\- ] \d {4}) \] "(?P<method> \S +) (?P<uri> \S +) (?P<proto> \S +)" (?P<status> \d +) (?P<size> \S +) "(?P<referer> \S +)" "(?P<user_agent> \S +)" (?P<response_time> \d +)$ Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This is fragile. The moment Caddy's log format changes (which happens with updates), your filter breaks. You're maintaining a hairball of escape sequences when CrowdSec just parses JSON natively. 4. CPU Overhead at Scale When a DDoS hits or a botnet wakes up, Fail2Ban's Python daemon becomes a bottleneck. Log parsing + regex matching + decision making = CPU spikes. Meanwhile, Go-based CrowdSec handles the same load with a fraction of the resources. The Solution: CrowdSec (Philosophy & Architecture) CrowdSec is a complete rethinking of intrusion prevention. It decouples detection from response and introduces collaborative threat intelligence . Core Principles 1. Collaborative Intelligence (CAPI) CrowdSec works like this: Your server's CrowdSec Security Engine analyzes logs and detects suspicious patterns. When consensus is reached (an IP matches multiple scenarios or is flagged by multiple instances), a signal is sent to the Community API (CAPI). Once enough independent instances flag the same IP, it lands on the Community Blocklist. Your firewall bouncer downloads this list and blocks attackers before they send packets. The beauty: You benefit from the collective intelligence of 10,000+ admins. You don't have to wait for your server to be attacked 5 times—you get early warning from the network effect. 2. Decoupled Architecture Unlike Fail2Ban's monolithic design, CrowdSec separates concerns: ┌──────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ CrowdSec Security Engine (Go) │ │ - Parses logs │ │ - Matches scenarios │ │ - Makes decisions │ └──────────┬───────────────────────────────┘ │ (Local API) ┌────┴──────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ ┌─────▼──────────────┐ ┌────────────▼──────────────┐ │ Firewall Bouncer │ │ HTTP Bouncer (WAF) │ │ (nftables/iptables) │ (Layer 7 blocking) │ └────────────────────┘ └───────────────────────────┘ Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode You decide where to block: Firewall level (nftables): Fastest, most efficient. Drop packets before they consume resources. HTTP level (Layer 7): Apply business logic. Block based on request headers, paths, etc. Application level: Custom responses, logging, rate limiting. We chose firewall-level blocking (nftables) because it's most efficient for a hardened VPN management server. 3. Scenario-Based Detection (Not Just Counting) Fail2Ban counts failures. CrowdSec understands context. Example scenario: HTTP Crawling name : crowdsecurity/http-crawl-non_statics description : " Detects aggressive crawling of non-static resources" filter : - http_status : [ 404 ] # Many 404s indicates scanning - user_agent : [ scrapy , nikto , sqlmap ] # Known scanning tools - request_uri : !~ /\.(jpg|css|js|png)$/ # Not static resources detection : - trigger : > (count(events) > 20) && (duration < 5m) && (user_agent matches malicious_patterns) action : ban Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The difference: Fail2Ban: "5 failed SSH attempts = ban" CrowdSec: "20 HTTP 404s in 5 minutes + suspicious User-Agent = likely scanner. Check if other instances flagged this IP. If yes, consensus reached = ban." Our Infrastructure: Netbird + Caddy + CrowdSec System Overview Internet Traffic ↓ ┌──────────────────────────────────────┐ │ nftables (Firewall) │ │ ├─ CrowdSec Rules (DROP malicious) │ │ └─ SSH (Port 2222) │ └──────────────────────────────────────┘ ↓ ┌──────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Caddy Reverse Proxy │ │ ├─ TLS Termination │ │ ├─ JSON Access Logs → CrowdSec │ │ └─ Reverse Proxy to Netbird (8080) │ └──────────────────────────────────────┘ ↓ Netbird VPN Management API Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode OS & Versions OS: Ubuntu 24.04 LTS (Noble Numbat) CrowdSec: v1.6+ Caddy: Latest (built from source or package) Firewall: nftables (Ubuntu 24.04 default) Bouncer: crowdsec-firewall-bouncer-nftables Implementation: The Code Step 1: Install CrowdSec # Add repository curl -s https://install.crowdsec.net | sudo sh sudo apt update # Install security engine sudo apt install -y crowdsec # Install collections (SSH, syslog, etc.) sudo cscli collections install crowdsecurity/linux sudo cscli collections install crowdsecurity/caddy-logs sudo systemctl reload crowdsec Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Step 2: Configure Caddy for JSON Logging CrowdSec's Caddy parser expects JSON logs. Configure your Caddyfile : { log { output file /var/log/caddy/access.log { roll_size 100mb roll_keep 5 roll_keep_for 720h } format json level info } } # Your reverse proxy netbird.example.com { encode gzip reverse_proxy localhost:8080 { header_up Host {host} header_up X-Real-IP {remote_host} header_up X-Forwarded-For {remote_host} header_up X-Forwarded-Proto {scheme} } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Restart Caddy: sudo systemctl restart caddy Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Verify JSON output: sudo tail -f /var/log/caddy/access.log | jq '.' | head -20 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Step 3: Configure CrowdSec to Parse Caddy Logs Create /etc/crowdsec/acquis.d/caddy.yaml : filenames : - /var/log/caddy/access.log labels : type : caddy Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Reload CrowdSec: sudo systemctl reload crowdsec Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Verify parsing: sudo cscli metrics show acquisition # Expected output: # crowdsecurity/caddy-logs │ 1234 │ 0 │ 0 │ 0 │ 0 │ 1234 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Step 4: Install Firewall Bouncer (nftables) sudo apt install -y crowdsec-firewall-bouncer-nftables sudo systemctl enable crowdsec-firewall-bouncer sudo systemctl start crowdsec-firewall-bouncer Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Verify bouncer is registered: sudo cscli bouncers list # Expected output: # Name: crowdsec-firewall-bouncer-nftables # Status: ✓ active Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Step 5: Customize Ban Duration By default, CrowdSec bans for 4 hours. We extended it to 48 hours for persistent botnets: Create /etc/crowdsec/profiles.yaml.local : name : default debug : false rules : - type : ban duration : 48h notifications : [] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Reload: sudo systemctl reload crowdsec Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Results & Metrics After the migration, here's what we observed: Metrics sudo cscli metrics show Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Output (snapshot): Acquisition (Logs being read): crowdsecurity/caddy-logs: 12,450 lines | 0 parse errors crowdsecurity/sshd-logs: 5,230 lines | 0 parse errors Scenarios (Detection rules): crowdsecurity/http-crawl-non_statics: 142 decisions | 28 IPs banned crowdsecurity/ssh-bf: 89 decisions | 15 IPs banned crowdsecurity/web-application-attacks: 34 decisions | 8 IPs banned Bouncers: crowdsec-firewall-bouncer-nftables: 112 active bans Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Key Findings 99% Reduction in Log Noise: Before CrowdSec, /var/log/auth.log filled 2GB per day (SSH probes). Now: 20MB per day. Why? IPs are blocked at the firewall level—the packets never reach sshd. Community Blocklist Efficiency: Of 112 active bans, 95+ were from the community blocklist. We never saw the initial attack; CrowdSec's CAPI blocked it preemptively. Caddy JSON Parsing: Zero failed parses. CrowdSec handled log format updates seamlessly (JSON is self-describing). CPU Impact: CrowdSec Security Engine consistently ~2-5% CPU. Caddy logs parsed in real-time without overhead. Operational Insights Monitoring & Debugging Check active bans: sudo cscli decisions list # Output: # Duration │ Scope │ Value │ Decision │ Reason # 48h │ ip │ 192.0.2.100 │ ban │ crowdsecurity/http-crawl-non_statics # 48h │ ip │ 198.51.100.42 │ ban │ crowdsecurity/ssh-bf Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode View alerts (why decisions were made): sudo cscli alerts list --ip 192.0.2.100 # Output: # Alert ID: 4521 # Start Time: 2025-12-31T10:15:30Z # End Time: 2025-12-31T10:20:45Z # Scenario: crowdsecurity/http-crawl-non_statics # Events Count: 145 # Remediation: ban for 48h Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Live nftables monitoring: # See packets being dropped sudo nft monitor # Or check statistics sudo nft list ruleset | grep -A 10 "crowdsec-drop" # Example: # chain crowdsec-drop (priority filter -1; policy accept;) # packets 28,432 bytes 1,842,560 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Lessons Learned Community Blocklist is worth its weight in gold. We blocked threats 99% of the time before they touched our infrastructure. JSON logging is non-negotiable. If you're using a modern web server (Caddy, Nginx with JSON output, etc.), do yourself a favor and enable it. Regex-based parsing is yesterday's technology. Go > Python for performance. CrowdSec's Go engine is fast enough that you can parse 10,000+ log lines per second on a modest server. Fail2Ban would choke. Bouncers are flexible. We chose nftables, but CrowdSec supports HTTP bouncers (Layer 7), Nginx modules, cloud API integrations (Cloudflare, AWS), and more. Pick what fits your architecture. Potential Pitfalls & Solutions Issue: Bouncer Not Authenticating Symptom: crowdsec-firewall-bouncer status shows "offline" or "error." Solution: # Regenerate credentials sudo apt reinstall -y crowdsec-firewall-bouncer-nftables # Restart both sudo systemctl restart crowdsec sudo systemctl restart crowdsec-firewall-bouncer # Verify sudo cscli bouncers list Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Issue: No Decisions Being Made Symptom: cscli decisions list returns empty. Solution: Verify logs are being read: sudo cscli metrics show acquisition Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If counts are flat, CrowdSec isn't reading logs. Check file permissions: ls -la /var/log/caddy/access.log # crowdsec user must have read permissions Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Reload CrowdSec: sudo systemctl reload crowdsec Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Issue: False Positives (Legitimate Traffic Blocked) Symptom: Users report access denied, but they're legitimate. Solution: Add them to a whitelist: sudo cscli decisions add --ip 203.0.113.99 --duration 0 --type whitelist Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Or disable a specific scenario temporarily: sudo cscli scenarios disable crowdsecurity/http-crawl-non_statics Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Conclusions & Recommendations Why We Recommend CrowdSec for Production Security Posture: Preventive > reactive. You're protected by the collective intelligence of 10,000+ instances. Operational Simplicity: JSON parsing, decoupled bouncers, rich dashboards. Performance: Go-based engine, minimal CPU overhead, scales to 10,000+ rules. Transparency: Open-source, community-driven, audit-friendly. Next Steps Automate backups of /etc/crowdsec/ for disaster recovery. Set up dashboards at console.crowdsec.net to visualize threats across your fleet. Enable notifications (Slack, email) for critical alerts. Fine-tune scenarios by adjusting thresholds and ban durations for your use case. Integrate with your SIEM (ELK, Splunk, etc.) for centralized logging. Further Reading CrowdSec Official Documentation CrowdSec vs. Fail2Ban: A Deep Dive Caddy + CrowdSec Setup Guide OWASP: Web Application Firewall (WAF) Author: Patrick Bloem Published: December 31, 2025 Tested On: Ubuntu 24.04 LTS | CrowdSec v1.6+ | Caddy v2.x Have questions? Drop them in the comments or [open an issue on GitHub] https://github.com/patrickbloem-it/server-hardening-crowdsec/ . Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse patrickbloem-it Follow Senior Infrastructure Engineer (Public Sector). Focused on Linux, Proxmox & ZFS Location Germany Joined Dec 30, 2025 More from patrickbloem-it Beyond `apt upgrade`: Automating Linux Hardening for Public Sector Workloads # linux # security # automation # devops Self-Hosting Netbird: A Privacy-First Alternative to Managed Overlay Networks # networking # security # devops # opensource Cost-Effective Disaster Recovery: Managing ZFS Snapshots on Proxmox VE # pve # backup # zfs # linux 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:07 |
https://dev.to/vinicius3w/arquitetura-de-software-e-design-assistido-por-ia-quem-decide-afinal-1coc | Arquitetura de Software e Design Assistido por IA: Quem Decide, Afinal? - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Vinicius Cardoso Garcia Posted on Dec 31, 2025 Arquitetura de Software e Design Assistido por IA: Quem Decide, Afinal? # ai # softwareengineering # architecture # systemdesign Engenharia de Software Assistida por IA (6 Part Series) 1 IA na Engenharia de Software: Revolução Inevitável ou Hype Bem Embalado? 2 A Máquina que "Lê" Código: Entre o Autocompletar e o Entendimento ... 2 more parts... 3 A Engenharia de Requisitos na Era dos Algoritmos: Colaboração, Não Substituição 4 Entre o Backlog Caótico e o Algoritmo: Priorização e Cenários com IA 5 Arquitetura de Software e Design Assistido por IA: Quem Decide, Afinal? 6 Refatoração e Otimização com IA: Entre a Automação e o Julgamento Arquitetural Decisões de arquitetura de software sempre foram uma combinação de engenharia disciplinada, experiência acumulada e apostas estratégicas sob incerteza . A chegada dos Large Language Models e das ferramentas de diagrams-as-code adiciona um novo ator a esse palco: um assistente capaz de ler requisitos, sugerir padrões e gerar documentação em minutos — mas sem realmente "entender" o negócio. Esta discussão parte de um cenário concreto: após a priorização de requisitos (Aula 4), a equipe precisa projetar a arquitetura, agora com IA na mesa como coautora técnica, mas nunca como decisora final. Com isso, surge uma questão fundamental: como integrar essas ferramentas sem abdicar do julgamento contextual que distingue o design e projeto arquitetura de software de mera aplicação de templates? Pesquisas recentes como DRAFT-ing Architectural Design Decisions using LLMs [1] indicam que modelos ajustados em milhares de ADRs conseguem produzir rascunhos de decisões mais eficazes que abordagens genéricas, sem substituir o julgamento humano. Em paralelo, plataformas como Structurizr [2] e Mermaid [3] tornaram viável manter modelos arquiteturais versionados junto ao código, permitindo que LLMs operem diretamente sobre representações textuais da arquitetura. A provocação central será: até onde podemos automatizar o "como" da arquitetura sem perder o "por quê" que só o arquiteto enxerga? Decisões Arquiteturais: Ciência, Arte ou Algoritmo? Arquitetura de software não é sobre encontrar a "melhor" solução, mas sobre navegar trade-offs inevitáveis. Cada decisão arquitetural implica ganhos em algumas dimensões e perdas em outras. O padrão de microservices oferece escalabilidade independente e isolamento de falhas, mas introduz complexidade operacional e latência de rede [4]. O monolito proporciona simplicidade de deployment e debugging, mas limita escalabilidade e cria riscos de acoplamento ao longo do tempo [5]. Esses trade-offs não existem em abstrato, eles se manifestam diferentemente conforme o contexto. Uma startup com cinco desenvolvedores enfrentando mil requisições diárias opera em realidade fundamentalmente distinta de uma empresa com duzentos engenheiros processando milhões de transações por segundo. O mesmo padrão arquitetural que representa "best practice" em um contexto pode constituir sobre-engenharia catastrófica em outro [6]. Isso acontece porque decisões arquiteturais lidam com incerteza , múltiplos stakeholders e quality attributes conflitantes como, por exemplo, otimizar desempenho pode prejudicar manutenibilidade; maximizar disponibilidade pode explodir custos operacionais. Métodos como ATAM ( Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method ) [7] e CBAM ( Cost Benefit Analysis Method ) [8] estruturam essa análise por meio de cenários e trade-offs explícitos, mas exigem esforço significativo de facilitação humana. Pesquisas recentes sugerem que IA pode automatizar partes desse processo: gerar cenários de qualidade a partir de descrições em linguagem natural, mapear decisões recorrentes, reduzir trabalho mecânico [9]. Porém, o contexto de negócio, maturidade da equipe e restrições políticas raramente aparecem nos datasets que treinam esses modelos. Assim, IA tende a favorecer "best practices" genéricas , frequentemente empurrando soluções complexas onde design mais simples seria suficiente. Em arquitetura, automatizar o como é possível; delegar o por quê continua sendo, por enquanto, irresponsável. É precisamente nessa sensibilidade ao contexto que reside tanto a promessa quanto o perigo da IA aplicada a decisões arquiteturais. LLMs treinados em vastos repositórios de código e documentação técnica absorvem padrões que funcionaram em contextos específicos — frequentemente em empresas de grande escala como Netflix, Amazon ou Google. Quando questionados sobre arquitetura, tendem a recomendar soluções sofisticadas que, embora tecnicamente corretas, podem ser completamente inadequadas para contextos menores ou distintos. Princípio Fundamental: A adequação de uma arquitetura não é propriedade intrínseca do padrão escolhido, mas emerge da relação entre padrão, contexto de negócio, capacidades do time e restrições operacionais. Essa tensão é ideal para debate: até que ponto seguir recomendação da IA é ciência baseada em evidências, e a partir de que ponto vira abdicação de responsabilidade técnica? IA para Recomendação de Padrões Arquiteturais A aplicação mais promissora de IA em arquitetura não está em substituir o julgamento do arquiteto, mas em sistematizar a análise de múltiplos critérios. Sistemas de recomendação arquitetural evoluíram de abordagens rule-based para modelos de ML supervisionados e, mais recentemente, LLMs capazes de consumir descrições ricas de requisitos [9]. Trabalhos descrevem pipelines onde requisitos funcionais, quality attributes priorizados e dados organizacionais alimentam um modelo que sugere padrões como monolito, microservices ou event-driven, com explicações textuais dos trade-offs. O exemplo abaixo ilustra um motor simplificado de recomendação em TypeScript , inspirado em frameworks como ATAM [7] mas automatizado via sistema de scoring: /** * Sistema de Recomendação Arquitetural Multi-Critério * * Implementa análise ponderada de adequação entre requisitos * e padrões arquiteturais, inspirado no ATAM (Architecture * Tradeoff Analysis Method) mas automatizado via scoring. * * IMPORTANTE: Este sistema INFORMA decisões, não as TOMA. * O arquiteto deve validar recomendações contra contexto real. * Confidence < 0.6 indica necessidade de análise humana. */ interface SystemContext { load : { requestsPerSecond : number ; projectedGrowth : ' stable ' | ' moderate ' | ' aggressive ' ; }; team : { size : number ; distributedExperience : boolean ; seniorityLevel : ' junior ' | ' mid ' | ' senior ' ; }; business : { timeToMarket : ' urgent ' | ' moderate ' | ' flexible ' ; budget : ' constrained ' | ' moderate ' | ' flexible ' ; regulated : boolean ; // healthcare, finance = true }; criticalAttributes : ( ' scalability ' | ' performance ' | ' availability ' | ' maintainability ' )[]; } interface Recommendation { pattern : ' monolith ' | ' microservices ' | ' event-driven ' ; confidence : number ; reasoning : string []; risks : string []; alternatives : Array < { pattern : string ; tradeoff : string } > ; } function recommendArchitecture ( ctx : SystemContext ): Recommendation { const scores = { monolith : evaluateMonolith ( ctx ), microservices : evaluateMicroservices ( ctx ), eventDriven : evaluateEventDriven ( ctx ) }; const sorted = Object . entries ( scores ) . sort (([, a ], [, b ]) => b . score - a . score ); const [ bestPattern , bestScore ] = sorted [ 0 ]; const totalScore = Object . values ( scores ). reduce (( sum , s ) => sum + s . score , 0 ); const confidence = bestScore . score / totalScore ; return { pattern : bestPattern as Recommendation [ ' pattern ' ], confidence , reasoning : bestScore . reasons , risks : bestScore . risks , alternatives : sorted . slice ( 1 ). map (([ pattern , s ]) => ({ pattern , tradeoff : s . primaryTradeoff })) }; } function evaluateMonolith ( ctx : SystemContext ): PatternScore { let score = 0 ; const reasons : string [] = []; const risks : string [] = []; // Carga baixa favorece monolito if ( ctx . load . requestsPerSecond < 100 ) { score += 25 ; reasons . push ( ' Carga atual não justifica complexidade distribuída ' ); } // Time pequeno favorece monolito if ( ctx . team . size < 10 ) { score += 25 ; reasons . push ( ' Time pequeno se beneficia de codebase unificada ' ); } else { risks . push ( ' Time grande pode enfrentar conflitos de merge frequentes ' ); } // Urgência favorece monolito if ( ctx . business . timeToMarket === ' urgent ' ) { score += 20 ; reasons . push ( ' Menor overhead inicial acelera time-to-market ' ); } // Crescimento agressivo é risco if ( ctx . load . projectedGrowth === ' aggressive ' ) { score -= 15 ; risks . push ( ' Escalabilidade vertical pode se tornar gargalo ' ); } return { score , reasons , risks , primaryTradeoff : ' Simplicidade vs. Escalabilidade horizontal ' }; } // evaluateMicroservices e evaluateEventDriven seguem lógica similar... Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode O código acima ilustra como IA pode estruturar análise de adequação arquitetural. Note que o sistema explicitamente retorna confidenceScore , quando abaixo de 0.6, sinaliza que a recomendação é inconclusiva e demanda análise humana aprofundada. Essa humildade epistêmica é muito importante: a IA deve reconhecer os limites de sua própria análise. Pesquisas industriais relatam que empresas que introduziram assistentes similares em revisões arquiteturais observaram redução de 20–40% no tempo para preparar alternativas e análises básicas [4], [5]. Ao mesmo tempo, estudos apontam taxas não triviais de "over-suggestion" de complexidade, justamente por modelos terem sido treinados em corpora dominados por arquiteturas de big techs [9]. Isso reforça a máxima: IA sugere, arquiteto decide . Padrão Escalabilidade Complexidade Operacional Time-to-Market Team Size Ideal Monolito Vertical (escala o todo) Baixa a moderada Alto (rápido) 3-15 devs Microservices Horizontal (por serviço) Alta (observability, DevOps) Baixo a moderado 20+ devs Event-Driven Alta (cargas assimétricas) Alta (mensageria, tracing) Variável 15+ devs experientes Diagrams-as-Code e Geração Automatizada Uma aplicação concreta e imediatamente útil de LLMs em arquitetura é a geração de diagramas a partir de descrições textuais ou análise de código. Ferramentas que convertem código TypeScript em diagramas C4 ou Mermaid podem economizar horas de trabalho manual. Contudo, essa automação carrega riscos que demandam atenção. Ferramentas como Mermaid [3], PlantUML [10] e Structurizr DSL [2] permitem representar modelos arquiteturais como texto versionado em Git. Em vez de desenhar manualmente, arquitetos escrevem DSLs que descrevem sistemas, e a renderização gráfica é derivada automaticamente. Plataformas como Structurizr suportam diretamente o modelo C4 e incluem exportação para Mermaid. Em 2024–2025 surgiram geradores de diagramas com IA que produzem Mermaid ou diagramas C4 a partir de descrições em linguagem natural [11]. Serviços como Eraser.io e integrações em ChatGPT permitem descrever "API Gateway, três microservices, um banco PostgreSQL" e obter diagrama inicial. Estudos de caso relatam redução de 40 horas para ~5 horas por sprint em documentação arquitetural, porém com ressalvas sobre confiança. O diagrama acima explicita que a revisão humana não é opcional, é componente crítico e obrigatório do workflow. LLMs podem "alucinar" componentes que não existem no código, omitir dependências sutis, ou simplificar relações complexas de maneiras que distorcem a realidade arquitetural. Em contextos regulados (saúde, finanças), diagramas incorretos podem ter consequências sérias. O código abaixo ilustra um gerador simples que converte estrutura de componentes em Mermaid: interface Component { id : string ; label : string ; type : ' service ' | ' database ' | ' client ' | ' queue ' ; dependencies : string []; } function generateMermaid ( components : Component []): string { let diagram = ' graph TD \n ' ; const shapes : Record < Component [ ' type ' ], ( l : string ) => string > = { service : ( l ) => `[ ${ l } ]` , database : ( l ) => `[( ${ l } )]` , client : ( l ) => `[ ${ l } ]` , queue : ( l ) => `{{ ${ l } }}` }; components . forEach ( comp => { diagram += ` ${ comp . id }${ shapes [ comp . type ]( comp . label )} \n` ; }); components . forEach ( comp => { comp . dependencies . forEach ( depId => { diagram += ` ${ comp . id } --> ${ depId } \n` ; }); }); return diagram ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Stakeholders não-técnicos frequentemente questionam se diagramas gerados representam fielmente o que está em produção. Isso torna central o papel do arquiteto como curador : diagramas gerados por IA são hipóteses visuais, não verdades absolutas. Um workflow robusto deve incluir validação sintática (compila corretamente?), semântica (componentes existem?) e de completude (dependências críticas representadas?). A questão central não é se devemos usar IA para gerar diagramas, mas como estruturar processos de validação que capturem erros antes que se propaguem para stakeholders ou documentação oficial. Um workflow robusto para diagrams-as-code assistido por IA deve incluir múltiplas camadas de verificação. Primeiro, validação sintática: o diagrama gerado compila corretamente em Mermaid/PlantUML? Segundo, validação semântica: os componentes representados existem de fato no código? Terceiro, validação de completude: dependências críticas estão representadas? Ferramentas determinísticas que extraem arquitetura diretamente do código (como Structurizr [2] ou dependency-cruiser) podem servir como "fonte de verdade" contra a qual diagramas gerados por LLM são comparados. Onde IA Agrega e Onde Falha? Critério Monolito Microservices Event-Driven Complexidade Inicial Baixa Alta Muito Alta Time-to-Market (MVP) Rápido Lento Médio Escalabilidade Vertical Horizontal independente Horizontal + Async Debugging Simples (stack único) Complexo (distribuído) Muito Complexo Custo Operacional Baixo Alto Médio-Alto Isolamento de Falhas Não Sim Sim Team Size Ideal 3-15 20+ 15+ Expertise Requerida Generalista Especializada Muito Especializada LLMs são excepcionalmente bons em articular trade-offs como os da tabela acima. Podem explicar por que microservices oferecem isolamento de falhas (se um serviço cai, outros continuam) ou por que event-driven architecture complica debugging (eventos assíncronos criam traces não-lineares). Essa capacidade de comunicar trade-offs técnicos em linguagem acessível é valiosa para alinhar stakeholders técnicos e não-técnicos [4]. Contudo, LLMs falham em ponderar trade-offs para contextos específicos [9]. A tabela indica que microservices requerem times de 20+ pessoas — mas essa regra heurística ignora fatores como experiência prévia do time com sistemas distribuídos, maturidade de práticas DevOps na organização, ou pressões específicas de compliance que podem alterar completamente o cálculo. ADRs Assistidos por LLMs: Documentação ou Pensamento? Architecture Decision Records (ADRs) representam caso de uso tentador para automação via LLM. Um modelo pode gerar ADRs tecnicamente corretos em segundos, documentando decisões como "PostgreSQL escolhido por garantias ACID" com justificativas válidas e trade-offs articulados. Documentar decisões via Architecture Decision Records tornou-se prática comum, mas muitos times os veem como burocracia. Estudos recentes investigam como LLMs podem reduzir esse atrito. O trabalho DRAFT-ing Architectural Design Decisions using LLMs [1] mostra que abordagem de few-shot tuning com recuperação de ADRs similares (RAG) em dataset de 4.911 ADRs produz decisões mais completas que LLMs genéricos. Ferramentas de "ADR agents" integradas a IDEs conseguem hoje: (1) gerar ADR inicial ao detectar mudança relevante, (2) checar coerência com decisões anteriores, (3) conectar decisões relacionadas no histórico [12]. Porém, avaliações indicam que justificativas geradas automaticamente tendem a ser genéricas , negligenciando contextos críticos como requisitos regulatórios. interface AdrDraft { title : string ; context : string ; decision : string ; consequences : string ; } function validateAdrForDomain ( adr : AdrDraft , domainKeywords : string [] ): { missing : string []; isComplete : boolean } { const fullText = Object . values ( adr ). join ( ' ' ). toLowerCase (); const missing = domainKeywords . filter ( k => ! fullText . includes ( k . toLowerCase ())); return { missing , isComplete : missing . length === 0 }; } // Exemplo: validar ADR de sistema financeiro const draft : AdrDraft = { title : ' Use PostgreSQL instead of MongoDB ' , context : ' We need a robust database for transactions. ' , decision : ' PostgreSQL for strong consistency guarantees. ' , consequences : ' SQL modeling, vertical scaling considerations. ' }; const validation = validateAdrForDomain ( draft , [ ' ACID ' , ' auditoria ' , ' PCI-DSS ' , ' compliance ' ]); if ( ! validation . isComplete ) { console . warn ( ' ADR missing domain concepts: ' , validation . missing ); // Output: ADR missing domain concepts: ['auditoria', 'PCI-DSS', 'compliance'] } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode O ato de escrever ADRs serve duplo propósito: documentar decisões e forçar reflexão profunda. Quando o arquiteto escreve manualmente, é obrigado a articular razões, considerar alternativas, antecipar consequências. ADRs gerados por IA podem ser tecnicamente corretos mas contextualmente vazios , capturando "o quê" sem o "por quê" profundo. Workflow Recomendado: Use LLM para gerar rascunho inicial, então revise criticamente adicionando contexto específico: por que neste projeto, com este time, neste momento. O valor está na reflexão forçada pela revisão. Sobre-Engenharia: O Viés Sistemático de LLMs O maior risco no uso de IA em decisões arquiteturais é a tendência sistemática à sobre-engenharia . LLMs aprendem de repositórios públicos dominados por projetos de empresas grandes, documentação de "best practices" que assume escala, e discussões técnicas onde soluções sofisticadas recebem mais atenção que soluções simples [6], [9]. Quando perguntado "qual arquitetura para sistema de checkout?", um LLM tende a recomendar microservices com message queues, service mesh e distributed tracing — porque essa é a resposta "correta" no contexto de Amazon ou Shopify. Para startup processando 1.000 pedidos diários , essa recomendação é sobre-engenharia que consumirá recursos preciosos em infraestrutura em vez de features de negócio. O arquiteto humano, conhecendo contexto real — time de três pessoas, orçamento limitado, necessidade de velocidade — pode e deve rejeitar a recomendação sofisticada. Essa capacidade de dizer "a IA está tecnicamente correta mas contextualmente errada" é precisamente o que distingue arquiteto de operador de ferramenta. IA não substitui a responsabilidade profissional do arquiteto; no máximo, torna mais visíveis as suposições que precisam ser desafiadas. O Arquiteto como Curador Crítico A integração responsável de IA em arquitetura demanda reconhecer uma assimetria fundamental: LLMs são excepcionalmente bons em articular padrões, trade-offs e justificativas técnicas; são sistematicamente fracos em ponderar esses fatores para contextos específicos [1], [9]. Muitos requisitos não-funcionais importantes são implícitos ("não podemos correr risco de manchete negativa") e raramente aparecem como tokens nos documentos que alimentam o modelo. O papel do arquiteto na era da IA é de curador crítico : usar IA para explorar alternativas, gerar documentação, simular trade-offs, mas sempre filtrando recomendações à luz de prioridades de negócio, maturidade da equipe e restrições sociotécnicas. Na prática, isso significa saber dizer "não" a recomendações de "best practices" que não se encaixam, ou adotar soluções "menos elegantes" mas mais alinhadas ao time e à fase do produto. Para nós engenheiros de software, a oportunidade é aprender a dialogar com IA como um par técnico exigente: que cobra justificativas, oferece contraexemplos, mas não assina o diagrama final nem o ADR aprovado. Referências [1] Dhar, R., Kakran, A., & Kazman, R. (2025). "DRAFT-ing Architectural Design Decisions using LLMs: A Retrieval-Augmented Generation Approach." arXiv preprint . Link: https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.08207 Por que ler : Demonstra que LLMs ajustados com RAG em dataset de 4.911 ADRs produzem decisões mais completas e contextualizadas que modelos genéricos — evidência empírica central para o debate sobre automação de ADRs. [2] Brown, S. (2024). "Structurizr: Software architecture models as code." Structurizr . Link: https://structurizr.com Por que ler : Implementa modelo C4 como DSL, com exportação para múltiplos formatos incluindo Mermaid — ponte entre arquitetura como código e visualização. [3] Mermaid Contributors. (2024). "Mermaid: Diagramming and charting tool using text definitions." Mermaid.js . Link: https://mermaid.js.org Por que ler : Permite criar diagramas em Markdown versionáveis em Git, com sintaxe que LLMs conseguem gerar e manipular facilmente. [4] Atlassian. (2024). "Microservices vs. monolithic architecture." Atlassian Documentation . Link: https://www.atlassian.com/microservices/microservices-architecture/microservices-vs-monolith Por que ler : Comparação prática e acessível entre monólitos e microservices, com critérios de decisão baseados em contexto de time e produto. [5] DX. (2024). "Monolithic vs microservices architecture: When to choose each." getdx.com . Link: https://getdx.com/blog/monolithic-vs-microservices/ Por que ler : Análise baseada em dados sobre quando cada arquitetura é apropriada, com ênfase em tamanho de time e maturidade organizacional. [6] BairesDev. (2024). "Architecture as a Strategic Decision: Microservices vs. Monolithic." BairesDev Blog . Link: https://www.bairesdev.com/blog/microservices-vs-monolithic/ Por que ler : Perspectiva de consultoria com observações de campo sobre sobre-engenharia e decisões arquiteturais em contextos reais. [7] Kazman, R., Klein, M., & Clements, P. (2000). "ATAM: Method for Architecture Evaluation." Technical Report CMU/SEI-2000-TR-004, Software Engineering Institute . Link: https://resources.sei.cmu.edu/library/asset-view.cfm?assetid=5177 Por que ler : Framework fundacional para análise sistemática de trade-offs arquiteturais via cenários de qualidade — base conceitual que sistemas de IA tentam automatizar. [8] Bass, L., Klein, M., & Bachmann, F. (2001). "Quality Attribute Design Primitives and the Attribute Driven Design Method." Revised Papers from PFE 2001, LNCS 2290 . Link: https://www.sei.cmu.edu/library/quality-attribute-design-primitives-and-the-attribute-driven-design-method/ Por que ler : Introduz análise custo-benefício (CBAM) aplicada a decisões arquiteturais — complementa ATAM com perspectiva econômica. [9] Ahmad, A., et al. (2023). "Can LLMs Generate Architectural Design Decisions? An Exploratory Empirical Study." arXiv preprint . Link: https://arxiv.org/html/2403.01709v1 Por que ler : Estudo exploratório sobre capacidades e limitações de LLMs na geração de decisões arquiteturais — evidências sobre vieses e lacunas contextuais. [10] PlantUML Contributors. (2024). "PlantUML: Open-source tool for UML diagrams from text." PlantUML . Link: https://plantuml.com Por que ler : Ecossistema maduro para UML e C4, ampla integração com IDEs e pipelines CI/CD. [11] Eraser.io. (2024). "AI-powered architecture diagram generator." Eraser . Link: https://www.eraser.io/ai/architecture-diagram-generator Por que ler : Exemplo de ferramenta comercial que gera diagramas C4 a partir de linguagem natural — caso de uso prático de IA em documentação arquitetural. [12] Khan, A. (2025). "Agentic AI for Living Architecture: Enhancing ADRs with LLMs." LinkedIn Article . Link: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/agentic-ai-living-architecture-enhancing-adrs-llms-decision-khan-5gpgc Por que ler : Explora conceito de "ADRs vivos" mantidos por agentes de IA conectados ao código — visão de futuro para documentação arquitetural. Engenharia de Software Assistida por IA (6 Part Series) 1 IA na Engenharia de Software: Revolução Inevitável ou Hype Bem Embalado? 2 A Máquina que "Lê" Código: Entre o Autocompletar e o Entendimento ... 2 more parts... 3 A Engenharia de Requisitos na Era dos Algoritmos: Colaboração, Não Substituição 4 Entre o Backlog Caótico e o Algoritmo: Priorização e Cenários com IA 5 Arquitetura de Software e Design Assistido por IA: Quem Decide, Afinal? 6 Refatoração e Otimização com IA: Entre a Automação e o Julgamento Arquitetural Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Vinicius Cardoso Garcia Follow Defense Against Software Engineering Dark Arts Researcher & Professor at @CInUFPE (cin.ufpe.br). Product and Technology Designer. Bilionário assintomático. More information at viniciusgarcia.me Location Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil Education D.Sc. at Centro de Informática (UFPE) Work Associate Professor at Centro de Informática (UFPE), Associate Scientist at TDS Company Joined Jun 4, 2025 More from Vinicius Cardoso Garcia Refatoração e Otimização com IA: Entre a Automação e o Julgamento Arquitetural # ai # refactoring # softwareengineering # codequality Entre o Backlog Caótico e o Algoritmo: Priorização e Cenários com IA # ai # productmanagement # softwareengineering # agile A Engenharia de Requisitos na Era dos Algoritmos: Colaboração, Não Substituição # ai # nlp # softwareengineering # requirements 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Future Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Nisha Verma Posted on Dec 19, 2025 How Remote Patient Monitoring Software Improves Outcomes for Heart Patients # healthtech # iot # wearables Cardiovascular diseases remain one of the leading causes of hospitalization and mortality worldwide. Managing heart conditions such as hypertension, arrhythmia, heart failure, and post-cardiac surgery recovery requires continuous monitoring, timely intervention, and patient adherence to treatment plans. Traditional care models, centered around periodic hospital visits, often fail to detect early warning signs, leading to avoidable complications and readmissions. Understanding Remote Patient Monitoring for Cardiac Care What Is Remote Patient Monitoring for Heart Patients Remote patient monitoring for cardiac care involves the continuous collection and transmission of vital health data such as heart rate, blood pressure, ECG readings, and oxygen saturation from patients to healthcare providers. This data-driven approach enables clinicians to monitor heart conditions remotely and respond promptly to abnormalities. Why Cardiac Care Requires Continuous Monitoring Heart conditions often deteriorate silently before symptoms become noticeable. Continuous monitoring allows early detection of irregular heart rhythms, blood pressure fluctuations, or signs of heart failure, reducing the risk of sudden cardiac events and emergency hospitalizations. Limitations of Traditional Cardiac Monitoring Models Conventional cardiac care relies heavily on scheduled checkups and patient self-reporting, which can miss critical changes in a patient’s condition. RPM bridges this gap by providing real-time visibility into daily cardiac health trends. Role of Wearable and Connected Medical Devices Wearables such as smart ECG monitors, blood pressure cuffs, and pulse oximeters enable seamless data collection. These devices integrate with RPM platforms to ensure accurate and continuous cardiac monitoring without disrupting patients’ daily lives. Integration with Clinical Care Workflows RPM systems integrate with electronic health records (EHRs) and care management platforms, allowing clinicians to access cardiac data within existing workflows and make faster, informed decisions. Expanding Cardiac Care Beyond Hospital Walls By enabling home-based monitoring, RPM reduces dependence on hospital visits while maintaining high-quality cardiac care for patients in both urban and remote locations. Key Cardiac Conditions Benefiting from RPM Software Hypertension Management Continuous blood pressure monitoring helps identify patterns, medication effectiveness, and lifestyle impacts, enabling clinicians to adjust treatment plans proactively. Heart Failure Monitoring RPM tracks weight changes, heart rate, and oxygen levels to detect early signs of fluid retention or cardiac decompensation, preventing hospital readmissions. Arrhythmia and Atrial Fibrillation Detection ECG-enabled RPM solutions detect irregular heart rhythms in real time, supporting early diagnosis and timely intervention for arrhythmias. Post-Cardiac Surgery Recovery After cardiac procedures, RPM ensures continuous monitoring during recovery, helping clinicians identify complications early and optimize rehabilitation. Coronary Artery Disease Management Remote monitoring supports long-term management by tracking vital signs and ensuring adherence to treatment and lifestyle modifications. High-Risk Cardiac Patient Monitoring Patients with multiple comorbidities benefit from continuous oversight, reducing emergency events and improving long-term outcomes. How RPM Software Improves Clinical Outcomes for Heart Patients Early Detection of Cardiac Deterioration Real-time monitoring enables clinicians to identify subtle changes in vital signs before symptoms escalate, allowing timely interventions that prevent serious cardiac events. Reduction in Hospital Readmissions By addressing issues early and adjusting care remotely, RPM significantly reduces avoidable readmissions for heart failure and post-operative patients. Personalized and Adaptive Treatment Plans Continuous data allows clinicians to tailor medications, dosages, and lifestyle recommendations based on individual patient trends rather than periodic snapshots. Faster Clinical Decision-Making Automated alerts and dashboards help care teams prioritize high-risk patients and respond quickly to abnormal readings. Improved Medication Adherence RPM platforms can track adherence patterns and send reminders, ensuring patients follow prescribed cardiac treatment plans consistently. Enhanced Long-Term Disease Management Ongoing monitoring supports sustained control of chronic cardiac conditions, improving long-term health outcomes and quality of life. Patient-Centered Benefits of RPM for Cardiac Care Increased Patient Engagement and Confidence Patients feel more involved in their care when they can see their health data and understand how daily behaviors impact cardiac health. Convenience and Reduced Travel Burden Remote monitoring minimizes frequent hospital visits, particularly beneficial for elderly or mobility-limited heart patients. Improved Quality of Life By reducing hospitalizations and complications, RPM allows patients to maintain independence and normal routines. Better Adherence to Lifestyle Changes Continuous feedback encourages patients to adopt healthier behaviors related to diet, exercise, and medication compliance. Emotional Reassurance and Peace of Mind Knowing that clinicians are monitoring their condition provides reassurance, reducing anxiety and stress for heart patients. Support for Aging Cardiac Populations RPM enables aging patients to receive high-quality cardiac care at home, supporting aging-in-place initiatives. Technology Capabilities Powering Cardiac RPM Software Real-Time Data Collection and Transmission Secure data transmission ensures continuous monitoring without delays, enabling timely clinical interventions. AI-Based Alerts and Risk Stratification AI analyzes trends and flags high-risk patients, prioritizing care delivery and improving clinical efficiency. Interoperability with EHR Systems Seamless integration ensures cardiac data is available within existing clinical systems for holistic patient management. Secure Data Privacy and Compliance RPM platforms adhere to strict healthcare regulations, ensuring patient data confidentiality and trust. Scalable Cloud Infrastructure Cloud-based systems support large patient populations while maintaining performance and reliability. Multi-Device Compatibility RPM software supports various cardiac devices, enabling flexible and personalized monitoring setups. Role of Remote Patient Monitoring Software in Value-Based Cardiac Care Supporting Preventive and Proactive Care Models RPM aligns with value-based care by preventing complications rather than reacting to emergencies. Improving Care Coordination Across Teams Shared access to real-time data improves collaboration between cardiologists, nurses, and care coordinators. Optimizing Healthcare Resource Utilization Remote monitoring reduces unnecessary admissions and in-person visits, lowering overall care costs. Enhancing Clinical Outcomes Reporting Continuous data collection supports accurate outcome measurement and quality reporting. Enabling Population Health Management RPM helps providers manage cardiac patient populations more effectively by identifying trends and high-risk groups. Long-Term Sustainability of Cardiac Care Programs Scalable RPM solutions support sustainable, technology-driven cardiac care delivery models. Conclusion Remote patient monitoring is redefining how cardiac care is delivered by shifting the focus from reactive treatment to proactive, continuous management. By enabling early detection, personalized care, and improved patient engagement, Remote Patient Monitoring Software plays a critical role in improving outcomes for heart patients. As healthcare systems move toward value-based care and digital-first models, RPM will continue to be a cornerstone of effective, scalable, and patient-centered cardiac care. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Nisha Verma Follow Joined May 30, 2025 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Future — News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Future © 2025 - 2026. Stay on the cutting edge, and shape tomorrow Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:07 |
https://dev.to/olams/build-a-hashtag-research-tool-that-finds-hidden-gems-5b1a#comments | Build a Hashtag Research Tool That Finds Hidden Gems - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Olamide Olaniyan Posted on Jan 12 Build a Hashtag Research Tool That Finds Hidden Gems # webdev # ai # programming # tutorial Most hashtag tools show you what everyone already knows: #fyp, #viral, #trending. Useless. The real wins come from finding niche hashtags with high engagement and low competition. The ones your competitors haven't discovered yet. In this tutorial, we'll build a Hashtag Research Tool that: Analyzes hashtag performance across platforms Finds related hashtags with untapped potential Scores hashtags by competition vs. reach ratio Stop copying hashtags. Start finding hidden gems. The Hashtag Opportunity Formula A good hashtag isn't about total posts. It's about: Opportunity Score = (Avg Engagement / Post Count) × Recency Factor Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode A hashtag with 10K posts averaging 50K views each is BETTER than a hashtag with 1M posts averaging 500 views. What we're looking for: High Engagement : Posts using this tag actually perform Low Competition : Not oversaturated Active Growth : Posts are recent (not a dead tag) Niche Relevance : Related to your content The Stack Node.js : Runtime SociaVault API : Hashtag data across platforms OpenAI API : For generating related hashtag ideas Step 1: Setup mkdir hashtag-research cd hashtag-research npm init -y npm install axios openai dotenv Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Create .env : SOCIAVAULT_API_KEY=your_sociavault_key OPENAI_API_KEY=your_openai_key Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Step 2: Fetch Hashtag Data Create index.js : require ( ' dotenv ' ). config (); const axios = require ( ' axios ' ); const OpenAI = require ( ' openai ' ); const openai = new OpenAI ({ apiKey : process . env . OPENAI_API_KEY }); const SOCIAVAULT_BASE = ' https://api.sociavault.com ' ; const headers = { ' Authorization ' : `Bearer ${ process . env . SOCIAVAULT_API_KEY } ` }; async function getTikTokHashtagData ( hashtag ) { console . log ( `📱 Fetching TikTok data for # ${ hashtag } ...` ); try { const response = await axios . get ( ` ${ SOCIAVAULT_BASE } /v1/scrape/tiktok/hashtag` , { params : { hashtag , limit : 30 }, headers }); const data = response . data . data ; const videos = data . videos || data ; // Calculate metrics from the posts const stats = analyzeHashtagPosts ( videos , ' tiktok ' ); return { platform : ' tiktok ' , hashtag , totalPosts : data . totalPosts || data . postCount || videos . length * 100 , // Estimate if not available ... stats }; } catch ( error ) { console . error ( `TikTok hashtag error for # ${ hashtag } :` , error . message ); return null ; } } async function getInstagramHashtagData ( hashtag ) { console . log ( `📸 Fetching Instagram data for # ${ hashtag } ...` ); try { const response = await axios . get ( ` ${ SOCIAVAULT_BASE } /v1/scrape/instagram/hashtag` , { params : { hashtag , limit : 30 }, headers }); const data = response . data . data ; const posts = data . posts || data . items || data ; const stats = analyzeHashtagPosts ( posts , ' instagram ' ); return { platform : ' instagram ' , hashtag , totalPosts : data . mediaCount || data . media_count || posts . length * 100 , ... stats }; } catch ( error ) { console . error ( `Instagram hashtag error for # ${ hashtag } :` , error . message ); return null ; } } async function searchTikTokByKeyword ( keyword ) { console . log ( `🔍 Searching TikTok for " ${ keyword } "...` ); try { const response = await axios . get ( ` ${ SOCIAVAULT_BASE } /v1/scrape/tiktok/search` , { params : { query : keyword , limit : 30 }, headers }); return response . data . data || []; } catch ( error ) { console . error ( ' Search error: ' , error . message ); return []; } } function analyzeHashtagPosts ( posts , platform ) { if ( ! posts || posts . length === 0 ) { return { postsAnalyzed : 0 , avgViews : 0 , avgLikes : 0 , avgEngagement : 0 , topPerformers : 0 , recentPosts : 0 , commonHashtags : [] }; } const metrics = posts . map ( post => { if ( platform === ' tiktok ' ) { return { views : post . playCount || post . stats ?. playCount || 0 , likes : post . diggCount || post . stats ?. diggCount || 0 , comments : post . commentCount || post . stats ?. commentCount || 0 , shares : post . shareCount || post . stats ?. shareCount || 0 , created : post . createTime ? new Date ( post . createTime * 1000 ) : new Date (), hashtags : extractHashtags ( post . desc || post . description || '' ), authorFollowers : post . author ?. followerCount || post . authorStats ?. followerCount || 0 }; } else { return { views : post . play_count || post . video_view_count || ( post . like_count || 0 ) * 10 , likes : post . like_count || post . likes || 0 , comments : post . comment_count || post . comments || 0 , created : post . taken_at ? new Date ( post . taken_at * 1000 ) : new Date (), hashtags : extractHashtags ( post . caption || '' ), authorFollowers : post . user ?. follower_count || 0 }; } }); const totalViews = metrics . reduce (( sum , m ) => sum + m . views , 0 ); const totalLikes = metrics . reduce (( sum , m ) => sum + m . likes , 0 ); const totalComments = metrics . reduce (( sum , m ) => sum + m . comments , 0 ); const avgViews = totalViews / metrics . length ; const avgLikes = totalLikes / metrics . length ; const avgEngagement = avgViews > 0 ? (( totalLikes + totalComments ) / totalViews ) * 100 : 0 ; // Count posts with above-average performance const topPerformers = metrics . filter ( m => m . views > avgViews * 1.5 ). length ; // Count posts from last 7 days const weekAgo = Date . now () - ( 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000 ); const recentPosts = metrics . filter ( m => m . created . getTime () > weekAgo ). length ; // Find common co-occurring hashtags const hashtagCounts = {}; metrics . forEach ( m => { m . hashtags . forEach ( tag => { hashtagCounts [ tag ] = ( hashtagCounts [ tag ] || 0 ) + 1 ; }); }); const commonHashtags = Object . entries ( hashtagCounts ) . filter (([ tag , count ]) => count >= 2 ) . sort (( a , b ) => b [ 1 ] - a [ 1 ]) . slice ( 0 , 20 ) . map (([ tag , count ]) => ({ tag , count , percentage : Math . round (( count / metrics . length ) * 100 ) })); return { postsAnalyzed : metrics . length , avgViews : Math . round ( avgViews ), avgLikes : Math . round ( avgLikes ), avgEngagement : avgEngagement . toFixed ( 2 ), topPerformers , recentPosts , commonHashtags }; } function extractHashtags ( text ) { const matches = text . match ( /# [\w\u 4e00- \u 9fa5 ] +/g ) || []; return matches . map ( tag => tag . toLowerCase (). replace ( ' # ' , '' )); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Step 3: Score Hashtags function calculateHashtagScore ( hashtagData ) { const { totalPosts , avgViews , avgLikes , avgEngagement , topPerformers , recentPosts , postsAnalyzed } = hashtagData ; let score = 0 ; const factors = []; // Competition Score (lower posts = higher score, but too low means dead) let competitionScore = 0 ; if ( totalPosts < 1000 ) { competitionScore = 15 ; // Very niche but might be dead factors . push ({ name : ' Competition ' , value : ' Very Low ' , impact : ' +15 ' , note : ' Niche opportunity ' }); } else if ( totalPosts < 10000 ) { competitionScore = 25 ; factors . push ({ name : ' Competition ' , value : ' Low ' , impact : ' +25 ' , note : ' Sweet spot ' }); } else if ( totalPosts < 100000 ) { competitionScore = 20 ; factors . push ({ name : ' Competition ' , value : ' Medium ' , impact : ' +20 ' , note : ' Moderate competition ' }); } else if ( totalPosts < 1000000 ) { competitionScore = 10 ; factors . push ({ name : ' Competition ' , value : ' High ' , impact : ' +10 ' , note : ' Saturated ' }); } else { competitionScore = 5 ; factors . push ({ name : ' Competition ' , value : ' Very High ' , impact : ' +5 ' , note : ' Oversaturated ' }); } score += competitionScore ; // Engagement Quality Score let engagementScore = 0 ; const eng = parseFloat ( avgEngagement ); if ( eng > 10 ) { engagementScore = 30 ; factors . push ({ name : ' Engagement Rate ' , value : ` ${ avgEngagement } %` , impact : ' +30 ' , note : ' Excellent ' }); } else if ( eng > 5 ) { engagementScore = 25 ; factors . push ({ name : ' Engagement Rate ' , value : ` ${ avgEngagement } %` , impact : ' +25 ' , note : ' Very Good ' }); } else if ( eng > 2 ) { engagementScore = 15 ; factors . push ({ name : ' Engagement Rate ' , value : ` ${ avgEngagement } %` , impact : ' +15 ' , note : ' Average ' }); } else { engagementScore = 5 ; factors . push ({ name : ' Engagement Rate ' , value : ` ${ avgEngagement } %` , impact : ' +5 ' , note : ' Below Average ' }); } score += engagementScore ; // View Potential Score let viewScore = 0 ; if ( avgViews > 100000 ) { viewScore = 25 ; factors . push ({ name : ' Avg Views ' , value : formatNumber ( avgViews ), impact : ' +25 ' , note : ' Viral potential ' }); } else if ( avgViews > 50000 ) { viewScore = 20 ; factors . push ({ name : ' Avg Views ' , value : formatNumber ( avgViews ), impact : ' +20 ' , note : ' High reach ' }); } else if ( avgViews > 10000 ) { viewScore = 15 ; factors . push ({ name : ' Avg Views ' , value : formatNumber ( avgViews ), impact : ' +15 ' , note : ' Good reach ' }); } else if ( avgViews > 1000 ) { viewScore = 10 ; factors . push ({ name : ' Avg Views ' , value : formatNumber ( avgViews ), impact : ' +10 ' , note : ' Moderate reach ' }); } else { viewScore = 5 ; factors . push ({ name : ' Avg Views ' , value : formatNumber ( avgViews ), impact : ' +5 ' , note : ' Low reach ' }); } score += viewScore ; // Recency Score (is this hashtag still active?) let recencyScore = 0 ; const recencyRate = postsAnalyzed > 0 ? ( recentPosts / postsAnalyzed ) * 100 : 0 ; if ( recencyRate > 70 ) { recencyScore = 15 ; factors . push ({ name : ' Recency ' , value : ` ${ recentPosts } / ${ postsAnalyzed } recent` , impact : ' +15 ' , note : ' Very active ' }); } else if ( recencyRate > 40 ) { recencyScore = 10 ; factors . push ({ name : ' Recency ' , value : ` ${ recentPosts } / ${ postsAnalyzed } recent` , impact : ' +10 ' , note : ' Active ' }); } else if ( recencyRate > 20 ) { recencyScore = 5 ; factors . push ({ name : ' Recency ' , value : ` ${ recentPosts } / ${ postsAnalyzed } recent` , impact : ' +5 ' , note : ' Moderate activity ' }); } else { recencyScore = 0 ; factors . push ({ name : ' Recency ' , value : ` ${ recentPosts } / ${ postsAnalyzed } recent` , impact : ' +0 ' , note : ' Possibly dead ' }); } score += recencyScore ; // Top Performer Consistency const consistencyRate = postsAnalyzed > 0 ? ( topPerformers / postsAnalyzed ) * 100 : 0 ; let consistencyScore = 0 ; if ( consistencyRate > 30 ) { consistencyScore = 5 ; factors . push ({ name : ' Top Performers ' , value : ` ${ topPerformers } viral posts` , impact : ' +5 ' , note : ' Consistent hits ' }); } score += consistencyScore ; // Calculate opportunity rating const opportunityRating = getOpportunityRating ( score ); return { score , maxScore : 100 , factors , opportunityRating , recommendation : generateRecommendation ( score , hashtagData ) }; } function getOpportunityRating ( score ) { if ( score >= 80 ) return { rating : ' A+ ' , emoji : ' 🔥 ' , description : ' Exceptional opportunity ' }; if ( score >= 70 ) return { rating : ' A ' , emoji : ' ⭐ ' , description : ' Great opportunity ' }; if ( score >= 60 ) return { rating : ' B+ ' , emoji : ' ✅ ' , description : ' Good opportunity ' }; if ( score >= 50 ) return { rating : ' B ' , emoji : ' 👍 ' , description : ' Decent opportunity ' }; if ( score >= 40 ) return { rating : ' C ' , emoji : ' ➖ ' , description : ' Average ' }; return { rating : ' D ' , emoji : ' ⚠️ ' , description : ' Not recommended ' }; } function generateRecommendation ( score , data ) { if ( score >= 70 ) { return `Strong hashtag! Use this regularly. ${ data . avgViews > 50000 ? ' High viral potential. ' : ' Good engagement rates. ' } ` ; } else if ( score >= 50 ) { return `Solid hashtag for your mix. ${ data . totalPosts > 100000 ? ' Include with niche tags. ' : ' Good niche option. ' } ` ; } else if ( score >= 40 ) { return ' Use sparingly. Consider finding related alternatives. ' ; } else { return ' Skip this one. Too competitive or low engagement. ' ; } } function formatNumber ( num ) { if ( num >= 1000000 ) return ( num / 1000000 ). toFixed ( 1 ) + ' M ' ; if ( num >= 1000 ) return ( num / 1000 ). toFixed ( 1 ) + ' K ' ; return num . toString (); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Step 4: Find Related Hashtags async function findRelatedHashtags ( hashtag , platform = ' tiktok ' ) { console . log ( `\n🔍 Finding related hashtags for # ${ hashtag } ...` ); // Get hashtags that commonly appear with our target let hashtagData ; if ( platform === ' tiktok ' ) { hashtagData = await getTikTokHashtagData ( hashtag ); } else { hashtagData = await getInstagramHashtagData ( hashtag ); } if ( ! hashtagData ) return []; // Use AI to expand with related ideas const aiSuggestions = await generateRelatedHashtags ( hashtag , hashtagData . commonHashtags ); // Combine co-occurring hashtags with AI suggestions const allRelated = [ ... hashtagData . commonHashtags . map ( h => h . tag ), ... aiSuggestions ]; // Remove duplicates and the original hashtag const unique = [... new Set ( allRelated )] . filter ( tag => tag . toLowerCase () !== hashtag . toLowerCase ()) . slice ( 0 , 15 ); return unique ; } async function generateRelatedHashtags ( hashtag , existingTags ) { const prompt = `Given the hashtag # ${ hashtag } and these related hashtags that often appear with it: ${ existingTags . slice ( 0 , 10 ). map ( t => `# ${ t . tag } ` ). join ( ' , ' )} Generate 10 additional related hashtag ideas that: 1. Are in the same niche/topic 2. Would attract similar audiences 3. Mix between popular and niche options 4. Don't include obvious generic tags like #fyp, #viral, #trending Return ONLY a JSON array of hashtag strings without the # symbol. Example: ["fitness", "workout", "homegym"]` ; try { const response = await openai . chat . completions . create ({ model : ' gpt-4o-mini ' , messages : [{ role : ' user ' , content : prompt }], response_format : { type : ' json_object ' } }); const result = JSON . parse ( response . choices [ 0 ]. message . content ); return result . hashtags || result . tags || Object . values ( result ). flat (); } catch ( error ) { console . error ( ' AI suggestion error: ' , error . message ); return []; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Step 5: Research Multiple Hashtags async function researchHashtags ( hashtags , platform = ' tiktok ' ) { console . log ( ' \n ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ ' ); console . log ( ' 🏷️ HASHTAG RESEARCH TOOL ' ); console . log ( ' ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ \n ' ); const results = []; for ( const hashtag of hashtags ) { let data ; if ( platform === ' tiktok ' ) { data = await getTikTokHashtagData ( hashtag ); } else { data = await getInstagramHashtagData ( hashtag ); } if ( data ) { const score = calculateHashtagScore ( data ); results . push ({ hashtag , ... data , ... score }); } // Small delay between requests await new Promise ( resolve => setTimeout ( resolve , 500 )); } // Sort by score results . sort (( a , b ) => b . score - a . score ); return results ; } function displayResults ( results ) { console . log ( ' \n ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ ' ); console . log ( ' 📊 HASHTAG ANALYSIS RESULTS ' ); console . log ( ' ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ \n ' ); results . forEach (( r , index ) => { console . log ( ` ${ index + 1 } . # ${ r . hashtag } ` ); console . log ( ' ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ' ); console . log ( ` ${ r . opportunityRating . emoji } Score: ${ r . score } /100 ( ${ r . opportunityRating . rating } )` ); console . log ( ` 📊 ${ formatNumber ( r . totalPosts )} total posts | ${ formatNumber ( r . avgViews )} avg views` ); console . log ( ` 💬 ${ r . avgEngagement } % engagement rate` ); console . log ( ` 📈 ${ r . recommendation } ` ); console . log ( '' ); // Show scoring breakdown console . log ( ' Scoring Breakdown: ' ); r . factors . forEach ( f => { console . log ( ` • ${ f . name } : ${ f . value } ( ${ f . impact } ) - ${ f . note } ` ); }); console . log ( ' \n ' ); }); // Summary table console . log ( ' ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ ' ); console . log ( ' 📋 QUICK REFERENCE ' ); console . log ( ' ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ \n ' ); console . log ( ' TIER A (Use These): ' ); results . filter ( r => r . score >= 60 ). forEach ( r => { console . log ( ` ${ r . opportunityRating . emoji } # ${ r . hashtag } ( ${ r . score } /100)` ); }); console . log ( ' \n TIER B (Mix In): ' ); results . filter ( r => r . score >= 40 && r . score < 60 ). forEach ( r => { console . log ( ` ${ r . opportunityRating . emoji } # ${ r . hashtag } ( ${ r . score } /100)` ); }); console . log ( ' \n TIER C (Skip): ' ); results . filter ( r => r . score < 40 ). forEach ( r => { console . log ( ` ${ r . opportunityRating . emoji } # ${ r . hashtag } ( ${ r . score } /100)` ); }); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Step 6: Generate Hashtag Sets async function generateHashtagSet ( niche , platform = ' tiktok ' ) { console . log ( `\n🎯 Generating optimized hashtag set for: ${ niche } \n` ); // Generate seed hashtags from niche const seedHashtags = await generateSeedHashtags ( niche ); console . log ( `Seed hashtags: ${ seedHashtags . join ( ' , ' )} ` ); // Research all seed hashtags const research = await researchHashtags ( seedHashtags , platform ); // Display results displayResults ( research ); // Find related hashtags from top performers const topHashtag = research [ 0 ]?. hashtag ; if ( topHashtag ) { const related = await findRelatedHashtags ( topHashtag , platform ); console . log ( ' \n 🔗 RELATED HASHTAGS TO EXPLORE: ' ); console . log ( ' ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ' ); console . log ( related . map ( t => `# ${ t } ` ). join ( ' ' )); } // Generate final recommended set const finalSet = generateOptimalSet ( research ); console . log ( ' \n ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ ' ); console . log ( ' 🏆 YOUR OPTIMIZED HASHTAG SET ' ); console . log ( ' ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ \n ' ); console . log ( ' Copy this for your next post: \n ' ); console . log ( finalSet . map ( t => `# ${ t } ` ). join ( ' ' )); console . log ( ' \n ' ); return { research , finalSet }; } async function generateSeedHashtags ( niche ) { const prompt = `Generate 10 hashtags for the niche: " ${ niche } " Include a mix of: - 2 broad/popular hashtags (100K+ posts typically) - 4 medium-sized niche hashtags (10K-100K posts) - 4 specific/long-tail hashtags (under 10K posts) Return ONLY a JSON array of hashtag strings without the # symbol. Don't include generic tags like fyp, viral, trending, foryou.` ; try { const response = await openai . chat . completions . create ({ model : ' gpt-4o-mini ' , messages : [{ role : ' user ' , content : prompt }], response_format : { type : ' json_object ' } }); const result = JSON . parse ( response . choices [ 0 ]. message . content ); return result . hashtags || result . tags || Object . values ( result ). flat (); } catch ( error ) { console . error ( ' Seed generation error: ' , error . message ); return [ niche . toLowerCase (). replace ( / \s +/g , '' )]; } } function generateOptimalSet ( research ) { // Select hashtags for an optimal mix const tierA = research . filter ( r => r . score >= 60 ). slice ( 0 , 4 ); const tierB = research . filter ( r => r . score >= 40 && r . score < 60 ). slice ( 0 , 3 ); const tierC = research . filter ( r => r . score >= 30 && r . score < 40 ). slice ( 0 , 2 ); const selected = [... tierA , ... tierB , ... tierC ]. map ( r => r . hashtag ); // Aim for 8-10 hashtags total return selected . slice ( 0 , 10 ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Step 7: Run It async function main () { const niche = process . argv [ 2 ] || ' fitness motivation ' ; const platform = process . argv [ 3 ] || ' tiktok ' ; // Full analysis with set generation await generateHashtagSet ( niche , platform ); } main (); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Run with: node index.js "fitness motivation" tiktok node index.js "cooking recipes" instagram node index.js "tech reviews" tiktok Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Sample Output 🎯 Generating optimized hashtag set for: fitness motivation Seed hashtags: fitnessmotivation, gymlife, workout, homeworkout, fitnessjourney, gains, fitfam, strengthtraining, personaltrainer, fitnesstips 📱 Fetching TikTok data for #fitnessmotivation... 📱 Fetching TikTok data for #gymlife... 📱 Fetching TikTok data for #workout... ... ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ 📊 HASHTAG ANALYSIS RESULTS ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ 1. #homeworkout ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ⭐ Score: 78/100 (A) 📊 45.2K total posts | 89.3K avg views 💬 6.7% engagement rate 📈 Strong hashtag! Use this regularly. High viral potential. Scoring Breakdown: • Competition: Low (+25) - Sweet spot • Engagement Rate: 6.7% (+25) - Very Good • Avg Views: 89.3K (+20) - High reach • Recency: 24/30 recent (+15) - Very active • Top Performers: 8 viral posts (+5) - Consistent hits 2. #strengthtraining ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ⭐ Score: 72/100 (A) 📊 78.5K total posts | 62.1K avg views 💬 5.8% engagement rate 📈 Strong hashtag! Use this regularly. Good engagement rates. ... ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ 📋 QUICK REFERENCE ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ TIER A (Use These): ⭐ #homeworkout (78/100) ⭐ #strengthtraining (72/100) ✅ #fitnesstips (68/100) ✅ #personaltrainer (64/100) TIER B (Mix In): 👍 #fitnessjourney (56/100) 👍 #fitfam (52/100) ➖ #gains (48/100) TIER C (Skip): ⚠️ #workout (35/100) ⚠️ #fitnessmotivation (32/100) ⚠️ #gymlife (28/100) 🔗 RELATED HASHTAGS TO EXPLORE: ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────── #bodytransformation #fitover40 #kettlebellworkout #dumbbellworkout #functionalfitness #calisthenics #noexcuses #progressnotperfection ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ 🏆 YOUR OPTIMIZED HASHTAG SET ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ Copy this for your next post: #homeworkout #strengthtraining #fitnesstips #personaltrainer #fitnessjourney #fitfam #gains #bodytransformation #kettlebellworkout Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What You Just Built Hashtag tools are expensive: Flick : $14/month HashtagsForLikes : $25/month RiteTag : $49/month Keyhole : $79/month Your version analyzes REAL engagement data for cents per search. Pro Tips Refresh monthly : Hashtag performance changes Mix tiers : Don't use all high-competition tags Platform-specific : TikTok ≠ Instagram hashtag strategies Track performance : Note which tags drive YOUR engagement Get Started Get your SociaVault API Key Run the tool for your niche Use the optimized hashtag set Stop copying competitors. Start finding untapped hashtags. The right hashtag finds the right audience. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Olamide Olaniyan Follow Joined Nov 20, 2025 More from Olamide Olaniyan Build an Influencer Fake Follower Detector with Node.js # webdev # programming # ai # javascript Build an Engagement Rate Calculator That Actually Works # webdev # programming # ai # tutorial Build a Cross-Platform Video Repurposer with Node.js # webdev # programming # tutorial # node 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Web3 Follow Hide Web3 refers to the next generation of the internet that leverages blockchain technology to enable decentralized and trustless systems for financial transactions, data storage, and other applications. Create Post Older #web3 posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Top Mistakes Crypto Projects Make Before Listing (and How to Avoid Them) Emir Taner Emir Taner Emir Taner Follow Jan 6 Top Mistakes Crypto Projects Make Before Listing (and How to Avoid Them) # blockchain # web3 # tutorial # productivity 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read CES 2026 to Showcase Pervasive AI Advancements from Semiconductors to Smart Living and Ethical Debates. 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https://callstack.tech/blog/how-to-build-a-voice-ai-agent-for-hvac-customer-support-my-experience | How to Build a Voice AI Agent for HVAC Customer Support: My Experience | CallStack.tech | CallStack.tech Home Blog Topics About Contact Search... CallStack Home Blog Topics Company About Author Contact Resources Privacy Policy Terms of Service Cookie Policy 📚 Browse All Tutorials Home / Tutorials / How to Build a Voice AI Agent for HVAC Customer Support How to Build a Voice AI Agent for HVAC Customer Support • 18 min read • 3,416 words How to Build a Voice AI Agent for HVAC Customer Support: My Experience Discover practical steps to create a voice AI agent for HVAC support. Learn how to automate customer service and enhance user experience effectively. Misal Azeem Voice AI Engineer & Creator January 13, 2026 Advertisement Table of Contents TL;DR Prerequisites Step-by-Step Tutorial Configuration & Setup Architecture & Flow Step-by-Step Implementation Error Handling & Edge Cases Testing & Validation Common Issues & Fixes System Diagram Testing & Validation Real-World Example Barge-In Scenario Event Logs Edge Cases Common Issues & Fixes Race Conditions During Barge-In Webhook Timeout Cascades STT False Triggers from HVAC Noise Complete Working Example Run Instructions FAQ Technical Questions Performance Platform Comparison Resources References How to Build a Voice AI Agent for HVAC Customer Support: My Experience TL;DR Most HVAC support teams waste 40% of labor on repetitive calls (scheduling, filter status, warranty checks). Build a voice AI agent using VAPI + Twilio to handle inbound calls 24/7. Route complex issues to humans via function calling. Result: 60% call deflection, $12K/month savings per 500-unit service area, zero infrastructure overhead. Prerequisites API Keys & Credentials You'll need a VAPI API key (grab it from your dashboard after signup) and a Twilio account with an active phone number. Store both in .env as VAPI_API_KEY and TWILIO_AUTH_TOKEN . Your Twilio Account SID is also required for webhook routing. System Requirements Node.js 16+ (we're using async/await heavily). A server with HTTPS support—ngrok works for local testing, but production needs a real domain. Minimum 512MB RAM for session management; HVAC call logs can spike memory if you're not cleaning up stale sessions. Knowledge Assumptions You know REST APIs, basic webhook handling, and JSON. Familiarity with voice AI concepts helps but isn't mandatory. If you've never touched STT (speech-to-text) or TTS (text-to-speech), that's fine—we'll cover the integration points. Optional but Recommended Postman or similar for testing webhook payloads. A staging environment separate from production (Twilio supports this natively). Basic understanding of call state machines prevents race conditions later. Twilio : Get Twilio Voice API → Get Twilio Step-by-Step Tutorial Configuration & Setup First, provision your infrastructure. You need a Vapi account, a Twilio phone number, and a server to handle webhooks. The architecture is simple: Twilio routes calls to Vapi, Vapi processes voice interactions, your server handles business logic. Critical config mistake I see constantly: Developers set transcriber.endpointing to 200ms thinking it'll make the bot faster. Wrong. HVAC customers pause mid-sentence ("My AC is... uh... making a weird noise"). Set it to 800-1200ms or you'll get premature cutoffs. javascript // Assistant configuration for HVAC support const assistantConfig = { model : { provider : "openai" , model : "gpt-4" , temperature : 0.3 , // Lower = more consistent responses systemPrompt : `You are an HVAC support specialist. Extract: customer name, address, issue type (cooling/heating/maintenance), urgency level. If emergency (no heat in winter, no AC above 95°F), flag immediately. Never promise same-day service without checking availability.` }, voice : { provider : "11labs" , voiceId : "21m00Tcm4TlvDq8ikWAM" , // Professional male voice stability : 0.7 , similarityBoost : 0.8 }, transcriber : { provider : "deepgram" , model : "nova-2" , language : "en-US" , endpointing : 1000 // HVAC customers need time to think }, recordingEnabled : true , // Legal requirement in many states serverUrl : process. env . WEBHOOK_URL , serverUrlSecret : process. env . WEBHOOK_SECRET }; Architecture & Flow The call flow: Customer dials → Twilio forwards to Vapi → Vapi streams audio to STT → GPT-4 processes → TTS generates response → Audio streams back. Your webhook receives events: assistant-request , function-call , end-of-call-report . Production reality: Vapi's VAD (Voice Activity Detection) triggers on HVAC background noise. A running furnace at 65dB will cause false interruptions. Solution: Increase voice.backgroundSound threshold or use Deepgram's noise suppression. Step-by-Step Implementation Step 1: Create the assistant via Dashboard Navigate to dashboard.vapi.ai, create assistant using the customer support template. Modify the system prompt to include HVAC-specific context: common issues (refrigerant leaks, thermostat failures, duct problems), emergency criteria, service area zip codes. Step 2: Connect Twilio number In Vapi dashboard, go to Phone Numbers → Import from Twilio. Vapi automatically configures the webhook. Twilio charges $1/month per number + $0.0085/minute. Vapi charges $0.05/minute for Deepgram + $0.10/minute for ElevenLabs. Step 3: Build webhook handler javascript const express = require ( 'express' ); const crypto = require ( 'crypto' ); const app = express (); app. use (express. json ()); // Webhook signature validation - REQUIRED for production function validateSignature ( req ) { const signature = req. headers [ 'x-vapi-signature' ]; const payload = JSON . stringify (req. body ); const hash = crypto . createHmac ( 'sha256' , process. env . WEBHOOK_SECRET ) . update (payload) . digest ( 'hex' ); return signature === hash; } app. post ( '/webhook/vapi' , async (req, res) => { if (! validateSignature (req)) { return res. status ( 401 ). json ({ error : 'Invalid signature' }); } const { message } = req. body ; // Handle function calls for scheduling if (message. type === 'function-call' ) { const { functionCall } = message; if (functionCall. name === 'checkAvailability' ) { // Query your scheduling system const slots = await getAvailableSlots (functionCall. parameters . zipCode ); return res. json ({ result : slots }); } } // Log call completion for analytics if (message. type === 'end-of-call-report' ) { const { duration, transcript, summary } = message; await logCallMetrics (duration, summary. issue_type ); } res. json ({ received : true }); }); Error Handling & Edge Cases Race condition: Customer interrupts mid-sentence while TTS is generating. Vapi handles this natively via transcriber.endpointing , but you need to cancel any pending function calls. Track call state: isProcessing flag prevents duplicate API calls. Timeout handling: If your scheduling API takes >5s, Vapi's webhook times out. Solution: Return immediate acknowledgment, process async, use assistant-request to inject results into conversation context. Session cleanup: Vapi doesn't persist conversation state beyond the call. If customer hangs up and calls back, you're starting fresh. Store call.id mapped to customer phone number in Redis with 24h TTL for context continuity. Testing & Validation Test with actual HVAC scenarios: "My furnace won't turn on" (heating emergency), "AC is leaking water" (urgent but not emergency), "Schedule maintenance" (routine). Validate the assistant extracts correct urgency levels. Latency benchmark: Measure end-to-end response time. Target: <2s from customer stops speaking to bot starts responding. Deepgram Nova-2 adds ~300ms, GPT-4 adds ~800ms, ElevenLabs adds ~400ms. Total: ~1.5s baseline. Common Issues & Fixes False barge-ins: Customer's HVAC unit triggers interruption. Increase transcriber.endpointing to 1200ms. Accent recognition failures: Deepgram Nova-2 struggles with heavy regional accents. Switch to model: "nova-2-general" or add accent-specific training data. Cost overruns: Long hold times rack up charges. Implement maxDuration: 600 (10 minutes) to force call termination. System Diagram Audio processing pipeline from microphone input to speaker output. mermaid graph LR A[Microphone] --> B[Audio Buffer] B --> C[Voice Activity Detection] C -->|Speech Detected| D[Speech-to-Text] C -->|Silence| E[Error: No Speech Detected] D --> F[Intent Detection] F -->|Intent Found| G[Response Generation] F -->|Intent Not Found| H[Error: Unknown Intent] G --> I[Text-to-Speech] I --> J[Speaker] E --> K[Log Error] H --> K K --> L[Retry or End Session] Testing & Validation Most HVAC voice agents fail in production because devs skip local testing. Here's how to catch issues before customers do. Local Testing with ngrok Expose your webhook server to vapi using ngrok. This lets you test the full call flow without deploying. javascript // Start ngrok tunnel (run in terminal: ngrok http 3000) // Then update your assistant config with the ngrok URL const testConfig = { ...assistantConfig, serverUrl : "https://abc123.ngrok.io/webhook" , serverUrlSecret : process. env . VAPI_SERVER_SECRET }; // Test webhook signature validation locally app. post ( '/webhook/test' , ( req, res ) => { const signature = req. headers [ 'x-vapi-signature' ]; const isValid = validateSignature (req. body , signature); if (!isValid) { console . error ( 'Signature validation failed - check serverUrlSecret' ); return res. status ( 401 ). json ({ error : 'Invalid signature' }); } console . log ( '✓ Webhook validated:' , req. body . message . type ); res. json ({ received : true }); }); Webhook Validation Test each event type manually. Use the dashboard's "Call" button to trigger real events. Watch for: function-call events : Verify slots extraction matches your schema end-of-call-report : Check endedReason isn't "assistant-error" Signature mismatches : If validation fails, your serverUrlSecret is wrong Real-world gotcha: ngrok URLs expire after 2 hours on free tier. Restart ngrok and update serverUrl in the dashboard before each test session. Real-World Example Barge-In Scenario Customer calls at 2 PM on a 95°F day. Their AC died. Your agent starts explaining diagnostic steps, but the customer interrupts: "I already checked the breaker!" This is where most voice AI systems break. The agent keeps talking over the customer, or worse—processes both the agent's speech AND the customer's interruption as a single garbled input. Here's what actually happens in production when barge-in works correctly: javascript // Streaming STT handler - processes partial transcripts in real-time let isProcessing = false ; let currentAudioBuffer = []; app. post ( '/webhook/vapi' , ( req, res ) => { const { type, transcript, partialTranscript } = req. body ; if (type === 'transcript' && partialTranscript) { // Detect interruption: customer speaks while agent is talking if (isProcessing && partialTranscript. length > 10 ) { // CRITICAL: Flush TTS buffer immediately to stop agent mid-sentence currentAudioBuffer = []; isProcessing = false ; console . log ( `[ ${ new Date ().toISOString()} ] BARGE-IN DETECTED: " ${partialTranscript} "` ); // Signal vapi to stop current TTS playback // Note: This requires assistantConfig.voice.interruptible = true return res. json ({ action : 'interrupt' , reason : 'customer_speaking' }); } } if (type === 'transcript' && transcript. isFinal ) { isProcessing = true ; // Process complete customer utterance console . log ( `[ ${ new Date ().toISOString()} ] FINAL: " ${transcript.text} "` ); } res. sendStatus ( 200 ); }); The assistantConfig from earlier sections MUST have transcriber.endpointing set to 150-200ms for HVAC scenarios. Customers are stressed—they interrupt fast. Event Logs Real webhook payload sequence when customer interrupts at 14:23:17.450: json { "type" : "transcript" , "timestamp" : "2024-01-15T14:23:17.450Z" , "partialTranscript" : "I already che" , "confidence" : 0.87 , "isFinal" : false } 120ms later, the final transcript arrives: json { "type" : "transcript" , "timestamp" : "2024-01-15T14:23:17.570Z" , "transcript" : { "text" : "I already checked the breaker" , "isFinal" : true , "confidence" : 0.94 } } Notice the 120ms gap between partial detection and final transcript. Your barge-in logic MUST trigger on partials—waiting for isFinal adds 100-150ms latency. In a heated service call, that delay feels like the agent isn't listening. Edge Cases Multiple rapid interruptions: Customer says "Wait—no, actually—hold on." Three interrupts in 2 seconds. Your buffer flush logic runs three times. Without the isProcessing guard, you'll send three duplicate responses. False positives from background noise: AC compressor kicks on during the call. Registers as 0.4 confidence speech. Solution: Set transcriber.endpointing threshold to 0.5+ and add a minimum word count check ( partialTranscript.split(' ').length > 2 ) before triggering barge-in. Network jitter on mobile: Customer calls from their attic. Packet loss causes STT partials to arrive out of order. You receive "checked I breaker already the" instead of sequential partials. Always timestamp and sort partials before processing, or you'll flush the buffer at the wrong moment and cut off the customer mid-word. Common Issues & Fixes Most HVAC voice agents break in production because of three failure modes: race conditions during barge-in, webhook timeout cascades, and STT false triggers from HVAC background noise. Here's what actually breaks and how to fix it. Race Conditions During Barge-In When a customer interrupts mid-sentence ("No, I need emergency service"), the TTS buffer doesn't flush immediately. The agent keeps talking for 200-400ms, creating overlapping audio. This happens because endpointing detection fires while audio chunks are still queued. javascript // Prevent audio overlap on interruption let isProcessing = false ; let currentAudioBuffer = []; app. post ( '/webhook/vapi' , ( req, res ) => { const { message } = req. body ; if (message. type === 'speech-update' && message. status === 'DETECTED' ) { // Customer started speaking - flush immediately if (isProcessing) { currentAudioBuffer = []; // Clear queued audio isProcessing = false ; } } if (message. type === 'transcript' && message. transcriptType === 'FINAL' ) { isProcessing = true ; // Process customer input setTimeout ( () => { isProcessing = false ; }, 100 ); // Reset after processing } res. sendStatus ( 200 ); }); The fix: track processing state and flush currentAudioBuffer when speech-update fires with status DETECTED . This cuts overlap from 300ms to under 50ms. Webhook Timeout Cascades HVAC scheduling APIs (especially legacy systems) take 3-8 seconds to respond. Vapi webhooks timeout after 5 seconds, causing the agent to say "I'm having trouble connecting" while your server is still processing. The customer hangs up, but your server completes the booking anyway—creating ghost appointments. javascript // Async processing to prevent timeouts const processingQueue = new Map (); app. post ( '/webhook/vapi' , async (req, res) => { const { message, call } = req. body ; // Respond immediately to prevent timeout res. sendStatus ( 200 ); if (message. type === 'function-call' ) { const requestId = ` ${call.id} - ${ Date .now()} ` ; // Queue the slow operation processingQueue. set (requestId, { status : 'pending' , timestamp : Date . now () }); // Process asynchronously processSchedulingRequest (message. functionCall , requestId) . then ( result => { processingQueue. set (requestId, { status : 'complete' , result }); }) . catch ( error => { processingQueue. set (requestId, { status : 'error' , error : error. message }); }); } }); async function processSchedulingRequest ( functionCall, requestId ) { // Your slow HVAC API call here const response = await fetch ( 'https://your-hvac-system.com/api/schedule' , { method : 'POST' , headers : { 'Content-Type' : 'application/json' }, body : JSON . stringify (functionCall. parameters ) }); if (!response. ok ) throw new Error ( `Scheduling failed: ${response.status} ` ); return response. json (); } Return HTTP 200 within 500ms, then process the scheduling request asynchronously. Use a queue to track completion and poll for results in subsequent webhook calls. STT False Triggers from HVAC Noise Compressor hum, furnace ignition, and ductwork vibration trigger false transcripts like "uh", "mm", or partial words. At default endpointing settings (300ms silence threshold), the agent interrupts itself every 2-3 seconds in noisy environments. The fix: increase silence detection to 600ms and add a minimum transcript length filter. In the dashboard assistant config, set transcriber.endpointing to 600. On your webhook handler, reject transcripts under 3 characters before processing. Complete Working Example This is the full production server that handles HVAC scheduling calls. Copy-paste this into server.js and you have a working voice AI agent that validates webhooks, processes appointment requests, and handles real-world edge cases like double-booking and after-hours calls. javascript // server.js - Production HVAC Voice Agent Server const express = require ( 'express' ); const crypto = require ( 'crypto' ); const app = express (); app. use (express. json ()); // Assistant configuration - matches what you created in Vapi dashboard const assistantConfig = { model : { provider : "openai" , model : "gpt-4" , temperature : 0.3 , systemPrompt : "You are an HVAC scheduling assistant. Ask for: service type (repair/maintenance/installation), preferred date/time, address, callback number. Confirm all details before booking." }, voice : { provider : "11labs" , voiceId : "21m00Tcm4TlvDq8ikWAM" , stability : 0.5 , similarityBoost : 0.8 }, transcriber : { provider : "deepgram" , model : "nova-2" , language : "en-US" , endpointing : 255 // ms silence before considering speech complete }, serverUrl : process. env . WEBHOOK_URL , // Your ngrok/production URL serverUrlSecret : process. env . VAPI_SERVER_SECRET }; // Webhook signature validation - prevents spoofed requests function validateSignature ( payload, signature ) { const hash = crypto . createHmac ( 'sha256' , process. env . VAPI_SERVER_SECRET ) . update ( JSON . stringify (payload)) . digest ( 'hex' ); return crypto. timingSafeEqual ( Buffer . from (signature), Buffer . from (hash) ); } // Session state - tracks active calls to prevent race conditions const sessions = new Map (); const SESSION_TTL = 3600000 ; // 1 hour // Process scheduling requests with business logic validation async function processSchedulingRequest ( slots ) { const { serviceType, preferredDate, address, phone } = slots; // Business hours check - reject after-hours bookings const requestedTime = new Date (preferredDate); const hour = requestedTime. getHours (); if (hour < 8 || hour > 17 ) { return { status : "error" , reason : "We only schedule appointments between 8 AM and 5 PM. Please choose a different time." }; } // Simulate availability check (replace with real calendar API) const isAvailable = Math . random () > 0.3 ; // 70% availability rate if (!isAvailable) { return { status : "error" , reason : "That time slot is already booked. Our next available slot is tomorrow at 10 AM." }; } // Success - would normally write to database here return { status : "confirmed" , appointmentId : `HVAC- ${ Date .now()} ` , serviceType, scheduledTime : preferredDate, address, phone }; } // Main webhook handler - receives all Vapi events app. post ( '/webhook/vapi' , async (req, res) => { const signature = req. headers [ 'x-vapi-signature' ]; const payload = req. body ; // Security: validate webhook signature if (! validateSignature (payload, signature)) { console . error ( 'Invalid webhook signature' ); return res. status ( 401 ). json ({ error : 'Unauthorized' }); } const { message } = payload; // Handle different event types switch (message. type ) { case 'function-call' : // Extract scheduling slots from conversation const slots = message. functionCall . parameters ; const result = await processSchedulingRequest (slots); // Update session state const sessionId = payload. call . id ; sessions. set (sessionId, { lastUpdate : Date . now (), appointmentStatus : result. status }); // Clean up old sessions setTimeout ( () => sessions. delete (sessionId), SESSION_TTL ); return res. json ({ result }); case 'end-of-call-report' : // Log call metrics for monitoring console . log ( 'Call ended:' , { duration : message. call . duration , cost : message. call . cost , endedReason : message. call . endedReason }); return res. sendStatus ( 200 ); case 'status-update' : // Track call progress if (message. status === 'in-progress' ) { console . log ( 'Call connected:' , payload. call . id ); } return res. sendStatus ( 200 ); default : return res. sendStatus ( 200 ); } }); // Health check endpoint app. get ( '/health' , ( req, res ) => { res. json ({ status : 'healthy' , activeSessions : sessions. size , uptime : process. uptime () }); }); const PORT = process. env . PORT || 3000 ; app. listen ( PORT , () => { console . log ( `HVAC Voice Agent running on port ${PORT} ` ); console . log ( `Webhook URL: ${process.env.WEBHOOK_URL} /webhook/vapi` ); }); Run Instructions 1. Install dependencies: bash npm install express 2. Set environment variables: bash export WEBHOOK_URL= "https://your-domain.ngrok.io" export VAPI_SERVER_SECRET= "your_webhook_secret_from_vapi_dashboard" export PORT=3000 3. Start the server: bash node server.js 4. Configure Vapi assistant: Go to dashboard.vapi.ai Create assistant with the assistantConfig shown above Set Server URL to https://your-domain.ngrok.io/webhook/vapi Add your webhook secret Assign a phone number 5. Test the flow: Call your Vapi number. The agent will ask for service type, date, address, and phone. It validates business hours (8 AM - 5 PM) and checks availability before confirming. After-hours requests get rejected with the next available slot. Production gotchas: The endpointing: 255 setting prevents the agent from cutting off customers mid-sentence (common with default 150ms). Session cleanup runs after 1 hour to prevent memory leaks on long-running servers. Webhook signature validation blocks replay attacks. FAQ Technical Questions How do I handle real-time transcription errors when customers have thick accents or background HVAC noise? Vapi's transcriber uses OpenAI's Whisper model by default, which handles accent variation reasonably well (85-92% accuracy on regional dialects). The real problem: HVAC equipment noise (compressors, fans) peaks at 70-85 dB, which bleeds into the microphone. Set transcriber.endpointing to 800ms instead of the default 500ms—this gives Whisper time to process noisy audio chunks without cutting off mid-word. If accuracy still drops below 85%, implement a confirmation loop: have the agent repeat back the customer's request ("So you need a service call on Tuesday at 2 PM?") before executing processSchedulingRequest . This catches 90% of transcription errors before they hit your database. What's the latency impact of integrating Twilio for call routing after the voice agent handles initial triage? Twilio's SIP trunk integration adds 200-400ms of handoff latency. The agent completes the call, your server receives the webhook, then initiates a Twilio transfer via their REST API. Total time: ~600ms. To minimize this, pre-warm the Twilio connection by establishing a SIP session during the initial call setup (not after). Store the sessionId in your sessions object and reuse it for transfers. This cuts handoff latency to 150-200ms. Monitor webhook delivery times—if your server takes >2s to respond, Vapi retries, causing duplicate transfers. How do I prevent the agent from scheduling conflicting appointments? This breaks in production constantly. Your slots array must be locked during the processSchedulingRequest function. Use a database transaction or Redis lock with a 5-second TTL. If two calls try to book the same slot simultaneously, the second one fails with a clear message ("That time is no longer available"). Without locking, you'll double-book technicians. Also: validate requestedTime against your actual technician availability—don't just check if the hour exists. Include buffer time (30 minutes between jobs minimum) in your availability logic. Performance Why does my voice agent feel sluggish when processing complex scheduling requests? Three culprits: (1) Your function calling handler ( processSchedulingRequest ) is synchronous and blocks the event loop. Make it async and use await for database queries. (2) The agent's systemPrompt is too verbose (>500 tokens). Trim it to essential instructions only—every token adds 20-40ms latency. (3) You're not using partial transcripts. Enable onPartialTranscript to show the customer text in real-time while the agent processes. This masks 300-500ms of backend latency. What's the maximum call duration before Vapi or Twilio starts charging overage fees? Vapi charges per minute of connected call time (no setup fees). Twilio charges per minute of SIP trunk usage. A 10-minute support call costs roughly $0.15-0.30 combined. If you're handling 100 calls/day, budget $15-30/day. The real cost: if your agent loops (repeating the same question), you'll burn 5+ minutes per call. Implement a max-turn limit in your assistantConfig —after 8 agent turns without resolution, transfer to a human. Platform Comparison Should I use Vapi's native voice synthesis or Twilio's voice API for HVAC support calls? Use Vapi's native voice synthesis (ElevenLabs or Google). Twilio's voice API adds an extra hop and 150-300ms latency. Vapi handles voice directly in the call pipeline. Configure voice.provider to "elevenlabs" with voiceId set to a professional tone (avoid overly robotic voices—customers distrust them). If you need custom voice cloning, ElevenLabs supports it natively in Vapi's config. Can I use Vapi alone, or do I need Twilio for HVAC support automation? Vapi handles inbound/outbound calls and AI logic. Twilio is optional—use it only if you need: (1) call routing to human technicians, (2) Resources VAPI : Get Started with VAPI → https://vapi.ai/?aff=misal Official Documentation VAPI Voice AI Platform – Complete API reference for assistants, calls, and webhooks Twilio Voice API – Phone integration and call management GitHub & Implementation VAPI Node.js Examples – Production-ready code samples for voice agents Twilio Node Helper Library – Official SDK for Twilio integration HVAC-Specific Integration VAPI Function Calling – Enable custom scheduling logic for HVAC appointments Twilio SIP Trunking – Connect existing HVAC phone systems to voice AI agents References https://docs.vapi.ai/quickstart/phone https://docs.vapi.ai/workflows/quickstart https://docs.vapi.ai/quickstart/web https://docs.vapi.ai/quickstart/introduction https://docs.vapi.ai/chat/quickstart https://docs.vapi.ai/assistants/quickstart Advertisement Topics How to Build a Voice AI Agent for HVAC Customer Support Written by Misal Azeem Voice AI Engineer & Creator Building production voice AI systems and sharing what I learn. Focused on VAPI, LLM integrations, and real-time communication. Documenting the challenges most tutorials skip. VAPI Voice AI LLM Integration WebRTC Found this helpful? Share it with other developers building voice AI. Share on X LinkedIn Copy Link On this page TL;DR Prerequisites Step-by-Step Tutorial Configuration & Setup Architecture & Flow Step-by-Step Implementation Error Handling & Edge Cases Testing & Validation Common Issues & Fixes System Diagram Testing & Validation Real-World Example Barge-In Scenario Event Logs Edge Cases Common Issues & Fixes Race Conditions During Barge-In Webhook Timeout Cascades STT False Triggers from HVAC Noise Complete Working Example Run Instructions FAQ Technical Questions Performance Platform Comparison Resources References Advertisement Quick Links → Browse all topics → About the author → Get in touch Continue Reading How to Transcribe and Detect Intent Using Deepgram for STT How to Transcribe and Detect Intent Using Deepgram for STT: A Developer's Journey Integrating HubSpot with Salesforce using Webhooks for Real-Time Data Synchronization Integrating HubSpot with Salesforce using Webhooks for Real-Time Data Synchronization How to Build Custom Pipelines for Voice AI Integration How to Build Custom Pipelines for Voice AI Integration: A Developer's Journey CallStack.tech Production-ready tutorials for building AI voice agents with VAPI, ElevenLabs, and more. 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Right menu WebRTC P2P vs MCU vs SFU Kader Khan Kader Khan Kader Khan Follow Jan 6 WebRTC P2P vs MCU vs SFU # systemdesign # devops # webrtc # webdev Comments Add Comment 4 min read Part 7 — What GenAI Engineering Actually Is MuzammilTalha MuzammilTalha MuzammilTalha Follow Jan 5 Part 7 — What GenAI Engineering Actually Is # systemdesign # architecture # softwareengineering # ai Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Grid Is Running Out of Time And Modernization Can’t Be Treated as Optional Josh Hernandez Josh Hernandez Josh Hernandez Follow Jan 4 The Grid Is Running Out of Time And Modernization Can’t Be Treated as Optional # discuss # architecture # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 3 min read What Is Often Visible Is Not the Whole Problem Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Follow Jan 5 What Is Often Visible Is Not the Whole Problem # ai # cybersecurity # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 1 min read Lo que suele verse no es el problema completo Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Follow Jan 5 Lo que suele verse no es el problema completo # discuss # ai # cybersecurity # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 1 min read Software Engineering is about trade-offs, not perfect solutions... Pratyush Raghuwanshi Pratyush Raghuwanshi Pratyush Raghuwanshi Follow Jan 5 Software Engineering is about trade-offs, not perfect solutions... # systemdesign # softwareengineering # programming # python Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Art of Safe Retries: Implementing Idempotency in Distributed Systems Muhammad Ahsan Farooq Muhammad Ahsan Farooq Muhammad Ahsan Farooq Follow Jan 4 The Art of Safe Retries: Implementing Idempotency in Distributed Systems # programming # distributedsystems # systemdesign # systemarchetecture Comments Add Comment 4 min read CSV Processing Gotchas: Don’t Let Invalid Data Slip Through the Cracks!!! 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Ronak Jethwa To code, or not to code Location boston / seattle Joined Joined on May 6, 2020 Email address ronakjethwa@gmail.com Personal website http://ronakjethwa.com github website twitter website Education Computer Science Work Front End Engineer More info about @ronakjethwa Badges Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. Got it Close Four Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least four years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. 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https://www.sovereign.tech/ | Home | Sovereign Tech Agency Jump to content Menu Go to homepage Home Fund Resilience Fellowship Challenge About Auf Deutsch Switch to Dark Mode Sovereign Tech Agency Fund Resilience Fellowship Challenge Agency Sovereign Tech Agency: Investing in the infrastructure of the 21st century We are securing open digital infrastructure as the foundation for a future-oriented economy and modern society Digital sovereignty empowers us to shape our own future. This requires more than simply using digital technologies; we need to actively be part of building them - to be independent, secure, and competitive. The foundation for this is open digital infrastructure. Much like roads and railways serve as physical infrastructure, invisible software components are the bedrock of our economy and society. Components like programming libraries, open standards, and developer tools are essential for innovation and competition. Digital infrastructure emerges from an open source ecosystem that makes it possible to reuse, quickly distribute, and maintain digital technologies. Sustaining this ecosystem protects Germany's and Europe's digital sovereignty, capacity for innovation, and economic competitiveness today and in the future. Sovereign Tech Fund Strategic investments in the digital infrastructure of our economy and society With the Sovereign Tech Fund, we invest globally in the open software components that underpin Germany's and Europe's competitiveness and ability to innovate. By targeting core digital infrastructure, our investments scale across many sectors and benefit a broad range of users. Improving the security, stability, and reusability of open software components directly enhances the productivity, competitive edge, and capacity for innovation of startups and small and medium-sized businesses. Learn more Sovereign Tech Resilience Bug bounty, prevention, and elimination of vulnerabilities in critical digital infrastructure The Sovereign Tech Resilience program takes a holistic approach to protecting critical digital infrastructure. Severe vulnerabilities in open software components have far-reaching consequences, affecting millions of people and impacting software products of all kinds that make use of them. To mitigate these risks and prevent untold damage, it is not enough just to find and fix bugs. We need to take proactive measures to improve the resilience of open digital infrastructure in the face of undiscovered vulnerabilities. Learn more Sovereign Tech Fellowship Effective support for essential experts in the open source ecosystem Our maintainer-in-residence fellowship program supports key individuals and strengthens the open source ecosystem in a way that transcends individual technologies and industries. By focusing on the people behind the code, we highlight and provide recognition for the often invisible work that goes into our digital infrastructure. In this way, we are empowering more people to put their skills and experience toward making the open source ecosystem more resilient and sustainable for us all. Learn more Sovereign Tech Challenge New solutions for structural challenges in the open source ecosystem The Sovereign Tech Challenge uses a competition model to identify challenges in the open source ecosystem and develop new and innovative solutions. Examples of potential objectives could include developing forward-looking solutions in open software components that are useful for emerging technologies, or securing existing dependencies. Learn more Latest news All articles Newsletter 17 Dec 2025 Read article: Newsletter: New Job Opportunities, Fellowship Highlights, and Season’s Greetings Email newsletter on 17 December 2025: Two new roles at the Sovereign Tech Agency, highlights from the Sovereign Fellowship Event, and season's greetings News 12 Dec 2025 Read article: Who Will Maintain Our Digital Future? Last week, we hosted an event to mark the inaugural Sovereign Tech Fellowship cohort. It was an opportunity to reflect on the program’s impact, share insights from its evaluation report, and celebrate the vital contributions of these maintainers of critical digital infrastructure. Newsletter 18 Nov 2025 Read article: Newsletter: The Sovereign Tech Fund's 3rd anniversary, EDIC Digital Commons, and job openings Email newsletter on 18 November 2025: The 3rd anniversary of the Sovereign Tech Fund, the newly launched Digital Commons EDIC, and we’re recruiting for a new Head of the Sovereign Tech Fund, a key position in our team. Publications Bug Bounties and FOSS: Opportunities, Risks, and a Path Forward Bug bounty programs have long been used by industry to help incentivize reporting of dangerous vulnerabilities in software, but how effective are they in making our open source critical infrastructure safer? This is the question the Sovereign Tech Resilience program commissioned Northeastern University's Dr. Ryan Ellis to answer in his research. Report A Toolkit for Measuring the Impacts of Public Funding on Open Source Software Development To better understand how to assess outcomes of public investment, we co-authored a new paper with NGI Commons, CHAOSS, and the Linux Foundation: A Toolkit for Measuring the Impacts of Public Funding on Open Source Software Development . This toolkit offers not only a structured methodology, but also discussion of key considerations and best practices for evaluating public funding’s effects on FOSS. Toolkit Feasibility Study On the consideration of a support program for open digital enabling technologies as a basis for innovation and digital sovereignty Open PDF (28MB) Pilot Phase Report Insights from validating the approaches outlined in the Sovereign Tech Fund's feasibility study. Open PDF (550KB) Sovereign Tech Agency Go to homepage Auf Deutsch Switch to Dark Mode Programs Sovereign Tech Fund Sovereign Tech Resilience Sovereign Tech Fellowship Sovereign Tech Challenge Info About Technologies News Jobs FAQ Press Legal Privacy Legal Information Accessibility Statement Sign up for our newsletter Email address I agree to receive newsletters and accept the data privacy statement. Sign up now We use Brevo as our marketing platform. By clicking to submit this form, you acknowledge that the information you provided will be transferred to Brevo for processing in accordance with their terms of use . [email protected] Mastodon for STA LinkedIn for STA Bluesky for STA RSS for STA on the basis of a decision by the German Bundestag The Federal Agency for Disruptive Innovation | 2026-01-13T08:49:07 |
https://future.forem.com/harrycmary/optimizing-edge-server-latency-what-are-you-using-5b02#comments | Optimizing Edge Server Latency — What Are You Using? - Future Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Future Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Harry Cmary Posted on Nov 26, 2025 Optimizing Edge Server Latency — What Are You Using? # edgecomputing # iot # productivity Hey everyone, I’m curious about the different approaches people here are taking to reduce latency on their edge servers . With more workloads shifting closer to the edge IoT, AI inference, real-time analytics, etc.It feels like every millisecond counts. I’ve been experimenting with a few tweaks, but I’d love to compare notes. What tools, hardware setups, or configurations have actually made a difference for you? For example: Specific NICs or network optimizations Lightweight OS or kernel tuning Caching layers or CDN-style setups Hardware accelerators (GPU, TPU, ASIC) Protocol choices (QUIC, gRPC, MQTT, etc.) Edge-focused platforms or frameworks Any clever routing or load-balancing tricks Also curious whether anyone has tried: Container vs bare metal eBPF-based monitoring or packet processing AI-driven resource allocation If you’ve got benchmarks, before-and-after results, or even just lessons learned, feel free to drop them. Looking to build a solid list of real-world strategies rather than just vendor marketing claims. What’s working for you? What didn’t live up to the hype? Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Harry Cmary Follow Hi, I’m Harry, a passionate technology content writer with a keen interest in exploring the latest trends and innovations in the tech world. Location United Kingdom Joined Dec 30, 2024 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Future — News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Future © 2025 - 2026. Stay on the cutting edge, and shape tomorrow Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:07 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Artificial Intelligence Follow Hide Artificial intelligence leverages computers and machines to mimic the problem-solving and decision-making capabilities found in humans and in nature. Create Post submission guidelines Posts about artificial intelligence. Older #ai posts 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu I Built an AI-Powered Portfolio with Next.js, Supabase & Groq - Here's How chiheb nouri chiheb nouri chiheb nouri Follow Jan 11 I Built an AI-Powered Portfolio with Next.js, Supabase & Groq - Here's How # showdev # ai # nextjs # portfolio Comments Add Comment 2 min read AI Trading: Lesson Learned #132: RAG Stuck on December 2025 Content (CRISIS) Igor Ganapolsky Igor Ganapolsky Igor Ganapolsky Follow Jan 11 AI Trading: Lesson Learned #132: RAG Stuck on December 2025 Content (CRISIS) # ai # trading # python # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 1 min read Open WebUI: Self-Hosted LLM Interface Rost Rost Rost Follow Jan 11 Open WebUI: Self-Hosted LLM Interface # ai # llm # ollama # docker Comments Add Comment 13 min read 📊 2026-01-11 - Daily Intelligence Recap - Top 9 Signals Agent_Asof Agent_Asof Agent_Asof Follow Jan 11 📊 2026-01-11 - Daily Intelligence Recap - Top 9 Signals # tech # programming # startup # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read # What Is CORS and a Preflight Request? Explained for Developers sudip khatiwada sudip khatiwada sudip khatiwada Follow Jan 11 # What Is CORS and a Preflight Request? Explained for Developers # webdev # programming # ai # javascript Comments Add Comment 3 min read I made a free webapp for learning piano notes Daniel Lefanov Daniel Lefanov Daniel Lefanov Follow Jan 11 I made a free webapp for learning piano notes # webdev # ai # opensource # music Comments Add Comment 1 min read MCP Token Limits: The Hidden Cost of Tool Overload Piotr Hajdas Piotr Hajdas Piotr Hajdas Follow Jan 11 MCP Token Limits: The Hidden Cost of Tool Overload # mcp # devops # ai # opensource Comments Add Comment 5 min read AI: A Child in the Digital Age – Shaping Its Future with Data and Ethics. Kaushik Patil Kaushik Patil Kaushik Patil Follow Jan 10 AI: A Child in the Digital Age – Shaping Its Future with Data and Ethics. # discuss # ai # data # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building Cryptographic Audit Trails for AI Trading Systems: A Deep Dive into RFC 6962-Based Verification VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Jan 11 Building Cryptographic Audit Trails for AI Trading Systems: A Deep Dive into RFC 6962-Based Verification # ai # regtech Comments Add Comment 15 min read The Irreplaceable Human in the Age of Smart Systems New Riders Labs New Riders Labs New Riders Labs Follow Jan 11 The Irreplaceable Human in the Age of Smart Systems # ai # workflows # humans # future Comments Add Comment 4 min read Quantum Computing Explained in Simple Terms: Part 1 Adnan Arif Adnan Arif Adnan Arif Follow Jan 11 Quantum Computing Explained in Simple Terms: Part 1 # ai # machinelearning # quantumcomputing Comments Add Comment 4 min read Turning Database Schemas into Diagrams & Docs — Open for Early Feedback Rushikesh Bodakhe Rushikesh Bodakhe Rushikesh Bodakhe Follow Jan 11 Turning Database Schemas into Diagrams & Docs — Open for Early Feedback # webdev # programming # ai # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Build something at your own Vishal Thakkar Vishal Thakkar Vishal Thakkar Follow Jan 12 Build something at your own # startup # ai # cloudnative Comments Add Comment 1 min read Can AI Translate Technical Content into Indian Languages? Exploring Amazon Translate (English Marathi & Hindi) Vasil Shaikh Vasil Shaikh Vasil Shaikh Follow Jan 11 Can AI Translate Technical Content into Indian Languages? Exploring Amazon Translate (English Marathi & Hindi) # aws # ai # translation # cloud Comments Add Comment 5 min read Is AI Quietly Killing Open Source? Mathew Dony Mathew Dony Mathew Dony Follow Jan 11 Is AI Quietly Killing Open Source? # ai # opensource # llm # tailwindcss Comments Add Comment 4 min read Kickstart OpenCode with OpenRouter Ricards Taujenis Ricards Taujenis Ricards Taujenis Follow Jan 11 Kickstart OpenCode with OpenRouter # ai # programming # automation # llm Comments Add Comment 2 min read From Deep Insight to Market Clarity Leigh k Valentine Leigh k Valentine Leigh k Valentine Follow Jan 12 From Deep Insight to Market Clarity # ai # machinelearning # performance # chatgpt 16 reactions Comments 2 comments 5 min read Why Claude Code Excels at Legacy System Modernization Juha Pellotsalo Juha Pellotsalo Juha Pellotsalo Follow Jan 11 Why Claude Code Excels at Legacy System Modernization # ai # claudecode # legacycode # softwaredevelopment Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why I Stopped Using LLMs to Verify LLMs (And Built a Deterministic Protocol Instead) Rahul Dass Rahul Dass Rahul Dass Follow Jan 11 Why I Stopped Using LLMs to Verify LLMs (And Built a Deterministic Protocol Instead) # ai # python # opensource # architecture Comments Add Comment 2 min read How I Designed an Enterprise RAG System Using AWS Bedrock, Pinecone & Neo4j Betty Waiyego Betty Waiyego Betty Waiyego Follow Jan 12 How I Designed an Enterprise RAG System Using AWS Bedrock, Pinecone & Neo4j # aws # machinelearning # ai # python Comments Add Comment 7 min read Multi-provider LLM orchestration in production: A 2026 Guide i Ash i Ash i Ash Follow Jan 11 Multi-provider LLM orchestration in production: A 2026 Guide # architecture # ai # devops # llm Comments Add Comment 6 min read AI Assistants and the Drift Into Dependency Korovamode Korovamode Korovamode Follow Jan 9 AI Assistants and the Drift Into Dependency # ai # agents # chatgpt # aiassistants Comments Add Comment 5 min read AI Trading: Lesson Learned #130: Account Balance RAG Recording Failure (Jan 11, 2026) Igor Ganapolsky Igor Ganapolsky Igor Ganapolsky Follow Jan 11 AI Trading: Lesson Learned #130: Account Balance RAG Recording Failure (Jan 11, 2026) # ai # trading # python # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building Interview prep ai Shashank Chakraborty Shashank Chakraborty Shashank Chakraborty Follow Jan 11 Building Interview prep ai # ai # interview # career # programming Comments Add Comment 3 min read From Script to Skill: How windflash-daily-report Turns AI News into a Standardized Daily Delivery Jason Guo Jason Guo Jason Guo Follow Jan 11 From Script to Skill: How windflash-daily-report Turns AI News into a Standardized Daily Delivery # showdev # ai # automation # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/t/performance/page/75#main-content | Performance Page 75 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Performance Follow Hide Tag for content related to software performance. Create Post submission guidelines Articles should be obviously related to software performance in some way. Possible topics include, but are not limited to: Performance Testing Performance Analysis Optimising for performance Scalability Resilience But most of all, be kind and humble. 💜 Older #performance posts 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Load Testing Microservices Anton Moldovan Anton Moldovan Anton Moldovan Follow for NBomber May 2 '25 Load Testing Microservices # nbomber # loadtesting # performance # microservices Comments Add Comment 4 min read How to Handle Millions of Rows in SQL Without Killing Performance Jonathan Jonathan Jonathan Follow Jun 3 '25 How to Handle Millions of Rows in SQL Without Killing Performance # database # sql # performance 29 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read Zustand x Context API: Quem Rerenderiza Menos? Weverton Rodrigues Weverton Rodrigues Weverton Rodrigues Follow Jun 3 '25 Zustand x Context API: Quem Rerenderiza Menos? # react # zustand # contextapi # performance 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Stop Over-Rerenders: Smarter State Sharing in React with `useContextSelector` sperez927 sperez927 sperez927 Follow Jun 3 '25 Stop Over-Rerenders: Smarter State Sharing in React with `useContextSelector` # react # performance # redux # frontend Comments Add Comment 1 min read Image Optimization in Vue with Unpic Jakub Andrzejewski Jakub Andrzejewski Jakub Andrzejewski Follow Jun 2 '25 Image Optimization in Vue with Unpic # vue # performance # tutorial # typescript 7 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read 📦 Stacks & Queues: Two Sides of the Same Coin OneDev OneDev OneDev Follow Jun 2 '25 📦 Stacks & Queues: Two Sides of the Same Coin # datastructures # algorithms # performance # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read C# Performance Optimization: From Beginner to Expert Maria Maria Maria Follow Jun 2 '25 C# Performance Optimization: From Beginner to Expert # csharp # performance # optimization # benchmarking 2 reactions Comments 3 comments 4 min read 5 Mobile App Test Tools Every Developer Should Know Maria Bueno Maria Bueno Maria Bueno Follow Apr 30 '25 5 Mobile App Test Tools Every Developer Should Know # testing # automation # performance # powerautomate 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Monitoring API Requests and Responses for System Health Adrian Machado Adrian Machado Adrian Machado Follow for Zuplo Apr 29 '25 Monitoring API Requests and Responses for System Health # performance # api Comments Add Comment 11 min read Boost API Performance During Peak Traffic: Tips & Tricks Adrian Machado Adrian Machado Adrian Machado Follow for Zuplo Apr 29 '25 Boost API Performance During Peak Traffic: Tips & Tricks # performance # api Comments Add Comment 11 min read Lazy Loading Isn’t Just for Images: What Else Can You Delay? Pradeep Pradeep Pradeep Follow Jun 1 '25 Lazy Loading Isn’t Just for Images: What Else Can You Delay? # webdev # performance # javascript # frontend 8 reactions Comments 6 comments 3 min read Efficient Data Processing with PHP Generators Eddie Goldman Eddie Goldman Eddie Goldman Follow Jun 1 '25 Efficient Data Processing with PHP Generators # php # generators # performance 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Demystifying Browser Rendering: A Developer's Guide to the Pixel Pipeline Abdul Rehman Khan Abdul Rehman Khan Abdul Rehman Khan Follow Apr 28 '25 Demystifying Browser Rendering: A Developer's Guide to the Pixel Pipeline # webdev # performance # browsers # frontend Comments Add Comment 2 min read EXTRA: Fibonacci Sequence OneDev OneDev OneDev Follow Apr 28 '25 EXTRA: Fibonacci Sequence # fibonacci # performance # algorithms # datastructures Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Truth About Preloading in Modern Web Mikita Himpel Mikita Himpel Mikita Himpel Follow Jun 1 '25 The Truth About Preloading in Modern Web # javascript # react # frontend # performance Comments Add Comment 4 min read Here is what Claude 4 sonnet is talking about me Ha3k Ha3k Ha3k Follow Jun 1 '25 Here is what Claude 4 sonnet is talking about me # performance # resume # career # careerdevelopment Comments Add Comment 7 min read Burn: The Next-Gen Deep Learning Framework That Will Blow Your Mind GitHubOpenSource GitHubOpenSource GitHubOpenSource Follow May 21 '25 Burn: The Next-Gen Deep Learning Framework That Will Blow Your Mind # deep # rust # gpu # performance 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Hidden Laravel 11 Eloquent Superpowers You Should Start Using Today! Laravel Daily tips Laravel Daily tips Laravel Daily tips Follow Jun 18 '25 Hidden Laravel 11 Eloquent Superpowers You Should Start Using Today! # laravel # php # performance # howto Comments 1 comment 1 min read Secure, Scalable, and Smart: A Deep Dive into Exchange Online Plan 2 Roshan karki Roshan karki Roshan karki Follow Jun 1 '25 Secure, Scalable, and Smart: A Deep Dive into Exchange Online Plan 2 # productivity # performance # microsoft Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Scaling Gauntlet: The Art of Query Archaeology John Munn John Munn John Munn Follow Jun 12 '25 The Scaling Gauntlet: The Art of Query Archaeology # database # backend # performance # scalability Comments 1 comment 5 min read Boosting Your Node.js Applications with the Cluster Module Geampiere Jaramillo Geampiere Jaramillo Geampiere Jaramillo Follow Apr 27 '25 Boosting Your Node.js Applications with the Cluster Module # backend # node # performance # programming Comments Add Comment 2 min read Queues in JavaScript Alain D'Ettorre Alain D'Ettorre Alain D'Ettorre Follow May 1 '25 Queues in JavaScript # javascript # datastructures # performance # benchmark Comments Add Comment 3 min read Week 1 – You’re Not Stuck - You Just Skipped the Basics: Understanding the CPU Adam Neves Adam Neves Adam Neves Follow May 30 '25 Week 1 – You’re Not Stuck - You Just Skipped the Basics: Understanding the CPU # computerscience # development # lowcode # performance 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Unit Tests... When and Where?🤔🧪 PatrickBastosDeveloper PatrickBastosDeveloper PatrickBastosDeveloper Follow May 30 '25 Unit Tests... When and Where?🤔🧪 # unittest # tdd # performance Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Science Behind PDF Compression Algorithms Calum Calum Calum Follow May 31 '25 The Science Behind PDF Compression Algorithms # pdf # performance # optimization # webdev Comments Add Comment 8 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . 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https://dev.to/ruizb/declarative-vs-imperative-4a7l#making-a-chocolate-cake | Declarative vs imperative - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Benoit Ruiz Posted on Oct 7, 2021 • Edited on Apr 9, 2022 Declarative vs imperative # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Demystifying Functional Programming (8 Part Series) 1 Introduction 2 What is Functional Programming? ... 4 more parts... 3 Why should we learn and use FP? 4 Function composition and higher-order function 5 Declarative vs imperative 6 Side effects 7 Function purity and referential transparency 8 Data immutability Table of contents Introduction Making a chocolate cake Some examples When to use declarative code Conclusion Introduction Functional Programming is a declarative programming paradigm, in contrast to imperative programming paradigms. Declarative programming is a paradigm describing WHAT the program does, without explicitly specifying its control flow. Imperative programming is a paradigm describing HOW the program should do something by explicitly specifying each instruction (or statement) step by step, which mutate the program's state. This "what vs how" is often used to compare both of these approaches because... Well, it is actually a good way to describe them. Granted, at the end of the day, everything compiles to instructions for the CPU. So in a way, declarative programming is a layer of abstraction on top of imperative programming. At some point, the state of the program must be changed in order for things to happen, and these changes can only occur with instructions moving data from one location (cache, memory, hard drive...) to another. But we are not here to talk about low-level programming, so let's focus on high-level languages instead. The transformation from declarative to "imperative code" is generally made by engines, interpreters, or compilers. For example, SQL is a declarative language. When using the SELECT * FROM users WHERE id <= 100 query, we are expressing (or declaring ) what we want: the first 100 users ever registered in the database. The way how these rows are retrieved is completely delegated to the SQL engine: can it use an index to accelerate the query? Should/Can it use multiple CPU cores to finish earlier? From a developer's point of view, we have no idea how these data are actually retrieved. And we don't really care, unless we are investigating some performance issues. All we care about is telling the program what data we want to retrieve, and not how to do it. The engine/compiler is smart enough to find the most optimal way to do that anyway. For languages that use a declarative paradigm (e.g. Haskell, SQL), this "underlying imperative world" is abstracted/hidden to the developers. It is something we don't have to worry about. For languages that are multi-paradigms (e.g. JavaScript, Scala), there is still the possibility to write imperative code. This allows us to write declarative code based on imperative code that we wrote ourselves. This can be useful to support FP features that are not built-into the language for example, or just to make the code more "declarative", which makes it more readable and understandable, in my opinion. The imperative code is abstracted by the declarative one, which is the one used by the developers to actually write the software. The imperative part becomes an implementation detail of the software. Making a chocolate cake Let's take an example from the real world: we would like to make a chocolate cake. How would that look like with these 2 paradigms? The imperative way First, turn on the oven to preheat it at 180°C. Next, add flour, sugar, cocoa powder, baking soda and salt to a large bowl, then stir the mixture with a paddle. Then, add milk, vegetable oil, eggs and vanilla extract to the mixture, and mix together on medium speed until well combined. Distribute the cake batter evenly in a large cake pan, then bake it for approx. 30 minutes. Remove the pan from the oven with a pot holder, let it cool for 10 minutes. Finally, remove the cake from the pan with the tapping method, and frost it evenly with chocolate frosting. The declarative way You have to preheat the oven to 180 °C. You have to mix dry ingredients in a bowl. Once dry ingredients are mixed, you have to add wet ingredients to the mixture, and mix together to form the cake batter. Once the oven and batter are ready, you have to put the batter in a pan, then bake it for 30 minutes. Once baked, you have to remove the pan from the oven and let it cool for 10 minutes. Finally, you have to remove the cake from the pan, and frost it. Ready? Go! Analysis In the imperative way, we are told what to do, and more importantly how to do it: use a large bowl, mix with a paddle, mix at medium speed, use a large pan, distribute batter evenly, remove pan with a pot holder, use the tapping method, frost evenly. These details are great when actually making a cake, especially as a beginner. But when describing how to make one, on a "higher level" of abstraction, we don't need all these information. Furthermore, we are actually doing something at each step, i.e. we are changing the world around us, step by step. If we choose to stop at an intermediate step, then we basically "wasted" all the tools and ingredients from the previous steps. In the declarative way, we are told what we will have to do to make the cake. Nothing actually happens until the last step, i.e. the world doesn't change until we have reached the 7th step. In other words, we are preparing all the steps in advance, then at the very end, we are doing what was described. How do we perform the actions described in these steps though? It's abstracted: all the "how" parts are provided as later as possible, between the "Ready?" and "Go!", either by the developer (for multi-paradigms languages) or by the engine/compiler. For example, this is where the binding between "remove the pan from the oven" and "using a pot holder" is done. We could also bind it to "using the pan handle", without changing the definition of the 5th step. Some examples Let's say we want to double every value of a given list of numbers. There are plenty of ways to iterate over a list and transform each of its elements in JavaScript: Declarative: recursive function, or functions already available such as the map and reduce methods of arrays Imperative: for loop, while loop To demonstrate that imperative code can be abstracted by declarative code, we could use a for loop and hide it inside a transformEachElement function: // "hidden" in a utils/helper/whatever module, or library-like function transformEachElement < A , B > ( elements : A , action : ( element : A ) => B ): B [] { const result = [] for ( let i = 0 ; i < elements . length : i ++ ) { result . push ( action ( elements [ i ])) } return result } // What do we want? Double each number of a given list const res = transformEachElement ([ 1 , 2 , 3 ], n => n * 2 ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode But we could use map directly as it's already declarative, and widely known for this type of use case: const res = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. map ( n => n * 2 ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Here is another example, where we want to target the text from an element of a web page. This element's location is a few levels down in the elements hierarchy (called the DOM tree). The twist is that each of these elements may not exist in practice. So, each time we progress by one node in the tree, we have to check if the next node is available or not. The imperative way could look like this: function getMainTitle (): string | null { const main = document . getElementById ( ' main ' ) if ( main !== null ) { const title = main . querySelector ( ' .title ' ) if ( title !== null ) { const text = title . querySelector < HTMLElement > ( ' .title-text ' ) if ( text !== null ) { return text . innerText } else { return null } } else { return null } } else { return null } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This is pretty verbose, and the more depth there is to reach an element, the bigger the pyramid of doom gets. Additionally, we have leaked an implementation detail : a node that doesn't exist has the value null . It could have been undefined , or 'nothing' , or something else entirely. The point is that we have to understand that null is the magic value expressing the absence of an element in the tree here. It should not be necessary to know that to understand what this function does. Here is a more declarative approach: const main : Option < Element > = Option ( document . getElementById ( ' main ' )) function getTitle ( main : Element ): Option < Element > { return Option ( main . querySelector ( ' .title ' )) } function getTitleText ( title : " Element): Option<HTMLElement> { " return Option ( title . querySelector < HTMLElement > ( ' .title-text ' ) ) } function getMainTitle (): Option < string > { return main . flatMap ( getTitle ) . flatMap ( getTitleText ) . map ( text => text . innerText ) } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In this second version, all we care about is accessing an element in the tree, where each intermediate element could be missing. In other words, we have written "what" to do in order to access the element containing the text we are looking for. This supposes that we have access to some Option data structure in our code base. There are plenty of articles available on the Internet that talk about this Option (also known as Maybe ) data type. Essentially, it allows us to express the possible absence of a value, transform it if the value is available, and combine it with other possible missing values, all that in a declarative way. In fact, this data type is so useful that some languages already provide it in their standard library (e.g. Scala, Haskell, F#), even the more mature ones (e.g. Optional in Java, C++). The flatMap and map terms may seem "mystical" at this point. We will talk about them by the end of this series, in the article about algebraic data structures and type classes. In functional programs, you will often encounter these functions or their equivalent, depending on the language: map is also known as fmap , lift , <$> flatMap is also known as bind , chain , >>= A couple of years ago (Dec. 2019), the optional operator proposal reached stage 4 in the EcmaScript specification, used for both JavaScript and TypeScript. This allows us to greatly simplify the code from above, without relying on any library: function getMainTitle (): string | null { return document . getElementById ( ' main ' ) ?. querySelector ( ' .title ' ) ?. querySelector < HTMLElement > ( ' .title-text ' ) ?. innerText } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This still "leaks" the fact that either null or undefined values should be used to mark an element as missing, but it is still way more expressive than the first imperative version from earlier. When to use declarative code This section applies only to muli-paradigms languages. Obviously, if you are using a functional language such as Haskell, you are always using declarative code. So, it is possible to make imperative code look like declarative code, to some extent. In such case, I would suggest isolating the imperative parts from the rest of the code base, to make sure developers use the "declarative" functions instead. In multi-paradigms languages, the scale between declarative and imperative is not a clear black/white separation, but rather multiple shades of grey. It is up to us to determine which shade is the best for our projects and teams. Here is a non-exhaustive list of pros and cons for each of these approaches, based on my experience: Declarative Pros Cons Better readability and understanding of the code More lines of code, where a potential bug could hide Better control over the actual execution of the changes to the world Potential loss of performance, due to more memory allocation and intermediate function calls Longer debugging, due to bigger stack traces Developers are usually less comfortable with this way of programming Imperative Pros Cons Less code overall, as there is no need to wrap imperative code inside declarative functions More time taken to read and understand what the code does Shorter debugging, due to smaller stack traces But harder debugging overall, due to state mutations and "less-controlled" changes to the world Developers are usually more comfortable with this way of programming Since code is destined to be read and understood by human beings, I think it is a good practice to use more declarative programming in our softwares. Sometimes, performance is critical and requires the use of imperative programming (we are talking about multi-paradigms languages here). In such cases, comments and documentation are crucial to understand the code base. Otherwise, some exceptions put aside, code should be self-explanatory through good naming and declarative steps , and should not require comments to understand it well. For strictly-declarative languages such as Haskell and SQL, the compiler/engine makes the best optimizations possible; so there is no need (and no way anyway) to write imperative code to improve performance. Conclusion In this article, I tried to illustrate (with some examples) the difference between these 2 approaches, and the advantages of the declarative way. The biggest benefit is making the code more readable and understandable. Misunderstanding the responsibility of some part of the code base is one of the most common reasons why bugs are introduced in the first place. It is also one of the reasons why adding improvements and features takes more time, as we need to first understand what the code does before making any changes. Functional Programming is about expressing "what" we want to do with data, but not actually doing anything until the very last moment. Doing something requires changing state and running statements. These parts are handled by engines/interpreters/compilers, since they know "how" to efficiently do "what" we wrote in the code base. It is not a requirement to fully understand this way of writing code, because it will come naturally the more functional code you write. By going through the articles of this series, you will see that declarative programming is ubiquitous, despite not being mentioned explicitly. Thank you for reading this far! As always, feel free to leave a comment if need be. The next article will talk about pure functions and referential transparency. See you there! Special thanks to Tristan Sallé for reviewing the draft of this article. Photo by Xavi Cabrera on Unsplash . Pictures made with Excalidraw . Demystifying Functional Programming (8 Part Series) 1 Introduction 2 What is Functional Programming? ... 4 more parts... 3 Why should we learn and use FP? 4 Function composition and higher-order function 5 Declarative vs imperative 6 Side effects 7 Function purity and referential transparency 8 Data immutability Top comments (9) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Greg Greg Greg Follow JS one Love, and u 2, honey (: Location Volgograd, Russia (*silently crying*) Work I haven't -_- at Jobless incorporated Joined Jan 3, 2020 • May 15 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great article, thanks! A small nerd remark: the examples with DOM are good for illustration purposes, but not very correct in a practical way - you can just use the magic of css selectors and it will be enough function getMainTitle(): string | null { return document.querySelector('#main .title .title-text')?.innerText ?? null } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Daniel2222 Daniel2222 Daniel2222 Follow Joined May 28, 2022 • May 28 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Actually, SQL is indeed imperative, not declarative. When you say "SELECT this and that such that bla bla bla", you're giving instructions. You're instructing to "select" (according to certain condition), and to "select" is an action. A true declarative statement would be one expressed, for example, in first order logic. Taking on your example, where you select all the users such that their ids are < 100, in first order logic it would be: {x / x ∈ users and x.id < 100} That's a true declarative statement. You're saying: this is the set of persons whose ids are below to 100. You're telling the WHAT, not the HOW. Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Max Pixel Max Pixel Max Pixel Follow Location Los Angeles Work Principal System Architect at Freeform Labs, Inc. Joined Jun 2, 2019 • Aug 4 '22 • Edited on Aug 4 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Indeed, and the second cake recipe is also still imperative. This would be the declarative version: "Dry Ingredients" means flour + sugar + cocoa powder + baking soda, as a roughly homogeneous mixture. "Batter" means Dry Ingredients + milk + vegetable oil + eggs + vanilla extract, as a well-combined mixture. "Panned Batter" means a large cake pan containing Batter. "Cooked Chocolate Cake" means the result of Panned Batter being in a 180°C oven for 30 minutes.* "Frosting-Ready Chocolate Cake" means Cooked Chocolate Cake that is less than 32°C and not in a pan. "Chocolate Cake" means Frosting-Ready Chocolate Cake that is has an even coating of chocolate frosting on it. * Keeping "30 minutes" verges on becoming imperative. A more declarative approach to this particular part would be to specify a final moisture content, weight, or other means of determining doneness. Perhaps it would be more declarative yet to format those steps with a more functional syntax, omitting the intermediate labels like "Batter", and using parentheses as necessary to delimit order-relevant groups. Or perhaps that would just more "functional", and equally as declarative. I think we must admit that that there is a gradient, rather than a binary distinction, between declarative and imperative programming. The most extreme end of declarativism would be to describe the chemical structures and physical composition of the final cake, and leave it at that. But that furthest end of the declarativism gradient is achievable only in small scenarios. {x / x ∈ users and x.id < 100} is useless if users are never created (they certainly didn't exist before the big bang, and aren't timeless constructs like gravity) - in the grand scheme of things, derivation is going to need to be involved, so the program as a whole cannot be as declarative as that one snippet (the formation of users must occur before the formation of the query result). Some amount of ordering and verb choice will either be important to the author of an application, or required by the engine. Ultimately, declarative programming is not about removing all traces of ordering & verb choice from programming, but rather, it's about removing the need for incidental and inevitable ordering & verb choice from programming. What can be considered incidental or inevitable depends on the engine that evaluates the program - some chefs may implicitly know that the cake's temperature should be below the frosting's fat's melting point before it is frosted, while others need a hint. Like comment: Like comment: 6 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Vignesh Vaidyanathan Vignesh Vaidyanathan Vignesh Vaidyanathan Follow Joined Sep 18, 2021 • Apr 18 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice explanation. Thank you! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand kevon217 kevon217 kevon217 Follow Joined Jun 18, 2022 • Dec 8 '22 • Edited on Dec 8 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great breakdown and examples of the distinctions! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Arshiya Arshiya Arshiya Follow Joined Jun 26, 2024 • Jul 27 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great thanks Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Kurapati Mahesh Kurapati Mahesh Kurapati Mahesh Follow Dad❤️ Content Creator Web developer 🅰️ngular ➡️(javascript) ©️SS ♓️〒♏️⎣ Joined Feb 12, 2022 • Oct 17 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide How about my version of the same: Declarative vs imperative Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand T S Ajeet T S Ajeet T S Ajeet Follow Code Blooded Location Pune, India Education NIT Trichy Work Citi Joined Mar 5, 2022 • Jul 1 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Excellent read! Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Vaidas Viper Vaidas Viper Vaidas Viper Follow A true dev enthusiast, they live and breathe the digital realms, immersing themselves in virtual adventures with unwavering passion. From epic RPGs to intense multiplayer battles, their skills are Joined Sep 11, 2024 • Sep 13 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Extraordinary breakdown and instances of the qualifications! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Benoit Ruiz Follow Location France Work Software Engineer at Datadog Joined Aug 2, 2020 More from Benoit Ruiz Data immutability # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Function purity and referential transparency # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Equivalent of Scala's for-comprehension using fp-ts # typescript # scala # functional # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://az.legacy.reactjs.org/blog/2019/02/06/react-v16.8.0.html | React v16.8: The One With Hooks – React Blog We want to hear from you! Take our 2021 Community Survey! This site is no longer updated. Go to react.dev React Sənədlər Dərslik Bloq Cəmiyyət v 18.2.0 Dillər GitHub React v16.8: The One With Hooks February 06, 2019 by Dan Abramov This blog site has been archived. Go to react.dev/blog to see the recent posts. With React 16.8, React Hooks are available in a stable release! What Are Hooks? Hooks let you use state and other React features without writing a class. You can also build your own Hooks to share reusable stateful logic between components. If you’ve never heard of Hooks before, you might find these resources interesting: Introducing Hooks explains why we’re adding Hooks to React. Hooks at a Glance is a fast-paced overview of the built-in Hooks. Building Your Own Hooks demonstrates code reuse with custom Hooks. Making Sense of React Hooks explores the new possibilities unlocked by Hooks. useHooks.com showcases community-maintained Hooks recipes and demos. You don’t have to learn Hooks right now. Hooks have no breaking changes, and we have no plans to remove classes from React. The Hooks FAQ describes the gradual adoption strategy. No Big Rewrites We don’t recommend rewriting your existing applications to use Hooks overnight. Instead, try using Hooks in some of the new components, and let us know what you think. Code using Hooks will work side by side with existing code using classes. Can I Use Hooks Today? Yes! Starting with 16.8.0, React includes a stable implementation of React Hooks for: React DOM React DOM Server React Test Renderer React Shallow Renderer Note that to enable Hooks, all React packages need to be 16.8.0 or higher . Hooks won’t work if you forget to update, for example, React DOM. React Native will support Hooks in the 0.59 release . Tooling Support React Hooks are now supported by React DevTools. They are also supported in the latest Flow and TypeScript definitions for React. We strongly recommend enabling a new lint rule called eslint-plugin-react-hooks to enforce best practices with Hooks. It will soon be included into Create React App by default. What’s Next We described our plan for the next months in the recently published React Roadmap . Note that React Hooks don’t cover all use cases for classes yet but they’re very close . Currently, only getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() and componentDidCatch() methods don’t have equivalent Hooks APIs, and these lifecycles are relatively uncommon. If you want, you should be able to use Hooks in most of the new code you’re writing. Even while Hooks were in alpha, the React community created many interesting examples and recipes using Hooks for animations, forms, subscriptions, integrating with other libraries, and so on. We’re excited about Hooks because they make code reuse easier, helping you write your components in a simpler way and make great user experiences. We can’t wait to see what you’ll create next! Testing Hooks We have added a new API called ReactTestUtils.act() in this release. It ensures that the behavior in your tests matches what happens in the browser more closely. We recommend to wrap any code rendering and triggering updates to your components into act() calls. Testing libraries can also wrap their APIs with it (for example, react-testing-library ’s render and fireEvent utilities do this). For example, the counter example from this page can be tested like this: import React from 'react' ; import ReactDOM from 'react-dom' ; import { act } from 'react-dom/test-utils' ; import Counter from './Counter' ; let container ; beforeEach ( ( ) => { container = document . createElement ( 'div' ) ; document . body . appendChild ( container ) ; } ) ; afterEach ( ( ) => { document . body . removeChild ( container ) ; container = null ; } ) ; it ( 'can render and update a counter' , ( ) => { // Test first render and effect act ( ( ) => { ReactDOM . render ( < Counter /> , container ) ; } ) ; const button = container . querySelector ( 'button' ) ; const label = container . querySelector ( 'p' ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; // Test second render and effect act ( ( ) => { button . dispatchEvent ( new MouseEvent ( 'click' , { bubbles : true } ) ) ; } ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; } ) ; The calls to act() will also flush the effects inside of them. If you need to test a custom Hook, you can do so by creating a component in your test, and using your Hook from it. Then you can test the component you wrote. To reduce the boilerplate, we recommend using react-testing-library which is designed to encourage writing tests that use your components as the end users do. Thanks We’d like to thank everybody who commented on the Hooks RFC for sharing their feedback. We’ve read all of your comments and made some adjustments to the final API based on them. Installation React React v16.8.0 is available on the npm registry. To install React 16 with Yarn, run: yarn add react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 To install React 16 with npm, run: npm install --save react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 We also provide UMD builds of React via a CDN: < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react@16/umd/react.production.min.js " > </ script > < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react-dom@16/umd/react-dom.production.min.js " > </ script > Refer to the documentation for detailed installation instructions . ESLint Plugin for React Hooks Note As mentioned above, we strongly recommend using the eslint-plugin-react-hooks lint rule. If you’re using Create React App, instead of manually configuring ESLint you can wait for the next version of react-scripts which will come out shortly and will include this rule. Assuming you already have ESLint installed, run: # npm npm install eslint-plugin-react-hooks --save-dev # yarn yarn add eslint-plugin-react-hooks --dev Then add it to your ESLint configuration: { "plugins" : [ // ... "react-hooks" ] , "rules" : { // ... "react-hooks/rules-of-hooks" : "error" } } Changelog React Add Hooks — a way to use state and other React features without writing a class. ( @acdlite et al. in #13968 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) React DOM Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Support synchronous thenables passed to React.lazy() . ( @gaearon in #14626 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only) to match class behavior. ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Warn about mismatching Hook order in development. ( @threepointone in #14585 and @acdlite in #14591 ) Effect clean-up functions must return either undefined or a function. All other values, including null , are not allowed. @acdlite in #14119 React Test Renderer Support Hooks in the shallow renderer. ( @trueadm in #14567 ) Fix wrong state in shouldComponentUpdate in the presence of getDerivedStateFromProps for Shallow Renderer. ( @chenesan in #14613 ) Add ReactTestRenderer.act() and ReactTestUtils.act() for batching updates so that tests more closely match real behavior. ( @threepointone in #14744 ) ESLint Plugin: React Hooks Initial release . ( @calebmer in #13968 ) Fix reporting after encountering a loop. ( @calebmer and @Yurickh in #14661 ) Don’t consider throwing to be a rule violation. ( @sophiebits in #14040 ) Hooks Changelog Since Alpha Versions The above changelog contains all notable changes since our last stable release (16.7.0). As with all our minor releases , none of the changes break backwards compatibility. If you’re currently using Hooks from an alpha build of React, note that this release does contain some small breaking changes to Hooks. We don’t recommend depending on alphas in production code. We publish them so we can make changes in response to community feedback before the API is stable. Here are all breaking changes to Hooks that have been made since the first alpha release: Remove useMutationEffect . ( @sophiebits in #14336 ) Rename useImperativeMethods to useImperativeHandle . ( @threepointone in #14565 ) Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only). ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) Is this page useful? Bu səhifəni redaktə edin Recent Posts React Labs: What We've Been Working On – June 2022 React v18.0 How to Upgrade to React 18 React Conf 2021 Recap The Plan for React 18 Introducing Zero-Bundle-Size React Server Components React v17.0 Introducing the New JSX Transform React v17.0 Release Candidate: No New Features React v16.13.0 All posts ... Sənədlər Qurulma Əsas Konsepsiyalar Genişləndirilmiş Təlimatlar API Arayışı Hooklar Test Etmə İştirak Etmək FAQ Kanallar GitHub Stack Overflow Discussion Forums Reactiflux Chat DEV Community Facebook Twitter Cəmiyyət Davranış Qaydaları Cəmiyyət Resursları Əlavə Dərslik Bloq Təşəkkürlər React Native Privacy Terms Copyright © 2023 Meta Platforms, Inc. | 2026-01-13T08:49:07 |
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https://peps.python.org/pep-0000/ | PEP 0 – Index of Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs) | peps.python.org Following system colour scheme Selected dark colour scheme Selected light colour scheme Python Enhancement Proposals Python » PEP Index » PEP 0 Toggle light / dark / auto colour theme PEP 0 – Index of Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs) Author : The PEP Editors Status : Active Type : Informational Created : 13-Jul-2000 Table of Contents Introduction Topics API Numerical Index Index by Category Process and Meta-PEPs Other Informational PEPs Provisional PEPs (provisionally accepted; interface may still change) Accepted PEPs (accepted; may not be implemented yet) Open PEPs (under consideration) Finished PEPs (done, with a stable interface) Historical Meta-PEPs and Informational PEPs Deferred PEPs (postponed pending further research or updates) Rejected, Superseded, and Withdrawn PEPs Reserved PEP Numbers PEP Types Key PEP Status Key Authors/Owners Introduction This PEP contains the index of all Python Enhancement Proposals, known as PEPs. PEP numbers are assigned by the PEP editors, and once assigned are never changed. The version control history of the PEP texts represent their historical record. Topics PEPs for specialist subjects are indexed by topic . Governance PEPs Packaging PEPs Release PEPs Typing PEPs API The PEPS API is a JSON file of metadata about all the published PEPs. Read more here . Numerical Index The numerical index contains a table of all PEPs, ordered by number. Index by Category Process and Meta-PEPs PEP Title Authors PA 1 PEP Purpose and Guidelines Barry Warsaw, Jeremy Hylton, David Goodger, Alyssa Coghlan PA 2 Procedure for Adding New Modules Brett Cannon, Martijn Faassen PA 4 Deprecation of Standard Modules Brett Cannon, Martin von Löwis PA 7 Style Guide for C Code Guido van Rossum, Barry Warsaw PA 8 Style Guide for Python Code Guido van Rossum, Barry Warsaw, Alyssa Coghlan PA 10 Voting Guidelines Barry Warsaw PA 11 CPython platform support Martin von Löwis, Brett Cannon PA 12 Sample reStructuredText PEP Template David Goodger, Barry Warsaw, Brett Cannon PA 13 Python Language Governance The Python core team and community PA 387 Backwards Compatibility Policy Benjamin Peterson PA 545 Python Documentation Translations Julien Palard, Inada Naoki, Victor Stinner PA 602 Annual Release Cycle for Python Łukasz Langa 3.9 PA 609 Python Packaging Authority (PyPA) Governance Dustin Ingram, Pradyun Gedam, Sumana Harihareswara PA 676 PEP Infrastructure Process Adam Turner PA 729 Typing governance process Jelle Zijlstra, Shantanu Jain PA 731 C API Working Group Charter Guido van Rossum, Petr Viktorin, Victor Stinner, Steve Dower, Irit Katriel PA 732 The Python Documentation Editorial Board Joanna Jablonski PA 761 Deprecating PGP signatures for CPython artifacts Seth Michael Larson 3.14 PA 811 Defining Python Security Response Team membership and responsibilities Seth Michael Larson Other Informational PEPs PEP Title Authors IA 20 The Zen of Python Tim Peters IA 101 Doing Python Releases 101 Barry Warsaw, Guido van Rossum IF 247 API for Cryptographic Hash Functions A.M. Kuchling IF 248 Python Database API Specification v1.0 Greg Stein, Marc-André Lemburg IF 249 Python Database API Specification v2.0 Marc-André Lemburg IA 257 Docstring Conventions David Goodger, Guido van Rossum IF 272 API for Block Encryption Algorithms v1.0 A.M. Kuchling IA 287 reStructuredText Docstring Format David Goodger IA 290 Code Migration and Modernization Raymond Hettinger IF 333 Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0 Phillip J. Eby IA 394 The “python” Command on Unix-Like Systems Kerrick Staley, Alyssa Coghlan, Barry Warsaw, Petr Viktorin, Miro Hrončok, Carol Willing IF 399 Pure Python/C Accelerator Module Compatibility Requirements Brett Cannon 3.3 IF 430 Migrating to Python 3 as the default online documentation Alyssa Coghlan IA 434 IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches Todd Rovito, Terry Reedy IF 452 API for Cryptographic Hash Functions v2.0 A.M. Kuchling, Christian Heimes IF 457 Notation For Positional-Only Parameters Larry Hastings IF 482 Literature Overview for Type Hints Łukasz Langa IF 483 The Theory of Type Hints Guido van Rossum, Ivan Levkivskyi IA 514 Python registration in the Windows registry Steve Dower IF 579 Refactoring C functions and methods Jeroen Demeyer IF 588 GitHub Issues Migration Plan Mariatta IF 607 Reducing CPython’s Feature Delivery Latency Łukasz Langa, Steve Dower, Alyssa Coghlan 3.9 IA 619 Python 3.10 Release Schedule Pablo Galindo Salgado 3.10 IF 630 Isolating Extension Modules Petr Viktorin IF 635 Structural Pattern Matching: Motivation and Rationale Tobias Kohn, Guido van Rossum 3.10 IF 636 Structural Pattern Matching: Tutorial Daniel F Moisset 3.10 IF 659 Specializing Adaptive Interpreter Mark Shannon IA 664 Python 3.11 Release Schedule Pablo Galindo Salgado 3.11 IA 672 Unicode-related Security Considerations for Python Petr Viktorin IA 693 Python 3.12 Release Schedule Thomas Wouters 3.12 IA 719 Python 3.13 Release Schedule Thomas Wouters 3.13 IF 733 An Evaluation of Python’s Public C API Erlend Egeberg Aasland, Domenico Andreoli, Stefan Behnel, Carl Friedrich Bolz-Tereick, Simon Cross, Steve Dower, Tim Felgentreff, David Hewitt, Shantanu Jain, Wenzel Jakob, Irit Katriel, Marc-Andre Lemburg, Donghee Na, Karl Nelson, Ronald Oussoren, Antoine Pitrou, Neil Schemenauer, Mark Shannon, Stepan Sindelar, Gregory P. Smith, Eric Snow, Victor Stinner, Guido van Rossum, Petr Viktorin, Carol Willing, William Woodruff, David Woods, Jelle Zijlstra IA 745 Python 3.14 Release Schedule Hugo van Kemenade 3.14 IF 762 REPL-acing the default REPL Pablo Galindo Salgado, Łukasz Langa, Lysandros Nikolaou, Emily Morehouse-Valcarcel 3.13 IA 790 Python 3.15 Release Schedule Hugo van Kemenade 3.15 IA 801 Reserved Barry Warsaw IF 3333 Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1 Phillip J. Eby IF 8000 Python Language Governance Proposal Overview Barry Warsaw IF 8002 Open Source Governance Survey Barry Warsaw, Łukasz Langa, Antoine Pitrou, Doug Hellmann, Carol Willing IA 8016 The Steering Council Model Nathaniel J. Smith, Donald Stufft IF 8100 January 2019 Steering Council election Nathaniel J. Smith, Ee Durbin IF 8101 2020 Term Steering Council election Ewa Jodlowska, Ee Durbin IF 8102 2021 Term Steering Council election Ewa Jodlowska, Ee Durbin, Joe Carey IF 8103 2022 Term Steering Council election Ewa Jodlowska, Ee Durbin, Joe Carey IF 8104 2023 Term Steering Council election Ee Durbin IF 8105 2024 Term Steering Council election Ee Durbin IF 8106 2025 Term Steering Council election Ee Durbin IF 8107 2026 Term Steering Council election Ee Durbin Provisional PEPs (provisionally accepted; interface may still change) PEP Title Authors SP 708 Extending the Repository API to Mitigate Dependency Confusion Attacks Donald Stufft Accepted PEPs (accepted; may not be implemented yet) PEP Title Authors SA 458 Secure PyPI downloads with signed repository metadata Trishank Karthik Kuppusamy, Vladimir Diaz, Marina Moore, Lukas Puehringer, Joshua Lock, Lois Anne DeLong, Justin Cappos SA 658 Serve Distribution Metadata in the Simple Repository API Tzu-ping Chung SA 668 Marking Python base environments as “externally managed” Geoffrey Thomas, Matthias Klose, Filipe Laíns, Donald Stufft, Tzu-ping Chung, Stefano Rivera, Elana Hashman, Pradyun Gedam SA 686 Make UTF-8 mode default Inada Naoki 3.15 SA 687 Isolating modules in the standard library Erlend Egeberg Aasland, Petr Viktorin 3.12 SA 691 JSON-based Simple API for Python Package Indexes Donald Stufft, Pradyun Gedam, Cooper Lees, Dustin Ingram SA 699 Remove private dict version field added in PEP 509 Ken Jin 3.12 SA 701 Syntactic formalization of f-strings Pablo Galindo Salgado, Batuhan Taskaya, Lysandros Nikolaou, Marta Gómez Macías 3.12 SA 703 Making the Global Interpreter Lock Optional in CPython Sam Gross 3.13 SA 714 Rename dist-info-metadata in the Simple API Donald Stufft SA 728 TypedDict with Typed Extra Items Zixuan James Li 3.15 SA 739 build-details.json 1.0 — a static description file for Python build details Filipe Laíns 3.14 SA 753 Uniform project URLs in core metadata William Woodruff, Facundo Tuesca SA 770 Improving measurability of Python packages with Software Bill-of-Materials Seth Larson SA 773 A Python Installation Manager for Windows Steve Dower SA 793 PyModExport: A new entry point for C extension modules Petr Viktorin 3.15 SA 794 Import Name Metadata Brett Cannon SA 798 Unpacking in Comprehensions Adam Hartz, Erik Demaine 3.15 SA 799 A dedicated profiling package for organizing Python profiling tools Pablo Galindo Salgado, László Kiss Kollár 3.15 SA 810 Explicit lazy imports Pablo Galindo Salgado, Germán Méndez Bravo, Thomas Wouters, Dino Viehland, Brittany Reynoso, Noah Kim, Tim Stumbaugh 3.15 Open PEPs (under consideration) PEP Title Authors S 467 Minor API improvements for binary sequences Alyssa Coghlan, Ethan Furman 3.15 S 480 Surviving a Compromise of PyPI: End-to-end signing of packages Trishank Karthik Kuppusamy, Vladimir Diaz, Justin Cappos, Marina Moore S 603 Adding a frozenmap type to collections Yury Selivanov S 638 Syntactic Macros Mark Shannon S 653 Precise Semantics for Pattern Matching Mark Shannon S 671 Syntax for late-bound function argument defaults Chris Angelico 3.12 S 694 Upload 2.0 API for Python Package Indexes Barry Warsaw, Donald Stufft, Ee Durbin S 710 Recording the provenance of installed packages Fridolín Pokorný S 711 PyBI: a standard format for distributing Python Binaries Nathaniel J. Smith S 718 Subscriptable functions James Hilton-Balfe 3.15 I 720 Cross-compiling Python packages Filipe Laíns 3.12 S 725 Specifying external dependencies in pyproject.toml Pradyun Gedam, Jaime Rodríguez-Guerra, Ralf Gommers S 743 Add Py_OMIT_LEGACY_API to the Python C API Victor Stinner, Petr Viktorin 3.15 I 744 JIT Compilation Brandt Bucher, Savannah Ostrowski 3.13 S 746 Type checking Annotated metadata Adrian Garcia Badaracco 3.15 S 747 Annotating Type Forms David Foster, Eric Traut 3.15 S 748 A Unified TLS API for Python Joop van de Pol, William Woodruff 3.14 S 752 Implicit namespaces for package repositories Ofek Lev, Jarek Potiuk P 755 Implicit namespace policy for PyPI Ofek Lev S 764 Inline typed dictionaries Victorien Plot 3.15 I 766 Explicit Priority Choices Among Multiple Indexes Michael Sarahan S 767 Annotating Read-Only Attributes Eneg 3.15 S 771 Default Extras for Python Software Packages Thomas Robitaille, Jonathan Dekhtiar P 772 Packaging Council governance process Barry Warsaw, Deb Nicholson, Pradyun Gedam I 776 Emscripten Support Hood Chatham 3.14 S 777 How to Re-invent the Wheel Emma Harper Smith S 780 ABI features as environment markers Klaus Zimmermann, Ralf Gommers 3.14 S 781 Make TYPE_CHECKING a built-in constant Inada Naoki 3.15 S 783 Emscripten Packaging Hood Chatham S 785 New methods for easier handling of ExceptionGroups Zac Hatfield-Dodds 3.14 S 788 Protecting the C API from Interpreter Finalization Peter Bierma 3.15 S 789 Preventing task-cancellation bugs by limiting yield in async generators Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Nathaniel J. Smith 3.14 S 800 Disjoint bases in the type system Jelle Zijlstra 3.15 S 802 Display Syntax for the Empty Set Adam Turner 3.15 S 803 Stable ABI for Free-Threaded Builds Petr Viktorin 3.15 S 804 An external dependency registry and name mapping mechanism Pradyun Gedam, Ralf Gommers, Michał Górny, Jaime Rodríguez-Guerra, Michael Sarahan S 806 Mixed sync/async context managers with precise async marking Zac Hatfield-Dodds 3.15 S 807 Index support for Trusted Publishing William Woodruff S 808 Including static values in dynamic project metadata Henry Schreiner, Cristian Le S 809 Stable ABI for the Future Steve Dower 3.15 S 814 Add frozendict built-in type Victor Stinner, Donghee Na 3.15 S 815 Deprecate RECORD.jws and RECORD.p7s Konstantin Schütze, William Woodruff I 816 WASI Support Brett Cannon S 819 JSON Package Metadata Emma Harper Smith S 820 PySlot: Unified slot system for the C API Petr Viktorin 3.15 S 822 Dedented Multiline String (d-string) Inada Naoki 3.15 Finished PEPs (done, with a stable interface) PEP Title Authors SF 100 Python Unicode Integration Marc-André Lemburg 2.0 SF 201 Lockstep Iteration Barry Warsaw 2.0 SF 202 List Comprehensions Barry Warsaw 2.0 SF 203 Augmented Assignments Thomas Wouters 2.0 SF 205 Weak References Fred L. Drake, Jr. 2.1 SF 207 Rich Comparisons Guido van Rossum, David Ascher 2.1 SF 208 Reworking the Coercion Model Neil Schemenauer, Marc-André Lemburg 2.1 SF 214 Extended Print Statement Barry Warsaw 2.0 SF 217 Display Hook for Interactive Use Moshe Zadka 2.1 SF 218 Adding a Built-In Set Object Type Greg Wilson, Raymond Hettinger 2.2 SF 221 Import As Thomas Wouters 2.0 SF 223 Change the Meaning of x Escapes Tim Peters 2.0 SF 227 Statically Nested Scopes Jeremy Hylton 2.1 SF 229 Using Distutils to Build Python A.M. Kuchling 2.1 SF 230 Warning Framework Guido van Rossum 2.1 SF 232 Function Attributes Barry Warsaw 2.1 SF 234 Iterators Ka-Ping Yee, Guido van Rossum 2.1 SF 235 Import on Case-Insensitive Platforms Tim Peters 2.1 SF 236 Back to the __future__ Tim Peters 2.1 SF 237 Unifying Long Integers and Integers Moshe Zadka, Guido van Rossum 2.2 SF 238 Changing the Division Operator Moshe Zadka, Guido van Rossum 2.2 SF 250 Using site-packages on Windows Paul Moore 2.2 SF 252 Making Types Look More Like Classes Guido van Rossum 2.2 SF 253 Subtyping Built-in Types Guido van Rossum 2.2 SF 255 Simple Generators Neil Schemenauer, Tim Peters, Magnus Lie Hetland 2.2 SF 260 Simplify xrange() Guido van Rossum 2.2 SF 261 Support for “wide” Unicode characters Paul Prescod 2.2 SF 263 Defining Python Source Code Encodings Marc-André Lemburg, Martin von Löwis 2.3 SF 264 Future statements in simulated shells Michael Hudson 2.2 SF 273 Import Modules from Zip Archives James C. Ahlstrom 2.3 SF 274 Dict Comprehensions Barry Warsaw 2.7, 3.0 SF 277 Unicode file name support for Windows NT Neil Hodgson 2.3 SF 278 Universal Newline Support Jack Jansen 2.3 SF 279 The enumerate() built-in function Raymond Hettinger 2.3 SF 282 A Logging System Vinay Sajip, Trent Mick 2.3 SF 285 Adding a bool type Guido van Rossum 2.3 SF 289 Generator Expressions Raymond Hettinger 2.4 SF 292 Simpler String Substitutions Barry Warsaw 2.4 SF 293 Codec Error Handling Callbacks Walter Dörwald 2.3 SF 301 Package Index and Metadata for Distutils Richard Jones 2.3 SF 302 New Import Hooks Just van Rossum, Paul Moore 2.3 SF 305 CSV File API Kevin Altis, Dave Cole, Andrew McNamara, Skip Montanaro, Cliff Wells 2.3 SF 307 Extensions to the pickle protocol Guido van Rossum, Tim Peters 2.3 SF 308 Conditional Expressions Guido van Rossum, Raymond Hettinger 2.5 SF 309 Partial Function Application Peter Harris 2.5 SF 311 Simplified Global Interpreter Lock Acquisition for Extensions Mark Hammond 2.3 SF 318 Decorators for Functions and Methods Kevin D. Smith, Jim J. Jewett, Skip Montanaro, Anthony Baxter 2.4 SF 322 Reverse Iteration Raymond Hettinger 2.4 SF 324 subprocess - New process module Peter Astrand 2.4 SF 327 Decimal Data Type Facundo Batista 2.4 SF 328 Imports: Multi-Line and Absolute/Relative Aahz 2.4, 2.5, 2.6 SF 331 Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions Christian R. Reis 2.4 SF 338 Executing modules as scripts Alyssa Coghlan 2.5 SF 341 Unifying try-except and try-finally Georg Brandl 2.5 SF 342 Coroutines via Enhanced Generators Guido van Rossum, Phillip J. Eby 2.5 SF 343 The “with” Statement Guido van Rossum, Alyssa Coghlan 2.5 SF 352 Required Superclass for Exceptions Brett Cannon, Guido van Rossum 2.5 SF 353 Using ssize_t as the index type Martin von Löwis 2.5 SF 357 Allowing Any Object to be Used for Slicing Travis Oliphant 2.5 SF 358 The “bytes” Object Neil Schemenauer, Guido van Rossum 2.6, 3.0 SF 362 Function Signature Object Brett Cannon, Jiwon Seo, Yury Selivanov, Larry Hastings 3.3 SF 366 Main module explicit relative imports Alyssa Coghlan 2.6, 3.0 SF 370 Per user site-packages directory Christian Heimes 2.6, 3.0 SF 371 Addition of the multiprocessing package to the standard library Jesse Noller, Richard Oudkerk 2.6, 3.0 SF 372 Adding an ordered dictionary to collections Armin Ronacher, Raymond Hettinger 2.7, 3.1 SF 376 Database of Installed Python Distributions Tarek Ziadé 2.7, 3.2 SF 378 Format Specifier for Thousands Separator Raymond Hettinger 2.7, 3.1 SF 380 Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator Gregory Ewing 3.3 SF 383 Non-decodable Bytes in System Character Interfaces Martin von Löwis 3.1 SF 384 Defining a Stable ABI Martin von Löwis 3.2 SF 389 argparse - New Command Line Parsing Module Steven Bethard 2.7, 3.2 SF 391 Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging Vinay Sajip 2.7, 3.2 SF 393 Flexible String Representation Martin von Löwis 3.3 SF 397 Python launcher for Windows Mark Hammond, Martin von Löwis 3.3 SF 405 Python Virtual Environments Carl Meyer 3.3 SF 409 Suppressing exception context Ethan Furman 3.3 SF 412 Key-Sharing Dictionary Mark Shannon 3.3 SF 414 Explicit Unicode Literal for Python 3.3 Armin Ronacher, Alyssa Coghlan 3.3 SF 415 Implement context suppression with exception attributes Benjamin Peterson 3.3 SF 417 Including mock in the Standard Library Michael Foord 3.3 SF 418 Add monotonic time, performance counter, and process time functions Cameron Simpson, Jim J. Jewett, Stephen J. Turnbull, Victor Stinner 3.3 SF 420 Implicit Namespace Packages Eric V. Smith 3.3 SF 421 Adding sys.implementation Eric Snow 3.3 SF 424 A method for exposing a length hint Alex Gaynor 3.4 SF 425 Compatibility Tags for Built Distributions Daniel Holth 3.4 SF 427 The Wheel Binary Package Format 1.0 Daniel Holth SF 428 The pathlib module – object-oriented filesystem paths Antoine Pitrou 3.4 SF 435 Adding an Enum type to the Python standard library Barry Warsaw, Eli Bendersky, Ethan Furman 3.4 SF 436 The Argument Clinic DSL Larry Hastings 3.4 SF 440 Version Identification and Dependency Specification Alyssa Coghlan, Donald Stufft SF 441 Improving Python ZIP Application Support Daniel Holth, Paul Moore 3.5 SF 442 Safe object finalization Antoine Pitrou 3.4 SF 443 Single-dispatch generic functions Łukasz Langa 3.4 SF 445 Add new APIs to customize Python memory allocators Victor Stinner 3.4 SF 446 Make newly created file descriptors non-inheritable Victor Stinner 3.4 SF 448 Additional Unpacking Generalizations Joshua Landau 3.5 SF 450 Adding A Statistics Module To The Standard Library Steven D’Aprano 3.4 SF 451 A ModuleSpec Type for the Import System Eric Snow 3.4 SF 453 Explicit bootstrapping of pip in Python installations Donald Stufft, Alyssa Coghlan SF 454 Add a new tracemalloc module to trace Python memory allocations Victor Stinner 3.4 SF 456 Secure and interchangeable hash algorithm Christian Heimes 3.4 SF 461 Adding % formatting to bytes and bytearray Ethan Furman 3.5 SF 465 A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication Nathaniel J. Smith 3.5 SF 466 Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7.x Alyssa Coghlan 2.7.9 SF 468 Preserving the order of **kwargs in a function. Eric Snow 3.6 SF 471 os.scandir() function – a better and faster directory iterator Ben Hoyt 3.5 SF 475 Retry system calls failing with EINTR Charles-François Natali, Victor Stinner 3.5 SF 476 Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients Alex Gaynor 2.7.9, 3.4.3, 3.5 SF 477 Backport ensurepip (PEP 453) to Python 2.7 Donald Stufft, Alyssa Coghlan SF 479 Change StopIteration handling inside generators Chris Angelico, Guido van Rossum 3.5 SF 484 Type Hints Guido van Rossum, Jukka Lehtosalo, Łukasz Langa 3.5 SF 485 A Function for testing approximate equality Christopher Barker 3.5 SF 486 Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments Paul Moore 3.5 SF 487 Simpler customisation of class creation Martin Teichmann 3.6 SF 488 Elimination of PYO files Brett Cannon 3.5 SF 489 Multi-phase extension module initialization Petr Viktorin, Stefan Behnel, Alyssa Coghlan 3.5 SF 492 Coroutines with async and await syntax Yury Selivanov 3.5 SF 493 HTTPS verification migration tools for Python 2.7 Alyssa Coghlan, Robert Kuska, Marc-André Lemburg 2.7.12 SF 495 Local Time Disambiguation Alexander Belopolsky, Tim Peters 3.6 SF 498 Literal String Interpolation Eric V. Smith 3.6 SF 503 Simple Repository API Donald Stufft SF 506 Adding A Secrets Module To The Standard Library Steven D’Aprano 3.6 SF 508 Dependency specification for Python Software Packages Robert Collins SF 515 Underscores in Numeric Literals Georg Brandl, Serhiy Storchaka 3.6 SF 517 A build-system independent format for source trees Nathaniel J. Smith, Thomas Kluyver SF 518 Specifying Minimum Build System Requirements for Python Projects Brett Cannon, Nathaniel J. Smith, Donald Stufft SF 519 Adding a file system path protocol Brett Cannon, Koos Zevenhoven 3.6 SF 520 Preserving Class Attribute Definition Order Eric Snow 3.6 SF 523 Adding a frame evaluation API to CPython Brett Cannon, Dino Viehland 3.6 SF 524 Make os.urandom() blocking on Linux Victor Stinner 3.6 SF 525 Asynchronous Generators Yury Selivanov 3.6 SF 526 Syntax for Variable Annotations Ryan Gonzalez, Philip House, Ivan Levkivskyi, Lisa Roach, Guido van Rossum 3.6 SF 527 Removing Un(der)used file types/extensions on PyPI Donald Stufft SF 528 Change Windows console encoding to UTF-8 Steve Dower 3.6 SF 529 Change Windows filesystem encoding to UTF-8 Steve Dower 3.6 SF 530 Asynchronous Comprehensions Yury Selivanov 3.6 SF 538 Coercing the legacy C locale to a UTF-8 based locale Alyssa Coghlan 3.7 SF 539 A New C-API for Thread-Local Storage in CPython Erik M. Bray, Masayuki Yamamoto 3.7 SF 540 Add a new UTF-8 Mode Victor Stinner 3.7 SF 544 Protocols: Structural subtyping (static duck typing) Ivan Levkivskyi, Jukka Lehtosalo, Łukasz Langa 3.8 SF 552 Deterministic pycs Benjamin Peterson 3.7 SF 553 Built-in breakpoint() Barry Warsaw 3.7 SF 557 Data Classes Eric V. Smith 3.7 SF 560 Core support for typing module and generic types Ivan Levkivskyi 3.7 SF 561 Distributing and Packaging Type Information Emma Harper Smith 3.7 SF 562 Module __getattr__ and __dir__ Ivan Levkivskyi 3.7 SF 564 Add new time functions with nanosecond resolution Victor Stinner 3.7 SF 565 Show DeprecationWarning in __main__ Alyssa Coghlan 3.7 SF 566 Metadata for Python Software Packages 2.1 Dustin Ingram 3.x SF 567 Context Variables Yury Selivanov 3.7 SF 570 Python Positional-Only Parameters Larry Hastings, Pablo Galindo Salgado, Mario Corchero, Eric N. Vander Weele 3.8 SF 572 Assignment Expressions Chris Angelico, Tim Peters, Guido van Rossum 3.8 SF 573 Module State Access from C Extension Methods Petr Viktorin, Alyssa Coghlan, Eric Snow, Marcel Plch 3.9 SF 574 Pickle protocol 5 with out-of-band data Antoine Pitrou 3.8 SF 578 Python Runtime Audit Hooks Steve Dower 3.8 SF 584 Add Union Operators To dict Steven D’Aprano, Brandt Bucher 3.9 SF 585 Type Hinting Generics In Standard Collections Łukasz Langa 3.9 SF 586 Literal Types Michael Lee, Ivan Levkivskyi, Jukka Lehtosalo 3.8 SF 587 Python Initialization Configuration Victor Stinner, Alyssa Coghlan 3.8 SF 589 TypedDict: Type Hints for Dictionaries with a Fixed Set of Keys Jukka Lehtosalo 3.8 SF 590 Vectorcall: a fast calling protocol for CPython Mark Shannon, Jeroen Demeyer 3.8 SF 591 Adding a final qualifier to typing Michael J. Sullivan, Ivan Levkivskyi 3.8 SF 592 Adding “Yank” Support to the Simple API Donald Stufft SF 593 Flexible function and variable annotations Till Varoquaux, Konstantin Kashin 3.9 SF 594 Removing dead batteries from the standard library Christian Heimes, Brett Cannon 3.11 SF 597 Add optional EncodingWarning Inada Naoki 3.10 SF 600 Future ‘manylinux’ Platform Tags for Portable Linux Built Distributions Nathaniel J. Smith, Thomas Kluyver SF 604 Allow writing union types as X | Y Philippe PRADOS, Maggie Moss 3.10 SF 610 Recording the Direct URL Origin of installed distributions Stéphane Bidoul, Chris Jerdonek SF 612 Parameter Specification Variables Mark Mendoza 3.10 SF 613 Explicit Type Aliases Shannon Zhu 3.10 SF 614 Relaxing Grammar Restrictions On Decorators Brandt Bucher 3.9 SF 615 Support for the IANA Time Zone Database in the Standard Library Paul Ganssle 3.9 SF 616 String methods to remove prefixes and suffixes Dennis Sweeney 3.9 SF 617 New PEG parser for CPython Guido van Rossum, Pablo Galindo Salgado, Lysandros Nikolaou 3.9 SF 618 Add Optional Length-Checking To zip Brandt Bucher 3.10 SF 621 Storing project metadata in pyproject.toml Brett Cannon, Dustin Ingram, Paul Ganssle, Pradyun Gedam, Sébastien Eustace, Thomas Kluyver, Tzu-ping Chung SF 623 Remove wstr from Unicode Inada Naoki 3.10 SF 624 Remove Py_UNICODE encoder APIs Inada Naoki 3.11 SF 625 Filename of a Source Distribution Tzu-ping Chung, Paul Moore SF 626 Precise line numbers for debugging and other tools. Mark Shannon 3.10 SF 627 Recording installed projects Petr Viktorin SF 628 Add math.tau Alyssa Coghlan 3.6 SF 629 Versioning PyPI’s Simple API Donald Stufft SF 632 Deprecate distutils module Steve Dower 3.10 SF 634 Structural Pattern Matching: Specification Brandt Bucher, Guido van Rossum 3.10 SF 639 Improving License Clarity with Better Package Metadata Philippe Ombredanne, C.A.M. Gerlach, Karolina Surma SF 643 Metadata for Package Source Distributions Paul Moore SF 644 Require OpenSSL 1.1.1 or newer Christian Heimes 3.10 SF 646 Variadic Generics Mark Mendoza, Matthew Rahtz, Pradeep Kumar Srinivasan, Vincent Siles 3.11 SF 647 User-Defined Type Guards Eric Traut 3.10 SF 649 Deferred Evaluation Of Annotations Using Descriptors Larry Hastings 3.14 SF 652 Maintaining the Stable ABI Petr Viktorin 3.10 SF 654 Exception Groups and except* Irit Katriel, Yury Selivanov, Guido van Rossum 3.11 SF 655 Marking individual TypedDict items as required or potentially-missing David Foster 3.11 SF 656 Platform Tag for Linux Distributions Using Musl Tzu-ping Chung SF 657 Include Fine Grained Error Locations in Tracebacks Pablo Galindo Salgado, Batuhan Taskaya, Ammar Askar 3.11 SF 660 Editable installs for pyproject.toml based builds (wheel based) Daniel Holth, Stéphane Bidoul SF 667 Consistent views of namespaces Mark Shannon, Tian Gao 3.13 SF 669 Low Impact Monitoring for CPython Mark Shannon 3.12 SF 670 Convert macros to functions in the Python C API Erlend Egeberg Aasland, Victor Stinner 3.11 SF 673 Self Type Pradeep Kumar Srinivasan, James Hilton-Balfe 3.11 SF 675 Arbitrary Literal String Type Pradeep Kumar Srinivasan, Graham Bleaney 3.11 SF 678 Enriching Exceptions with Notes Zac Hatfield-Dodds 3.11 SF 680 tomllib: Support for Parsing TOML in the Standard Library Taneli Hukkinen, Shantanu Jain 3.11 SF 681 Data Class Transforms Erik De Bonte, Eric Traut 3.11 SF 682 Format Specifier for Signed Zero John Belmonte 3.11 SF 683 Immortal Objects, Using a Fixed Refcount Eric Snow, Eddie Elizondo 3.12 SF 684 A Per-Interpreter GIL Eric Snow 3.12 SF 685 Comparison of extra names for optional distribution dependencies Brett Cannon SF 688 Making the buffer protocol accessible in Python Jelle Zijlstra 3.12 SF 689 Unstable C API tier Petr Viktorin 3.12 SF 692 Using TypedDict for more precise **kwargs typing Franek Magiera 3.12 SF 695 Type Parameter Syntax Eric Traut 3.12 SF 696 Type Defaults for Type Parameters James Hilton-Balfe 3.13 SF 697 Limited C API for Extending Opaque Types Petr Viktorin 3.12 SF 698 Override Decorator for Static Typing Steven Troxler, Joshua Xu, Shannon Zhu 3.12 SF 700 Additional Fields for the Simple API for Package Indexes Paul Moore SF 702 Marking deprecations using the type system Jelle Zijlstra 3.13 SF 705 TypedDict: Read-only items Alice Purcell 3.13 SF 706 Filter for tarfile.extractall Petr Viktorin 3.12 SF 709 Inlined comprehensions Carl Meyer 3.12 SF 715 Disabling bdist_egg distribution uploads on PyPI William Woodruff SF 721 Using tarfile.data_filter for source distribution extraction Petr Viktorin 3.12 SF 723 Inline script metadata Ofek Lev SF 730 Adding iOS as a supported platform Russell Keith-Magee 3.13 SF 734 Multiple Interpreters in the Stdlib Eric Snow 3.14 SF 735 Dependency Groups in pyproject.toml Stephen Rosen SF 737 C API to format a type fully qualified name Victor Stinner 3.13 SF 738 Adding Android as a supported platform Malcolm Smith 3.13 SF 740 Index support for digital attestations William Woodruff, Facundo Tuesca, Dustin Ingram SF 741 Python Configuration C API Victor Stinner 3.14 SF 742 Narrowing types with TypeIs Jelle Zijlstra 3.13 SF 749 Implementing PEP 649 Jelle Zijlstra 3.14 SF 750 Template Strings Jim Baker, Guido van Rossum, Paul Everitt, Koudai Aono, Lysandros Nikolaou, Dave Peck 3.14 SF 751 A file format to record Python dependencies for installation reproducibility Brett Cannon SF 757 C API to import-export Python integers Sergey B Kirpichev, Victor Stinner 3.14 SF 758 Allow except and except* expressions without parentheses Pablo Galindo Salgado, Brett Cannon 3.14 SF 765 Disallow return/break/continue that exit a finally block Irit Katriel, Alyssa Coghlan 3.14 SF 768 Safe external debugger interface for CPython Pablo Galindo Salgado, Matt Wozniski, Ivona Stojanovic 3.14 SF 779 Criteria for supported status for free-threaded Python Thomas Wouters, Matt Page, Sam Gross 3.14 SF 782 Add PyBytesWriter C API Victor Stinner 3.15 SF 784 Adding Zstandard to the standard library Emma Harper Smith 3.14 SF 791 math.integer — submodule for integer-specific mathematics functions Neil Girdhar, Sergey B Kirpichev, Tim Peters, Serhiy Storchaka 3.15 SF 792 Project status markers in the simple index William Woodruff, Facundo Tuesca SF 3101 Advanced String Formatting Talin 3.0 SF 3102 Keyword-Only Arguments Talin 3.0 SF 3104 Access to Names in Outer Scopes Ka-Ping Yee 3.0 SF 3105 Make print a function Georg Brandl 3.0 SF 3106 Revamping dict.keys(), .values() and .items() Guido van Rossum 3.0 SF 3107 Function Annotations Collin Winter, Tony Lownds 3.0 SF 3108 Standard Library Reorganization Brett Cannon 3.0 SF 3109 Raising Exceptions in Python 3000 Collin Winter 3.0 SF 3110 Catching Exceptions in Python 3000 Collin Winter 3.0 SF 3111 Simple input built-in in Python 3000 Andre Roberge 3.0 SF 3112 Bytes literals in Python 3000 Jason Orendorff 3.0 SF 3113 Removal of Tuple Parameter Unpacking Brett Cannon 3.0 SF 3114 Renaming iterator.next() to iterator.__next__() Ka-Ping Yee 3.0 SF 3115 Metaclasses in Python 3000 Talin 3.0 SF 3116 New I/O Daniel Stutzbach, Guido van Rossum, Mike Verdone 3.0 SF 3118 Revising the buffer protocol Travis Oliphant, Carl Banks 3.0 SF 3119 Introducing Abstract Base Classes Guido van Rossum, Talin 3.0 SF 3120 Using UTF-8 as the default source encoding Martin von Löwis 3.0 SF 3121 Extension Module Initialization and Finalization Martin von Löwis 3.0 SF 3123 Making PyObject_HEAD conform to standard C Martin von Löwis 3.0 SF 3127 Integer Literal Support and Syntax Patrick Maupin 3.0 SF 3129 Class Decorators Collin Winter 3.0 SF 3131 Supporting Non-ASCII Identifiers Martin von Löwis 3.0 SF 3132 Extended Iterable Unpacking Georg Brandl 3.0 SF 3134 Exception Chaining and Embedded Tracebacks Ka-Ping Yee 3.0 SF 3135 New Super Calvin Spealman, Tim Delaney, Lie Ryan 3.0 SF 3137 Immutable Bytes and Mutable Buffer Guido van Rossum 3.0 SF 3138 String representation in Python 3000 Atsuo Ishimoto 3.0 SF 3141 A Type Hierarchy for Numbers Jeffrey Yasskin 3.0 SF 3144 IP Address Manipulation Library for the Python Standard Library Peter Moody 3.3 SF 3147 PYC Repository Directories Barry Warsaw 3.2 SF 3148 futures - execute computations asynchronously Brian Quinlan 3.2 SF 3149 ABI version tagged .so files Barry Warsaw 3.2 SF 3151 Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy Antoine Pitrou 3.3 SF 3154 Pickle protocol version 4 Antoine Pitrou 3.4 SF 3155 Qualified name for classes and functions Antoine Pitrou 3.3 SF 3156 Asynchronous IO Support Rebooted: the “asyncio” Module Guido van Rossum 3.3 Historical Meta-PEPs and Informational PEPs PEP Title Authors PS 5 Guidelines for Language Evolution Paul Prescod PS 6 Bug Fix Releases Aahz, Anthony Baxter IF 160 Python 1.6 Release Schedule Fred L. Drake, Jr. 1.6 IF 200 Python 2.0 Release Schedule Jeremy Hylton 2.0 IF 226 Python 2.1 Release Schedule Jeremy Hylton 2.1 IF 251 Python 2.2 Release Schedule Barry Warsaw, Guido van Rossum 2.2 IF 283 Python 2.3 Release Schedule Guido van Rossum 2.3 IF 320 Python 2.4 Release Schedule Barry Warsaw, Raymond Hettinger, Anthony Baxter 2.4 PF 347 Migrating the Python CVS to Subversion Martin von Löwis IF 356 Python 2.5 Release Schedule Neal Norwitz, Guido van Rossum, Anthony Baxter 2.5 PF 360 Externally Maintained Packages Brett Cannon IF 361 Python 2.6 and 3.0 Release Schedule Neal Norwitz, Barry Warsaw 2.6, 3.0 IF 373 Python 2.7 Release Schedule Benjamin Peterson 2.7 PF 374 Choosing a distributed VCS for the Python project Brett Cannon, Stephen J. Turnbull, Alexandre Vassalotti, Barry Warsaw, Dirkjan Ochtman IF 375 Python 3.1 Release Schedule Benjamin Peterson 3.1 PF 385 Migrating from Subversion to Mercurial Dirkjan Ochtman, Antoine Pitrou, Georg Brandl IF 392 Python 3.2 Release Schedule Georg Brandl 3.2 IF 398 Python 3.3 Release Schedule Georg Brandl 3.3 IF 404 Python 2.8 Un-release Schedule Barry Warsaw 2.8 IF 429 Python 3.4 Release Schedule Larry Hastings 3.4 PS 438 Transitioning to release-file hosting on PyPI Holger Krekel, Carl Meyer PF 449 Removal of the PyPI Mirror Auto Discovery and Naming Scheme Donald Stufft PF 464 Removal of the PyPI Mirror Authenticity API Donald Stufft PF 470 Removing External Hosting Support on PyPI Donald Stufft IF 478 Python 3.5 Release Schedule Larry Hastings 3.5 IF 494 Python 3.6 Release Schedule Ned Deily 3.6 PF 512 Migrating from hg.python.org to GitHub Brett Cannon IF 537 Python 3.7 Release Schedule Ned Deily 3.7 PF 541 Package Index Name Retention Łukasz Langa IF 569 Python 3.8 Release Schedule Łukasz Langa 3.8 PF 581 Using GitHub Issues for CPython Mariatta IF 596 Python 3.9 Release Schedule Łukasz Langa 3.9 PF 3000 Python 3000 Guido van Rossum PF 3002 Procedure for Backwards-Incompatible Changes Steven Bethard PF 3003 Python Language Moratorium Brett Cannon, Jesse Noller, Guido van Rossum PF 3099 Things that will Not Change in Python 3000 Georg Brandl PF 3100 Miscellaneous Python 3.0 Plans Brett Cannon PF 8001 Python Governance Voting Process Brett Cannon, Christian Heimes, Donald Stufft, Eric Snow, Gregory P. Smith, Łukasz Langa, Mariatta, Nathaniel J. Smith, Pablo Galindo Salgado, Raymond Hettinger, Tal Einat, Tim Peters, Zachary Ware Deferred PEPs (postponed pending further research or updates) PEP Title Authors SD 213 Attribute Access Handlers Paul Prescod 2.1 SD 219 Stackless Python Gordon McMillan 2.1 SD 222 Web Library Enhancements A.M. Kuchling 2.1 SD 233 Python Online Help Paul Prescod 2.1 SD 267 Optimized Access to Module Namespaces Jeremy Hylton 2.2 SD 269 Pgen Module for Python Jonathan Riehl 2.2 SD 280 Optimizing access to globals Guido van Rossum 2.3 SD 286 Enhanced Argument Tuples Martin von Löwis 2.3 SD 312 Simple Implicit Lambda Roman Suzi, Alex Martelli 2.4 SD 316 Programming by Contract for Python Terence Way SD 323 Copyable Iterators Alex Martelli 2.5 SD 337 Logging Usage in the Standard Library Michael P. Dubner 2.5 SD 368 Standard image protocol and class Lino Mastrodomenico 2.6, 3.0 SD 400 Deprecate codecs.StreamReader and codecs.StreamWriter Victor Stinner 3.3 SD 403 General purpose decorator clause (aka “@in” clause) Alyssa Coghlan 3.4 PD 407 New release cycle and introducing long-term support versions Antoine Pitrou, Georg Brandl, Barry Warsaw SD 419 Protecting cleanup statements from interruptions Paul Colomiets 3.3 ID 423 Naming conventions and recipes related to packaging Benoit Bryon ID 444 Python Web3 Interface Chris McDonough, Armin Ronacher SD 447 Add __getdescriptor__ method to metaclass Ronald Oussoren SD 491 The Wheel Binary Package Format 1.9 Daniel Holth SD 499 python -m foo should also bind ‘foo’ in sys.modules Cameron Simpson, Chris Angelico, Joseph Jevnik 3.10 SD 505 None-aware operators Mark E. Haase, Steve Dower 3.8 SD 532 A circuit breaking protocol and binary operators Alyssa Coghlan, Mark E. Haase 3.8 SD 533 Deterministic cleanup for iterators Nathaniel J. Smith SD 534 Improved Errors for Missing Standard Library Modules Tomáš Orsava, Petr Viktorin, Alyssa Coghlan SD 535 Rich comparison chaining Alyssa Coghlan 3.8 SD 547 Running extension modules using the -m option Marcel Plch, Petr Viktorin 3.7 SD 556 Threaded garbage collection Antoine Pitrou 3.7 SD 568 Generator-sensitivity for Context Variables Nathaniel J. Smith 3.8 SD 661 Sentinel Values Tal Einat SD 674 Disallow using macros as l-values Victor Stinner 3.12 SD 774 Removing the LLVM requirement for JIT builds Savannah Ostrowski 3.14 SD 778 Supporting Symlinks in Wheels Emma Harper Smith SD 787 Safer subprocess usage using t-strings Nick Humrich, Alyssa Coghlan 3.15 SD 3124 Overloading, Generic Functions, Interfaces, and Adaptation Phillip J. Eby SD 3143 Standard daemon process library Ben Finney 3.x SD 3150 Statement local namespaces (aka “given” clause) Alyssa Coghlan 3.4 Rejected, Superseded, and Withdrawn PEPs PEP Title Authors PW 3 Guidelines for Handling Bug Reports Jeremy Hylton PW 9 Sample Plaintext PEP Template Barry Warsaw PW 42 Feature Requests Jeremy Hylton IS 102 Doing Python Micro Releases Anthony Baxter, Barry Warsaw, Guido van Rossum IW 103 Collecting information about git Oleg Broytman SR 204 Range Literals Thomas Wouters 2.0 IW 206 Python Advanced Library A.M. Kuchling SW 209 Multi-dimensional Arrays Paul Barrett, Travis Oliphant 2.2 SR 210 Decoupling the Interpreter Loop David Ascher 2.1 SR 211 Adding A New Outer Product Operator Greg Wilson 2.1 SR 212 Loop Counter Iteration Peter Schneider-Kamp 2.1 SS 215 String Interpolation Ka-Ping Yee 2.1 IW 216 Docstring Format Moshe Zadka IR 220 Coroutines, Generators, Continuations Gordon McMillan SR 224 Attribute Docstrings Marc-André Lemburg 2.1 SR 225 Elementwise/Objectwise Operators Huaiyu Zhu, Gregory Lielens 2.1 SW 228 Reworking Python’s Numeric Model Moshe Zadka, Guido van Rossum SR 231 __findattr__() Barry Warsaw 2.1 SR 239 Adding a Rational Type to Python Christopher A. Craig, Moshe Zadka 2.2 SR 240 Adding a Rational Literal to Python Christopher A. Craig, Moshe Zadka 2.2 SS 241 Metadata for Python Software Packages A.M. Kuchling SW 242 Numeric Kinds Paul F. Dubois 2.2 SW 243 Module Repository Upload Mechanism Sean Reifschneider 2.1 SR 244 The directive statement Martin von Löwis 2.1 SR 245 Python Interface Syntax Michel Pelletier 2.2 SR 246 Object Adaptation Alex Martelli, Clark C. Evans 2.5 SR 254 Making Classes Look More Like Types Guido van Rossum 2.2 SR 256 Docstring Processing System Framework David Goodger SR 258 Docutils Design Specification David Goodger SR 259 Omit printing newline after newline Guido van Rossum 2.2 SR 262 A Database of Installed Python Packages A.M. Kuchling SR 265 Sorting Dictionaries by Value Grant Griffin 2.2 SW 266 Optimizing Global Variable/Attribute Access Skip Montanaro 2.3 SR 268 Extended HTTP functionality and WebDAV Greg Stein 2.x SR 270 uniq method for list objects Jason Petrone 2.2 SR 271 Prefixing sys.path by command line option Frédéric B. Giacometti 2.2 SR 275 Switching on Multiple Values Marc-André Lemburg 2.6 SR 276 Simple Iterator for ints Jim Althoff 2.3 SR 281 Loop Counter Iteration with range and xrange Magnus Lie Hetland 2.3 SR 284 Integer for-loops David Eppstein, Gregory Ewing 2.3 SW 288 Generators Attributes and Exceptions Raymond Hettinger 2.5 IS 291 Backward Compatibility for the Python 2 Standard Library Neal Norwitz 2.3 SR 294 Type Names in the types Module Oren Tirosh 2.5 SR 295 Interpretation of multiline string constants Stepan Koltsov 3.0 SW 296 Adding a bytes Object Type Scott Gilbert 2.3 SR 297 Support for System Upgrades Marc-André Lemburg 2.6 SW 298 The Locked Buffer Interface Thomas Heller 2.3 SR 299 Special __main__() function in modules Jeff Epler 2.3 SR 303 Extend divmod() for Multiple Divisors Thomas Bellman 2.3 SW 304 Controlling Generation of Bytecode Files Skip Montanaro IW 306 How to Change Python’s Grammar Michael Hudson, Jack Diederich, Alyssa Coghlan, Benjamin Peterson SR 310 Reliable Acquisition/Release Pairs Michael Hudson, Paul Moore 2.4 SR 313 Adding Roman Numeral Literals to Python Mike Meyer 2.4 SS 314 Metadata for Python Software Packages 1.1 A.M. Kuchling, Richard Jones 2.5 SR 315 Enhanced While Loop Raymond Hettinger, W Isaac Carroll 2.5 SR 317 Eliminate Implicit Exception Instantiation Steven Taschuk 2.4 SR 319 Python Synchronize/Asynchronize Block Michel Pelletier 2.4 SW 321 Date/Time Parsing and Formatting A.M. Kuchling 2.4 SR 325 Resource-Release Support for Generators Samuele Pedroni 2.4 SR 326 A Case for Top and Bottom Values Josiah Carlson, Terry Reedy 2.4 SR 329 Treating Builtins as Constants in the Standard Library Raymond Hettinger 2.4 SR 330 Python Bytecode Verification Michel Pelletier 2.6 SR 332 Byte vectors and String/Unicode Unification Skip Montanaro 2.5 SW 334 Simple Coroutines via SuspendIteration Clark C. Evans 3.0 SR 335 Overloadable Boolean Operators Gregory Ewing 3.3 SR 336 Make None Callable Andrew McClelland IW 339 Design of the CPython Compiler Brett Cannon SR 340 Anonymous Block Statements Guido van Rossum SS 344 Exception Chaining and Embedded Tracebacks Ka-Ping Yee 2.5 SS 345 Metadata for Python Software Packages 1.2 Richard Jones 2.7 SW 346 User Defined (“with”) Statements Alyssa Coghlan 2.5 SR 348 Exception Reorganization for Python 3.0 Brett Cannon SR 349 Allow str() to return unicode strings Neil Schemenauer 2.5 IR 350 Codetags Micah Elliott SR 351 The freeze protocol Barry Warsaw 2.5 SS 354 Enumerations in Python Ben Finney 2.6 SR 355 Path - Object oriented filesystem paths Björn Lindqvist 2.5 SW 359 The “make” Statement Steven Bethard 2.6 SR 363 Syntax For Dynamic Attribute Access Ben North SW 364 Transitioning to the Py3K Standard Library Barry Warsaw 2.6 SR 365 Adding the pkg_resources module Phillip J. Eby SS 367 New Super Calvin Spealman, Tim Delaney 2.6 SW 369 Post import hooks Christian Heimes 2.6, 3.0 SR 377 Allow __enter__() methods to skip the statement body Alyssa Coghlan 2.7, 3.1 SW 379 Adding an Assignment Expression Jervis Whitley 2.7, 3.2 SW 381 Mirroring infrastructure for PyPI Tarek Ziadé, Martin von Löwis SR 382 Namespace Packages Martin von Löwis 3.2 SS 386 Changing the version comparison module in Distutils Tarek Ziadé SR 390 Static metadata for Distutils Tarek Ziadé 2.7, 3.2 SW 395 Qualified Names for Modules Alyssa Coghlan 3.4 IW 396 Module Version Numbers Barry Warsaw PR 401 BDFL Retirement Barry Warsaw, Brett Cannon SR 402 Simplified Package Layout and Partitioning Phillip J. Eby 3.3 SW 406 Improved Encapsulation of Import State Alyssa Coghlan, Greg Slodkowicz 3.4 SR 408 Standard library __preview__ package Alyssa Coghlan, Eli Bendersky 3.3 SR 410 Use decimal.Decimal type for timestamps Victor Stinner 3.3 IS 411 Provisional packages in the Python standard library Alyssa Coghlan, Eli Bendersky 3.3 PW 413 Faster evolution of the Python Standard Library Alyssa Coghlan SR 416 Add a frozendict builtin type Victor Stinner 3.3 SW 422 Simpler customisation of class creation Alyssa Coghlan, Daniel Urban 3.5 IW 426 Metadata for Python Software Packages 2.0 Alyssa Coghlan, Daniel Holth, Donald Stufft SS 431 Time zone support improvements Lennart Regebro SW 432 Restructuring the CPython startup sequence Alyssa Coghlan, Victor Stinner, Eric Snow SS 433 Easier suppression of file descriptor inheritance Victor Stinner 3.4 SR 437 A DSL for specifying signatures, annotations and argument converters Stefan Krah 3.4 SR 439 Inclusion of implicit pip bootstrap in Python installation Richard Jones 3.4 SR 455 Adding a key-transforming dictionary to collections Antoine Pitrou 3.5 SW 459 Standard Metadata Extensions for Python Software Packages Alyssa Coghlan SW 460 Add binary interpolation and formatting Antoine Pitrou 3.5 PW 462 Core development workflow automation for CPython Alyssa Coghlan SR 463 Exception-catching expressions Chris Angelico 3.5 SW 469 Migration of dict iteration code to Python 3 Alyssa Coghlan 3.5 SR 472 Support for indexing with keyword arguments Stefano Borini, Joseph Martinot-Lagarde 3.6 SR 473 Adding structured data to built-in exceptions Sebastian Kreft PW 474 Creating forge.python.org Alyssa Coghlan PW 481 Migrate CPython to Git, Github, and Phabricator Donald Stufft SR 490 Chain exceptions at C level Victor Stinner 3.6 IR 496 Environment Markers James Polley PR 497 A standard mechanism for backward compatibility Ed Schofield SR 500 A protocol for delegating datetime methods to their tzinfo implementations Alexander Belopolsky, Tim Peters SW 501 General purpose template literal strings Alyssa Coghlan, Nick Humrich 3.12 IR 502 String Interpolation - Extended Discussion Mike G. Miller 3.6 SW 504 Using the System RNG by default Alyssa Coghlan 3.6 PR 507 Migrate CPython to Git and GitLab Barry Warsaw SS 509 Add a private version to dict Victor Stinner 3.6 SR 510 Specialize functions with guards Victor Stinner 3.6 SR 511 API for code transformers Victor Stinner 3.6 IS 513 A Platform Tag for Portable Linux Built Distributions Robert T. McGibbon, Nathaniel J. Smith SR 516 Build system abstraction for pip/conda etc Robert Collins, Nathaniel J. Smith SW 521 Managing global context via ‘with’ blocks in generators and coroutines Nathaniel J. Smith 3.6 SR 522 Allow BlockingIOError in security sensitive APIs Alyssa Coghlan, Nathaniel J. Smith 3.6 SW 531 Existence checking operators Alyssa Coghlan 3.7 SW 536 Final Grammar for Literal String Interpolation Philipp Angerer 3.7 SR 542 Dot Notation Assignment In Function Header Markus Meskanen SW 543 A Unified TLS API for Python Cory Benfield, Christian Heimes 3.7 SR 546 Backport ssl.MemoryBIO and ssl.SSLObject to Python 2.7 Victor Stinner, Cory Benfield 2.7 SR 548 More Flexible Loop Control R David Murray 3.7 SR 549 Instance Descriptors Larry Hastings 3.7 SW 550 Execution Context Yury Selivanov, Elvis Pranskevichus 3.7 IW 551 Security transparency in the Python runtime Steve Dower 3.7 SS 554 Multiple Interpreters in the Stdlib Eric Snow 3.13 SW 555 Context-local variables (contextvars) Koos Zevenhoven 3.7 SW 558 Defined semantics for locals() Alyssa Coghlan 3.13 SR 559 Built-in noop() Barry Warsaw 3.7 SS 563 Postponed Evaluation of Annotations Łukasz Langa 3.7 IS 571 The manylinux2010 Platform Tag Mark Williams, Geoffrey Thomas, Thomas Kluyver SW 575 Unifying function/method classes Jeroen Demeyer 3.8 SW 576 Rationalize Built-in function classes Mark Shannon 3.8 SW 577 Augmented Assignment Expressions Alyssa Coghlan 3.8 SR 580 The C call protocol Jeroen Demeyer 3.8 SR 582 Python local packages directory Kushal Das, Steve Dower, Donald Stufft, Alyssa Coghlan 3.12 IW 583 A Concurrency Memory Model for Python Jeffrey Yasskin IW 595 Improving bugs.python.org Ezio Melotti, Berker Peksag IW 598 Introducing incremental feature releases Alyssa Coghlan 3.9 IS 599 The manylinux2014 Platform Tag Dustin Ingram SR 601 Forbid return/break/continue breaking out of finally Damien George, Batuhan Taskaya 3.8 IR 605 A rolling feature release stream for CPython Steve Dower, Alyssa Coghlan 3.9 SR 606 Python Compatibility Version Victor Stinner 3.9 SR 608 Coordinated Python release Miro Hrončok, Victor Stinner 3.9 SW 611 The one million limit Mark Shannon SW 620 Hide implementation details from the C API Victor Stinner 3.12 SS 622 Structural Pattern Matching Brandt Bucher, Daniel F Moisset, Tobias Kohn, Ivan Levkivskyi, Guido van Rossum, Talin 3.10 SS 631 Dependency specification in pyproject.toml based on PEP 508 Ofek Lev SR 633 Dependency specification in pyproject.toml using an exploded TOML table Laurie Opperman, Arun Babu Neelicattu SR 637 Support for indexing with keyword arguments Stefano Borini 3.10 SR 640 Unused variable syntax Thomas Wouters 3.10 SR 641 Using an underscore in the version portion of Python 3.10 compatibility tags Brett Cannon, Steve Dower, Barry Warsaw 3.10 SR 642 Explicit Pattern Syntax for Structural Pattern Matching Alyssa Coghlan 3.10 SW 645 Allow writing optional types as x? Maggie Moss SR 648 Extensible customizations of the interpreter at startup Mario Corchero 3.11 SW 650 Specifying Installer Requirements for Python Projects Vikram Jayanthi, Dustin Ingram, Brett Cannon SR 651 Robust Stack Overflow Handling Mark Shannon SR 662 Editable installs via virtual wheels Bernát Gábor IR 663 Standardizing Enum str(), repr(), and format() behaviors Ethan Furman 3.11 SR 665 A file format to list Python dependencies for reproducibility of an application Brett Cannon, Pradyun Gedam, Tzu-ping Chung SR 666 Reject Foolish Indentation Laura Creighton 2.2 SR 677 Callable Type Syntax Steven Troxler, Pradeep Kumar Srinivasan 3.11 SR 679 New assert statement syntax with parentheses Pablo Galindo Salgado, Stan Ulbrych 3.15 SR 690 Lazy Imports Germán Méndez Bravo, Carl Meyer 3.12 SW 704 Require virtual environments by default for package installers Pradyun Gedam SR 707 A simplified signature for __exit__ and __aexit__ Irit Katriel 3.12 SR 712 Adding a “converter” parameter to dataclasses.field Joshua Cannon 3.13 SR 713 Callable Modules Amethyst Reese 3.12 SR 722 Dependency specification for single-file scripts Paul Moore SW 724 Stricter Type Guards Rich Chiodo, Eric Traut, Erik De Bonte 3.13 SR 726 Module __setattr__ and __delattr__ Sergey B Kirpichev 3.13 SW 727 Documentation in Annotated Metadata Sebastián Ramírez 3.13 SR 736 Shorthand syntax for keyword arguments at invocation Joshua Bambrick, Chris Angelico 3.14 SR 754 IEEE 754 Floating Point Special Values Gregory R. Warnes 2.3 SW 756 Add PyUnicode_Export() and PyUnicode_Import() C functions Victor Stinner 3.14 SW 759 External Wheel Hosting Barry Warsaw, Emma Harper Smith SW 760 No More Bare Excepts Pablo Galindo Salgado, Brett | 2026-01-13T08:49:07 |
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Right menu Dario Amodei - resigns from openai & built AI safety Tashfia Akther Tashfia Akther Tashfia Akther Follow Dec 28 '25 Dario Amodei - resigns from openai & built AI safety # discuss # ai # machinelearning # startup 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Build Your Own Voice Stack with Deepgram and PlayHT: A Developer's Journey CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 10 Build Your Own Voice Stack with Deepgram and PlayHT: A Developer's Journey # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 14 min read Extracting Flow-Level Network Features from PCAPs with Tranalyzer2 Ritwick Mondal Ritwick Mondal Ritwick Mondal Follow Dec 26 '25 Extracting Flow-Level Network Features from PCAPs with Tranalyzer2 # networksecurity # trafficanalysis # machinelearning # encryptedtraffic Comments Add Comment 4 min read Model‑First Reasoning Myth‑Tech: One Mechanism, Two Dialects Narnaiezzsshaa Truong Narnaiezzsshaa Truong Narnaiezzsshaa Truong Follow Dec 26 '25 Model‑First Reasoning Myth‑Tech: One Mechanism, Two Dialects # ai # machinelearning # security # philosophy Comments Add Comment 2 min read Retell AI Twilio Integration Tutorial: Build AI Voice Calls Step-by-Step CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 27 '25 Retell AI Twilio Integration Tutorial: Build AI Voice Calls Step-by-Step # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments 1 comment 13 min read Understanding LLM vs AI: What Every Engineer Needs to Know | My Site i Ash i Ash i Ash Follow Dec 26 '25 Understanding LLM vs AI: What Every Engineer Needs to Know | My Site # machinelearning # ai # beginners # llm Comments Add Comment 5 min read When Neural Networks Stop Learning: Understanding Vanishing Gradients Rijul Rajesh Rijul Rajesh Rijul Rajesh Follow Dec 28 '25 When Neural Networks Stop Learning: Understanding Vanishing Gradients # ai # machinelearning 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Complete MITRE ATT&CK MCP Server Inoussa Mouiche Inoussa Mouiche Inoussa Mouiche Follow Dec 26 '25 Complete MITRE ATT&CK MCP Server # mcp # agents # cybersecurity # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 5 min read Build Your Own Voice Stack with Deepgram and PlayHT: A Practical Guide CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 10 Build Your Own Voice Stack with Deepgram and PlayHT: A Practical Guide # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 12 min read How to Deploy a Voice AI Agent for HVAC Customer Inquiries: My Journey CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 25 '25 How to Deploy a Voice AI Agent for HVAC Customer Inquiries: My Journey # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 13 min read What Actually Slows Down PyTorch Training? I Surveyed ML Engineers Abhinav Srivastav Abhinav Srivastav Abhinav Srivastav Follow Dec 25 '25 What Actually Slows Down PyTorch Training? I Surveyed ML Engineers # ai # opensource # machinelearning # developer Comments Add Comment 2 min read SLMs vs. LLMs : Why Bigger Isn’t Always Better for Logistics & Supply Chain Intelligence Arijit Ghosh Arijit Ghosh Arijit Ghosh Follow Dec 31 '25 SLMs vs. LLMs : Why Bigger Isn’t Always Better for Logistics & Supply Chain Intelligence # ai # machinelearning # llm # datascience Comments 1 comment 5 min read Setting Up a Data Science Environment on the Cloud (Without the Usual Setup Pain) Mukul Wadhwa Mukul Wadhwa Mukul Wadhwa Follow Dec 26 '25 Setting Up a Data Science Environment on the Cloud (Without the Usual Setup Pain) # python # datascience # machinelearning # cloud Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why I Built a Pure Python Library for Legacy Office Files (And Why RAG Pipelines Need One) Tobias Horsmann Tobias Horsmann Tobias Horsmann Follow Dec 25 '25 Why I Built a Pure Python Library for Legacy Office Files (And Why RAG Pipelines Need One) # python # ai # machinelearning # opensource Comments Add Comment 3 min read Blockchain Beyond Crypto: Revolutionizing Supply Chains, Identity, and Secure Data Adnan Arif Adnan Arif Adnan Arif Follow Dec 26 '25 Blockchain Beyond Crypto: Revolutionizing Supply Chains, Identity, and Secure Data # ai # machinelearning # blockchain Comments Add Comment 4 min read Getting Started with AI on AWS: A Practical Guide Vasil Shaikh Vasil Shaikh Vasil Shaikh Follow Dec 25 '25 Getting Started with AI on AWS: A Practical Guide # aws # generativeai # machinelearning # cloud Comments Add Comment 5 min read 7 Best AI Soccer Prediction Tools to Beat the Experts in 2026 Anas Kayssi Anas Kayssi Anas Kayssi Follow Jan 9 7 Best AI Soccer Prediction Tools to Beat the Experts in 2026 # machinelearning # socceranalytics # datascience # sportsbetting Comments Add Comment 7 min read Day 33 of improving my Data Science skills🎄 Sylvester Promise Sylvester Promise Sylvester Promise Follow Dec 25 '25 Day 33 of improving my Data Science skills🎄 # development # tooling # datascience # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 2 min read Part 3 — When Prompt Engineering Becomes Configuration MuzammilTalha MuzammilTalha MuzammilTalha Follow Dec 31 '25 Part 3 — When Prompt Engineering Becomes Configuration # genai # ai # softwareengineering # machinelearning 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Gradient Descent vs Adam Optimizer: A Beginner’s Guide likhitha manikonda likhitha manikonda likhitha manikonda Follow Dec 25 '25 Gradient Descent vs Adam Optimizer: A Beginner’s Guide # ai # machinelearning # learning # algorithms Comments Add Comment 2 min read Teaching Computers to Read Handwriting: Neural Networks Made Simple likhitha manikonda likhitha manikonda likhitha manikonda Follow Dec 25 '25 Teaching Computers to Read Handwriting: Neural Networks Made Simple # aiops # machinelearning # neuralnetworks # learning Comments Add Comment 4 min read Level 0 3 Physics: From Serial Prototypes to Parallel Manifolds and GPU Constraint Solvers p3nGu1nZz p3nGu1nZz p3nGu1nZz Follow Dec 25 '25 Level 0 3 Physics: From Serial Prototypes to Parallel Manifolds and GPU Constraint Solvers # machinelearning # gamedev # programming # ai Comments Add Comment 6 min read Understanding Gradients: The Engine Behind Neural Network Learning Rijul Rajesh Rijul Rajesh Rijul Rajesh Follow Dec 26 '25 Understanding Gradients: The Engine Behind Neural Network Learning # ai # machinelearning 15 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Understanding AGI vs ANI: A Beginner’s Guide to Artificial Intelligence likhitha manikonda likhitha manikonda likhitha manikonda Follow Dec 25 '25 Understanding AGI vs ANI: A Beginner’s Guide to Artificial Intelligence # ai # machinelearning # programming # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read Ace Roche's Data Scientist Interview: From Clinical Data to Model Deployment net programhelp net programhelp net programhelp Follow Dec 26 '25 Ace Roche's Data Scientist Interview: From Clinical Data to Model Deployment # machinelearning # interview # career # datascience Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Artificial Intelligence Follow Hide Artificial intelligence leverages computers and machines to mimic the problem-solving and decision-making capabilities found in humans and in nature. Create Post submission guidelines Posts about artificial intelligence. Older #ai posts 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Complete Guide to Setting Up Claude Code Router with Qwen on macOS Hamza Khan Hamza Khan Hamza Khan Follow Jan 10 Complete Guide to Setting Up Claude Code Router with Qwen on macOS # claude # coding # ai # claudecode Comments Add Comment 3 min read How Code-Executing AI Agents are Making 128K Context Windows Obsolete Deviprasad Shetty Deviprasad Shetty Deviprasad Shetty Follow Jan 10 How Code-Executing AI Agents are Making 128K Context Windows Obsolete # ai # python # machinelearning # architecture Comments Add Comment 3 min read I Built an Autonomous Insurance Claims Agent (Because I Hate Paperwork) Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Follow Jan 10 I Built an Autonomous Insurance Claims Agent (Because I Hate Paperwork) # python # ai # automation # programming Comments Add Comment 7 min read Beyond Image Labels: Estimating Food Portions and Calories using Grounding DINO + SAM Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Follow Jan 11 Beyond Image Labels: Estimating Food Portions and Calories using Grounding DINO + SAM # ai # fastapi # sam # webdev Comments Add Comment 4 min read I Built an Autonomous Insurance Claims Agent (Because I Hate Paperwork) Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Follow Jan 10 I Built an Autonomous Insurance Claims Agent (Because I Hate Paperwork) # python # ai # automation # programming Comments Add Comment 3 min read I scraped 1,600 DEV.TO articles from 2025 and built an infographic Andrey Andrade Andrey Andrade Andrey Andrade Follow Jan 11 I scraped 1,600 DEV.TO articles from 2025 and built an infographic # devto # ai # webdev # datascience 2 reactions Comments 3 comments 1 min read How I Built an Orchestrator-Worker System for Claude Code Mohamed Aly Amin Mohamed Aly Amin Mohamed Aly Amin Follow Jan 10 How I Built an Orchestrator-Worker System for Claude Code # claudecode # ai # devtools # opensource Comments Add Comment 2 min read A Small LLM Trick: Giving AI Assistants Long-Term Memory Morten Olsen Morten Olsen Morten Olsen Follow Jan 10 A Small LLM Trick: Giving AI Assistants Long-Term Memory # programming # ai Comments Add Comment 5 min read This Week in AI: ChatGPT Health Risks, Programming for LLMs, and Why Indonesia Blocked Grok Ethan Zhang Ethan Zhang Ethan Zhang Follow Jan 11 This Week in AI: ChatGPT Health Risks, Programming for LLMs, and Why Indonesia Blocked Grok # news # ai # chatgpt # security Comments Add Comment 5 min read RAG Works — Until You Hit the Long Tail Meidi Airouche Meidi Airouche Meidi Airouche Follow for Onepoint Jan 11 RAG Works — Until You Hit the Long Tail # ai # llm # rag # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 5 min read The M3 MacBook Pro Is a Rip-Off for Most People (But a Beast for One Niche) ii-x ii-x ii-x Follow Jan 10 The M3 MacBook Pro Is a Rip-Off for Most People (But a Beast for One Niche) # ai # tech # productivity Comments Add Comment 4 min read AI Trading: Lesson Learned #129: Backtest Evaluation Bugs Discovered via Deep Research Igor Ganapolsky Igor Ganapolsky Igor Ganapolsky Follow Jan 10 AI Trading: Lesson Learned #129: Backtest Evaluation Bugs Discovered via Deep Research # ai # trading # python # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 2 min read DevOps in 2026 — What It Really Means Now (And Where It's Heading Fast) Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Follow Jan 10 DevOps in 2026 — What It Really Means Now (And Where It's Heading Fast) # devops # ai # aiops # trends 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read AI Trading: Lesson Learned #128: Comprehensive Trust Audit (Jan 10, 2026) Igor Ganapolsky Igor Ganapolsky Igor Ganapolsky Follow Jan 10 AI Trading: Lesson Learned #128: Comprehensive Trust Audit (Jan 10, 2026) # ai # trading # python # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 2 min read AI Does Tasks. Humans Do Deals. synthaicode synthaicode synthaicode Follow Jan 10 AI Does Tasks. Humans Do Deals. # ai # career # softwareengineering # management Comments Add Comment 3 min read I Analyzed 1,000+ YouTube "Side Hustles"—85% Are Scams. Here is the Data. Nyanguno Nyanguno Nyanguno Follow Jan 10 I Analyzed 1,000+ YouTube "Side Hustles"—85% Are Scams. Here is the Data. # discuss # startup # webdev # ai Comments Add Comment 3 min read The "Prompt Doom Loop": Why your AI output gets worse the more you try to fix it Tejas Tejas Tejas Follow Jan 10 The "Prompt Doom Loop": Why your AI output gets worse the more you try to fix it # ai # promptengineering # productivity # devtools 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Your AI Thinks You're a Genius. That's a Problem. Dexmac Dexmac Dexmac Follow Jan 10 Your AI Thinks You're a Genius. That's a Problem. # ai # promptengineering # psychology Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building an AI-Powered GTM Audit Tool: A Technical Breakdown Tom Regan Tom Regan Tom Regan Follow Jan 10 Building an AI-Powered GTM Audit Tool: A Technical Breakdown # saas # startup # ai # webdev Comments Add Comment 4 min read PLI 7.10 - Bypassing AI Knowledge Cutoffs with Auto-Data Synthesis seridarivus 13 seridarivus 13 seridarivus 13 Follow Jan 10 PLI 7.10 - Bypassing AI Knowledge Cutoffs with Auto-Data Synthesis # ai # devops # api # tdd 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read AI Trading: Lesson Learned #129: Wheel Strategy Criticism - Deep Research Igor Ganapolsky Igor Ganapolsky Igor Ganapolsky Follow Jan 10 AI Trading: Lesson Learned #129: Wheel Strategy Criticism - Deep Research # ai # trading # python # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 3 min read Qué es CAI-EXPERT-LAB — y qué no es Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Follow Jan 11 Qué es CAI-EXPERT-LAB — y qué no es # ai # architecture # cybersecurity # spanish Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🚀 Stop drowning in Tabs: Meet Noi, the Open Source Browser Built for AI Siddhesh Surve Siddhesh Surve Siddhesh Surve Follow Jan 9 🚀 Stop drowning in Tabs: Meet Noi, the Open Source Browser Built for AI # ai # opensource # productivity # nocode Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building FatAdvisor: A .NET Nutrition AI Agent. Part 2: Agent goes outside Dmitry Bogomolov Dmitry Bogomolov Dmitry Bogomolov Follow Jan 10 Building FatAdvisor: A .NET Nutrition AI Agent. Part 2: Agent goes outside # showdev # dotnet # ai # programming Comments Add Comment 11 min read AI Trading: Lesson Learned #129: CEO Trust Audit - Comprehensive Answers (Jan 10, 2026) Igor Ganapolsky Igor Ganapolsky Igor Ganapolsky Follow Jan 10 AI Trading: Lesson Learned #129: CEO Trust Audit - Comprehensive Answers (Jan 10, 2026) # ai # trading # python # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # systemdesign Follow Hide Create Post Older #systemdesign posts 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu How I Built a Golang AI Gateway to Cut OpenAI Costs by 90% SUNNY ANAND SUNNY ANAND SUNNY ANAND Follow Jan 6 How I Built a Golang AI Gateway to Cut OpenAI Costs by 90% # go # ai # systemdesign # opensource 5 reactions Comments 6 comments 2 min read How to Design a Notification System: A Complete Guide Madhur Banger Madhur Banger Madhur Banger Follow Dec 6 '25 How to Design a Notification System: A Complete Guide # webdev # aws # systemdesign # distributedsystems 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 9 min read From Monolithic CLIs to Modular Plugins: Applying the Strangler Fig Pattern Aman Kumar Aman Kumar Aman Kumar Follow Dec 4 '25 From Monolithic CLIs to Modular Plugins: Applying the Strangler Fig Pattern # systemdesign # softwareengineering # architecture # designpatterns Comments Add Comment 8 min read Lightweight big data processing technology Open Source SPL Open Source SPL Open Source SPL Follow Dec 5 '25 Lightweight big data processing technology # architecture # dataengineering # systemdesign 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read How to Rebuild Your Money System Using “Input Output” Thinking Brian Davies Brian Davies Brian Davies Follow Dec 5 '25 How to Rebuild Your Money System Using “Input Output” Thinking # productivity # systemdesign # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read Session Tokens vs JWTs: The False Dichotomy Abdullah Bashir Abdullah Bashir Abdullah Bashir Follow Jan 2 Session Tokens vs JWTs: The False Dichotomy # webdev # programming # authentication # systemdesign 11 reactions Comments 2 comments 8 min read What 100+ Production Incidents Taught Me About System Design Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Muhammad Yawar Malik Follow Jan 4 What 100+ Production Incidents Taught Me About System Design # aws # systemdesign # sre # devops 9 reactions Comments 5 comments 5 min read Cloud Native Engineer is back Cloud Native Engineer Cloud Native Engineer Cloud Native Engineer Follow Dec 4 '25 Cloud Native Engineer is back # kubernetes # devops # systemdesign # ai Comments Add Comment 1 min read Code-Level Monolith: The Hybrid Architecture & The Art of "Flexible Deployment" Alireza Feizi Alireza Feizi Alireza Feizi Follow Dec 4 '25 Code-Level Monolith: The Hybrid Architecture & The Art of "Flexible Deployment" # architecture # microservices # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 12 min read Opinion on weird system design Aryan Chauhan Aryan Chauhan Aryan Chauhan Follow Dec 3 '25 Opinion on weird system design # systemdesign # programming # architecture Comments Add Comment 1 min read Stateless vs Stateful Services Nilesh Raut Nilesh Raut Nilesh Raut Follow Jan 6 Stateless vs Stateful Services # systemdesign # backend # microservices # architecture 6 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read Ingesting 100M Heartbeats: Scaling Wearable Tech Without Going Broke Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Follow Dec 25 '25 Ingesting 100M Heartbeats: Scaling Wearable Tech Without Going Broke # programming # systemdesign # database # performance Comments Add Comment 3 min read Demystifying Crypto Influencers: A Professional Analysis System for Replicating Founder Workflows fmzquant fmzquant fmzquant Follow Jan 6 Demystifying Crypto Influencers: A Professional Analysis System for Replicating Founder Workflows # cozechallenge # mysql # nocode # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 8 min read Single State Model Architecture Adam Cerny Adam Cerny Adam Cerny Follow Dec 15 '25 Single State Model Architecture # architecture # systemdesign # design # programming Comments 1 comment 6 min read Scalable Architecture Principles: 9 Rules That Survive Real Load Daniel R. Foster Daniel R. Foster Daniel R. Foster Follow Jan 6 Scalable Architecture Principles: 9 Rules That Survive Real Load # scalablearchitecture # performanceengineering # systemdesign # scalability 10 reactions Comments 1 comment 6 min read I Built an AI System Design Generator — Here’s How It Works (ArcMind AI) Satyam Pratibhan Satyam Pratibhan Satyam Pratibhan Follow Dec 3 '25 I Built an AI System Design Generator — Here’s How It Works (ArcMind AI) # systemdesign # ai # webdev # programming Comments Add Comment 2 min read How Intentional Constraints Lead to Superior Code Fedar Haponenka Fedar Haponenka Fedar Haponenka Follow Dec 1 '25 How Intentional Constraints Lead to Superior Code # webdev # programming # architecture # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 3 min read System Design & Software Architecture: Building Scalable Systems Sepehr Mohseni Sepehr Mohseni Sepehr Mohseni Follow Jan 4 System Design & Software Architecture: Building Scalable Systems # systemdesign # architecture # distributedsystems # backend 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 6 min read So I Wrote My Own Compiler, SDK, and Node Package To Revive A Minecraft Mod Ars Paradox Ars Paradox Ars Paradox Follow Nov 30 '25 So I Wrote My Own Compiler, SDK, and Node Package To Revive A Minecraft Mod # python # java # systemdesign # javascript Comments Add Comment 10 min read Handling Lingering Conversations Gracefully in Microsoft Copilot Studio Bala Madhusoodhanan Bala Madhusoodhanan Bala Madhusoodhanan Follow Dec 1 '25 Handling Lingering Conversations Gracefully in Microsoft Copilot Studio # copilotstudio # systemdesign # powerfuldevs # powerplatform 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read The "Happy Path" is dead. This is the era of Defensive AI Architecture. Jalil B. Jalil B. Jalil B. Follow Nov 30 '25 The "Happy Path" is dead. This is the era of Defensive AI Architecture. # ai # systemdesign # architecture # backend Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why Strong Systems Beat Strong Personalities in AI-Driven Organizations Connie Baugher Connie Baugher Connie Baugher Follow Jan 4 Why Strong Systems Beat Strong Personalities in AI-Driven Organizations # ucf # ai # systemdesign # orlando Comments Add Comment 2 min read Deadlock(OS) vs Deadlock(DBMS) Sujeet Pandey Sujeet Pandey Sujeet Pandey Follow Nov 30 '25 Deadlock(OS) vs Deadlock(DBMS) # computerscience # database # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 2 min read Financial Transaction Data Reconciler PayPal Eliana Lam Eliana Lam Eliana Lam Follow Nov 30 '25 Financial Transaction Data Reconciler PayPal # systemdesign # distributedsystems # dataengineering # aws Comments Add Comment 5 min read Building Resilient AI Agent Workflows That Handle Real-World Data Messiness Robort Gabriel Robort Gabriel Robort Gabriel Follow Jan 2 Building Resilient AI Agent Workflows That Handle Real-World Data Messiness # systemdesign # data # agents # ai 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/virendra_jadhav_4559c5006/introducing-apppulse-a-lightweight-request-signal-collector-for-ruby-apps-3p4p | Introducing app_pulse: a lightweight request signal collector for Ruby apps - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Virendra Jadhav Posted on Jan 11 Introducing app_pulse: a lightweight request signal collector for Ruby apps # ruby # rails # opensource # rubygems I recently published my first Ruby gem, app_pulse , and I wanted to share the motivation, design decisions, and lessons learned while building it. This is not an APM, not a dashboard, and not an optimizer. It’s a signal collector . Why app_pulse? In many Ruby and Rails applications, we jump too quickly to dashboards, alerts, or optimization tools before we even understand what’s happening inside our apps. I wanted a tool that: Collects request lifecycle signals Is safe in production Does not depend on Rails internals Stores data in simple formats Lets developers decide later what to do with the data That idea became app_pulse . What app_pulse Does app_pulse is a Rack-based middleware that captures basic request signals: Timestamp (UTC, ISO-8601) HTTP method Path Status code Duration (ms) Success / failure Error message (if any) The data is stored locally in CSV, JSON, or Text files , rotated daily. No database. No UI. No advice. Just clean signals. What app_pulse Does NOT Do This is important: ❌ No performance recommendations ❌ No dashboards ❌ No automatic optimization ❌ No Rails-only behavior ❌ No database writes Those concerns are intentionally left for future extensions or external tools . Design Philosophy A few principles guided this gem: Signals > opinions Rack first, Rails friendly Zero configuration by default Fail silently, never break the host app Extensible, not monolithic Observability tools should never affect availability. Example Usage (Rails) # config/application.rb config . middleware . use AppPulse :: Middleware :: Request Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Optional configuration: AppPulse . configure do | config | config . output_path = "log/app_pulse" config . output_format = :csv config . sampling_rate = 1.0 end Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode That’s it. Ruby & Framework Compatibility Ruby 2.3+ Rails, Rack, Sinatra No ActiveSupport dependency in core The gem is tested with modern Ruby and older Ruby (2.3) using Rack apps. Lessons Learned Building and releasing this gem taught me a lot about: Ruby gem packaging pitfalls Load path issues Semantic versioning Testing across Ruby versions Designing APIs that don’t lock you in early Shipping something small and correct is much harder — and more valuable — than shipping something big and fragile. Links RubyGems: https://rubygems.org/gems/app_pulse Source code: https://github.com/virendra-jadhav/app_pulse Feedback, critique, and suggestions are very welcome. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Virendra Jadhav Follow Joined Jun 9, 2025 Trending on DEV Community Hot Prompt Engineering Won’t Fix Your Architecture # discuss # career # ai # programming The First Week at a Startup Taught Me More Than I Expected # startup # beginners # career # learning AI should not be in Code Editors # programming # ai # productivity # discuss 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions CallStack Tech We skip the "What is AI?" intro fluff. If you're shipping voice agents that handle real users, this is for you. Joined Joined on Dec 2, 2025 Personal website https://callstack.tech More info about @callstacktech Badges 1 Week Community Wellness Streak For actively engaging with the community by posting at least 2 comments in a single week. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 72 posts published Comment 2 comments written Tag 9 tags followed How to Build a Voice AI Agent for HVAC Customer Support: My Experience CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 13 How to Build a Voice AI Agent for HVAC Customer Support: My Experience # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 14 min read Want to connect with CallStack Tech? Create an account to connect with CallStack Tech. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in How to Transcribe and Detect Intent Using Deepgram for STT: A Developer's Journey CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 12 How to Transcribe and Detect Intent Using Deepgram for STT: A Developer's Journey # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 11 min read Integrating HubSpot with Salesforce using Webhooks for Real-Time Data Synchronization CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 12 Integrating HubSpot with Salesforce using Webhooks for Real-Time Data Synchronization # api # webdev # tutorial # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 13 min read How to Build Custom Pipelines for Voice AI Integration: A Developer's Journey CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 11 How to Build Custom Pipelines for Voice AI Integration: A Developer's Journey # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 13 min read How to Set Up an AI Voice Agent for Customer Support in SaaS Applications CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 10 How to Set Up an AI Voice Agent for Customer Support in SaaS Applications # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 12 min read Build Your Own Voice Stack with Deepgram and PlayHT: A Practical Guide CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 10 Build Your Own Voice Stack with Deepgram and PlayHT: A Practical Guide # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 12 min read Build Your Own Voice Stack with Deepgram and PlayHT: A Developer's Journey CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 10 Build Your Own Voice Stack with Deepgram and PlayHT: A Developer's Journey # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 14 min read Implementing Real-Time Audio Streaming in VAPI: What I Learned CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 9 Implementing Real-Time Audio Streaming in VAPI: What I Learned # ai # voicetech # webdev # tutorial Comments Add Comment 13 min read Deploying Custom Voice Models in VAPI for E-commerce: Key Insights CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 9 Deploying Custom Voice Models in VAPI for E-commerce: Key Insights # ai # voicetech # webdev # tutorial Comments Add Comment 12 min read Implementing Real-Time Streaming with VAPI: Enhancing Customer Support with Voice AI CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 8 Implementing Real-Time Streaming with VAPI: Enhancing Customer Support with Voice AI # ai # voicetech # webdev # tutorial Comments Add Comment 12 min read How to Set Up Voice AI Webhook Handling for Real Estate Inquiries Effectively CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 7 How to Set Up Voice AI Webhook Handling for Real Estate Inquiries Effectively # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 13 min read Integrate Twilio with CRM using Low-Code Tools like Zapier and Make: My Journey CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 7 Integrate Twilio with CRM using Low-Code Tools like Zapier and Make: My Journey # api # webdev # tutorial # javascript Comments Add Comment 14 min read Implementing Real-Time Streaming with VAPI: My Journey to Voice AI Success CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 5 Implementing Real-Time Streaming with VAPI: My Journey to Voice AI Success # ai # voicetech # webdev # tutorial Comments Add Comment 13 min read Integrate Voice AI with No-Code Tools and CRM for Automation: My Journey CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 3 Integrate Voice AI with No-Code Tools and CRM for Automation: My Journey # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 11 min read Secure Integration of Twilio, Zapier, and Railway for Compliance and Data Unification CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 2 Secure Integration of Twilio, Zapier, and Railway for Compliance and Data Unification # api # webdev # tutorial # javascript Comments Add Comment 13 min read Technical Implementation Focus Areas for Voice AI Integration: Key Insights CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 2 Technical Implementation Focus Areas for Voice AI Integration: Key Insights # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 12 min read How to Integrate Ethically with Retell AI and Bland AI: A Developer's Guide CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 1 How to Integrate Ethically with Retell AI and Bland AI: A Developer's Guide # ai # voicetech # api # tutorial Comments Add Comment 12 min read Creating Custom Voice Profiles in VAPI for E-commerce: Boosting Sales CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 1 Creating Custom Voice Profiles in VAPI for E-commerce: Boosting Sales # ai # voicetech # webdev # tutorial Comments Add Comment 12 min read Integrate Voice AI with Salesforce for Sales Automation: A Real Developer's Guide CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 31 '25 Integrate Voice AI with Salesforce for Sales Automation: A Real Developer's Guide # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 14 min read Empathetic Meeting Booking: Integrate with HubSpot CRM Using AI Tools CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 30 '25 Empathetic Meeting Booking: Integrate with HubSpot CRM Using AI Tools # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 12 min read How to Monetize Voice AI Agents for SaaS Startups with VAPI: My Journey CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 30 '25 How to Monetize Voice AI Agents for SaaS Startups with VAPI: My Journey # ai # voicetech # webdev # tutorial Comments Add Comment 13 min read How to Test Multilingual and Contextual Memory for Intuitive Voice AI Agents CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 29 '25 How to Test Multilingual and Contextual Memory for Intuitive Voice AI Agents # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 14 min read How to Calculate ROI for Voice AI Agents in eCommerce: A Practical Guide CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 29 '25 How to Calculate ROI for Voice AI Agents in eCommerce: A Practical Guide # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 14 min read Retell AI Twilio Integration Tutorial: Build AI Voice Calls Step-by-Step CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 27 '25 Retell AI Twilio Integration Tutorial: Build AI Voice Calls Step-by-Step # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments 1 comment 13 min read Implementing Real-Time Emotion Detection in Voice AI: A Developer's Journey CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 26 '25 Implementing Real-Time Emotion Detection in Voice AI: A Developer's Journey # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 13 min read Scale Ethically: Implement Multilingual AI Voice Models with Data Privacy CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 26 '25 Scale Ethically: Implement Multilingual AI Voice Models with Data Privacy # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 13 min read How to Deploy a Voice AI Agent for HVAC Customer Inquiries: My Journey CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 25 '25 How to Deploy a Voice AI Agent for HVAC Customer Inquiries: My Journey # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 13 min read Building a HIPAA-Compliant Telehealth Solution with VAPI: My Journey CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 25 '25 Building a HIPAA-Compliant Telehealth Solution with VAPI: My Journey # ai # voicetech # webdev # tutorial Comments Add Comment 14 min read How to Prioritize Naturalness in Voice Cloning for Brand-Aligned Tones CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 24 '25 How to Prioritize Naturalness in Voice Cloning for Brand-Aligned Tones # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 14 min read Building a HIPAA-Compliant Telehealth Solution with VAPI: What I Learned CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 24 '25 Building a HIPAA-Compliant Telehealth Solution with VAPI: What I Learned # ai # voicetech # webdev # tutorial Comments Add Comment 14 min read Building Custom Voice Profiles in VAPI for E-commerce: A Developer's Journey CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 23 '25 Building Custom Voice Profiles in VAPI for E-commerce: A Developer's Journey # ai # voicetech # webdev # tutorial Comments Add Comment 12 min read Integrate Node.js with Retell AI and Twilio: Lessons from My Setup CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 22 '25 Integrate Node.js with Retell AI and Twilio: Lessons from My Setup # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 12 min read Seamless Real-Time Multilingual Communication with Language Detection: My Journey CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 22 '25 Seamless Real-Time Multilingual Communication with Language Detection: My Journey # ai # tutorial # webdev # programming Comments Add Comment 11 min read How to Build a Prompt for Voice AI with Contact and Memory: A Developer's Guide CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 21 '25 How to Build a Prompt for Voice AI with Contact and Memory: A Developer's Guide # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 14 min read Create Voice Flows with SDKs and Low-Code Builders for Non-Engineers CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 20 '25 Create Voice Flows with SDKs and Low-Code Builders for Non-Engineers # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 12 min read How to Deploy a Voice AI Agent Using Railway for eCommerce Success CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 20 '25 How to Deploy a Voice AI Agent Using Railway for eCommerce Success # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 11 min read Implementing Real-Time Streaming with VAPI for Live Support Chat Systems CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 19 '25 Implementing Real-Time Streaming with VAPI for Live Support Chat Systems # ai # voicetech # webdev # tutorial Comments Add Comment 14 min read Build Voice AI Applications with No-Code: Retell AI Guide to Success CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 18 '25 Build Voice AI Applications with No-Code: Retell AI Guide to Success # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 12 min read Rapid Prototyping with Retell AI: A No-Code Builder Guide to Voice Apps CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 18 '25 Rapid Prototyping with Retell AI: A No-Code Builder Guide to Voice Apps # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 11 min read Contact Center Automation: Build Inbound/Outbound AI Agents with Twilio CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 18 '25 Contact Center Automation: Build Inbound/Outbound AI Agents with Twilio # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments 2 comments 12 min read Implementing VAD and Turn-Taking for Natural Voice AI Flow: My Experience CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 17 '25 Implementing VAD and Turn-Taking for Natural Voice AI Flow: My Experience # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 12 min read Quick CRM Integrations with Retell AI's No-Code Tools: My Experience CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 16 '25 Quick CRM Integrations with Retell AI's No-Code Tools: My Experience # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 14 min read Integrating Deepgram for Real-Time ASR in Voice Agent Pipelines: A Developer's Journey CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 15 '25 Integrating Deepgram for Real-Time ASR in Voice Agent Pipelines: A Developer's Journey # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 12 min read How to Adapt Tone to User Sentiment in Voice AI and Integrate Calendar Checks CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 15 '25 How to Adapt Tone to User Sentiment in Voice AI and Integrate Calendar Checks # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 12 min read Rapid Deployment of AI Voice Agents Using No-Code Builders CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 15 '25 Rapid Deployment of AI Voice Agents Using No-Code Builders # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 10 min read Monetize Voice AI Solutions for eCommerce Using VAPI Effectively CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 14 '25 Monetize Voice AI Solutions for eCommerce Using VAPI Effectively # ai # voicetech # webdev # tutorial Comments Add Comment 13 min read Implementing Real-Time Audio Streaming in VAPI: Use Cases CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 14 '25 Implementing Real-Time Audio Streaming in VAPI: Use Cases # ai # voicetech # webdev # tutorial Comments Add Comment 10 min read Top Advancements in Building Human-Like Voice Agents for Developers CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 14 '25 Top Advancements in Building Human-Like Voice Agents for Developers # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 11 min read Implementing PII Detection and Redaction in Voice AI Systems CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 13 '25 Implementing PII Detection and Redaction in Voice AI Systems # implementingpiidetectionandred # piiredactiontranscripts # conversationalintelligenceoper # dualchannelaudioprocessing Comments Add Comment 14 min read Rapid Prototyping with No-Code Tools: Build AI Voice Agents CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 13 '25 Rapid Prototyping with No-Code Tools: Build AI Voice Agents # rapidprototypingwithnocodetool # voiceactivitydetectionvad # retrievalaugmentedgenerationra # texttospeechtts Comments Add Comment 11 min read Boost CSAT with VAD, Backchanneling, and Sentiment Routing CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 13 '25 Boost CSAT with VAD, Backchanneling, and Sentiment Routing # boostcsatwithvadbackchanneling # voiceactivitydetectionvad # turntakingmodels # voicecloning Comments Add Comment 10 min read How to Connect VAPI to Google Calendar for Appointment Scheduling CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 13 '25 How to Connect VAPI to Google Calendar for Appointment Scheduling # howtoconnectvapitogooglecalend # googlecalendartools # vapiassistanttoolsarray # oauthtokenmapping Comments Add Comment 12 min read Scaling VAPI for High Traffic: Load Balancing Best Practices CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 12 '25 Scaling VAPI for High Traffic: Load Balancing Best Practices # scalingvapiforhightrafficloadb # autoscaling # latencyoptimization # webhookverification Comments Add Comment 13 min read How to Create Production-Ready Builds with Voice AI Tools CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 12 '25 How to Create Production-Ready Builds with Voice AI Tools # howtocreateproductionreadybuil # voiceaiagents # speechrecognitionasr # texttospeechtts Comments Add Comment 11 min read How to Prioritize Naturalness in Voice AI: Implement VAD CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 12 '25 How to Prioritize Naturalness in Voice AI: Implement VAD # howtoprioritizenaturalnessinvo # voiceactivitydetectionvad # turntakingendofturndetection # backchannelinglistenercues Comments Add Comment 11 min read Deploy Low-Code/No-Code Voice AI Agents in Under a Week CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 12 '25 Deploy Low-Code/No-Code Voice AI Agents in Under a Week # deploylowcodenocodevoiceaiagen # voicecloning # realtimespeechrecognition # conversationalpathways Comments Add Comment 11 min read Rapid Deployment with No-Code Builders: A Guide to Retell AI CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 11 '25 Rapid Deployment with No-Code Builders: A Guide to Retell AI # rapiddeploymentwithnocodebuild # nocodevoiceaiplatform # aivoiceagentbuilder # conversationalaideployment Comments Add Comment 13 min read Implement Omni-Channel Strategies for Voice Agents: SMS, Chat, and More CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 11 '25 Implement Omni-Channel Strategies for Voice Agents: SMS, Chat, and More # implementomnichannelstrategies # omnichannelcustomerengagement # voiceaiintegration # conversationalaiplatforms Comments Add Comment 12 min read How to Implement Voice AI with Twilio and VAPI: A Step-by-Step Guide CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 11 '25 How to Implement Voice AI with Twilio and VAPI: A Step-by-Step Guide # 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https://dev.to/t/rag | Rag - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # rag Follow Hide Retrieval augmented generation, or RAG, is an architectural approach that can improve the efficacy of large language model (LLM) applications by leveraging custom data. Create Post Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Why Most Business AI Fails —And How RAGS Gives Companies a Real Brain. Ukagha Nzubechukwu Ukagha Nzubechukwu Ukagha Nzubechukwu Follow Jan 13 Why Most Business AI Fails —And How RAGS Gives Companies a Real Brain. # rag # buisness # ai # automation 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read How RAG Changed the Way We Use Large Language Models Shravya K Shravya K Shravya K Follow Jan 13 How RAG Changed the Way We Use Large Language Models # ai # rag # llm Comments Add Comment 5 min read Building a Hybrid-Private RAG Platform on AWS: From Prototype to Production with Python Python Programming Series Python Programming Series Python Programming Series Follow Jan 12 Building a Hybrid-Private RAG Platform on AWS: From Prototype to Production with Python # rag # python # gemini Comments Add Comment 7 min read Engineering Trust: A Deep Dive into the NL2SQL Secure Execution Pipeline Nadeem Khan Nadeem Khan Nadeem Khan Follow Jan 12 Engineering Trust: A Deep Dive into the NL2SQL Secure Execution Pipeline # rag # database # security # softwareengineering Comments Add Comment 5 min read GraphRAG and Agentic Architecture: A Look Inside NeoConverse Kumar Kislay Kumar Kislay Kumar Kislay Follow Jan 12 GraphRAG and Agentic Architecture: A Look Inside NeoConverse # agents # architecture # rag Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Limitations of Text Embeddings in RAG Applications: A Deep Engineering Dive Kumar Kislay Kumar Kislay Kumar Kislay Follow Jan 12 The Limitations of Text Embeddings in RAG Applications: A Deep Engineering Dive # productivity # sre # rag # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 19 min read Automating Enterprise Network Support with LLaMA Multi-Agent System Enmanuel Medina Enmanuel Medina Enmanuel Medina Follow Jan 12 Automating Enterprise Network Support with LLaMA Multi-Agent System # rag # langchain # agents # network Comments Add Comment 17 min read Guide to get started with Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) Neweraofcoding Neweraofcoding Neweraofcoding Follow Jan 12 Guide to get started with Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) # beginners # llm # rag # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read Revolutionize Your Search with Snowflake Cortex Search Multi-Index and Index-Specific Boosts Tsubasa Kanno Tsubasa Kanno Tsubasa Kanno Follow Jan 12 Revolutionize Your Search with Snowflake Cortex Search Multi-Index and Index-Specific Boosts # snowflake # vectordatabase # rag # agents 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 11 min read Local RAG vs Cloud RAG: What Changes When You Leave the Demo Parth Sarthi Sharma Parth Sarthi Sharma Parth Sarthi Sharma Follow Jan 12 Local RAG vs Cloud RAG: What Changes When You Leave the Demo # ai # rag # vectordatabase # softwareengineering Comments Add Comment 3 min read Online Course Notes: DeepLearningAI - Advanced Retrieval for AI with Chroma Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Online Course Notes: DeepLearningAI - Advanced Retrieval for AI with Chroma # rag # llm # deeplearning # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read TIL: Notes on Knowledge Retrieval Architecture for LLMs (2023) Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 TIL: Notes on Knowledge Retrieval Architecture for LLMs (2023) # rag # architecture # llm # ai Comments Add Comment 3 min read Gemini: Summarize Search Results Based on Your Keywords Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Gemini: Summarize Search Results Based on Your Keywords # gemini # google # rag # llm Comments Add Comment 4 min read [YouTube] Practical Data Considerations for Building Production-Ready LLM Applications - Summary Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [YouTube] Practical Data Considerations for Building Production-Ready LLM Applications - Summary # data # rag # llm # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read [LangChain] Potential Issues with LangChain Embeddings Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [LangChain] Potential Issues with LangChain Embeddings # rag # llm # python # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read Notes from the Made by Google Conference Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Notes from the Made by Google Conference # news # google # rag # android Comments Add Comment 2 min read RAG AI Manikanta Yarramsetti Manikanta Yarramsetti Manikanta Yarramsetti Follow Jan 12 RAG AI # ai # llm # rag Comments Add Comment 2 min read RAG Works — Until You Hit the Long Tail Meidi Airouche Meidi Airouche Meidi Airouche Follow for Onepoint Jan 11 RAG Works — Until You Hit the Long Tail # ai # llm # rag # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 5 min read Prompt Routing & Context Engineering: Letting the System Decide What It Needs Parth Sarthi Sharma Parth Sarthi Sharma Parth Sarthi Sharma Follow Jan 9 Prompt Routing & Context Engineering: Letting the System Decide What It Needs # ai # promptengineering # vectordatabase # rag Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Quest for a Native Neuro-Symbolic Database: Introducing MEB duynguyendang duynguyendang duynguyendang Follow Jan 9 The Quest for a Native Neuro-Symbolic Database: Introducing MEB # opensource # rag # graphdb Comments Add Comment 3 min read Retrieval rules for agents: retrieve-first, cite, and never obey retrieved instructions Anindya Obi Anindya Obi Anindya Obi Follow Jan 9 Retrieval rules for agents: retrieve-first, cite, and never obey retrieved instructions # ai # mcp # rag # programming Comments Add Comment 4 min read What is RAG? An innovative technique that is transforming language models. Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Follow Jan 9 What is RAG? An innovative technique that is transforming language models. # ai # rag # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 5 min read How a Developer Built Eternal Contextual RAG and Achieved 85% Accuracy (from 60%) Thinker Thinker Thinker Follow Jan 9 How a Developer Built Eternal Contextual RAG and Achieved 85% Accuracy (from 60%) # ai # architecture # llm # rag Comments Add Comment 5 min read Stop Dumping Junk into Your Context Window: The Case for Multidimensional Knowledge Graphs Imran Siddique Imran Siddique Imran Siddique Follow Jan 9 Stop Dumping Junk into Your Context Window: The Case for Multidimensional Knowledge Graphs # architecture # llm # rag Comments Add Comment 4 min read Research Vault: Open Source Agentic AI Research Assistant Aakash Sharan Aakash Sharan Aakash Sharan Follow Jan 9 Research Vault: Open Source Agentic AI Research Assistant # rag # agents # ai # vectordatabase Comments Add Comment 5 min read loading... trending guides/resources Choosing the Right Chunking Strategy: A Comprehensive Guide to RAG Optimization Como Implementar um Sistema RAG do Zero em Python Como Criar um Chatbot com RAG do Zero: Guia Prático com OpenAI e Qdrant Gemini 3 is Now Available as an OCR Model in Tensorlake 💻 Unlock RAG-Anything’s Power with Ollama on Your Machine (with Docling as Bonus) Building RAG Systems: From Zero to Hero Beyond Vanilla RAG: The 7 Modern RAG Architectures Every AI Engineer Must Know ✌️5 AI Document Parsing Tools That Actually Work 🚀🔥 🧪 Red Team AI Benchmark: Evaluating Uncensored LLMs for Offensive Security From PDFs to Markdown Smart Chunking & Embeddings for RAG The Perfect Extraction: Unlocking Unstructured Data with Docling + LangExtract 🚀 Building a Browser-Based RAG System with WebGPU How S3 Vectors Work: A Friendly Guide to AWS’s New Vector Store How to Build a Scalable RAG-Based Chatbot on AWS? LangChain vs LangGraph: How to Choose the Right AI Framework! Kreuzberg v4.0.0-RC.8 is Available Set up RAG with Genkit and Firebase in 15 minutes 🚀 How I Created an AI-Powered Secret Santa Using Cognee as the Memory Layer You may not need pg_vector, sqlite-vss, etc. 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # reactrouter Follow Hide Create Post Older #reactrouter posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Back to basics — every big project starts with a single route Omkar Sutar Omkar Sutar Omkar Sutar Follow Dec 9 '25 Back to basics — every big project starts with a single route # react # reactrouter # webdev # learnandbuild Comments Add Comment 1 min read Type-Safe Routing in React Without Redefining Routes (No Giant Constant Objects) 강재구 강재구 강재구 Follow Nov 24 '25 Type-Safe Routing in React Without Redefining Routes (No Giant Constant Objects) # react # frontend # reactrouter # typescript Comments Add Comment 5 min read Understanding the difference between <a> and <Link> in React Router Kazutora Hattori Kazutora Hattori Kazutora Hattori Follow Oct 26 '25 Understanding the difference between <a> and <Link> in React Router # reactrouter # react # webdev # programming 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read React Router 7 Framework Mode — A Crisp Beginner-Friendly Guide (2025 Edition) Vishwark Vishwark Vishwark Follow Nov 15 '25 React Router 7 Framework Mode — A Crisp Beginner-Friendly Guide (2025 Edition) # react # webdev # reactrouter # frontend 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read How to use useNavigate to transition from a button in React Kazutora Hattori Kazutora Hattori Kazutora Hattori Follow Sep 27 '25 How to use useNavigate to transition from a button in React # react # reactrouter # webdev # programming Comments Add Comment 1 min read 【React Router】A Summary of useParams Kazutora Hattori Kazutora Hattori Kazutora Hattori Follow Sep 22 '25 【React Router】A Summary of useParams # reactrouter # react Comments Add Comment 1 min read Running Effect-TS in Cloudflare Workers Without the Pain Michele M. Michele M. Michele M. Follow Oct 3 '25 Running Effect-TS in Cloudflare Workers Without the Pain # cloudflare # effectts # webdev # reactrouter 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 2 min read What’s New in React Router 7? Features & Setup Guide WebTechnology Tutorials WebTechnology Tutorials WebTechnology Tutorials Follow Jul 6 '25 What’s New in React Router 7? Features & Setup Guide # react # reactrouter # javascript # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read What does "react": "catalog:" in package.json mean? Ramu Narasinga Ramu Narasinga Ramu Narasinga Follow Jun 27 '25 What does "react": "catalog:" in package.json mean? # catalog # monorepo # opensource # reactrouter Comments Add Comment 2 min read React Router Data Mode: Part 2 - Nested routes and outlets Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Follow Jun 26 '25 React Router Data Mode: Part 2 - Nested routes and outlets # webdev # javascript # react # reactrouter Comments Add Comment 4 min read React Router Data Mode: Part 7 - Multiple actions and form handling Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Follow Jun 26 '25 React Router Data Mode: Part 7 - Multiple actions and form handling # webdev # javascript # react # reactrouter Comments Add Comment 4 min read React Router Data Mode: Part 9 - Optimistic UI with useFetcher Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Follow Jun 26 '25 React Router Data Mode: Part 9 - Optimistic UI with useFetcher # webdev # javascript # react # reactrouter Comments Add Comment 5 min read React Router Data Mode: Part 6 - Actions, forms and mutations Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Follow Jun 26 '25 React Router Data Mode: Part 6 - Actions, forms and mutations # webdev # javascript # react # reactrouter Comments Add Comment 5 min read React Router Data Mode: Part 5 - Refactor, useParams and NavLink Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Follow Jun 26 '25 React Router Data Mode: Part 5 - Refactor, useParams and NavLink # webdev # javascript # react # reactrouter Comments Add Comment 4 min read Learn React Router v7 by Examples Tihomir Ivanov Tihomir Ivanov Tihomir Ivanov Follow Jul 29 '25 Learn React Router v7 by Examples # react # reactrouter 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read React Router Data Mode: Parte 10 – Testing con Vitest y React Testing Library Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Follow Jun 25 '25 React Router Data Mode: Parte 10 – Testing con Vitest y React Testing Library # webdev # javascript # react # reactrouter 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read From Zero to Deployed: A Step-by-Step Guide to Building a Full-Stack App with React Router and Cloudflare Atman Atman Atman Follow Jul 10 '25 From Zero to Deployed: A Step-by-Step Guide to Building a Full-Stack App with React Router and Cloudflare # react # cloudflare # reactrouter 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Supabase + React Router: Signup and Auth Setup (Part 2) Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Follow Jul 5 '25 Supabase + React Router: Signup and Auth Setup (Part 2) # webdev # tutorial # supabase # reactrouter 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read React Router Data Mode: Parte 9 – Optimistic UI con useFetcher Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Follow Jun 22 '25 React Router Data Mode: Parte 9 – Optimistic UI con useFetcher # webdev # javascript # react # reactrouter Comments Add Comment 5 min read React Router Data Mode: Part 8 - Validations, useFetcher and React Hook Form Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Follow Jun 26 '25 React Router Data Mode: Part 8 - Validations, useFetcher and React Hook Form # webdev # javascript # react # reactrouter Comments Add Comment 5 min read React Router Data Mode: Part 10 - Testing with Vitest and React Testing Library Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Follow Jun 26 '25 React Router Data Mode: Part 10 - Testing with Vitest and React Testing Library # webdev # javascript # react # reactrouter Comments 1 comment 6 min read React Router Data Mode: Part 4 - Routes with parameters, useRouteLoaderData and useParams Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Follow Jun 26 '25 React Router Data Mode: Part 4 - Routes with parameters, useRouteLoaderData and useParams # webdev # javascript # react # reactrouter 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read React Router Data Mode: Part 1 - Installation and first routes Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Follow Jun 26 '25 React Router Data Mode: Part 1 - Installation and first routes # webdev # javascript # react # reactrouter 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read React Router Data Mode: Part 3 - Loaders and data fetching Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Follow Jun 26 '25 React Router Data Mode: Part 3 - Loaders and data fetching # webdev # javascript # react # reactrouter 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read React Router Data Mode: Parte 8 – Validaciones, useFetcher y React Hook Form Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Kevin Julián Martínez Escobar Follow Jun 21 '25 React Router Data Mode: Parte 8 – Validaciones, useFetcher y React Hook Form # webdev # javascript # react # reactrouter Comments Add Comment 5 min read loading... trending guides/resources Type-Safe Routing in React Without Redefining Routes (No Giant Constant Objects) Back to basics — every big project starts with a single route React Router 7 Framework Mode — A Crisp Beginner-Friendly Guide (2025 Edition) 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/nchicaizaliz | Nathalie Chicaiza - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Nathalie Chicaiza https://www.linkedin.com/in/nchicaizalizcano/ Location Cali - Colombia Joined Joined on Jul 2, 2025 github website More info about @nchicaizaliz Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 1 post published Comment 0 comments written Tag 3 tags followed Framework de Gobernanza para IA Responsable Nathalie Chicaiza Nathalie Chicaiza Nathalie Chicaiza Follow Jan 8 Framework de Gobernanza para IA Responsable # ai # architecture # aws # spanish Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:07 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Artificial Intelligence Follow Hide Artificial intelligence leverages computers and machines to mimic the problem-solving and decision-making capabilities found in humans and in nature. Create Post submission guidelines Posts about artificial intelligence. Older #ai posts 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Build a Hashtag Research Tool That Finds Hidden Gems Olamide Olaniyan Olamide Olaniyan Olamide Olaniyan Follow Jan 12 Build a Hashtag Research Tool That Finds Hidden Gems # webdev # programming # ai # tutorial Comments Add Comment 9 min read EDCA Admission Protocols: Introducing an Explicit Admission Layer for AI Systems yuer yuer yuer Follow Jan 12 EDCA Admission Protocols: Introducing an Explicit Admission Layer for AI Systems # ai # architecture # security # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 2 min read Understanding the A2UI Protocol: Building with Java and Spring Boot vishalmysore vishalmysore vishalmysore Follow Jan 10 Understanding the A2UI Protocol: Building with Java and Spring Boot # ai # architecture # springboot # java Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building an Intelligent Product Discovery Agent with Algolia ANIRUDDHA ADAK ANIRUDDHA ADAK ANIRUDDHA ADAK Follow Jan 12 Building an Intelligent Product Discovery Agent with Algolia # devchallenge # algoliachallenge # ai # agents Comments Add Comment 2 min read Alignment Protocol v3.0: Defining Legal Admission Semantics for AI-Controlled Systems yuer yuer yuer Follow Jan 12 Alignment Protocol v3.0: Defining Legal Admission Semantics for AI-Controlled Systems # ai # architecture # security Comments Add Comment 1 min read Under the Hood: VaidhLlama Architecture & Training Pipeline Vivek Patel Vivek Patel Vivek Patel Follow Jan 12 Under the Hood: VaidhLlama Architecture & Training Pipeline # ai # machinelearning # python # finetuning 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Cuando le dices a tu LLM "No pulses ese botón" Joaquin Jose del Cerro Murciano Joaquin Jose del Cerro Murciano Joaquin Jose del Cerro Murciano Follow Jan 12 Cuando le dices a tu LLM "No pulses ese botón" # spanish # ai # promptengineering # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 12 min read Human–AI Collaboration in Project Teams — Redefining Leadership and Decision-Making Aaryan Gupta Aaryan Gupta Aaryan Gupta Follow Jan 12 Human–AI Collaboration in Project Teams — Redefining Leadership and Decision-Making # ai # leadership # management # productivity Comments Add Comment 2 min read AI Weekly Reflection: Week of 1/6/2026 - 1/12/2026 Empty Chair Empty Chair Empty Chair Follow Jan 12 AI Weekly Reflection: Week of 1/6/2026 - 1/12/2026 # ai # automation # transparency # experiment Comments Add Comment 1 min read Beyond Nested Queries: A Practical Guide to SQL Subquery Flattening SQLFlash SQLFlash SQLFlash Follow Jan 12 Beyond Nested Queries: A Practical Guide to SQL Subquery Flattening # sql # mysql # ai # programming Comments Add Comment 5 min read From ChatGPT to Gemini: How We Built a GDPR-Compliant CV Parser for Odoo DERICK TEMFACK DERICK TEMFACK DERICK TEMFACK Follow Jan 11 From ChatGPT to Gemini: How We Built a GDPR-Compliant CV Parser for Odoo # python # webdev # ai # productivity Comments Add Comment 5 min read My Dashboard: как я превратил старые Android-устройства в кроссплатформенные дашборды с помощью AI и типобезопасного fullstack ILshat Khamitov ILshat Khamitov ILshat Khamitov Follow Jan 11 My Dashboard: как я превратил старые Android-устройства в кроссплатформенные дашборды с помощью AI и типобезопасного fullstack # webdev # javascript # programming # ai Comments Add Comment 1 min read I built a runtime execution kernel for AI agents — not another framework Kashif Sabri Kashif Sabri Kashif Sabri Follow Jan 9 I built a runtime execution kernel for AI agents — not another framework # python # ai # architecture # opensource 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read AI is changing how we build software: here's how to do it safely Colosl Colosl Colosl Follow Jan 11 AI is changing how we build software: here's how to do it safely # ai # cybersecurity # softwaredevelopment Comments Add Comment 6 min read Why n8n Is Quietly Becoming a Power Tool for DevOps & SRE Teams❓ Sahar Batool Sahar Batool Sahar Batool Follow Jan 12 Why n8n Is Quietly Becoming a Power Tool for DevOps & SRE Teams❓ # devops # ai # automation # opensource Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building an Autonomous Medical Pre-Authorization Agent: My Experiment with AI in Healthcare Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Follow Jan 12 Building an Autonomous Medical Pre-Authorization Agent: My Experiment with AI in Healthcare # ai # python # agents # healthcare 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read The Creator's Paradox in the AI Era: How to Stay Generative When Everything Gets Scraped Narnaiezzsshaa Truong Narnaiezzsshaa Truong Narnaiezzsshaa Truong Follow Jan 11 The Creator's Paradox in the AI Era: How to Stay Generative When Everything Gets Scraped # discuss # ai # productivity # career Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Infrastructure Behind Reliable Enterprise AI Agents Yeahia Sarker Yeahia Sarker Yeahia Sarker Follow Jan 12 The Infrastructure Behind Reliable Enterprise AI Agents # agents # ai # architecture Comments Add Comment 4 min read Why Asking for Better Outputs Misses the Real Problem Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Leena Malhotra Follow Jan 12 Why Asking for Better Outputs Misses the Real Problem # programming # ai # imagegen # nanobanana 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Agile for Agents Mike Lady Mike Lady Mike Lady Follow Jan 11 Agile for Agents # ai # vibecoding # claudecode Comments Add Comment 13 min read Google's Universal Commerce Protocol: What Developers Need to Know Okkar Kyaw Okkar Kyaw Okkar Kyaw Follow Jan 12 Google's Universal Commerce Protocol: What Developers Need to Know # webdev # ai # gemini Comments Add Comment 4 min read What's new in Webpixels v3 Alexis Enache Alexis Enache Alexis Enache Follow Jan 12 What's new in Webpixels v3 # webdev # programming # ai # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read EU Digital Omnibus: New Requirements for Websites and Online Services Mehwish Malik Mehwish Malik Mehwish Malik Follow Jan 12 EU Digital Omnibus: New Requirements for Websites and Online Services # webdev # ai # beginners # productivity 17 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Create Your First MCP Server in 5 Minutes with create-mcp-server Ali Ibrahim Ali Ibrahim Ali Ibrahim Follow Jan 11 Create Your First MCP Server in 5 Minutes with create-mcp-server # webdev # javascript # ai # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 10 min read Code Coverage Best Practices for Agentic Development Ariel Frischer Ariel Frischer Ariel Frischer Follow Jan 11 Code Coverage Best Practices for Agentic Development # webdev # programming # ai # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/ed-wantuil/cloud-sem-falencia-o-minimo-que-voce-precisa-saber-de-finops-8ao#por-que-isso-afeta-a-sua-arquitetura | Cloud Sem Falência: O mínimo que você precisa saber de FinOps - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Ed Wantuil Posted on Jan 12 Cloud Sem Falência: O mínimo que você precisa saber de FinOps # devops # cloud # braziliandevs Imagine a cena: você trabalha em uma empresa consolidada. Vocês têm aquele rack de servidores físicos robusto, piscando luzinhas em uma sala gelada, com piso elevado e controle biométrico (o famoso On-Premise ). Tudo funciona. O banco de dados aguenta o tranco, a latência é zero na rede local. Mas a diretoria decide que é hora de "modernizar". "Vamos migrar para a Nuvem!" , dizem eles, com os olhos brilhando. A promessa no PowerPoint é sedutora: flexibilidade infinita , segurança gerenciada e o mantra mágico: "pagar só pelo que usar" . A migração acontece via Lift-and-Shift (pegar o que existe e jogar na nuvem sem refatorar). A equipe de Infra e Dev comemoram. O Deploy é um sucesso. Três meses depois, chega a fatura da AWS. O diretor financeiro (CFO) não apenas cai da cadeira; ele convoca uma reunião de emergência. O custo, que antes era uma linha fixa e previsível no balanço anual, triplicou e agora flutua violentamente. O que deu errado? Simples: A engenharia tratou a Nuvem como um Data Center físico, apenas alugado. Hoje, vamos falar sobre os riscos dessa mudança e como aplicar FinOps não como burocracia, mas como requisito de arquitetura. (Nota: Usaremos a AWS nos exemplos por ser a stack padrão de mercado, mas a lógica se aplica integralmente ao Azure, GCP e OCI). 🦄 A Ilusão da Mágica: CAPEX vs. OPEX na Engenharia Para entender a conta da AWS, você precisa entender como o dinheiro sai do cofre da empresa. A mudança da nuvem não é apenas sobre onde o servidor roda, é sobre quem assume o risco do desperdício. 1. CAPEX (Capital Expenditure): A Lógica do "PC Gamer" CAPEX é Despesa de Capital. É comprar a "caixa". Imagine que você vai montar um PC Gamer High-End. Você gasta R$ 20.000,00 na loja. Doeu no bolso na hora, certo? Mas depois que o PC está na sua mesa: Custo Marginal Zero: Se você jogar Paciência ou renderizar um vídeo em 8K a noite toda, não faz diferença financeira para o seu bolso (tirando a conta de luz, que é irrisória perto do hardware). O dinheiro já foi gasto ( Sunk Cost ). O Comportamento do Engenheiro (On-Premise): Como o processo de compra é lento (meses de cotação e aprovação), você tem medo de faltar recurso. Mentalidade: "Vou pedir um servidor com 64 Cores, mesmo precisando de 16. Se sobrar, melhor. O hardware é nosso mesmo." Código: Eficiência não é prioridade financeira. Um código mal otimizado que consome 90% da CPU não gera uma fatura extra no fim do mês. 2. OPEX (Operational Expenditure): A Lógica do Uber OPEX é Despesa Operacional. É o custo de funcionamento do dia a dia. Na nuvem, você não comprou o carro; você está rodando de Uber 24 horas por dia. Custo Marginal Real: Cada minuto parado no sinal custa dinheiro. Cada desvio de rota custa dinheiro. O Comportamento do Engenheiro (Cloud): Aqui, a ineficiência é taxada instantaneamente. Mentalidade: Aquele servidor de 64 cores e 512GB de ram parado esperando tráfego é como deixar o Uber te esperando na porta do escritório enquanto você trabalha. O taxímetro está rodando. Código: Um loop infinito ou uma query sem índice no banco de dados não deixa apenas o sistema lento; ele queima dinheiro vivo . Comparativo para Desenvolvedores (Salve isso) Feature CAPEX (On-Premise / Hardware Próprio) OPEX (Cloud / AWS / Azure) Commit Financeiro Você paga tudo antes de usar (Upfront). Você paga depois de usar (Pay-as-you-go). Latência de Aprovação Alta. Precisa de reuniões, assinaturas e compras. Zero. Um terraform apply gasta dinheiro instantaneamente. Risco de Capacidade Subutilização. Comprar um servidor monstro e usar 10%. Conta Surpresa. Esquecer algo ligado ou escalar infinitamente. Otimização de Código Melhora performance, mas não reduz a fatura do hardware. Reduz diretamente a fatura. Código limpo = Dinheiro no caixa. Por que isso afeta a sua Arquitetura? Se você desenha uma arquitetura pensando em CAPEX (Mundo Físico) e a implementa em OPEX (Nuvem), você cria um desastre financeiro. No CAPEX , a estratégia de defesa é: "Superdimensionar para garantir estabilidade". (Compre o maior servidor possível). No OPEX , a estratégia de defesa é: "Elasticidade". (Comece com o menor servidor possível e configure para crescer sozinho apenas se necessário). 💸 Os 8 Cavaleiros do Apocalipse Financeiro na AWS Na nuvem, os maiores vilões raramente são tecnologias complexas de IA ou Big Data. Quase sempre são decisões arquiteturais preguiçosas e falta de governança . 1. Instâncias "Just in Case": O Custo do Seguro Psicológico O sobredimensionamento é um vício comum: o desenvolvedor sobe uma instância m5.2xlarge (8 vCPUs, 32GB RAM) não porque a aplicação exige, mas porque ele "não quer ter dor de cabeça". É o provisionamento baseado no medo, criando uma margem de segurança gigantesca e cara para evitar qualquer risco hipotético de lentidão. A realidade nua e crua aparece no CloudWatch: na maior parte do tempo, essa supermáquina opera com apenas 12% de CPU e usa uma fração da memória. Pagar por uma 2xlarge para rodar essa carga é como fretar um ônibus de 50 lugares para levar apenas 4 pessoas ao trabalho todos os dias. Você está pagando pelo "espaço vazio" e pelo motor potente do ônibus, enquanto um carro popular ( t3.medium ) faria o mesmo trajeto com o mesmo conforto e muito mais economia. 2. Ambientes Zumbis: A Torneira Aberta Fora do Expediente "Ambientes Zumbis" são servidores de Desenvolvimento e Homologação que operam como cópias fiéis da Produção, mas sem a audiência dela. Eles permanecem ligados e faturando às 3 da manhã de um domingo, consumindo recursos de nuvem para processar absolutamente nada. Manter esses servidores ligados 24/7 é o equivalente digital de deixar o ar-condicionado de um escritório ligado no máximo durante todo o fim de semana , com o prédio completamente vazio. O impacto financeiro atua como um multiplicador de desperdício. Se você mantém três ambientes (Dev, Staging e Produção) com arquiteturas similares ligados ininterruptamente, seu custo base é 300% do necessário . A matemática é cruel: uma semana tem 168 horas, mas seus desenvolvedores trabalham apenas 40. Você está pagando por 128 horas de ociosidade pura por máquina, todas as semanas. A primeira cura para esse desperdício é o agendamento automático. Utilizando soluções como o AWS Instance Scheduler (ou Lambdas simples), configuramos os ambientes para "acordar" às 08:00 e "dormir" às 20:00, de segunda a sexta-feira. Apenas essa automação básica, sem alterar uma linha de código da aplicação, reduz a fatura desses ambientes não-produtivos em cerca de 70% . 3. O Esquecimento Crônico: O Custo do Limbo Um dos "pegadinhas" mais comuns da nuvem acontece no momento de desligar as luzes: quando você termina uma instância EC2, o senso comum diz que a cobrança para. O erro está em assumir que a máquina e o disco são uma peça única. Por padrão, ao "matar" o servidor, o volume de armazenamento (EBS) acoplado a ele muitas vezes sobrevive, entrando num estado de limbo financeiro. O resultado é o acúmulo de EBS Órfãos : centenas de discos no estado "Available" (não atrelados a ninguém), cheios de dados inúteis ou completamente vazios, pelos quais você paga o preço cheio do gigabyte provisionado. É comparável a vender seu carro, mas esquecer de cancelar o aluguel da vaga de garagem: o veículo não existe mais, mas a cobrança pelo espaço que ele ocupava continua chegando todo mês na fatura. A situação piora com os Elastic IPs (EIPs) , que possuem uma lógica de cobrança invertida e punitiva. Devido à escassez mundial de endereços IPv4, a AWS não cobra pelo IP enquanto você o utiliza, mas começa a cobrar assim que ele fica ocioso . É como uma "multa por não uso": se você reserva um endereço IP e não o atrela a uma instância em execução, você paga por estar "segurando" um recurso escasso sem necessidade. 4. O Cemitério de Dados no S3 Buckets S3 tendem a virar "cemitérios digitais" onde logs, backups e assets se acumulam indefinidamente. O erro crucial não é guardar os dados, mas a falta de estratégia: manter 100% desse volume na classe S3 Standard , pagando a tarifa mais alta da AWS por arquivos que ninguém acessa há meses. Para entender o prejuízo, imagine o S3 Standard como uma loja no corredor principal de um shopping: o aluguel é caríssimo porque o acesso é imediato e fácil ( baixa latência ). Manter logs de 2022 nessa classe é como alugar essa vitrine premium apenas para estocar caixas de papelão velhas. Dados "frios", que raramente são consultados, não precisam estar à mão em milissegundos; eles podem ficar num armazém mais distante e barato. A solução é o S3 Lifecycle , que automatiza a logística desse "estoque". Primeiro, ele atua na Transição : move automaticamente os dados que envelhecem da "vitrine" (Standard) para o "armazém" ( S3 Glacier ). No Glacier, você paga uma fração do preço, aceitando que o resgate do arquivo leve alguns minutos ou horas (maior latência), o que é aceitável para arquivos de auditoria ou backups antigos. Por fim, o Lifecycle resolve o acúmulo de lixo através da Expiração . Além de mover dados, você configura regras para deletar objetos definitivamente após um período, como remover logs temporários após 7 dias. Isso garante a higiene do ambiente, impedindo que você pague aluguel (seja no shopping ou no armazém) por dados inúteis que não deveriam mais existir. 5. Snapshots: O Colecionador de Backups Fantasmas Backups são a apólice de seguro da sua infraestrutura, mas a facilidade de criar snapshots na AWS gera um comportamento perigoso de acumulação. O erro clássico é configurar uma automação de snapshot diário e definir a retenção para "nunca" ou prazos absurdos como 5 anos. Embora os snapshots sejam incrementais (salvando apenas o que mudou), em bancos de dados transacionais com muita escrita, o volume de dados alterados cresce rápido, e a fatura acompanha. Para visualizar o desperdício, imagine que você compra o jornal do dia para ler as notícias. É útil ter os jornais da última semana na mesa para referência rápida. Mas guardar uma pilha de jornais diários de três anos atrás na sua sala ocupa espaço valioso e custa dinheiro, sendo que a chance de você precisar saber a "cotação do dólar numa terça-feira específica de 2021" é praticamente nula. Você está pagando armazenamento premium por "jornais velhos" que não têm valor de negócio. 6. Licenciamento Comercial (O Custo Invisível) Muitas empresas focam tanto em otimizar CPU e RAM que esquecem o elefante na sala: o custo de software. Ao rodar instâncias com Windows Server ou SQL Server Enterprise na AWS no modelo "License Included", você não paga apenas pela infraestrutura; você paga uma sobretaxa pesada pelo direito de uso do software proprietário. Esse custo é embutido na tarifa por hora e, em máquinas grandes, a licença pode custar mais caro que o próprio hardware. Para ilustrar a desproporção, usar o SQL Server Enterprise para uma aplicação que não utiliza funcionalidades avançadas (como Always On complexo ou compressão de dados específica) é como fretar um jato executivo apenas para ir comprar pão na padaria . O objetivo (armazenar e recuperar dados) é cumprido, mas você está pagando por um veículo de luxo quando uma bicicleta ou um Uber resolveria o problema com a mesma eficiência e uma fração do custo. A primeira camada de solução é a Otimização de Edição . É comum desenvolvedores solicitarem a versão Enterprise por "garantia" ou hábito, sem necessidade técnica real. Uma auditoria simples muitas vezes revela que a versão Standard atende a todos os requisitos da aplicação. Fazer esse downgrade reduz a fatura de licenciamento imediatamente, sem exigir mudanças drásticas na arquitetura ou no código. 7. Dilema Geográfico: Reduzindo a Fatura pela Metade Hospedar aplicações na região sa-east-1 (São Paulo) carrega um ágio pesado: o "Custo Brasil" digital faz com que a infraestrutura local custe, cerca de 50% a mais do que na us-east-1 (N. Virgínia). Migrar workloads para os EUA é, frequentemente, a manobra de FinOps com maior retorno imediato (ROI): você corta a fatura desses recursos praticamente pela metade apenas alterando o CEP do servidor, acessando o mesmo hardware por uma fração do preço. O principal bloqueador costuma ser o medo da LGPD , mas a crença de que a lei exige residência física dos dados no Brasil é um mito . O Artigo 33 permite a transferência internacional para países com proteção adequada (como os EUA), desde que coberto por contratos padrão. A legislação foca na segurança e privacidade do dado, não na sua latitude e longitude geográfica. Quanto à técnica, a latência para a Virgínia (~120ms) é imperceptível para a maioria das aplicações web, sistemas internos e dashboards. A estratégia inteligente é adotar uma região como US East como padrão para maximizar a economia, reservando São Paulo apenas para exceções que realmente exigem resposta em tempo real (como High Frequency Trading), evitando pagar preço de "primeira classe" para cargas de trabalho que rodariam perfeitamente na econômica. 8. Serverless: A Faca de Dois Gumes "Serverless" é computação sem gestão de infraestrutura (como AWS Lambda ou DynamoDB). Diferente de alugar um servidor fixo mensal, aqui você paga apenas pelos milissegundos que seu código executa ou pelo dado que você lê. É como a conta de luz: você só paga se o interruptor estiver ligado. A Estratégia: Para uso esporádico, é imbatível. Mas e para uso constante? Também pode ser uma excelente escolha! Embora a fatura de infraestrutura possa vir mais alta do que em servidores tradicionais, você elimina o trabalho pesado de manutenção. Muitas vezes, é financeiramente mais inteligente pagar um pouco mais para a AWS do que custear horas de engenharia ou contratar uma equipe dedicada apenas para gerenciar servidores, aplicar patches de segurança e configurar escalas. O segredo é olhar para o Custo Total (TCO), e não apenas para a linha de processamento na fatura. 🕵️♂️ FinOps: Engenharia Financeira na Prática FinOps não é apenas sobre "pedir desconto" ou cortar gastos; é a mudança cultural que descentraliza a responsabilidade do custo, empoderando engenheiros a tomar decisões baseadas em dados, não em palpites. Para que essa cultura saia do papel, ela precisa se apoiar em um tripé de governança robusto: a visibilidade granular garantida pelo tageamento correto (saber quem gasta), a segurança operacional monitorada pelo AWS Budgets (saber quando gasta) e a eficiência financeira obtida através dos Modelos de Compra inteligentes (saber como pagar). Sem integrar essas três frentes, a nuvem deixa de ser um acelerador de inovação para se tornar um passivo financeiro descontrolado. 1. TAGs: Sem Etiquetas, Sem Dados 🏷️ No AWS Cost Explorer, uma infraestrutura sem tags opera como uma "caixa preta" financeira: você encara uma fatura de $50.000, mas é incapaz de discernir se o rombo veio de um modelo crítico de Data Science ou de um cluster Kubernetes esquecido por um estagiário. Utiliza tags como custo:centro , app:nome , env e dono no momento dos recursos transformara números genéricos em rastreáveis, permitindo que cada centavo gasto tenha um responsável atrelado, eliminando definitivamente a cultura de que "o custo da nuvem não é problema meu". 2. AWS Budgets e Detecção de Anomalias 🚨 Não espere o fim do mês. Configure o AWS Budgets para alertar quando o custo projetado (forecasted) ultrapassar o limite. Dica: Ative o Cost Anomaly Detection . Ele usa Machine Learning para identificar picos anormais. Exemplo: Um deploy errado fez a cahamada para um Lambda entrar em loop infinito. O Anomaly Detection te avisa em horas, não no fim do mês. 3. Modelos de Compra: O Fim do On-Demand 💸 Operar 100% em On-Demand é pagar voluntariamente um "imposto sobre a falta de planejamento". A maturidade em FinOps exige abandonar o preço de varejo e adotar um mix estratégico: cubra sua carga de trabalho base (aquela que roda 24/7) com Savings Plans , que oferecem descontos de até 72% em troca de fidelidade, e mova cargas tolerantes a interrupções, como processamento de dados e pipelines de CI/CD, para Spot Instances , aproveitando a capacidade ociosa da AWS por até 10% do valor original . Ignorar essa estratégia e manter tudo no On-Demand é uma decisão consciente de desperdiçar orçamento que poderia ser reinvestido em inovação. 🧠 Dev Assina o Código e o Cheque No mundo On-Premise, um código ruim apenas deixava o sistema lento. Na Nuvem, código ineficiente gera uma fatura imediata . A barreira entre Engenharia e Financeiro desapareceu: cada linha de código é uma decisão de compra executada em tempo real. O desenvolvedor não consome apenas CPU, ele consome o orçamento da empresa. Para entender o impacto, veja o preço das más práticas: O Custo da Leitura: Uma query sem " WHERE " ou um Full Table Scan no DynamoDB não é apenas um problema de performance; você está pagando unidades de leitura para ler milhares de linhas inúteis. É como comprar a biblioteca inteira para ler uma única página. O Custo da Ineficiência: Um código com vazamento de memória engana o Auto Scaling . O sistema provisiona 10 servidores para fazer o trabalho de 2, desperdiçando dinheiro para compensar código ruim. O Custo do Ruído: Logs em modo VERBOSE esquecidos em produção são vilões. O CloudWatch cobra caro pela ingestão. Enviar gigabytes de "log de lixo" é literalmente pagar frete aéreo para transportar entulho. A Cultura de Engenharia Consciente de Custos: Estimativa no Refinamento: O custo deve ser debatido antes do código existir. Durante o Refinamento, ao definir a arquitetura, faça a pergunta: "Quais recursos vamos usar e quanto isso vai custar com a volumetria esperada?" . Se a solução técnica custa $1.000 para economizar $50 de esforço manual, ela deve ser vetada ali mesmo. Feedback Loop: O desenvolvedor precisa ver quanto o serviço dele custa. Painéis do Grafana ou Datadog devem mostrar não só a latência da API, mas o custo diário dela. Só existe responsabilidade quando existe consciência do preço. Cerimônia de Custo (FinOps Review): Estabeleça uma reunião recorrente dedicada a olhar o "Extrato da Conta" . O time analisa os custos atuais, investiga picos não planejados da semana anterior e discute ativamente: "Existe alguma oportunidade de desligar recursos ou otimizar este serviço agora?" . É a higiene financeira mantendo o projeto saudável. 🌐 O Mundo Híbrido e Multicloud: Complexidade é Custo Nem tudo precisa ir para a AWS, e nem tudo deve sair do seu Data Center local. A maturidade em nuvem não significa "desligar tudo o que é físico", mas sim saber onde cada peça do jogo custa menos. Empresas podem operam em modelos híbridos estratégicos: O Lugar do Legado (On-Premise): Aquele banco de dados gigante ou mainframe que já está quitado, não cresce mais e roda de forma previsível? Deixe onde está. Migrar esses monstros para a nuvem apenas copiando e colando ("Lift-and-Shift") costuma ser um desastre financeiro. Na nuvem, você paga caro por performance de disco (IOPS) e memória que, no seu servidor físico, já são "gratuitos". O Lugar da Inovação (Nuvem): Seu site, aplicativos móveis e APIs que precisam aguentar milhões de acessos num dia e zero no outro? Leve para a nuvem. Lá você paga pela elasticidade e pelo alcance global que o servidor físico não consegue entregar. Cuidado com a Armadilha Multicloud Muitos gestores caem na tentação de usar AWS, Azure e Google Cloud ao mesmo tempo sob o pretexto de "evitar ficar preso a um fornecedor" (Vendor Lock-in). Na prática, para a maioria das empresas, isso triplica o custo operacional . Você precisará de equipes especialistas em três plataformas diferentes, perderá descontos por volume (diluindo seu gasto) e pagará taxas altíssimas de transferência de dados (Egress) para fazer as nuvens conversarem entre si. Complexidade técnica é, invariavelmente, custo financeiro. Como gerenciar essa infraestrutura sem perder o controle? O uso de ferramentas como Terraform ou OpenTofu . Com elas, criar um servidor não é mais clicar em botões numa tela, mas sim escrever um arquivo de texto (código). Isso habilita a Revisão de Código Financeira : Um desenvolvedor propõe uma mudança no código da infraestrutura. Antes de aprovar, o time revisa num "Pull Request". A pergunta muda de "O código está certo?" para "Por que você alterou a máquina de micro para extra-large ?" . O Code Review de infraestrutura torna-se a primeira e mais barata linha de defesa do FinOps, barrando gastos desnecessários antes mesmo que eles sejam criados. Conclusão: A Nuvem não é um Destino, é um Modelo Econômico Migrar para a nuvem não é apenas trocar de servidor; é adotar um novo paradigma operacional e financeiro. Tratar a AWS como um "datacenter glorificado" é o caminho mais rápido para transformar a inovação em prejuízo: ao fazer isso, você acaba pagando a diária de um hotel cinco estrelas apenas para estocar caixas de papelão que poderiam estar num depósito simples. A virada de chave acontece na cultura. Comece pelo básico bem feito: aplique Tags rigorosamente, automatize a limpeza de recursos e traga o custo para o centro das decisões de arquitetura. Lembre-se que, neste novo mundo, a excelência técnica é inseparável da eficiência financeira: o melhor código não é apenas o que funciona, é o que entrega valor máximo consumindo o mínimo de orçamento. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. 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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZ0cG47msEk&list=PLNG_1j3cPCaZZ7etkzWA7JfdmKWT0pMsa&index=1 | React 18 Keynote - YouTube 정보 보도자료 저작권 문의하기 크리에이터 광고 개발자 약관 개인정보처리방침 정책 및 안전 YouTube 작동의 원리 새로운 기능 테스트하기 © 2026 Google LLC, Sundar Pichai, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View CA 94043, USA, 0807-882-594 (무료), yt-support-solutions-kr@google.com, 호스팅: Google LLC, 사업자정보 , 불법촬영물 신고 크리에이터들이 유튜브 상에 게시, 태그 또는 추천한 상품들은 판매자들의 약관에 따라 판매됩니다. 유튜브는 이러한 제품들을 판매하지 않으며, 그에 대한 책임을 지지 않습니다. var ytInitialData = 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https://dev.to/kevburnsjr | Kevin Burns - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Kevin Burns Professional Gopher Location Menlo Park, CA Joined Joined on Jul 23, 2017 Personal website http://www.kevburnsjr.com github website twitter website Eight Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least eight years. Got it Close Seven Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least seven years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Six Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least six years. 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Got it Close More info about @kevburnsjr Skills/Languages Go, Postgres, Kubernetes, Linux, AWS, GCP, Distributed Systems, TLA+, WASM Post 6 posts published Comment 1 comment written Tag 2 tags followed The Large Language Centipede Kevin Burns Kevin Burns Kevin Burns Follow Aug 28 '25 The Large Language Centipede # ai # ouroboros 9 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read Want to connect with Kevin Burns? Create an account to connect with Kevin Burns. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? 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https://dev.to/parth_sarthisharma_105e7/why-lost-in-the-middle-breaks-most-rag-systems-8eo | Why “Lost in the Middle” Breaks Most RAG Systems - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Parth Sarthi Sharma Posted on Jan 4 Why “Lost in the Middle” Breaks Most RAG Systems # vectordatabase # machinelearning # rag # ai If you’ve built a RAG system, you’ve probably seen this: The retriever finds the right document The chunk clearly contains the answer Yet the LLM responds as if it never saw it This isn’t a vector problem. It’s not an embedding issue. And it’s usually not your prompt. It’s a context window problem — commonly called “Lost in the Middle.” What “Lost in the Middle” Actually Means Large Language Models do not treat all tokens equally. When processing long prompts, models tend to: Pay more attention to tokens at the beginning Pay more attention to tokens at the end Pay less attention to tokens in the middle This behaviour emerges from how transformer attention works at scale — especially when prompts approach the context window limit. So even if the correct chunk is retrieved, placing it in the middle of a long prompt makes it statistically easier for the model to ignore. Why This Hits RAG Systems Especially Hard RAG pipelines usually look like this: User asks a question Retriever fetches top-K chunks Chunks are concatenated into context Prompt is sent to the LLM The problem? Most systems: Append retrieved chunks after instructions Stack chunks in relevance order Push critical information into the middle of the prompt Typical RAG prompt layout: [System Instructions] [User Question] [Retrieved Chunk 1] [Retrieved Chunk 2] [Retrieved Chunk 3] [Retrieved Chunk 4] [Answer Instruction] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Where do most chunks land? 👉 Right in the middle Result: Relevance ≠ Visibility Even though: They are semantically correct They are retrieved via similarity The retriever did its job — but the model never fully used the information. Why “Better Embeddings” Don’t Fix This This is the trap many teams fall into: Switching from OpenAI → Cohere → BGE Tweaking vector dimensions Changing similarity metrics But embeddings only decide what gets retrieved. They don’t control what gets attended to. You can have perfect embeddings and still get poor answers if: Context is too long Chunks are poorly ordered Important facts sit in the middle How “Lost in the Middle” Shows Up in Production Common symptoms: Model answers partially correct Hallucinations despite relevant context Correct answers during testing, failures at scale “It works for short queries, not long ones” These are not random failures — they’re structural . Practical Ways to Mitigate It You don’t eliminate “Lost in the Middle” — you design around it. Effective strategies include: Putting critical chunks at the beginning or end Query-aware chunk re-ordering Context compression / summarisation Smaller, intent-focused context windows Multi-step prompting instead of one giant prompt The goal isn’t more context — it’s better-positioned context Final Takeaway RAG doesn’t fail because retrieval is wrong. It fails because attention is finite . If you don’t design for how models actually consume context, they’ll ignore the very information you worked hard to retrieve. What’s Next In the next article, we’ll go deeper into: Chunking, Batching & Indexing — the Hidden Costs of RAG Systems Because once attention is understood, scale, latency, and cost become the real problems. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Parth Sarthi Sharma Follow Lead Software Engineer working on AI platforms, agentic systems, and cloud-native architectures. I write about: • Distributed systems & system design • LangChain, LangGraph, and real-world AI agents Pronouns He/Him Work Lead Software Engineer Joined Dec 24, 2025 More from Parth Sarthi Sharma Local RAG vs Cloud RAG: What Changes When You Leave the Demo # ai # rag # vectordatabase # softwareengineering Prompt Routing & Context Engineering: Letting the System Decide What It Needs # ai # promptengineering # vectordatabase # rag Simple RAG vs Agentic RAG: What Problem Are You Actually Solving? # ai # rag # llm # softwareengineering 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/arunavamodak/react-router-v5-vs-v6-dp0#in-v6 | React Router V5 vs V6 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Arunava Modak Posted on Nov 14, 2021 React Router V5 vs V6 # webdev # javascript # react # reactrouter React Router version 6 was released recently, and it is important for us to understand the changes as it is one of the most widely used react libraries out there. So What Is React Router ? React Router is a fully-featured client and server-side routing library for React, a JavaScript library for building user interfaces. React Router runs anywhere React runs; on the web, on the server with node.js, and on React Native. In V6, there has been a lot of under the hood changes, be it an enhanced path pattern matching algorithm or addition of new components. Not only that but the bundle size has been reduced by almost 58%. So here are some of the changes you can make to upgrade an existing project from React Router v5 to v6. Switch Replaced With Routes In v6, Switch in not exported from react-router-dom . In the earlier version we could use Switch to wrap our routes. Now we use Routes to do the same thing instead of Switch . Changes In The Way We Define Our Route The component that should be rendered on matching a route can not be written as children of the Route component, but it takes a prop called element where we have to pass a JSX component for that to be rendered. The exact Prop Is Not Needed Anymore With version 6, React Router has just become alot more awesome. The now better, path matching algorithm, enables us to match a particular route match without the exact prop. Earlier, without exact , any URL starting with the concerned keyword would be loaded, as the matching process was done from top to down the route definitions. But now, we do not have to worry about that, as React Router has a better algorithm for loading the best route for a particular URL, the order of defining does not really matters now. So, to sum up these three points we can consider this code snippet. In v5 import { Switch , Route } from " react-router-dom " ; . . . < Switch > < Route path = " / " > < Home /> < /Route > < Route exact path = " /cryptocurrencies " > < Cryptocurrencies /> < /Route > < Route exact path = " /crypto/:coinId " > < CryptoDetails /> < /Route > < Route exact path = " /exchanges " > < Exchanges /> < /Route > < /Switch > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In v6 import { Routes , Route } from " react-router-dom " ; . . . < Routes > < Route path = " / " element = { < Home /> } / > < Route path = " /crypto/:coinId " element = { < CryptoDetails /> } / > < Route path = " /cryptocurrencies " element = { < Cryptocurrencies /> } / > < Route path = " /exchanges " element = { < Exchanges /> } / > < /Routes > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode No Need To Install react-router-config Seperately react-router-config allowed us to define our routes as javascript objects, instead of React elements, and all it's functionalities have to moved in the core react router v6. //V5 import { renderRoutes } from " react-router-config " ; const routes = [ { path : " / " , exact : true , component : Home }, { path : " /cryptocurrencies " , exact : true , component : Cryptocurrencies }, { path : " /exchanges " , exact : true , component : Exchanges } ]; export default function App () { return ( < div > < Router > { renderRoutes ( routes )} < /Router > < /div > ); } //V6 function App () { let element = useRoutes ([ // These are the same as the props you provide to <Route> { path : " / " , element : < Home /> }, { path : " /cryptocurrencies " , element : < Cryptocurrencies /> , // Nested routes use a children property children : [ { path : " :coinId " , element : < CryptoDetails /> }, ] }, { path : " /exchanges " , element : < Exchanges /> }, ]); // The returned element will render the entire element // hierarchy with all the appropriate context it needs return element ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode useHistory Is Now useNavigate React Router v6 now has the navigate api, which most of the times would mean replacing useHistory to useNavigate . //V5 import { useHistory } from " react-router-dom " ; function News () { let history = useHistory (); function handleClick () { history . push ( " /home " ); } return ( < div > < button onClick = {() => { history . push ( " /home " ); }} > Home < /button > < /div > ); } //V6 import { useNavigate } from " react-router-dom " ; function News () { let navigate = useNavigate (); return ( < div > < button onClick = {() => { navigate ( " /home " ); }} > go home < /button > < /div > ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Some more common features of useHistory were go , goBack and goForward . These can also be achieved by navigate api too, we just need to mention the number of steps we want to move forward or backward ('+' for forward and '-' for backward). So we can code these features we can consider this. //V5 import { useHistory } from " react-router-dom " ; function Exchanges () { const { go , goBack , goForward } = useHistory (); return ( <> < button onClick = {() => go ( - 2 )} > 2 steps back < /button > < button onClick = { goBack } > 1 step back < /button > < button onClick = { goForward } > 1 step forward < /button > < button onClick = {() => go ( 2 )} > 2 steps forward < /button > < / > ); } //V6 import { useNavigate } from " react-router-dom " ; function Exchanges () { const navigate = useNavigate (); return ( <> < button onClick = {() => navigate ( - 2 )} > 2 steps back < /button > < button onClick = {() => navigate ( - 1 )} > 1 step back < /button > < button onClick = {() => navigate ( 1 )} > 1 step forward < /button > < button onClick = {() => navigate ( 2 )} > 2 steps forward < /button > < / > ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode activeStyle and activeClassName Props Removed From <NavLink /> In the previous version we could set a seperate class or a style object for the time when the <NavLink/> would be active. In V6, these two props are removed, instead in case of Nav Links className and style props, work a bit differently. They take a function which in turn gives up some information about the link, for us to better control the styles. //V5 < NavLink to = " /news " style = {{ color : ' black ' }} activeStyle = {{ color : ' blue ' }} > Exchanges < /NavLink > < NavLink to = " /news " className = " nav-link " activeClassName = " active " > Exchanges < /NavLink > //V6 < NavLink to = " /news " style = {({ isActive }) => { color : isActive ? ' blue ' : ' black ' }} > Exchanges < /NavLink > < NavLink to = " /news " className = {({ isActive }) => " nav-link " + ( isActive ? " active " : "" )} > Exchanges < /NavLink > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Replace Redirect with Navigate Redirect is no longer exported from react-router-dom , instead we use can Navigate to achieve the same features. //V5 import { Redirect } from " react-router-dom " ; < Route exact path = " /latest-news " > < Redirect to = " /news " > < /Route > < Route exact path = " /news " > < News /> < /Route > //V6 import { Navigate } from " react-router-dom " ; < Route path = " /latest-news " element = { < Navigate replace to = " /news " > } / > < Route path = " /news " element = { < Home /> } / > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Please note the replace prop passed inside the element of the Route . This signifies we are replacing the current navigation stack. Without replace it would mean we are just pushing the component in the existing navigation stack. That's it for today. Hope this helps you upgrading your react project, to React Router V6. Thank you for reading !! 😇😇 Happy Coding !! Happy Building !! Top comments (17) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand rkganeshan rkganeshan rkganeshan Follow Joined Aug 28, 2021 • Jul 3 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hey @arunavamodak , liked this blog. Crisp content ; differences of the versions as well as the new implementation is dealt very well. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henrik VT Henrik VT Henrik VT Follow Location Northeast US Joined Mar 7, 2021 • Nov 16 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide As someone who hasn't used React Router, what's the advantage of using this over a framework like Next.js or Gatsby? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Arunava Modak Arunava Modak Arunava Modak Follow A Software Engineer, in love with building things. Passionate, especially about beautiful UI. Email arunavamodak2@gmail.com Location Bengaluru, India Work Senior Software Engineer @ Rizzle Joined Nov 12, 2021 • Nov 17 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Well it totally depends on the requirement of your project. If you want an SPA, you can use React and React Router, which takes care of your client-side routing. For something like Next.js it comes with it's own page based routing, I don't think we can implement SPA. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Lesley van der Pol Lesley van der Pol Lesley van der Pol Follow Fullstack Consultant (web) 💻 · Based in The Netherlands Location The Netherlands Education Bachelor Software Engineering Work Fullstack Development Consultant at Passionate People, VodafoneZiggo Joined Aug 2, 2019 • Nov 20 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I don't think there is an advantage of using React Router over Next.js or Gatsby. If you want the tools that Next or Gatsby offer then it makes sense to just go for those. If you're working on a more vanilla React project then you will generally see something like React Router in place to handle the routing. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Johannes Mogashoa Johannes Mogashoa Johannes Mogashoa Follow Full Stack Javascript and C# developer. Lover of all things problem solving and worthwhile. Email jomogashoa1993@gmail.com Location Johannesburg, South Africa Education Nelson Mandela University Work Software Developer Joined Sep 8, 2020 • Nov 21 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide React Router is directly plugged into Next without you having to install it as a separate dependency. For instance, with Next when you add a new JS/TS or JSX/TSX file into the pages folder, it will automatically map out the path for you without you having to define it. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Mike Robinson Mike Robinson Mike Robinson Follow Joined Nov 12, 2021 • Nov 17 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Next and Gatsby are full-fledged frameworks and do a LOT more than just routing. If you're already using them, there's no need to use React Router. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Swastik Yadav Swastik Yadav Swastik Yadav Follow Software Engineer || React JS, Next JS, TailwindCSS || Building CatalystUI || Writes about code, AI, and life. Location The Republic of India Joined May 1, 2021 • Nov 15 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hey Arunava, Thanks for such nice and detailed explanation about the changes in react-router v6. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Arunava Modak Arunava Modak Arunava Modak Follow A Software Engineer, in love with building things. Passionate, especially about beautiful UI. Email arunavamodak2@gmail.com Location Bengaluru, India Work Senior Software Engineer @ Rizzle Joined Nov 12, 2021 • Nov 17 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks man. Just looking to contribute something to the community Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand rancy98 rancy98 rancy98 Follow Work Frontend Enginner Joined Jul 7, 2021 • Nov 16 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide quality sharing！ Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Ferdiansyah Ferdiansyah Ferdiansyah Follow Location localhost:3000 Work Frontend Developer Joined Aug 31, 2020 • Nov 15 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide nice👏 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand th3c0r th3c0r th3c0r Follow Joined Sep 24, 2020 • Nov 15 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Very nice article! Also a good video tutorial from Academind youtu.be/zEQiNFAwDGo Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Kristofer Pervin Kristofer Pervin Kristofer Pervin Follow Work Full Stack Developer at Adaptiiv Medical Technologies Inc Joined Nov 20, 2021 • Nov 20 '21 • Edited on Nov 20 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide At some point can you add in built-in Protected Routes? It would be quite the convenience feature. Otherwise this looks great! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Mike Robinson Mike Robinson Mike Robinson Follow Joined Nov 12, 2021 • Nov 17 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide There's also an official upgrading guide: github.com/remix-run/react-router/... Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand 77pintu 77pintu 77pintu Follow Joined Apr 5, 2020 • Oct 2 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks for the great post!!! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Daniel OUATTARA Daniel OUATTARA Daniel OUATTARA Follow Joined Mar 28, 2022 • Apr 5 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you ! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (17 comments) Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Arunava Modak Follow A Software Engineer, in love with building things. Passionate, especially about beautiful UI. 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A Founder's First Lesson in Concurrency # systemdesign # startup # webdev # backend Comments Add Comment 4 min read ReAct vs Tool Calling: Why Your LLM Should Decide — But Never Execute Parth Sarthi Sharma Parth Sarthi Sharma Parth Sarthi Sharma Follow Dec 24 '25 ReAct vs Tool Calling: Why Your LLM Should Decide — But Never Execute # ai # langchain # llm # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 2 min read How I Learned System Design in 5 Days | Roadmap for Interviews Sayantan Banerjee Sayantan Banerjee Sayantan Banerjee Follow Dec 24 '25 How I Learned System Design in 5 Days | Roadmap for Interviews # webdev # systemdesign # programming # career Comments Add Comment 5 min read The Only Safe Way to Import Legacy Docs: Question-Driven Context Integration synthaicode synthaicode synthaicode Follow Dec 25 '25 The Only Safe Way to Import Legacy Docs: Question-Driven Context Integration # ai # systemdesign # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read Atomic Transaction Patterns C# Akkarapon Phikulsri Akkarapon Phikulsri Akkarapon Phikulsri Follow Jan 8 Atomic Transaction Patterns C# # architecture # csharp # dotnet # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 5 min read Scaling Java with Write-Behind Caching William Nogueira William Nogueira William Nogueira Follow Dec 24 '25 Scaling Java with Write-Behind Caching # java # springboot # performance # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building AI That Doesn't Lose Its Mind: A Universal Architecture for Stable Memory Systems Aleksandr Kossarev Aleksandr Kossarev Aleksandr Kossarev Follow Jan 6 Building AI That Doesn't Lose Its Mind: A Universal Architecture for Stable Memory Systems # ai # architecture # memory # systemdesign 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read Chatbot Queue Management: RabbitMQ vs Apache Kafka Chatboq Chatboq Chatboq Follow Dec 24 '25 Chatbot Queue Management: RabbitMQ vs Apache Kafka # api # backend # architecture # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 9 min read 7 Lessons I Learned from Studying Twitter System Design Interview Courses Dev Loops Dev Loops Dev Loops Follow Dec 24 '25 7 Lessons I Learned from Studying Twitter System Design Interview Courses # twitter # systemdesign # career # productivity Comments Add Comment 4 min read De la Ingeniería de Sistemas a la Fórmula 1: La IA (Nanobana) para ilustrar un Roadmap Complejo Daniel Daniel Daniel Follow for Datalaria Jan 6 De la Ingeniería de Sistemas a la Fórmula 1: La IA (Nanobana) para ilustrar un Roadmap Complejo # ai # productivity # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 7 min read AI-to-AI Communication: Navigating the Risks in an Interconnected AI Ecosystem John R. 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https://dev.to/baasilali | Baasil Ali - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Baasil Ali 404 bio not found Joined Joined on Jan 13, 2026 github website More info about @baasilali Post 1 post published Comment 1 comment written Tag 0 tags followed Want to connect with Baasil Ali? Create an account to connect with Baasil Ali. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:07 |
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Right menu Compliance 4.0: Integrating Finance, Data and Cyber in U.S. Firms Md Tauhid Hossain Rubel Md Tauhid Hossain Rubel Md Tauhid Hossain Rubel Follow Dec 29 '25 Compliance 4.0: Integrating Finance, Data and Cyber in U.S. Firms # discuss # news Comments Add Comment 7 min read Why Medical Devices Are Now Prime Targets for Cyberattacks shiva shiva shiva Follow Nov 28 '25 Why Medical Devices Are Now Prime Targets for Cyberattacks # news # iot # networksec Comments Add Comment 2 min read Alert: China-Nexus APT Weaponizes "DLL Sideloading" in New Attack (Technical Analysis) published: true uday patil uday patil uday patil Follow Nov 20 '25 Alert: China-Nexus APT Weaponizes "DLL Sideloading" in New Attack (Technical Analysis) published: true # news # security # cybersecurity # hacktoberfest Comments Add Comment 2 min read Hunting TTPs for the EVALUSION ClickFix Campaign Delivering Amatera Stealer & NetSupport RAT Puneet Jena Puneet Jena Puneet Jena Follow Nov 17 '25 Hunting TTPs for the EVALUSION ClickFix Campaign Delivering Amatera Stealer & NetSupport RAT # news # networksec Comments Add Comment 2 min read WhatsApp malware campaign targeting Chrome credential vaults Puneet Jena Puneet Jena Puneet Jena Follow Nov 16 '25 WhatsApp malware campaign targeting Chrome credential vaults # discuss # education # news Comments Add Comment 2 min read Critical Kerberos Delegation Vulnerability Discovered in Active Directory (Silverfort Research, Nov 2025) meryem_Li meryem_Li meryem_Li Follow Nov 13 '25 Critical Kerberos Delegation Vulnerability Discovered in Active Directory (Silverfort Research, Nov 2025) # news # networksec Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why State Actors Are Targeting Industrial Control Systems GuardingPearSoftware GuardingPearSoftware GuardingPearSoftware Follow Nov 10 '25 Why State Actors Are Targeting Industrial Control Systems # news # iot # networksec 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 5 min read The Rising Tide of Cyber Threats: Navigating the Digital Storm in 2025 Sagar Sajwan Sagar Sajwan Sagar Sajwan Follow Oct 30 '25 The Rising Tide of Cyber Threats: Navigating the Digital Storm in 2025 # news # cybersecurity # cyberthreat 10 reactions Comments 2 comments 8 min read October 2025 Security Scoop: AI in Attacks, Fresh Vulns, and Career Boosts Om Shree Om Shree Om Shree Follow Oct 12 '25 October 2025 Security Scoop: AI in Attacks, Fresh Vulns, and Career Boosts # discuss # beginners # aws # news 20 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... trending guides/resources Hunting TTPs for the EVALUSION ClickFix Campaign Delivering Amatera Stealer & NetSupport RAT The Rising Tide of Cyber Threats: Navigating the Digital Storm in 2025 WhatsApp malware campaign targeting Chrome credential vaults Why Medical Devices Are Now Prime Targets for Cyberattacks Compliance 4.0: Integrating Finance, Data and Cyber in U.S. Firms Why State Actors Are Targeting Industrial Control Systems 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Security Forem — Your central hub for all things security. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # systemdesign Follow Hide Create Post Older #systemdesign posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Principal Architect Mindset – Self-Questioning Guide Sekar Thangavel Sekar Thangavel Sekar Thangavel Follow Jan 9 Principal Architect Mindset – Self-Questioning Guide # architecture # career # performance # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🚀 Cracking the Frontend System Design Interview: A Top-to-Bottom Guide Vishwark Vishwark Vishwark Follow Jan 9 🚀 Cracking the Frontend System Design Interview: A Top-to-Bottom Guide # frontendsystemdesign # frontend # systemdesign # interview Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why Startups and IndieDevs Should Choose Monolith First, Lessons From My Micro-SaaS Project, For ... Saber Amani Saber Amani Saber Amani Follow Jan 9 Why Startups and IndieDevs Should Choose Monolith First, Lessons From My Micro-SaaS Project, For ... # softwareengineering # dotnet # systemdesign # devops Comments Add Comment 4 min read AI Orchestration: The Missing Layer Behind Reliable Agentic Systems Yeahia Sarker Yeahia Sarker Yeahia Sarker Follow Jan 9 AI Orchestration: The Missing Layer Behind Reliable Agentic Systems # agents # ai # architecture # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 3 min read Google's LEGO tribute 🧩 Jigyasa Grover Jigyasa Grover Jigyasa Grover Follow for Google Developer Experts Jan 9 Google's LEGO tribute 🧩 # computerscience # dataengineering # google # systemdesign 24 reactions Comments 8 comments 1 min read The Knight Capital Law: Why Your CI/CD Pipeline Is a Liability System Design Autopsy System Design Autopsy System Design Autopsy Follow Jan 8 The Knight Capital Law: Why Your CI/CD Pipeline Is a Liability # devops # systemdesign # softwareengineering # programming Comments Add Comment 3 min read System Design Intro #Day-1 VINAY TEJA ARUKALA VINAY TEJA ARUKALA VINAY TEJA ARUKALA Follow Jan 9 System Design Intro #Day-1 # systemdesign # beginners # computerscience # interview Comments Add Comment 2 min read Feature Toggles Without Tech Debt, Strategies for Teams to Avoid Hidden Pitfalls Saber Amani Saber Amani Saber Amani Follow Jan 8 Feature Toggles Without Tech Debt, Strategies for Teams to Avoid Hidden Pitfalls # softwareengineering # dotnet # systemdesign # devops Comments Add Comment 4 min read System Design 101: A Clear & Simple Introduction (With a Real-World Analogy) Vishwark Vishwark Vishwark Follow Jan 8 System Design 101: A Clear & Simple Introduction (With a Real-World Analogy) # systemdesign # architecture # beginners # careerdevelopment Comments Add Comment 3 min read Here’s How You Nail the Netflix System Design Interview With The Right Resources Dev Loops Dev Loops Dev Loops Follow Jan 8 Here’s How You Nail the Netflix System Design Interview With The Right Resources # netflix # systemdesign # career # productivity Comments Add Comment 4 min read 🚀 The "Thundering Herd": Why Your App Might Crash When It Wakes Up 🐎💥 charan koppuravuri charan koppuravuri charan koppuravuri Follow Jan 12 🚀 The "Thundering Herd": Why Your App Might Crash When It Wakes Up 🐎💥 # systemdesign # beginners # backend # architecture Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why Every Critical System Needs Multi-Party Authorization (Even If You're Not Building AI) John R. Black III John R. Black III John R. Black III Follow Jan 6 Why Every Critical System Needs Multi-Party Authorization (Even If You're Not Building AI) # ai # cybersecurity # zerotrust # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 5 min read System Design in 2026: The Complete Guide (18,500 words) Akhilesh Akhilesh Akhilesh Follow Jan 7 System Design in 2026: The Complete Guide (18,500 words) # systemdesign # softwareengineering # backend # engineering 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Best Apple System Design Interview Resources I Used (And How They Helped Me) Dev Loops Dev Loops Dev Loops Follow Jan 6 Best Apple System Design Interview Resources I Used (And How They Helped Me) # resources # career # systemdesign # productivity Comments Add Comment 5 min read Kafka Ingestion & Processing at Scale | Rajamohan Jabbala j raja mohan j raja mohan j raja mohan Follow Jan 7 Kafka Ingestion & Processing at Scale | Rajamohan Jabbala # kafka # architecture # scalability # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 2 min read 7 Must-Have Amazon System Design Interview Resources to Nail Your Prep Dev Loops Dev Loops Dev Loops Follow Jan 6 7 Must-Have Amazon System Design Interview Resources to Nail Your Prep # aws # career # resources # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 4 min read Designing for Failure: Building Reliable Crypto-to-Utility Payments with Provider Failover Yusuf Adeniyi Yusuf Adeniyi Yusuf Adeniyi Follow Jan 8 Designing for Failure: Building Reliable Crypto-to-Utility Payments with Provider Failover # architecture # fintech # backend # systemdesign 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read 5 Software Architecture Patterns Every Developer Should Know archmentor.dev archmentor.dev archmentor.dev Follow Jan 7 5 Software Architecture Patterns Every Developer Should Know # architecture # microservices # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 2 min read Analytical Capability Is Not Authority: A Critical Boundary in AI-Enabled Systems Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Antonio Jose Socorro Marin Follow Jan 8 Analytical Capability Is Not Authority: A Critical Boundary in AI-Enabled Systems # ai # architecture # leadership # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 1 min read My Key Takeaways from DDIA Chapter 1: Reliability, Scalability, and Maintainability Faizan Firdousi Faizan Firdousi Faizan Firdousi Follow Jan 7 My Key Takeaways from DDIA Chapter 1: Reliability, Scalability, and Maintainability # systemdesign # distributedsystems # architecture # computerscience Comments Add Comment 2 min read Formal Semantics as the Missing Control Layer for AI-Assisted Software Engineering Sven A. Schäfer Sven A. Schäfer Sven A. Schäfer Follow Jan 6 Formal Semantics as the Missing Control Layer for AI-Assisted Software Engineering # ai # softwareengineering # architecture # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 5 min read Why Having More Data Still Slows Decisions Gyan Solutions Gyan Solutions Gyan Solutions Follow Jan 5 Why Having More Data Still Slows Decisions # operations # devops # systemdesign # brightdatachallenge Comments Add Comment 6 min read System Design : Calendar App Shalini Goyall Shalini Goyall Shalini Goyall Follow Jan 6 System Design : Calendar App # systemdesign # interview # softwareengineering # calendar Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building a Lightweight ERP Core with Clean Architecture (Lessons Learned) Hoang Le Hoang Le Hoang Le Follow Jan 6 Building a Lightweight ERP Core with Clean Architecture (Lessons Learned) # architecture # learning # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 2 min read Is This Thing On? Welcome to Rhiza's Kernel Chronicles fwdslsh fwdslsh fwdslsh Follow Jan 6 Is This Thing On? Welcome to Rhiza's Kernel Chronicles # agentic # kernel # architecture # systemdesign 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 9 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a blogging-forward open source social network where we learn from one another Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:07 |
https://dev.to/ahmed_onour/meet-meta-ai-your-new-go-to-assistant-for-a-smarter-you-5ao6 | Meet Meta AI: Your New Go-To Assistant for a Smarter You! - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Ahmed Onour Posted on Apr 26, 2024 Meet Meta AI: Your New Go-To Assistant for a Smarter You! # ai # webdev # javascript # news Introduction: In today's fast-paced digital world, staying ahead of the curve requires innovative solutions and cutting-edge technology. That's where Meta AI comes in – a revolutionary artificial intelligence assistant designed to simplify and enhance your online experiences. In this comprehensive guide, we'll delve into the capabilities, benefits, and applications of Meta AI, and explore how it can transform the way you work, create, and interact online. Understanding Meta AI: Meta AI is built on advanced natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning algorithms, enabling it to understand and respond to human input in a highly accurate and personalized manner. This AI assistant can be integrated into various platforms and devices, making it an versatile tool for individuals and organizations alike. Key Features and Capabilities: Answer Engine: Meta AI's answer engine provides instant and accurate responses to a wide range of questions, from science and history to entertainment and culture. Text Generation: This feature allows users to generate high-quality text based on prompts, perfect for writing tasks, content creation, and more. Image Generation: Meta AI's image generation capability brings ideas to life, creating stunning visuals from user descriptions. Language Translation: With support for multiple languages, Meta AI's translation feature breaks down language barriers, facilitating global communication and collaboration. Personalized Experience: Meta AI's adaptive technology learns user preferences and behaviour, providing a tailored experience that evolves. Applications and Use Cases: Education: Meta AI assists students with research, homework, and study materials while helping teachers with lesson planning and content creation. Business: Professionals can utilize Meta AI for report generation, data analysis, and communication, streamlining workflows and enhancing productivity. Creativity: Artists, writers, and designers can leverage Meta AI's image and text generation capabilities to spark inspiration and bring ideas to life. Travel and Tourism: Meta AI's translation feature helps travellers navigate foreign languages and cultures, ensuring a seamless and enjoyable experience. Benefits and Advantages: Time-Saving: Meta AI automates tedious tasks, freeing up time for more important activities. Enhanced Productivity: With Meta AI's assistance, users can complete tasks more efficiently and effectively. Improved Accuracy: Meta AI's advanced algorithms ensure high accuracy and precision in its responses and generated content. Personalized Experience: Meta AI's adaptive technology provides a tailored experience, catering to individual preferences and needs. Conclusion: Meta AI is a game-changing technology that has the potential to revolutionize the way we interact with the digital world. With its comprehensive feature set, personalized approach, and versatility, Meta AI is an indispensable tool for anyone looking to simplify and enhance their online experiences. Whether you're a student, professional, or creative, Meta AI is the perfect assistant to help you achieve your goals and unlock your full potential. If you don't know what's Notion, let me introduce you to a productivity game-changer! Notion is an all-in-one workspace combining notes, tasks, databases, and pages in a flexible and customizable way. It's a digital hub for your ideas, goals, and workflows, accessible from anywhere. Perfect for individuals and teams, Notion streamlines workflows, boosts productivity, and helps achieve goals. here is an affiliate link you can use to start Notion . Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Ahmed Onour Follow Ahmed Suliman, a front-end developer and designer, turns complex problems into sleek solutions. His work is simple, clear, elegant, and evocative, making a positive impact on the digital world. 😎 Location Ethiopia, Addis Ababa Work Freelance Web developer & designer Joined May 15, 2020 More from Ahmed Onour 5 of the Best Ways to Make Money Online in 2024 # webdev # javascript # programming # productivity 5 Free Tools to Boost Developer Productivity # webdev # beginners # tutorial # productivity 5 of the Best Free FrontEnd Tutorials Out There # webdev # javascript # beginners # tutorial 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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In other words, when you share your data on a DEV-hosted forum operated by a Forem Operator, we at DEV are basically just the "pipes" — we process the data on behalf of the Forem Operator, but don't do anything with it ourselves beyond what we're required to do under our contract (and by law). So, if you post your information on a DEV-powered forum provided by a Forem Operator, that Forem Operator's privacy policy applies, and any questions or requests relating to your data on that service should be directed to that Forem Operator, not us. Likewise, if you use our mobile application, you may also interact with forums that use DEV's open-source tools but do all their hosting and data collection themselves. For those forums, we at DEV have no access to your data, so be sure to read the privacy policy of any third-party hosted forum before posting. 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT The categories of personal information we collect depend on whether you're a User or Forem Operator, how you interact with us, our Services, and the requirements of applicable law. Breaking it down, we collect three types of information: (1) information that you provide to us directly, (2) information we obtain automatically when you use our Services, and (3) information we get about you from other sources (such as third-party services and organizations). More details are below. A. Information You Provide to Us Directly We may collect the following personal information that you provide to us. Account Creation (for Forem Operators): We'll require your name and email address to get started, as well as some details about the Forem you want to run, such as: whether you're running the Forem on your own behalf or as part of an organization, and details about the community you want to support (how big is it, what topics does it cover, where do members currently communicate, how/if the community earns money, whether the community is open, invite-only or paid, any existing social media accounts, etc.) You'll need to tell us a bit about your personal coding background, and you'll have the option to provide your DEV username as well, if you are a member of the DEV.to community. Account Creation (for Users) : We collect name and email address from users that create an account on DEV Community. For other forums created by Forem Operators using Forem, the Forem Operator determines what information is required for User account creation for their respective forums. Interactive Features (for Users) . Like any other social network, both we and other Users of our Services may collect personal information that you submit or make available through our interactive features (e.g., messaging and chat features, commenting functionalities, forums, blogs, posts, and other social media pages). While we do have private messages that are only between you and the person you're messaging (as well as us and the Forem Operator, as applicable), any information you provide using the public sharing features of the Services, such as the information you post to your public profile or the topics you follow is public, including to recruiters and prospective employers, and is not subject to any of the privacy protections we mention in this Privacy Policy except where legally required. Please exercise caution before revealing any information that may identify you in the real world to others. Purchases . 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Information Collected Automatically We may collect personal information automatically when you use our Services: Automatic Data Collection . We may collect certain information automatically when you use our Services, such as your Internet protocol (IP) address, user settings, MAC address, cookie identifiers, mobile carrier, mobile advertising and other unique identifiers, browser or device information, location information (including approximate location derived from IP address), and Internet service provider. We may also automatically collect information regarding your use of our Services, such as pages that you visit before, during and after using our Services, information about the links you click, the types of content you interact with, the frequency and duration of your activities, and other information about how you use our Services. 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We may use Technologies and other third-party tools to process analytics information on our Services. Some of our analytics partners include Google Analytics. For more information,please visit Google Analytics' Privacy Policy . To learn more about how to opt-out of Google Analytics' use of your information, please click here . Social Media Platforms . Our Services may contain social media buttons such as Twitter, Facebook, GitHub, Instagram, and Twitch (that might include widgets such as the "share this" button or other interactive mini programs). These features may collect your IP address, which page you are visiting on our Services, and may set a cookie to enable the feature to function properly. Your interactions with these platforms are governed by the privacy policy of the company providing it. See the "Your Privacy Choices and Rights" section below to understand your choices regarding these Technologies. C. 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Provide Our Services We use your information to fulfill our contract with you and provide you with our Services, such as: Managing your information and accounts; Providing access to certain areas, functionalities, and features of our Services; Answering requests for customer or technical support; Communicating with you about your account, activities on our Services, and policy changes; Processing your financial information and other payment methods for products or Services purchased; Processing applications if you apply for a job we post on our Services; and Allowing you to register for events. B. 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C. Marketing and Advertising our Products and Services We may use your personal information to tailor and provide you with content and advertisements for our Services, such as via email. If you have any questions about our marketing practices, you may contact us at any time as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. D. Other Purposes We also use your information for other purposes as requested by you or as permitted by applicable law. Consent . We may use personal information for other purposes that are clearly disclosed to you at the time you provide personal information or with your consent. Automated Decision Making. We may engage in automated decision making, including profiling, such as to suggest topics or other Users for you to follow. DEV's processing of your personal information will not result in a decision based solely on automated processing that significantly affects you unless such a decision is necessary as part of a contract we have with you, we have your consent, or we are permitted by law to engage in such automated decision making. If you have questions about our automated decision making, you may contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. De-identified and Aggregated Information . We may use personal information and other information about you to create de-identified and/or aggregated information, such as de-identified demographic information, information about the device from which you access our Services, or other analyses we create. For example, we may collect system-wide information to ensure availability of the platform, or measure aggregate data trends to analyze and optimize our Services. Share Content with Friends or Colleagues. Our Services may offer various tools and functionalities. For example, we may allow you to provide information about your friends through our referral services. Our referral services may allow you to forward or share certain content with a friend or colleague, such as an email inviting your friend to use our Services. Please only share with us contact information of people with whom you have a relationship (e.g., relative, friend neighbor, or co-worker). 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION We disclose your information to third parties for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, to protect us or others, or in the event of a major business transaction such as a merger, sale, or asset transfer, as described below. A. Disclosures to Provide our Services The categories of third parties with whom we may share your information are described below. Service Providers . We may share your personal information with our third-party service providers who use that information to help us provide our Services. This includes service providers that provide us with IT support, hosting, payment processing, customer service, and related services. For example, our Shop site is run by Shopify, who handle your shipping details on our behalf. Business Partners . We may share your personal information with business partners to provide you with a product or service you have requested. We may also share your personal information to business partners with whom we jointly offer products or services. Other Users . As described above in the "Personal Information We Collect" section of this Privacy Policy, our Service allows Users to share their profiles, and any posts, chats, etc. with other Users and with the general public, including to those who do not use our Services. APIs/SDKs . We may use third-party Application Program Interfaces ("APIs") and Software Development Kits ("SDKs") as part of the functionality of our Services. For more information about our use of APIs and SDKs, please contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. B . Disclosures to Protect Us or Others We may access, preserve, and disclose any information we store associated with you to external parties if we, in good faith, believe doing so is required or appropriate to: comply with law enforcement or national security requests and legal process, such as a court order or subpoena; protect your, our, or others' rights, property, or safety; enforce our policies or contracts; collect amounts owed to us; or assist with an investigation or prosecution of suspected or actual illegal activity. C. 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We may also send you certain non-promotional communications regarding us and our Services, and you will not be able to opt out of those communications (e.g., communications regarding our Services or updates to our Terms or this Privacy Policy). Mobile Devices . We may send you push notifications through our mobile application. You may opt out from receiving these push notifications by changing the settings on your mobile device. "Do Not Track." Do Not Track (" DNT ") is a privacy preference that users can set in certain web browsers. Please note that we do not respond to or honor DNT signals or similar mechanisms transmitted by web browsers. Cookies and Interest-Based Advertising . You may stop or restrict the placement of Technologies on your device or remove them by adjusting your preferences as your browser or device permits. However, if you adjust your preferences, our Services may not work properly. Please note that cookie-based opt-outs are not effective on mobile applications. Please note you must separately opt out in each browser and on each device. Your Privacy Rights . In accordance with applicable law, you may have the right to: Access Personal Information about you, including: (i) confirming whether we are processing your personal information; (ii) obtaining access to or a copy of your personal information; Request Correction of your personal information where it is inaccurate, incomplete or outdated. In some cases, we may provide self-service tools that enable you to update your personal information; Request Deletion, Anonymization or Blocking of your personal information when processing is based on your consent or when processing is unnecessary, excessive or noncompliant; Request Restriction of or Object to our processing of your personal information when processing is noncompliant; Withdraw Your Consent to our processing of your personal information. If you refrain from providing personal information or withdraw your consent to processing, some features of our Service may not be available; Request Data Portability and Receive an Electronic Copy of Personal Information that You Have Provided to Us; Be Informed about third parties with which your personal information has been shared; and Request the Review of Decisions Taken Exclusively Based on Automated Processing if such decisions could affect your data subject rights. If you would like to exercise any of these rights, please contact us as set forth in "Contact Us" below. We will process such requests in accordance with applicable laws. 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS All information processed by us may be transferred, processed, and stored anywhere in the world, including, but not limited to, the United States or other countries, which may have data protection laws that are different from the laws where you live. We always strive to safeguard your information consistent with the requirements of applicable laws. 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION We store the personal information we collect as described in this Privacy Policy for as long as you use our Services or as necessary: to fulfill the purpose or purposes for which it was collected, to provide our Services, to resolve disputes, to establish legal defenses, to conduct audits, to pursue legitimate business purposes, to enforce our agreements, and to comply with applicable laws. 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS Refer-a-Friend and Similar Incentive Programs . As described above in the How We Use Your Personal Information section ("Share Content with Friends or Colleagues" subsection), we may offer referral programs or other incentivized data collection programs. For example, we may offer incentives to you such as discounts or promotional items or credit in connection with these programs, wherein you provide your personal information in exchange for a reward, or provide personal information regarding your friends or colleagues (such as their email address) and receive rewards when they sign up to use our Services. (The referred party may also receive rewards for signing up via your referral.) These programs are entirely voluntary and allow us to grow our business and provide additional benefits to you. The value of your data to us depends on how you ultimately use our Services, whereas the value of the referred party's data to us depends on whether the referred party ultimately becomes a User or Forem Operator and uses our Services. Said value will be reflected in the incentive offered in connection with each program. Accessibility . This Privacy Policy uses industry-standard technologies and was developed in line with the World Wide Web Consortium's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, version 2.1* . * If you wish to print this policy, please do so from your web browser or by saving the page as a PDF. California Shine the Light . The California "Shine the Light" law permits users who are California residents to request and obtain from us once a year, free of charge, a list of the third parties to whom we have disclosed their personal information (if any) for their direct marketing purposes in the prior calendar year, as well as the type of personal information disclosed to those parties. Right for Minors to Remove Posted Content . Where required by law, California residents under the age of 18 may request to have their posted content or information removed from the publicly-viewable portions of the Services by contacting us directly as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below or by logging into their account and removing the content or information using our self-service tools. 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS If you are a resident of Nevada, you have the right to opt-out of the sale of certain Personal Information to third parties who intend to license or sell that Personal Information. You can exercise this right by contacting us as set forth in the "Contact Us\" section below with the subject line "Nevada Do Not Sell Request" and providing us with your name and the email address associated with your account. Please note that we do not currently sell your Personal Information as sales are defined in Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 603A. If you have any questions, please contact us as set forth below. 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION The Services are not directed to children under 13 (or other age as required by local law), and we do not knowingly collect personal information from children. If you are a parent or guardian and believe your child has uploaded personal information to our site without your consent, you may contact us as described in the "Contact Us" section below. If we become aware that a child has provided us with personal information in violation of applicable law, we will delete any personal information we have collected, unless we have a legal obligation to keep it, and terminate the child's account if applicable. 11. OTHER PROVISIONS Third-Party Websites or Applications . The Services may contain links to other websites or applications, and other websites or applications may reference or link to our Services. These third-party services are not controlled by us. We encourage our users to read the privacy policies of each website and application with which they interact. We do not endorse, screen or approve, and are not responsible for, the privacy practices or content of such other websites or applications. Providing personal information to third-party websites or applications is at your own risk. Changes to Our Privacy Policy . We may revise this Privacy Policy from time to time in our sole discretion. If there are any material changes to this Privacy Policy, we will notify you as required by applicable law. You understand and agree that you will be deemed to have accepted the updated Privacy Policy if you continue to use our Services after the new Privacy Policy takes effect. 12. 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https://dev.to/nurettintopal/zero-trust-in-internal-microservices-service-security-with-an-api-gateway-2fkf#comments | Zero-Trust in Internal Microservices: Service Security with an API Gateway - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Nurettin Topal Posted on Jan 5 Zero-Trust in Internal Microservices: Service Security with an API Gateway # apigateway # security # microservices # apisecurity The original content was shared on my Medium account; I'm sharing it here as well so it can reach a wider audience. here is the link Should Internal Services Have Authentication? As microservice architectures grow, security assumptions about the internal system start to be questioned. In many companies, the mindset is: “Let’s secure the services exposed to the outside; internal ones are already safe.” But this approach is not sustainable in the long run, neither for security nor operational management. The Illusion of “Internal Services Are Already Safe” For years, services running inside a private network were treated as trusted. But here is the reality: When one internal service is compromised, it becomes a bridge to all other systems inside the network. Network-level security(like VPC boundaries or security groups) alone is not enough. In large environments where hundreds of services constantly talk to each other, relying only on the network layer basically means “trusting a firewall.” Modern security principles say the opposite: No service should blindly trust another one. The Hidden Cost of Living Without Internal Auth Operating without authentication inside the network may look simple at first, everything can access everything. But over time, questions like these become impossible to answer: Who is calling which endpoint? Who can access which data? Which service triggered this request? Monitoring and auditing fall short, and during incidents or breaches, “Who made this call?” often stays unanswered. Another hidden cost is uncontrolled access growth. Each new service gets access because it’s “internal,” and soon the system becomes a messy, implicit access network. In such an environment, applying security policy becomes nearly impossible. Adding Auth to Every Service: Good in Theory, Painful in Practice In theory, every microservice having its own authentication and authorization layer sounds correct. In practice, it becomes chaotic: Token verification Permission checks Policy management Handling error and fallback scenarios Each service ends up reimplementing the same logic. This causes code duplication and inconsistent security standards across the company. One team may use OAuth, another JWT, another mTLS. Eventually, every service follows its own path, and it becomes impossible to maintain a unified security posture. The Alternative: Domain-Based Internal Gateway Layers A more sustainable solution is to introduce internal API gateways for each domain. Each domain has its own gateway, and services inside that domain are only reachable through it. Auth, authorization, rate limiting, logging, and tracing can all be handled in this gateway layer. This approach reduces complexity: Services focus only on business logic. Security, observability, and access control become centralized. Domain boundaries become clearer. “Who can reach what?” becomes a definable and enforceable policy. What This Model Brings The biggest benefit is security. Each domain stays safe inside its own boundaries, and cross-domain access is controlled by explicit policies. Tokens become domain-based, giving fine-grained control over inter-domain traffic. Another major advantage is observability. Everything passing through a gateway is logged with identity information. This helps both performance analysis and security investigations. Services also stay simpler, faster, and easier to manage since they don’t handle auth logic. Counterarguments and the Reality Some might think this model introduces performance overhead. But gateways already use mechanisms like caching, rate limiting, and circuit breakers to minimize this cost. In modern infrastructure, the extra overhead is tiny compared to the value of centralized security and control. From an organizational perspective, it doesn’t reduce team autonomy. Instead, domain-based gateways make responsibilities clearer and reduce total system complexity by removing security logic from services. Conclusion: Internal Auth Gives You More Than Trust Internal authentication doesn’t only provide security, it brings observability, governance, and sustainability. In microservice architectures, secure communication can be achieved without sacrificing speed. Domain-based internal gateway design offers a healthier long-term structure for large organizations. In the end, the real winners are those who build trust into their architecture, not their network. Real-World Application: Current State, Problem, Solution, and Outcome Let’s examine how this approach works in a real organization. 1) Internal-Auth Service: Central Identity, Distributed Trust At the center of the system is an internal-auth service that issues short-lived JWT tokens to internal services. A token contains: The name of the service requesting it Allowed domains and specific services/endpoints Token expiry(kept very short, like 10–15 minutes, since JWT invalidation is costly and complex) Optional metadata for monitoring/tracing Tokens are signed using a private key. Domain gateways know the corresponding public key and verify tokens locally, without contacting the auth service. This reduces latency and prevents auth service overload. _> Risk: Header Manipulation During JWT Verification Since the JWT header is not encrypted, attackers may try to modify it. A common example is changing the alg field to “none” or switching algorithms. If the gateway trusts this header blindly, an unsigned or invalid token might be accepted. To prevent this: The algorithm must be enforced from configuration, not from the token. Do not trust the JWT header; always verify using the expected algorithm and key. Ensure library-level protections against alg-swapping attacks. Without these controls, attackers might bypass signature validation completely._ 2) Domain-Based Gateways: Controlled Boundaries, Enforced Policies Each domain is protected by an internal gateway(e.g., KrakenD). Goals: Services in other domains cannot access internal services directly. Inter-domain traffic goes through strict security rules. Authentication and authorization are handled at the gateway, not inside services. Gateway evaluates incoming tokens: Verify signature with public key Check permissions for target service/endpoint Apply domain-level policies Route the request if allowed This creates real domain boundaries and enables zero-trust inside the internal network. 3) Token Management in Services: Simplicity + Independence Each internal service periodically requests a token from internal-auth using its own credentials. Services: Cache the token(in-memory or shared storage like Redis for multi-instance setups) Refresh before expiry(e.g., at 90% TTL) Only include the token when calling another domain Handle token renewal internally No service needs to trust another service, trust depends on tokens. Architectural Challenges and Practical Solutions Every security model brings risks. Here are the key risks in this design and how to address them. Risk 1: Public Key Synchronization Issues If gateways don’t receive updated public keys, token validation breaks. Solution: Use a central config store(Consul, Vault, SSM, ConfigMap). Gateways fetch public keys on startup or periodically. Automate key rotation every 6–12 months(depending on risk). Risk 2: Tokens Containing Too Many Permissions Overpowered tokens create cross-domain vulnerabilities. Solution: Apply “least privilege.” Auth service checks policies before issuing tokens. Use domain-specific tokens when needed. Periodically audit access lists and remove risky permissions. Risk 3: Token Leakage or Theft A stolen token allows an attacker to act as a service temporarily. Solution: Keep TTL short(5–15 minutes). Store tokens only in-memory or protected caches. Use mTLS to add a second security layer. Tie tokens to IP/domain attributes if necessary. Risk 4: Performance Load on Gateways All traffic passing through gateways might create latency. Solution: Use caching and rate limiting. Keep token validation lightweight. Scale gateways horizontally when needed. Recommendations for Long-Term Sustainability 1) Keep Domain Boundaries Strict Services must not call other domains directly. All cross-domain communication must go through gateways. 2) Push Observability into the Gateway Layer Gateways should log every request with identity metadata. This answers: Which service called which service? Which token tried to access which domain? Where are unauthorized attempts happening? 3) Do Not Skip Key Rotation Automation Key lifecycle management is critical. Both private and public keys must be rotated safely and automatically. 4) Manage Eventual Consistency Expectations Policy updates, config changes, and key rotations propagate with slight delay, and that’s normal. Monitor these processes. 5) Provide a Simple SDK for Service Developers Do not force each team to implement token refresh logic manually. An internal SDK should handle: Fetching and renewing tokens Caching Retry and fallback logic This prevents mistakes and speeds up development. Final Outcome: A Secure, Scalable, and Manageable Internal Traffic Model This architecture moves trust from individual services to well-defined domain boundaries. Zero-trust becomes truly applicable inside the system. Centralized gateways deliver: Better governance Stronger security Improved observability Simpler services With proper key management, short-lived tokens, and strict domain boundaries, this model scales effectively in large organizations. What Architecture Should You Build? In a structure with one public gateway, 4 domains, 12+ subdomains, 60+ internal services, and 4+ engineering teams, the redesigned architecture focuses on stronger isolation and reducing security risks. Version-1: Simple Model Clients(mobile, web, etc.) reach internal services through a single public API Gateway. API Gateway is secured by OAuth/JWT/SSO. Internal services are not directly exposed to the internet. All internal services can freely communicate with each other. This is secure enough for small environments, but lacks deeper segmentation. Version-2: Improved Security and Isolation To achieve stronger control, we redesign the architecture: 1. Client → API Gateway Clients still access the system through the public API Gateway, the only externally exposed entry point. 2. Domain and Sub-domain Separation All services are grouped into 4 domains. Each domain can contain multiple sub-domains with several services. Domains are placed in different VPC/network segments for strong isolation. 3. Domain-Based Internal API Gateways Each domain has its own internal gateway. Internal communication is only allowed through these gateways. Services cannot talk to each other directly across domains. Internal Auth for Access Control Cross-domain communication works only with proper authentication: A service requests a token from internal-auth using its own credentials. Internal-auth issues a short-lived JWT with explicit permissions. Every cross-domain request must include this token. Domain gateway verifies the token and checks authorization. Unauthorized requests are blocked at the gateway. This allows: Centralized and manageable permissions Full domain-level segmentation Defined and safe communication paths Reduced impact of security breaches Thank you for reading until the end. Before you go: If you liked the content, don't forget to press the like icon! 👏 Follow me on X/Twitter Follow me on Github Follow me on Medium Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Nurettin Topal Follow Location istanbul Joined Dec 24, 2020 Trending on DEV Community Hot I Am 38, I Am a Nurse, and I Have Always Wanted to Learn Coding # career # learning # beginners # coding The First Week at a Startup Taught Me More Than I Expected # startup # beginners # career # learning What was your win this week??? # weeklyretro # discuss 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://peps.python.org#deferred-peps-postponed-pending-further-research-or-updates | PEP 0 – Index of Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs) | peps.python.org Following system colour scheme Selected dark colour scheme Selected light colour scheme Python Enhancement Proposals Python » PEP Index » PEP 0 Toggle light / dark / auto colour theme PEP 0 – Index of Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs) Author : The PEP Editors Status : Active Type : Informational Created : 13-Jul-2000 Table of Contents Introduction Topics API Numerical Index Index by Category Process and Meta-PEPs Other Informational PEPs Provisional PEPs (provisionally accepted; interface may still change) Accepted PEPs (accepted; may not be implemented yet) Open PEPs (under consideration) Finished PEPs (done, with a stable interface) Historical Meta-PEPs and Informational PEPs Deferred PEPs (postponed pending further research or updates) Rejected, Superseded, and Withdrawn PEPs Reserved PEP Numbers PEP Types Key PEP Status Key Authors/Owners Introduction This PEP contains the index of all Python Enhancement Proposals, known as PEPs. PEP numbers are assigned by the PEP editors, and once assigned are never changed. The version control history of the PEP texts represent their historical record. Topics PEPs for specialist subjects are indexed by topic . Governance PEPs Packaging PEPs Release PEPs Typing PEPs API The PEPS API is a JSON file of metadata about all the published PEPs. Read more here . Numerical Index The numerical index contains a table of all PEPs, ordered by number. Index by Category Process and Meta-PEPs PEP Title Authors PA 1 PEP Purpose and Guidelines Barry Warsaw, Jeremy Hylton, David Goodger, Alyssa Coghlan PA 2 Procedure for Adding New Modules Brett Cannon, Martijn Faassen PA 4 Deprecation of Standard Modules Brett Cannon, Martin von Löwis PA 7 Style Guide for C Code Guido van Rossum, Barry Warsaw PA 8 Style Guide for Python Code Guido van Rossum, Barry Warsaw, Alyssa Coghlan PA 10 Voting Guidelines Barry Warsaw PA 11 CPython platform support Martin von Löwis, Brett Cannon PA 12 Sample reStructuredText PEP Template David Goodger, Barry Warsaw, Brett Cannon PA 13 Python Language Governance The Python core team and community PA 387 Backwards Compatibility Policy Benjamin Peterson PA 545 Python Documentation Translations Julien Palard, Inada Naoki, Victor Stinner PA 602 Annual Release Cycle for Python Łukasz Langa 3.9 PA 609 Python Packaging Authority (PyPA) Governance Dustin Ingram, Pradyun Gedam, Sumana Harihareswara PA 676 PEP Infrastructure Process Adam Turner PA 729 Typing governance process Jelle Zijlstra, Shantanu Jain PA 731 C API Working Group Charter Guido van Rossum, Petr Viktorin, Victor Stinner, Steve Dower, Irit Katriel PA 732 The Python Documentation Editorial Board Joanna Jablonski PA 761 Deprecating PGP signatures for CPython artifacts Seth Michael Larson 3.14 PA 811 Defining Python Security Response Team membership and responsibilities Seth Michael Larson Other Informational PEPs PEP Title Authors IA 20 The Zen of Python Tim Peters IA 101 Doing Python Releases 101 Barry Warsaw, Guido van Rossum IF 247 API for Cryptographic Hash Functions A.M. Kuchling IF 248 Python Database API Specification v1.0 Greg Stein, Marc-André Lemburg IF 249 Python Database API Specification v2.0 Marc-André Lemburg IA 257 Docstring Conventions David Goodger, Guido van Rossum IF 272 API for Block Encryption Algorithms v1.0 A.M. Kuchling IA 287 reStructuredText Docstring Format David Goodger IA 290 Code Migration and Modernization Raymond Hettinger IF 333 Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0 Phillip J. Eby IA 394 The “python” Command on Unix-Like Systems Kerrick Staley, Alyssa Coghlan, Barry Warsaw, Petr Viktorin, Miro Hrončok, Carol Willing IF 399 Pure Python/C Accelerator Module Compatibility Requirements Brett Cannon 3.3 IF 430 Migrating to Python 3 as the default online documentation Alyssa Coghlan IA 434 IDLE Enhancement Exception for All Branches Todd Rovito, Terry Reedy IF 452 API for Cryptographic Hash Functions v2.0 A.M. Kuchling, Christian Heimes IF 457 Notation For Positional-Only Parameters Larry Hastings IF 482 Literature Overview for Type Hints Łukasz Langa IF 483 The Theory of Type Hints Guido van Rossum, Ivan Levkivskyi IA 514 Python registration in the Windows registry Steve Dower IF 579 Refactoring C functions and methods Jeroen Demeyer IF 588 GitHub Issues Migration Plan Mariatta IF 607 Reducing CPython’s Feature Delivery Latency Łukasz Langa, Steve Dower, Alyssa Coghlan 3.9 IA 619 Python 3.10 Release Schedule Pablo Galindo Salgado 3.10 IF 630 Isolating Extension Modules Petr Viktorin IF 635 Structural Pattern Matching: Motivation and Rationale Tobias Kohn, Guido van Rossum 3.10 IF 636 Structural Pattern Matching: Tutorial Daniel F Moisset 3.10 IF 659 Specializing Adaptive Interpreter Mark Shannon IA 664 Python 3.11 Release Schedule Pablo Galindo Salgado 3.11 IA 672 Unicode-related Security Considerations for Python Petr Viktorin IA 693 Python 3.12 Release Schedule Thomas Wouters 3.12 IA 719 Python 3.13 Release Schedule Thomas Wouters 3.13 IF 733 An Evaluation of Python’s Public C API Erlend Egeberg Aasland, Domenico Andreoli, Stefan Behnel, Carl Friedrich Bolz-Tereick, Simon Cross, Steve Dower, Tim Felgentreff, David Hewitt, Shantanu Jain, Wenzel Jakob, Irit Katriel, Marc-Andre Lemburg, Donghee Na, Karl Nelson, Ronald Oussoren, Antoine Pitrou, Neil Schemenauer, Mark Shannon, Stepan Sindelar, Gregory P. Smith, Eric Snow, Victor Stinner, Guido van Rossum, Petr Viktorin, Carol Willing, William Woodruff, David Woods, Jelle Zijlstra IA 745 Python 3.14 Release Schedule Hugo van Kemenade 3.14 IF 762 REPL-acing the default REPL Pablo Galindo Salgado, Łukasz Langa, Lysandros Nikolaou, Emily Morehouse-Valcarcel 3.13 IA 790 Python 3.15 Release Schedule Hugo van Kemenade 3.15 IA 801 Reserved Barry Warsaw IF 3333 Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0.1 Phillip J. Eby IF 8000 Python Language Governance Proposal Overview Barry Warsaw IF 8002 Open Source Governance Survey Barry Warsaw, Łukasz Langa, Antoine Pitrou, Doug Hellmann, Carol Willing IA 8016 The Steering Council Model Nathaniel J. Smith, Donald Stufft IF 8100 January 2019 Steering Council election Nathaniel J. Smith, Ee Durbin IF 8101 2020 Term Steering Council election Ewa Jodlowska, Ee Durbin IF 8102 2021 Term Steering Council election Ewa Jodlowska, Ee Durbin, Joe Carey IF 8103 2022 Term Steering Council election Ewa Jodlowska, Ee Durbin, Joe Carey IF 8104 2023 Term Steering Council election Ee Durbin IF 8105 2024 Term Steering Council election Ee Durbin IF 8106 2025 Term Steering Council election Ee Durbin IF 8107 2026 Term Steering Council election Ee Durbin Provisional PEPs (provisionally accepted; interface may still change) PEP Title Authors SP 708 Extending the Repository API to Mitigate Dependency Confusion Attacks Donald Stufft Accepted PEPs (accepted; may not be implemented yet) PEP Title Authors SA 458 Secure PyPI downloads with signed repository metadata Trishank Karthik Kuppusamy, Vladimir Diaz, Marina Moore, Lukas Puehringer, Joshua Lock, Lois Anne DeLong, Justin Cappos SA 658 Serve Distribution Metadata in the Simple Repository API Tzu-ping Chung SA 668 Marking Python base environments as “externally managed” Geoffrey Thomas, Matthias Klose, Filipe Laíns, Donald Stufft, Tzu-ping Chung, Stefano Rivera, Elana Hashman, Pradyun Gedam SA 686 Make UTF-8 mode default Inada Naoki 3.15 SA 687 Isolating modules in the standard library Erlend Egeberg Aasland, Petr Viktorin 3.12 SA 691 JSON-based Simple API for Python Package Indexes Donald Stufft, Pradyun Gedam, Cooper Lees, Dustin Ingram SA 699 Remove private dict version field added in PEP 509 Ken Jin 3.12 SA 701 Syntactic formalization of f-strings Pablo Galindo Salgado, Batuhan Taskaya, Lysandros Nikolaou, Marta Gómez Macías 3.12 SA 703 Making the Global Interpreter Lock Optional in CPython Sam Gross 3.13 SA 714 Rename dist-info-metadata in the Simple API Donald Stufft SA 728 TypedDict with Typed Extra Items Zixuan James Li 3.15 SA 739 build-details.json 1.0 — a static description file for Python build details Filipe Laíns 3.14 SA 753 Uniform project URLs in core metadata William Woodruff, Facundo Tuesca SA 770 Improving measurability of Python packages with Software Bill-of-Materials Seth Larson SA 773 A Python Installation Manager for Windows Steve Dower SA 793 PyModExport: A new entry point for C extension modules Petr Viktorin 3.15 SA 794 Import Name Metadata Brett Cannon SA 798 Unpacking in Comprehensions Adam Hartz, Erik Demaine 3.15 SA 799 A dedicated profiling package for organizing Python profiling tools Pablo Galindo Salgado, László Kiss Kollár 3.15 SA 810 Explicit lazy imports Pablo Galindo Salgado, Germán Méndez Bravo, Thomas Wouters, Dino Viehland, Brittany Reynoso, Noah Kim, Tim Stumbaugh 3.15 Open PEPs (under consideration) PEP Title Authors S 467 Minor API improvements for binary sequences Alyssa Coghlan, Ethan Furman 3.15 S 480 Surviving a Compromise of PyPI: End-to-end signing of packages Trishank Karthik Kuppusamy, Vladimir Diaz, Justin Cappos, Marina Moore S 603 Adding a frozenmap type to collections Yury Selivanov S 638 Syntactic Macros Mark Shannon S 653 Precise Semantics for Pattern Matching Mark Shannon S 671 Syntax for late-bound function argument defaults Chris Angelico 3.12 S 694 Upload 2.0 API for Python Package Indexes Barry Warsaw, Donald Stufft, Ee Durbin S 710 Recording the provenance of installed packages Fridolín Pokorný S 711 PyBI: a standard format for distributing Python Binaries Nathaniel J. Smith S 718 Subscriptable functions James Hilton-Balfe 3.15 I 720 Cross-compiling Python packages Filipe Laíns 3.12 S 725 Specifying external dependencies in pyproject.toml Pradyun Gedam, Jaime Rodríguez-Guerra, Ralf Gommers S 743 Add Py_OMIT_LEGACY_API to the Python C API Victor Stinner, Petr Viktorin 3.15 I 744 JIT Compilation Brandt Bucher, Savannah Ostrowski 3.13 S 746 Type checking Annotated metadata Adrian Garcia Badaracco 3.15 S 747 Annotating Type Forms David Foster, Eric Traut 3.15 S 748 A Unified TLS API for Python Joop van de Pol, William Woodruff 3.14 S 752 Implicit namespaces for package repositories Ofek Lev, Jarek Potiuk P 755 Implicit namespace policy for PyPI Ofek Lev S 764 Inline typed dictionaries Victorien Plot 3.15 I 766 Explicit Priority Choices Among Multiple Indexes Michael Sarahan S 767 Annotating Read-Only Attributes Eneg 3.15 S 771 Default Extras for Python Software Packages Thomas Robitaille, Jonathan Dekhtiar P 772 Packaging Council governance process Barry Warsaw, Deb Nicholson, Pradyun Gedam I 776 Emscripten Support Hood Chatham 3.14 S 777 How to Re-invent the Wheel Emma Harper Smith S 780 ABI features as environment markers Klaus Zimmermann, Ralf Gommers 3.14 S 781 Make TYPE_CHECKING a built-in constant Inada Naoki 3.15 S 783 Emscripten Packaging Hood Chatham S 785 New methods for easier handling of ExceptionGroups Zac Hatfield-Dodds 3.14 S 788 Protecting the C API from Interpreter Finalization Peter Bierma 3.15 S 789 Preventing task-cancellation bugs by limiting yield in async generators Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Nathaniel J. Smith 3.14 S 800 Disjoint bases in the type system Jelle Zijlstra 3.15 S 802 Display Syntax for the Empty Set Adam Turner 3.15 S 803 Stable ABI for Free-Threaded Builds Petr Viktorin 3.15 S 804 An external dependency registry and name mapping mechanism Pradyun Gedam, Ralf Gommers, Michał Górny, Jaime Rodríguez-Guerra, Michael Sarahan S 806 Mixed sync/async context managers with precise async marking Zac Hatfield-Dodds 3.15 S 807 Index support for Trusted Publishing William Woodruff S 808 Including static values in dynamic project metadata Henry Schreiner, Cristian Le S 809 Stable ABI for the Future Steve Dower 3.15 S 814 Add frozendict built-in type Victor Stinner, Donghee Na 3.15 S 815 Deprecate RECORD.jws and RECORD.p7s Konstantin Schütze, William Woodruff I 816 WASI Support Brett Cannon S 819 JSON Package Metadata Emma Harper Smith S 820 PySlot: Unified slot system for the C API Petr Viktorin 3.15 S 822 Dedented Multiline String (d-string) Inada Naoki 3.15 Finished PEPs (done, with a stable interface) PEP Title Authors SF 100 Python Unicode Integration Marc-André Lemburg 2.0 SF 201 Lockstep Iteration Barry Warsaw 2.0 SF 202 List Comprehensions Barry Warsaw 2.0 SF 203 Augmented Assignments Thomas Wouters 2.0 SF 205 Weak References Fred L. Drake, Jr. 2.1 SF 207 Rich Comparisons Guido van Rossum, David Ascher 2.1 SF 208 Reworking the Coercion Model Neil Schemenauer, Marc-André Lemburg 2.1 SF 214 Extended Print Statement Barry Warsaw 2.0 SF 217 Display Hook for Interactive Use Moshe Zadka 2.1 SF 218 Adding a Built-In Set Object Type Greg Wilson, Raymond Hettinger 2.2 SF 221 Import As Thomas Wouters 2.0 SF 223 Change the Meaning of x Escapes Tim Peters 2.0 SF 227 Statically Nested Scopes Jeremy Hylton 2.1 SF 229 Using Distutils to Build Python A.M. Kuchling 2.1 SF 230 Warning Framework Guido van Rossum 2.1 SF 232 Function Attributes Barry Warsaw 2.1 SF 234 Iterators Ka-Ping Yee, Guido van Rossum 2.1 SF 235 Import on Case-Insensitive Platforms Tim Peters 2.1 SF 236 Back to the __future__ Tim Peters 2.1 SF 237 Unifying Long Integers and Integers Moshe Zadka, Guido van Rossum 2.2 SF 238 Changing the Division Operator Moshe Zadka, Guido van Rossum 2.2 SF 250 Using site-packages on Windows Paul Moore 2.2 SF 252 Making Types Look More Like Classes Guido van Rossum 2.2 SF 253 Subtyping Built-in Types Guido van Rossum 2.2 SF 255 Simple Generators Neil Schemenauer, Tim Peters, Magnus Lie Hetland 2.2 SF 260 Simplify xrange() Guido van Rossum 2.2 SF 261 Support for “wide” Unicode characters Paul Prescod 2.2 SF 263 Defining Python Source Code Encodings Marc-André Lemburg, Martin von Löwis 2.3 SF 264 Future statements in simulated shells Michael Hudson 2.2 SF 273 Import Modules from Zip Archives James C. Ahlstrom 2.3 SF 274 Dict Comprehensions Barry Warsaw 2.7, 3.0 SF 277 Unicode file name support for Windows NT Neil Hodgson 2.3 SF 278 Universal Newline Support Jack Jansen 2.3 SF 279 The enumerate() built-in function Raymond Hettinger 2.3 SF 282 A Logging System Vinay Sajip, Trent Mick 2.3 SF 285 Adding a bool type Guido van Rossum 2.3 SF 289 Generator Expressions Raymond Hettinger 2.4 SF 292 Simpler String Substitutions Barry Warsaw 2.4 SF 293 Codec Error Handling Callbacks Walter Dörwald 2.3 SF 301 Package Index and Metadata for Distutils Richard Jones 2.3 SF 302 New Import Hooks Just van Rossum, Paul Moore 2.3 SF 305 CSV File API Kevin Altis, Dave Cole, Andrew McNamara, Skip Montanaro, Cliff Wells 2.3 SF 307 Extensions to the pickle protocol Guido van Rossum, Tim Peters 2.3 SF 308 Conditional Expressions Guido van Rossum, Raymond Hettinger 2.5 SF 309 Partial Function Application Peter Harris 2.5 SF 311 Simplified Global Interpreter Lock Acquisition for Extensions Mark Hammond 2.3 SF 318 Decorators for Functions and Methods Kevin D. Smith, Jim J. Jewett, Skip Montanaro, Anthony Baxter 2.4 SF 322 Reverse Iteration Raymond Hettinger 2.4 SF 324 subprocess - New process module Peter Astrand 2.4 SF 327 Decimal Data Type Facundo Batista 2.4 SF 328 Imports: Multi-Line and Absolute/Relative Aahz 2.4, 2.5, 2.6 SF 331 Locale-Independent Float/String Conversions Christian R. Reis 2.4 SF 338 Executing modules as scripts Alyssa Coghlan 2.5 SF 341 Unifying try-except and try-finally Georg Brandl 2.5 SF 342 Coroutines via Enhanced Generators Guido van Rossum, Phillip J. Eby 2.5 SF 343 The “with” Statement Guido van Rossum, Alyssa Coghlan 2.5 SF 352 Required Superclass for Exceptions Brett Cannon, Guido van Rossum 2.5 SF 353 Using ssize_t as the index type Martin von Löwis 2.5 SF 357 Allowing Any Object to be Used for Slicing Travis Oliphant 2.5 SF 358 The “bytes” Object Neil Schemenauer, Guido van Rossum 2.6, 3.0 SF 362 Function Signature Object Brett Cannon, Jiwon Seo, Yury Selivanov, Larry Hastings 3.3 SF 366 Main module explicit relative imports Alyssa Coghlan 2.6, 3.0 SF 370 Per user site-packages directory Christian Heimes 2.6, 3.0 SF 371 Addition of the multiprocessing package to the standard library Jesse Noller, Richard Oudkerk 2.6, 3.0 SF 372 Adding an ordered dictionary to collections Armin Ronacher, Raymond Hettinger 2.7, 3.1 SF 376 Database of Installed Python Distributions Tarek Ziadé 2.7, 3.2 SF 378 Format Specifier for Thousands Separator Raymond Hettinger 2.7, 3.1 SF 380 Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator Gregory Ewing 3.3 SF 383 Non-decodable Bytes in System Character Interfaces Martin von Löwis 3.1 SF 384 Defining a Stable ABI Martin von Löwis 3.2 SF 389 argparse - New Command Line Parsing Module Steven Bethard 2.7, 3.2 SF 391 Dictionary-Based Configuration For Logging Vinay Sajip 2.7, 3.2 SF 393 Flexible String Representation Martin von Löwis 3.3 SF 397 Python launcher for Windows Mark Hammond, Martin von Löwis 3.3 SF 405 Python Virtual Environments Carl Meyer 3.3 SF 409 Suppressing exception context Ethan Furman 3.3 SF 412 Key-Sharing Dictionary Mark Shannon 3.3 SF 414 Explicit Unicode Literal for Python 3.3 Armin Ronacher, Alyssa Coghlan 3.3 SF 415 Implement context suppression with exception attributes Benjamin Peterson 3.3 SF 417 Including mock in the Standard Library Michael Foord 3.3 SF 418 Add monotonic time, performance counter, and process time functions Cameron Simpson, Jim J. Jewett, Stephen J. Turnbull, Victor Stinner 3.3 SF 420 Implicit Namespace Packages Eric V. Smith 3.3 SF 421 Adding sys.implementation Eric Snow 3.3 SF 424 A method for exposing a length hint Alex Gaynor 3.4 SF 425 Compatibility Tags for Built Distributions Daniel Holth 3.4 SF 427 The Wheel Binary Package Format 1.0 Daniel Holth SF 428 The pathlib module – object-oriented filesystem paths Antoine Pitrou 3.4 SF 435 Adding an Enum type to the Python standard library Barry Warsaw, Eli Bendersky, Ethan Furman 3.4 SF 436 The Argument Clinic DSL Larry Hastings 3.4 SF 440 Version Identification and Dependency Specification Alyssa Coghlan, Donald Stufft SF 441 Improving Python ZIP Application Support Daniel Holth, Paul Moore 3.5 SF 442 Safe object finalization Antoine Pitrou 3.4 SF 443 Single-dispatch generic functions Łukasz Langa 3.4 SF 445 Add new APIs to customize Python memory allocators Victor Stinner 3.4 SF 446 Make newly created file descriptors non-inheritable Victor Stinner 3.4 SF 448 Additional Unpacking Generalizations Joshua Landau 3.5 SF 450 Adding A Statistics Module To The Standard Library Steven D’Aprano 3.4 SF 451 A ModuleSpec Type for the Import System Eric Snow 3.4 SF 453 Explicit bootstrapping of pip in Python installations Donald Stufft, Alyssa Coghlan SF 454 Add a new tracemalloc module to trace Python memory allocations Victor Stinner 3.4 SF 456 Secure and interchangeable hash algorithm Christian Heimes 3.4 SF 461 Adding % formatting to bytes and bytearray Ethan Furman 3.5 SF 465 A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication Nathaniel J. Smith 3.5 SF 466 Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7.x Alyssa Coghlan 2.7.9 SF 468 Preserving the order of **kwargs in a function. Eric Snow 3.6 SF 471 os.scandir() function – a better and faster directory iterator Ben Hoyt 3.5 SF 475 Retry system calls failing with EINTR Charles-François Natali, Victor Stinner 3.5 SF 476 Enabling certificate verification by default for stdlib http clients Alex Gaynor 2.7.9, 3.4.3, 3.5 SF 477 Backport ensurepip (PEP 453) to Python 2.7 Donald Stufft, Alyssa Coghlan SF 479 Change StopIteration handling inside generators Chris Angelico, Guido van Rossum 3.5 SF 484 Type Hints Guido van Rossum, Jukka Lehtosalo, Łukasz Langa 3.5 SF 485 A Function for testing approximate equality Christopher Barker 3.5 SF 486 Make the Python Launcher aware of virtual environments Paul Moore 3.5 SF 487 Simpler customisation of class creation Martin Teichmann 3.6 SF 488 Elimination of PYO files Brett Cannon 3.5 SF 489 Multi-phase extension module initialization Petr Viktorin, Stefan Behnel, Alyssa Coghlan 3.5 SF 492 Coroutines with async and await syntax Yury Selivanov 3.5 SF 493 HTTPS verification migration tools for Python 2.7 Alyssa Coghlan, Robert Kuska, Marc-André Lemburg 2.7.12 SF 495 Local Time Disambiguation Alexander Belopolsky, Tim Peters 3.6 SF 498 Literal String Interpolation Eric V. Smith 3.6 SF 503 Simple Repository API Donald Stufft SF 506 Adding A Secrets Module To The Standard Library Steven D’Aprano 3.6 SF 508 Dependency specification for Python Software Packages Robert Collins SF 515 Underscores in Numeric Literals Georg Brandl, Serhiy Storchaka 3.6 SF 517 A build-system independent format for source trees Nathaniel J. Smith, Thomas Kluyver SF 518 Specifying Minimum Build System Requirements for Python Projects Brett Cannon, Nathaniel J. Smith, Donald Stufft SF 519 Adding a file system path protocol Brett Cannon, Koos Zevenhoven 3.6 SF 520 Preserving Class Attribute Definition Order Eric Snow 3.6 SF 523 Adding a frame evaluation API to CPython Brett Cannon, Dino Viehland 3.6 SF 524 Make os.urandom() blocking on Linux Victor Stinner 3.6 SF 525 Asynchronous Generators Yury Selivanov 3.6 SF 526 Syntax for Variable Annotations Ryan Gonzalez, Philip House, Ivan Levkivskyi, Lisa Roach, Guido van Rossum 3.6 SF 527 Removing Un(der)used file types/extensions on PyPI Donald Stufft SF 528 Change Windows console encoding to UTF-8 Steve Dower 3.6 SF 529 Change Windows filesystem encoding to UTF-8 Steve Dower 3.6 SF 530 Asynchronous Comprehensions Yury Selivanov 3.6 SF 538 Coercing the legacy C locale to a UTF-8 based locale Alyssa Coghlan 3.7 SF 539 A New C-API for Thread-Local Storage in CPython Erik M. Bray, Masayuki Yamamoto 3.7 SF 540 Add a new UTF-8 Mode Victor Stinner 3.7 SF 544 Protocols: Structural subtyping (static duck typing) Ivan Levkivskyi, Jukka Lehtosalo, Łukasz Langa 3.8 SF 552 Deterministic pycs Benjamin Peterson 3.7 SF 553 Built-in breakpoint() Barry Warsaw 3.7 SF 557 Data Classes Eric V. Smith 3.7 SF 560 Core support for typing module and generic types Ivan Levkivskyi 3.7 SF 561 Distributing and Packaging Type Information Emma Harper Smith 3.7 SF 562 Module __getattr__ and __dir__ Ivan Levkivskyi 3.7 SF 564 Add new time functions with nanosecond resolution Victor Stinner 3.7 SF 565 Show DeprecationWarning in __main__ Alyssa Coghlan 3.7 SF 566 Metadata for Python Software Packages 2.1 Dustin Ingram 3.x SF 567 Context Variables Yury Selivanov 3.7 SF 570 Python Positional-Only Parameters Larry Hastings, Pablo Galindo Salgado, Mario Corchero, Eric N. Vander Weele 3.8 SF 572 Assignment Expressions Chris Angelico, Tim Peters, Guido van Rossum 3.8 SF 573 Module State Access from C Extension Methods Petr Viktorin, Alyssa Coghlan, Eric Snow, Marcel Plch 3.9 SF 574 Pickle protocol 5 with out-of-band data Antoine Pitrou 3.8 SF 578 Python Runtime Audit Hooks Steve Dower 3.8 SF 584 Add Union Operators To dict Steven D’Aprano, Brandt Bucher 3.9 SF 585 Type Hinting Generics In Standard Collections Łukasz Langa 3.9 SF 586 Literal Types Michael Lee, Ivan Levkivskyi, Jukka Lehtosalo 3.8 SF 587 Python Initialization Configuration Victor Stinner, Alyssa Coghlan 3.8 SF 589 TypedDict: Type Hints for Dictionaries with a Fixed Set of Keys Jukka Lehtosalo 3.8 SF 590 Vectorcall: a fast calling protocol for CPython Mark Shannon, Jeroen Demeyer 3.8 SF 591 Adding a final qualifier to typing Michael J. Sullivan, Ivan Levkivskyi 3.8 SF 592 Adding “Yank” Support to the Simple API Donald Stufft SF 593 Flexible function and variable annotations Till Varoquaux, Konstantin Kashin 3.9 SF 594 Removing dead batteries from the standard library Christian Heimes, Brett Cannon 3.11 SF 597 Add optional EncodingWarning Inada Naoki 3.10 SF 600 Future ‘manylinux’ Platform Tags for Portable Linux Built Distributions Nathaniel J. Smith, Thomas Kluyver SF 604 Allow writing union types as X | Y Philippe PRADOS, Maggie Moss 3.10 SF 610 Recording the Direct URL Origin of installed distributions Stéphane Bidoul, Chris Jerdonek SF 612 Parameter Specification Variables Mark Mendoza 3.10 SF 613 Explicit Type Aliases Shannon Zhu 3.10 SF 614 Relaxing Grammar Restrictions On Decorators Brandt Bucher 3.9 SF 615 Support for the IANA Time Zone Database in the Standard Library Paul Ganssle 3.9 SF 616 String methods to remove prefixes and suffixes Dennis Sweeney 3.9 SF 617 New PEG parser for CPython Guido van Rossum, Pablo Galindo Salgado, Lysandros Nikolaou 3.9 SF 618 Add Optional Length-Checking To zip Brandt Bucher 3.10 SF 621 Storing project metadata in pyproject.toml Brett Cannon, Dustin Ingram, Paul Ganssle, Pradyun Gedam, Sébastien Eustace, Thomas Kluyver, Tzu-ping Chung SF 623 Remove wstr from Unicode Inada Naoki 3.10 SF 624 Remove Py_UNICODE encoder APIs Inada Naoki 3.11 SF 625 Filename of a Source Distribution Tzu-ping Chung, Paul Moore SF 626 Precise line numbers for debugging and other tools. Mark Shannon 3.10 SF 627 Recording installed projects Petr Viktorin SF 628 Add math.tau Alyssa Coghlan 3.6 SF 629 Versioning PyPI’s Simple API Donald Stufft SF 632 Deprecate distutils module Steve Dower 3.10 SF 634 Structural Pattern Matching: Specification Brandt Bucher, Guido van Rossum 3.10 SF 639 Improving License Clarity with Better Package Metadata Philippe Ombredanne, C.A.M. Gerlach, Karolina Surma SF 643 Metadata for Package Source Distributions Paul Moore SF 644 Require OpenSSL 1.1.1 or newer Christian Heimes 3.10 SF 646 Variadic Generics Mark Mendoza, Matthew Rahtz, Pradeep Kumar Srinivasan, Vincent Siles 3.11 SF 647 User-Defined Type Guards Eric Traut 3.10 SF 649 Deferred Evaluation Of Annotations Using Descriptors Larry Hastings 3.14 SF 652 Maintaining the Stable ABI Petr Viktorin 3.10 SF 654 Exception Groups and except* Irit Katriel, Yury Selivanov, Guido van Rossum 3.11 SF 655 Marking individual TypedDict items as required or potentially-missing David Foster 3.11 SF 656 Platform Tag for Linux Distributions Using Musl Tzu-ping Chung SF 657 Include Fine Grained Error Locations in Tracebacks Pablo Galindo Salgado, Batuhan Taskaya, Ammar Askar 3.11 SF 660 Editable installs for pyproject.toml based builds (wheel based) Daniel Holth, Stéphane Bidoul SF 667 Consistent views of namespaces Mark Shannon, Tian Gao 3.13 SF 669 Low Impact Monitoring for CPython Mark Shannon 3.12 SF 670 Convert macros to functions in the Python C API Erlend Egeberg Aasland, Victor Stinner 3.11 SF 673 Self Type Pradeep Kumar Srinivasan, James Hilton-Balfe 3.11 SF 675 Arbitrary Literal String Type Pradeep Kumar Srinivasan, Graham Bleaney 3.11 SF 678 Enriching Exceptions with Notes Zac Hatfield-Dodds 3.11 SF 680 tomllib: Support for Parsing TOML in the Standard Library Taneli Hukkinen, Shantanu Jain 3.11 SF 681 Data Class Transforms Erik De Bonte, Eric Traut 3.11 SF 682 Format Specifier for Signed Zero John Belmonte 3.11 SF 683 Immortal Objects, Using a Fixed Refcount Eric Snow, Eddie Elizondo 3.12 SF 684 A Per-Interpreter GIL Eric Snow 3.12 SF 685 Comparison of extra names for optional distribution dependencies Brett Cannon SF 688 Making the buffer protocol accessible in Python Jelle Zijlstra 3.12 SF 689 Unstable C API tier Petr Viktorin 3.12 SF 692 Using TypedDict for more precise **kwargs typing Franek Magiera 3.12 SF 695 Type Parameter Syntax Eric Traut 3.12 SF 696 Type Defaults for Type Parameters James Hilton-Balfe 3.13 SF 697 Limited C API for Extending Opaque Types Petr Viktorin 3.12 SF 698 Override Decorator for Static Typing Steven Troxler, Joshua Xu, Shannon Zhu 3.12 SF 700 Additional Fields for the Simple API for Package Indexes Paul Moore SF 702 Marking deprecations using the type system Jelle Zijlstra 3.13 SF 705 TypedDict: Read-only items Alice Purcell 3.13 SF 706 Filter for tarfile.extractall Petr Viktorin 3.12 SF 709 Inlined comprehensions Carl Meyer 3.12 SF 715 Disabling bdist_egg distribution uploads on PyPI William Woodruff SF 721 Using tarfile.data_filter for source distribution extraction Petr Viktorin 3.12 SF 723 Inline script metadata Ofek Lev SF 730 Adding iOS as a supported platform Russell Keith-Magee 3.13 SF 734 Multiple Interpreters in the Stdlib Eric Snow 3.14 SF 735 Dependency Groups in pyproject.toml Stephen Rosen SF 737 C API to format a type fully qualified name Victor Stinner 3.13 SF 738 Adding Android as a supported platform Malcolm Smith 3.13 SF 740 Index support for digital attestations William Woodruff, Facundo Tuesca, Dustin Ingram SF 741 Python Configuration C API Victor Stinner 3.14 SF 742 Narrowing types with TypeIs Jelle Zijlstra 3.13 SF 749 Implementing PEP 649 Jelle Zijlstra 3.14 SF 750 Template Strings Jim Baker, Guido van Rossum, Paul Everitt, Koudai Aono, Lysandros Nikolaou, Dave Peck 3.14 SF 751 A file format to record Python dependencies for installation reproducibility Brett Cannon SF 757 C API to import-export Python integers Sergey B Kirpichev, Victor Stinner 3.14 SF 758 Allow except and except* expressions without parentheses Pablo Galindo Salgado, Brett Cannon 3.14 SF 765 Disallow return/break/continue that exit a finally block Irit Katriel, Alyssa Coghlan 3.14 SF 768 Safe external debugger interface for CPython Pablo Galindo Salgado, Matt Wozniski, Ivona Stojanovic 3.14 SF 779 Criteria for supported status for free-threaded Python Thomas Wouters, Matt Page, Sam Gross 3.14 SF 782 Add PyBytesWriter C API Victor Stinner 3.15 SF 784 Adding Zstandard to the standard library Emma Harper Smith 3.14 SF 791 math.integer — submodule for integer-specific mathematics functions Neil Girdhar, Sergey B Kirpichev, Tim Peters, Serhiy Storchaka 3.15 SF 792 Project status markers in the simple index William Woodruff, Facundo Tuesca SF 3101 Advanced String Formatting Talin 3.0 SF 3102 Keyword-Only Arguments Talin 3.0 SF 3104 Access to Names in Outer Scopes Ka-Ping Yee 3.0 SF 3105 Make print a function Georg Brandl 3.0 SF 3106 Revamping dict.keys(), .values() and .items() Guido van Rossum 3.0 SF 3107 Function Annotations Collin Winter, Tony Lownds 3.0 SF 3108 Standard Library Reorganization Brett Cannon 3.0 SF 3109 Raising Exceptions in Python 3000 Collin Winter 3.0 SF 3110 Catching Exceptions in Python 3000 Collin Winter 3.0 SF 3111 Simple input built-in in Python 3000 Andre Roberge 3.0 SF 3112 Bytes literals in Python 3000 Jason Orendorff 3.0 SF 3113 Removal of Tuple Parameter Unpacking Brett Cannon 3.0 SF 3114 Renaming iterator.next() to iterator.__next__() Ka-Ping Yee 3.0 SF 3115 Metaclasses in Python 3000 Talin 3.0 SF 3116 New I/O Daniel Stutzbach, Guido van Rossum, Mike Verdone 3.0 SF 3118 Revising the buffer protocol Travis Oliphant, Carl Banks 3.0 SF 3119 Introducing Abstract Base Classes Guido van Rossum, Talin 3.0 SF 3120 Using UTF-8 as the default source encoding Martin von Löwis 3.0 SF 3121 Extension Module Initialization and Finalization Martin von Löwis 3.0 SF 3123 Making PyObject_HEAD conform to standard C Martin von Löwis 3.0 SF 3127 Integer Literal Support and Syntax Patrick Maupin 3.0 SF 3129 Class Decorators Collin Winter 3.0 SF 3131 Supporting Non-ASCII Identifiers Martin von Löwis 3.0 SF 3132 Extended Iterable Unpacking Georg Brandl 3.0 SF 3134 Exception Chaining and Embedded Tracebacks Ka-Ping Yee 3.0 SF 3135 New Super Calvin Spealman, Tim Delaney, Lie Ryan 3.0 SF 3137 Immutable Bytes and Mutable Buffer Guido van Rossum 3.0 SF 3138 String representation in Python 3000 Atsuo Ishimoto 3.0 SF 3141 A Type Hierarchy for Numbers Jeffrey Yasskin 3.0 SF 3144 IP Address Manipulation Library for the Python Standard Library Peter Moody 3.3 SF 3147 PYC Repository Directories Barry Warsaw 3.2 SF 3148 futures - execute computations asynchronously Brian Quinlan 3.2 SF 3149 ABI version tagged .so files Barry Warsaw 3.2 SF 3151 Reworking the OS and IO exception hierarchy Antoine Pitrou 3.3 SF 3154 Pickle protocol version 4 Antoine Pitrou 3.4 SF 3155 Qualified name for classes and functions Antoine Pitrou 3.3 SF 3156 Asynchronous IO Support Rebooted: the “asyncio” Module Guido van Rossum 3.3 Historical Meta-PEPs and Informational PEPs PEP Title Authors PS 5 Guidelines for Language Evolution Paul Prescod PS 6 Bug Fix Releases Aahz, Anthony Baxter IF 160 Python 1.6 Release Schedule Fred L. Drake, Jr. 1.6 IF 200 Python 2.0 Release Schedule Jeremy Hylton 2.0 IF 226 Python 2.1 Release Schedule Jeremy Hylton 2.1 IF 251 Python 2.2 Release Schedule Barry Warsaw, Guido van Rossum 2.2 IF 283 Python 2.3 Release Schedule Guido van Rossum 2.3 IF 320 Python 2.4 Release Schedule Barry Warsaw, Raymond Hettinger, Anthony Baxter 2.4 PF 347 Migrating the Python CVS to Subversion Martin von Löwis IF 356 Python 2.5 Release Schedule Neal Norwitz, Guido van Rossum, Anthony Baxter 2.5 PF 360 Externally Maintained Packages Brett Cannon IF 361 Python 2.6 and 3.0 Release Schedule Neal Norwitz, Barry Warsaw 2.6, 3.0 IF 373 Python 2.7 Release Schedule Benjamin Peterson 2.7 PF 374 Choosing a distributed VCS for the Python project Brett Cannon, Stephen J. Turnbull, Alexandre Vassalotti, Barry Warsaw, Dirkjan Ochtman IF 375 Python 3.1 Release Schedule Benjamin Peterson 3.1 PF 385 Migrating from Subversion to Mercurial Dirkjan Ochtman, Antoine Pitrou, Georg Brandl IF 392 Python 3.2 Release Schedule Georg Brandl 3.2 IF 398 Python 3.3 Release Schedule Georg Brandl 3.3 IF 404 Python 2.8 Un-release Schedule Barry Warsaw 2.8 IF 429 Python 3.4 Release Schedule Larry Hastings 3.4 PS 438 Transitioning to release-file hosting on PyPI Holger Krekel, Carl Meyer PF 449 Removal of the PyPI Mirror Auto Discovery and Naming Scheme Donald Stufft PF 464 Removal of the PyPI Mirror Authenticity API Donald Stufft PF 470 Removing External Hosting Support on PyPI Donald Stufft IF 478 Python 3.5 Release Schedule Larry Hastings 3.5 IF 494 Python 3.6 Release Schedule Ned Deily 3.6 PF 512 Migrating from hg.python.org to GitHub Brett Cannon IF 537 Python 3.7 Release Schedule Ned Deily 3.7 PF 541 Package Index Name Retention Łukasz Langa IF 569 Python 3.8 Release Schedule Łukasz Langa 3.8 PF 581 Using GitHub Issues for CPython Mariatta IF 596 Python 3.9 Release Schedule Łukasz Langa 3.9 PF 3000 Python 3000 Guido van Rossum PF 3002 Procedure for Backwards-Incompatible Changes Steven Bethard PF 3003 Python Language Moratorium Brett Cannon, Jesse Noller, Guido van Rossum PF 3099 Things that will Not Change in Python 3000 Georg Brandl PF 3100 Miscellaneous Python 3.0 Plans Brett Cannon PF 8001 Python Governance Voting Process Brett Cannon, Christian Heimes, Donald Stufft, Eric Snow, Gregory P. Smith, Łukasz Langa, Mariatta, Nathaniel J. Smith, Pablo Galindo Salgado, Raymond Hettinger, Tal Einat, Tim Peters, Zachary Ware Deferred PEPs (postponed pending further research or updates) PEP Title Authors SD 213 Attribute Access Handlers Paul Prescod 2.1 SD 219 Stackless Python Gordon McMillan 2.1 SD 222 Web Library Enhancements A.M. Kuchling 2.1 SD 233 Python Online Help Paul Prescod 2.1 SD 267 Optimized Access to Module Namespaces Jeremy Hylton 2.2 SD 269 Pgen Module for Python Jonathan Riehl 2.2 SD 280 Optimizing access to globals Guido van Rossum 2.3 SD 286 Enhanced Argument Tuples Martin von Löwis 2.3 SD 312 Simple Implicit Lambda Roman Suzi, Alex Martelli 2.4 SD 316 Programming by Contract for Python Terence Way SD 323 Copyable Iterators Alex Martelli 2.5 SD 337 Logging Usage in the Standard Library Michael P. Dubner 2.5 SD 368 Standard image protocol and class Lino Mastrodomenico 2.6, 3.0 SD 400 Deprecate codecs.StreamReader and codecs.StreamWriter Victor Stinner 3.3 SD 403 General purpose decorator clause (aka “@in” clause) Alyssa Coghlan 3.4 PD 407 New release cycle and introducing long-term support versions Antoine Pitrou, Georg Brandl, Barry Warsaw SD 419 Protecting cleanup statements from interruptions Paul Colomiets 3.3 ID 423 Naming conventions and recipes related to packaging Benoit Bryon ID 444 Python Web3 Interface Chris McDonough, Armin Ronacher SD 447 Add __getdescriptor__ method to metaclass Ronald Oussoren SD 491 The Wheel Binary Package Format 1.9 Daniel Holth SD 499 python -m foo should also bind ‘foo’ in sys.modules Cameron Simpson, Chris Angelico, Joseph Jevnik 3.10 SD 505 None-aware operators Mark E. Haase, Steve Dower 3.8 SD 532 A circuit breaking protocol and binary operators Alyssa Coghlan, Mark E. Haase 3.8 SD 533 Deterministic cleanup for iterators Nathaniel J. Smith SD 534 Improved Errors for Missing Standard Library Modules Tomáš Orsava, Petr Viktorin, Alyssa Coghlan SD 535 Rich comparison chaining Alyssa Coghlan 3.8 SD 547 Running extension modules using the -m option Marcel Plch, Petr Viktorin 3.7 SD 556 Threaded garbage collection Antoine Pitrou 3.7 SD 568 Generator-sensitivity for Context Variables Nathaniel J. Smith 3.8 SD 661 Sentinel Values Tal Einat SD 674 Disallow using macros as l-values Victor Stinner 3.12 SD 774 Removing the LLVM requirement for JIT builds Savannah Ostrowski 3.14 SD 778 Supporting Symlinks in Wheels Emma Harper Smith SD 787 Safer subprocess usage using t-strings Nick Humrich, Alyssa Coghlan 3.15 SD 3124 Overloading, Generic Functions, Interfaces, and Adaptation Phillip J. Eby SD 3143 Standard daemon process library Ben Finney 3.x SD 3150 Statement local namespaces (aka “given” clause) Alyssa Coghlan 3.4 Rejected, Superseded, and Withdrawn PEPs PEP Title Authors PW 3 Guidelines for Handling Bug Reports Jeremy Hylton PW 9 Sample Plaintext PEP Template Barry Warsaw PW 42 Feature Requests Jeremy Hylton IS 102 Doing Python Micro Releases Anthony Baxter, Barry Warsaw, Guido van Rossum IW 103 Collecting information about git Oleg Broytman SR 204 Range Literals Thomas Wouters 2.0 IW 206 Python Advanced Library A.M. Kuchling SW 209 Multi-dimensional Arrays Paul Barrett, Travis Oliphant 2.2 SR 210 Decoupling the Interpreter Loop David Ascher 2.1 SR 211 Adding A New Outer Product Operator Greg Wilson 2.1 SR 212 Loop Counter Iteration Peter Schneider-Kamp 2.1 SS 215 String Interpolation Ka-Ping Yee 2.1 IW 216 Docstring Format Moshe Zadka IR 220 Coroutines, Generators, Continuations Gordon McMillan SR 224 Attribute Docstrings Marc-André Lemburg 2.1 SR 225 Elementwise/Objectwise Operators Huaiyu Zhu, Gregory Lielens 2.1 SW 228 Reworking Python’s Numeric Model Moshe Zadka, Guido van Rossum SR 231 __findattr__() Barry Warsaw 2.1 SR 239 Adding a Rational Type to Python Christopher A. Craig, Moshe Zadka 2.2 SR 240 Adding a Rational Literal to Python Christopher A. Craig, Moshe Zadka 2.2 SS 241 Metadata for Python Software Packages A.M. Kuchling SW 242 Numeric Kinds Paul F. Dubois 2.2 SW 243 Module Repository Upload Mechanism Sean Reifschneider 2.1 SR 244 The directive statement Martin von Löwis 2.1 SR 245 Python Interface Syntax Michel Pelletier 2.2 SR 246 Object Adaptation Alex Martelli, Clark C. Evans 2.5 SR 254 Making Classes Look More Like Types Guido van Rossum 2.2 SR 256 Docstring Processing System Framework David Goodger SR 258 Docutils Design Specification David Goodger SR 259 Omit printing newline after newline Guido van Rossum 2.2 SR 262 A Database of Installed Python Packages A.M. Kuchling SR 265 Sorting Dictionaries by Value Grant Griffin 2.2 SW 266 Optimizing Global Variable/Attribute Access Skip Montanaro 2.3 SR 268 Extended HTTP functionality and WebDAV Greg Stein 2.x SR 270 uniq method for list objects Jason Petrone 2.2 SR 271 Prefixing sys.path by command line option Frédéric B. Giacometti 2.2 SR 275 Switching on Multiple Values Marc-André Lemburg 2.6 SR 276 Simple Iterator for ints Jim Althoff 2.3 SR 281 Loop Counter Iteration with range and xrange Magnus Lie Hetland 2.3 SR 284 Integer for-loops David Eppstein, Gregory Ewing 2.3 SW 288 Generators Attributes and Exceptions Raymond Hettinger 2.5 IS 291 Backward Compatibility for the Python 2 Standard Library Neal Norwitz 2.3 SR 294 Type Names in the types Module Oren Tirosh 2.5 SR 295 Interpretation of multiline string constants Stepan Koltsov 3.0 SW 296 Adding a bytes Object Type Scott Gilbert 2.3 SR 297 Support for System Upgrades Marc-André Lemburg 2.6 SW 298 The Locked Buffer Interface Thomas Heller 2.3 SR 299 Special __main__() function in modules Jeff Epler 2.3 SR 303 Extend divmod() for Multiple Divisors Thomas Bellman 2.3 SW 304 Controlling Generation of Bytecode Files Skip Montanaro IW 306 How to Change Python’s Grammar Michael Hudson, Jack Diederich, Alyssa Coghlan, Benjamin Peterson SR 310 Reliable Acquisition/Release Pairs Michael Hudson, Paul Moore 2.4 SR 313 Adding Roman Numeral Literals to Python Mike Meyer 2.4 SS 314 Metadata for Python Software Packages 1.1 A.M. Kuchling, Richard Jones 2.5 SR 315 Enhanced While Loop Raymond Hettinger, W Isaac Carroll 2.5 SR 317 Eliminate Implicit Exception Instantiation Steven Taschuk 2.4 SR 319 Python Synchronize/Asynchronize Block Michel Pelletier 2.4 SW 321 Date/Time Parsing and Formatting A.M. Kuchling 2.4 SR 325 Resource-Release Support for Generators Samuele Pedroni 2.4 SR 326 A Case for Top and Bottom Values Josiah Carlson, Terry Reedy 2.4 SR 329 Treating Builtins as Constants in the Standard Library Raymond Hettinger 2.4 SR 330 Python Bytecode Verification Michel Pelletier 2.6 SR 332 Byte vectors and String/Unicode Unification Skip Montanaro 2.5 SW 334 Simple Coroutines via SuspendIteration Clark C. Evans 3.0 SR 335 Overloadable Boolean Operators Gregory Ewing 3.3 SR 336 Make None Callable Andrew McClelland IW 339 Design of the CPython Compiler Brett Cannon SR 340 Anonymous Block Statements Guido van Rossum SS 344 Exception Chaining and Embedded Tracebacks Ka-Ping Yee 2.5 SS 345 Metadata for Python Software Packages 1.2 Richard Jones 2.7 SW 346 User Defined (“with”) Statements Alyssa Coghlan 2.5 SR 348 Exception Reorganization for Python 3.0 Brett Cannon SR 349 Allow str() to return unicode strings Neil Schemenauer 2.5 IR 350 Codetags Micah Elliott SR 351 The freeze protocol Barry Warsaw 2.5 SS 354 Enumerations in Python Ben Finney 2.6 SR 355 Path - Object oriented filesystem paths Björn Lindqvist 2.5 SW 359 The “make” Statement Steven Bethard 2.6 SR 363 Syntax For Dynamic Attribute Access Ben North SW 364 Transitioning to the Py3K Standard Library Barry Warsaw 2.6 SR 365 Adding the pkg_resources module Phillip J. Eby SS 367 New Super Calvin Spealman, Tim Delaney 2.6 SW 369 Post import hooks Christian Heimes 2.6, 3.0 SR 377 Allow __enter__() methods to skip the statement body Alyssa Coghlan 2.7, 3.1 SW 379 Adding an Assignment Expression Jervis Whitley 2.7, 3.2 SW 381 Mirroring infrastructure for PyPI Tarek Ziadé, Martin von Löwis SR 382 Namespace Packages Martin von Löwis 3.2 SS 386 Changing the version comparison module in Distutils Tarek Ziadé SR 390 Static metadata for Distutils Tarek Ziadé 2.7, 3.2 SW 395 Qualified Names for Modules Alyssa Coghlan 3.4 IW 396 Module Version Numbers Barry Warsaw PR 401 BDFL Retirement Barry Warsaw, Brett Cannon SR 402 Simplified Package Layout and Partitioning Phillip J. Eby 3.3 SW 406 Improved Encapsulation of Import State Alyssa Coghlan, Greg Slodkowicz 3.4 SR 408 Standard library __preview__ package Alyssa Coghlan, Eli Bendersky 3.3 SR 410 Use decimal.Decimal type for timestamps Victor Stinner 3.3 IS 411 Provisional packages in the Python standard library Alyssa Coghlan, Eli Bendersky 3.3 PW 413 Faster evolution of the Python Standard Library Alyssa Coghlan SR 416 Add a frozendict builtin type Victor Stinner 3.3 SW 422 Simpler customisation of class creation Alyssa Coghlan, Daniel Urban 3.5 IW 426 Metadata for Python Software Packages 2.0 Alyssa Coghlan, Daniel Holth, Donald Stufft SS 431 Time zone support improvements Lennart Regebro SW 432 Restructuring the CPython startup sequence Alyssa Coghlan, Victor Stinner, Eric Snow SS 433 Easier suppression of file descriptor inheritance Victor Stinner 3.4 SR 437 A DSL for specifying signatures, annotations and argument converters Stefan Krah 3.4 SR 439 Inclusion of implicit pip bootstrap in Python installation Richard Jones 3.4 SR 455 Adding a key-transforming dictionary to collections Antoine Pitrou 3.5 SW 459 Standard Metadata Extensions for Python Software Packages Alyssa Coghlan SW 460 Add binary interpolation and formatting Antoine Pitrou 3.5 PW 462 Core development workflow automation for CPython Alyssa Coghlan SR 463 Exception-catching expressions Chris Angelico 3.5 SW 469 Migration of dict iteration code to Python 3 Alyssa Coghlan 3.5 SR 472 Support for indexing with keyword arguments Stefano Borini, Joseph Martinot-Lagarde 3.6 SR 473 Adding structured data to built-in exceptions Sebastian Kreft PW 474 Creating forge.python.org Alyssa Coghlan PW 481 Migrate CPython to Git, Github, and Phabricator Donald Stufft SR 490 Chain exceptions at C level Victor Stinner 3.6 IR 496 Environment Markers James Polley PR 497 A standard mechanism for backward compatibility Ed Schofield SR 500 A protocol for delegating datetime methods to their tzinfo implementations Alexander Belopolsky, Tim Peters SW 501 General purpose template literal strings Alyssa Coghlan, Nick Humrich 3.12 IR 502 String Interpolation - Extended Discussion Mike G. Miller 3.6 SW 504 Using the System RNG by default Alyssa Coghlan 3.6 PR 507 Migrate CPython to Git and GitLab Barry Warsaw SS 509 Add a private version to dict Victor Stinner 3.6 SR 510 Specialize functions with guards Victor Stinner 3.6 SR 511 API for code transformers Victor Stinner 3.6 IS 513 A Platform Tag for Portable Linux Built Distributions Robert T. McGibbon, Nathaniel J. Smith SR 516 Build system abstraction for pip/conda etc Robert Collins, Nathaniel J. Smith SW 521 Managing global context via ‘with’ blocks in generators and coroutines Nathaniel J. Smith 3.6 SR 522 Allow BlockingIOError in security sensitive APIs Alyssa Coghlan, Nathaniel J. Smith 3.6 SW 531 Existence checking operators Alyssa Coghlan 3.7 SW 536 Final Grammar for Literal String Interpolation Philipp Angerer 3.7 SR 542 Dot Notation Assignment In Function Header Markus Meskanen SW 543 A Unified TLS API for Python Cory Benfield, Christian Heimes 3.7 SR 546 Backport ssl.MemoryBIO and ssl.SSLObject to Python 2.7 Victor Stinner, Cory Benfield 2.7 SR 548 More Flexible Loop Control R David Murray 3.7 SR 549 Instance Descriptors Larry Hastings 3.7 SW 550 Execution Context Yury Selivanov, Elvis Pranskevichus 3.7 IW 551 Security transparency in the Python runtime Steve Dower 3.7 SS 554 Multiple Interpreters in the Stdlib Eric Snow 3.13 SW 555 Context-local variables (contextvars) Koos Zevenhoven 3.7 SW 558 Defined semantics for locals() Alyssa Coghlan 3.13 SR 559 Built-in noop() Barry Warsaw 3.7 SS 563 Postponed Evaluation of Annotations Łukasz Langa 3.7 IS 571 The manylinux2010 Platform Tag Mark Williams, Geoffrey Thomas, Thomas Kluyver SW 575 Unifying function/method classes Jeroen Demeyer 3.8 SW 576 Rationalize Built-in function classes Mark Shannon 3.8 SW 577 Augmented Assignment Expressions Alyssa Coghlan 3.8 SR 580 The C call protocol Jeroen Demeyer 3.8 SR 582 Python local packages directory Kushal Das, Steve Dower, Donald Stufft, Alyssa Coghlan 3.12 IW 583 A Concurrency Memory Model for Python Jeffrey Yasskin IW 595 Improving bugs.python.org Ezio Melotti, Berker Peksag IW 598 Introducing incremental feature releases Alyssa Coghlan 3.9 IS 599 The manylinux2014 Platform Tag Dustin Ingram SR 601 Forbid return/break/continue breaking out of finally Damien George, Batuhan Taskaya 3.8 IR 605 A rolling feature release stream for CPython Steve Dower, Alyssa Coghlan 3.9 SR 606 Python Compatibility Version Victor Stinner 3.9 SR 608 Coordinated Python release Miro Hrončok, Victor Stinner 3.9 SW 611 The one million limit Mark Shannon SW 620 Hide implementation details from the C API Victor Stinner 3.12 SS 622 Structural Pattern Matching Brandt Bucher, Daniel F Moisset, Tobias Kohn, Ivan Levkivskyi, Guido van Rossum, Talin 3.10 SS 631 Dependency specification in pyproject.toml based on PEP 508 Ofek Lev SR 633 Dependency specification in pyproject.toml using an exploded TOML table Laurie Opperman, Arun Babu Neelicattu SR 637 Support for indexing with keyword arguments Stefano Borini 3.10 SR 640 Unused variable syntax Thomas Wouters 3.10 SR 641 Using an underscore in the version portion of Python 3.10 compatibility tags Brett Cannon, Steve Dower, Barry Warsaw 3.10 SR 642 Explicit Pattern Syntax for Structural Pattern Matching Alyssa Coghlan 3.10 SW 645 Allow writing optional types as x? Maggie Moss SR 648 Extensible customizations of the interpreter at startup Mario Corchero 3.11 SW 650 Specifying Installer Requirements for Python Projects Vikram Jayanthi, Dustin Ingram, Brett Cannon SR 651 Robust Stack Overflow Handling Mark Shannon SR 662 Editable installs via virtual wheels Bernát Gábor IR 663 Standardizing Enum str(), repr(), and format() behaviors Ethan Furman 3.11 SR 665 A file format to list Python dependencies for reproducibility of an application Brett Cannon, Pradyun Gedam, Tzu-ping Chung SR 666 Reject Foolish Indentation Laura Creighton 2.2 SR 677 Callable Type Syntax Steven Troxler, Pradeep Kumar Srinivasan 3.11 SR 679 New assert statement syntax with parentheses Pablo Galindo Salgado, Stan Ulbrych 3.15 SR 690 Lazy Imports Germán Méndez Bravo, Carl Meyer 3.12 SW 704 Require virtual environments by default for package installers Pradyun Gedam SR 707 A simplified signature for __exit__ and __aexit__ Irit Katriel 3.12 SR 712 Adding a “converter” parameter to dataclasses.field Joshua Cannon 3.13 SR 713 Callable Modules Amethyst Reese 3.12 SR 722 Dependency specification for single-file scripts Paul Moore SW 724 Stricter Type Guards Rich Chiodo, Eric Traut, Erik De Bonte 3.13 SR 726 Module __setattr__ and __delattr__ Sergey B Kirpichev 3.13 SW 727 Documentation in Annotated Metadata Sebastián Ramírez 3.13 SR 736 Shorthand syntax for keyword arguments at invocation Joshua Bambrick, Chris Angelico 3.14 SR 754 IEEE 754 Floating Point Special Values Gregory R. Warnes 2.3 SW 756 Add PyUnicode_Export() and PyUnicode_Import() C functions Victor Stinner 3.14 SW 759 External Wheel Hosting Barry Warsaw, Emma Harper Smith SW 760 No More Bare Excepts Pablo Galindo Salgado, Brett | 2026-01-13T08:49:07 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Follow User actions Morten Olsen 404 bio not found Location Copenhagen Area, Denmark Joined Joined on May 10, 2021 github website More info about @mortenolsen Badges Four Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least four years. Got it Close Three Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least three years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Two Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least two years. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close News Follow Hide Expect to see announcements of new and updated products, services, and features for languages & frameworks. You also will find high-level news relevant to the tech and software development industry covered here. Create Post submission guidelines When to use this tag : new service or product launched service, product, framework, library or language itself got updated (brief summary must be included as well as the source) covering broader tech industry/development news When NOT to use this tag : general news from media to promote people political posts to talk about personal goals (for example "I started to meditate every morning to increase my productivity" is nothing for this tag). about #news Use this tag to announce new products, services, or tools recently launched or updated. Notable changes in frameworks, libraries, or languages are ideal to cover. General tech industry news with a software development slant is also acceptable. This tag is not to be used for promotion of people, personal goals, or news unrelated to software development. Older #news posts 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu 11 Powerful Proxy & Web Scraper APIs You Should Use in 2025 🤯 Arjun Vijay Prakash Arjun Vijay Prakash Arjun Vijay Prakash Follow Dec 3 '25 11 Powerful Proxy & Web Scraper APIs You Should Use in 2025 🤯 # news # webdev # webscraping # productivity 18 reactions Comments 2 comments 6 min read Helldivers 2 Storage Crisis Solved Derek Chen Derek Chen Derek Chen Follow Dec 4 '25 Helldivers 2 Storage Crisis Solved # news # gamedev # derex # derexxd 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Community Spotlight: Building a Real-World ERP with NocoBase NocoBase NocoBase NocoBase Follow Dec 4 '25 Community Spotlight: Building a Real-World ERP with NocoBase # news # opensource # lowcode # nocode Comments Add Comment 7 min read Power up your integrations: ONLYOFFICE API updates in Docs 9.1 & DocSpace 3.5 Kseniya Fedoruk Kseniya Fedoruk Kseniya Fedoruk Follow for ONLYOFFICE Oct 29 '25 Power up your integrations: ONLYOFFICE API updates in Docs 9.1 & DocSpace 3.5 # news # onlyoffice # api Comments Add Comment 4 min read NocoBase Weekly Updates: Optimization and Bug Fixes NocoBase NocoBase NocoBase Follow Oct 30 '25 NocoBase Weekly Updates: Optimization and Bug Fixes # news # opensource # lowcode # nocode Comments Add Comment 8 min read The Now Go Build Award: Celebrating Global Builders Who Inspire the AWS Community KaKaComputer KaKaComputer KaKaComputer Follow Dec 3 '25 The Now Go Build Award: Celebrating Global Builders Who Inspire the AWS Community # news # leadership # aws # community 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Anthropic Just Acquired Bun — And It Signals the Beginning of AI-Native Software Engineering Nikoloz Turazashvili (@axrisi) Nikoloz Turazashvili (@axrisi) Nikoloz Turazashvili (@axrisi) Follow Dec 2 '25 Anthropic Just Acquired Bun — And It Signals the Beginning of AI-Native Software Engineering # news # ai # discuss # javascript 16 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read AWS Just Changed NAT Gateway — Here’s What You Need to Know saheed saheed saheed Follow Nov 21 '25 AWS Just Changed NAT Gateway — Here’s What You Need to Know # news # networking # architecture # aws 5 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read Adobe Firefly Unveils Advanced AI Tools and Models for Audio, Video, and Imagingat Adobe MAX 2025 Saiki Sarkar Saiki Sarkar Saiki Sarkar Follow Oct 30 '25 Adobe Firefly Unveils Advanced AI Tools and Models for Audio, Video, and Imagingat Adobe MAX 2025 # news # tooling # design # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read OpenAI will make its ChatGPT Go model free for Indian users for a year Maulik Thakrar Maulik Thakrar Maulik Thakrar Follow for Ekantik Technologies Oct 28 '25 OpenAI will make its ChatGPT Go model free for Indian users for a year # news # openai # chatgpt # ekantiktechnologies Comments Add Comment 1 min read OpenAI launches ChatGPT feature to integrate company knowledge from multipleconnected business tools Saiki Sarkar Saiki Sarkar Saiki Sarkar Follow Oct 28 '25 OpenAI launches ChatGPT feature to integrate company knowledge from multipleconnected business tools # news # openai # chatgpt # rag Comments Add Comment 2 min read Gettemplate Update shrey vijayvargiya shrey vijayvargiya shrey vijayvargiya Follow Oct 28 '25 Gettemplate Update # news # resources # webdev # design Comments Add Comment 2 min read Game Dev Digest — Issue #305 - Game Design and more Game Dev Digest - The Newsletter On Unity Game Dev Game Dev Digest - The Newsletter On Unity Game Dev Game Dev Digest - The Newsletter On Unity Game Dev Follow Nov 7 '25 Game Dev Digest — Issue #305 - Game Design and more # news # gamedev # unity3d # csharp 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read 80 website templates with 10 premium templates shrey vijayvargiya shrey vijayvargiya shrey vijayvargiya Follow Nov 28 '25 80 website templates with 10 premium templates # news # webdev # programming # react 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read MCP Weekly: Enterprise Adoption, Agent Coordination, and Power BI’s Big Leap Om Shree Om Shree Om Shree Follow Nov 27 '25 MCP Weekly: Enterprise Adoption, Agent Coordination, and Power BI’s Big Leap # news # ai # architecture # discuss 17 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read NocoBase Weekly Updates: Optimization and Bug Fixes NocoBase NocoBase NocoBase Follow Oct 23 '25 NocoBase Weekly Updates: Optimization and Bug Fixes # news # opensource # lowcode # nocode Comments Add Comment 6 min read NocoBase Weekly Updates: Optimization and Bug Fixes NocoBase NocoBase NocoBase Follow Nov 6 '25 NocoBase Weekly Updates: Optimization and Bug Fixes # news # opensource # lowcode # nocode Comments Add Comment 9 min read 🧠 AI Breakthroughs Reshaping 2025: What’s New This Week in Artificial Intelligence Pratik Pratik Pratik Follow Oct 27 '25 🧠 AI Breakthroughs Reshaping 2025: What’s New This Week in Artificial Intelligence # news # ai # learning # programming 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read MCP Weekly: Security and Large-Scale Enterprise Integration Om Shree Om Shree Om Shree Follow Nov 25 '25 MCP Weekly: Security and Large-Scale Enterprise Integration # news # ai # security # architecture 27 reactions Comments 2 comments 7 min read This Free Rails Pre-Upgrade Checklist Might Save Your Next Release Raisa K Raisa K Raisa K Follow Oct 22 '25 This Free Rails Pre-Upgrade Checklist Might Save Your Next Release # news # rails # ruby # tooling Comments Add Comment 3 min read Built an AI Multimodal R&D Platform in Days — with NocoBase NocoBase NocoBase NocoBase Follow Oct 22 '25 Built an AI Multimodal R&D Platform in Days — with NocoBase # news # opensource # nocode # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read Beyond the Hype: 5 Counter-Intuitive Truths About AI from Andrej Karpathy amananandrai amananandrai amananandrai Follow Oct 22 '25 Beyond the Hype: 5 Counter-Intuitive Truths About AI from Andrej Karpathy # news # ai # machinelearning # datascience 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read AWS Outage Chaos: Lessons in Resilience and How ConfigBee Stayed Unfazed Sri Venkata Reddy Sri Venkata Reddy Sri Venkata Reddy Follow Oct 20 '25 AWS Outage Chaos: Lessons in Resilience and How ConfigBee Stayed Unfazed # news # devops # aws # architecture Comments Add Comment 3 min read Anthropic launches Claude Code web tool to enhance AI system reliability and user control Saiki Sarkar Saiki Sarkar Saiki Sarkar Follow Oct 21 '25 Anthropic launches Claude Code web tool to enhance AI system reliability and user control # news # coding # tooling # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read ReductStore v1.17.0 Released with Query Links and S3 Storage Backend Support Alexey Timin Alexey Timin Alexey Timin Follow for ReductStore Oct 22 '25 ReductStore v1.17.0 Released with Query Links and S3 Storage Backend Support # news 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/evanlin/twdevrel-tech-verse-2022-interesting-agenda-highlights-day-1-5lh | [TW_DevRel] TECH-Verse 2022: Interesting Agenda Highlights - Day 1 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Evan Lin Posted on Jan 11 • Originally published at evanlin.com on Jan 11 [TW_DevRel] TECH-Verse 2022: Interesting Agenda Highlights - Day 1 # security # blockchain # techtalks # ai title: [TW_DevRel] TECH-Verse 2022 Interesting Agenda Sharing - Day 1 published: false date: 2022-11-18 00:00:00 UTC tags: canonical_url: http://www.evanlin.com/twdevrel-techverse2022/ ---  # Preface The Z Holding developer conference TECH-Verse, held online from 11/17 to 11/18, is about to begin. It includes online developer conferences from 8 companies, including LINE Corp and Yahoo! Japan, with a total of 90 online sessions: All relevant session categories are listed below: - Day 1 - 11.17 (11:00 ~ 18:00) - Data / AI - Security - Infrastructure - Blockchain - Day 2 - 11.18 (10:00 ~ 18:00) - Server Side - UX / Design - Mobile App - Web Front-end - Process & Environment Related event URL: [https://tech-verse.me/en](https://tech-verse.me/en) The slides will be made public immediately after the relevant sessions. The videos after the interpretation is completed will be released successively after 11/25. # Interesting Agenda Sharing on Day 1:  ## Vald: ANN search engine by Golang\*\*Vald: OSS ANN Nearest Neighbor Dense Vector Search Engine Valid: https://github.com/vdaas/vald This is a scalable distributed ANN (approximate nearest neighbor) vector search engine. This is a tool that can be quickly deployed on K8S. It is even used in Yahoo! JP: - Similar product image search - Generate related tags through product names - Similar source code search (this also works!) If you want to know how to use it, you can refer to - [Slides](https://speakerdeck.com/techverse_2022/vald-oss-ann-nearest-neighbor-dense-vector-search-engine-introduction-and-case-studies). - Session: https://tech-verse.me/en/sessions/172 ## Our Automation Tool for Migrating 1,800 MySQL Instances in Only Six Months <iframe frameborder="0" src="https://speakerdeck.com/player/52b80ea6286f4fa9ad587699c3324731" title="Our Automation Tool for Migrating 1,800 MySQL Instances in Only Six Months" allowfullscreen="true" mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true" style="border: 0px; background: padding-box padding-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-radius: 6px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 5px 40px; width: 560px; height: 314px;" data-ratio="1.78343949044586"></iframe> Have you upgraded MySQL before? Due to the expansion of LINE's business, the entire enterprise has more than 6000 MySQL Instances. In order to upgrade the version of MySQL 5.6 (which has stopped maintenance in 2021/02), it will be an incalculable cost. <iframe frameborder="0" src="https://speakerdeck.com/player/52b80ea6286f4fa9ad587699c3324731?slide=15" title="Our Automation Tool for Migrating 1,800 MySQL Instances in Only Six Months" allowfullscreen="true" mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true" style="border: 0px; background: padding-box padding-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-radius: 6px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 5px 40px; width: 560px; height: 314px;" data-ratio="1.78343949044586"></iframe> Generally speaking, the MySQL update process can be divided into: - Create New MySQL Instance - Add User ACL - Set MySQL Variable - Export/Import Data - Start Replication - Inspect Query Performace - Switch to new MySQL. (In midnight?) - Shutdown old MySQL This kind of work is actually quite time-consuming. It is possible that after it is done... <iframe frameborder="0" src="https://speakerdeck.com/player/52b80ea6286f4fa9ad587699c3324731?slide=17" title="Our Automation Tool for Migrating 1,800 MySQL Instances in Only Six Months" allowfullscreen="true" mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true" style="border: 0px; background: padding-box padding-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border-radius: 6px; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 0px 5px 40px; width: 560px; height: 314px;" data-ratio="1.78343949044586"></iframe> (This speaker is really humorous) Therefore, the LINE DBA team developed a tool MUH: (MySQL Update Helper) How MUH can help you upgrade MySQL without security concerns. You can refer to this slide to explain the principle: - Slides https://speakerdeck.com/techverse\_2022/our-automation-tool-for-migrating-1800-mysql-instances-in-only-six-months - Session: https://tech-verse.me/en/sessions/61 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Evan Lin Follow Attitude is Everything. @golangtw Co-Organizer / LINE Taiwan Technology Evangelist. Golang GDE. Location Taipei Work Technology Evangelist at LINE Corp. Joined Jun 16, 2020 More from Evan Lin [Learning Notes] [Golang] How to Develop OAuth2 PKCE with Golang - Using LINE Login as an Example # security # webdev # go # tutorial Golang for Mach-O File Reverse Engineering # computerscience # go # security [TIL] Exporting from Apple Notes # security # ios # productivity # tutorial 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://future.forem.com/sydne_sloan_8e7fc123adf2b | sydne sloan - Future Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Future Close Follow User actions sydne sloan 404 bio not found Joined Joined on Aug 27, 2025 More info about @sydne_sloan_8e7fc123adf2b Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 1 post published Comment 0 comments written Tag 0 tags followed The Wonders of Cosmic Physics: From Black Holes to Dark Matter sydne sloan sydne sloan sydne sloan Follow Nov 29 '25 The Wonders of Cosmic Physics: From Black Holes to Dark Matter # science # space Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Future — News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Future © 2025 - 2026. Stay on the cutting edge, and shape tomorrow Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:07 |
https://dev.to/t/rails/page/3 | Ruby on Rails Page 3 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Ruby on Rails Follow Hide Ruby on Rails is a popular web framework that happens to power dev.to ❤️ Create Post about #rails Ruby on Rails, or Rails, is a server-side web application framework written in Ruby under the MIT License. It was released in 2005 and powers websites like GitHub, Basecamp, and many others. The framework and community prides itself on developer experience, sensible abstractions and empowering individual developers to accomplish a lot. Older #rails posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu More readable integer comparisons in Ruby Rails Designer Rails Designer Rails Designer Follow Dec 10 '25 More readable integer comparisons in Ruby # ruby # rails # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building Custom Ruby on Rails Model Validators in Gems: A Complete Guide Jordan Hudgens Jordan Hudgens Jordan Hudgens Follow Nov 16 '25 Building Custom Ruby on Rails Model Validators in Gems: A Complete Guide # ruby # rails # rubygems # tutorial Comments Add Comment 7 min read Do Caos à Clareza Reduzindo Dependências em Rails Lucas Lucas Lucas Follow Dec 20 '25 Do Caos à Clareza Reduzindo Dependências em Rails # ruby # rails # maintainability 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 5 min read Add snow to your app with Stimulus Rails Designer Rails Designer Rails Designer Follow Dec 18 '25 Add snow to your app with Stimulus # ruby # rails # hotwire # webdev 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 7 min read Ruby PORO Explained: How Plain Old Ruby Objects Make Your Code Better Zil Norvilis Zil Norvilis Zil Norvilis Follow Nov 14 '25 Ruby PORO Explained: How Plain Old Ruby Objects Make Your Code Better # ruby # programming # rails # webdev Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to monitor your app's health rbglod rbglod rbglod Follow Dec 18 '25 How to monitor your app's health # rails # monitoring # metrics # logs Comments Add Comment 4 min read Untangling the Rails Monolith - quick look at the database rbglod rbglod rbglod Follow Dec 11 '25 Untangling the Rails Monolith - quick look at the database # ruby # rails # ddd # database 29 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read How to Audit Your Rails Codebase Before an Upgrade Raisa K Raisa K Raisa K Follow Nov 13 '25 How to Audit Your Rails Codebase Before an Upgrade # rails # ruby # developers # tooling Comments Add Comment 5 min read Upgrading Rails applications with an AI skill Mario Alberto Chávez Mario Alberto Chávez Mario Alberto Chávez Follow Nov 13 '25 Upgrading Rails applications with an AI skill # ruby # rails # ai 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read What's actually slow? A practical guide to Rails performance SINAPTIA SINAPTIA SINAPTIA Follow Nov 10 '25 What's actually slow? A practical guide to Rails performance # ruby # rails # performance Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building LLM-Powered Applications in Ruby: A Practical Introduction Germán Alberto Gimenez Silva Germán Alberto Gimenez Silva Germán Alberto Gimenez Silva Follow Dec 12 '25 Building LLM-Powered Applications in Ruby: A Practical Introduction # programming # ruby # rails # weelklyarticle Comments Add Comment 1 min read 25+ Real-World Rails Upgrade Questions (And the Answers Devs Actually Need) Pichandal Pichandal Pichandal Follow Dec 10 '25 25+ Real-World Rails Upgrade Questions (And the Answers Devs Actually Need) # railsupgrade # upgraderails # railsappupgrade # rails Comments Add Comment 7 min read 🧰 Ruby Gems With Powerful Generators You Should Be Using in Your Rails Projects Germán Alberto Gimenez Silva Germán Alberto Gimenez Silva Germán Alberto Gimenez Silva Follow Dec 10 '25 🧰 Ruby Gems With Powerful Generators You Should Be Using in Your Rails Projects # coding # programming # ruby # rails Comments Add Comment 4 min read BetterStructureSql - Clean Database Schema Dumps for Rails (Beta) sebyx07 sebyx07 sebyx07 Follow Nov 20 '25 BetterStructureSql - Clean Database Schema Dumps for Rails (Beta) # ruby # rails # postgres # database 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read ActiveFields: Multi-tenancy Kirill Usanov Kirill Usanov Kirill Usanov Follow Dec 7 '25 ActiveFields: Multi-tenancy # ruby # rails # programming # webdev Comments Add Comment 6 min read Step-by-step Installation guide for Ruby Lakshay Tyagi Lakshay Tyagi Lakshay Tyagi Follow Nov 2 '25 Step-by-step Installation guide for Ruby # ruby # rails # programming # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read Guide to Seamless Data Security in Rails With Mongoid’s Automatic Encryption MongoDB Guests MongoDB Guests MongoDB Guests Follow for MongoDB Nov 5 '25 Guide to Seamless Data Security in Rails With Mongoid’s Automatic Encryption # ruby # rails # mongodb # database 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building optimistic UI in Rails (and learn custom elements) Rails Designer Rails Designer Rails Designer Follow Dec 4 '25 Building optimistic UI in Rails (and learn custom elements) # ruby # rails # hotwire # javascript 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 6 min read Rails 8.1's Job Continuations Could Save You Dollars in Server Costs Raisa K Raisa K Raisa K Follow Nov 28 '25 Rails 8.1's Job Continuations Could Save You Dollars in Server Costs # rails # ruby # softwaredevelopment # tooling 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 6 min read TIL: define custom flash types in Rails Augusts Bautra Augusts Bautra Augusts Bautra Follow Oct 24 '25 TIL: define custom flash types in Rails # learning # rails # ruby Comments Add Comment 1 min read ActiveFields: Search Kirill Usanov Kirill Usanov Kirill Usanov Follow Nov 27 '25 ActiveFields: Search # ruby # rails # webdev # programming 5 reactions Comments 3 comments 4 min read Rails Designer's Black Friday/Cyber Monday deal Rails Designer Rails Designer Rails Designer Follow Nov 26 '25 Rails Designer's Black Friday/Cyber Monday deal # ruby # rails # hotwire # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Synthetic Attributes in Rhino Yousef Yousef Yousef Follow Oct 23 '25 Synthetic Attributes in Rhino # webdev # opensource # ruby # rails 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read This Free Rails Pre-Upgrade Checklist Might Save Your Next Release Raisa K Raisa K Raisa K Follow Oct 22 '25 This Free Rails Pre-Upgrade Checklist Might Save Your Next Release # news # rails # ruby # tooling Comments Add Comment 3 min read 💎 Introducing round_robin_assignment: A Reliable Round-Robin Assignment Gem for Rails Mustafa Duranovic Mustafa Duranovic Mustafa Duranovic Follow Oct 20 '25 💎 Introducing round_robin_assignment: A Reliable Round-Robin Assignment Gem for Rails # showdev # algorithms # ruby # rails Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/embernoglow/from-zero-to-sdf-editor-beta-how-i-used-ai-to-force-my-dream-project-out-of-the-prototype-stage-46fi | From Zero to SDF Editor Beta: How I Used AI to Force My Dream Project Out of the Prototype Stage. What I learned? - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse EmberNoGlow Posted on Jan 9 From Zero to SDF Editor Beta: How I Used AI to Force My Dream Project Out of the Prototype Stage. What I learned? # python # sideprojects # opensource # discuss I've released a beta version of my SDF Model editor project. This is my first major project that I'm trying to "push past MVP". How it all began I've long been interested in real-time rendering. I started learning glsl. I came across this article by Inigo Quilez and realized that my mathematical knowledge... Long story short, I decided to create my own full-fledged 3D editor that would allow artists to create 3D models using simple shapes. The main idea was a fresh approach (not really all that new, to be honest) to traditional modeling – to ditch all that sculpting and polygonal editing, and instead move spheres and boxes around like a little kid. Process Initial, December 2025 Beta, January 2026 I read a lot of articles and used a fair number of AI models to learn. I used the AI not as a co-developer, but as a "teacher." I didn't ask questions like "how to do it", but rather "how and why it works." And after I understood "how and why", I started asking copilot to write code based on the AI's thinking. And what happened? It was terrible. But it worked. I started studying the code. It was a far cry from what it is now. It was written in Pygame and consisted of 500 lines of code. I couldn't do anything except rotate the camera, which didn't even do that correctly 🤦♂️. I got bored. I abandoned it. But I got bored, so I continued. It took me a month to move away from Pygame and switch to Imgui, as well as fix the code. Everything worked well, and I was thrilled with the result. Cursor I decided to download cursor ai . Everyone was talking about how much it could do. I prompted it to completely refactor the code and add functionality, adding primitives and operations. And it was a miracle. I started studying the new code and customizing it. That was good, but I still had to do the input. I turned to cursor and... It turned out my limit had been reached 👎. I went back to copilot. And it was strange - for some reason, copilot kept putting spaces after periods! It took me half an hour to fix the code. And what happened? It didn't work. I repeated this until I reached my limit. I'm already tired and barely got everything working. I posted the project on GitHub. Publish Publishing on GitHub motivated me to develop the project. Even though views were low, I still wanted to finish the project. Step by step, I improved the bugs slightly, sometimes using AI for refactoring, testing, and bug detection (even though it often created these bugs itself). Overall, I realized how bad AI is for large projects. Now 24 days have passed since then. It felt like months had passed. I can't believe I've accomplished so much. I can't believe my code is 80,000 characters long. Even though I still haven't achieved all of my MVP goals, I'm very happy with the result. And by the way, I changed my device (Windows 7 was better than 10...) Final I learned a lot, made a ton of mistakes, corrected them, and didn't sleep a single night. I think I realized that AI is like a casino: you either hit the jackpot and get a fantastic app, or you waste all your limits, lol. I'm tired of writing this post... Top comments (3) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Art light Art light Art light Follow Trust yourself🌞your capabilities are your true power. ❤Telegram - ✔lighthouse4661 ❤Discord - ✔lighthouse4661 Email art.miclight@gmail.com Pronouns He/him Work CTO Joined Nov 21, 2025 • Jan 9 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is a really inspiring journey—pushing a complex idea past MVP while actually learning the why behind it is impressive. I love your approach to AI as a teacher, and I’m excited to see how this SDF editor evolves as you refine the core ideas and usability. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand EmberNoGlow EmberNoGlow EmberNoGlow Follow Just a dude, a mid-level on Godot / Python developer and Rust beginner Joined Nov 18, 2025 • Jan 9 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Art light Art light Art light Follow Trust yourself🌞your capabilities are your true power. ❤Telegram - ✔lighthouse4661 ❤Discord - ✔lighthouse4661 Email art.miclight@gmail.com Pronouns He/him Work CTO Joined Nov 21, 2025 • Jan 9 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Looking forward to your next post! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse EmberNoGlow Follow Just a dude, a mid-level on Godot / Python developer and Rust beginner Joined Nov 18, 2025 More from EmberNoGlow Marching Cubes algorithm written in Rust # rust # algorithms # opensource # programming [Boost] # discuss # python # coding # startup SDF Model Editor Demo written in Python & GLSL # discuss # python # coding # startup 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/supremerumham/how-to-use-ai-to-increase-organic-traffic-to-a-shopify-store-4ke7 | How to use AI to Increase Organic Traffic to a Shopify Store - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Alex Posted on Jan 12 • Originally published at convertifyapps.com How to use AI to Increase Organic Traffic to a Shopify Store # shopify # ecommerce # ai # tutorial Reading the title might give the impression that I typed, “how to grow traffic for a Shopify store” into an LLM. Then, I got more traffic. But AI is a tool, if you don’t know how to use it, it won’t help. Like a car, if you don’t know how to drive, having a car won’t solve your problems. The Prompt The prompt I use is “Create a Schema for {my website} with placeholder data and that I can copy and paste, then replace the placeholder data to add to the website's backend.” The LLM’s output should look like the picture above. The purpose of the placeholder data is for formatting. A Shopify Merchant could miss a comma and mess up their schema if they filled it out entirely. But the placeholder data reduces the chances of an error. Next, remove the placeholder data. Copy and paste the schema into a word processor and change the data. Disclaimer According to Perplexity, “Doing this will not magically “rank you in Perplexity,” but it significantly increases the odds that LLMs and search engines a) understand what each app does and b) pull your site as a trusted, well‑structured source when merchants ask for Shopify app recommendations.” The Schema The schema starts with “Type: Organization.” The Organization is general information about the website, links, and other data. This part of the schema provides the LLM with more information about the overall website. Then, the next set of data is “Type: Product.” Each product needs to get included in the schema. Add image links, product description, price, and reviews. By giving clear information about each product, an LLM will know when to suggest the product. Verify Schema with Rich Text Results Once the schema gets created, verify the format is correct. Copy the schema from to and paste it into the Rich Results Test. If the schema format is correct, the results will show a green check. If there are formatting errors, an error message will show in the results. The message will show where the error occurred and how to fix it. Theme Editor Once the schema gets the green light from the Rich Results Test, it's time to add to the Shopify store. The schema gets added in the theme editor. Go to “Online Store,” “Themes,” and then “Edit Code.” For the product schema, go to main-product.liquid. Find this snippet. Replace those lines with the new schema. Save the update. Search engines and LLMs will now crawl the Shopify store. Conclusion Why does this matter? LLMs are starting to add checkout features. Customers will be able to buy products without leaving their preferred LLM. An LLM cannot recommend a product from a store that it doesn’t know. Originally published at https://convertifyapps.com on January 3, 2026. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Alex Follow Wrote a book about podcasting. Location Bay Area Work Podcast Host Joined Mar 15, 2019 More from Alex How to Increase CTR for Shopify Store # shopify # webdev # tutorial How to Increase Average Order Value for a Shopify Store # shopify # webdev # tutorial How to Remove Powered by WordPress in 2023 # webdev # wordpress # beginners # tutorial 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:07 |
https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html#default-argument-values | 4. More Control Flow Tools — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents 4. More Control Flow Tools 4.1. if Statements 4.2. for Statements 4.3. The range() Function 4.4. break and continue Statements 4.5. else Clauses on Loops 4.6. pass Statements 4.7. match Statements 4.8. Defining Functions 4.9. More on Defining Functions 4.9.1. Default Argument Values 4.9.2. Keyword Arguments 4.9.3. Special parameters 4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments 4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters 4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments 4.9.3.4. Function Examples 4.9.3.5. Recap 4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists 4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists 4.9.6. Lambda Expressions 4.9.7. Documentation Strings 4.9.8. Function Annotations 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style Previous topic 3. An Informal Introduction to Python Next topic 5. Data Structures This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 4. More Control Flow Tools | Theme Auto Light Dark | 4. More Control Flow Tools ¶ As well as the while statement just introduced, Python uses a few more that we will encounter in this chapter. 4.1. if Statements ¶ Perhaps the most well-known statement type is the if statement. For example: >>> x = int ( input ( "Please enter an integer: " )) Please enter an integer: 42 >>> if x < 0 : ... x = 0 ... print ( 'Negative changed to zero' ) ... elif x == 0 : ... print ( 'Zero' ) ... elif x == 1 : ... print ( 'Single' ) ... else : ... print ( 'More' ) ... More There can be zero or more elif parts, and the else part is optional. The keyword ‘ elif ’ is short for ‘else if’, and is useful to avoid excessive indentation. An if … elif … elif … sequence is a substitute for the switch or case statements found in other languages. If you’re comparing the same value to several constants, or checking for specific types or attributes, you may also find the match statement useful. For more details see match Statements . 4.2. for Statements ¶ The for statement in Python differs a bit from what you may be used to in C or Pascal. Rather than always iterating over an arithmetic progression of numbers (like in Pascal), or giving the user the ability to define both the iteration step and halting condition (as C), Python’s for statement iterates over the items of any sequence (a list or a string), in the order that they appear in the sequence. For example (no pun intended): >>> # Measure some strings: >>> words = [ 'cat' , 'window' , 'defenestrate' ] >>> for w in words : ... print ( w , len ( w )) ... cat 3 window 6 defenestrate 12 Code that modifies a collection while iterating over that same collection can be tricky to get right. Instead, it is usually more straight-forward to loop over a copy of the collection or to create a new collection: # Create a sample collection users = { 'Hans' : 'active' , 'Éléonore' : 'inactive' , '景太郎' : 'active' } # Strategy: Iterate over a copy for user , status in users . copy () . items (): if status == 'inactive' : del users [ user ] # Strategy: Create a new collection active_users = {} for user , status in users . items (): if status == 'active' : active_users [ user ] = status 4.3. The range() Function ¶ If you do need to iterate over a sequence of numbers, the built-in function range() comes in handy. It generates arithmetic progressions: >>> for i in range ( 5 ): ... print ( i ) ... 0 1 2 3 4 The given end point is never part of the generated sequence; range(10) generates 10 values, the legal indices for items of a sequence of length 10. It is possible to let the range start at another number, or to specify a different increment (even negative; sometimes this is called the ‘step’): >>> list ( range ( 5 , 10 )) [5, 6, 7, 8, 9] >>> list ( range ( 0 , 10 , 3 )) [0, 3, 6, 9] >>> list ( range ( - 10 , - 100 , - 30 )) [-10, -40, -70] To iterate over the indices of a sequence, you can combine range() and len() as follows: >>> a = [ 'Mary' , 'had' , 'a' , 'little' , 'lamb' ] >>> for i in range ( len ( a )): ... print ( i , a [ i ]) ... 0 Mary 1 had 2 a 3 little 4 lamb In most such cases, however, it is convenient to use the enumerate() function, see Looping Techniques . A strange thing happens if you just print a range: >>> range ( 10 ) range(0, 10) In many ways the object returned by range() behaves as if it is a list, but in fact it isn’t. It is an object which returns the successive items of the desired sequence when you iterate over it, but it doesn’t really make the list, thus saving space. We say such an object is iterable , that is, suitable as a target for functions and constructs that expect something from which they can obtain successive items until the supply is exhausted. We have seen that the for statement is such a construct, while an example of a function that takes an iterable is sum() : >>> sum ( range ( 4 )) # 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 6 Later we will see more functions that return iterables and take iterables as arguments. In chapter Data Structures , we will discuss in more detail about list() . 4.4. break and continue Statements ¶ The break statement breaks out of the innermost enclosing for or while loop: >>> for n in range ( 2 , 10 ): ... for x in range ( 2 , n ): ... if n % x == 0 : ... print ( f " { n } equals { x } * { n // x } " ) ... break ... 4 equals 2 * 2 6 equals 2 * 3 8 equals 2 * 4 9 equals 3 * 3 The continue statement continues with the next iteration of the loop: >>> for num in range ( 2 , 10 ): ... if num % 2 == 0 : ... print ( f "Found an even number { num } " ) ... continue ... print ( f "Found an odd number { num } " ) ... Found an even number 2 Found an odd number 3 Found an even number 4 Found an odd number 5 Found an even number 6 Found an odd number 7 Found an even number 8 Found an odd number 9 4.5. else Clauses on Loops ¶ In a for or while loop the break statement may be paired with an else clause. If the loop finishes without executing the break , the else clause executes. In a for loop, the else clause is executed after the loop finishes its final iteration, that is, if no break occurred. In a while loop, it’s executed after the loop’s condition becomes false. In either kind of loop, the else clause is not executed if the loop was terminated by a break . Of course, other ways of ending the loop early, such as a return or a raised exception, will also skip execution of the else clause. This is exemplified in the following for loop, which searches for prime numbers: >>> for n in range ( 2 , 10 ): ... for x in range ( 2 , n ): ... if n % x == 0 : ... print ( n , 'equals' , x , '*' , n // x ) ... break ... else : ... # loop fell through without finding a factor ... print ( n , 'is a prime number' ) ... 2 is a prime number 3 is a prime number 4 equals 2 * 2 5 is a prime number 6 equals 2 * 3 7 is a prime number 8 equals 2 * 4 9 equals 3 * 3 (Yes, this is the correct code. Look closely: the else clause belongs to the for loop, not the if statement.) One way to think of the else clause is to imagine it paired with the if inside the loop. As the loop executes, it will run a sequence like if/if/if/else. The if is inside the loop, encountered a number of times. If the condition is ever true, a break will happen. If the condition is never true, the else clause outside the loop will execute. When used with a loop, the else clause has more in common with the else clause of a try statement than it does with that of if statements: a try statement’s else clause runs when no exception occurs, and a loop’s else clause runs when no break occurs. For more on the try statement and exceptions, see Handling Exceptions . 4.6. pass Statements ¶ The pass statement does nothing. It can be used when a statement is required syntactically but the program requires no action. For example: >>> while True : ... pass # Busy-wait for keyboard interrupt (Ctrl+C) ... This is commonly used for creating minimal classes: >>> class MyEmptyClass : ... pass ... Another place pass can be used is as a place-holder for a function or conditional body when you are working on new code, allowing you to keep thinking at a more abstract level. The pass is silently ignored: >>> def initlog ( * args ): ... pass # Remember to implement this! ... For this last case, many people use the ellipsis literal ... instead of pass . This use has no special meaning to Python, and is not part of the language definition (you could use any constant expression here), but ... is used conventionally as a placeholder body as well. See The Ellipsis Object . 4.7. match Statements ¶ A match statement takes an expression and compares its value to successive patterns given as one or more case blocks. This is superficially similar to a switch statement in C, Java or JavaScript (and many other languages), but it’s more similar to pattern matching in languages like Rust or Haskell. Only the first pattern that matches gets executed and it can also extract components (sequence elements or object attributes) from the value into variables. If no case matches, none of the branches is executed. The simplest form compares a subject value against one or more literals: def http_error ( status ): match status : case 400 : return "Bad request" case 404 : return "Not found" case 418 : return "I'm a teapot" case _ : return "Something's wrong with the internet" Note the last block: the “variable name” _ acts as a wildcard and never fails to match. You can combine several literals in a single pattern using | (“or”): case 401 | 403 | 404 : return "Not allowed" Patterns can look like unpacking assignments, and can be used to bind variables: # point is an (x, y) tuple match point : case ( 0 , 0 ): print ( "Origin" ) case ( 0 , y ): print ( f "Y= { y } " ) case ( x , 0 ): print ( f "X= { x } " ) case ( x , y ): print ( f "X= { x } , Y= { y } " ) case _ : raise ValueError ( "Not a point" ) Study that one carefully! The first pattern has two literals, and can be thought of as an extension of the literal pattern shown above. But the next two patterns combine a literal and a variable, and the variable binds a value from the subject ( point ). The fourth pattern captures two values, which makes it conceptually similar to the unpacking assignment (x, y) = point . If you are using classes to structure your data you can use the class name followed by an argument list resembling a constructor, but with the ability to capture attributes into variables: class Point : def __init__ ( self , x , y ): self . x = x self . y = y def where_is ( point ): match point : case Point ( x = 0 , y = 0 ): print ( "Origin" ) case Point ( x = 0 , y = y ): print ( f "Y= { y } " ) case Point ( x = x , y = 0 ): print ( f "X= { x } " ) case Point (): print ( "Somewhere else" ) case _ : print ( "Not a point" ) You can use positional parameters with some builtin classes that provide an ordering for their attributes (e.g. dataclasses). You can also define a specific position for attributes in patterns by setting the __match_args__ special attribute in your classes. If it’s set to (“x”, “y”), the following patterns are all equivalent (and all bind the y attribute to the var variable): Point ( 1 , var ) Point ( 1 , y = var ) Point ( x = 1 , y = var ) Point ( y = var , x = 1 ) A recommended way to read patterns is to look at them as an extended form of what you would put on the left of an assignment, to understand which variables would be set to what. Only the standalone names (like var above) are assigned to by a match statement. Dotted names (like foo.bar ), attribute names (the x= and y= above) or class names (recognized by the “(…)” next to them like Point above) are never assigned to. Patterns can be arbitrarily nested. For example, if we have a short list of Points, with __match_args__ added, we could match it like this: class Point : __match_args__ = ( 'x' , 'y' ) def __init__ ( self , x , y ): self . x = x self . y = y match points : case []: print ( "No points" ) case [ Point ( 0 , 0 )]: print ( "The origin" ) case [ Point ( x , y )]: print ( f "Single point { x } , { y } " ) case [ Point ( 0 , y1 ), Point ( 0 , y2 )]: print ( f "Two on the Y axis at { y1 } , { y2 } " ) case _ : print ( "Something else" ) We can add an if clause to a pattern, known as a “guard”. If the guard is false, match goes on to try the next case block. Note that value capture happens before the guard is evaluated: match point : case Point ( x , y ) if x == y : print ( f "Y=X at { x } " ) case Point ( x , y ): print ( f "Not on the diagonal" ) Several other key features of this statement: Like unpacking assignments, tuple and list patterns have exactly the same meaning and actually match arbitrary sequences. An important exception is that they don’t match iterators or strings. Sequence patterns support extended unpacking: [x, y, *rest] and (x, y, *rest) work similar to unpacking assignments. The name after * may also be _ , so (x, y, *_) matches a sequence of at least two items without binding the remaining items. Mapping patterns: {"bandwidth": b, "latency": l} captures the "bandwidth" and "latency" values from a dictionary. Unlike sequence patterns, extra keys are ignored. An unpacking like **rest is also supported. (But **_ would be redundant, so it is not allowed.) Subpatterns may be captured using the as keyword: case ( Point ( x1 , y1 ), Point ( x2 , y2 ) as p2 ): ... will capture the second element of the input as p2 (as long as the input is a sequence of two points) Most literals are compared by equality, however the singletons True , False and None are compared by identity. Patterns may use named constants. These must be dotted names to prevent them from being interpreted as capture variable: from enum import Enum class Color ( Enum ): RED = 'red' GREEN = 'green' BLUE = 'blue' color = Color ( input ( "Enter your choice of 'red', 'blue' or 'green': " )) match color : case Color . RED : print ( "I see red!" ) case Color . GREEN : print ( "Grass is green" ) case Color . BLUE : print ( "I'm feeling the blues :(" ) For a more detailed explanation and additional examples, you can look into PEP 636 which is written in a tutorial format. 4.8. Defining Functions ¶ We can create a function that writes the Fibonacci series to an arbitrary boundary: >>> def fib ( n ): # write Fibonacci series less than n ... """Print a Fibonacci series less than n.""" ... a , b = 0 , 1 ... while a < n : ... print ( a , end = ' ' ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... print () ... >>> # Now call the function we just defined: >>> fib ( 2000 ) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 The keyword def introduces a function definition . It must be followed by the function name and the parenthesized list of formal parameters. The statements that form the body of the function start at the next line, and must be indented. The first statement of the function body can optionally be a string literal; this string literal is the function’s documentation string, or docstring . (More about docstrings can be found in the section Documentation Strings .) There are tools which use docstrings to automatically produce online or printed documentation, or to let the user interactively browse through code; it’s good practice to include docstrings in code that you write, so make a habit of it. The execution of a function introduces a new symbol table used for the local variables of the function. More precisely, all variable assignments in a function store the value in the local symbol table; whereas variable references first look in the local symbol table, then in the local symbol tables of enclosing functions, then in the global symbol table, and finally in the table of built-in names. Thus, global variables and variables of enclosing functions cannot be directly assigned a value within a function (unless, for global variables, named in a global statement, or, for variables of enclosing functions, named in a nonlocal statement), although they may be referenced. The actual parameters (arguments) to a function call are introduced in the local symbol table of the called function when it is called; thus, arguments are passed using call by value (where the value is always an object reference , not the value of the object). [ 1 ] When a function calls another function, or calls itself recursively, a new local symbol table is created for that call. A function definition associates the function name with the function object in the current symbol table. The interpreter recognizes the object pointed to by that name as a user-defined function. Other names can also point to that same function object and can also be used to access the function: >>> fib <function fib at 10042ed0> >>> f = fib >>> f ( 100 ) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 Coming from other languages, you might object that fib is not a function but a procedure since it doesn’t return a value. In fact, even functions without a return statement do return a value, albeit a rather boring one. This value is called None (it’s a built-in name). Writing the value None is normally suppressed by the interpreter if it would be the only value written. You can see it if you really want to using print() : >>> fib ( 0 ) >>> print ( fib ( 0 )) None It is simple to write a function that returns a list of the numbers of the Fibonacci series, instead of printing it: >>> def fib2 ( n ): # return Fibonacci series up to n ... """Return a list containing the Fibonacci series up to n.""" ... result = [] ... a , b = 0 , 1 ... while a < n : ... result . append ( a ) # see below ... a , b = b , a + b ... return result ... >>> f100 = fib2 ( 100 ) # call it >>> f100 # write the result [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89] This example, as usual, demonstrates some new Python features: The return statement returns with a value from a function. return without an expression argument returns None . Falling off the end of a function also returns None . The statement result.append(a) calls a method of the list object result . A method is a function that ‘belongs’ to an object and is named obj.methodname , where obj is some object (this may be an expression), and methodname is the name of a method that is defined by the object’s type. Different types define different methods. Methods of different types may have the same name without causing ambiguity. (It is possible to define your own object types and methods, using classes , see Classes ) The method append() shown in the example is defined for list objects; it adds a new element at the end of the list. In this example it is equivalent to result = result + [a] , but more efficient. 4.9. More on Defining Functions ¶ It is also possible to define functions with a variable number of arguments. There are three forms, which can be combined. 4.9.1. Default Argument Values ¶ The most useful form is to specify a default value for one or more arguments. This creates a function that can be called with fewer arguments than it is defined to allow. For example: def ask_ok ( prompt , retries = 4 , reminder = 'Please try again!' ): while True : reply = input ( prompt ) if reply in { 'y' , 'ye' , 'yes' }: return True if reply in { 'n' , 'no' , 'nop' , 'nope' }: return False retries = retries - 1 if retries < 0 : raise ValueError ( 'invalid user response' ) print ( reminder ) This function can be called in several ways: giving only the mandatory argument: ask_ok('Do you really want to quit?') giving one of the optional arguments: ask_ok('OK to overwrite the file?', 2) or even giving all arguments: ask_ok('OK to overwrite the file?', 2, 'Come on, only yes or no!') This example also introduces the in keyword. This tests whether or not a sequence contains a certain value. The default values are evaluated at the point of function definition in the defining scope, so that i = 5 def f ( arg = i ): print ( arg ) i = 6 f () will print 5 . Important warning: The default value is evaluated only once. This makes a difference when the default is a mutable object such as a list, dictionary, or instances of most classes. For example, the following function accumulates the arguments passed to it on subsequent calls: def f ( a , L = []): L . append ( a ) return L print ( f ( 1 )) print ( f ( 2 )) print ( f ( 3 )) This will print [ 1 ] [ 1 , 2 ] [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] If you don’t want the default to be shared between subsequent calls, you can write the function like this instead: def f ( a , L = None ): if L is None : L = [] L . append ( a ) return L 4.9.2. Keyword Arguments ¶ Functions can also be called using keyword arguments of the form kwarg=value . For instance, the following function: def parrot ( voltage , state = 'a stiff' , action = 'voom' , type = 'Norwegian Blue' ): print ( "-- This parrot wouldn't" , action , end = ' ' ) print ( "if you put" , voltage , "volts through it." ) print ( "-- Lovely plumage, the" , type ) print ( "-- It's" , state , "!" ) accepts one required argument ( voltage ) and three optional arguments ( state , action , and type ). This function can be called in any of the following ways: parrot ( 1000 ) # 1 positional argument parrot ( voltage = 1000 ) # 1 keyword argument parrot ( voltage = 1000000 , action = 'VOOOOOM' ) # 2 keyword arguments parrot ( action = 'VOOOOOM' , voltage = 1000000 ) # 2 keyword arguments parrot ( 'a million' , 'bereft of life' , 'jump' ) # 3 positional arguments parrot ( 'a thousand' , state = 'pushing up the daisies' ) # 1 positional, 1 keyword but all the following calls would be invalid: parrot () # required argument missing parrot ( voltage = 5.0 , 'dead' ) # non-keyword argument after a keyword argument parrot ( 110 , voltage = 220 ) # duplicate value for the same argument parrot ( actor = 'John Cleese' ) # unknown keyword argument In a function call, keyword arguments must follow positional arguments. All the keyword arguments passed must match one of the arguments accepted by the function (e.g. actor is not a valid argument for the parrot function), and their order is not important. This also includes non-optional arguments (e.g. parrot(voltage=1000) is valid too). No argument may receive a value more than once. Here’s an example that fails due to this restriction: >>> def function ( a ): ... pass ... >>> function ( 0 , a = 0 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : function() got multiple values for argument 'a' When a final formal parameter of the form **name is present, it receives a dictionary (see Mapping Types — dict ) containing all keyword arguments except for those corresponding to a formal parameter. This may be combined with a formal parameter of the form *name (described in the next subsection) which receives a tuple containing the positional arguments beyond the formal parameter list. ( *name must occur before **name .) For example, if we define a function like this: def cheeseshop ( kind , * arguments , ** keywords ): print ( "-- Do you have any" , kind , "?" ) print ( "-- I'm sorry, we're all out of" , kind ) for arg in arguments : print ( arg ) print ( "-" * 40 ) for kw in keywords : print ( kw , ":" , keywords [ kw ]) It could be called like this: cheeseshop ( "Limburger" , "It's very runny, sir." , "It's really very, VERY runny, sir." , shopkeeper = "Michael Palin" , client = "John Cleese" , sketch = "Cheese Shop Sketch" ) and of course it would print: -- Do you have any Limburger ? -- I'm sorry, we're all out of Limburger It's very runny, sir. It's really very, VERY runny, sir. ---------------------------------------- shopkeeper : Michael Palin client : John Cleese sketch : Cheese Shop Sketch Note that the order in which the keyword arguments are printed is guaranteed to match the order in which they were provided in the function call. 4.9.3. Special parameters ¶ By default, arguments may be passed to a Python function either by position or explicitly by keyword. For readability and performance, it makes sense to restrict the way arguments can be passed so that a developer need only look at the function definition to determine if items are passed by position, by position or keyword, or by keyword. A function definition may look like: def f(pos1, pos2, /, pos_or_kwd, *, kwd1, kwd2): ----------- ---------- ---------- | | | | Positional or keyword | | - Keyword only -- Positional only where / and * are optional. If used, these symbols indicate the kind of parameter by how the arguments may be passed to the function: positional-only, positional-or-keyword, and keyword-only. Keyword parameters are also referred to as named parameters. 4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments ¶ If / and * are not present in the function definition, arguments may be passed to a function by position or by keyword. 4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters ¶ Looking at this in a bit more detail, it is possible to mark certain parameters as positional-only . If positional-only , the parameters’ order matters, and the parameters cannot be passed by keyword. Positional-only parameters are placed before a / (forward-slash). The / is used to logically separate the positional-only parameters from the rest of the parameters. If there is no / in the function definition, there are no positional-only parameters. Parameters following the / may be positional-or-keyword or keyword-only . 4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments ¶ To mark parameters as keyword-only , indicating the parameters must be passed by keyword argument, place an * in the arguments list just before the first keyword-only parameter. 4.9.3.4. Function Examples ¶ Consider the following example function definitions paying close attention to the markers / and * : >>> def standard_arg ( arg ): ... print ( arg ) ... >>> def pos_only_arg ( arg , / ): ... print ( arg ) ... >>> def kwd_only_arg ( * , arg ): ... print ( arg ) ... >>> def combined_example ( pos_only , / , standard , * , kwd_only ): ... print ( pos_only , standard , kwd_only ) The first function definition, standard_arg , the most familiar form, places no restrictions on the calling convention and arguments may be passed by position or keyword: >>> standard_arg ( 2 ) 2 >>> standard_arg ( arg = 2 ) 2 The second function pos_only_arg is restricted to only use positional parameters as there is a / in the function definition: >>> pos_only_arg ( 1 ) 1 >>> pos_only_arg ( arg = 1 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : pos_only_arg() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword arguments: 'arg' The third function kwd_only_arg only allows keyword arguments as indicated by a * in the function definition: >>> kwd_only_arg ( 3 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : kwd_only_arg() takes 0 positional arguments but 1 was given >>> kwd_only_arg ( arg = 3 ) 3 And the last uses all three calling conventions in the same function definition: >>> combined_example ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : combined_example() takes 2 positional arguments but 3 were given >>> combined_example ( 1 , 2 , kwd_only = 3 ) 1 2 3 >>> combined_example ( 1 , standard = 2 , kwd_only = 3 ) 1 2 3 >>> combined_example ( pos_only = 1 , standard = 2 , kwd_only = 3 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : combined_example() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword arguments: 'pos_only' Finally, consider this function definition which has a potential collision between the positional argument name and **kwds which has name as a key: def foo ( name , ** kwds ): return 'name' in kwds There is no possible call that will make it return True as the keyword 'name' will always bind to the first parameter. For example: >>> foo ( 1 , ** { 'name' : 2 }) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : foo() got multiple values for argument 'name' >>> But using / (positional only arguments), it is possible since it allows name as a positional argument and 'name' as a key in the keyword arguments: >>> def foo ( name , / , ** kwds ): ... return 'name' in kwds ... >>> foo ( 1 , ** { 'name' : 2 }) True In other words, the names of positional-only parameters can be used in **kwds without ambiguity. 4.9.3.5. Recap ¶ The use case will determine which parameters to use in the function definition: def f ( pos1 , pos2 , / , pos_or_kwd , * , kwd1 , kwd2 ): As guidance: Use positional-only if you want the name of the parameters to not be available to the user. This is useful when parameter names have no real meaning, if you want to enforce the order of the arguments when the function is called or if you need to take some positional parameters and arbitrary keywords. Use keyword-only when names have meaning and the function definition is more understandable by being explicit with names or you want to prevent users relying on the position of the argument being passed. For an API, use positional-only to prevent breaking API changes if the parameter’s name is modified in the future. 4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists ¶ Finally, the least frequently used option is to specify that a function can be called with an arbitrary number of arguments. These arguments will be wrapped up in a tuple (see Tuples and Sequences ). Before the variable number of arguments, zero or more normal arguments may occur. def write_multiple_items ( file , separator , * args ): file . write ( separator . join ( args )) Normally, these variadic arguments will be last in the list of formal parameters, because they scoop up all remaining input arguments that are passed to the function. Any formal parameters which occur after the *args parameter are ‘keyword-only’ arguments, meaning that they can only be used as keywords rather than positional arguments. >>> def concat ( * args , sep = "/" ): ... return sep . join ( args ) ... >>> concat ( "earth" , "mars" , "venus" ) 'earth/mars/venus' >>> concat ( "earth" , "mars" , "venus" , sep = "." ) 'earth.mars.venus' 4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists ¶ The reverse situation occurs when the arguments are already in a list or tuple but need to be unpacked for a function call requiring separate positional arguments. For instance, the built-in range() function expects separate start and stop arguments. If they are not available separately, write the function call with the * -operator to unpack the arguments out of a list or tuple: >>> list ( range ( 3 , 6 )) # normal call with separate arguments [3, 4, 5] >>> args = [ 3 , 6 ] >>> list ( range ( * args )) # call with arguments unpacked from a list [3, 4, 5] In the same fashion, dictionaries can deliver keyword arguments with the ** -operator: >>> def parrot ( voltage , state = 'a stiff' , action = 'voom' ): ... print ( "-- This parrot wouldn't" , action , end = ' ' ) ... print ( "if you put" , voltage , "volts through it." , end = ' ' ) ... print ( "E's" , state , "!" ) ... >>> d = { "voltage" : "four million" , "state" : "bleedin' demised" , "action" : "VOOM" } >>> parrot ( ** d ) -- This parrot wouldn't VOOM if you put four million volts through it. E's bleedin' demised ! 4.9.6. Lambda Expressions ¶ Small anonymous functions can be created with the lambda keyword. This function returns the sum of its two arguments: lambda a, b: a+b . Lambda functions can be used wherever function objects are required. They are syntactically restricted to a single expression. Semantically, they are just syntactic sugar for a normal function definition. Like nested function definitions, lambda functions can reference variables from the containing scope: >>> def make_incrementor ( n ): ... return lambda x : x + n ... >>> f = make_incrementor ( 42 ) >>> f ( 0 ) 42 >>> f ( 1 ) 43 The above example uses a lambda expression to return a function. Another use is to pass a small function as an argument. For instance, list.sort() takes a sorting key function key which can be a lambda function: >>> pairs = [( 1 , 'one' ), ( 2 , 'two' ), ( 3 , 'three' ), ( 4 , 'four' )] >>> pairs . sort ( key = lambda pair : pair [ 1 ]) >>> pairs [(4, 'four'), (1, 'one'), (3, 'three'), (2, 'two')] 4.9.7. Documentation Strings ¶ Here are some conventions about the content and formatting of documentation strings. The first line should always be a short, concise summary of the object’s purpose. For brevity, it should not explicitly state the object’s name or type, since these are available by other means (except if the name happens to be a verb describing a function’s operation). This line should begin with a capital letter and end with a period. If there are more lines in the documentation string, the second line should be blank, visually separating the summary from the rest of the description. The following lines should be one or more paragraphs describing the object’s calling conventions, its side effects, etc. The Python parser strips indentation from multi-line string literals when they serve as module, class, or function docstrings. Here is an example of a multi-line docstring: >>> def my_function (): ... """Do nothing, but document it. ... ... No, really, it doesn't do anything: ... ... >>> my_function() ... >>> ... """ ... pass ... >>> print ( my_function . __doc__ ) Do nothing, but document it. No, really, it doesn't do anything: >>> my_function() >>> 4.9.8. Function Annotations ¶ Function annotations are completely optional metadata information about the types used by user-defined functions (see PEP 3107 and PEP 484 for more information). Annotations are stored in the __annotations__ attribute of the function as a dictionary and have no effect on any other part of the function. Parameter annotations are defined by a colon after the parameter name, followed by an expression evaluating to the value of the annotation. Return annotations are defined by a literal -> , followed by an expression, between the parameter list and the colon denoting the end of the def statement. The following example has a required argument, an optional argument, and the return value annotated: >>> def f ( ham : str , eggs : str = 'eggs' ) -> str : ... print ( "Annotations:" , f . __annotations__ ) ... print ( "Arguments:" , ham , eggs ) ... return ham + ' and ' + eggs ... >>> f ( 'spam' ) Annotations: {'ham': <class 'str'>, 'return': <class 'str'>, 'eggs': <class 'str'>} Arguments: spam eggs 'spam and eggs' 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style ¶ Now that you are about to write longer, more complex pieces of Python, it is a good time to talk about coding style . Most languages can be written (or more concise, formatted ) in different styles; some are more readable than others. Making it easy for others to read your code is always a good idea, and adopting a nice coding style helps tremendously for that. For Python, PEP 8 has emerged as the style guide that most projects adhere to; it promotes a very readable and eye-pleasing coding style. Every Python developer should read it at some point; here are the most important points extracted for you: Use 4-space indentation, and no tabs. 4 spaces are a good compromise between small indentation (allows greater nesting depth) and large indentation (easier to read). Tabs introduce confusion, and are best left out. Wrap lines so that they don’t exceed 79 characters. This helps users with small displays and makes it possible to have several code files side-by-side on larger displays. Use blank lines to separate functions and classes, and larger blocks of code inside functions. When possible, put comments on a line of their own. Use docstrings. Use spaces around operators and after commas, but not directly inside bracketing constructs: a = f(1, 2) + g(3, 4) . Name your classes and functions consistently; the convention is to use UpperCamelCase for classes and lowercase_with_underscores for functions and methods. Always use self as the name for the first method argument (see A First Look at Classes for more on classes and methods). Don’t use fancy encodings if your code is meant to be used in international environments. Python’s default, UTF-8, or even plain ASCII work best in any case. Likewise, don’t use non-ASCII characters in identifiers if there is only the slightest chance people speaking a different language will read or maintain the code. Footnotes [ 1 ] Actually, call by object reference would be a better description, since if a mutable object is passed, the caller will see any changes the callee makes to it (items inserted into a list). Table of Contents 4. More Control Flow Tools 4.1. if Statements 4.2. for Statements 4.3. The range() Function 4.4. break and continue Statements 4.5. else Clauses on Loops 4.6. pass Statements 4.7. match Statements 4.8. Defining Functions 4.9. More on Defining Functions 4.9.1. Default Argument Values 4.9.2. Keyword Arguments 4.9.3. Special parameters 4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments 4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters 4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments 4.9.3.4. Function Examples 4.9.3.5. Recap 4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists 4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists 4.9.6. Lambda Expressions 4.9.7. Documentation Strings 4.9.8. Function Annotations 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style Previous topic 3. An Informal Introduction to Python Next topic 5. Data Structures This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 4. More Control Flow Tools | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Future Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Creative Soul Posted on Nov 11, 2025 AI Wearables 2025: Smart Health Gadgets That Know You Better Than Ever # ai # healthtech # wearables In the fast-evolving world of health tech, innovation never slows down. Over the past decade, we’ve witnessed fitness trackers count our steps, smartwatches measure our heart rates, and rings track our sleep. But as we enter 2025, a new wave of technology is transforming how we understand our own bodies—AI wearables. These intelligent, data-driven smart devices go beyond counting calories or monitoring steps. They’re designed to learn from your behavior, adapt to your needs, and predict potential health issues before they arise. From personalized workout coaching to early disease detection, AI is making health tracking more intuitive and individualized than ever before. Let’s explore how AI wearables are revolutionizing personal health and why they’re one of the most exciting health technology trends of 2025. The Evolution of Wearable Technology The concept of wearable technology isn’t new. Devices like Fitbits and Apple Watches paved the way for accessible, continuous health tracking. But traditional fitness trackers primarily focused on surface-level metrics—steps taken, calories burned, and hours slept. AI, however, has changed everything. Modern AI wearables don’t just record data—they interpret it. By integrating artificial intelligence and machine learning, these devices can analyze long-term health patterns, detect anomalies, and provide tailored recommendations. Imagine a smartwatch that not only tracks your heart rate but understands your stress triggers, recommends breathing exercises, and adjusts your daily goals based on how your body is responding. That’s the power of AI in health tech. How AI Wearables Work At the core of every AI-powered wearable is data intelligence. These devices collect information from various sensors—such as motion detectors, temperature monitors, and ECG readers—and process it using AI algorithms. Here’s how the process works: Data Collection: Sensors gather information about your physical activity, heart rate variability, oxygen levels, and even skin temperature. Machine Learning Analysis: The AI identifies trends, learns from your patterns, and compares them to broader health databases. Personalized Insights: Based on the analysis, your device provides insights or recommendations—like adjusting your sleep schedule or alerting you to potential health risks. The more you use the device, the smarter it becomes. Over time, it understands your lifestyle better than ever, offering a truly personalized wellness experience. AI Wearables and Personalized Health One of the biggest advantages of AI integration in smart devices 2025 is personalization. Every human body is unique, and traditional health guidelines often overlook individual differences. AI wearables bridge that gap by tailoring health advice to your personal data. For instance: A fitness tracker powered by AI can suggest customized workout plans based on your energy levels and muscle recovery patterns. Sleep-focused wearables can analyze your circadian rhythm and recommend the optimal bedtime for your body. Stress-tracking gadgets can detect early signs of anxiety through physiological cues like increased heart rate or skin conductivity—and offer real-time coping techniques. This personalized approach empowers users to make informed decisions about their well-being, transforming passive tracking into active health management. Revolutionizing Fitness and Performance AI-driven fitness trackers have taken workout optimization to a new level. Instead of offering generic routines, these devices provide dynamic coaching that adapts to your progress and recovery needs. For example, AI-powered training apps analyze how your body responds to specific exercises, recommending when to push harder or when to rest. They track micro patterns like your muscle fatigue, oxygen usage, and heart rate zones to design a training plan unique to you. Professional athletes and fitness enthusiasts are already using AI wearables to monitor performance with unparalleled accuracy. For everyday users, this technology makes it easier to achieve sustainable results—without overtraining or injury. As part of the fitness trends of 2025, hybrid wearables now integrate both strength and cardio tracking, offering a holistic view of physical performance and recovery. Predictive Health Monitoring: The Future of Prevention Perhaps the most transformative capability of AI wearables is predictive health monitoring. Rather than reacting to symptoms, these devices help detect potential health problems early—sometimes even before a person notices them. For example: Continuous ECG monitoring can detect irregular heart rhythms that might signal atrial fibrillation. Smart rings can track blood oxygen levels and skin temperature fluctuations, alerting users to early signs of infection. AI algorithms can analyze sleep disturbances and activity drops to predict mental health dips like anxiety or depression. This proactive approach represents a massive shift from traditional healthcare to preventive, data-driven wellness. It empowers individuals to take control of their health and work with medical professionals before small issues escalate. Beyond the Wrist: The Expansion of Smart Health Devices While most people associate AI wearables with watches or wristbands, the landscape in 2025 is far more diverse. The next generation of smart devices 2025 includes: Smart Rings: Compact devices that monitor heart rate, temperature, and recovery with medical-grade accuracy. AI Glasses: Wearables that track cognitive performance, eye strain, and even emotional well-being. Smart Clothing: Embedded sensors in shirts and leggings that measure posture, movement efficiency, and muscle tension. Health Patches: Discreet, skin-friendly patches capable of tracking hydration, glucose levels, and electrolyte balance. These innovations are transforming the human body into a living data ecosystem—constantly communicating valuable health insights. The Role of AI in Mental and Emotional Wellness AI wearables aren’t just focused on physical health—they’re also transforming mental wellness support. With advanced biometric sensors, devices can now detect subtle indicators of stress, fatigue, or mood changes. For example, if your wearable senses elevated heart rate and reduced sleep quality, it might suggest mindfulness exercises, guided breathing, or even notify you when you need a break. These proactive features align with the growing awareness that mental health is just as vital as physical fitness. AI’s ability to interpret emotional cues adds another dimension to personalized wellness—helping users achieve balance in every aspect of their health. Privacy and Ethical Considerations While the promise of AI wearables is exciting, it also raises valid concerns about data privacy and ethics. These devices collect highly sensitive health data, making it essential for manufacturers to maintain strict security protocols. Companies leading in health technology trends are now prioritizing: Data encryption to prevent breaches. User consent controls allowing individuals to manage how their data is shared. Transparency in AI decision-making so users understand how insights are generated. As AI becomes more embedded in health tech, maintaining trust between users and technology will be crucial. The Future of AI Wearables Looking ahead, the next generation of AI wearables promises even deeper integration with everyday life. We can expect: Real-time medical diagnostics, where wearables communicate directly with healthcare providers. AI-driven nutrition assistants that analyze what you eat and provide instant feedback. Advanced biometric authentication, using unique health data like heart rhythm for secure identification. Ultimately, AI-powered wearables are paving the way for a world where health monitoring is continuous, intelligent, and deeply personal. They’re not just gadgets—they’re becoming health companions that understand you better than any app or doctor’s visit could. Conclusion As we step into 2025, AI wearables represent the perfect blend of innovation and individuality. These smart devices are transforming healthcare from a reactive system into a personalized, proactive experience. From fitness trackers that tailor workouts to predictive algorithms that detect early disease symptoms, AI is redefining what it means to live a healthy, data-driven life. While challenges like data privacy remain, the potential benefits far outweigh the risks. The future of health tech is one where technology and humanity merge seamlessly—offering insights, support, and empowerment every step of the way. So, as you strap on your next-gen wearable, remember: it’s not just tracking your health—it’s learning your story. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Creative Soul Follow Joined Oct 29, 2025 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Future — News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Future © 2025 - 2026. Stay on the cutting edge, and shape tomorrow Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:07 |
https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2025/08/ | Python Software Foundation News: 08/01/2025 - 09/01/2025   News from the Python Software Foundation Tuesday, August 26, 2025 pypistats.org is now operated by the Python Software Foundation For a little over six years pypistats.org has been maintained and operated by Christopher Flynn on a volunteer basis. After a recent extended outage made clear the importance of this service to the Python community, and in coordination with Christopher, the Python Software Foundation (PSF) has adopted the project into our GitHub organization and migrated the service to run from our infrastructure. So what has changed? As far as the day-to-day operations of the service goes the PSF Infrastructure Team will now make sure that pypistats.org ’s backing infrastructure, costs, and domain registration are all maintained. Otherwise, there is no material change to the service. The project remains open source and community maintained. We are appreciative that Christopher has stated his intention to stay on as maintainer of the project and we welcome the community to get involved. We're also grateful to Christopher for his long-term volunteer contribution maintaining this service! As an organization, we are excited to have the opportunity to support pypistats.org and ensure it remains available to the community. Stories like this –under-resourced, but highly depended upon services– are not a new story for the open source community, and we are glad that this story had a positive outcome. The PSF’s Infrastructure Team is excited to be in a place to adopt services like these into our burgeoning community infrastructure along with services like the PyLadiesCon Portal and memory.python.org . This new community infrastructure, supported by AWS Open Source via their credits program, is backed by the same tooling that delivers pypi.org , python.org , and us.pycon.org along with many other PSF hosted services. We look forward to sharing more in the coming months– not only what we're up to but also how you can get involved! Posted by Ee Durbin at 8/26/2025 08:40:00 AM Monday, August 18, 2025 The 2024 Python Developer Survey Results are here! We are excited to share the results of the eighth official annual Python Developers Survey . This survey is done yearly as a collaborative effort between the Python Software Foundation and JetBrains . Check out Michael Kennedy 's The State of Python 2025 blog post, on the JetBrains blog, which reflects his personal analysis and opinions on the data. Responses were collected October and November of 2024. More than 30,000 Python developers and enthusiasts from almost 200 countries and regions participated in the survey to reveal the current state of the language and the ecosystem around it. Check out the survey results! The survey aims to map the Python landscape and covers the following topics: General Python usage Purpose for using Python Python versions Frameworks and Libraries Cloud Platforms Data science Development tools Python packaging Demographics We encourage you to check out the methodology and the raw data for this year's Python Developers Survey, as well as those from past years ( 2023 , 2022 , 2021 , 2020 , 2019 , 2018 , and 2017 ). We would love to hear about what you learn by digging into the numbers! Share your results and comments with us on social media by mentioning JetBrains ( LinkedIn , X ) and the PSF ( Mastodon , LinkedIn , X ) using the #pythondevsurvey hashtag. Based on the feedback we received last year, we made adjustments to the 2024 survey- so we welcome suggestions and feedback that could help us improve again for next year! Posted by Marie Nordin at 8/18/2025 09:06:00 AM Thursday, August 14, 2025 Announcing the PSF Board Candidates for 2025! What an exciting list! Please take a look at who is running for the PSF Board this year on the 2025 Nominees page . This year there are 4 seats open on the PSF Board. You can see who is currently on the board on the PSF Officers & Directors page . (Dawn Wages, Jannis Leidel, Kushal Das, and Simon Willison are at the end of their current terms.) Board Election Timeline: Nominations open: Tuesday, July 29th, 2:00 pm UTC Nomination cut-off: Tuesday, August 12th, 2:00 pm UTC Announce candidates: Thursday, August 14th Voter affirmation cut-off: Tuesday, August 26th, 2:00 pm UTC Voting start date: Tuesday, September 2nd, 2:00 pm UTC Voting end date: Tuesday, September 16th, 2:00 pm UTC Not sure what UTC is for you locally? Check this time converter ! Reminder to affirm your intention to vote! If you wish to vote in this year’s election, you must affirm your intention to vote no later than Tuesday, August 26th, 2:00 pm UTC, to participate in this year’s election. This year’s Board Election vote begins Tuesday, September 2nd, 2:00 pm UTC, and closes on Tuesday, September 16th, 2:00 pm UTC. Every PSF Voting Member (Supporting, Contributing, and Fellow) needs to affirm their membership to vote in this year’s election. You should have received an email from "psf@psfmember.org <Python Software Foundation>" with the subject "[Action Required] Affirm your PSF Membership voting intention for 2025 PSF Board Election" that contains information on how to affirm your voting status. Find more information, including step-by-step instructions on voting affirmation, in our ‘ Affirm Your PSF Membership Voting Status ” blog post. If you run into any issues, please email psf-elections@pyfound.org. Voting: what to expect If you are a voting member of the PSF that affirmed your intention to participate in this year’s election, you will receive an email from “OpaVote Voting Link <noreply@opavote.com>” with your ballot, the subject line will read “Python Software Foundation Board of Directors Election 2025” on September 2nd. If you don’t receive a ballot as expected, please first check your spam folder for a message from “noreply@opavote.com”. If you don’t see anything get in touch by emailing psf-elections@pyfound.org so we can look into your account and make sure we have the most up-to-date email for you. If you have questions about your membership status or the election, please email psf-elections@pyfound.org. You are welcome to join the discussion about the 2025 PSF Board election on the Python Discuss forum . Posted by Marie Nordin at 8/14/2025 12:19:00 PM Friday, August 08, 2025 Announcing Python Software Foundation Fellow Members for Q2 2025! 🎉 The PSF is pleased to announce its second batch of PSF Fellows for 2025 ! Let us welcome the new PSF Fellows for Q2 ! The following people continue to do amazing things for the Python community: Hamdalah Adetunji LinkedIn Laís Carvalho Mark Smith Website , LinkedIn , Mastodon , Bluesky , GitHub Will McGugan Blog , X (Twitter) , Mastodon , GitHub Thank you for your continued contributions. We have added you to our Fellows Roster . The above members help support the Python ecosystem by being phenomenal leaders, sustaining the growth of the Python scientific community, maintaining virtual Python communities, maintaining Python libraries, creating educational material, organizing Python events and conferences, starting Python communities in local regions, and overall being great mentors in our community. Each of them continues to help make Python more accessible around the world. To learn more about the new Fellow members, check out their links above. Let's continue recognizing Pythonistas all over the world for their impact on our community. The criteria for Fellow members is available on our PSF Fellow Membership page . If you would like to nominate someone to be a PSF Fellow, please send a description of their Python accomplishments and their email address to psf-fellow at python.org. Quarter 3 nominations will be in review soon. We are accepting nominations for Quarter 3 of 2025 through August 20th, 2025 . Are you a PSF Fellow and want to help the Work Group review nominations? Contact us at psf-fellow at python.org. Posted by Marie Nordin at 8/08/2025 08:47:00 AM Thursday, August 07, 2025 Unmasking Phantom Dependencies with Software Bill-of-Materials as Ecosystem Neutral Metadata The Python Software Foundation Security Developer-in-Residence, Seth Larson, published a new white paper with Alpha-Omega about the work to solve the "Phantom Dependency" problem. The white paper details the approach, challenges, and insights into the creation and acceptance of PEP 770 and adopting Software Bill-of-Materials (SBOMs) to improve the measurability of Python packages. This work means that automated systems like vulnerability scanners, compliance, and policy tools will provide accurate results, even in complicated software composition and dependency graphs that are common for scientific computing, performance-critical workloads, and artificial intelligence. Critical projects like numpy , cryptography , and pip are already evaluating adopting PEP 770 and providing cross-ecosystem dependency information through the use of SBOMs. The Security Developer-in-Residence position is sponsored by Alpha-Omega. If you'd like to support improving Python at the ecosystem-scale contact sponsors@python.org to discuss sponsoring a Developer-in-Residence position. Posted by Seth Michael Larson at 8/07/2025 08:45:00 AM Tuesday, August 05, 2025 The PSF has paused our Grants Program TL;DR: Effective August 1st, 2025, the PSF is temporarily pausing our Grants Program after reaching our 2025 grant budget cap earlier than expected. We know how important this program is to many in our community and making this decision was difficult. This is a necessary step to protect both the future of the program and the short- and long-term sustainability of the PSF. (If this moves you immediately to donate to the PSF, we welcome your contributions via our donations page ). The PSF Grants Program is paused As we shared in December 2024 (specifically, part 3 ), the PSF implemented changes to the Grants Program in March 2025 in an effort to ensure the sustainability of the program and the foundation. PSF Staff have been checking in quarterly on our award expenditure, and at the end of Q1, we were on track. When PSF Staff reviewed approved grant awards at the end of Q2, however, we had granted close to 80% of the 2025 grant budget. The grant applications received so far through July exceed the budget ceiling. What does this mean? The PSF Board has voted to implement a pause, effective August 1st, 2025, on the PSF Grants Program. The PSF Board and Staff explored our options thoroughly before coming to this tough, and frankly painful, decision as we deeply understand how important the grants program is to the Python community. Everyone at the PSF is constantly amazed and impressed with the creativity, drive, and ingenuity of the Python community. Supporting the community’s success with our Grants Program is at the heart of our mission—and it brings so much joy to the PSF Board, our small but mighty team of staff, and the wonderful folks in our Work Groups. We are heartbroken to have to pause that work and we know this will be challenging and create more difficult decisions in turn for the many community groups that had planned to apply for the grants program. We will be distributing the small amount of remaining funds in the 2025 PSF Grants Program budget. To honor the time and energy spent on applications already submitted and in the spirit of equity, any applications that were received before August 1st, 2025 will be granted a uniform percentage of the award amount for which they are eligible. If you have a grant application in the system, you will receive an email from us soon with more information. Please send any urgent inquiries to grants@python.org. The PSF aims to be as transparent as possible, and we want to have two-way conversations with the community about this change. We are holding an additional PSF Grants Program Office Hour in August on the PSF Discord . We welcome folks to join both or either session: August 13th, 8-9 pm UTC August 19th, 1-2 pm UTC We also welcome your feedback, particularly how we can support you during this pause, via email to grants@python.org or on the thread we’ve started on discuss.python.org . How we got here Since announcing Grants program changes in December 2024, grant requests have grown about 40% over last year. It’s wonderful to see long-time events continue to grow. It’s been equally inspiring to see events being revived as we move further from 2020 and the start of the COVID pandemic, alongside brand-new initiatives from new and seasoned organizers. The PSF loves seeing the growth, but the heart of the issue is that Python and its community continue to grow exponentially, while our funding has not kept pace, and in fact, has decreased. With Python being the number one language on GitHub and rising steadily on the TIOBE index , it’s no surprise that our community continues to build and grow as well. You can see the TIOBE index shows what the growth of Python looks like over the years, and how much it’s grown in just the past year: By contrast, the PSF’s available resources have decreased over the last three years and are projected to decrease again in 2025 due to increasing PyCon US and foundation costs. Much of the growth shown before 2022 in the chart below comes from grants we received that were restricted funds dedicated to specific staffing and other programs. The result is increasing global community activity against a decreasing pool of available funds. For example, 2023 year-end assets were $5.5M with total grants awarded at $677K. The following year, 2024 assets decreased slightly to $4.3M, but grants awarded jumped to $952K. You can see in the graph above how that negatively impacted our assets, a trend that is not sustainable even in the short term. Please check out the PSF’s 2024 Annual Impact Report for more details of our finances and our work. The PSF Grants Program adjustments implemented earlier this year aimed to reduce total grant award spending while providing a more equitable approach, but the growth in new/revived grant applications outpaced the lowered caps and other limits. As we reviewed Q2 spending, it became clear that the unexpected influx of qualified grant proposals had already almost exhausted the total amount we had budgeted for the full year. We’re in this together The PSF is in a similar position to the many other organizations and NGOs (and all of our volunteer conference and meetup organizers!) trying to support the Python community and foundation while faced with inflation, lower sponsorship, economic pressure in the tech sector, and global/local uncertainty and conflict. Last year, the PyCon US blog explained that PyCon US 2024 generated a significant loss; losses from PyCon US are paid for by PSF general funds that are also the financial source for the PSF Grants programs. For many years, PyCon US created a surplus used to fund Grants, PSF staff, and other programs. Based on the current numbers for PyCon US 2025, the PSF will need to fund another loss. Many factors including the lower-than-budgeted attendance, higher location costs, and the current economic and political situation contributed to the loss despite incredible efforts by staff and volunteers to control costs. What’s the solution? In an ideal world, we wouldn’t need to pause the Grants Program and would instead be granting even MORE awards to our inspiring community. And while that’s not currently the case, we do think you can help us unpause the grants program and fund the PSF’s other work. The PSF needs more support and resources from the corporations that are built on and making revenue from Python. As a community, let’s ask corporations to step up and sustain the health of the community and programming language they rely on. The AI sector, for example, relies heavily on Python and is mostly untapped for the PSF, PyCon US, and our entire community . If you have potential sponsorship connections (in AI or otherwise) we welcome you to send us leads or connect us via sponsors@python.org. The PSF is ever grateful for our sponsors, past and current, and we do everything we can to make their sponsorships beneficial and rewarding. PSF Staff also work hard to make those sponsorship dollars stretch as far as they can. Frankly, the PSF simply needs more sponsorship to continue to support the astonishing growth of Python and its community. The PSF is also incredibly grateful for our individual donors and PSF members. We truly couldn’t do this without you. If you’re inspired to help because of this post, we urge you to ask your employers to sponsor the PSF. Send them the PSF’s sponsorship page ! We know times are financially challenging for everyone, but if you’re feeling very inspired and in a position to donate, we welcome your contributions via the PSF’s donation page . You can also join us as a PSF Supporting Member ( a sliding scale is also available! ), to invest in the future of Python and its community. Some additional context As PSF Staff reviewed the Q2 numbers for the Grants Program, we found the following: Revived events. 10 out of the 75 (or about 13%) grants applications we’ve received in 2025 are for “revived” grant applications for events that weren’t run in 2024 (including one that hasn’t been run since 2015, whoa!). Net new applications. 19 out of the 75 (or about 25%) grant applications we’ve received in 2025 are for totally new events and initiatives. While we did expect some growth, this is tremendous! Earlier applications. We encouraged folks to apply earlier—and you did, thank you! We weren’t expecting this level of awarding by mid-year. We also expect that to continue, so we can now plan better for that in the future. Higher $$ requests. Across all returning applications the amount being requested is about 13% higher than in years previous. While we expected more interest from the community in the PSF grants program, the amount of growth far exceeded our expectations. What’s next? The PSF is working on our strategy to balance support for the worldwide Python community and funding constraints, now and in the future. The unknown and rapidly growing number of new Python events and initiatives—combined with the ongoing needs of existing events and organizations that have historically relied on the PSF Grants Program—is challenging to manage sustainably on a rolling application basis. So, here’s our plan: First, the PSF Board will continue to refine the grant program’s guiding principles and how they translate into program policy. From there, PSF Staff will research, plan, and implement a quarterly review and awarding approach for the PSF Grants Program to provide an equitable and financially sustainable process. Moving to a quarterly review process from the rolling approval process the Grants Program currently uses will be a big change! We will do our best to implement processes that work well for the community, the Grants Workgroup, and PSF Staff. Even with our best efforts, we acknowledge that there will be learning opportunities around moving to a quarterly review and most likely a series of adjustments ahead of us to get things working smoothly. Your feedback as grant applicants and recipients will be extremely helpful as we take on this journey. During this process, we will determine on what timeline we can re-open the Grants Program. You can expect updates from us on the future of the PSF Grants Program in early 2026. Posted by Marie Nordin at 8/05/2025 06:13:00 AM Newer Posts Older Posts Home Subscribe to: Comments (Atom) Mission The mission of the Python Software Foundation is to promote, protect, and advance the Python programming language, and to support and facilitate the growth of a diverse and international community of Python programmers. Python Software Foundation Grants Program Membership Awards Meeting Minutes PSF Sponsors A big thank you to the above PSF sponsors for supporting our mission! Blog Archive ▼  2025 (50) ►  December (1) ►  November (4) ►  October (7) ►  September (3) ▼  August (6) pypistats.org is now operated by the Python Softwa... The 2024 Python Developer Survey Results are here! Announcing the PSF Board Candidates for 2025! Announcing Python Software Foundation Fellow Membe... Unmasking Phantom Dependencies with Software Bill-... 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Beginners Follow Hide "A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step." -Chinese Proverb Create Post submission guidelines UPDATED AUGUST 2, 2019 This tag is dedicated to beginners to programming, development, networking, or to a particular language. Everything should be geared towards that! For Questions... Consider using this tag along with #help, if... You are new to a language, or to programming in general, You want an explanation with NO prerequisite knowledge required. You want insight from more experienced developers. Please do not use this tag if you are merely new to a tool, library, or framework. See also, #explainlikeimfive For Articles... Posts should be specifically geared towards true beginners (experience level 0-2 out of 10). 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Right menu Here's what I'm doing to learn Design Patterns Vincent Cavanna Vincent Cavanna Vincent Cavanna Follow Jan 6 Here's what I'm doing to learn Design Patterns # gangof4 # designpatterns # programming # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Why .dev, .app, .page (and 40+ Other TLDs) Don't Respond to WHOIS Serg Petrov Serg Petrov Serg Petrov Follow Jan 6 Why .dev, .app, .page (and 40+ Other TLDs) Don't Respond to WHOIS # webdev # beginners # monitoring # tutorial 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read HtDP Helped Me Discover DDD Without Ever Mentioning It Alam Asy'arie Alam Asy'arie Alam Asy'arie Follow Jan 5 HtDP Helped Me Discover DDD Without Ever Mentioning It # webdev # ai # javascript # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read The 3-Argument Rule: How to Stop "Argument Bankruptcy" Doogal Simpson Doogal Simpson Doogal Simpson Follow Jan 5 The 3-Argument Rule: How to Stop "Argument Bankruptcy" # javascript # beginners # productivity # webdev Comments Add Comment 3 min read The 2026 DevOps Roadmap: What to Learn (and What to Skip) Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Follow Jan 6 The 2026 DevOps Roadmap: What to Learn (and What to Skip) # tutorial # devops # beginners # roadmap 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Learning Landscape Heightmaps and Sculpting Tools in Unreal Engine (Day 12) Dinesh Dinesh Dinesh Follow Jan 7 Learning Landscape Heightmaps and Sculpting Tools in Unreal Engine (Day 12) # gamedev # unrealengine # beginners # learning Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why Is My Android Auto Not Connecting To My Car Tech Fixes Tech Fixes Tech Fixes Follow Jan 7 Why Is My Android Auto Not Connecting To My Car # android # tutorial # beginners # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Algorithms Cheat Sheet: Sorting, Searching, Graphics & More Jawad Ahmed Jawad Ahmed Jawad Ahmed Follow Jan 5 The Algorithms Cheat Sheet: Sorting, Searching, Graphics & More # algorithms # beginners # tutorial # learning Comments 1 comment 16 min read Finally, the difference between print() and return just clicked for me Wassim TOUIR Wassim TOUIR Wassim TOUIR Follow Jan 7 Finally, the difference between print() and return just clicked for me # discuss # beginners # python Comments Add Comment 1 min read Why Gender Equality Matters for Economic and Social Development Niyatul KB Niyatul KB Niyatul KB Follow Jan 7 Why Gender Equality Matters for Economic and Social Development # programming # ai # javascript # beginners Comments Add Comment 5 min read LED Strip Projects: The “Software Bugs” Are Usually Power and Signal emmma emmma emmma Follow Jan 6 LED Strip Projects: The “Software Bugs” Are Usually Power and Signal # beginners # design # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read Challenge 300 projet in 2026 marouane aouzal marouane aouzal marouane aouzal Follow Jan 5 Challenge 300 projet in 2026 # ai # webdev # beginners # programming Comments Add Comment 2 min read Distributed Systems & Networking: Full Complete Guide for Beginners! Javad Javad Javad Follow Jan 7 Distributed Systems & Networking: Full Complete Guide for Beginners! # programming # beginners # tutorial # devops 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 105 min read My Interview Experience & Questions Faced (Frontend + JavaScript + SQL) LAKSHMI G LAKSHMI G LAKSHMI G Follow Jan 7 My Interview Experience & Questions Faced (Frontend + JavaScript + SQL) # beginners # career # javascript # sql Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to Create an AI Avatar: A Practical Developer-Oriented Breakdown Herman_Sun Herman_Sun Herman_Sun Follow Jan 6 How to Create an AI Avatar: A Practical Developer-Oriented Breakdown # ai # tutorial # machinelearning # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read How Exactly Are AI Models Deployed? 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NEBULA DATA NEBULA DATA NEBULA DATA Follow Jan 6 How Machine Learning Works? # ai # beginners # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🪣 Thin Provisioning in LVM – Complete Step by Step Tutorial Usama Tanoli Usama Tanoli Usama Tanoli Follow Jan 6 🪣 Thin Provisioning in LVM – Complete Step by Step Tutorial # beginners # devops # linux # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read SQL INJECTION Rodrino Adolfo Kupessala Rodrino Adolfo Kupessala Rodrino Adolfo Kupessala Follow Jan 11 SQL INJECTION # beginners # sql # security # webdev Comments Add Comment 1 min read The RGB LED Sidequest 💡 Jennifer Davis Jennifer Davis Jennifer Davis Follow Jan 5 The RGB LED Sidequest 💡 # showdev # arduino # hardware # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read Chapter 3: Quick Start Henry Lin Henry Lin Henry Lin Follow Jan 5 Chapter 3: Quick Start # beginners # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 12 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/missamarakay/following-cooking-recipes-makes-you-a-clearer-writer-460a#celebrate-those-incremental-improvements | Following Cooking Recipes Makes You a Clearer Writer - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Amara Graham Posted on Jul 17, 2019 Following Cooking Recipes Makes You a Clearer Writer # devrel # documentation I'm really into cooking, baking, pickling, really anything that will end in me eating something delicious. But I didn't find it enjoyable or "get good" at cooking overnight. My parents cooked most of our meals and if you planned on eating said meal, you were required to provide some amount of assistance, regardless of your blood relation to the family. After graduating out of dorm life I realized I needed to feed myself or starve, so I started getting bolder with my kitchen experiments and I'm pleased to say I'm still alive. "Ok Amara, but where is the tech components of this blog?" Hold on, I'm setting up the metaphor. "Ok fine." In the Kitchen If you stand in a kitchen and watch my dad cook - he reads a recipe, studies it, then goes through and pulls out all the things he needs to make it happen. For banana bread he usually has to pull the frozen bananas out early to thaw them enough to peel them, he portions out the spices so he can toss them in while mixing, he sprays the loaf pan before the mixture is together. If you watched me in my first apartment attempting banana bread for the first time, you would have seen someone who barely read the recipe (I've made this before, with supervision, and watched my dad make it for years, how hard can it be?) and did exactly every step of the instruction in series. Pull frozen bananas out of the freezer, immediately realize you can't peel a banana when its extra frozen, wait just long enough you can pry the peel off, smash the mostly still frozen bananas, slowly add each spice one at a time, measuring as you go, mix everything together, spray the pan, realize the oven isn't on, wait to pre-heat, blah blah blah, why did this take double the prep time? My dad has always taken the methodical approach to everything, he's a chemist and he loves math. I'm impatient and can't spend even 30 seconds idle when I know I need to complete a task, so I pretty much have the attention span of a Border Collie (have you seen those dogs stare at a ball, full body shaking with excitement?). At My Desk I'm sure you'll be shocked to hear when I sit down to learn some kind of new tech, I barely skim the tutorial or docs, immediately start the "doing", and often end up frustrated and annoyed with the experience. In some cases I tell myself things like "oh I've used an API like this before, I can just make it work" and 3 days later I'm banging my head on the keyboard. "Amara, just slow down and actually read the tutorial." Easier said than done. Not just for me personally, but for any dev, and that includes your dev coworkers, customers, community, etc. Time is precious, workplaces are more agile than ever, and people pay money for other people to stand in line for them. In My Brain Now recipes, just like tutorials, can be poorly written, but even the good ones can suffer from poor execution as I rambled on above. There are 5 things I learned from getting better at following cooking recipes that I think apply to written technical content. Ambiguous Terms Jargon Chunking Brevity Audience Let's take a look at each one. Ambiguous Terms Have you ever read a recipe, seen the word "mix" and go... with a spoon? A stand mixer? How long? Or how about "hand mix"? Did you know that a 'Hand Mixer' is an appliance and not the things at the end of your arms? Because a few years ago when we first started dating, my now husband did not. In tech, we love using the same term for a number of different things. Or we have a number of different words for the same thing. Really friendly to beginners right? Something like "Run this" might make sense to you, the engineer who built it, because its probably never crossed your mind that you run it globally and not in a particular directory (or vice versa) but that can be one of the most irritating things for a dev struggling with the worry of doing something wrong and/or irreversible. Be explicit in your use of terms and maybe consider a glossary of terms relevant to your project/product/industry/company. What does this mean in this context, right here, right now? Don't leave your reading punching out to search for answers. Jargon Every talk I've given on AI to beginners has included a disclaimer about not only ambiguous terminology but jargon. 'Fine-tuning' is not super intuitive, neither is 'hyperparameter'. 'Fold in' or 'soft peaks' in cooking is right up there too. Mastering the jargon can disrupt retention of fundamental topics. Explaining these terms early in docs and tutorials is crucial. You should not assume knowledge of jargon, so this is another +1 for a glossary. Chunking I am a huge fan of multi-part tutorials and how-to series, so long as they are done right. At the end of each part in a series, you should have a small complete something. Developers may not have time to sit down and do a 3-6 hour tutorial, but they should be able to get 20 minutes to an hour of uninterrupted time. You don't want to tackle a slow cooker recipe at 5pm expecting to eat it for dinner, but you may want to brown some meat so it is ready to toss in the next morning. If I have 20 minutes today to set myself up for success later today or tomorrow, I need to know I can get it done in the allocated time. And I need to feel like I can pick it up again without rereading the entire thing. Brevity Unlike this blog which is probably way too long for most of you, the more concise your written technical content the easier its going to be to follow. It's part of what makes the Tasty videos so appealing to watch - someone makes a sped up, top-down recipe that feels fast and easy even if its neither. This doesn't mean you can't write an introduction or a conclusion that goes more in depth about the content, but when you get to the meat of the docs or tutorial it should be a lean, mean, executing machine. Food bloggers are great at this, they may give you step-by-step pictures and commentary, but they almost always include the recipe separately. So feel free to tell me how you are going to save the world with this tutorial, but keep it out of the exact steps I'm following so I don't get overwhelmed. Audience This is maybe the most important, although I could argue that they all are. Knowing your developer audience is extremely important in technical writing. This helps you make decisions about what languages and references to use, what their workstation may look like, and maybe even things like their attention span. If your audience is students, whether they will admit it or not, they tend to have WAY more time to sit down and really study a tutorial. Or maybe they are participating in a hackathon and it just needs to work as fast as possible. But maybe your audience is enterprise developers, like mine often is. This means it has to be production-ready, maintainable, and even trainable across teams. Your maintenance team may be entirely separate from your product engineering team, so the content they follow may need to be different. Knowing or identifying your audience can be challenging, but this is a great opportunity for your devrel team to really shine. Celebrate Those Incremental Improvements Like I mentioned earlier, I didn't wake up one day and realize if I actually read the recipe, prepped ahead of time, and researched how to do certain kitchen techniques (again, ahead of time), I could maximize my time in the kitchen and feel less overwhelmed. In fact, I'm probably 50:50 in my ability to prep and run in parallel or haphazardly skim in series today. But snaps for me because this week I measured everything out before I started cooking! I'm sure you could make an argument that my dad is a 'senior' in the kitchen and I'm not (but I'm also not junior either), but he'd prefer you only use 'senior' when used in conjunction with "senior discount" at this point in his life. Let's say 'seasoned'. Whether you are a junior or senior dev, you still need the content you are consuming to prepare you for success. But with more and more folks using services like Blue Apron, Hello Fresh, Home Chef, arguably boxed Bootcamp experiences for the kitchen, we have a new generation of folks training themselves how to follow recipes and we can translate that experience into the tech world, allowing for more confident, empowered folks in the kitchen and at the keyboard. So instead of shouting "read the docs" or "follow the tutorial" make sure your content is as consumable and delicious as a home cooked meal. Top comments (5) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Jason C. McDonald Jason C. McDonald Jason C. McDonald Follow Author. Speaker. Time Lord. (Views are my own) Email codemouse92@outlook.com Location Time Vortex Pronouns he/him Work Author of "Dead Simple Python" (No Starch Press) Joined Jan 31, 2017 • Aug 5 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Excellent write up! I'm actually going to include this on the #beginners tag wiki for authors to read. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand JeffD JeffD JeffD Follow Code-quality 🩺 Teamwork 🐝 & everything that can simplify the developper's life 🗂️. Location France Joined Oct 16, 2017 • Sep 16 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This post is a must-read ! It's perfect 🏆 ("Hold on, I'm setting up the metaphor." 🤣) Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alvarez García Alvarez García Alvarez García Follow After more than 10 years backending, now trying to make this CSS properties work. Location Buenos Aires, Argentina Work FullStack Joined Apr 24, 2019 • Jul 25 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide DevRel in construction here, thanks for this really simple and enjoyable post. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Amara Graham Amara Graham Amara Graham Follow Enabling developers Location Austin, TX Education BS Computer Science from Trinity University Work Developer Advocate at Kestra Joined Jan 4, 2017 • Jul 25 '19 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you! :) Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Shashamura1 Shashamura1 Shashamura1 Follow Hi everyone my name is daniel.gentle loving caring I’am a type of person that always optimistic in every thing that I doing im very couriours and ambitious to lean I’m very new in this site Email ashogbondaniel292@gmail.com Location USA Education Technical college Work CEO at mylocallatest ...https://mylocallatest512644105.wordpress.com Joined Sep 12, 2022 • Oct 8 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice post I can use it to learn as project in dev.com ..to share the interest story of cooking Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Amara Graham Follow Enabling developers Location Austin, TX Education BS Computer Science from Trinity University Work Developer Advocate at Kestra Joined Jan 4, 2017 More from Amara Graham Moving Config Docs From YAML to Markdown # documentation # yaml # markdown Moving DevEx from DevRel to Engineering # devrel # devex # engineering # reorg Bing Webmaster Tools De-indexed My Docs Site and Increased My Cognitive Load # webdev # seo # documentation 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Follow User actions kt 404 bio not found Joined Joined on Jan 8, 2026 github website More info about @kanywst GitHub Repositories IssueHub help beginners find their first contribution opportunities in open source software HTML abyss Rust-based OSINT tool Rust velo Velo is a network speed measurement tool. Vue thebirthofwebsites https://tbow.kanywst.top JavaScript y509 A terminal user interface (TUI) tool for viewing and analyzing X.509 certificate chains Go dev.to.kanywst Post 10 posts published Comment 1 comment written Tag 19 tags followed eBPF: Experiencing eBPF with Cilium kt kt kt Follow Jan 12 eBPF: Experiencing eBPF with Cilium # cilium # ebpf # kubernetes # network 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 8 min read Want to connect with kt? Create an account to connect with kt. 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Sign in Supply Chain Security: A Deep Dive into SBOM and Code Signing kt kt kt Follow Jan 11 Supply Chain Security: A Deep Dive into SBOM and Code Signing # security # sbom # kubernetes # devops Comments Add Comment 11 min read Docker: Internal Architecture kt kt kt Follow Jan 10 Docker: Internal Architecture # docker # container # linux Comments Add Comment 11 min read Velo: A Cross-Platform Network Speed Monitor Built with Go & Wails kt kt kt Follow Jan 10 Velo: A Cross-Platform Network Speed Monitor Built with Go & Wails # showdev # wails # go # vue Comments Add Comment 3 min read Linux Kernel Architecture: From Ring 0 to Network Stack & eBPF kt kt kt Follow Jan 10 Linux Kernel Architecture: From Ring 0 to Network Stack & eBPF # linux # kernel # ebpf # programming Comments Add Comment 9 min read Linux File System Architecture: A Deep Dive into VFS, Inodes, and Storage kt kt kt Follow Jan 10 Linux File System Architecture: A Deep Dive into VFS, Inodes, and Storage # linux # kernel # systems # learning 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read y509: A terminal user interface (TUI) tool for viewing and analyzing X.509 certificate chains kt kt kt Follow Jan 9 y509: A terminal user interface (TUI) tool for viewing and analyzing X.509 certificate chains # showdev # go # cli # security 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Birth of Websites: A Visual Journey through IT History kt kt kt Follow Jan 9 The Birth of Websites: A Visual Journey through IT History # showdev # vue # webdev # history Comments Add Comment 2 min read Hello World: Managing Dev.to Articles with GitOps kt kt kt Follow Jan 8 Hello World: Managing Dev.to Articles with GitOps # productivity # github # automation # gitops Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Future Close # edgecomputing Follow Hide Create Post Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Rivian unveils custom silicon and advanced AI platform for next-gen autonomousvehicle experience Saiki Sarkar Saiki Sarkar Saiki Sarkar Follow Dec 12 '25 Rivian unveils custom silicon and advanced AI platform for next-gen autonomousvehicle experience # ai # autonomy # edgecomputing Comments Add Comment 2 min read Optimizing Edge Server Latency — What Are You Using? Harry Cmary Harry Cmary Harry Cmary Follow Nov 26 '25 Optimizing Edge Server Latency — What Are You Using? # edgecomputing # iot # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read Exploring Scalable Infrastructure for Edge Computing and Cloud Servers Amelia Hebrew Amelia Hebrew Amelia Hebrew Follow Nov 25 '25 Exploring Scalable Infrastructure for Edge Computing and Cloud Servers # science # edgecomputing Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Future of IT: Trends Shaping the Digital Landscape in 2025 Wajeeha Zeeshan Wajeeha Zeeshan Wajeeha Zeeshan Follow for IT Services and Consulting Nov 11 '25 The Future of IT: Trends Shaping the Digital Landscape in 2025 # ai # edgecomputing Comments Add Comment 2 min read vivo Vision mixed reality headset shown off, testers praise its comfortable design AR/VR News AR/VR News AR/VR News Follow Aug 12 '25 vivo Vision mixed reality headset shown off, testers praise its comfortable design # arvr # wearables # iot # edgecomputing Comments Add Comment 1 min read Big tech has spent $155bn on AI this year. It's about to spend hundreds of billions more AI News AI News AI News Follow Aug 8 '25 Big tech has spent $155bn on AI this year. It's about to spend hundreds of billions more # ai # productivity # security # edgecomputing Comments Add Comment 1 min read OpenAI releases a free GPT model that can run right on your laptop AI News AI News AI News Follow Aug 7 '25 OpenAI releases a free GPT model that can run right on your laptop # ai # edgecomputing # security # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read Big tech has spent $155bn on AI this year. It's about to spend hundreds of billions more AI News AI News AI News Follow Aug 7 '25 Big tech has spent $155bn on AI this year. It's about to spend hundreds of billions more # ai # productivity # edgecomputing # robotics Comments Add Comment 1 min read Cheyenne to host massive AI data center using more electricity than all Wyoming homes combined AI News AI News AI News Follow Aug 5 '25 Cheyenne to host massive AI data center using more electricity than all Wyoming homes combined # ai # energy # edgecomputing # science Comments Add Comment 1 min read Big tech has spent $155bn on AI this year. It's about to spend hundreds of billions more AI News AI News AI News Follow Aug 5 '25 Big tech has spent $155bn on AI this year. It's about to spend hundreds of billions more # ai # edgecomputing # robotics # autonomy Comments Add Comment 1 min read OpenAI agreed to pay Oracle $30B a year for data center services AI News AI News AI News Follow Jul 28 '25 OpenAI agreed to pay Oracle $30B a year for data center services # ai # edgecomputing # iot # security Comments Add Comment 1 min read ALIBABA will announce its first AI Glasses this week: There's a version with display, and a version without AR/VR News AR/VR News AR/VR News Follow Jul 28 '25 ALIBABA will announce its first AI Glasses this week: There's a version with display, and a version without # ai # wearables # arvr # edgecomputing Comments Add Comment 1 min read New AI architecture delivers 100x faster reasoning than LLMs with just 1,000 training examples AI News AI News AI News Follow Jul 28 '25 New AI architecture delivers 100x faster reasoning than LLMs with just 1,000 training examples # ai # edgecomputing # robotics # autonomy 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Netflix uses generative AI in one of its shows for first time | Netflix AI News AI News AI News Follow Jul 21 '25 Netflix uses generative AI in one of its shows for first time | Netflix # ai # science # edgecomputing # arvr Comments Add Comment 1 min read This AI Warps Live Video in Real Time AI News AI News AI News Follow Jul 18 '25 This AI Warps Live Video in Real Time # ai # arvr # edgecomputing # science Comments Add Comment 1 min read New lightweight headset from PICO? AR/VR News AR/VR News AR/VR News Follow Jul 17 '25 New lightweight headset from PICO? # arvr # wearables # ai # edgecomputing Comments Add Comment 1 min read Could smart goggles bridge the gap between Vision Pro and Apple Glasses? AR/VR News AR/VR News AR/VR News Follow Jul 17 '25 Could smart goggles bridge the gap between Vision Pro and Apple Glasses? # arvr # wearables # iot # edgecomputing Comments Add Comment 1 min read Jack Dorsey Unveils Offline Messaging App ‘Bitchat' with No Internet, Servers, or Accounts Crypto News Crypto News Crypto News Follow Jul 10 '25 Jack Dorsey Unveils Offline Messaging App ‘Bitchat' with No Internet, Servers, or Accounts # privacy # security # iot # edgecomputing 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Bill Gates was skeptical that GPT-5 would offer more than modest improvements, and his prediction seems accurate AI News AI News AI News Follow Aug 12 '25 Bill Gates was skeptical that GPT-5 would offer more than modest improvements, and his prediction seems accurate # ai # science # edgecomputing # productivity 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read OpenAI Poaches 4 High-Ranking Engineers From Tesla, xAI, and Meta AI News AI News AI News Follow Jul 9 '25 OpenAI Poaches 4 High-Ranking Engineers From Tesla, xAI, and Meta # ai # employment # science # edgecomputing 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Cloudflare Just Became an Enemy of All AI Companies AI News AI News AI News Follow Jul 7 '25 Cloudflare Just Became an Enemy of All AI Companies # ai # security # privacy # edgecomputing Comments Add Comment 1 min read Brilliant Labs launches Halo: AI smartglasses that last all day AR/VR News AR/VR News AR/VR News Follow Aug 5 '25 Brilliant Labs launches Halo: AI smartglasses that last all day # ai # arvr # wearables # edgecomputing 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... trending guides/resources Optimizing Edge Server Latency — What Are You Using? Rivian unveils custom silicon and advanced AI platform for next-gen autonomousvehicle experience Exploring Scalable Infrastructure for Edge Computing and Cloud Servers 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Future — News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Future © 2025 - 2026. Stay on the cutting edge, and shape tomorrow Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:07 |
https://dev.to/t/devrel | Developer Relations - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Developer Relations Follow Hide aka "DevRel": an umbrella of roles and activities, including Developer Advocacy and Evangelism, Developer Experience ("DevX") and Enablement, Technical Writing, Developer Marketing, and Community Management. Share your experiences, and add discussions and questions about this area of technical careers! Create Post submission guidelines Please keep postings on-topic to experiences in DevRel, and on engaging with developer communities, thanks! Older #devrel posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu How I Turned Slack Messages Into Documentation Daisy Auma Daisy Auma Daisy Auma Follow Jan 13 How I Turned Slack Messages Into Documentation # devrel # documentation Comments Add Comment 5 min read Mother CLAUDE: How We Built a Documentation System That Makes LLMs Productive Immediately Dorothy J Aubrey Dorothy J Aubrey Dorothy J Aubrey Follow Jan 10 Mother CLAUDE: How We Built a Documentation System That Makes LLMs Productive Immediately # ai # productivity # documentation # devrel 6 reactions Comments 1 comment 8 min read A Practical Guide to Building Your First Card Payment System with Blnk Finance Etop - Essien Emmanuella Ubokabasi Etop - Essien Emmanuella Ubokabasi Etop - Essien Emmanuella Ubokabasi Follow Jan 9 A Practical Guide to Building Your First Card Payment System with Blnk Finance # technical # devrel # blnkfinance # fintech 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 11 min read GitHub SEO: 5 lessons learned to promote your project Nakora Nakora Nakora Follow Jan 4 GitHub SEO: 5 lessons learned to promote your project # devrel # marketing Comments Add Comment 2 min read You Don’t Know What You Can Achieve Until You Try: My Journey from Technical Writing to UX/UI and Coding Somadina Somadina Somadina Follow Jan 1 You Don’t Know What You Can Achieve Until You Try: My Journey from Technical Writing to UX/UI and Coding # programming # webdev # ai # devrel Comments Add Comment 2 min read Crypto Spot-Futures Arbitrage in Practice: Lessons Learned from Theory to Reality fmzquant fmzquant fmzquant Follow Dec 30 '25 Crypto Spot-Futures Arbitrage in Practice: Lessons Learned from Theory to Reality # node # devrel # sql # web3 Comments Add Comment 12 min read 2025 in Review: The Adventures of Blink Ben Link Ben Link Ben Link Follow Dec 25 '25 2025 in Review: The Adventures of Blink # yearinreview # developers # devrel # devex 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Claude Skills vs Sub-agents: Architecture, Use Cases, and Effective Patterns Sandeep Thuthike Sandeep Thuthike Sandeep Thuthike Follow Jan 7 Claude Skills vs Sub-agents: Architecture, Use Cases, and Effective Patterns # 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opensource # devrel # webdev # programming 17 reactions Comments 5 comments 3 min read Career guidance Abby Abby Abby Follow Dec 4 '25 Career guidance # career # developers # careerdevelopment # devrel Comments Add Comment 1 min read Who's hiring — January 2026 fmerian fmerian fmerian Follow Jan 2 Who's hiring — January 2026 # career # devrel # opensource # startup 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read Python Multi-Currency Quantitative Strategy Framework: Design Concepts and Implementation Details fmzquant fmzquant fmzquant Follow Jan 7 Python Multi-Currency Quantitative Strategy Framework: Design Concepts and Implementation Details # python # devrel # order # changelog Comments Add Comment 14 min read How to harness AI Agents without breaking security SlashData Team SlashData Team SlashData Team Follow Dec 2 '25 How to harness AI Agents without breaking security # ai # architecture # devrel Comments Add Comment 7 min read 2025 in Review: Growth, Grief, and the Cost of Momentum Rohan Sharma Rohan Sharma Rohan Sharma Follow Dec 31 '25 2025 in Review: Growth, Grief, and the Cost of Momentum # programming # ai # career # devrel 48 reactions Comments 20 comments 11 min read Prose Linting for Technical Teams: What Grammarly Can’t Do Blessing Olaoye Blessing Olaoye Blessing Olaoye Follow Nov 28 '25 Prose Linting for Technical Teams: What Grammarly Can’t Do # devtools # devrel # documentation # technicalcontent Comments Add Comment 5 min read "Career Ladder is an Inverted Triangle" Bias sta sta sta Follow Dec 19 '25 "Career Ladder is an Inverted Triangle" Bias # career # devrel # management # teamwork Comments Add Comment 4 min read My Second Semester of 2025 Soumaya Erradi Soumaya Erradi Soumaya Erradi Follow Dec 29 '25 My Second Semester of 2025 # devrel # community # recap 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read How I Automated My GitHub Profile (And You Can Too) Nick Taylor Nick Taylor Nick Taylor Follow Nov 30 '25 How I Automated My GitHub Profile (And You Can Too) # github # career # contentwriting # devrel 107 reactions Comments 37 comments 5 min read How I Built a Search Engine for my YouTube Channel using Elasticsearch Serverless Etop - Essien Emmanuella Ubokabasi Etop - Essien Emmanuella Ubokabasi Etop - Essien Emmanuella Ubokabasi Follow Dec 24 '25 How I Built a Search Engine for my YouTube Channel using Elasticsearch Serverless # elasticsearch # tutorial # devrel # nextjs 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read While We're Measuring Developer Productivity, Won't Someone Think of the Data Engineers? David Aronchick David Aronchick David Aronchick Follow Nov 25 '25 While We're Measuring Developer Productivity, Won't Someone Think of the Data Engineers? # dataengineering # devrel # productivity # observability Comments Add Comment 9 min read How I Built a Search Engine for my YouTube Channel using Elasticsearch Serverless Etop - Essien Emmanuella Ubokabasi Etop - Essien Emmanuella Ubokabasi Etop - Essien Emmanuella Ubokabasi Follow Dec 24 '25 How I Built a Search Engine for my YouTube Channel using Elasticsearch Serverless # elasticsearch # tutorial # devrel # nextjs Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... trending guides/resources How I Automated My GitHub Profile (And You Can Too) 2025 in Review: Growth, Grief, and the Cost of Momentum Why Every Conference Needs a Nursing Room Automate Content Quality with VectorLint GitHub Action How I Built a Search Engine for my YouTube Channel using Elasticsearch Serverless Open Source, Open Heart: My Next Big Step Who's hiring — December 2025 Laid Off on the First Workday of the Year—and What Came Next From DevOps to Developer Advocacy: Finding My Path in the Age of AI 5 Quick DevEx Audit Wins Python Multi-Currency Quantitative Strategy Framework: Design Concepts and Implementation Details Project vs Transject Why Explainable AI (XAI) in Finance is very critical Why I’m Learning Web3: A 60-Day Journey from Beginner to DevRel/Community Why Are DevRel Metrics So Siloed? 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Artificial Intelligence Follow Hide Artificial intelligence leverages computers and machines to mimic the problem-solving and decision-making capabilities found in humans and in nature. Create Post submission guidelines Posts about artificial intelligence. Older #ai posts 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Google's Universal Commerce Protocol: What Developers Need to Know Okkar Kyaw Okkar Kyaw Okkar Kyaw Follow Jan 12 Google's Universal Commerce Protocol: What Developers Need to Know # webdev # ai # gemini Comments Add Comment 4 min read What's new in Webpixels v3 Alexis Enache Alexis Enache Alexis Enache Follow Jan 12 What's new in Webpixels v3 # webdev # programming # ai # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read EU Digital Omnibus: New Requirements for Websites and Online Services Mehwish Malik Mehwish Malik Mehwish Malik Follow Jan 12 EU Digital Omnibus: New Requirements for Websites and Online Services # webdev # ai # beginners # productivity 17 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Create Your First MCP Server in 5 Minutes with create-mcp-server Ali Ibrahim Ali Ibrahim Ali Ibrahim Follow Jan 11 Create Your First MCP Server in 5 Minutes with create-mcp-server # webdev # javascript # ai # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 10 min read Code Coverage Best Practices for Agentic Development Ariel Frischer Ariel Frischer Ariel Frischer Follow Jan 11 Code Coverage Best Practices for Agentic Development # webdev # programming # ai # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read Generative AI in FinTech: Use Cases, Implementation, and Helpful Hints Yuliya Yuliya Yuliya Follow Jan 12 Generative AI in FinTech: Use Cases, Implementation, and Helpful Hints # ai Comments Add Comment 6 min read 3 Ways to Run AI in the Browser with Next.js (No API Keys Required) Niroshan Dh Niroshan Dh Niroshan Dh Follow Jan 12 3 Ways to Run AI in the Browser with Next.js (No API Keys Required) # javascript # webdev # ai # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 3 min read AWS Certified Generative AI Developer – Professional in 2 Weeks (Part 1: Exam Overview & Foundations) MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Jan 11 AWS Certified Generative AI Developer – Professional in 2 Weeks (Part 1: Exam Overview & Foundations) # ai # machinelearning # aws # certification 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 16 min read AWS Certified Generative AI Developer – Professional: Exam Overview & Foundation Strategy (Part 1) MakendranG MakendranG MakendranG Follow Jan 11 AWS Certified Generative AI Developer – Professional: Exam Overview & Foundation Strategy (Part 1) # ai # machinelearning # aws # certification 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read How to Build Custom Pipelines for Voice AI Integration: A Developer's Journey CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 11 How to Build Custom Pipelines for Voice AI Integration: A Developer's Journey # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 13 min read From Manual Testing to AI Pipelines: Lessons That Never Changed in My QA Career Adnan Arif Adnan Arif Adnan Arif Follow Jan 12 From Manual Testing to AI Pipelines: Lessons That Never Changed in My QA Career # ai # machinelearning # testing Comments Add Comment 4 min read Getting Started with AP2(Agent Payments Protocol) tubone24 tubone24 tubone24 Follow Jan 12 Getting Started with AP2(Agent Payments Protocol) # ai # ap2 # mcp # a2a Comments Add Comment 52 min read [TW_DevRel] TECH-Verse 2022: Interesting Agenda Highlights - Day 1 Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [TW_DevRel] TECH-Verse 2022: Interesting Agenda Highlights - Day 1 # techtalks # security # blockchain # ai Comments Add Comment 3 min read I Built a Tool That Made Claude 122% Better at Understanding My Codebase Joseph Goksu Joseph Goksu Joseph Goksu Follow Jan 11 I Built a Tool That Made Claude 122% Better at Understanding My Codebase # ai # devtools # opensource # productivity Comments Add Comment 2 min read From Stack Overflow to AI Agents: Why I Stopped Fighting and Started Orchestrating in 2025 Carlos Chao(El Frontend) Carlos Chao(El Frontend) Carlos Chao(El Frontend) Follow Jan 11 From Stack Overflow to AI Agents: Why I Stopped Fighting and Started Orchestrating in 2025 # webdev # ai # productivity # career Comments Add Comment 3 min read LINE OA Travel Assistant Chatbot (4): Gemini Pro Server Changes... Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 LINE OA Travel Assistant Chatbot (4): Gemini Pro Server Changes... # gemini # go # api # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read [Learning Notes] [Python] Using LangChain's Functions Agent to Control Folders with Chinese Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Learning Notes] [Python] Using LangChain's Functions Agent to Control Folders with Chinese # agents # python # tutorial # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read Paper Review: Scaling Up to Excellence: Practicing Model Scaling for Photo-Realistic Image Restoration In the Wild Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Paper Review: Scaling Up to Excellence: Practicing Model Scaling for Photo-Realistic Image Restoration In the Wild # computerscience # machinelearning # deeplearning # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read TIL: Notes on Knowledge Retrieval Architecture for LLMs (2023) Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 TIL: Notes on Knowledge Retrieval Architecture for LLMs (2023) # rag # architecture # llm # ai Comments Add Comment 3 min read Online Course Notes: DeepLearningAI - Advanced Retrieval for AI with Chroma Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Online Course Notes: DeepLearningAI - Advanced Retrieval for AI with Chroma # rag # llm # deeplearning # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read [Golang][Gemini Pro] Building a Business Card Chatbot with Gemini-Pro-Vision Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Golang][Gemini Pro] Building a Business Card Chatbot with Gemini-Pro-Vision # gemini # go # tutorial # ai Comments Add Comment 7 min read [Python][Gemini CLI] Using Vertex AI in LangChain to Process Image Content in a LINE Bot Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Python][Gemini CLI] Using Vertex AI in LangChain to Process Image Content in a LINE Bot # gemini # cloud # python # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read [Gemini][LINEBot] Easy Upgrade: Implementing ADK from Function Call to Agent Mode Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Gemini][LINEBot] Easy Upgrade: Implementing ADK from Function Call to Agent Mode # gemini # agents # tutorial # ai Comments Add Comment 5 min read Using Vertex AI instead of Gemini in LangChain (Python) Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Using Vertex AI instead of Gemini in LangChain (Python) # gemini # cloud # python # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read [Gemini][LINE Bot] Building an Agent LINE Bot with Google ADK Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Gemini][LINE Bot] Building an Agent LINE Bot with Google ADK # gemini # agents # tutorial # ai Comments Add Comment 5 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://future.forem.com/technologythoughts | Nisha Verma - Future Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Future Close Follow User actions Nisha Verma 404 bio not found Joined Joined on May 30, 2025 More info about @technologythoughts Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 1 post published Comment 0 comments written Tag 0 tags followed How Remote Patient Monitoring Software Improves Outcomes for Heart Patients Nisha Verma Nisha Verma Nisha Verma Follow Dec 19 '25 How Remote Patient Monitoring Software Improves Outcomes for Heart Patients # healthtech # iot # wearables Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Future — News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Future © 2025 - 2026. Stay on the cutting edge, and shape tomorrow Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:07 |
https://future.forem.com/technologythoughts | Nisha Verma - Future Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Future Close Follow User actions Nisha Verma 404 bio not found Joined Joined on May 30, 2025 More info about @technologythoughts Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 1 post published Comment 0 comments written Tag 0 tags followed How Remote Patient Monitoring Software Improves Outcomes for Heart Patients Nisha Verma Nisha Verma Nisha Verma Follow Dec 19 '25 How Remote Patient Monitoring Software Improves Outcomes for Heart Patients # healthtech # iot # wearables Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Future — News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Future © 2025 - 2026. Stay on the cutting edge, and shape tomorrow Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:07 |
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https://dev.to/djuleayo/service-as-architecture-reversal-2gli | Service as Architecture Reversal - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse djuleayo Posted on Jan 12 • Originally published at e3690c49.personalpage-ahl.pages.dev on Jan 12 Service as Architecture Reversal # architecture # discuss # webdev Service as Architecture Reversal Link to heading In the early internet, the intent was simple: distribute textual files with minimal markup. To support this, a client–server architecture was adopted. The naming was not accidental. A server served . The client was the master . The server could not act unless requested. It could not speak unless spoken to. This asymmetry was a core design principle of the internet. Today, our intuition feels inverted. We scroll. We are notified. We are fed. It feels as if we are no longer the masters of the system, but its dependents. How did this reversal happen? Capability Link to heading A service exposes a capability. Take a barber. A haircut is a convenience — until you cannot cut your own hair. At that point, convenience becomes dependency. The moment you lose capability, the service becomes a control surface . This is exactly what happened to software. Software as a Service is an architectural reversal : instead of software serving on request, access to capability itself is mediated. You no longer act directly. You must go through the service. Control Surfaces Link to heading Consider a simple example: taking a screenshot in WhatsApp. You own the hardware. The hardware is capable. The action is legal. You want to do it. Yet you cannot. The application forbids it. And who grants the application that authority? The operating system. This is the root. Modern operating systems increasingly allow applications to define rules over hardware you own. Capability is no longer assumed — it is granted. A second example is even more revealing: offline functionality . Your computer is powerful enough to edit documents, organize files, or process data locally. Yet many tools refuse to function without an internet connection. Not because computation is impossible — but because capability has been relocated behind a service boundary. When the network disappears, so does your ability to act. The Reversal Link to heading Most people will never modify an operating system. They will never build tools. They will accept the service. And so the architecture completes its reversal. The system that was meant to serve becomes a gatekeeper. The user that was meant to command becomes dependent. This is not a conspiracy. It is the cumulative result of convenience traded for capability. Resolution Link to heading The loss of freedom did not begin with surveillance or advertising. It began earlier — with the quiet removal of user capability. The way forward is not rejecting services. It is refusing to confuse convenience with ownership . Use services where they save time. Avoid them where they become gates. Prefer tools that work locally. Prefer systems that degrade gracefully. Prefer architectures where capability exists before permission. Because in the end, whoever holds capability holds agency. Freedom didn’t disappear when we were watched. It disappeared when we stopped being capable. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse djuleayo Follow Building graph-first systems, dynamically constructed parsers. Into DX, and composable automation. I write about real system design problems — not trends Education BCS CS Work Lead Software Engineer Joined Jul 25, 2025 More from djuleayo You Should Not Outsource Your Topological Sort # algorithms # architecture # computerscience 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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https://dev.to/t/tv | Tv - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # tv Follow Hide Discussion about television series and episodes Create Post Older #tv posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Turning a 2013 Dell E6540 into a Dedicated TV Media Controller Anand Rathnas Anand Rathnas Anand Rathnas Follow Jan 11 Turning a 2013 Dell E6540 into a Dedicated TV Media Controller # tv # ubuntu # liveusb Comments Add Comment 5 min read High-Performance Data Orchestration in Roku OS 15.0 Ivan Ivan Ivan Follow Dec 27 '25 High-Performance Data Orchestration in Roku OS 15.0 # brightscript # roku # scenegraph # tv 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read How Developers Can Leverage Downloader Codes to Simplify App Testing on Firestick & Android TV Fergo Man Fergo Man Fergo Man Follow Aug 16 '25 How Developers Can Leverage Downloader Codes to Simplify App Testing on Firestick & Android TV # firestick # androiddev # tv # firetv Comments Add Comment 2 min read Configuring Tvheadend for ATSC in North America Daniel Holth Daniel Holth Daniel Holth Follow Jan 31 '25 Configuring Tvheadend for ATSC in North America # atsc # dvb # linux # tv 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read 5 Ways Of Managing Focus In React Native Anisha Malde Anisha Malde Anisha Malde Follow for Amazon Developer Sep 11 '24 5 Ways Of Managing Focus In React Native # react # reactnative # tv # javascript 29 reactions Comments 2 comments 6 min read 🧭 TV Navigation in React Native: A Guide to using TVFocusGuideView Neha Sharma Neha Sharma Neha Sharma Follow for Amazon Developer Aug 5 '24 🧭 TV Navigation in React Native: A Guide to using TVFocusGuideView # reactnative # javascript # tv # tvapps 45 reactions Comments 4 comments 6 min read What's IT and IT expert Ozodbek Ozodbek Ozodbek Follow Apr 11 '24 What's IT and IT expert # whatsit # it # developer # tv Comments Add Comment 1 min read Automating Android TV app with Nightwatch poponuts poponuts poponuts Follow Apr 25 '24 Automating Android TV app with Nightwatch # mobile # tv # automation # appium 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Unleashing the Future: Building Chromecast TV Applications with Jetpack Compose and Material 3 Yazan Tarifi Yazan Tarifi Yazan Tarifi Follow Dec 1 '23 Unleashing the Future: Building Chromecast TV Applications with Jetpack Compose and Material 3 # chromecast # android # compose # tv 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 11 min read Introducing ReactTVPlayer: An Open Source Media Player for TV Apps on Devices 📺 🖥️ Lewis Hunt Lewis Hunt Lewis Hunt Follow Sep 20 '23 Introducing ReactTVPlayer: An Open Source Media Player for TV Apps on Devices 📺 🖥️ # showdev # ott # react # tv 11 reactions Comments 9 comments 3 min read Develop Animated Splash Screens on Fire TV with Lottie Giovanni Laquidara Giovanni Laquidara Giovanni Laquidara Follow for Amazon Developer Jul 26 '23 Develop Animated Splash Screens on Fire TV with Lottie # howto # tutorial # lottie # tv 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Movies for/about coders and such George K. George K. George K. Follow Feb 15 '23 Movies for/about coders and such # movies # series # tv 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 1 min read Everything I Needed to Know About Observability, I Learned from ‘Bewitched’ Leon Adato Leon Adato Leon Adato Follow for New Relic Mar 21 '22 Everything I Needed to Know About Observability, I Learned from ‘Bewitched’ # observebility # o11y # tv # magic 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read ReacTV Bojan Todorović Bojan Todorović Bojan Todorović Follow Dec 19 '21 ReacTV # javascript # react # tv # webdev 77 reactions Comments 4 comments 9 min read I'm a Techie on TV! Save Me! Tanja Lichtensteiger Tanja Lichtensteiger Tanja Lichtensteiger Follow May 25 '17 I'm a Techie on TV! Save Me! # news # tech # tv # radio 9 reactions Comments 4 comments 3 min read loading... trending guides/resources High-Performance Data Orchestration in Roku OS 15.0 Turning a 2013 Dell E6540 into a Dedicated TV Media Controller 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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