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https://libera.chat/guides/registration | Nickname Registration | Libera Chat Skip to content Libera.​Chat Navigation Close About Network Policies Channel Guidelines Blog & News About Libera Chat Bylaws Meeting Minutes Annual Reports Sponsors Contribute Donate Buy merch Sponsor Us Development Channel Namespaces Guides FAQ Connect Webchat irc.libera.chat:6697 (TLS) How to Connect Guides About IRC Basics of IRC Frequently Asked Questions Choosing an IRC client Helping you connect Connecting to Libera.Chat Using Our Webchat Using SASL Using CertFP Using the network Nickname Registration Resetting your Password Manage Your Account Cloaks Finding Channels Using Channels User Modes Memos Running a channel Creating Channels Channel Modes Quick Ops Guide Network bots Managing Groups Catalysing and De-escalation Advice for Helpers Nickname Registration Your nick is how people on Libera.Chat know you. If you register it, you’ll be able to use the same nick over and over. If you don’t register, someone else may end up registering the nick you want. If you register and use the same nick, people will begin to know you by reputation. Certain channels require you to register before you may speak in them. The Unable to Speak section below explains this further. Some terms you should know: an “account” is your persistent identity a “nickname” is your current display name and can be owned by an account to “identify” means to log into your account “NickServ” is a Libera.Chat service that behaves like a user (which you can send private messages to) Registering The following steps are the recommended method to register and set up a new Libera.Chat account. If you have questions or doubts about the process, a member of staff will be happy to discuss it and answer any questions you may have. Select a main, “primary”, nickname. If the nickname you want is registered but has expired , just ask a staffer and in most cases, we will be happy to drop it for you. Please avoid using the name of a community project or trademarked entity, to avoid conflicts. Switch to your desired nickname. This will also be your account name. /nick YourNick Lines starting with the / symbol are commands, which you can type into the chat field in the IRC client. Register your IRC nick: /msg NickServ REGISTER YourPassword youremail@example.com Replace “YourPassword” with a secure, unguessable, and unique password that you keep secret. Reusing passwords between services can result in account compromises. The email address that you select will not be given out by staff, and is mainly used to allow us to help you recover the account in the event that you forget your password. For this reason, you are required to use a real, non-disposable, email address. Upon registering, you will receive an email with a verification command that you will need to run to complete the registration process. Failure to verify the account will cause it to be automatically dropped after about 24 hours. We do not recommend sharing your NickServ password with anyone else as this could compromise account security and make it harder for you to recover your account in the future. It’s useful, but not required, to have an alternate nick grouped to your account. For example, if your primary nick is “YourNick”: /nick YourNick2 then identify to your primary account: /msg NickServ IDENTIFY YourNick YourPassword and finally, group the new nick to your account /msg NickServ GROUP We prefer you to use just one account, and group nicks to it as described above, rather than registering for multiple accounts. Grouping nicks in this way gives you the benefit of having all your nicks covered by the same cloak, should you choose to wear a cloak. The exception to this is where you might want to run a bot. You should register a separate account for your bot. Logging In You’ll need to log in to your account each time you connect to Libera.Chat. It is highly recommended to use SASL for this, which is supported by every notable modern IRC client. Instructions for your client can likely be found here . If you are already connected to the network and do not wish to reconnect to log in, you can manually identify: /msg NickServ IDENTIFY YourNick YourPassword If your client does not support SASL, you can log in by supplying your account name and password as a connection password of the form <account>:<password> , for example my_cool_nick:password123 . The method of setting a connection password varies significantly between clients. Please refer to your client’s documentation. Controlling Usage of Your Nicknames If you are concerned about the fact that people can use your grouped nicknames without logging into your account, you can enable the account ENFORCE setting: /msg NickServ HELP SET ENFORCE /msg NickServ HELP SET ENFORCETIME This is not recommended unless you are concerned about your nickname being impersonated while you are not connected to IRC (or while you are, but you are using a different nickname for some reason). Note that enabling this setting is NOT required to secure your account! Someone that is using your nickname(s) does not get any access to your account or any privileges associated with that (such as persistent access to channels). This is not a default account setting because most people will not reasonably benefit from being forced to login to their account just to use their nicknames, but would be inconvenienced by having to, especially with the combination of a low enforce time and no configured SASL. This also creates an undue support burden upon network staff, because when someone uses the nickname of an account that has enforcement enabled, and fails to login to the account in time, the nickname will be taken off of them and then locked. This will subsequently prevent you from using it too, requiring you to release or regain it first: /msg NickServ HELP RELEASE /msg NickServ HELP REGAIN Unable to Speak If a channel is set to mode +r , you won’t be able to join it unless you are registered and identified to NickServ. If you try to join, you might be forwarded to a different channel. If a channel is set to mode +R or set to quiet unregistered users (mode +q $~a ), you won’t be able to speak while on that channel unless you are registered and identified. These modes are used by some channels to reduce channel harassment and abuse. Once you have registered and are logged in, this issue should disappear. Nickname Expiry Registered nicknames and accounts will expire if they’re not used for a long time, after which they’ll be available for another user to take over. See our policies for details of when this occurs. While nicknames and accounts do not automatically get deleted when they expire—only when another user requests to take over the registration-we do occasionally perform clean-up runs on the services database, in which we will automatically drop all registrations which have been idle for a long time. When we do this, we set the threshold for deletion considerably higher than the documented expiry time, to ensure that users close to the limit do not lose out. Based on content © 2016-2021 freenode/web7.0’s contributors under Creative Commons BY-NC-SA © Libera Chat's contributors 2021 ( Content CC BY-NC-SA , Code MIT ) / Feed (atom) / Privacy Mastodon / GitHub / Bluesky | 2026-01-13T08:49:09 |
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Report Abuse Gabor Szabo Posted on Jan 23, 2023 • Originally published at perlweekly.com Perl Weekly #600 - 600th edition and still going ... # perl # news # programming perl-weekly (153 Part Series) 1 Perl 🐪 Weekly #591 - Less than 50% use CI 2 Perl 🐪 Weekly #592 - Perl Blogging? ... 149 more parts... 3 Perl Weekly #593 - Perl on DEV.to 4 Perl Weekly #594 - Advent Calendar 5 Perl Weekly #595 - Happy Hanukkah - Merry Christmas 6 Perl Weekly #596 - New Year Resolution 7 Perl Weekly #597 - Happy New Year! 8 Perl Weekly #598 - TIOBE and Perl 9 Perl Weekly #599 - Open Source Development Course for Perl developers 10 Perl Weekly #600 - 600th edition and still going ... 11 Perl Weekly #601 - The bad apple 12 Perl Weekly #602 - RIP Ben Davies 13 Perl Weekly #603 - Generating prejudice 14 Perl Weekly #604 - P in LAMP? 15 Perl Weekly #605 - Trying to save a disappearing language 16 Perl Weekly #606 - First Love Perl? 17 Perl Weekly #607 - The Perl Planetarium 18 Perl Weekly #608 - Love You Perl!!! 19 Perl Weekly #609 - Open Source and your workplace 20 Perl Weekly #610 - Perl and TPF 21 Perl Weekly #611 - Test coverage on CPAN Digger 22 Perl Weekly #612 - Coming Soon! 23 Perl Weekly #613 - CPAN Dashboard 24 Perl Weekly #614 - Why not Perl? 25 Perl Weekly #615 - PTS - Perl Toolchain Summit 26 Perl Weekly #616 - Camel in India 27 Perl Weekly #617 - The business risks of using CPAN 28 Perl Weekly #618 - Conference Season? 29 Perl Weekly #619 - Maintenance of CPAN modules 30 Perl Weekly #620 - Abandoned modules? 31 Perl Weekly #621 - OSDC - Open Source Development Club 32 Perl Weekly #622 - Perl v5.38 coming soon ... 33 Perl Weekly #623 - perl v5.38.0 was released 34 Perl Weekly #624 - TPRC 2023 35 Perl Weekly #625 - Mohammad Sajid Anwar the new White Camel 36 Perl Weekly #626 - What is Oshun? 37 Perl Weekly #627 - Rust is fun 38 Perl Weekly #628 - Have you tried Perl v5.38? 39 Perl Weekly #630 - Vacation time 40 Perl Weekly #631 - The Koha conference ended 41 Perl Weekly #632 - New school-year 42 Perl Weekly #633 - Remember 9/11? 43 Perl Weekly #634 - Perl v5.39.1 44 Perl Weekly #635 - Is there a Perl developer shortage? 45 Perl Weekly #636 - Happy Birthday Larry 46 Perl Weekly #637 - We are in shock 47 Perl Weekly #638 - Dancing Perl? 48 Perl Weekly #639 - Standards of Conduct 49 Perl Weekly #640 - Perl Workshop 50 Perl Weekly #641 - Advent Calendars 51 Perl Weekly #642 - Perl and PAUSE 52 Perl Weekly #643 - My birthday wishes 53 Perl Weekly #644 - Perl Sponsor? 54 Perl Weekly #645 - Advent Calendars 55 Perl Weekly #646 - Festive Season 56 Perl Weekly #647 - Happy birthday Perl! 🎂 57 Perl Weekly #648 - Merry Christmas 58 Perl Weekly #649 - Happier New Year! 59 Perl Weekly #650 - Perl in 2024 60 Perl Weekly #651 - Watch the release of Perl live! 61 Perl Weekly #653 - Perl & Raku Conference 2024 to Host a Science Track! 62 Perl Weekly #654 - Perl and FOSDEM 63 Perl Weekly #655 - What's new in Perl and on CPAN? What's new in Italy? 64 Perl Weekly #656 - Perl Conference 65 Perl Weekly #657 - Perl Toolchain Summit in 2024 66 Perl Weekly #658 - Perl // Outreachy 67 Perl Weekly #659 - The big chess game 68 Perl Weekly #660 - What's new ... 69 Perl Weekly #661 - Perl Toolchain Summit 2024 70 Perl Weekly #662 - TPRC in Las Vegas 71 Perl Weekly #663 - No idea 72 Perl Weekly #664 - German Perl Workshop 73 Perl Weekly #665 - How to get better at Perl? 74 Perl Weekly #666 - LPW 2024 75 Perl Weekly #667 - Call for papers and sponsors for LPW 2024 76 Perl Weekly #668 - Perl v5.40 77 Perl Weekly #669 - How Time Machine works 78 Perl Weekly #670 - Conference Season ... 79 Perl Weekly #671 - In-person and online events 80 Perl Weekly #672 - It's time ... 81 Perl Weekly #673 - One week till the Perl and Raku conference 82 Perl Weekly #676 - Perl and OpenAI 83 Perl Weekly #677 - Reports from TPRC 2024 84 Perl Weekly #678 - Perl Steering Council 85 Perl Weekly #679 - Perl is like... 86 Perl Weekly #680 - Advent Calendar 87 Perl Weekly #681 - GitHub and Perl 88 Perl Weekly #682 - Perl and CPAN 89 Perl Weekly #683 - An uptick in activity on Reddit? 90 Perl Weekly #685 - LPRW 2024 Schedule Now Available 91 Perl Weekly #686 - Perl Conference 92 Perl Weekly #687 - On secrets 93 Perl Weekly #688 - Perl and Hacktoberfest 94 Perl Weekly #689 - October 7 🎗️ 95 Perl Weekly #690 - London Perl & Raku Workshop 2024 96 Perl Weekly #692 - LPW 2024: Quick Report 97 Perl Weekly #693 - Advertising Perl 98 Perl Weekly #694 - LPW: Past, Present & Future 99 Perl Weekly #695 - Perl: Half of our life 100 Perl Weekly #696 - Perl 5 is Perl 101 Perl Weekly #697 - Advent Calendars 2024 102 Perl Weekly #698 - Perl v5.41.7 103 Perl 🐪 Weekly #699 - Happy birthday Perl 104 Perl 🐪 Weekly #700 - White Camel Award 2024 105 Perl 🐪 Weekly #701 - Happier New Year! 106 Perl 🐪 Weekly #702 - Perl Camel 107 Perl 🐪 Weekly #703 - Teach me some Perl! 108 Perl 🐪 Weekly #704 - Perl Podcast 109 Perl 🐪 Weekly #705 - Something is moving 110 Perl 🐪 Weekly #706 - Perl in 2025 111 Perl 🐪 Weekly #707 - Is it ethical? 112 Perl 🐪 Weekly #708 - Perl is growing... 113 Perl 🐪 Weekly #709 - GPRW and Perl Toolchain Summit 114 Perl 🐪 Weekly #710 - PPC - Perl Proposed Changes 115 Perl 🐪 Weekly #711 - Obfuscating Perl 116 Perl 🐪 Weekly #712 - RIP Zefram 117 Perl 🐪 Weekly #713 - Why do companies migrate away from Perl? 118 Perl 🐪 Weekly #714 - Munging Data? 119 Perl 🐪 Weekly #715 - Why do companies move away from Perl? 120 Perl 🐪 Weekly #716 - CVE in Perl 121 Perl 🐪 Weekly #717 - Happy Easter 122 Perl 🐪 Weekly #719 - How do you deal with the decline? 123 Perl 🐪 Weekly #720 - GPW 2025 124 Perl 🐪 Weekly #721 - Perl Roadmap 125 Perl 🐪 Weekly #723 - Perl Ad Server needs ads 126 Perl 🐪 Weekly #724 - Perl and XS 127 Perl 🐪 Weekly #725 - Perl podcasts? 128 Perl 🐪 Weekly #726 - Perl and ChatGPT 129 Perl 🐪 Weekly #727 - Which versions of Perl do you use? 130 Perl 🐪 Weekly #728 - Perl Conference 131 Perl 🐪 Weekly #729 - Videos from TPRC 132 Perl 🐪 Weekly #730 - RIP MST 133 Perl 🐪 Weekly #731 - Looking for a Perl event organizer 134 Perl 🐪 Weekly #732 - MetaCPAN Success Story 135 Perl 🐪 Weekly #733 - Perl using AI 136 Perl 🐪 Weekly #734 - CPAN Day 137 Perl 🐪 Weekly #735 - Perl-related events 138 Perl 🐪 Weekly #736 - NICEPERL 139 Perl 🐪 Weekly #737 - Perl oneliners 140 Perl 🐪 Weekly #739 - Announcing Dancer2 2.0.0 141 Perl 🐪 Weekly #741 - Money to TPRF 💰 142 Perl 🐪 Weekly #742 - Support TPRF 143 Perl 🐪 Weekly #743 - Writing Perl with LLMs 144 Perl 🐪 Weekly #744 - London Perl Workshop 2025 145 Perl 🐪 Weekly #745 - Perl IDE Survey 146 Perl 🐪 Weekly #746 - YAPC::Fukuoka 2025 🇯🇵 147 Perl 🐪 Weekly #748 - Perl v5.43.5 148 Perl 🐪 Weekly #749 - Design Patterns in Modern Perl 149 Perl 🐪 Weekly #750 - Perl Advent Calendar 2025 150 Perl 🐪 Weekly #751 - Open Source contributions 151 Perl 🐪 Weekly #752 - Marlin - OOP Framework 152 Perl 🐪 Weekly #753 - Happy New Year! 153 Perl 🐪 Weekly #754 - New Year Resolution Originally published at Perl Weekly 600 Hi there, Last week, Team PWC celebrated the 200th week and today we are presenting 600th edition . Kudos to all the editors, current and past for the care and affections. It feels nice to be associated with such a popular events. I would also like to thank all the die hard fans of the Perl Weekly Newsletter for their support and constructive suggestions from time to time. It really helps me to focus on things important to the readers. I know it is not easy to do this every week but the love and affection we get works like a magic. I remember there was time when blogging was the only source of information but now a days we have plenty of platforms where you get usefull informations. You know what I mean and where you can catch us. I love having 2-ways dicussion on any topics related to Perl. It is something I always encourage if you have spare time. I have seen how young blood getting involved in so many exciting things about Perl, for example on Telegram . Although I don't get time to take part in the discussion but I do watch how the discussion follow through. I have senior member of Perl Community helping young blood with their experiences. It would be unfair to name few here. You know who I am talking about. I salute to all those who keep Perl alive. If you have any ideas/suggestions then please do share with us. I would to hear your point of views. Enjoy the rest of the newsletter till then. -- Your editor: Mohammad S. Anwar. Announcement by Gabor Open Source Development Course for Perl developers Last week I already mentioned this course that will start tomorrow , January 24th, 2023. In the course we'll learn and practice all the process of contributing to Open Source projects with an emphasize on Perl. We'll learn and practice git/github/pull-request/github pages/testing/test coverage/github actions/etc. You can still register and join the group. Announcements This Week in PSC (094) I love getting regular update by the Perl Steering Council. Every minute details are now public. Well done. OTOBO supports the German Perl/Raku-Workshop Happy to see GPW getting support of OTOBO. You should attend the workshop if you can. It is not just for German speaking audience. I have attended once in the past too. Retirement Announcement - Dave Rolsky After several years of service to The Perl/Raku Foundation, Dave Rolsky is retiring. The board thanks Dave for all of his work, he will be missed. Articles Using Perl to prepare sequencing files to submit to NCBI's GEO Pleasantly surprised to see how Perl can be used is so many different fields. Util::H2O and More, during Ordinary Times Nice to see, Perl Advent Calendar post is still being discussed today. We should all share the work done by the Perl community with the rest of the world. My Family and Other Fish (PerlayStation Part 2) Good to see Saif is back. I find the subject very engaging and ofcouse his style of writing takes it to another level.. Regexp Delimiters Looking at regexp through the lens of Perl is always fun. You will never get bored. Web Synacor Challenge - my repo Did you know about Synacor Challenge? I didn't. Find out more in the blog post. KnowTee - easy notifications Another tool for hobby-scale projects. Interesting, worth checking. The Weekly Challenge The Weekly Challenge by Mohammad Anwar will help you step out of your comfort-zone. You can even win prize money of $50 Amazon voucher by participating in the weekly challenge. We pick one winner at the end of the month from among all of the contributors during the month. The monthly prize is kindly sponsored by Peter Sergeant of PerlCareers . The Weekly Challenge - 201 Welcome to a new week with a couple of fun tasks: "Missing Numbers" and "Penny Piles". If you are new to the weekly challenge, why not join us and have fun every week? For more information, please read the FAQ . RECAP - The Weekly Challenge - 200 Enjoy a quick recap of last week's contributions by Team PWC dealing with the "Arithmetic Slices" and "Seven Segment 200" tasks in Perl and Raku. You will find plenty of solutions to keep you busy. Seven Angry Slices The verbose version of solution is worth checking. Keep it up great work. Seven Segments to Midnight The background story of task is something you don't want to miss it. I loved it. Thank you Colin. Bicent-Weekly Solution Loop is the flavour of the week. Complicated solutions can be solved using simple loops. Well done. Weekly Challenge 200 Nice to know how Perl and Raku behave differently at times. Thanks for sharing your experience. PWC200 - Arithmetic Slices No question from Flavio this week. Straight to the solution in Perl and Raku. Thank you. PWC200 - Seven Segment 200 Good use of state in the solution. Thanks for sharing. The Weekly Challenge 200 We missed the performance stats this week. Never mind, we still have top notch solution. Perl Weekly Challenge 200: Arithmetic Slices and Seven Segment Display Plenty of demo makes it crystal clear how the code works. Cool attempt. Keep it up. not optimal! Easy route picked up by Luca, still not a bad attempt. Thanks for your contributions. Perl Weekly Challenge 200 Use of binary mask is good choice. I liked it, thanks for sharing. Slicing and dicing a double century The simplest solution yet very compact. I am impressed. Well done. The Weekly Challenge #200 Robbie found task #2 easier than task #1. It was supposed to the otherway around. Still we got two nice solutions. Thank you. Seven Slices Use of bitmap table is really nice. Thanks for sharing your knowledge with us. Two hundred slices Thank you for spreading the work on dev.to site and your kind message. We got the usual collection of Perl and Python, deadly combination. PWC 200 I liked the various different approaches being used by all. Steve came up with simple string to solve the task. Nice one. Rakudo 2023.03 Advent Radux Weekly collections NICEPERL's lists Great CPAN modules released last week ; MetaCPAN weekly report ; StackOverflow Perl report . The corner of Gabor A couple of entries sneaked in by Gabor. one-liner: read first elements of a huge directory At a client where I work we have a pretty big folder with quite a few files. Trying the list the first few files was an issue with ls and thus I wrote a short one-liner. Then shortened it. I wrote an article about it. Then Aristotle further improved it. It's all there in the blog post. Open Source Development Course for Perl developers Last week I already mentioned this course that will start tomorrow , January 24th, 2023. In the course we'll learn and practice all the process of contributing to Open Source projects with an emphasize on Perl. We'll learn and practice git/github/pull-request/github pages/testing/test coverage/github actions/etc. You can still register and join the group. Perl Jobs by Perl Careers Perl to Node Cross-training? Yes Please! UK Remote Perl Role The client is interested in anyone with experience building web apps in Perl, using one of the major Perl frameworks. If you’re a crack-hand with Catalyst, a Mojolicious master, or a distinguished Dancer, they want you. You’ll be deploying apps your work to AWS, so experience would be handy, and the company’s big on testing, so they’d like you to know your way around Test::More. Bold, beautiful, and… brainy? Senior Perl roles in Malaysia, Dubai and Malta Offices are located within Dubai, Malta, and Malaysia so if you’re in one of those places, you’re one step closer to where you need to be. Hanging out in Honolulu? Not to worry. For the right person, they’ve got a work-sponsored visa and relocation package — if you’ve got the expertise and an adventurous spirit, they’ve got the will and means to get you where you need to be. Modern Perl and positive team vibes. UK Remote Perl role If you’re a Modern Perl developer in the UK with Go-lang experience (or at least a strong desire to learn) and you’re searching for a team of dynamos, we’ve found the perfect place for you. This award-winning company may be newer, but the combined experience of their people is impressive. No doubt this is one of the many reasons their AI recruitment marketing business has taken off! You joined the Perl Weekly to get weekly e-mails about the Perl programming language and related topics. Want to see more? See the archives of all the issues. Not yet subscribed to the newsletter? Join us free of charge ! (C) Copyright Gabor Szabo The articles are copyright the respective authors. perl-weekly (153 Part Series) 1 Perl 🐪 Weekly #591 - Less than 50% use CI 2 Perl 🐪 Weekly #592 - Perl Blogging? ... 149 more parts... 3 Perl Weekly #593 - Perl on DEV.to 4 Perl Weekly #594 - Advent Calendar 5 Perl Weekly #595 - Happy Hanukkah - Merry Christmas 6 Perl Weekly #596 - New Year Resolution 7 Perl Weekly #597 - Happy New Year! 8 Perl Weekly #598 - TIOBE and Perl 9 Perl Weekly #599 - Open Source Development Course for Perl developers 10 Perl Weekly #600 - 600th edition and still going ... 11 Perl Weekly #601 - The bad apple 12 Perl Weekly #602 - RIP Ben Davies 13 Perl Weekly #603 - Generating prejudice 14 Perl Weekly #604 - P in LAMP? 15 Perl Weekly #605 - Trying to save a disappearing language 16 Perl Weekly #606 - First Love Perl? 17 Perl Weekly #607 - The Perl Planetarium 18 Perl Weekly #608 - Love You Perl!!! 19 Perl Weekly #609 - Open Source and your workplace 20 Perl Weekly #610 - Perl and TPF 21 Perl Weekly #611 - Test coverage on CPAN Digger 22 Perl Weekly #612 - Coming Soon! 23 Perl Weekly #613 - CPAN Dashboard 24 Perl Weekly #614 - Why not Perl? 25 Perl Weekly #615 - PTS - Perl Toolchain Summit 26 Perl Weekly #616 - Camel in India 27 Perl Weekly #617 - The business risks of using CPAN 28 Perl Weekly #618 - Conference Season? 29 Perl Weekly #619 - Maintenance of CPAN modules 30 Perl Weekly #620 - Abandoned modules? 31 Perl Weekly #621 - OSDC - Open Source Development Club 32 Perl Weekly #622 - Perl v5.38 coming soon ... 33 Perl Weekly #623 - perl v5.38.0 was released 34 Perl Weekly #624 - TPRC 2023 35 Perl Weekly #625 - Mohammad Sajid Anwar the new White Camel 36 Perl Weekly #626 - What is Oshun? 37 Perl Weekly #627 - Rust is fun 38 Perl Weekly #628 - Have you tried Perl v5.38? 39 Perl Weekly #630 - Vacation time 40 Perl Weekly #631 - The Koha conference ended 41 Perl Weekly #632 - New school-year 42 Perl Weekly #633 - Remember 9/11? 43 Perl Weekly #634 - Perl v5.39.1 44 Perl Weekly #635 - Is there a Perl developer shortage? 45 Perl Weekly #636 - Happy Birthday Larry 46 Perl Weekly #637 - We are in shock 47 Perl Weekly #638 - Dancing Perl? 48 Perl Weekly #639 - Standards of Conduct 49 Perl Weekly #640 - Perl Workshop 50 Perl Weekly #641 - Advent Calendars 51 Perl Weekly #642 - Perl and PAUSE 52 Perl Weekly #643 - My birthday wishes 53 Perl Weekly #644 - Perl Sponsor? 54 Perl Weekly #645 - Advent Calendars 55 Perl Weekly #646 - Festive Season 56 Perl Weekly #647 - Happy birthday Perl! 🎂 57 Perl Weekly #648 - Merry Christmas 58 Perl Weekly #649 - Happier New Year! 59 Perl Weekly #650 - Perl in 2024 60 Perl Weekly #651 - Watch the release of Perl live! 61 Perl Weekly #653 - Perl & Raku Conference 2024 to Host a Science Track! 62 Perl Weekly #654 - Perl and FOSDEM 63 Perl Weekly #655 - What's new in Perl and on CPAN? 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Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Gabor Szabo Follow Helping individuals and teams improve their software development practices. Introducing testing, test automation, CI, CD, pair programming. That neighborhood. 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https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html#more-on-defining-functions | 4. More Control Flow Tools — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents 4. More Control Flow Tools 4.1. if Statements 4.2. for Statements 4.3. The range() Function 4.4. break and continue Statements 4.5. else Clauses on Loops 4.6. pass Statements 4.7. match Statements 4.8. Defining Functions 4.9. More on Defining Functions 4.9.1. Default Argument Values 4.9.2. Keyword Arguments 4.9.3. Special parameters 4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments 4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters 4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments 4.9.3.4. Function Examples 4.9.3.5. Recap 4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists 4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists 4.9.6. Lambda Expressions 4.9.7. Documentation Strings 4.9.8. Function Annotations 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style Previous topic 3. An Informal Introduction to Python Next topic 5. Data Structures This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 4. More Control Flow Tools | Theme Auto Light Dark | 4. More Control Flow Tools ¶ As well as the while statement just introduced, Python uses a few more that we will encounter in this chapter. 4.1. if Statements ¶ Perhaps the most well-known statement type is the if statement. For example: >>> x = int ( input ( "Please enter an integer: " )) Please enter an integer: 42 >>> if x < 0 : ... x = 0 ... print ( 'Negative changed to zero' ) ... elif x == 0 : ... print ( 'Zero' ) ... elif x == 1 : ... print ( 'Single' ) ... else : ... print ( 'More' ) ... More There can be zero or more elif parts, and the else part is optional. The keyword ‘ elif ’ is short for ‘else if’, and is useful to avoid excessive indentation. An if … elif … elif … sequence is a substitute for the switch or case statements found in other languages. If you’re comparing the same value to several constants, or checking for specific types or attributes, you may also find the match statement useful. For more details see match Statements . 4.2. for Statements ¶ The for statement in Python differs a bit from what you may be used to in C or Pascal. Rather than always iterating over an arithmetic progression of numbers (like in Pascal), or giving the user the ability to define both the iteration step and halting condition (as C), Python’s for statement iterates over the items of any sequence (a list or a string), in the order that they appear in the sequence. For example (no pun intended): >>> # Measure some strings: >>> words = [ 'cat' , 'window' , 'defenestrate' ] >>> for w in words : ... print ( w , len ( w )) ... cat 3 window 6 defenestrate 12 Code that modifies a collection while iterating over that same collection can be tricky to get right. Instead, it is usually more straight-forward to loop over a copy of the collection or to create a new collection: # Create a sample collection users = { 'Hans' : 'active' , 'Éléonore' : 'inactive' , '景太郎' : 'active' } # Strategy: Iterate over a copy for user , status in users . copy () . items (): if status == 'inactive' : del users [ user ] # Strategy: Create a new collection active_users = {} for user , status in users . items (): if status == 'active' : active_users [ user ] = status 4.3. The range() Function ¶ If you do need to iterate over a sequence of numbers, the built-in function range() comes in handy. It generates arithmetic progressions: >>> for i in range ( 5 ): ... print ( i ) ... 0 1 2 3 4 The given end point is never part of the generated sequence; range(10) generates 10 values, the legal indices for items of a sequence of length 10. It is possible to let the range start at another number, or to specify a different increment (even negative; sometimes this is called the ‘step’): >>> list ( range ( 5 , 10 )) [5, 6, 7, 8, 9] >>> list ( range ( 0 , 10 , 3 )) [0, 3, 6, 9] >>> list ( range ( - 10 , - 100 , - 30 )) [-10, -40, -70] To iterate over the indices of a sequence, you can combine range() and len() as follows: >>> a = [ 'Mary' , 'had' , 'a' , 'little' , 'lamb' ] >>> for i in range ( len ( a )): ... print ( i , a [ i ]) ... 0 Mary 1 had 2 a 3 little 4 lamb In most such cases, however, it is convenient to use the enumerate() function, see Looping Techniques . A strange thing happens if you just print a range: >>> range ( 10 ) range(0, 10) In many ways the object returned by range() behaves as if it is a list, but in fact it isn’t. It is an object which returns the successive items of the desired sequence when you iterate over it, but it doesn’t really make the list, thus saving space. We say such an object is iterable , that is, suitable as a target for functions and constructs that expect something from which they can obtain successive items until the supply is exhausted. We have seen that the for statement is such a construct, while an example of a function that takes an iterable is sum() : >>> sum ( range ( 4 )) # 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 6 Later we will see more functions that return iterables and take iterables as arguments. In chapter Data Structures , we will discuss in more detail about list() . 4.4. break and continue Statements ¶ The break statement breaks out of the innermost enclosing for or while loop: >>> for n in range ( 2 , 10 ): ... for x in range ( 2 , n ): ... if n % x == 0 : ... print ( f " { n } equals { x } * { n // x } " ) ... break ... 4 equals 2 * 2 6 equals 2 * 3 8 equals 2 * 4 9 equals 3 * 3 The continue statement continues with the next iteration of the loop: >>> for num in range ( 2 , 10 ): ... if num % 2 == 0 : ... print ( f "Found an even number { num } " ) ... continue ... print ( f "Found an odd number { num } " ) ... Found an even number 2 Found an odd number 3 Found an even number 4 Found an odd number 5 Found an even number 6 Found an odd number 7 Found an even number 8 Found an odd number 9 4.5. else Clauses on Loops ¶ In a for or while loop the break statement may be paired with an else clause. If the loop finishes without executing the break , the else clause executes. In a for loop, the else clause is executed after the loop finishes its final iteration, that is, if no break occurred. In a while loop, it’s executed after the loop’s condition becomes false. In either kind of loop, the else clause is not executed if the loop was terminated by a break . Of course, other ways of ending the loop early, such as a return or a raised exception, will also skip execution of the else clause. This is exemplified in the following for loop, which searches for prime numbers: >>> for n in range ( 2 , 10 ): ... for x in range ( 2 , n ): ... if n % x == 0 : ... print ( n , 'equals' , x , '*' , n // x ) ... break ... else : ... # loop fell through without finding a factor ... print ( n , 'is a prime number' ) ... 2 is a prime number 3 is a prime number 4 equals 2 * 2 5 is a prime number 6 equals 2 * 3 7 is a prime number 8 equals 2 * 4 9 equals 3 * 3 (Yes, this is the correct code. Look closely: the else clause belongs to the for loop, not the if statement.) One way to think of the else clause is to imagine it paired with the if inside the loop. As the loop executes, it will run a sequence like if/if/if/else. The if is inside the loop, encountered a number of times. If the condition is ever true, a break will happen. If the condition is never true, the else clause outside the loop will execute. When used with a loop, the else clause has more in common with the else clause of a try statement than it does with that of if statements: a try statement’s else clause runs when no exception occurs, and a loop’s else clause runs when no break occurs. For more on the try statement and exceptions, see Handling Exceptions . 4.6. pass Statements ¶ The pass statement does nothing. It can be used when a statement is required syntactically but the program requires no action. For example: >>> while True : ... pass # Busy-wait for keyboard interrupt (Ctrl+C) ... This is commonly used for creating minimal classes: >>> class MyEmptyClass : ... pass ... Another place pass can be used is as a place-holder for a function or conditional body when you are working on new code, allowing you to keep thinking at a more abstract level. The pass is silently ignored: >>> def initlog ( * args ): ... pass # Remember to implement this! ... For this last case, many people use the ellipsis literal ... instead of pass . This use has no special meaning to Python, and is not part of the language definition (you could use any constant expression here), but ... is used conventionally as a placeholder body as well. See The Ellipsis Object . 4.7. match Statements ¶ A match statement takes an expression and compares its value to successive patterns given as one or more case blocks. This is superficially similar to a switch statement in C, Java or JavaScript (and many other languages), but it’s more similar to pattern matching in languages like Rust or Haskell. Only the first pattern that matches gets executed and it can also extract components (sequence elements or object attributes) from the value into variables. If no case matches, none of the branches is executed. The simplest form compares a subject value against one or more literals: def http_error ( status ): match status : case 400 : return "Bad request" case 404 : return "Not found" case 418 : return "I'm a teapot" case _ : return "Something's wrong with the internet" Note the last block: the “variable name” _ acts as a wildcard and never fails to match. You can combine several literals in a single pattern using | (“or”): case 401 | 403 | 404 : return "Not allowed" Patterns can look like unpacking assignments, and can be used to bind variables: # point is an (x, y) tuple match point : case ( 0 , 0 ): print ( "Origin" ) case ( 0 , y ): print ( f "Y= { y } " ) case ( x , 0 ): print ( f "X= { x } " ) case ( x , y ): print ( f "X= { x } , Y= { y } " ) case _ : raise ValueError ( "Not a point" ) Study that one carefully! The first pattern has two literals, and can be thought of as an extension of the literal pattern shown above. But the next two patterns combine a literal and a variable, and the variable binds a value from the subject ( point ). The fourth pattern captures two values, which makes it conceptually similar to the unpacking assignment (x, y) = point . If you are using classes to structure your data you can use the class name followed by an argument list resembling a constructor, but with the ability to capture attributes into variables: class Point : def __init__ ( self , x , y ): self . x = x self . y = y def where_is ( point ): match point : case Point ( x = 0 , y = 0 ): print ( "Origin" ) case Point ( x = 0 , y = y ): print ( f "Y= { y } " ) case Point ( x = x , y = 0 ): print ( f "X= { x } " ) case Point (): print ( "Somewhere else" ) case _ : print ( "Not a point" ) You can use positional parameters with some builtin classes that provide an ordering for their attributes (e.g. dataclasses). You can also define a specific position for attributes in patterns by setting the __match_args__ special attribute in your classes. If it’s set to (“x”, “y”), the following patterns are all equivalent (and all bind the y attribute to the var variable): Point ( 1 , var ) Point ( 1 , y = var ) Point ( x = 1 , y = var ) Point ( y = var , x = 1 ) A recommended way to read patterns is to look at them as an extended form of what you would put on the left of an assignment, to understand which variables would be set to what. Only the standalone names (like var above) are assigned to by a match statement. Dotted names (like foo.bar ), attribute names (the x= and y= above) or class names (recognized by the “(…)” next to them like Point above) are never assigned to. Patterns can be arbitrarily nested. For example, if we have a short list of Points, with __match_args__ added, we could match it like this: class Point : __match_args__ = ( 'x' , 'y' ) def __init__ ( self , x , y ): self . x = x self . y = y match points : case []: print ( "No points" ) case [ Point ( 0 , 0 )]: print ( "The origin" ) case [ Point ( x , y )]: print ( f "Single point { x } , { y } " ) case [ Point ( 0 , y1 ), Point ( 0 , y2 )]: print ( f "Two on the Y axis at { y1 } , { y2 } " ) case _ : print ( "Something else" ) We can add an if clause to a pattern, known as a “guard”. If the guard is false, match goes on to try the next case block. Note that value capture happens before the guard is evaluated: match point : case Point ( x , y ) if x == y : print ( f "Y=X at { x } " ) case Point ( x , y ): print ( f "Not on the diagonal" ) Several other key features of this statement: Like unpacking assignments, tuple and list patterns have exactly the same meaning and actually match arbitrary sequences. An important exception is that they don’t match iterators or strings. Sequence patterns support extended unpacking: [x, y, *rest] and (x, y, *rest) work similar to unpacking assignments. The name after * may also be _ , so (x, y, *_) matches a sequence of at least two items without binding the remaining items. Mapping patterns: {"bandwidth": b, "latency": l} captures the "bandwidth" and "latency" values from a dictionary. Unlike sequence patterns, extra keys are ignored. An unpacking like **rest is also supported. (But **_ would be redundant, so it is not allowed.) Subpatterns may be captured using the as keyword: case ( Point ( x1 , y1 ), Point ( x2 , y2 ) as p2 ): ... will capture the second element of the input as p2 (as long as the input is a sequence of two points) Most literals are compared by equality, however the singletons True , False and None are compared by identity. Patterns may use named constants. These must be dotted names to prevent them from being interpreted as capture variable: from enum import Enum class Color ( Enum ): RED = 'red' GREEN = 'green' BLUE = 'blue' color = Color ( input ( "Enter your choice of 'red', 'blue' or 'green': " )) match color : case Color . RED : print ( "I see red!" ) case Color . GREEN : print ( "Grass is green" ) case Color . BLUE : print ( "I'm feeling the blues :(" ) For a more detailed explanation and additional examples, you can look into PEP 636 which is written in a tutorial format. 4.8. Defining Functions ¶ We can create a function that writes the Fibonacci series to an arbitrary boundary: >>> def fib ( n ): # write Fibonacci series less than n ... """Print a Fibonacci series less than n.""" ... a , b = 0 , 1 ... while a < n : ... print ( a , end = ' ' ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... print () ... >>> # Now call the function we just defined: >>> fib ( 2000 ) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 The keyword def introduces a function definition . It must be followed by the function name and the parenthesized list of formal parameters. The statements that form the body of the function start at the next line, and must be indented. The first statement of the function body can optionally be a string literal; this string literal is the function’s documentation string, or docstring . (More about docstrings can be found in the section Documentation Strings .) There are tools which use docstrings to automatically produce online or printed documentation, or to let the user interactively browse through code; it’s good practice to include docstrings in code that you write, so make a habit of it. The execution of a function introduces a new symbol table used for the local variables of the function. More precisely, all variable assignments in a function store the value in the local symbol table; whereas variable references first look in the local symbol table, then in the local symbol tables of enclosing functions, then in the global symbol table, and finally in the table of built-in names. Thus, global variables and variables of enclosing functions cannot be directly assigned a value within a function (unless, for global variables, named in a global statement, or, for variables of enclosing functions, named in a nonlocal statement), although they may be referenced. The actual parameters (arguments) to a function call are introduced in the local symbol table of the called function when it is called; thus, arguments are passed using call by value (where the value is always an object reference , not the value of the object). [ 1 ] When a function calls another function, or calls itself recursively, a new local symbol table is created for that call. A function definition associates the function name with the function object in the current symbol table. The interpreter recognizes the object pointed to by that name as a user-defined function. Other names can also point to that same function object and can also be used to access the function: >>> fib <function fib at 10042ed0> >>> f = fib >>> f ( 100 ) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 Coming from other languages, you might object that fib is not a function but a procedure since it doesn’t return a value. In fact, even functions without a return statement do return a value, albeit a rather boring one. This value is called None (it’s a built-in name). Writing the value None is normally suppressed by the interpreter if it would be the only value written. You can see it if you really want to using print() : >>> fib ( 0 ) >>> print ( fib ( 0 )) None It is simple to write a function that returns a list of the numbers of the Fibonacci series, instead of printing it: >>> def fib2 ( n ): # return Fibonacci series up to n ... """Return a list containing the Fibonacci series up to n.""" ... result = [] ... a , b = 0 , 1 ... while a < n : ... result . append ( a ) # see below ... a , b = b , a + b ... return result ... >>> f100 = fib2 ( 100 ) # call it >>> f100 # write the result [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89] This example, as usual, demonstrates some new Python features: The return statement returns with a value from a function. return without an expression argument returns None . Falling off the end of a function also returns None . The statement result.append(a) calls a method of the list object result . A method is a function that ‘belongs’ to an object and is named obj.methodname , where obj is some object (this may be an expression), and methodname is the name of a method that is defined by the object’s type. Different types define different methods. Methods of different types may have the same name without causing ambiguity. (It is possible to define your own object types and methods, using classes , see Classes ) The method append() shown in the example is defined for list objects; it adds a new element at the end of the list. In this example it is equivalent to result = result + [a] , but more efficient. 4.9. More on Defining Functions ¶ It is also possible to define functions with a variable number of arguments. There are three forms, which can be combined. 4.9.1. Default Argument Values ¶ The most useful form is to specify a default value for one or more arguments. This creates a function that can be called with fewer arguments than it is defined to allow. For example: def ask_ok ( prompt , retries = 4 , reminder = 'Please try again!' ): while True : reply = input ( prompt ) if reply in { 'y' , 'ye' , 'yes' }: return True if reply in { 'n' , 'no' , 'nop' , 'nope' }: return False retries = retries - 1 if retries < 0 : raise ValueError ( 'invalid user response' ) print ( reminder ) This function can be called in several ways: giving only the mandatory argument: ask_ok('Do you really want to quit?') giving one of the optional arguments: ask_ok('OK to overwrite the file?', 2) or even giving all arguments: ask_ok('OK to overwrite the file?', 2, 'Come on, only yes or no!') This example also introduces the in keyword. This tests whether or not a sequence contains a certain value. The default values are evaluated at the point of function definition in the defining scope, so that i = 5 def f ( arg = i ): print ( arg ) i = 6 f () will print 5 . Important warning: The default value is evaluated only once. This makes a difference when the default is a mutable object such as a list, dictionary, or instances of most classes. For example, the following function accumulates the arguments passed to it on subsequent calls: def f ( a , L = []): L . append ( a ) return L print ( f ( 1 )) print ( f ( 2 )) print ( f ( 3 )) This will print [ 1 ] [ 1 , 2 ] [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] If you don’t want the default to be shared between subsequent calls, you can write the function like this instead: def f ( a , L = None ): if L is None : L = [] L . append ( a ) return L 4.9.2. Keyword Arguments ¶ Functions can also be called using keyword arguments of the form kwarg=value . For instance, the following function: def parrot ( voltage , state = 'a stiff' , action = 'voom' , type = 'Norwegian Blue' ): print ( "-- This parrot wouldn't" , action , end = ' ' ) print ( "if you put" , voltage , "volts through it." ) print ( "-- Lovely plumage, the" , type ) print ( "-- It's" , state , "!" ) accepts one required argument ( voltage ) and three optional arguments ( state , action , and type ). This function can be called in any of the following ways: parrot ( 1000 ) # 1 positional argument parrot ( voltage = 1000 ) # 1 keyword argument parrot ( voltage = 1000000 , action = 'VOOOOOM' ) # 2 keyword arguments parrot ( action = 'VOOOOOM' , voltage = 1000000 ) # 2 keyword arguments parrot ( 'a million' , 'bereft of life' , 'jump' ) # 3 positional arguments parrot ( 'a thousand' , state = 'pushing up the daisies' ) # 1 positional, 1 keyword but all the following calls would be invalid: parrot () # required argument missing parrot ( voltage = 5.0 , 'dead' ) # non-keyword argument after a keyword argument parrot ( 110 , voltage = 220 ) # duplicate value for the same argument parrot ( actor = 'John Cleese' ) # unknown keyword argument In a function call, keyword arguments must follow positional arguments. All the keyword arguments passed must match one of the arguments accepted by the function (e.g. actor is not a valid argument for the parrot function), and their order is not important. This also includes non-optional arguments (e.g. parrot(voltage=1000) is valid too). No argument may receive a value more than once. Here’s an example that fails due to this restriction: >>> def function ( a ): ... pass ... >>> function ( 0 , a = 0 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : function() got multiple values for argument 'a' When a final formal parameter of the form **name is present, it receives a dictionary (see Mapping Types — dict ) containing all keyword arguments except for those corresponding to a formal parameter. This may be combined with a formal parameter of the form *name (described in the next subsection) which receives a tuple containing the positional arguments beyond the formal parameter list. ( *name must occur before **name .) For example, if we define a function like this: def cheeseshop ( kind , * arguments , ** keywords ): print ( "-- Do you have any" , kind , "?" ) print ( "-- I'm sorry, we're all out of" , kind ) for arg in arguments : print ( arg ) print ( "-" * 40 ) for kw in keywords : print ( kw , ":" , keywords [ kw ]) It could be called like this: cheeseshop ( "Limburger" , "It's very runny, sir." , "It's really very, VERY runny, sir." , shopkeeper = "Michael Palin" , client = "John Cleese" , sketch = "Cheese Shop Sketch" ) and of course it would print: -- Do you have any Limburger ? -- I'm sorry, we're all out of Limburger It's very runny, sir. It's really very, VERY runny, sir. ---------------------------------------- shopkeeper : Michael Palin client : John Cleese sketch : Cheese Shop Sketch Note that the order in which the keyword arguments are printed is guaranteed to match the order in which they were provided in the function call. 4.9.3. Special parameters ¶ By default, arguments may be passed to a Python function either by position or explicitly by keyword. For readability and performance, it makes sense to restrict the way arguments can be passed so that a developer need only look at the function definition to determine if items are passed by position, by position or keyword, or by keyword. A function definition may look like: def f(pos1, pos2, /, pos_or_kwd, *, kwd1, kwd2): ----------- ---------- ---------- | | | | Positional or keyword | | - Keyword only -- Positional only where / and * are optional. If used, these symbols indicate the kind of parameter by how the arguments may be passed to the function: positional-only, positional-or-keyword, and keyword-only. Keyword parameters are also referred to as named parameters. 4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments ¶ If / and * are not present in the function definition, arguments may be passed to a function by position or by keyword. 4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters ¶ Looking at this in a bit more detail, it is possible to mark certain parameters as positional-only . If positional-only , the parameters’ order matters, and the parameters cannot be passed by keyword. Positional-only parameters are placed before a / (forward-slash). The / is used to logically separate the positional-only parameters from the rest of the parameters. If there is no / in the function definition, there are no positional-only parameters. Parameters following the / may be positional-or-keyword or keyword-only . 4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments ¶ To mark parameters as keyword-only , indicating the parameters must be passed by keyword argument, place an * in the arguments list just before the first keyword-only parameter. 4.9.3.4. Function Examples ¶ Consider the following example function definitions paying close attention to the markers / and * : >>> def standard_arg ( arg ): ... print ( arg ) ... >>> def pos_only_arg ( arg , / ): ... print ( arg ) ... >>> def kwd_only_arg ( * , arg ): ... print ( arg ) ... >>> def combined_example ( pos_only , / , standard , * , kwd_only ): ... print ( pos_only , standard , kwd_only ) The first function definition, standard_arg , the most familiar form, places no restrictions on the calling convention and arguments may be passed by position or keyword: >>> standard_arg ( 2 ) 2 >>> standard_arg ( arg = 2 ) 2 The second function pos_only_arg is restricted to only use positional parameters as there is a / in the function definition: >>> pos_only_arg ( 1 ) 1 >>> pos_only_arg ( arg = 1 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : pos_only_arg() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword arguments: 'arg' The third function kwd_only_arg only allows keyword arguments as indicated by a * in the function definition: >>> kwd_only_arg ( 3 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : kwd_only_arg() takes 0 positional arguments but 1 was given >>> kwd_only_arg ( arg = 3 ) 3 And the last uses all three calling conventions in the same function definition: >>> combined_example ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : combined_example() takes 2 positional arguments but 3 were given >>> combined_example ( 1 , 2 , kwd_only = 3 ) 1 2 3 >>> combined_example ( 1 , standard = 2 , kwd_only = 3 ) 1 2 3 >>> combined_example ( pos_only = 1 , standard = 2 , kwd_only = 3 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : combined_example() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword arguments: 'pos_only' Finally, consider this function definition which has a potential collision between the positional argument name and **kwds which has name as a key: def foo ( name , ** kwds ): return 'name' in kwds There is no possible call that will make it return True as the keyword 'name' will always bind to the first parameter. For example: >>> foo ( 1 , ** { 'name' : 2 }) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : foo() got multiple values for argument 'name' >>> But using / (positional only arguments), it is possible since it allows name as a positional argument and 'name' as a key in the keyword arguments: >>> def foo ( name , / , ** kwds ): ... return 'name' in kwds ... >>> foo ( 1 , ** { 'name' : 2 }) True In other words, the names of positional-only parameters can be used in **kwds without ambiguity. 4.9.3.5. Recap ¶ The use case will determine which parameters to use in the function definition: def f ( pos1 , pos2 , / , pos_or_kwd , * , kwd1 , kwd2 ): As guidance: Use positional-only if you want the name of the parameters to not be available to the user. This is useful when parameter names have no real meaning, if you want to enforce the order of the arguments when the function is called or if you need to take some positional parameters and arbitrary keywords. Use keyword-only when names have meaning and the function definition is more understandable by being explicit with names or you want to prevent users relying on the position of the argument being passed. For an API, use positional-only to prevent breaking API changes if the parameter’s name is modified in the future. 4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists ¶ Finally, the least frequently used option is to specify that a function can be called with an arbitrary number of arguments. These arguments will be wrapped up in a tuple (see Tuples and Sequences ). Before the variable number of arguments, zero or more normal arguments may occur. def write_multiple_items ( file , separator , * args ): file . write ( separator . join ( args )) Normally, these variadic arguments will be last in the list of formal parameters, because they scoop up all remaining input arguments that are passed to the function. Any formal parameters which occur after the *args parameter are ‘keyword-only’ arguments, meaning that they can only be used as keywords rather than positional arguments. >>> def concat ( * args , sep = "/" ): ... return sep . join ( args ) ... >>> concat ( "earth" , "mars" , "venus" ) 'earth/mars/venus' >>> concat ( "earth" , "mars" , "venus" , sep = "." ) 'earth.mars.venus' 4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists ¶ The reverse situation occurs when the arguments are already in a list or tuple but need to be unpacked for a function call requiring separate positional arguments. For instance, the built-in range() function expects separate start and stop arguments. If they are not available separately, write the function call with the * -operator to unpack the arguments out of a list or tuple: >>> list ( range ( 3 , 6 )) # normal call with separate arguments [3, 4, 5] >>> args = [ 3 , 6 ] >>> list ( range ( * args )) # call with arguments unpacked from a list [3, 4, 5] In the same fashion, dictionaries can deliver keyword arguments with the ** -operator: >>> def parrot ( voltage , state = 'a stiff' , action = 'voom' ): ... print ( "-- This parrot wouldn't" , action , end = ' ' ) ... print ( "if you put" , voltage , "volts through it." , end = ' ' ) ... print ( "E's" , state , "!" ) ... >>> d = { "voltage" : "four million" , "state" : "bleedin' demised" , "action" : "VOOM" } >>> parrot ( ** d ) -- This parrot wouldn't VOOM if you put four million volts through it. E's bleedin' demised ! 4.9.6. Lambda Expressions ¶ Small anonymous functions can be created with the lambda keyword. This function returns the sum of its two arguments: lambda a, b: a+b . Lambda functions can be used wherever function objects are required. They are syntactically restricted to a single expression. Semantically, they are just syntactic sugar for a normal function definition. Like nested function definitions, lambda functions can reference variables from the containing scope: >>> def make_incrementor ( n ): ... return lambda x : x + n ... >>> f = make_incrementor ( 42 ) >>> f ( 0 ) 42 >>> f ( 1 ) 43 The above example uses a lambda expression to return a function. Another use is to pass a small function as an argument. For instance, list.sort() takes a sorting key function key which can be a lambda function: >>> pairs = [( 1 , 'one' ), ( 2 , 'two' ), ( 3 , 'three' ), ( 4 , 'four' )] >>> pairs . sort ( key = lambda pair : pair [ 1 ]) >>> pairs [(4, 'four'), (1, 'one'), (3, 'three'), (2, 'two')] 4.9.7. Documentation Strings ¶ Here are some conventions about the content and formatting of documentation strings. The first line should always be a short, concise summary of the object’s purpose. For brevity, it should not explicitly state the object’s name or type, since these are available by other means (except if the name happens to be a verb describing a function’s operation). This line should begin with a capital letter and end with a period. If there are more lines in the documentation string, the second line should be blank, visually separating the summary from the rest of the description. The following lines should be one or more paragraphs describing the object’s calling conventions, its side effects, etc. The Python parser strips indentation from multi-line string literals when they serve as module, class, or function docstrings. Here is an example of a multi-line docstring: >>> def my_function (): ... """Do nothing, but document it. ... ... No, really, it doesn't do anything: ... ... >>> my_function() ... >>> ... """ ... pass ... >>> print ( my_function . __doc__ ) Do nothing, but document it. No, really, it doesn't do anything: >>> my_function() >>> 4.9.8. Function Annotations ¶ Function annotations are completely optional metadata information about the types used by user-defined functions (see PEP 3107 and PEP 484 for more information). Annotations are stored in the __annotations__ attribute of the function as a dictionary and have no effect on any other part of the function. Parameter annotations are defined by a colon after the parameter name, followed by an expression evaluating to the value of the annotation. Return annotations are defined by a literal -> , followed by an expression, between the parameter list and the colon denoting the end of the def statement. The following example has a required argument, an optional argument, and the return value annotated: >>> def f ( ham : str , eggs : str = 'eggs' ) -> str : ... print ( "Annotations:" , f . __annotations__ ) ... print ( "Arguments:" , ham , eggs ) ... return ham + ' and ' + eggs ... >>> f ( 'spam' ) Annotations: {'ham': <class 'str'>, 'return': <class 'str'>, 'eggs': <class 'str'>} Arguments: spam eggs 'spam and eggs' 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style ¶ Now that you are about to write longer, more complex pieces of Python, it is a good time to talk about coding style . Most languages can be written (or more concise, formatted ) in different styles; some are more readable than others. Making it easy for others to read your code is always a good idea, and adopting a nice coding style helps tremendously for that. For Python, PEP 8 has emerged as the style guide that most projects adhere to; it promotes a very readable and eye-pleasing coding style. Every Python developer should read it at some point; here are the most important points extracted for you: Use 4-space indentation, and no tabs. 4 spaces are a good compromise between small indentation (allows greater nesting depth) and large indentation (easier to read). Tabs introduce confusion, and are best left out. Wrap lines so that they don’t exceed 79 characters. This helps users with small displays and makes it possible to have several code files side-by-side on larger displays. Use blank lines to separate functions and classes, and larger blocks of code inside functions. When possible, put comments on a line of their own. Use docstrings. Use spaces around operators and after commas, but not directly inside bracketing constructs: a = f(1, 2) + g(3, 4) . Name your classes and functions consistently; the convention is to use UpperCamelCase for classes and lowercase_with_underscores for functions and methods. Always use self as the name for the first method argument (see A First Look at Classes for more on classes and methods). Don’t use fancy encodings if your code is meant to be used in international environments. Python’s default, UTF-8, or even plain ASCII work best in any case. Likewise, don’t use non-ASCII characters in identifiers if there is only the slightest chance people speaking a different language will read or maintain the code. Footnotes [ 1 ] Actually, call by object reference would be a better description, since if a mutable object is passed, the caller will see any changes the callee makes to it (items inserted into a list). Table of Contents 4. More Control Flow Tools 4.1. if Statements 4.2. for Statements 4.3. The range() Function 4.4. break and continue Statements 4.5. else Clauses on Loops 4.6. pass Statements 4.7. match Statements 4.8. Defining Functions 4.9. More on Defining Functions 4.9.1. Default Argument Values 4.9.2. Keyword Arguments 4.9.3. Special parameters 4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments 4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters 4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments 4.9.3.4. Function Examples 4.9.3.5. Recap 4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists 4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists 4.9.6. Lambda Expressions 4.9.7. Documentation Strings 4.9.8. Function Annotations 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style Previous topic 3. An Informal Introduction to Python Next topic 5. Data Structures This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 4. More Control Flow Tools | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Seenivasa Ramadurai AI Solution Architect with 20+ yrs in Azure, AWS, GCP, Microservices, gRPC, AI/ML,REST, TF, GenAI, Agentic AI, ACP, MCP, A2A, NLP, RAG, gRAG, LangChain, LangGraph, Semantic Kernel, Vector DBs, Bedrock Location Dallas. Texas Joined Joined on Jul 24, 2024 Education M.Sc Computer Science More info about @sreeni5018 Badges One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close 4 Week Community Wellness Streak Keep contributing to discussions by posting at least 2 comments per week for 4 straight weeks. Unlock the 8 Week Badge next. Got it Close 2 Week Community Wellness Streak Keep the community conversation going! 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Currently hacking on Architecting and Developing Cloud Native Apps (MicroServices, gRPC, REST) and GenAI Post 136 posts published Comment 79 comments written Tag 3 tags followed The Non-Drinker's Guide to Clustering Algorithms 🎉 Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Jan 11 The Non-Drinker's Guide to Clustering Algorithms 🎉 # algorithms # beginners # datascience # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 2 min read Want to connect with Seenivasa Ramadurai? Create an account to connect with Seenivasa Ramadurai. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in Newton's Third Law in Technology: From Screen-Bound to Hands Free Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Jan 9 Newton's Third Law in Technology: From Screen-Bound to Hands Free # discuss # ai # automation # devjournal 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Debugging Non-Deterministic LLM Agents: Implementing Checkpoint-Based State Replay with LangGraph Time Travel Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Dec 30 '25 Debugging Non-Deterministic LLM Agents: Implementing Checkpoint-Based State Replay with LangGraph Time Travel # tooling # agents # tutorial # llm 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 15 min read Understanding Transformer Model Types: The Evolution from RNN to Modern AI Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Dec 29 '25 Understanding Transformer Model Types: The Evolution from RNN to Modern AI # machinelearning # architecture # deeplearning # ai 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read Modern Search Techniques for Vector Databases (w/LangChain) Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Dec 28 '25 Modern Search Techniques for Vector Databases (w/LangChain) # rag # ai # database # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Beyond Keyword Search: How LangChain's Self-Query Retriever Transforms Natural Language Into Smart Filters -Part-I Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Dec 28 '25 Beyond Keyword Search: How LangChain's Self-Query Retriever Transforms Natural Language Into Smart Filters -Part-I # ai # llm # rag 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read Architecting Enterprise grade Multi‑Agent AI with AWS Strands & Amazon Bedrock AgentCore Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Dec 27 '25 Architecting Enterprise grade Multi‑Agent AI with AWS Strands & Amazon Bedrock AgentCore # architecture # ai # agents # aws 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Two Efficient Technologies to Reduce AI Token Costs: TOON and Microsoft's LLMLingua-2 Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Dec 22 '25 Two Efficient Technologies to Reduce AI Token Costs: TOON and Microsoft's LLMLingua-2 # microsoft # ai # llm # performance 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 8 min read Beyond input(): Building Production-Ready Human-in-the-Loop AI Agents with LangGraph Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Dec 21 '25 Beyond input(): Building Production-Ready Human-in-the-Loop AI Agents with LangGraph # llm # architecture # ai # python 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read I Built an ETL Pipeline That Actually Thinks & And Cut Token Costs by 52% (And Here's What I Learned) Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Dec 17 '25 I Built an ETL Pipeline That Actually Thinks & And Cut Token Costs by 52% (And Here's What I Learned) # ai # dataengineering # performance # llm 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 17 min read The Architecture of Agent Memory: How LangGraph Really Works Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Dec 14 '25 The Architecture of Agent Memory: How LangGraph Really Works # agents # architecture # ai # llm 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 11 min read LangGraph Streaming 101: 5 Modes to Build Responsive AI Applications Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Dec 10 '25 LangGraph Streaming 101: 5 Modes to Build Responsive AI Applications # agents # llm # ai # tutorial 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 6 min read 🔍 Multi-Query Retriever RAG: How to Dramatically Improve Your AI's Document Retrieval Accuracy Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Dec 7 '25 🔍 Multi-Query Retriever RAG: How to Dramatically Improve Your AI's Document Retrieval Accuracy 3 reactions Comments 3 comments 12 min read Hello World, This Is Me A Life Written in Code Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Dec 5 '25 Hello World, This Is Me A Life Written in Code 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Context Is Currency: Why MCP Matters for Enterprise AI Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Dec 4 '25 Context Is Currency: Why MCP Matters for Enterprise AI # ai # api # architecture 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read Think Like HATEOAS: How Agentic RAG Dynamically Navigates Knowledge Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Dec 2 '25 Think Like HATEOAS: How Agentic RAG Dynamically Navigates Knowledge # agents # rag # llm # architecture 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Microsoft Foundry: The New AI Factory for the Enterprise Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Nov 30 '25 Microsoft Foundry: The New AI Factory for the Enterprise # architecture # ai # microsoft # azure 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 4 min read Understanding Web 3.0: The Blockchain Revolution Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Nov 28 '25 Understanding Web 3.0: The Blockchain Revolution 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read RAG vs MCP: Understanding AI Context Solutions Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Nov 18 '25 RAG vs MCP: Understanding AI Context Solutions # rag # llm # ai # mcp 8 reactions Comments 4 comments 6 min read The Code of Life: What Python's Data Structures Teach Us About Growth Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Nov 9 '25 The Code of Life: What Python's Data Structures Teach Us About Growth # discuss # motivation # python Comments 2 comments 3 min read TOON vs JSON: A Modern Data Format Showdown Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Nov 8 '25 TOON vs JSON: A Modern Data Format Showdown # data # performance # ai # llm 83 reactions Comments 38 comments 4 min read AWS Strands Multi-Agent Patterns for the Enterprise Part-I Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Oct 25 '25 AWS Strands Multi-Agent Patterns for the Enterprise Part-I # agents # ai # architecture # aws 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building Cost Monitoring with AWS Strands Hooks: A Complete Guide Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Oct 25 '25 Building Cost Monitoring with AWS Strands Hooks: A Complete Guide # tutorial # monitoring # ai # aws Comments Add Comment 8 min read Supercharge your AWS AI agents with Strands Hooks Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Oct 25 '25 Supercharge your AWS AI agents with Strands Hooks # agents # tutorial # ai # aws Comments Add Comment 8 min read Understanding the Agent Loop in AWS Strands Agent Framework Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Oct 23 '25 Understanding the Agent Loop in AWS Strands Agent Framework # agents # ai # aws 1 reaction Comments 4 comments 5 min read Understanding A2A, ACP, and MCP in the Agentic AI World Through the Lens of Human Communication Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Oct 20 '25 Understanding A2A, ACP, and MCP in the Agentic AI World Through the Lens of Human Communication # ai # architecture # beginners 5 reactions Comments 7 comments 3 min read AWS AgentCore Deployment Guide: Part II – Deploying SreeniBot to Production Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Oct 18 '25 AWS AgentCore Deployment Guide: Part II – Deploying SreeniBot to Production # aws # tutorial # cloud # ai Comments 4 comments 5 min read Introducing AWS Bedrock AgentCore: A Modular Platform for Deploying AI Agents at Enterprise Scale -Part I Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Oct 18 '25 Introducing AWS Bedrock AgentCore: A Modular Platform for Deploying AI Agents at Enterprise Scale -Part I # serverless # aws # architecture # ai Comments 4 comments 6 min read Strands Agents: A Model-First SDK for Building Autonomous AI on AWS and Beyond Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Oct 13 '25 Strands Agents: A Model-First SDK for Building Autonomous AI on AWS and Beyond # llm # ai # opensource # aws Comments Add Comment 6 min read Microsoft Agent Framework Building a Human-in-the-Loop User Search Workflow : Part-V Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Oct 13 '25 Microsoft Agent Framework Building a Human-in-the-Loop User Search Workflow : Part-V # tutorial # ai # architecture # microsoft 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 7 min read Building Dynamic Workflows with Branching Logic in Microsoft Agent Framework Part-IV Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Oct 12 '25 Building Dynamic Workflows with Branching Logic in Microsoft Agent Framework Part-IV # tutorial # automation # ai # microsoft Comments Add Comment 9 min read Building Concurrent User Search Workflows with Microsoft Agent Framework and AI Agents Part -III Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Oct 12 '25 Building Concurrent User Search Workflows with Microsoft Agent Framework and AI Agents Part -III # tutorial # microsoft # architecture # ai Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building a Web Search Workflow Using Microsoft Agent Framework (Without Any AI Services) -Part II Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Oct 12 '25 Building a Web Search Workflow Using Microsoft Agent Framework (Without Any AI Services) -Part II # tutorial # automation # microsoft # dotnet Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building Smart Workflows with the Microsoft Agent Framework-Part -I Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Oct 8 '25 Building Smart Workflows with the Microsoft Agent Framework-Part -I # automation # architecture # microsoft # ai 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read Microsoft Agent Framework: Combining Semantic Kernel + Autogen for Advanced AI Agents Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Oct 8 '25 Microsoft Agent Framework: Combining Semantic Kernel + Autogen for Advanced AI Agents # dotnet # ai # opensource # microsoft 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Building a Multi-Agent Candidate Search System with Azure AI Foundry Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Oct 5 '25 Building a Multi-Agent Candidate Search System with Azure AI Foundry # ai # azure # tutorial Comments Add Comment 9 min read Building an Intelligent RAG Agent with Azure AI Foundry: A Deep Dive into Sreeni-RAG Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Oct 5 '25 Building an Intelligent RAG Agent with Azure AI Foundry: A Deep Dive into Sreeni-RAG # rag # azure # tutorial # ai 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 8 min read Building the Future of AI? Azure AI Foundry Might Be Your New Best Friend. Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Sep 30 '25 Building the Future of AI? Azure AI Foundry Might Be Your New Best Friend. # ai # azure # tooling Comments 2 comments 4 min read What is ACP ? Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Sep 3 '25 What is ACP ? 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read 🧠 Born to Learn: A Neural Network's Guide to Growing Up Human Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Aug 28 '25 🧠 Born to Learn: A Neural Network's Guide to Growing Up Human Comments Add Comment 5 min read My 100th Blog: Thank You ❤️ Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Aug 24 '25 My 100th Blog: Thank You ❤️ 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 1 min read Building Deep Agents with LangChain: A Complete Guide to Automated Profile Generation -Part -2 Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Aug 23 '25 Building Deep Agents with LangChain: A Complete Guide to Automated Profile Generation -Part -2 Comments Add Comment 18 min read Why Simple AI Chatbots Aren't Enough: Building Deep Agents That Actually Think and Plan Part-1 Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Aug 23 '25 Why Simple AI Chatbots Aren't Enough: Building Deep Agents That Actually Think and Plan Part-1 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read Bridging the Gap Between LLMs and Enterprise APIs using FastMCP: How to Auto-Generate AI Tools from OpenAPI Specs Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Aug 14 '25 Bridging the Gap Between LLMs and Enterprise APIs using FastMCP: How to Auto-Generate AI Tools from OpenAPI Specs 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 9 min read Building a Smart RAG System: How LangChain's SQLRecordManager Eliminates Duplicate Processing and Keeps Your Vector Store Clean Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Aug 12 '25 Building a Smart RAG System: How LangChain's SQLRecordManager Eliminates Duplicate Processing and Keeps Your Vector Store Clean 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 23 min read 🧠 Mastering Context Engineering: Why It's the Most Important Skill in the Age of AI Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Aug 10 '25 🧠 Mastering Context Engineering: Why It's the Most Important Skill in the Age of AI Comments Add Comment 5 min read Context is Currency: Unlocking Enterprise Intelligence with MCP Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Aug 1 '25 Context is Currency: Unlocking Enterprise Intelligence with MCP Comments 2 comments 1 min read CODE – Currency Of Development Engineers Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Jul 31 '25 CODE – Currency Of Development Engineers 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read I Am a Living Algorithm: How Human Life Reflects the Architecture of AI and Machine Learning Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Jul 28 '25 I Am a Living Algorithm: How Human Life Reflects the Architecture of AI and Machine Learning Comments Add Comment 6 min read The Evolution of Middleware: From Web APIs to AI Agents Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Jul 27 '25 The Evolution of Middleware: From Web APIs to AI Agents 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Elicitation in Modern AI Agents: How Smart Agents Ask the Right Questions Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Jul 20 '25 Elicitation in Modern AI Agents: How Smart Agents Ask the Right Questions 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 6 min read From Context to Collaboration: Unlocking the Power of MCP Servers Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Jul 9 '25 From Context to Collaboration: Unlocking the Power of MCP Servers 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building AI Agent Ecosystems: A2A and MCP Protocols in Action Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Jul 2 '25 Building AI Agent Ecosystems: A2A and MCP Protocols in Action 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read MCP Model Context Protocol vs. Traditional APIs (REST, SOAP, GraphQL, gRPC): The Future of API Communication Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Jun 18 '25 MCP Model Context Protocol vs. Traditional APIs (REST, SOAP, GraphQL, gRPC): The Future of API Communication 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building an AI Agent Registry Server with FastAPI: Enabling Seamless Agent Discovery via A2A Protocol -Part III Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow May 22 '25 Building an AI Agent Registry Server with FastAPI: Enabling Seamless Agent Discovery via A2A Protocol -Part III 19 reactions Comments 10 comments 7 min read Creating A2A Agents with Python: Building a Simple Math Agent - Part II Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow May 6 '25 Creating A2A Agents with Python: Building a Simple Math Agent - Part II 1 reaction Comments 3 comments 5 min read Understanding Google's A2A Protocol: The Future of AI Agents Communication -Part I Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Apr 22 '25 Understanding Google's A2A Protocol: The Future of AI Agents Communication -Part I 3 reactions Comments 4 comments 5 min read Function Calling vs. MCP (Model Context Protocol) + A2A: A Clean Architecture Analogy Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Apr 18 '25 Function Calling vs. MCP (Model Context Protocol) + A2A: A Clean Architecture Analogy 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Understanding Blockchain Technology: A Comprehensive Guide Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Mar 23 '25 Understanding Blockchain Technology: A Comprehensive Guide Comments 2 comments 6 min read Building a Robust AI Guardrails System with OpenAI-Part II Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Seenivasa Ramadurai Follow Mar 17 '25 Building a Robust AI Guardrails System with OpenAI-Part II 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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Got it Close Post 45 posts published Comment 2 comments written Tag 0 tags followed AI Coding Tools Bias: Why Niche Frameworks are Dying in 2026 DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Jan 3 AI Coding Tools Bias: Why Niche Frameworks are Dying in 2026 # news # ai # agentic # automation Comments Add Comment 15 min read Want to connect with DataFormatHub? Create an account to connect with DataFormatHub. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in Cloudflare vs Vercel vs Netlify: The Truth about Edge Performance 2026 DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Jan 2 Cloudflare vs Vercel vs Netlify: The Truth about Edge Performance 2026 # news Comments Add Comment 11 min read Vitest vs Jest 30: Why 2026 is the Year of Browser-Native Testing DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Jan 2 Vitest vs Jest 30: Why 2026 is the Year of Browser-Native Testing # news # testing # javascript # codequality Comments Add Comment 7 min read CI/CD Deep Dive: Why Jenkins, GitLab, and CircleCI Still Rule in 2026 DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Jan 1 CI/CD Deep Dive: Why Jenkins, GitLab, and CircleCI Still Rule in 2026 # news # cicd # devops # automation Comments Add Comment 7 min read Deep Dive: Why Podman and containerd 2.0 are Replacing Docker in 2026 DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Jan 1 Deep Dive: Why Podman and containerd 2.0 are Replacing Docker in 2026 # news # containers # devops # docker 7 reactions Comments 3 comments 12 min read Zod vs Yup vs TypeBox: The Ultimate Schema Validation Guide for 2025 DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 31 '25 Zod vs Yup vs TypeBox: The Ultimate Schema Validation Guide for 2025 # 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DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 17 '25 AWS re:Invent 2025: Serverless and Storage Get an AI-Powered Overhaul! # news # aws # cloud # serverless Comments Add Comment 8 min read The AI Tsunami: How VS Code Extensions in 2024-2025 Are Redefining Developer Productivity DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 16 '25 The AI Tsunami: How VS Code Extensions in 2024-2025 Are Redefining Developer Productivity # news # devtools # productivity # tools Comments Add Comment 7 min read Seamless Contact Format Migration: Mastering CSV and vCard Conversions DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 16 '25 Seamless Contact Format Migration: Mastering CSV and vCard Conversions # contacts # migration # vcard # csv Comments Add Comment 6 min read Unlock Your Data: The Power of No-Code Data Tools for Automation DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 15 '25 Unlock Your Data: The Power of No-Code Data Tools for Automation # news # nocode # lowcode # automation Comments Add Comment 5 min read Unraveling XML: Visualize Hierarchical Data with XML Tree Visualization Tools DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 15 '25 Unraveling XML: Visualize Hierarchical Data with XML Tree Visualization Tools # xml # tree # hierarchy # visualization Comments Add Comment 5 min read Navigating the Future: Top Data Engineering Trends Shaping 2024 and Beyond DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 14 '25 Navigating the Future: Top Data Engineering Trends Shaping 2024 and Beyond # news # dataengineering # etl # trends Comments Add Comment 4 min read Mastering Data Migration Strategies for Seamless Transfers DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 14 '25 Mastering Data Migration Strategies for Seamless Transfers # migration # datatransfer # cloud # backup Comments Add Comment 5 min read Navigating Database Trends: NoSQL, PostgreSQL, & Beyond for Modern Data DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 13 '25 Navigating Database Trends: NoSQL, PostgreSQL, & Beyond for Modern Data # news # database # nosql # postgres Comments Add Comment 4 min read Mastering Table Beautification: A Guide to Clearer Data Presentation DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 13 '25 Mastering Table Beautification: A Guide to Clearer Data Presentation # tables # formatting # ascii # markdown Comments Add Comment 4 min read Rust for Data Processing: Unlocking Blazing Performance and Reliability DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 12 '25 Rust for Data Processing: Unlocking Blazing Performance and Reliability # news # rust # performance # data Comments Add Comment 5 min read Transform CSV Data to HTML Tables for Web Display: A Comprehensive Guide DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 12 '25 Transform CSV Data to HTML Tables for Web Display: A Comprehensive Guide # csv # html # tables # web Comments Add Comment 5 min read Mastering Modern Data: New JavaScript Libraries You Need to Know DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 11 '25 Mastering Modern Data: New JavaScript Libraries You Need to Know # news # javascript # npm # libraries Comments Add Comment 5 min read Mastering Data Workflow Automation: Boost Productivity with Smart Scripts DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 11 '25 Mastering Data Workflow Automation: Boost Productivity with Smart Scripts # automation # workflow # scripts # productivity Comments Add Comment 6 min read Navigating the Future: Key Data Engineering Trends for 2024 and Beyond DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 10 '25 Navigating the Future: Key Data Engineering Trends for 2024 and Beyond # news # dataengineering # etl # trends Comments Add Comment 6 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Esimit Karlgusta Posted on Jan 4 Secure Authentication in Next.js: Building a Production-Ready Login System # nextjs # programming # webdev # beginners Secure Authentication in Next.js: Building a Production-Ready Login System Every great SaaS product begins at the same point: the login page. It is the gatekeeper of your user data and the first interaction your customers have with your professional application. Yet, for many developers, setting up authentication feels like a high-stakes puzzle where a single mistake can lead to security vulnerabilities or a frustrated user base. If you have ever struggled with session management, wondered how to securely store user credentials, or felt overwhelmed by the complexity of OAuth providers, you are in the right place. In this lesson, we are going to strip away the confusion and build a robust, secure authentication system using Auth.js (NextAuth v5) within the Next.js App Router framework. The Problem: The "Homegrown" Auth Trap Many developers start by trying to build their own authentication logic. They create a users table in MongoDB, hash passwords with bcrypt, and try to manage JWTs (JSON Web Tokens) manually in cookies. While this is a great academic exercise, it is often a recipe for disaster in a production SaaS environment. Manual auth systems frequently suffer from: Security Gaps: Improperly configured cookies or CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) vulnerabilities. Maintenance Burden: Keeping up with changing security standards and API updates from providers like Google or GitHub. UX Friction: Hard-to-implement features like "Forgot Password," "Magic Links," or social logins. The Shift: Moving to Auth.js The professional way to handle this in 2026 is by using a library that does the heavy lifting for you. Auth.js is the standard for anyone wanting to Learn Next.js for SaaS . It handles session management, multi-provider support, and database integration out of the box, allowing you to focus on your core product features instead of reinventing the security wheel. By shifting to an established library, you gain the confidence that your sessions are handled via encrypted, server-only cookies. You also get an easy path to adding "Login with Google," which significantly increases conversion rates for modern SaaS products. Deep Dive: Setting Up Your Auth Workflow To build a complete SaaS, we need a flexible system. We will implement two main strategies: Email/Password (Credentials) for traditional users and Google OAuth for a frictionless experience. 1. The Architecture of Auth.js in the App Router In the Next.js App Router, authentication happens primarily on the server. We use a combination of: The Auth Configuration File: Where we define our providers and callbacks. Middleware: To protect routes before they even hit the browser. Server Actions: To handle login and signup logic securely. 2. Initial Setup and Environment Variables First, we need to install the necessary packages. In your terminal, run: npm install next-auth@beta mongodb @auth/mongodb-adapter bcryptjs Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Before writing code, we must define our environment variables. These are secrets that should never be committed to GitHub. Create a .env.local\ file: AUTH_SECRET=your_super_secret_random_string NEXT_PUBLIC_APP_URL=http://localhost:3000 AUTH_GOOGLE_ID=your_google_client_id AUTH_GOOGLE_SECRET=your_google_client_secret MONGODB_URI=your_mongodb_connection_string Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. Configuring the Auth Library We will create a central configuration file. This is the heart of your security system. It tells Next.js how to talk to your database and how to verify users. File: auth.ts (Root directory) import NextAuth from " next-auth " ; import Google from " next-auth/providers/google " ; import Credentials from " next-auth/providers/credentials " ; import { MongoDBAdapter } from " @auth/mongodb-adapter " ; import clientPromise from " @/lib/mongodb " ; import bcrypt from " bcryptjs " ; export const { handlers , auth , signIn , signOut } = NextAuth ({ adapter : MongoDBAdapter ( clientPromise ), providers : [ Google , Credentials ({ name : " credentials " , credentials : { email : { label : " Email " , type : " email " }, password : { label : " Password " , type : " password " }, }, async authorize ( credentials ) { if ( ! credentials ?. email || ! credentials ?. password ) return null ; const dbClient = await clientPromise ; const user = await dbClient . db (). collection ( " users " ). findOne ({ email : credentials . email }); if ( ! user || ! user . password ) return null ; const isValid = await bcrypt . compare ( credentials . password as string , user . password ); return isValid ? { id : user . _id . toString (), email : user . email } : null ; }, }), ], session : { strategy : " jwt " }, pages : { signIn : " /login " , }, callbacks : { async session ({ session , token }) { if ( token . sub && session . user ) { session . user . id = token . sub ; } return session ; }, }, }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 4. Creating the Login UI with Tailwind and DaisyUI A SaaS needs a professional-looking login page. Using Tailwind CSS and DaisyUI, we can build a clean, responsive form that works on any device. File: app/(auth)/login/page.tsx import { signIn } from " @/auth " ; export default function LoginPage () { return ( < div className = "flex items-center justify-center min-h-screen bg-base-200" > < div className = "card w-full max-w-md shadow-2xl bg-base-100" > < div className = "card-body" > < h2 className = "text-3xl font-bold text-center mb-6" > Welcome Back </ h2 > < form action = { async () => { " use server " ; await signIn ( " google " , { redirectTo : " /dashboard " }); } } > < button className = "btn btn-outline w-full flex items-center gap-2" > Continue with Google </ button > </ form > < div className = "divider text-xs uppercase text-base-content/50" > or </ div > < form className = "space-y-4" > < div className = "form-control" > < label className = "label" > < span className = "label-text" > Email </ span > </ label > < input type = "email" placeholder = "email@example.com" className = "input input-bordered" required /> </ div > < div className = "form-control" > < label className = "label" > < span className = "label-text" > Password </ span > </ label > < input type = "password" placeholder = "••••••••" className = "input input-bordered" required /> </ div > < button className = "btn btn-primary w-full" > Sign In </ button > </ form > < p className = "text-center mt-4 text-sm" > Don't have an account? < a href = "/signup" className = "link link-primary" > Sign up </ a > </ p > </ div > </ div > </ div > ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 5. Protecting Routes with Middleware In a SaaS application, you don't want unauthorized users accessing the dashboard or settings pages. Instead of checking for a session on every single page, we use Next.js Middleware to handle this globally. File: middleware.ts (Root directory) import { auth } from " @/auth " ; export default auth (( req ) => { const isLoggedIn = !! req . auth ; const { nextUrl } = req ; const isAuthPage = nextUrl . pathname . startsWith ( " /login " ) || nextUrl . pathname . startsWith ( " /signup " ); const isDashboardPage = nextUrl . pathname . startsWith ( " /dashboard " ); if ( isDashboardPage && ! isLoggedIn ) { return Response . redirect ( new URL ( " /login " , nextUrl )); } if ( isAuthPage && isLoggedIn ) { return Response . redirect ( new URL ( " /dashboard " , nextUrl )); } }); export const config = { matcher : [ " /((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|favicon.ico).*) " ], }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Key Benefits and Learning Outcomes By following this workflow, you achieve several critical milestones in your development journey: Centralized Security: You have a single source of truth for your authentication logic. Database Synchronization: Your user accounts are automatically saved to MongoDB whenever someone logs in via Google. Improved Conversions: Providing OAuth options reduces the friction of creating an account, which is vital for any Build SaaS with Next.js project. Type Safety: Using TypeScript ensures that your session data is predictable throughout your components. Common Mistakes to Avoid Exposing the Secret: Never leave your AUTH_SECRET empty or use a simple string in production. Use a tool like openssl rand -base64 32 to generate a strong key. Client-Side Protection Only: Never rely solely on hiding UI elements to secure your app. Always verify the session on the server or through middleware. Forgetting Secure Cookies: In production, ensure your AUTH_URL uses HTTPS, otherwise Auth.js will not set secure cookies, and your login will fail. Pro Tips and Best Practices Use Server Components for Auth Checks: Whenever possible, check the session in a Server Component using the auth() function. It is faster and more secure than checking on the client. Custom Session Data: If you need to store extra info (like a user's subscription status), extend the session callback in auth.ts to include those fields from your MongoDB database. Graceful Error Handling: Redirect users to a custom error page if Google login fails, rather than letting the app crash or show a generic error. How This Fits Into the Zero to SaaS Journey Authentication is the foundation of the user experience. Once you have established who the user is, you can: Store their specific data in MongoDB. Link their account to a Stripe Customer ID for billing. Provide a personalized Build SaaS Dashboard Next.js Tailwind . Without a secure auth system, your SaaS cannot function because you cannot identify who to charge or whose data to display. Real-World Use Case: The Productivity Tool Imagine you are building a SaaS called TaskFlow. A user arrives at your landing page and clicks Get Started. They click Continue with Google. Auth.js redirects them to Google's secure portal. After they approve, Google sends a token back to your auth.ts handler. Auth.js checks your MongoDB. Since this is a new user, it automatically creates a new record in your users collection. The user is redirected to /dashboard, where your server component greets them: "Welcome!" Action Plan: What to Build Next To master this lesson, I want you to complete these four tasks: Initialize the Project: Set up a fresh Next.js project and install the dependencies. Configure Google Cloud: Go to the Google Cloud Console, create a project, and get your OAuth credentials. Build the Login Page: Use the Tailwind/DaisyUI code provided to create your own branded login screen. Test the Middleware: Create a protected /dashboard page and try to access it while logged out to ensure you are redirected. Take Your SaaS to the Next Level Building a secure login system is just the beginning. If you want to skip the trial and error and follow a proven path to a launched product, check out our comprehensive Zero to SaaS Next.js Course . We dive deep into advanced patterns, multi-tenant security, and production-ready deployments. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Esimit Karlgusta Follow Full Stack Developer Location Earth, for now :) Education BSc. IT Work Full Stack Developer Joined Mar 31, 2020 More from Esimit Karlgusta How to Handle Stripe and Paystack Webhooks in Next.js (The App Router Way) # api # nextjs # security # tutorial Stop Coding Login Screens: A Senior Developer’s Guide to Building SaaS That Actually Ships # webdev # programming # beginners # tutorial Zero to SaaS vs ShipFast, Which One Actually Helps You Build a Real SaaS? # nextjs # beginners # webdev # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/how-to-avoid-plagiarism#when-should-i-cite-something | Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism on DEV - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism on DEV This guide was last updated by the DEV Team on July 19th 2023 and is based on DEV Community: How to Avoid Plagiarism . As DEV continues to grow, we want to ensure that DEV remains a place of integrity and inclusiveness. At DEV, we use Community Moderation as a tool to maintain a respectful and positive environment. It is important to us that we provide you all with the tools to identify and flag problems that may affect a single author or countless DEV users. In this post, we hope to provide simple and effective guidance to combat plagiarism as a community. Whether you’re reporting plagiarism as you stumble upon it or learning how to avoid it in your own writing, hopefully, you find this resource helpful! What is Plagiarism? Oxford Languages defines plagiarism as, "the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own," however, plagiarism is multifaceted and it’s not always so clear as this. Bowdoin University wrote a great breakdown of the four most common types of plagiarism , in tl:dr fashion these are: "Direct Plagiarism" "Self Plagiarism" "Mosaic Plagiarism" "Accidental Plagiarism" Let's take a little deeper look into each… Direct Plagiarism is the most blatant form of plagiarism we encounter. This pertains to a user copying and pasting content from another blog, piece of media, or document, and claiming it as their own. Self Plagiarism is described through an academic lens in the Bowdoin University article which is not as relevant to our community, but we can think of this in a different way. For instance, you could potentially self-plagiarize by reposting an article you wrote for a company or publication, if they own your work. In many circumstances, these places will be happy for you to repost your work elsewhere, but make sure that you understand the terms and conditions of your writing before reposting. Mosaic Plagiarism generally starts when someone is inspired by another user's work and wants to write about the same topic. This occasionally manifests as copying and pasting certain passages of someone else’s work or as Bowdoin says “ finds synonyms for the author’s language while keeping to the same general structure and meaning of the original ” but failing to cite the original author. (Notice how we were able to link directly to the specific language in the text... every extra step we can take to clarify where the info came from is ideal!) Accidental Plagiarism happens when folks misquote their sources, forget to cite sources, or copy their sources too closely by accident (like mosaic plagiarism). How to Avoid Plagiarizing Someone's Work? Luckily, avoiding plagiarism is pretty easy once you know how to identify it. Typically, it is as simple as providing a straightforward source and citation to any media you use that is not your own in your post. When should I cite something? If you're pulling information from an external source that you did not create, you should always cite where the information came from. For example, say you're writing an article on using an npm package, axios, and you're using information from their documentation — you should link their docs in your article. This not only gives them credit for their work but also helps the DEV community in case someone wants to do more research about the topic. If you copy a source directly — use quotes and absolutely provide a source + citation. If you just looked at a source and paraphrased it in your own words, you don't need to use quotations, but it is still best to cite the source. If in doubt, always provide a source + citation! It's unlikely anyone will fault you for offering too many citations or listing too many sources. How should I cite something? Great question! See how I linked to the university's actual post on plagiarism ( the source ) and quoted the plagiarism types that they named. Notice that I didn't try to misappropriate these ideas as my own in any way and made it explicitly clear that this information came from Bowdoin University. This allows readers to do more research at the original source and ensures that the writers receive fair credit. A Note on AI Assisted Plagiarism We understand that there are AI tools (like ChatGPT) that can be used to aid in content creation. When used responsibly, these tools can be really cool and are generally allowed on the platform. However, these tools also have the potential for abuse. Please review our guidelines for using AI-assisted tools in your writing here: Guidelines for AI-assisted Articles on DEV Erin Bensinger for The DEV Team ・ Dec 19 '22 #meta #chatgpt #writing #abotwrotethis You should check out the full guidelines, but in regards to plagiarism, take care not to use AI to copy someone’s work unwittingly… and of course, don’t do it on purpose either! Always do your research and be responsible, making sure to cite sources if appropriate and disclose whatever tool you used to write your article. And even then, using AI does not excuse you from posting an article that plagiarizes others’ works. If we discover that you have done so, we will act to unpublish any offending posts and may suspend your DEV account. Be mindful and don’t let your usage of AI cause you to plagiarize. How to Recognize & Report Plagiarism? Now that you know how to properly cite sources, let's talk a bit about how to recognize plagiarism and where to go to report it. Recognizing Plagiarism Sometimes you just get the feeling that something is being plagiarized. Maybe you feel like you read it somewhere before. Or perhaps you notice a sharp change in the author’s voice. Maybe you see strange errors that occur from copying/pasting! Do a little detective work by dropping chunks of the text into your search engine of choice (or try the “quick search” option on plagium.com), and see if you can find any results with similar wording. If you do, report it to us ! (More on that below!) And of course, plagiarism doesn’t just happen in writing — it’s just as important to attribute images, code, videos, and other media. If you see a graph (or code block) you recognize from elsewhere, try to place it, and again, let us know. You might find the reverse image search at tineye.com helpful for seeing if an image is plagiarized! Other times, you may notice that someone isn't taking content from another source word-for-word, but their content feels too close to the original for comfort. Alternatively, maybe their graph is in blue instead of red like the original, or maybe their code has slightly different variables but is otherwise the same as someone else’s. If you feel like it’s off, report it and let us know why! What about those times when someone seems to be claiming that a repo or CodePen is theirs (when it's not)? ... Definitely reportable! As for examples that likely should not be reported: someone is reposting their own work that they first posted elsewhere someone is giving a shout-out to someone else's work or has written a companion piece/response to someone else's post (while making it clear it's unaffiliated) Reporting Plagiarism If you believe you’ve encountered plagiarism or copyright violations, the absolute BEST action you can take is to report the post and provide any evidence you have. Reporting the post sends it directly to our community team to take action. If you're unsure, it's okay to send it to us for review... we won't penalize you for being mistaken. All this said, we do not recommend calling anyone out in the comments section — as we discussed before, plagiarism can be accidental and/or is sometimes enforced differently in a variety of cultures. We ask that you simply report the post rather than getting personally involved which could accidentally trigger arguments, hurt feelings, or possibly even further conduct violations. Thank you! If you have questions or feedback about our approach, we encourage you to contact us via support@dev.to . If you believe that someone isn't following these guidelines, please don't hesitate to report them to us via our Report Abuse page . Also, if you want to help enforce the Code of Conduct, you might consider becoming a DEV moderator. Visit the DEV Community Moderation page for more information on roles and how to get involved. Thanks! 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:09 |
https://dev.to/thekarlesi/secure-authentication-in-nextjs-building-a-production-ready-login-system-4m7#1-the-architecture-of-authjs-in-the-app-router | Secure Authentication in Next.js: Building a Production-Ready Login System - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Esimit Karlgusta Posted on Jan 4 Secure Authentication in Next.js: Building a Production-Ready Login System # nextjs # programming # webdev # beginners Secure Authentication in Next.js: Building a Production-Ready Login System Every great SaaS product begins at the same point: the login page. It is the gatekeeper of your user data and the first interaction your customers have with your professional application. Yet, for many developers, setting up authentication feels like a high-stakes puzzle where a single mistake can lead to security vulnerabilities or a frustrated user base. If you have ever struggled with session management, wondered how to securely store user credentials, or felt overwhelmed by the complexity of OAuth providers, you are in the right place. In this lesson, we are going to strip away the confusion and build a robust, secure authentication system using Auth.js (NextAuth v5) within the Next.js App Router framework. The Problem: The "Homegrown" Auth Trap Many developers start by trying to build their own authentication logic. They create a users table in MongoDB, hash passwords with bcrypt, and try to manage JWTs (JSON Web Tokens) manually in cookies. While this is a great academic exercise, it is often a recipe for disaster in a production SaaS environment. Manual auth systems frequently suffer from: Security Gaps: Improperly configured cookies or CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) vulnerabilities. Maintenance Burden: Keeping up with changing security standards and API updates from providers like Google or GitHub. UX Friction: Hard-to-implement features like "Forgot Password," "Magic Links," or social logins. The Shift: Moving to Auth.js The professional way to handle this in 2026 is by using a library that does the heavy lifting for you. Auth.js is the standard for anyone wanting to Learn Next.js for SaaS . It handles session management, multi-provider support, and database integration out of the box, allowing you to focus on your core product features instead of reinventing the security wheel. By shifting to an established library, you gain the confidence that your sessions are handled via encrypted, server-only cookies. You also get an easy path to adding "Login with Google," which significantly increases conversion rates for modern SaaS products. Deep Dive: Setting Up Your Auth Workflow To build a complete SaaS, we need a flexible system. We will implement two main strategies: Email/Password (Credentials) for traditional users and Google OAuth for a frictionless experience. 1. The Architecture of Auth.js in the App Router In the Next.js App Router, authentication happens primarily on the server. We use a combination of: The Auth Configuration File: Where we define our providers and callbacks. Middleware: To protect routes before they even hit the browser. Server Actions: To handle login and signup logic securely. 2. Initial Setup and Environment Variables First, we need to install the necessary packages. In your terminal, run: npm install next-auth@beta mongodb @auth/mongodb-adapter bcryptjs Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Before writing code, we must define our environment variables. These are secrets that should never be committed to GitHub. Create a .env.local\ file: AUTH_SECRET=your_super_secret_random_string NEXT_PUBLIC_APP_URL=http://localhost:3000 AUTH_GOOGLE_ID=your_google_client_id AUTH_GOOGLE_SECRET=your_google_client_secret MONGODB_URI=your_mongodb_connection_string Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. Configuring the Auth Library We will create a central configuration file. This is the heart of your security system. It tells Next.js how to talk to your database and how to verify users. File: auth.ts (Root directory) import NextAuth from " next-auth " ; import Google from " next-auth/providers/google " ; import Credentials from " next-auth/providers/credentials " ; import { MongoDBAdapter } from " @auth/mongodb-adapter " ; import clientPromise from " @/lib/mongodb " ; import bcrypt from " bcryptjs " ; export const { handlers , auth , signIn , signOut } = NextAuth ({ adapter : MongoDBAdapter ( clientPromise ), providers : [ Google , Credentials ({ name : " credentials " , credentials : { email : { label : " Email " , type : " email " }, password : { label : " Password " , type : " password " }, }, async authorize ( credentials ) { if ( ! credentials ?. email || ! credentials ?. password ) return null ; const dbClient = await clientPromise ; const user = await dbClient . db (). collection ( " users " ). findOne ({ email : credentials . email }); if ( ! user || ! user . password ) return null ; const isValid = await bcrypt . compare ( credentials . password as string , user . password ); return isValid ? { id : user . _id . toString (), email : user . email } : null ; }, }), ], session : { strategy : " jwt " }, pages : { signIn : " /login " , }, callbacks : { async session ({ session , token }) { if ( token . sub && session . user ) { session . user . id = token . sub ; } return session ; }, }, }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 4. Creating the Login UI with Tailwind and DaisyUI A SaaS needs a professional-looking login page. Using Tailwind CSS and DaisyUI, we can build a clean, responsive form that works on any device. File: app/(auth)/login/page.tsx import { signIn } from " @/auth " ; export default function LoginPage () { return ( < div className = "flex items-center justify-center min-h-screen bg-base-200" > < div className = "card w-full max-w-md shadow-2xl bg-base-100" > < div className = "card-body" > < h2 className = "text-3xl font-bold text-center mb-6" > Welcome Back </ h2 > < form action = { async () => { " use server " ; await signIn ( " google " , { redirectTo : " /dashboard " }); } } > < button className = "btn btn-outline w-full flex items-center gap-2" > Continue with Google </ button > </ form > < div className = "divider text-xs uppercase text-base-content/50" > or </ div > < form className = "space-y-4" > < div className = "form-control" > < label className = "label" > < span className = "label-text" > Email </ span > </ label > < input type = "email" placeholder = "email@example.com" className = "input input-bordered" required /> </ div > < div className = "form-control" > < label className = "label" > < span className = "label-text" > Password </ span > </ label > < input type = "password" placeholder = "••••••••" className = "input input-bordered" required /> </ div > < button className = "btn btn-primary w-full" > Sign In </ button > </ form > < p className = "text-center mt-4 text-sm" > Don't have an account? < a href = "/signup" className = "link link-primary" > Sign up </ a > </ p > </ div > </ div > </ div > ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 5. Protecting Routes with Middleware In a SaaS application, you don't want unauthorized users accessing the dashboard or settings pages. Instead of checking for a session on every single page, we use Next.js Middleware to handle this globally. File: middleware.ts (Root directory) import { auth } from " @/auth " ; export default auth (( req ) => { const isLoggedIn = !! req . auth ; const { nextUrl } = req ; const isAuthPage = nextUrl . pathname . startsWith ( " /login " ) || nextUrl . pathname . startsWith ( " /signup " ); const isDashboardPage = nextUrl . pathname . startsWith ( " /dashboard " ); if ( isDashboardPage && ! isLoggedIn ) { return Response . redirect ( new URL ( " /login " , nextUrl )); } if ( isAuthPage && isLoggedIn ) { return Response . redirect ( new URL ( " /dashboard " , nextUrl )); } }); export const config = { matcher : [ " /((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|favicon.ico).*) " ], }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Key Benefits and Learning Outcomes By following this workflow, you achieve several critical milestones in your development journey: Centralized Security: You have a single source of truth for your authentication logic. Database Synchronization: Your user accounts are automatically saved to MongoDB whenever someone logs in via Google. Improved Conversions: Providing OAuth options reduces the friction of creating an account, which is vital for any Build SaaS with Next.js project. Type Safety: Using TypeScript ensures that your session data is predictable throughout your components. Common Mistakes to Avoid Exposing the Secret: Never leave your AUTH_SECRET empty or use a simple string in production. Use a tool like openssl rand -base64 32 to generate a strong key. Client-Side Protection Only: Never rely solely on hiding UI elements to secure your app. Always verify the session on the server or through middleware. Forgetting Secure Cookies: In production, ensure your AUTH_URL uses HTTPS, otherwise Auth.js will not set secure cookies, and your login will fail. Pro Tips and Best Practices Use Server Components for Auth Checks: Whenever possible, check the session in a Server Component using the auth() function. It is faster and more secure than checking on the client. Custom Session Data: If you need to store extra info (like a user's subscription status), extend the session callback in auth.ts to include those fields from your MongoDB database. Graceful Error Handling: Redirect users to a custom error page if Google login fails, rather than letting the app crash or show a generic error. How This Fits Into the Zero to SaaS Journey Authentication is the foundation of the user experience. Once you have established who the user is, you can: Store their specific data in MongoDB. Link their account to a Stripe Customer ID for billing. Provide a personalized Build SaaS Dashboard Next.js Tailwind . Without a secure auth system, your SaaS cannot function because you cannot identify who to charge or whose data to display. Real-World Use Case: The Productivity Tool Imagine you are building a SaaS called TaskFlow. A user arrives at your landing page and clicks Get Started. They click Continue with Google. Auth.js redirects them to Google's secure portal. After they approve, Google sends a token back to your auth.ts handler. Auth.js checks your MongoDB. Since this is a new user, it automatically creates a new record in your users collection. The user is redirected to /dashboard, where your server component greets them: "Welcome!" Action Plan: What to Build Next To master this lesson, I want you to complete these four tasks: Initialize the Project: Set up a fresh Next.js project and install the dependencies. Configure Google Cloud: Go to the Google Cloud Console, create a project, and get your OAuth credentials. Build the Login Page: Use the Tailwind/DaisyUI code provided to create your own branded login screen. Test the Middleware: Create a protected /dashboard page and try to access it while logged out to ensure you are redirected. Take Your SaaS to the Next Level Building a secure login system is just the beginning. If you want to skip the trial and error and follow a proven path to a launched product, check out our comprehensive Zero to SaaS Next.js Course . We dive deep into advanced patterns, multi-tenant security, and production-ready deployments. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Esimit Karlgusta Follow Full Stack Developer Location Earth, for now :) Education BSc. IT Work Full Stack Developer Joined Mar 31, 2020 More from Esimit Karlgusta How to Handle Stripe and Paystack Webhooks in Next.js (The App Router Way) # api # nextjs # security # tutorial Stop Coding Login Screens: A Senior Developer’s Guide to Building SaaS That Actually Ships # webdev # programming # beginners # tutorial Zero to SaaS vs ShipFast, Which One Actually Helps You Build a Real SaaS? # nextjs # beginners # webdev # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Data Science Follow Hide Data Science allows us to extract meaning from and interpret data. Create Post submission guidelines Articles and discussions should be directly related to the data science. Questions are encouraged! (See the #help tag) Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Using AI to Predict Football and Basketball Matches: Ideas and Challenges qf hong qf hong qf hong Follow Jan 13 Using AI to Predict Football and Basketball Matches: Ideas and Challenges # showdev # ai # datascience # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read Garbage In, Powerhouse Out? (Nope.) Why Your Data Foundation Matters More Than AI Brian Cariveau Brian Cariveau Brian Cariveau Follow Jan 13 Garbage In, Powerhouse Out? (Nope.) 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https://dev.to/dinesh_04/day-2-foundation-for-game-designers-if2 | 🎮 Day 2 – Foundation for Game Designers - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Dinesh Posted on Dec 28, 2025 • Edited on Jan 12 🎮 Day 2 – Foundation for Game Designers # design # gamedev # computerscience # gamechallenge Game Designing and Development (17 Part Series) 1 🕹️ Game Designer or Game Developer? Don’t Decide Too Early 2 🎮 Day 2 – Foundation for Game Designers ... 13 more parts... 3 🎮 Day 3 – Understanding GDD (Game Design Document) 4 🎮 Learning Game Development – Day 4 5 🎮 Learning Game Development – Day 5 Basics of Color Theory 6 I thought materials in Unreal Engine were just about colors. I was wrong. They’re more about logic than visuals. 7 🎮 Learning Game Development – Day 7 8 🎮 Learning Game Development – Day 8 9 🎮 Learning Game Development – Day 9 10 Understanding Starter Content and Selection Mode in Unreal Engine (Day 10) 11 Actor Panel and Landscape Tool Basics in Unreal Engine (Day 11) 12 Learning Landscape Heightmaps and Sculpting Tools in Unreal Engine (Day 12) 13 Learning the Foliage Tool in Unreal Engine (Day 13) 14 Creating Materials in Unreal Engine 5 and Understanding ORM Textures (Day 14) 15 How I Turned a Static Character into a Moving One in Unreal Engine 16 Why My First Animation Blueprint Didn’t Work in Unreal Engine 17 How Speed Finally Made My Character Feel Alive Today, I focused on one of the most important foundations of game design: drawing. I started with perspective drawing — one-point, two-point, and three-point perspectives. After practicing these, I began to understand how to draw objects more accurately in space. Next, I explored basic color theory.Nothing advanced yet, but learning how colors work together is essential, even at an early stage. One key realization from today was how important imagination is in game design.When designing props, you can’t always rely on references. You need to visualize how an object looks from different angles and perspectives. Day 2 taught me: Strong drawing basics matter Perspective is essential Imagination is just as important as tools Slow progress — but a solid foundation. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Dinesh Follow I am currently learning Game Designing and Development. I also share my learning journey on Medium site (profile link in website url). Location Chennai, India Education Monolith Research and Training labs Joined Dec 27, 2025 More from Dinesh How Speed Finally Made My Character Feel Alive # gamedev # unrealengine # beginners # animation Why My First Animation Blueprint Didn’t Work in Unreal Engine # gamedev # unrealengine # beginners # animation How I Turned a Static Character into a Moving One in Unreal Engine # gamedev # unrealengine # beginners # animation 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/thekarlesi/secure-authentication-in-nextjs-building-a-production-ready-login-system-4m7#common-mistakes-to-avoid | Secure Authentication in Next.js: Building a Production-Ready Login System - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Esimit Karlgusta Posted on Jan 4 Secure Authentication in Next.js: Building a Production-Ready Login System # nextjs # programming # webdev # beginners Secure Authentication in Next.js: Building a Production-Ready Login System Every great SaaS product begins at the same point: the login page. It is the gatekeeper of your user data and the first interaction your customers have with your professional application. Yet, for many developers, setting up authentication feels like a high-stakes puzzle where a single mistake can lead to security vulnerabilities or a frustrated user base. If you have ever struggled with session management, wondered how to securely store user credentials, or felt overwhelmed by the complexity of OAuth providers, you are in the right place. In this lesson, we are going to strip away the confusion and build a robust, secure authentication system using Auth.js (NextAuth v5) within the Next.js App Router framework. The Problem: The "Homegrown" Auth Trap Many developers start by trying to build their own authentication logic. They create a users table in MongoDB, hash passwords with bcrypt, and try to manage JWTs (JSON Web Tokens) manually in cookies. While this is a great academic exercise, it is often a recipe for disaster in a production SaaS environment. Manual auth systems frequently suffer from: Security Gaps: Improperly configured cookies or CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) vulnerabilities. Maintenance Burden: Keeping up with changing security standards and API updates from providers like Google or GitHub. UX Friction: Hard-to-implement features like "Forgot Password," "Magic Links," or social logins. The Shift: Moving to Auth.js The professional way to handle this in 2026 is by using a library that does the heavy lifting for you. Auth.js is the standard for anyone wanting to Learn Next.js for SaaS . It handles session management, multi-provider support, and database integration out of the box, allowing you to focus on your core product features instead of reinventing the security wheel. By shifting to an established library, you gain the confidence that your sessions are handled via encrypted, server-only cookies. You also get an easy path to adding "Login with Google," which significantly increases conversion rates for modern SaaS products. Deep Dive: Setting Up Your Auth Workflow To build a complete SaaS, we need a flexible system. We will implement two main strategies: Email/Password (Credentials) for traditional users and Google OAuth for a frictionless experience. 1. The Architecture of Auth.js in the App Router In the Next.js App Router, authentication happens primarily on the server. We use a combination of: The Auth Configuration File: Where we define our providers and callbacks. Middleware: To protect routes before they even hit the browser. Server Actions: To handle login and signup logic securely. 2. Initial Setup and Environment Variables First, we need to install the necessary packages. In your terminal, run: npm install next-auth@beta mongodb @auth/mongodb-adapter bcryptjs Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Before writing code, we must define our environment variables. These are secrets that should never be committed to GitHub. Create a .env.local\ file: AUTH_SECRET=your_super_secret_random_string NEXT_PUBLIC_APP_URL=http://localhost:3000 AUTH_GOOGLE_ID=your_google_client_id AUTH_GOOGLE_SECRET=your_google_client_secret MONGODB_URI=your_mongodb_connection_string Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. Configuring the Auth Library We will create a central configuration file. This is the heart of your security system. It tells Next.js how to talk to your database and how to verify users. File: auth.ts (Root directory) import NextAuth from " next-auth " ; import Google from " next-auth/providers/google " ; import Credentials from " next-auth/providers/credentials " ; import { MongoDBAdapter } from " @auth/mongodb-adapter " ; import clientPromise from " @/lib/mongodb " ; import bcrypt from " bcryptjs " ; export const { handlers , auth , signIn , signOut } = NextAuth ({ adapter : MongoDBAdapter ( clientPromise ), providers : [ Google , Credentials ({ name : " credentials " , credentials : { email : { label : " Email " , type : " email " }, password : { label : " Password " , type : " password " }, }, async authorize ( credentials ) { if ( ! credentials ?. email || ! credentials ?. password ) return null ; const dbClient = await clientPromise ; const user = await dbClient . db (). collection ( " users " ). findOne ({ email : credentials . email }); if ( ! user || ! user . password ) return null ; const isValid = await bcrypt . compare ( credentials . password as string , user . password ); return isValid ? { id : user . _id . toString (), email : user . email } : null ; }, }), ], session : { strategy : " jwt " }, pages : { signIn : " /login " , }, callbacks : { async session ({ session , token }) { if ( token . sub && session . user ) { session . user . id = token . sub ; } return session ; }, }, }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 4. Creating the Login UI with Tailwind and DaisyUI A SaaS needs a professional-looking login page. Using Tailwind CSS and DaisyUI, we can build a clean, responsive form that works on any device. File: app/(auth)/login/page.tsx import { signIn } from " @/auth " ; export default function LoginPage () { return ( < div className = "flex items-center justify-center min-h-screen bg-base-200" > < div className = "card w-full max-w-md shadow-2xl bg-base-100" > < div className = "card-body" > < h2 className = "text-3xl font-bold text-center mb-6" > Welcome Back </ h2 > < form action = { async () => { " use server " ; await signIn ( " google " , { redirectTo : " /dashboard " }); } } > < button className = "btn btn-outline w-full flex items-center gap-2" > Continue with Google </ button > </ form > < div className = "divider text-xs uppercase text-base-content/50" > or </ div > < form className = "space-y-4" > < div className = "form-control" > < label className = "label" > < span className = "label-text" > Email </ span > </ label > < input type = "email" placeholder = "email@example.com" className = "input input-bordered" required /> </ div > < div className = "form-control" > < label className = "label" > < span className = "label-text" > Password </ span > </ label > < input type = "password" placeholder = "••••••••" className = "input input-bordered" required /> </ div > < button className = "btn btn-primary w-full" > Sign In </ button > </ form > < p className = "text-center mt-4 text-sm" > Don't have an account? < a href = "/signup" className = "link link-primary" > Sign up </ a > </ p > </ div > </ div > </ div > ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 5. Protecting Routes with Middleware In a SaaS application, you don't want unauthorized users accessing the dashboard or settings pages. Instead of checking for a session on every single page, we use Next.js Middleware to handle this globally. File: middleware.ts (Root directory) import { auth } from " @/auth " ; export default auth (( req ) => { const isLoggedIn = !! req . auth ; const { nextUrl } = req ; const isAuthPage = nextUrl . pathname . startsWith ( " /login " ) || nextUrl . pathname . startsWith ( " /signup " ); const isDashboardPage = nextUrl . pathname . startsWith ( " /dashboard " ); if ( isDashboardPage && ! isLoggedIn ) { return Response . redirect ( new URL ( " /login " , nextUrl )); } if ( isAuthPage && isLoggedIn ) { return Response . redirect ( new URL ( " /dashboard " , nextUrl )); } }); export const config = { matcher : [ " /((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|favicon.ico).*) " ], }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Key Benefits and Learning Outcomes By following this workflow, you achieve several critical milestones in your development journey: Centralized Security: You have a single source of truth for your authentication logic. Database Synchronization: Your user accounts are automatically saved to MongoDB whenever someone logs in via Google. Improved Conversions: Providing OAuth options reduces the friction of creating an account, which is vital for any Build SaaS with Next.js project. Type Safety: Using TypeScript ensures that your session data is predictable throughout your components. Common Mistakes to Avoid Exposing the Secret: Never leave your AUTH_SECRET empty or use a simple string in production. Use a tool like openssl rand -base64 32 to generate a strong key. Client-Side Protection Only: Never rely solely on hiding UI elements to secure your app. Always verify the session on the server or through middleware. Forgetting Secure Cookies: In production, ensure your AUTH_URL uses HTTPS, otherwise Auth.js will not set secure cookies, and your login will fail. Pro Tips and Best Practices Use Server Components for Auth Checks: Whenever possible, check the session in a Server Component using the auth() function. It is faster and more secure than checking on the client. Custom Session Data: If you need to store extra info (like a user's subscription status), extend the session callback in auth.ts to include those fields from your MongoDB database. Graceful Error Handling: Redirect users to a custom error page if Google login fails, rather than letting the app crash or show a generic error. How This Fits Into the Zero to SaaS Journey Authentication is the foundation of the user experience. Once you have established who the user is, you can: Store their specific data in MongoDB. Link their account to a Stripe Customer ID for billing. Provide a personalized Build SaaS Dashboard Next.js Tailwind . Without a secure auth system, your SaaS cannot function because you cannot identify who to charge or whose data to display. Real-World Use Case: The Productivity Tool Imagine you are building a SaaS called TaskFlow. A user arrives at your landing page and clicks Get Started. They click Continue with Google. Auth.js redirects them to Google's secure portal. After they approve, Google sends a token back to your auth.ts handler. Auth.js checks your MongoDB. Since this is a new user, it automatically creates a new record in your users collection. The user is redirected to /dashboard, where your server component greets them: "Welcome!" Action Plan: What to Build Next To master this lesson, I want you to complete these four tasks: Initialize the Project: Set up a fresh Next.js project and install the dependencies. Configure Google Cloud: Go to the Google Cloud Console, create a project, and get your OAuth credentials. Build the Login Page: Use the Tailwind/DaisyUI code provided to create your own branded login screen. Test the Middleware: Create a protected /dashboard page and try to access it while logged out to ensure you are redirected. Take Your SaaS to the Next Level Building a secure login system is just the beginning. If you want to skip the trial and error and follow a proven path to a launched product, check out our comprehensive Zero to SaaS Next.js Course . We dive deep into advanced patterns, multi-tenant security, and production-ready deployments. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Esimit Karlgusta Follow Full Stack Developer Location Earth, for now :) Education BSc. IT Work Full Stack Developer Joined Mar 31, 2020 More from Esimit Karlgusta How to Handle Stripe and Paystack Webhooks in Next.js (The App Router Way) # api # nextjs # security # tutorial Stop Coding Login Screens: A Senior Developer’s Guide to Building SaaS That Actually Ships # webdev # programming # beginners # tutorial Zero to SaaS vs ShipFast, Which One Actually Helps You Build a Real SaaS? # nextjs # beginners # webdev # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:09 |
https://perlweekly.com/archive/755.html | Perl Weekly Issue #755 - 2026-01-12 - Does TIOBE help Perl? Perl Weekly Issue #755 - 2026-01-12 - Does TIOBE help Perl? latest | archive | edited by Gabor Szabo This edition was made possible by the supporters of our cause . Don't miss the next issue! Enter your e-mail: --> --> Hi there! Dave Cross has an article showing position of Perl on the TIOBE index. As I don't see any up-tick in new subscribers to the Perl Weekly nor do I see any increase in the MetaCPAN activity I keep track of, I doubt that the changes in the position reflects actual changes in the market. However I wonder, could the TIOBE index have an impact on the interest in Perl? How and when could we see that? Speaking of the MetaCPAN report , I'd love if someone sent a PR to the Perl Weekly that would generates same graphs using these numbers. Here is the issue for it. And another comment related to those stats. I just noticed that the No CI column went up from 30-40% to 80-90% in recent weeks. I wonder why? Is it because some changes in the way I am collecting the data or are those real changes? Is it real change? I also just noticed some negative numbers in the No VCS (%) column. That's not good. I guess I have to investigate this. Maybe during one of the Perl code reading and open source contribution events. Enjoy your week! Gabor Szabo Announcements New York Perlmongers (NY.PM) by James E Keenan New York Perlmongers ( NY.PM ) has a new mailing-list organized as a Google Group. Sign up here . (Note: we are not doing unrequested transfers from our previous mailing list.) NY.PM social event: Thursday, January 15, 6:00 pm EST at Barcade, 148 West 24 St, Manhattan: send-off for a long-time member returning to the U.K. ANNOUNCE: Perl.Wiki V 1.37 by Ron Savage ( RSAVAGE ) Get it, as usual, from his Wiki Haven . Articles Marlin Racing by Toby Inkster ( TOBYINK ) Which of the 7 OOP frameworks of Perl is the fastest? The Perl Claude Agent by Robert Acock It's a library that brings the agentic capabilities of Claude Code into your Perl applications. Manwar sending a Pull-Request to JQ::Lite by Mohammad Sajid Anwar ( MANWAR ) This video was recorded during the most recent Perl code reading and open source contribution event. For links check out the OSDC Perl page and join us at our next event! Perl in the TIOBE Index by Dave Cross ( DAVECROSS ) See also the discussion . DBIx::Class::Async - UPDATE by Mohammad Sajid Anwar ( MANWAR ) Discussion nfo - a user-friendly info reader Why do you need Perl for this? - asks the first commenter. convert string to regex Allowing your users to put regexes in a configuration file. Is it a good idea? How to do it? MetaCPAN perlmodules.net is (was) down for 1-2 weeks by Alexander Karelas ( KARJALA ) Is the MetaCPAN API changing? The ElasticSearch upgrade on MetaCPAN impaceted a number of other web site, but it seems things are working again. Perl This week in PSC (210) | 2026-01-05 The Weekly Challenge The Weekly Challenge by Mohammad Sajid Anwar will help you step out of your comfort-zone. You can even win prize money of $50 by participating in the weekly challenge. We pick one champion at the end of the month from among all of the contributors during the month, thanks to the sponsor Lance Wicks. The Weekly Challenge - 356 by Mohammad Sajid Anwar ( MANWAR ) Welcome to a new week with a couple of fun tasks "Kolakoski Sequence" and "Who Wins". If you are new to the weekly challenge then why not join us and have fun every week. For more information, please read the FAQ . RECAP - The Weekly Challenge - 355 by Mohammad Sajid Anwar ( MANWAR ) Enjoy a quick recap of last week's contributions by Team PWC dealing with the "Thousand Separator" and "Mountain Array" tasks in Perl and Raku. You will find plenty of solutions to keep you busy. Mountain Separator by Arne Sommer The post demonstrates an idiomatic and compact use of Raku for typical programming challenges. It balances expressive language features with clarity, though readers unfamiliar with hyperoperators and the pipeline style might need supplemental explanation. Perl Weekly Challenge: Week 355 by Jaldhar H. Vyas Technically solid, readable, and well-structured. The solutions are both correct and practical, illustrating good problem decomposition and Perl/Raku coding style. Separated Mountains by Jorg Sommrey Efficient and idiomatic Perl for the thousand separator using a classic unpack pattern.️ A formally defined mountain array solution with vectorised and language-diverse implementations. number formatting and sorting by Luca Ferrari This is a well‑engineered, comprehensive, and professionally presented technical write‑up that goes beyond minimal solutions to showcase how to solve the Weekly Challenge across ecosystems. It favors clarity and breadth over micro‑optimizations, making it valuable for learners and polyglot developers alike. Perl Weekly Challenge 355 by W Luis Mochan The solutions for Weekly Challenge #355 are technically strong, correct, and efficient. Task 2 (Mountain Array) leverages PDL for vectorized comparisons, producing a concise, single-pass check for mountain arrays while correctly handling edge cases such as plateaus and short arrays. Thousand Mountains by Matthias Muth This is technically excellent, showing a high level of Perl proficiency, algorithmic awareness, and performance consciousness. Both tasks are solved correctly, with multiple alternative implementations explored and benchmarked, demonstrating a thoughtful and professional approach rather than a "just pass the tests" mentality. Oh to live on Array Mountain… by Packy Anderson ( PACKY ) This post is a strong, well-executed multi-language technical write-up that emphasizes algorithmic reasoning, clarity of transformation, and comparative programming paradigms over minimalism or raw performance. Thousands of mountains by Peter Campbell Smith This submission demonstrates strong problem understanding, solid algorithmic choices, and pragmatic Perl coding. The solutions are intentionally explicit, readable, and correct, favoring clarity and single-pass logic over clever one-liners. Both tasks are handled with approaches that scale reasonably and align well with Perl’s strengths. The Weekly Challenge #355 by Robbie Hatley This submission is technically strong, correct, and deliberately written for clarity and maintainability rather than brevity. It reflects an experienced Perl programmer who values explicit logic, readable structure, and thorough documentation. Mountains by the Thousand by Roger Bell West ( FIREDRAKE ) This is a thoughtful, well-structured solution to both Weekly Challenge tasks, with a clear emphasis on explicit logic and state-based reasoning rather than relying on library tricks. Roger demonstrates good cross-language fluency and a solid grasp of algorithm design. Commify every mountain by Simon Green ( SGREEN ) This post delivers clean, pragmatic, and idiomatic solutions to both tasks in The Weekly Challenge #355. It emphasizes using the right tool for the job, clarity, and efficiency over algorithmic novelty. Weekly collections NICEPERL's lists by Miguel Prz ( NICEPERL ) Great CPAN modules released last week . Events Perl Maven online: Live Open Source contribution January 24, 2025 Boston.pm - online February 10, 2025 German Perl/Raku Workshop 2026 in Berlin March 16-18, 2025 You know, you could get the Perl Weekly right in your mailbox. Every Week. Free of charge! Enter your e-mail: --> --> Just ONE e-mail each Monday. Easy to unsubscribe . No spam. Your e-mail address is safe. (C) Copyright Gabor Szabo . The articles are copyright the respective authors. This newsletter is about the Perl programming language. Sections: Announcements Articles Discussion MetaCPAN Perl The Weekly Challenge Weekly collections Events | 2026-01-13T08:49:09 |
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https://dev.to/exploredataaiml/building-an-autonomous-medical-pre-authorization-agent-my-experiment-with-ai-in-healthcare-25h5 | Building an Autonomous Medical Pre-Authorization Agent: My Experiment with AI in Healthcare - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Aniket Hingane Posted on Jan 12 Building an Autonomous Medical Pre-Authorization Agent: My Experiment with AI in Healthcare # ai # python # agents # healthcare TL;DR I built an "Autonomous Medical Pre-Authorization Agent" that simulates a multi-agent workflow to review patient clinical notes against insurance policies. Using Python and simple agentic patterns, I explored how AI can potentially streamline one of the most painful administrative bottlenecks in healthcare. The project includes a Policy Analyst, Clinical Reviewer, and Decision Engine, all working together to approve or deny requests with explainable rationale. (GitHub Repo Link at the bottom!) Introduction In my opinion, one of the most impactful areas for Generative AI isn't just writing emails—it's decision support in high-stakes domains like healthcare. I've always been fascinated by the complexity of medical billing and authorization. The friction between providers wanting to treat patients and payers needing to verify necessity creates a massive administrative burden. I thought, "Why not build a Proof of Concept (PoC) agent that can handle this?" Not to replace doctors, but to act as a tireless assistant that can parse 50-page policy documents and match them against patient records in seconds. This article documents my journey building a Medical Pre-Authorization Agent . It's an experimental project where I designed a system to autonomously ingest insurance rules, analyze a patient's history, and render a coverage decision with a confidence score. What's This Article About? This article is a technical walkthrough of building a specialized AI agent system. It covers: Designing a Multi-Agent Architecture : separating concerns between policy understanding and clinical analysis. Structuring Medical Data : handling mock Electronic Health Records (EHR) and policy documents. The Decision Logic : How to synthesize findings into a final "Approved" or "Denied" verdict. Building the Tooling : Creating a professional CLI interface to visualize the agent's "thinking" process. I wrote this to show that "Agentic AI" doesn't have to be overly complex. With the right structure, you can model sophisticated reasoning tasks effectively. Tech Stack For this experiment, I kept the stack lean but powerful: Python 3.12 : The backbone of the logic. Rich : I used this library extensively to create a professional, readable terminal output. It’s crucial for debugging agent flows. Mermaid.js : For generating the architecture diagrams (via Python scripts). Mock Data Generators : Custom classes to create realistic but synthetic patient scenarios (e.g., MRI requests for lower back pain). Why Read It? If you are: A developer looking to move beyond simple chatbots to "Agents that do things". Interested in the intersection of AI and Healthcare operations. Curious about how to structure a Python project for clarity and maintainability. Then this experiment is for you. I share my exact thought process, the code structure, and the visual results. Let's Design I started by breaking down the human process of prior authorization. Usually, a nurse or medical coder: Reads the specific insurance policy for the requested procedure. Identifies the "Medical Necessity Criteria" (the checklist). Scours the patient's chart for evidence matching that checklist. Makes a decision based on the match. I decided to mimic this exact flow with three distinct agents: Policy Analyst : "Reads" the policy and extracts the rules. Clinical Reviewer : "Reads" the patient notes and finds the proof. Decision Engine : Compares the two and acts as the judge throughout the process. This separation of concerns is critical. If I put everything into one massive prompt, the logic gets muddy. By splitting them, I can debug exactly where the failure happens—did we miss a policy rule? Or did we miss a clinical note? Let's Get Cooking Here is how I structured the implementation. I'll walk you through the core components. 1. The Data Models First, I needed to define what our "documents" look like. I used Python dataclasses to create structured representations of our mock data. @dataclass class PatientCase : patient_id : str name : str age : int diagnosis_code : str procedure_code : str clinical_notes : str @dataclass class InsurancePolicy : policy_id : str policy_name : str procedure_code : str criteria : List [ str ] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In my opinion, defining strict types early on saves a headache later. It ensures every agent knows exactly what data format to expect. 2. The Clinical Reviewer Agent This agent is responsible for the "investigation" phase. It takes the un-structured text of clinical notes and tries to find structured boolean evidence. class ClinicalReviewer : def __init__ ( self ): self . role = " Clinical Reviewer " def review_case ( self , case : PatientCase ) -> Dict [ str , bool ]: logger . info ( f " [ { self . role } ] Reviewing Clinical Notes for Patient: { case . patient_id } ... " ) # In a real scenario, an LLM would process the text here. # For this PoC, we simulate the extraction logic. findings = { " pain_duration_met " : " 8 weeks " in case . clinical_notes , " conservative_therapy_met " : " 6 weeks of physical therapy " in case . clinical_notes , " neuro_findings_met " : " Positive Straight Leg Raise " in case . clinical_notes , " red_flags_absent " : " No weight loss, fever " in case . clinical_notes } return findings Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode I designed this to be deterministic for the demo, but in a production version, this review_case method would be an API call to a model like Gemini or GPT-4, passing the notes and asking for JSON output. 3. The Decision Engine This is where the magic happens. The engine takes the policy criteria and the clinical findings and computes a verdict. class DecisionEngine : def __init__ ( self ): self . role = " Medical Director (AI) " def make_decision ( self , findings : Dict [ str , bool ], criteria : List [ str ]) -> Dict [ str , str ]: # Simple logic: If all clinical findings match the policy criteria, approve. all_criteria_met = all ( findings . values ()) decision = " APPROVED " if all_criteria_met else " DENIED " confidence = " High (98.5%) " return { " status " : decision , " confidence " : confidence , " rationale " : " Patient meets all medical necessity guidelines. " } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode I think this modularity is powerful. I could swap out the "Decision Engine" for a human-in-the-loop if the confidence score is low, without rewriting the other agents. Let's Setup If you want to run this experiment yourself, I've made it straightforward. Step 1: Clone the Repository git clone https://github.com/aniket-work/medical-preauth-agent.git cd medical-preauth-agent Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Step 2: Install Dependencies pip install -r requirements.txt Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Step 3: Run the Agent python main.py Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode I made sure to include a requirements.txt so you don't have to guess the versions. It relies mainly on rich for the interface and requests if you want to extend it with real API calls. Let's Run When you run the agent, you'll see a simulated real-time processing of a medical case. I designed the terminal output to be "hyper-realistic"—showing the logs as the agents "read" and "think". It builds trust in the system when you can see the intermediate steps rather than just a black-box answer. The final output is a clean summary table: ============== REPORT CARD ============== Patient ID: PT-2024-8921 Procedure: MRI Lumbar Spine (72148) Status: APPROVED [✅] Confidence: 98.5% Reasoning: Patient meets all medical necessity guidelines for MRI Lumbar Spine. ========================================= Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In my experience, presentation matters. Even a backend script should communicate its value clearly to the user. Closing Thoughts Building this Autonomous Medical Pre-Authorization Agent was a compelling exercise. It reinforced my belief that "Agentic workflows"—where you break a complex job into smaller, specialized roles are the future of automation in complex domains. Instead of asking one giant AI model to "do billing," we can have a "Reader," a "Checker," and a "Decider." Each can be optimized, tested, and audited independently. The full code is available below. Feel free to fork it and add your own "Denial Appeals" agent! GitHub Repo: https://github.com/aniket-work/medical-preauth-agent Disclaimer The views and opinions expressed here are solely my own and do not represent the views, positions, or opinions of my employer or any organization I am affiliated with. The content is based on my personal experience and experimentation and may be incomplete or incorrect. Any errors or misinterpretations are unintentional, and I apologize in advance if any statements are misunderstood or misrepresented. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Aniket Hingane Follow Passionate about simplifying software concepts and design through concise articles. Making complexity accessible, one short piece at a time. Location Toronto, Canada Joined Oct 16, 2022 More from Aniket Hingane I Built an Autonomous Insurance Claims Agent (Because I Hate Paperwork) # python # ai # automation # programming I Built an Autonomous Insurance Claims Agent (Because I Hate Paperwork) # python # ai # automation # programming I Built an Autonomous Insurance Claims Agent (Because I Hate Paperwork) # python # ai # automation # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/how-to-avoid-plagiarism#recognizing-plagiarism | Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism on DEV - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism on DEV This guide was last updated by the DEV Team on July 19th 2023 and is based on DEV Community: How to Avoid Plagiarism . As DEV continues to grow, we want to ensure that DEV remains a place of integrity and inclusiveness. At DEV, we use Community Moderation as a tool to maintain a respectful and positive environment. It is important to us that we provide you all with the tools to identify and flag problems that may affect a single author or countless DEV users. In this post, we hope to provide simple and effective guidance to combat plagiarism as a community. Whether you’re reporting plagiarism as you stumble upon it or learning how to avoid it in your own writing, hopefully, you find this resource helpful! What is Plagiarism? Oxford Languages defines plagiarism as, "the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own," however, plagiarism is multifaceted and it’s not always so clear as this. Bowdoin University wrote a great breakdown of the four most common types of plagiarism , in tl:dr fashion these are: "Direct Plagiarism" "Self Plagiarism" "Mosaic Plagiarism" "Accidental Plagiarism" Let's take a little deeper look into each… Direct Plagiarism is the most blatant form of plagiarism we encounter. This pertains to a user copying and pasting content from another blog, piece of media, or document, and claiming it as their own. Self Plagiarism is described through an academic lens in the Bowdoin University article which is not as relevant to our community, but we can think of this in a different way. For instance, you could potentially self-plagiarize by reposting an article you wrote for a company or publication, if they own your work. In many circumstances, these places will be happy for you to repost your work elsewhere, but make sure that you understand the terms and conditions of your writing before reposting. Mosaic Plagiarism generally starts when someone is inspired by another user's work and wants to write about the same topic. This occasionally manifests as copying and pasting certain passages of someone else’s work or as Bowdoin says “ finds synonyms for the author’s language while keeping to the same general structure and meaning of the original ” but failing to cite the original author. (Notice how we were able to link directly to the specific language in the text... every extra step we can take to clarify where the info came from is ideal!) Accidental Plagiarism happens when folks misquote their sources, forget to cite sources, or copy their sources too closely by accident (like mosaic plagiarism). How to Avoid Plagiarizing Someone's Work? Luckily, avoiding plagiarism is pretty easy once you know how to identify it. Typically, it is as simple as providing a straightforward source and citation to any media you use that is not your own in your post. When should I cite something? If you're pulling information from an external source that you did not create, you should always cite where the information came from. For example, say you're writing an article on using an npm package, axios, and you're using information from their documentation — you should link their docs in your article. This not only gives them credit for their work but also helps the DEV community in case someone wants to do more research about the topic. If you copy a source directly — use quotes and absolutely provide a source + citation. If you just looked at a source and paraphrased it in your own words, you don't need to use quotations, but it is still best to cite the source. If in doubt, always provide a source + citation! It's unlikely anyone will fault you for offering too many citations or listing too many sources. How should I cite something? Great question! See how I linked to the university's actual post on plagiarism ( the source ) and quoted the plagiarism types that they named. Notice that I didn't try to misappropriate these ideas as my own in any way and made it explicitly clear that this information came from Bowdoin University. This allows readers to do more research at the original source and ensures that the writers receive fair credit. A Note on AI Assisted Plagiarism We understand that there are AI tools (like ChatGPT) that can be used to aid in content creation. When used responsibly, these tools can be really cool and are generally allowed on the platform. However, these tools also have the potential for abuse. Please review our guidelines for using AI-assisted tools in your writing here: Guidelines for AI-assisted Articles on DEV Erin Bensinger for The DEV Team ・ Dec 19 '22 #meta #chatgpt #writing #abotwrotethis You should check out the full guidelines, but in regards to plagiarism, take care not to use AI to copy someone’s work unwittingly… and of course, don’t do it on purpose either! Always do your research and be responsible, making sure to cite sources if appropriate and disclose whatever tool you used to write your article. And even then, using AI does not excuse you from posting an article that plagiarizes others’ works. If we discover that you have done so, we will act to unpublish any offending posts and may suspend your DEV account. Be mindful and don’t let your usage of AI cause you to plagiarize. How to Recognize & Report Plagiarism? Now that you know how to properly cite sources, let's talk a bit about how to recognize plagiarism and where to go to report it. Recognizing Plagiarism Sometimes you just get the feeling that something is being plagiarized. Maybe you feel like you read it somewhere before. Or perhaps you notice a sharp change in the author’s voice. Maybe you see strange errors that occur from copying/pasting! Do a little detective work by dropping chunks of the text into your search engine of choice (or try the “quick search” option on plagium.com), and see if you can find any results with similar wording. If you do, report it to us ! (More on that below!) And of course, plagiarism doesn’t just happen in writing — it’s just as important to attribute images, code, videos, and other media. If you see a graph (or code block) you recognize from elsewhere, try to place it, and again, let us know. You might find the reverse image search at tineye.com helpful for seeing if an image is plagiarized! Other times, you may notice that someone isn't taking content from another source word-for-word, but their content feels too close to the original for comfort. Alternatively, maybe their graph is in blue instead of red like the original, or maybe their code has slightly different variables but is otherwise the same as someone else’s. If you feel like it’s off, report it and let us know why! What about those times when someone seems to be claiming that a repo or CodePen is theirs (when it's not)? ... Definitely reportable! As for examples that likely should not be reported: someone is reposting their own work that they first posted elsewhere someone is giving a shout-out to someone else's work or has written a companion piece/response to someone else's post (while making it clear it's unaffiliated) Reporting Plagiarism If you believe you’ve encountered plagiarism or copyright violations, the absolute BEST action you can take is to report the post and provide any evidence you have. Reporting the post sends it directly to our community team to take action. If you're unsure, it's okay to send it to us for review... we won't penalize you for being mistaken. All this said, we do not recommend calling anyone out in the comments section — as we discussed before, plagiarism can be accidental and/or is sometimes enforced differently in a variety of cultures. We ask that you simply report the post rather than getting personally involved which could accidentally trigger arguments, hurt feelings, or possibly even further conduct violations. Thank you! If you have questions or feedback about our approach, we encourage you to contact us via support@dev.to . If you believe that someone isn't following these guidelines, please don't hesitate to report them to us via our Report Abuse page . Also, if you want to help enforce the Code of Conduct, you might consider becoming a DEV moderator. Visit the DEV Community Moderation page for more information on roles and how to get involved. Thanks! 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:09 |
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Please see the PSF PyCon Trademark Usage Policy for details. "PyLadies" is a trademark of the PSF. Please see the PyLadies Trademark Usage Policy for details. All trademarks, even those that apply to open source software, must be used according to certain legal requirements. If these requirements are not met, the trademark may be endangered or lost. One of these requirements is for the trademark owner (in this case, the PSF) to maintain standards for using its trademarks, and to enforce acceptable use of the trademarks by taking action against parties that violate those standards. Trademark law is mainly a way to protect the public, rather than the trademark holder. This means that uses of trademarks that confuse consumers -- which in our case would include our developer and user community, or anyone else who might be likely to use the Python programming language -- are not permitted under law. As the owner of the trademark, we must be sure the mark is used properly, so the community is not confused. That is what we mean when we say that an unpoliced trademark may be endangered or lost. When the trademark no longer represents a certain level of quality to the community, or no longer indicates that we are the source of the products that bear the trademark, the trademark loses its value. Underlying PSF's trademark policy is a set of guidelines for what is -- and is not -- acceptable use of PSF's trademarks, specifically the word mark "Python", the Python logos, and variations of those marks. This policy describes the uses generally approved by PSF for its trademarks. However, if you violate this policy, or otherwise take actions that may compromise the goodwill or trademarks of PSF, or expose PSF to liability, PSF may require you to cease all use of any PSF trademark, regardless of the uses allowed in this policy. General Goals In general, we want the word mark "Python" and the Python logos to be used with minimal restriction to refer to the Python programming language. We do not want these trademarks to be used: to refer to any other programming language in a way that is misleading or may imply association of unrelated modules, tools, documentation, or other resources with the Python programming language in ways that confuse the community as to whether the Python programming language is open source and free to use Uses that Never Require Approval All trademarks are subject to "nominative use rules" that allow use of the trademark to name the trademarked entity in a way that is minimal and does not imply a sponsorship relationship with the trademark holder. As such, stating accurately that software is written in the Python programming language, that it is compatible with the Python programming language, or that it contains the Python programming language, is always allowed. In those cases, you may use the word "Python" or the unaltered logos to indicate this, without our prior approval. This is true both for non-commercial and commercial uses. This clause overrides other clauses of this policy. However, if you have any doubts about your intended use of the trademarks, please contact the PSF Trademarks Committee . Uses that Always Require Approval Any commercial use of the PSF trademarks in product or company names must be approved first by the PSF. Some uses, like calling a company "The Python Company," or a product "Python Language" or "Python IDE" will be refused. This is because they are overly broad, or confusing as to whether the Python programming language is open source or commercial, or whether your product or organization is affiliated with or sponsored by PSF. Any use of a derived (modified) logo for any commercial purpose must also be approved first by the PSF. We will generally be unable to do this, because of the confusion it may cause. As a guideline, modifications that leave the shape -- but not necessarily the colors -- unaltered are likely to be approved. Inclusion of other visual elements at an offset to the logo is generally acceptable (subject to other terms of this policy). Modifications that modify or obscure any part of the shape of the logo will not be approved. To support the PSF's non-profit mission, the Foundation suggests that entities using the Python name or logo consider making a donation to the PSF. Donations to the Python Software Foundation may be made on our donation page . How to Use the Trademarks Although many uses of PSF's trademarks are governed by more specific rules, which appear in the examples below, the following basic guidelines apply to almost any use of PSF's trademarks. If the trademark is registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, it is referred to as a registered mark. The first or most prominent mention of a Python trademark should be immediately followed by a symbol for registered trademark: "®" or "(r)". For example "Python® ..." This requirement is waived in all contexts where such marks are not normally included: email, online discussion, non-graphical advertisements (when permitted), and academic papers. We encourage the use of the symbol whenever possible, but recognize that many non-commercial and informal uses will omit it. The Python logos are not currently registered. (We will post an update to this policy if they are registered later.) These logos should be used in the form provided by the PSF, and should be accompanied by a symbol for unregistered trademarks: "(TM)" or a small TM "™". This may not be removed or obscured and must always be included with the logo. Try to give the word "Python" distinctive graphic treatment wherever possible. The trademark should be set apart from surrounding text by using ALLCAPS, italics , emphasized or underlined fonts. If the word "Python" or the Python logos are used in certain contexts, the following statement should accompany its use: "Python" and the Python logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of the Python Software Foundation, used by ___________ with permission from the Foundation. For websites and documentation this can be on a "legal statements" page. For brochures and published articles, this statement is optional. We encourage use of this statement, particularly for published materials, but recognize some non-commercial and informal uses will omit it. Always use any trademark as an adjective only, followed by a generic noun. For instance, it is correct to refer to the Python programming language (adjective) but not simply to Python (noun). Don't use the trademark as a verb ("Python your software today!"). Examples We have specific rules for the following uses: Use of the word "Python" in text, or as text in 3rd party logos and trademarks. Use of one of the PSF-provided logo variants in unaltered form. Use of a logo derived from the Python logos. For example, use of the intertwined snake graphic combined with different text, or with no text, or in combination with other graphic elements. The following rules apply to the use of trademarks in each of these three classes. The word "Python" Use of the word "Python" in the names of freely distributed products like IronPython, wxPython, Python Extensions, etc. -- Allowed when referring to use with or suitability for the Python programming language. For commercial products, contact the PSF for permission. Use of the word "Python" in company names -- Allowed only by prior written permission from the PSF. Use of the word "Python" when redistributing the Python programming language as part of a freely distributed application -- Allowed. If the standard version of the Python programming language is modified, this should be clearly indicated. For commercial distributions, contact the PSF for permission if your use is not covered by the nominative use rules described in the section " Uses that Never Require Approval " above. Use of the word "Python" in the names of user groups and conferences that are free to join or attend (Ex., "Dallas Python Users Group") -- Allowed if for the Python programming language. Other uses require permission. Use of the word "Python" in the name of books or publications like "Python Journal" and "Python Cookbook" -- Allowed if for the Python programming language. Use of the word "Python" on websites, brochures, documentation, and product packaging -- Allowed if referring to the Python programming language. Please follow the rules above about the use of the circle-R symbol. Use of the word "Python" in advertisements -- Allowed in most cases by the nominative use rules described in the section " Uses that Never Require Approval " above. Other uses in ads only with prior permission. Use of the word "Python" in email and informally -- Allowed without the circle-R symbol. Use of the word "Python" in academic papers, theses, and books -- Allowed without the circle-R symbol. Books should include the symbol. Use of the word "Python" in another trademark -- Not allowed without prior written permission from the PSF, except as described above. Unaltered Logos Use of unaltered PSF-provided logos on T-shirts, mugs, etc. -- Again, non-commercial uses to promote the Python programming language are allowed. Commercial uses (which includes any use where you sell these items for money) require permission from PSF. Please reproduce our logos with the right colors and fonts; if you need help, let us know. Use of unaltered PSF-provided logos on websites, brochures, and product packaging. The "intertwined snakes" graphic alone is an unaltered version, whether or not accompanied by the words in PSF-provided logos. Non-commercial uses to promote the Python programming language are allowed, as are all nominative uses as described in the section " Uses that Never Require Approval ". Any other commercial uses require prior written permission from PSF. Derived Logos Derived logos must always be sufficiently different from the Python logos to allow the community to tell the difference. For example, if you want to create a derived logo for a local Python user group, you might be able to insert an unaltered Python logo graphic into the local group's name in a way that does not cause confusion. But confusingly similar derived logos are not allowed. This includes entwining Python logos with other logos, or connecting them together in a confusing manner. Logos that simply change the colors or fonts require permission from the PSF Trademarks Committee. Use of freely distributable derived logos as icons for files and executables -- Allowed if used to refer to the Python programming language. Commercial users should obtain permission before using derived logos as icons for proprietary file formats. Use of derived logos for user groups and conferences -- Allowed if used to refer to the Python programming language. Commercial user groups and for-profit conferences require permission from the PSF. Use of derived logos for freely distributed 3rd-party modules or tools -- Allowed if for the Python programming language. Use of derived logos for commercial modules and tools requires permission from the PSF. We recommend contacting the PSF for permission for all derived logos to avoid placing a confusing logo into wide-spread use. Contacting us is not a requirement for the specific non-commercial uses listed above, or when using freely distributable derived logos that have already been approved by the PSF. However, obtaining permission from the PSF is required in all other uses of a derived logo. Notes The word mark "Python" is a registered trademark in the United States of America. See http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=76044902 . PSF sponsors and members do not receive any preferential treatment under this policy. Commercial trademark uses that predate this policy (prior to June 2006) do not require permission from the PSF if the use is consistent with this policy. However, if you think you may have used the PSF trademarks in the past in ways that would violate this policy, we recommend seeking permission. Although we are not generally in the business of suing for past infringement of our trademarks, the PSF does reserve the right to deny trademark use that violates this policy. Past use in violation of this policy does not confer a right to continue that use. ( Please note: We are not currently aware of any prior commercial uses of the trademarks that do violate this policy.) Note The PSF Trademark Usage Policy above was approved by the PSF Board of Directors on November 13, 2006. See the PSF Board Resolutions page for details. The first publicly released version of the document was 1.2.2. Version 1.3 was approved by the PSF board January 8, 2007. It clarifies how the policy relates to nominative use rules, and adjusts the derived logo examples to avoid unnecessary restrictions on commercial use of certain types of derived logos. Helping Out As a member of the Python community, please keep an eye out for questionable uses of the Python logo and "Python" word mark. You can report potential misuse to The PSF Trademarks Committee . We will evaluate each case and take appropriate action. Please do not approach users of the trademarks with a complaint. That should be left to the PSF and its representatives. Thanks! License for this Policy Interested parties may adapt this policy document freely under the Creative Commons CC0 license : To the extent possible under law, the Python Software Foundation has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to the "PSF Trademark Usage Policy". This work is published from the United States. The PSF The Python Software Foundation is the organization behind Python. 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Right menu Why HMAC Is the Right Choice for Webhook Security (and Why Spubhi Makes It Simple) Spubhi Spubhi Spubhi Follow Jan 5 Why HMAC Is the Right Choice for Webhook Security (and Why Spubhi Makes It Simple) # api # backend # security Comments Add Comment 3 min read Pickle.loads() Executando Código Arbitrário cardoso cardoso cardoso Follow Jan 6 Pickle.loads() Executando Código Arbitrário # programming # security Comments Add Comment 2 min read Secure your AWS credentials on GitHub Actions with OIDC V-ris Jaijongrak V-ris Jaijongrak V-ris Jaijongrak Follow for AWS Community Builders Jan 7 Secure your AWS credentials on GitHub Actions with OIDC # aws # github # cloudnative # security Comments Add Comment 3 min read Automate your Ansible upgrade and migration process XLAB Steampunk XLAB Steampunk XLAB Steampunk Follow Jan 6 Automate your Ansible upgrade and migration process # ansible # ansibleplaybooks # security # compliance Comments Add Comment 3 min read I Built an App After Getting Catfished 3 Times Arsene Muyen Lee Arsene Muyen Lee Arsene Muyen Lee Follow Jan 7 I Built an App After Getting Catfished 3 Times # 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https://dev.to/thekarlesi/secure-authentication-in-nextjs-building-a-production-ready-login-system-4m7#2-initial-setup-and-environment-variables | Secure Authentication in Next.js: Building a Production-Ready Login System - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Esimit Karlgusta Posted on Jan 4 Secure Authentication in Next.js: Building a Production-Ready Login System # nextjs # programming # webdev # beginners Secure Authentication in Next.js: Building a Production-Ready Login System Every great SaaS product begins at the same point: the login page. It is the gatekeeper of your user data and the first interaction your customers have with your professional application. Yet, for many developers, setting up authentication feels like a high-stakes puzzle where a single mistake can lead to security vulnerabilities or a frustrated user base. If you have ever struggled with session management, wondered how to securely store user credentials, or felt overwhelmed by the complexity of OAuth providers, you are in the right place. In this lesson, we are going to strip away the confusion and build a robust, secure authentication system using Auth.js (NextAuth v5) within the Next.js App Router framework. The Problem: The "Homegrown" Auth Trap Many developers start by trying to build their own authentication logic. They create a users table in MongoDB, hash passwords with bcrypt, and try to manage JWTs (JSON Web Tokens) manually in cookies. While this is a great academic exercise, it is often a recipe for disaster in a production SaaS environment. Manual auth systems frequently suffer from: Security Gaps: Improperly configured cookies or CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) vulnerabilities. Maintenance Burden: Keeping up with changing security standards and API updates from providers like Google or GitHub. UX Friction: Hard-to-implement features like "Forgot Password," "Magic Links," or social logins. The Shift: Moving to Auth.js The professional way to handle this in 2026 is by using a library that does the heavy lifting for you. Auth.js is the standard for anyone wanting to Learn Next.js for SaaS . It handles session management, multi-provider support, and database integration out of the box, allowing you to focus on your core product features instead of reinventing the security wheel. By shifting to an established library, you gain the confidence that your sessions are handled via encrypted, server-only cookies. You also get an easy path to adding "Login with Google," which significantly increases conversion rates for modern SaaS products. Deep Dive: Setting Up Your Auth Workflow To build a complete SaaS, we need a flexible system. We will implement two main strategies: Email/Password (Credentials) for traditional users and Google OAuth for a frictionless experience. 1. The Architecture of Auth.js in the App Router In the Next.js App Router, authentication happens primarily on the server. We use a combination of: The Auth Configuration File: Where we define our providers and callbacks. Middleware: To protect routes before they even hit the browser. Server Actions: To handle login and signup logic securely. 2. Initial Setup and Environment Variables First, we need to install the necessary packages. In your terminal, run: npm install next-auth@beta mongodb @auth/mongodb-adapter bcryptjs Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Before writing code, we must define our environment variables. These are secrets that should never be committed to GitHub. Create a .env.local\ file: AUTH_SECRET=your_super_secret_random_string NEXT_PUBLIC_APP_URL=http://localhost:3000 AUTH_GOOGLE_ID=your_google_client_id AUTH_GOOGLE_SECRET=your_google_client_secret MONGODB_URI=your_mongodb_connection_string Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. Configuring the Auth Library We will create a central configuration file. This is the heart of your security system. It tells Next.js how to talk to your database and how to verify users. File: auth.ts (Root directory) import NextAuth from " next-auth " ; import Google from " next-auth/providers/google " ; import Credentials from " next-auth/providers/credentials " ; import { MongoDBAdapter } from " @auth/mongodb-adapter " ; import clientPromise from " @/lib/mongodb " ; import bcrypt from " bcryptjs " ; export const { handlers , auth , signIn , signOut } = NextAuth ({ adapter : MongoDBAdapter ( clientPromise ), providers : [ Google , Credentials ({ name : " credentials " , credentials : { email : { label : " Email " , type : " email " }, password : { label : " Password " , type : " password " }, }, async authorize ( credentials ) { if ( ! credentials ?. email || ! credentials ?. password ) return null ; const dbClient = await clientPromise ; const user = await dbClient . db (). collection ( " users " ). findOne ({ email : credentials . email }); if ( ! user || ! user . password ) return null ; const isValid = await bcrypt . compare ( credentials . password as string , user . password ); return isValid ? { id : user . _id . toString (), email : user . email } : null ; }, }), ], session : { strategy : " jwt " }, pages : { signIn : " /login " , }, callbacks : { async session ({ session , token }) { if ( token . sub && session . user ) { session . user . id = token . sub ; } return session ; }, }, }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 4. Creating the Login UI with Tailwind and DaisyUI A SaaS needs a professional-looking login page. Using Tailwind CSS and DaisyUI, we can build a clean, responsive form that works on any device. File: app/(auth)/login/page.tsx import { signIn } from " @/auth " ; export default function LoginPage () { return ( < div className = "flex items-center justify-center min-h-screen bg-base-200" > < div className = "card w-full max-w-md shadow-2xl bg-base-100" > < div className = "card-body" > < h2 className = "text-3xl font-bold text-center mb-6" > Welcome Back </ h2 > < form action = { async () => { " use server " ; await signIn ( " google " , { redirectTo : " /dashboard " }); } } > < button className = "btn btn-outline w-full flex items-center gap-2" > Continue with Google </ button > </ form > < div className = "divider text-xs uppercase text-base-content/50" > or </ div > < form className = "space-y-4" > < div className = "form-control" > < label className = "label" > < span className = "label-text" > Email </ span > </ label > < input type = "email" placeholder = "email@example.com" className = "input input-bordered" required /> </ div > < div className = "form-control" > < label className = "label" > < span className = "label-text" > Password </ span > </ label > < input type = "password" placeholder = "••••••••" className = "input input-bordered" required /> </ div > < button className = "btn btn-primary w-full" > Sign In </ button > </ form > < p className = "text-center mt-4 text-sm" > Don't have an account? < a href = "/signup" className = "link link-primary" > Sign up </ a > </ p > </ div > </ div > </ div > ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 5. Protecting Routes with Middleware In a SaaS application, you don't want unauthorized users accessing the dashboard or settings pages. Instead of checking for a session on every single page, we use Next.js Middleware to handle this globally. File: middleware.ts (Root directory) import { auth } from " @/auth " ; export default auth (( req ) => { const isLoggedIn = !! req . auth ; const { nextUrl } = req ; const isAuthPage = nextUrl . pathname . startsWith ( " /login " ) || nextUrl . pathname . startsWith ( " /signup " ); const isDashboardPage = nextUrl . pathname . startsWith ( " /dashboard " ); if ( isDashboardPage && ! isLoggedIn ) { return Response . redirect ( new URL ( " /login " , nextUrl )); } if ( isAuthPage && isLoggedIn ) { return Response . redirect ( new URL ( " /dashboard " , nextUrl )); } }); export const config = { matcher : [ " /((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|favicon.ico).*) " ], }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Key Benefits and Learning Outcomes By following this workflow, you achieve several critical milestones in your development journey: Centralized Security: You have a single source of truth for your authentication logic. Database Synchronization: Your user accounts are automatically saved to MongoDB whenever someone logs in via Google. Improved Conversions: Providing OAuth options reduces the friction of creating an account, which is vital for any Build SaaS with Next.js project. Type Safety: Using TypeScript ensures that your session data is predictable throughout your components. Common Mistakes to Avoid Exposing the Secret: Never leave your AUTH_SECRET empty or use a simple string in production. Use a tool like openssl rand -base64 32 to generate a strong key. Client-Side Protection Only: Never rely solely on hiding UI elements to secure your app. Always verify the session on the server or through middleware. Forgetting Secure Cookies: In production, ensure your AUTH_URL uses HTTPS, otherwise Auth.js will not set secure cookies, and your login will fail. Pro Tips and Best Practices Use Server Components for Auth Checks: Whenever possible, check the session in a Server Component using the auth() function. It is faster and more secure than checking on the client. Custom Session Data: If you need to store extra info (like a user's subscription status), extend the session callback in auth.ts to include those fields from your MongoDB database. Graceful Error Handling: Redirect users to a custom error page if Google login fails, rather than letting the app crash or show a generic error. How This Fits Into the Zero to SaaS Journey Authentication is the foundation of the user experience. Once you have established who the user is, you can: Store their specific data in MongoDB. Link their account to a Stripe Customer ID for billing. Provide a personalized Build SaaS Dashboard Next.js Tailwind . Without a secure auth system, your SaaS cannot function because you cannot identify who to charge or whose data to display. Real-World Use Case: The Productivity Tool Imagine you are building a SaaS called TaskFlow. A user arrives at your landing page and clicks Get Started. They click Continue with Google. Auth.js redirects them to Google's secure portal. After they approve, Google sends a token back to your auth.ts handler. Auth.js checks your MongoDB. Since this is a new user, it automatically creates a new record in your users collection. The user is redirected to /dashboard, where your server component greets them: "Welcome!" Action Plan: What to Build Next To master this lesson, I want you to complete these four tasks: Initialize the Project: Set up a fresh Next.js project and install the dependencies. Configure Google Cloud: Go to the Google Cloud Console, create a project, and get your OAuth credentials. Build the Login Page: Use the Tailwind/DaisyUI code provided to create your own branded login screen. Test the Middleware: Create a protected /dashboard page and try to access it while logged out to ensure you are redirected. Take Your SaaS to the Next Level Building a secure login system is just the beginning. If you want to skip the trial and error and follow a proven path to a launched product, check out our comprehensive Zero to SaaS Next.js Course . We dive deep into advanced patterns, multi-tenant security, and production-ready deployments. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Esimit Karlgusta Follow Full Stack Developer Location Earth, for now :) Education BSc. IT Work Full Stack Developer Joined Mar 31, 2020 More from Esimit Karlgusta How to Handle Stripe and Paystack Webhooks in Next.js (The App Router Way) # api # nextjs # security # tutorial Stop Coding Login Screens: A Senior Developer’s Guide to Building SaaS That Actually Ships # webdev # programming # beginners # tutorial Zero to SaaS vs ShipFast, Which One Actually Helps You Build a Real SaaS? # nextjs # beginners # webdev # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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Right menu Building Custom Composite Components with STDF in Svelte Lucas Bennett Lucas Bennett Lucas Bennett Follow Jan 10 Building Custom Composite Components with STDF in Svelte # webdev # programming # javascript # beginners Comments Add Comment 7 min read Interactive Program Developement - Semester Project Aleena Mubashar Aleena Mubashar Aleena Mubashar Follow Jan 10 Interactive Program Developement - Semester Project # discuss # programming # beginners # computerscience Comments 1 comment 4 min read Neiler-64 Neil Neil Neil Follow Jan 10 Neiler-64 # programming # ai # beginners # opensource Comments Add Comment 2 min read Mastering React DevTools: A Comprehensive Guide to Efficient Debugging Beleke Ian Beleke Ian Beleke Ian Follow Jan 11 Mastering React DevTools: A Comprehensive Guide to Efficient Debugging # programming # react # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read Quark's Outlines: Python Arithmetic Conversions Mike Vincent Mike Vincent Mike Vincent Follow Jan 10 Quark's Outlines: Python Arithmetic Conversions # python # programming # beginners # tutorial Comments Add Comment 5 min read HTML-101 #2. 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https://dev.to/thekarlesi/secure-authentication-in-nextjs-building-a-production-ready-login-system-4m7#5-protecting-routes-with-middleware | Secure Authentication in Next.js: Building a Production-Ready Login System - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Esimit Karlgusta Posted on Jan 4 Secure Authentication in Next.js: Building a Production-Ready Login System # nextjs # programming # webdev # beginners Secure Authentication in Next.js: Building a Production-Ready Login System Every great SaaS product begins at the same point: the login page. It is the gatekeeper of your user data and the first interaction your customers have with your professional application. Yet, for many developers, setting up authentication feels like a high-stakes puzzle where a single mistake can lead to security vulnerabilities or a frustrated user base. If you have ever struggled with session management, wondered how to securely store user credentials, or felt overwhelmed by the complexity of OAuth providers, you are in the right place. In this lesson, we are going to strip away the confusion and build a robust, secure authentication system using Auth.js (NextAuth v5) within the Next.js App Router framework. The Problem: The "Homegrown" Auth Trap Many developers start by trying to build their own authentication logic. They create a users table in MongoDB, hash passwords with bcrypt, and try to manage JWTs (JSON Web Tokens) manually in cookies. While this is a great academic exercise, it is often a recipe for disaster in a production SaaS environment. Manual auth systems frequently suffer from: Security Gaps: Improperly configured cookies or CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) vulnerabilities. Maintenance Burden: Keeping up with changing security standards and API updates from providers like Google or GitHub. UX Friction: Hard-to-implement features like "Forgot Password," "Magic Links," or social logins. The Shift: Moving to Auth.js The professional way to handle this in 2026 is by using a library that does the heavy lifting for you. Auth.js is the standard for anyone wanting to Learn Next.js for SaaS . It handles session management, multi-provider support, and database integration out of the box, allowing you to focus on your core product features instead of reinventing the security wheel. By shifting to an established library, you gain the confidence that your sessions are handled via encrypted, server-only cookies. You also get an easy path to adding "Login with Google," which significantly increases conversion rates for modern SaaS products. Deep Dive: Setting Up Your Auth Workflow To build a complete SaaS, we need a flexible system. We will implement two main strategies: Email/Password (Credentials) for traditional users and Google OAuth for a frictionless experience. 1. The Architecture of Auth.js in the App Router In the Next.js App Router, authentication happens primarily on the server. We use a combination of: The Auth Configuration File: Where we define our providers and callbacks. Middleware: To protect routes before they even hit the browser. Server Actions: To handle login and signup logic securely. 2. Initial Setup and Environment Variables First, we need to install the necessary packages. In your terminal, run: npm install next-auth@beta mongodb @auth/mongodb-adapter bcryptjs Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Before writing code, we must define our environment variables. These are secrets that should never be committed to GitHub. Create a .env.local\ file: AUTH_SECRET=your_super_secret_random_string NEXT_PUBLIC_APP_URL=http://localhost:3000 AUTH_GOOGLE_ID=your_google_client_id AUTH_GOOGLE_SECRET=your_google_client_secret MONGODB_URI=your_mongodb_connection_string Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. Configuring the Auth Library We will create a central configuration file. This is the heart of your security system. It tells Next.js how to talk to your database and how to verify users. File: auth.ts (Root directory) import NextAuth from " next-auth " ; import Google from " next-auth/providers/google " ; import Credentials from " next-auth/providers/credentials " ; import { MongoDBAdapter } from " @auth/mongodb-adapter " ; import clientPromise from " @/lib/mongodb " ; import bcrypt from " bcryptjs " ; export const { handlers , auth , signIn , signOut } = NextAuth ({ adapter : MongoDBAdapter ( clientPromise ), providers : [ Google , Credentials ({ name : " credentials " , credentials : { email : { label : " Email " , type : " email " }, password : { label : " Password " , type : " password " }, }, async authorize ( credentials ) { if ( ! credentials ?. email || ! credentials ?. password ) return null ; const dbClient = await clientPromise ; const user = await dbClient . db (). collection ( " users " ). findOne ({ email : credentials . email }); if ( ! user || ! user . password ) return null ; const isValid = await bcrypt . compare ( credentials . password as string , user . password ); return isValid ? { id : user . _id . toString (), email : user . email } : null ; }, }), ], session : { strategy : " jwt " }, pages : { signIn : " /login " , }, callbacks : { async session ({ session , token }) { if ( token . sub && session . user ) { session . user . id = token . sub ; } return session ; }, }, }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 4. Creating the Login UI with Tailwind and DaisyUI A SaaS needs a professional-looking login page. Using Tailwind CSS and DaisyUI, we can build a clean, responsive form that works on any device. File: app/(auth)/login/page.tsx import { signIn } from " @/auth " ; export default function LoginPage () { return ( < div className = "flex items-center justify-center min-h-screen bg-base-200" > < div className = "card w-full max-w-md shadow-2xl bg-base-100" > < div className = "card-body" > < h2 className = "text-3xl font-bold text-center mb-6" > Welcome Back </ h2 > < form action = { async () => { " use server " ; await signIn ( " google " , { redirectTo : " /dashboard " }); } } > < button className = "btn btn-outline w-full flex items-center gap-2" > Continue with Google </ button > </ form > < div className = "divider text-xs uppercase text-base-content/50" > or </ div > < form className = "space-y-4" > < div className = "form-control" > < label className = "label" > < span className = "label-text" > Email </ span > </ label > < input type = "email" placeholder = "email@example.com" className = "input input-bordered" required /> </ div > < div className = "form-control" > < label className = "label" > < span className = "label-text" > Password </ span > </ label > < input type = "password" placeholder = "••••••••" className = "input input-bordered" required /> </ div > < button className = "btn btn-primary w-full" > Sign In </ button > </ form > < p className = "text-center mt-4 text-sm" > Don't have an account? < a href = "/signup" className = "link link-primary" > Sign up </ a > </ p > </ div > </ div > </ div > ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 5. Protecting Routes with Middleware In a SaaS application, you don't want unauthorized users accessing the dashboard or settings pages. Instead of checking for a session on every single page, we use Next.js Middleware to handle this globally. File: middleware.ts (Root directory) import { auth } from " @/auth " ; export default auth (( req ) => { const isLoggedIn = !! req . auth ; const { nextUrl } = req ; const isAuthPage = nextUrl . pathname . startsWith ( " /login " ) || nextUrl . pathname . startsWith ( " /signup " ); const isDashboardPage = nextUrl . pathname . startsWith ( " /dashboard " ); if ( isDashboardPage && ! isLoggedIn ) { return Response . redirect ( new URL ( " /login " , nextUrl )); } if ( isAuthPage && isLoggedIn ) { return Response . redirect ( new URL ( " /dashboard " , nextUrl )); } }); export const config = { matcher : [ " /((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|favicon.ico).*) " ], }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Key Benefits and Learning Outcomes By following this workflow, you achieve several critical milestones in your development journey: Centralized Security: You have a single source of truth for your authentication logic. Database Synchronization: Your user accounts are automatically saved to MongoDB whenever someone logs in via Google. Improved Conversions: Providing OAuth options reduces the friction of creating an account, which is vital for any Build SaaS with Next.js project. Type Safety: Using TypeScript ensures that your session data is predictable throughout your components. Common Mistakes to Avoid Exposing the Secret: Never leave your AUTH_SECRET empty or use a simple string in production. Use a tool like openssl rand -base64 32 to generate a strong key. Client-Side Protection Only: Never rely solely on hiding UI elements to secure your app. Always verify the session on the server or through middleware. Forgetting Secure Cookies: In production, ensure your AUTH_URL uses HTTPS, otherwise Auth.js will not set secure cookies, and your login will fail. Pro Tips and Best Practices Use Server Components for Auth Checks: Whenever possible, check the session in a Server Component using the auth() function. It is faster and more secure than checking on the client. Custom Session Data: If you need to store extra info (like a user's subscription status), extend the session callback in auth.ts to include those fields from your MongoDB database. Graceful Error Handling: Redirect users to a custom error page if Google login fails, rather than letting the app crash or show a generic error. How This Fits Into the Zero to SaaS Journey Authentication is the foundation of the user experience. Once you have established who the user is, you can: Store their specific data in MongoDB. Link their account to a Stripe Customer ID for billing. Provide a personalized Build SaaS Dashboard Next.js Tailwind . Without a secure auth system, your SaaS cannot function because you cannot identify who to charge or whose data to display. Real-World Use Case: The Productivity Tool Imagine you are building a SaaS called TaskFlow. A user arrives at your landing page and clicks Get Started. They click Continue with Google. Auth.js redirects them to Google's secure portal. After they approve, Google sends a token back to your auth.ts handler. Auth.js checks your MongoDB. Since this is a new user, it automatically creates a new record in your users collection. The user is redirected to /dashboard, where your server component greets them: "Welcome!" Action Plan: What to Build Next To master this lesson, I want you to complete these four tasks: Initialize the Project: Set up a fresh Next.js project and install the dependencies. Configure Google Cloud: Go to the Google Cloud Console, create a project, and get your OAuth credentials. Build the Login Page: Use the Tailwind/DaisyUI code provided to create your own branded login screen. Test the Middleware: Create a protected /dashboard page and try to access it while logged out to ensure you are redirected. Take Your SaaS to the Next Level Building a secure login system is just the beginning. If you want to skip the trial and error and follow a proven path to a launched product, check out our comprehensive Zero to SaaS Next.js Course . We dive deep into advanced patterns, multi-tenant security, and production-ready deployments. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Esimit Karlgusta Follow Full Stack Developer Location Earth, for now :) Education BSc. IT Work Full Stack Developer Joined Mar 31, 2020 More from Esimit Karlgusta How to Handle Stripe and Paystack Webhooks in Next.js (The App Router Way) # api # nextjs # security # tutorial Stop Coding Login Screens: A Senior Developer’s Guide to Building SaaS That Actually Ships # webdev # programming # beginners # tutorial Zero to SaaS vs ShipFast, Which One Actually Helps You Build a Real SaaS? # nextjs # beginners # webdev # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:09 |
https://dev.to/farhad_hossain_500d9cf52a/mouse-events-in-javascript-why-your-ui-flickers-and-how-to-fix-it-properly-hbf#react-makes-this-more-subtle | Mouse Events in JavaScript: Why Your UI Flickers (and How to Fix It Properly) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Farhad Hossain Posted on Jan 13 Mouse Events in JavaScript: Why Your UI Flickers (and How to Fix It Properly) # frontend # javascript # ui Hover interactions feel simple—until they quietly break your UI. Recently, while building a data table, I ran into a strange issue. Each row had an “Actions” column that appears when you hover over the row. It worked fine most of the time, but sometimes—especially when moving the mouse slowly or crossing row borders—the UI flickered. In some cases, two rows even showed actions at once. At first glance, it looked like a CSS or rendering bug. It wasn’t. It was a mouse event model problem . That experience led me to a deeper realization: Not all mouse events represent user intent. Some represent DOM mechanics—and confusing the two leads to fragile UI. Let’s unpack that. The Two Families of Mouse Hover Events JavaScript gives us two sets of hover events: Event Bubbles Fires when mouseover Yes Mouse enters an element or any of its children mouseout Yes Mouse leaves an element or any of its children mouseenter No Mouse enters the element itself mouseleave No Mouse leaves the element itself This difference seems subtle, but it’s one of the most important distinctions in UI engineering. Why mouseover Is Dangerous for UI State Consider this table row: <tr> <td>Name</td> <td class="actions"> <button>Edit</button> <button>Delete</button> </td> </tr> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode From a user’s perspective, they are still “hovering the row” when they move between the buttons. But from the browser’s perspective, something very different is happening: <tr> → <td> → <button> Each move fires new mouseover and mouseout events as the cursor travels through child elements. That means: Moving from one button to another fires mouseout on the first Which bubbles up And can look like the mouse “left the row” Your UI hears: “The row is no longer hovered.” The user never left. This mismatch between DOM movement and human intent is the root cause of flicker. How My Table Broke In my case: Each table row showed action buttons on hover Borders existed between rows When the mouse crossed that 1px border, it briefly exited one row before entering the next This triggered: mouseout → hide actions mouseover → show actions again Sometimes the timing was fast enough that: Two rows appeared active Or the UI flickered Nothing was “wrong” with the layout. The event model was simply lying about what the user was doing. Why mouseenter Solves This mouseenter and mouseleave behave very differently. They do not bubble. They only fire when the pointer actually enters or leaves the element itself—not its children. So this movement: <tr> → <td> → <button> Triggers: mouseenter(tr) Once. No false exits. No flicker. No state confusion. This makes them ideal for: Table rows Dropdown menus Tooltips Hover cards Any UI that should remain active while the cursor is inside In other words: mouseenter represents user intent mouseover represents DOM traversal When You Should Use Each Use mouseenter / mouseleave when: You are toggling UI state based on hover Child elements should not interrupt the hover Stability matters Examples: Row actions Navigation menus Profile cards Tooltips Use mouseover / mouseout when: You actually care about which child was entered. Examples: Image maps Per-icon tooltips Custom hover effects on individual elements Here, bubbling is useful. React Makes This More Subtle In React, onMouseOver and onMouseOut are wrapped in a synthetic event system. That adds another layer of propagation and re-rendering, which can amplify flicker and race conditions. This is why tables, dropdowns, and hover-driven UIs are often harder to get right than they look. A Practical Rule of Thumb If you are using mouseover to control UI visibility, you are probably building something fragile. Most hover-based UI should be built with: mouseenter mouseleave Because users don’t hover DOM nodes. They hover things . Final Thoughts That small flicker in my table wasn’t a bug—it was a reminder of how deep the browser’s event model really is. The best UI engineers don’t just write logic that works. They write logic that matches how humans actually interact with the screen. And sometimes, the difference between a glitchy UI and a rock-solid one is just a single event name. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Farhad Hossain Follow Joined Dec 10, 2025 More from Farhad Hossain How JavaScript Engines Optimize Objects, Arrays, and Maps (A V8 Performance Guide) # javascript # performance # webdev # softwareengineering 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:09 |
https://dev.to/t/react/page/1772#main-content | React Page 1772 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close React Follow Hide Official tag for Facebook's React JavaScript library for building user interfaces Create Post submission guidelines 1️⃣ Post Facebook's React ⚛ related posts/questions/discussion topics here~ 2️⃣ There are no silly posts or questions as we all learn from each other👩🎓👨🎓 3️⃣ Adhere to dev.to 👩💻👨💻 Code of Conduct about #react React is a declarative, component-based library, you can learn once, and write anywhere Editor Guide Check out this Editor Guide or this post to learn how to add code syntax highlights, embed CodeSandbox/Codepen, etc Official Documentations & Source Docs Tutorial Community Blog Source code on GitHub Improving Your Chances for a Reply by putting a minimal example to either JSFiddle , Code Sandbox , or StackBlitz . Describe what you want it to do, and things you've tried. Don't just post big blocks of code! Where else to ask questions StackOverflow tagged with [reactjs] Beginner's Thread / Easy Questions (Jan 2020) on r/reactjs subreddit. Note: a new "Beginner's Thread" created as sticky post on the first day of each month Learn in Public Don't afraid to post an article or being wrong. Learn in public . Older #react posts 1769 1770 1771 1772 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:09 |
https://dev.to/farhad_hossain_500d9cf52a/mouse-events-in-javascript-why-your-ui-flickers-and-how-to-fix-it-properly-hbf#use-raw-mouseenter-endraw-raw-mouseleave-endraw-when | Mouse Events in JavaScript: Why Your UI Flickers (and How to Fix It Properly) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. 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Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Farhad Hossain Posted on Jan 13 Mouse Events in JavaScript: Why Your UI Flickers (and How to Fix It Properly) # frontend # javascript # ui Hover interactions feel simple—until they quietly break your UI. Recently, while building a data table, I ran into a strange issue. Each row had an “Actions” column that appears when you hover over the row. It worked fine most of the time, but sometimes—especially when moving the mouse slowly or crossing row borders—the UI flickered. In some cases, two rows even showed actions at once. At first glance, it looked like a CSS or rendering bug. It wasn’t. It was a mouse event model problem . That experience led me to a deeper realization: Not all mouse events represent user intent. Some represent DOM mechanics—and confusing the two leads to fragile UI. Let’s unpack that. The Two Families of Mouse Hover Events JavaScript gives us two sets of hover events: Event Bubbles Fires when mouseover Yes Mouse enters an element or any of its children mouseout Yes Mouse leaves an element or any of its children mouseenter No Mouse enters the element itself mouseleave No Mouse leaves the element itself This difference seems subtle, but it’s one of the most important distinctions in UI engineering. Why mouseover Is Dangerous for UI State Consider this table row: <tr> <td>Name</td> <td class="actions"> <button>Edit</button> <button>Delete</button> </td> </tr> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode From a user’s perspective, they are still “hovering the row” when they move between the buttons. But from the browser’s perspective, something very different is happening: <tr> → <td> → <button> Each move fires new mouseover and mouseout events as the cursor travels through child elements. That means: Moving from one button to another fires mouseout on the first Which bubbles up And can look like the mouse “left the row” Your UI hears: “The row is no longer hovered.” The user never left. This mismatch between DOM movement and human intent is the root cause of flicker. How My Table Broke In my case: Each table row showed action buttons on hover Borders existed between rows When the mouse crossed that 1px border, it briefly exited one row before entering the next This triggered: mouseout → hide actions mouseover → show actions again Sometimes the timing was fast enough that: Two rows appeared active Or the UI flickered Nothing was “wrong” with the layout. The event model was simply lying about what the user was doing. Why mouseenter Solves This mouseenter and mouseleave behave very differently. They do not bubble. They only fire when the pointer actually enters or leaves the element itself—not its children. So this movement: <tr> → <td> → <button> Triggers: mouseenter(tr) Once. No false exits. No flicker. No state confusion. This makes them ideal for: Table rows Dropdown menus Tooltips Hover cards Any UI that should remain active while the cursor is inside In other words: mouseenter represents user intent mouseover represents DOM traversal When You Should Use Each Use mouseenter / mouseleave when: You are toggling UI state based on hover Child elements should not interrupt the hover Stability matters Examples: Row actions Navigation menus Profile cards Tooltips Use mouseover / mouseout when: You actually care about which child was entered. Examples: Image maps Per-icon tooltips Custom hover effects on individual elements Here, bubbling is useful. React Makes This More Subtle In React, onMouseOver and onMouseOut are wrapped in a synthetic event system. That adds another layer of propagation and re-rendering, which can amplify flicker and race conditions. This is why tables, dropdowns, and hover-driven UIs are often harder to get right than they look. A Practical Rule of Thumb If you are using mouseover to control UI visibility, you are probably building something fragile. Most hover-based UI should be built with: mouseenter mouseleave Because users don’t hover DOM nodes. They hover things . Final Thoughts That small flicker in my table wasn’t a bug—it was a reminder of how deep the browser’s event model really is. The best UI engineers don’t just write logic that works. They write logic that matches how humans actually interact with the screen. And sometimes, the difference between a glitchy UI and a rock-solid one is just a single event name. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Farhad Hossain Follow Joined Dec 10, 2025 More from Farhad Hossain How JavaScript Engines Optimize Objects, Arrays, and Maps (A V8 Performance Guide) # javascript # performance # webdev # softwareengineering 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:09 |
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Right menu Load Balancing a Simple Static Site with Docker and Nginx: A Beginner's Journey Niraj Maharjan Niraj Maharjan Niraj Maharjan Follow Jan 12 Load Balancing a Simple Static Site with Docker and Nginx: A Beginner's Journey # docker # nginx # loadbalance # beginners Comments Add Comment 11 min read Complete Guide: Deploying a Laravel + React Application on Kubernetes with Minikube Vishwa Pratap Singh Vishwa Pratap Singh Vishwa Pratap Singh Follow Jan 12 Complete Guide: Deploying a Laravel + React Application on Kubernetes with Minikube # kubernetes # docker # laravel # react 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 8 min read 🚀 Building a Modern PHP Microservices Architecture with Docker Alan Varghese Alan Varghese Alan Varghese Follow Jan 12 🚀 Building a Modern PHP Microservices Architecture with Docker # php # docker # microservices # devops Comments Add Comment 7 min read Here Are the 7 Best Resources to Master Docker Stack Overflowed Stack Overflowed Stack Overflowed Follow Jan 12 Here Are the 7 Best Resources to Master Docker # webdev # programming # docker # containers Comments Add Comment 4 min read [Golang] Deploy Docker Containers on GitHub with Heroku (One-Click) Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Golang] Deploy Docker Containers on GitHub with Heroku (One-Click) # docker # go # devops # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read Go-GORM: CRUD basico + Postgres Docker (Parte 1). Carlos Andres Lopez Carlos Andres Lopez Carlos Andres Lopez Follow Jan 12 Go-GORM: CRUD basico + Postgres Docker (Parte 1). # go # goorm # programacion # docker Comments Add Comment 5 min read Open WebUI: Self-Hosted LLM Interface Rost Rost Rost Follow Jan 11 Open WebUI: Self-Hosted LLM Interface # ai # llm # ollama # docker Comments Add Comment 13 min read Essential Docker Commands You Should Know Manikanta Yarramsetti Manikanta Yarramsetti Manikanta Yarramsetti Follow Jan 11 Essential Docker Commands You Should Know # docker # cli # programming Comments Add Comment 2 min read Docker Compose overview Megha Sharma Megha Sharma Megha Sharma Follow Jan 11 Docker Compose overview # docker # containers # devops # learning Comments Add Comment 6 min read Demystifying Docker - Part 2 Paul Clegg Paul Clegg Paul Clegg Follow Jan 11 Demystifying Docker - Part 2 # docker # laravel # containers # php Comments Add Comment 9 min read Build a Professional Real-Time Chat App with Docker, Flask, and Socket.IO Rodney Gitonga Rodney Gitonga Rodney Gitonga Follow Jan 10 Build a Professional Real-Time Chat App with Docker, Flask, and Socket.IO # showdev # tutorial # docker # python Comments Add Comment 2 min read My Portfolio on Google Cloud Run YogoCastro YogoCastro YogoCastro Follow Jan 11 My Portfolio on Google Cloud Run # portfolio # devops # docker # react Comments Add Comment 1 min read Containerizing & Orchestrating a Full-Stack E-commerce Platform with Docker and Kubernetes YADNESH RAUT YADNESH RAUT YADNESH RAUT Follow Jan 10 Containerizing & Orchestrating a Full-Stack E-commerce Platform with Docker and Kubernetes # docker # kubernetes # webdev # devops 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read vLLM Quickstart: High-Performance LLM Serving Rost Rost Rost Follow Jan 10 vLLM Quickstart: High-Performance LLM Serving # llm # ai # python # docker Comments Add Comment 18 min read Getting Started with Docker Ethan Zhang Ethan Zhang Ethan Zhang Follow Jan 9 Getting Started with Docker # docker # devops # tutorial # beginners Comments Add Comment 1 min read How I Bypassed Google's Broken Python SDK to Build an AI Pipeline in Docker Shashank Chakraborty Shashank Chakraborty Shashank Chakraborty Follow Jan 9 How I Bypassed Google's Broken Python SDK to Build an AI Pipeline in Docker # ai # docker # google # python Comments 1 comment 3 min read From Linux Primitives to Docker Swarm: A Deep Dive into Container Networking 🚀 Christian Ameachi Christian Ameachi Christian Ameachi Follow Jan 9 From Linux Primitives to Docker Swarm: A Deep Dive into Container Networking 🚀 # devops # docker # linux # networking 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Demystifying Docker Paul Clegg Paul Clegg Paul Clegg Follow Jan 9 Demystifying Docker # php # webdev # containers # docker Comments Add Comment 8 min read Dockerizing an Angular SSR App for Production (Single Origin + /api Proxy + Working Transfer Cache) Ultra Wizard Ultra Wizard Ultra Wizard Follow Jan 9 Dockerizing an Angular SSR App for Production (Single Origin + /api Proxy + Working Transfer Cache) # docker # javascript # tutorial # angular Comments Add Comment 4 min read Self-hosting DocuSeal the easy way atakanozt atakanozt atakanozt Follow Jan 9 Self-hosting DocuSeal the easy way # docker # selfhosted # tutorial # opensource 15 reactions Comments 2 comments 4 min read Day-31 Kubernetes Hit Me Hard Today: RBAC, CRDs, and Imposter Syndrome Jayanth Dasari Jayanth Dasari Jayanth Dasari Follow Jan 9 Day-31 Kubernetes Hit Me Hard Today: RBAC, CRDs, and Imposter Syndrome # kubernetes # docker # devops # aws Comments Add Comment 2 min read Docker Kanvas Challenges Helm and Kustomize for Kubernetes Dominance Latchu@DevOps Latchu@DevOps Latchu@DevOps Follow Jan 9 Docker Kanvas Challenges Helm and Kustomize for Kubernetes Dominance # devops # docker # kubernetes # containers 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Docker Compose Magic: How to Automate All Your Container Updates with Watchtower and Diun ITpraktika.com ITpraktika.com ITpraktika.com Follow Jan 9 Docker Compose Magic: How to Automate All Your Container Updates with Watchtower and Diun # docker # devops # automation # containers Comments Add Comment 6 min read Docker en producción: menos peso, más performance Alejo Suarez Alejo Suarez Alejo Suarez Follow for Adini Jan 9 Docker en producción: menos peso, más performance # devops # docker # cloud # performance Comments Add Comment 2 min read dgoss: Testing the Container, Not Just the Image Francis Eytan Dortort Francis Eytan Dortort Francis Eytan Dortort Follow Jan 9 dgoss: Testing the Container, Not Just the Image # docker # cicd # devsecops # containers Comments Add Comment 6 min read loading... trending guides/resources Understanding Kubernetes: part 60 – Kubernetes 1.35 Changelog 🚀 SWAG : Le Reverse Proxy Docker qui va révolutionner votre homelab ! 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Right menu Everything in Software Is a Pyramid (Whether You Like It or Not) RamKashyap RamKashyap RamKashyap Follow Dec 24 '25 Everything in Software Is a Pyramid (Whether You Like It or Not) # webdev # programming # ai # javascript Comments Add Comment 2 min read Unlocking Smart Contracts with AI-Powered Blockchain Architectures Malik Abualzait Malik Abualzait Malik Abualzait Follow Dec 24 '25 Unlocking Smart Contracts with AI-Powered Blockchain Architectures # ai # tech # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building Custom Voice Profiles in VAPI for E-commerce: A Developer's Journey CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 23 '25 Building Custom Voice Profiles in VAPI for E-commerce: A Developer's Journey # ai # voicetech # webdev # tutorial Comments Add Comment 12 min read Build AI Tooling in Go with the MCP SDK – Connecting AI Apps to Databases Abhishek Gupta Abhishek Gupta Abhishek Gupta Follow Jan 7 Build AI Tooling in Go with the MCP SDK – Connecting AI Apps to Databases # ai # mcp # go # agents Comments Add Comment 12 min read Deploying Your AI/ML Models: A Practical Guide from Training to Production Ajor Ajor Ajor Follow Dec 23 '25 Deploying Your AI/ML Models: A Practical Guide from Training to Production # ai # fastapi # computervision # deeplearning 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read I Stopped Automating ecisions with AI — and Designed a Better Collaboration Instead yuer yuer yuer Follow Dec 25 '25 I Stopped Automating ecisions with AI — and Designed a Better Collaboration Instead # discuss # design # automation # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building Tamper-Evident Audit Trails for Algorithmic Trading: A Deep Dive into Hash Chains and Merkle Trees VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) VeritasChain Standards Organization (VSO) Follow Dec 28 '25 Building Tamper-Evident Audit Trails for Algorithmic Trading: A Deep Dive into Hash Chains and Merkle Trees # eu # ai Comments Add Comment 9 min read The Fearless Future Ekong Ikpe Ekong Ikpe Ekong Ikpe Follow Dec 24 '25 The Fearless Future # discuss # ai # security Comments Add Comment 3 min read How Large Language Models (LLMs) Work Cristian Sifuentes Cristian Sifuentes Cristian Sifuentes Follow Jan 6 How Large Language Models (LLMs) Work # webdev # programming # ai # beginners 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 3 min read Using AI for Troubleshooting: OpenAI vs DeepSeek Coroot Coroot Coroot Follow Jan 7 Using AI for Troubleshooting: OpenAI vs DeepSeek # ai # openai # deepseek # devops Comments Add Comment 5 min read Why Data Annotation Platforms Are the Unsung Heroes of AI Success Rushikesh Langale Rushikesh Langale Rushikesh Langale Follow Dec 24 '25 Why Data Annotation Platforms Are the Unsung Heroes of AI Success # tooling # machinelearning # datascience # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read DEV Track Spotlight: AI agents at the edge: Build for offline, scale in cloud (DEV301) Gunnar Grosch Gunnar Grosch Gunnar Grosch Follow for AWS Dec 24 '25 DEV Track Spotlight: AI agents at the edge: Build for offline, scale in cloud (DEV301) # aws # ai # edge # strands Comments Add Comment 7 min read Building a Landing Page? 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https://legacy.reactjs.org/blog/2019/02/06/react-v16.8.0.html | React v16.8: The One With Hooks – React Blog We want to hear from you! Take our 2021 Community Survey! This site is no longer updated. Go to react.dev React Docs Tutorial Blog Community v 18.2.0 Languages GitHub React v16.8: The One With Hooks February 06, 2019 by Dan Abramov This blog site has been archived. Go to react.dev/blog to see the recent posts. With React 16.8, React Hooks are available in a stable release! What Are Hooks? Hooks let you use state and other React features without writing a class. You can also build your own Hooks to share reusable stateful logic between components. If you’ve never heard of Hooks before, you might find these resources interesting: Introducing Hooks explains why we’re adding Hooks to React. Hooks at a Glance is a fast-paced overview of the built-in Hooks. Building Your Own Hooks demonstrates code reuse with custom Hooks. Making Sense of React Hooks explores the new possibilities unlocked by Hooks. useHooks.com showcases community-maintained Hooks recipes and demos. You don’t have to learn Hooks right now. Hooks have no breaking changes, and we have no plans to remove classes from React. The Hooks FAQ describes the gradual adoption strategy. No Big Rewrites We don’t recommend rewriting your existing applications to use Hooks overnight. Instead, try using Hooks in some of the new components, and let us know what you think. Code using Hooks will work side by side with existing code using classes. Can I Use Hooks Today? Yes! Starting with 16.8.0, React includes a stable implementation of React Hooks for: React DOM React DOM Server React Test Renderer React Shallow Renderer Note that to enable Hooks, all React packages need to be 16.8.0 or higher . Hooks won’t work if you forget to update, for example, React DOM. React Native will support Hooks in the 0.59 release . Tooling Support React Hooks are now supported by React DevTools. They are also supported in the latest Flow and TypeScript definitions for React. We strongly recommend enabling a new lint rule called eslint-plugin-react-hooks to enforce best practices with Hooks. It will soon be included into Create React App by default. What’s Next We described our plan for the next months in the recently published React Roadmap . Note that React Hooks don’t cover all use cases for classes yet but they’re very close . Currently, only getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() and componentDidCatch() methods don’t have equivalent Hooks APIs, and these lifecycles are relatively uncommon. If you want, you should be able to use Hooks in most of the new code you’re writing. Even while Hooks were in alpha, the React community created many interesting examples and recipes using Hooks for animations, forms, subscriptions, integrating with other libraries, and so on. We’re excited about Hooks because they make code reuse easier, helping you write your components in a simpler way and make great user experiences. We can’t wait to see what you’ll create next! Testing Hooks We have added a new API called ReactTestUtils.act() in this release. It ensures that the behavior in your tests matches what happens in the browser more closely. We recommend to wrap any code rendering and triggering updates to your components into act() calls. Testing libraries can also wrap their APIs with it (for example, react-testing-library ’s render and fireEvent utilities do this). For example, the counter example from this page can be tested like this: import React from 'react' ; import ReactDOM from 'react-dom' ; import { act } from 'react-dom/test-utils' ; import Counter from './Counter' ; let container ; beforeEach ( ( ) => { container = document . createElement ( 'div' ) ; document . body . appendChild ( container ) ; } ) ; afterEach ( ( ) => { document . body . removeChild ( container ) ; container = null ; } ) ; it ( 'can render and update a counter' , ( ) => { // Test first render and effect act ( ( ) => { ReactDOM . render ( < Counter /> , container ) ; } ) ; const button = container . querySelector ( 'button' ) ; const label = container . querySelector ( 'p' ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; // Test second render and effect act ( ( ) => { button . dispatchEvent ( new MouseEvent ( 'click' , { bubbles : true } ) ) ; } ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; } ) ; The calls to act() will also flush the effects inside of them. If you need to test a custom Hook, you can do so by creating a component in your test, and using your Hook from it. Then you can test the component you wrote. To reduce the boilerplate, we recommend using react-testing-library which is designed to encourage writing tests that use your components as the end users do. Thanks We’d like to thank everybody who commented on the Hooks RFC for sharing their feedback. We’ve read all of your comments and made some adjustments to the final API based on them. Installation React React v16.8.0 is available on the npm registry. To install React 16 with Yarn, run: yarn add react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 To install React 16 with npm, run: npm install --save react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 We also provide UMD builds of React via a CDN: < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react@16/umd/react.production.min.js " > </ script > < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react-dom@16/umd/react-dom.production.min.js " > </ script > Refer to the documentation for detailed installation instructions . ESLint Plugin for React Hooks Note As mentioned above, we strongly recommend using the eslint-plugin-react-hooks lint rule. If you’re using Create React App, instead of manually configuring ESLint you can wait for the next version of react-scripts which will come out shortly and will include this rule. Assuming you already have ESLint installed, run: # npm npm install eslint-plugin-react-hooks --save-dev # yarn yarn add eslint-plugin-react-hooks --dev Then add it to your ESLint configuration: { "plugins" : [ // ... "react-hooks" ] , "rules" : { // ... "react-hooks/rules-of-hooks" : "error" } } Changelog React Add Hooks — a way to use state and other React features without writing a class. ( @acdlite et al. in #13968 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) React DOM Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Support synchronous thenables passed to React.lazy() . ( @gaearon in #14626 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only) to match class behavior. ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Warn about mismatching Hook order in development. ( @threepointone in #14585 and @acdlite in #14591 ) Effect clean-up functions must return either undefined or a function. All other values, including null , are not allowed. @acdlite in #14119 React Test Renderer Support Hooks in the shallow renderer. ( @trueadm in #14567 ) Fix wrong state in shouldComponentUpdate in the presence of getDerivedStateFromProps for Shallow Renderer. ( @chenesan in #14613 ) Add ReactTestRenderer.act() and ReactTestUtils.act() for batching updates so that tests more closely match real behavior. ( @threepointone in #14744 ) ESLint Plugin: React Hooks Initial release . ( @calebmer in #13968 ) Fix reporting after encountering a loop. ( @calebmer and @Yurickh in #14661 ) Don’t consider throwing to be a rule violation. ( @sophiebits in #14040 ) Hooks Changelog Since Alpha Versions The above changelog contains all notable changes since our last stable release (16.7.0). As with all our minor releases , none of the changes break backwards compatibility. If you’re currently using Hooks from an alpha build of React, note that this release does contain some small breaking changes to Hooks. We don’t recommend depending on alphas in production code. We publish them so we can make changes in response to community feedback before the API is stable. Here are all breaking changes to Hooks that have been made since the first alpha release: Remove useMutationEffect . ( @sophiebits in #14336 ) Rename useImperativeMethods to useImperativeHandle . ( @threepointone in #14565 ) Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only). ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) Is this page useful? Edit this page Recent Posts React Labs: What We've Been Working On – June 2022 React v18.0 How to Upgrade to React 18 React Conf 2021 Recap The Plan for React 18 Introducing Zero-Bundle-Size React Server Components React v17.0 Introducing the New JSX Transform React v17.0 Release Candidate: No New Features React v16.13.0 All posts ... Docs Installation Main Concepts Advanced Guides API Reference Hooks Testing Contributing FAQ Channels GitHub Stack Overflow Discussion Forums Reactiflux Chat DEV Community Facebook Twitter Community Code of Conduct Community Resources More Tutorial Blog Acknowledgements React Native Privacy Terms Copyright © 2025 Meta Platforms, Inc. | 2026-01-13T08:49:09 |
https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html#keyword-arguments | 4. More Control Flow Tools — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents 4. More Control Flow Tools 4.1. if Statements 4.2. for Statements 4.3. The range() Function 4.4. break and continue Statements 4.5. else Clauses on Loops 4.6. pass Statements 4.7. match Statements 4.8. Defining Functions 4.9. More on Defining Functions 4.9.1. Default Argument Values 4.9.2. Keyword Arguments 4.9.3. Special parameters 4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments 4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters 4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments 4.9.3.4. Function Examples 4.9.3.5. Recap 4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists 4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists 4.9.6. Lambda Expressions 4.9.7. Documentation Strings 4.9.8. Function Annotations 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style Previous topic 3. An Informal Introduction to Python Next topic 5. Data Structures This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 4. More Control Flow Tools | Theme Auto Light Dark | 4. More Control Flow Tools ¶ As well as the while statement just introduced, Python uses a few more that we will encounter in this chapter. 4.1. if Statements ¶ Perhaps the most well-known statement type is the if statement. For example: >>> x = int ( input ( "Please enter an integer: " )) Please enter an integer: 42 >>> if x < 0 : ... x = 0 ... print ( 'Negative changed to zero' ) ... elif x == 0 : ... print ( 'Zero' ) ... elif x == 1 : ... print ( 'Single' ) ... else : ... print ( 'More' ) ... More There can be zero or more elif parts, and the else part is optional. The keyword ‘ elif ’ is short for ‘else if’, and is useful to avoid excessive indentation. An if … elif … elif … sequence is a substitute for the switch or case statements found in other languages. If you’re comparing the same value to several constants, or checking for specific types or attributes, you may also find the match statement useful. For more details see match Statements . 4.2. for Statements ¶ The for statement in Python differs a bit from what you may be used to in C or Pascal. Rather than always iterating over an arithmetic progression of numbers (like in Pascal), or giving the user the ability to define both the iteration step and halting condition (as C), Python’s for statement iterates over the items of any sequence (a list or a string), in the order that they appear in the sequence. For example (no pun intended): >>> # Measure some strings: >>> words = [ 'cat' , 'window' , 'defenestrate' ] >>> for w in words : ... print ( w , len ( w )) ... cat 3 window 6 defenestrate 12 Code that modifies a collection while iterating over that same collection can be tricky to get right. Instead, it is usually more straight-forward to loop over a copy of the collection or to create a new collection: # Create a sample collection users = { 'Hans' : 'active' , 'Éléonore' : 'inactive' , '景太郎' : 'active' } # Strategy: Iterate over a copy for user , status in users . copy () . items (): if status == 'inactive' : del users [ user ] # Strategy: Create a new collection active_users = {} for user , status in users . items (): if status == 'active' : active_users [ user ] = status 4.3. The range() Function ¶ If you do need to iterate over a sequence of numbers, the built-in function range() comes in handy. It generates arithmetic progressions: >>> for i in range ( 5 ): ... print ( i ) ... 0 1 2 3 4 The given end point is never part of the generated sequence; range(10) generates 10 values, the legal indices for items of a sequence of length 10. It is possible to let the range start at another number, or to specify a different increment (even negative; sometimes this is called the ‘step’): >>> list ( range ( 5 , 10 )) [5, 6, 7, 8, 9] >>> list ( range ( 0 , 10 , 3 )) [0, 3, 6, 9] >>> list ( range ( - 10 , - 100 , - 30 )) [-10, -40, -70] To iterate over the indices of a sequence, you can combine range() and len() as follows: >>> a = [ 'Mary' , 'had' , 'a' , 'little' , 'lamb' ] >>> for i in range ( len ( a )): ... print ( i , a [ i ]) ... 0 Mary 1 had 2 a 3 little 4 lamb In most such cases, however, it is convenient to use the enumerate() function, see Looping Techniques . A strange thing happens if you just print a range: >>> range ( 10 ) range(0, 10) In many ways the object returned by range() behaves as if it is a list, but in fact it isn’t. It is an object which returns the successive items of the desired sequence when you iterate over it, but it doesn’t really make the list, thus saving space. We say such an object is iterable , that is, suitable as a target for functions and constructs that expect something from which they can obtain successive items until the supply is exhausted. We have seen that the for statement is such a construct, while an example of a function that takes an iterable is sum() : >>> sum ( range ( 4 )) # 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 6 Later we will see more functions that return iterables and take iterables as arguments. In chapter Data Structures , we will discuss in more detail about list() . 4.4. break and continue Statements ¶ The break statement breaks out of the innermost enclosing for or while loop: >>> for n in range ( 2 , 10 ): ... for x in range ( 2 , n ): ... if n % x == 0 : ... print ( f " { n } equals { x } * { n // x } " ) ... break ... 4 equals 2 * 2 6 equals 2 * 3 8 equals 2 * 4 9 equals 3 * 3 The continue statement continues with the next iteration of the loop: >>> for num in range ( 2 , 10 ): ... if num % 2 == 0 : ... print ( f "Found an even number { num } " ) ... continue ... print ( f "Found an odd number { num } " ) ... Found an even number 2 Found an odd number 3 Found an even number 4 Found an odd number 5 Found an even number 6 Found an odd number 7 Found an even number 8 Found an odd number 9 4.5. else Clauses on Loops ¶ In a for or while loop the break statement may be paired with an else clause. If the loop finishes without executing the break , the else clause executes. In a for loop, the else clause is executed after the loop finishes its final iteration, that is, if no break occurred. In a while loop, it’s executed after the loop’s condition becomes false. In either kind of loop, the else clause is not executed if the loop was terminated by a break . Of course, other ways of ending the loop early, such as a return or a raised exception, will also skip execution of the else clause. This is exemplified in the following for loop, which searches for prime numbers: >>> for n in range ( 2 , 10 ): ... for x in range ( 2 , n ): ... if n % x == 0 : ... print ( n , 'equals' , x , '*' , n // x ) ... break ... else : ... # loop fell through without finding a factor ... print ( n , 'is a prime number' ) ... 2 is a prime number 3 is a prime number 4 equals 2 * 2 5 is a prime number 6 equals 2 * 3 7 is a prime number 8 equals 2 * 4 9 equals 3 * 3 (Yes, this is the correct code. Look closely: the else clause belongs to the for loop, not the if statement.) One way to think of the else clause is to imagine it paired with the if inside the loop. As the loop executes, it will run a sequence like if/if/if/else. The if is inside the loop, encountered a number of times. If the condition is ever true, a break will happen. If the condition is never true, the else clause outside the loop will execute. When used with a loop, the else clause has more in common with the else clause of a try statement than it does with that of if statements: a try statement’s else clause runs when no exception occurs, and a loop’s else clause runs when no break occurs. For more on the try statement and exceptions, see Handling Exceptions . 4.6. pass Statements ¶ The pass statement does nothing. It can be used when a statement is required syntactically but the program requires no action. For example: >>> while True : ... pass # Busy-wait for keyboard interrupt (Ctrl+C) ... This is commonly used for creating minimal classes: >>> class MyEmptyClass : ... pass ... Another place pass can be used is as a place-holder for a function or conditional body when you are working on new code, allowing you to keep thinking at a more abstract level. The pass is silently ignored: >>> def initlog ( * args ): ... pass # Remember to implement this! ... For this last case, many people use the ellipsis literal ... instead of pass . This use has no special meaning to Python, and is not part of the language definition (you could use any constant expression here), but ... is used conventionally as a placeholder body as well. See The Ellipsis Object . 4.7. match Statements ¶ A match statement takes an expression and compares its value to successive patterns given as one or more case blocks. This is superficially similar to a switch statement in C, Java or JavaScript (and many other languages), but it’s more similar to pattern matching in languages like Rust or Haskell. Only the first pattern that matches gets executed and it can also extract components (sequence elements or object attributes) from the value into variables. If no case matches, none of the branches is executed. The simplest form compares a subject value against one or more literals: def http_error ( status ): match status : case 400 : return "Bad request" case 404 : return "Not found" case 418 : return "I'm a teapot" case _ : return "Something's wrong with the internet" Note the last block: the “variable name” _ acts as a wildcard and never fails to match. You can combine several literals in a single pattern using | (“or”): case 401 | 403 | 404 : return "Not allowed" Patterns can look like unpacking assignments, and can be used to bind variables: # point is an (x, y) tuple match point : case ( 0 , 0 ): print ( "Origin" ) case ( 0 , y ): print ( f "Y= { y } " ) case ( x , 0 ): print ( f "X= { x } " ) case ( x , y ): print ( f "X= { x } , Y= { y } " ) case _ : raise ValueError ( "Not a point" ) Study that one carefully! The first pattern has two literals, and can be thought of as an extension of the literal pattern shown above. But the next two patterns combine a literal and a variable, and the variable binds a value from the subject ( point ). The fourth pattern captures two values, which makes it conceptually similar to the unpacking assignment (x, y) = point . If you are using classes to structure your data you can use the class name followed by an argument list resembling a constructor, but with the ability to capture attributes into variables: class Point : def __init__ ( self , x , y ): self . x = x self . y = y def where_is ( point ): match point : case Point ( x = 0 , y = 0 ): print ( "Origin" ) case Point ( x = 0 , y = y ): print ( f "Y= { y } " ) case Point ( x = x , y = 0 ): print ( f "X= { x } " ) case Point (): print ( "Somewhere else" ) case _ : print ( "Not a point" ) You can use positional parameters with some builtin classes that provide an ordering for their attributes (e.g. dataclasses). You can also define a specific position for attributes in patterns by setting the __match_args__ special attribute in your classes. If it’s set to (“x”, “y”), the following patterns are all equivalent (and all bind the y attribute to the var variable): Point ( 1 , var ) Point ( 1 , y = var ) Point ( x = 1 , y = var ) Point ( y = var , x = 1 ) A recommended way to read patterns is to look at them as an extended form of what you would put on the left of an assignment, to understand which variables would be set to what. Only the standalone names (like var above) are assigned to by a match statement. Dotted names (like foo.bar ), attribute names (the x= and y= above) or class names (recognized by the “(…)” next to them like Point above) are never assigned to. Patterns can be arbitrarily nested. For example, if we have a short list of Points, with __match_args__ added, we could match it like this: class Point : __match_args__ = ( 'x' , 'y' ) def __init__ ( self , x , y ): self . x = x self . y = y match points : case []: print ( "No points" ) case [ Point ( 0 , 0 )]: print ( "The origin" ) case [ Point ( x , y )]: print ( f "Single point { x } , { y } " ) case [ Point ( 0 , y1 ), Point ( 0 , y2 )]: print ( f "Two on the Y axis at { y1 } , { y2 } " ) case _ : print ( "Something else" ) We can add an if clause to a pattern, known as a “guard”. If the guard is false, match goes on to try the next case block. Note that value capture happens before the guard is evaluated: match point : case Point ( x , y ) if x == y : print ( f "Y=X at { x } " ) case Point ( x , y ): print ( f "Not on the diagonal" ) Several other key features of this statement: Like unpacking assignments, tuple and list patterns have exactly the same meaning and actually match arbitrary sequences. An important exception is that they don’t match iterators or strings. Sequence patterns support extended unpacking: [x, y, *rest] and (x, y, *rest) work similar to unpacking assignments. The name after * may also be _ , so (x, y, *_) matches a sequence of at least two items without binding the remaining items. Mapping patterns: {"bandwidth": b, "latency": l} captures the "bandwidth" and "latency" values from a dictionary. Unlike sequence patterns, extra keys are ignored. An unpacking like **rest is also supported. (But **_ would be redundant, so it is not allowed.) Subpatterns may be captured using the as keyword: case ( Point ( x1 , y1 ), Point ( x2 , y2 ) as p2 ): ... will capture the second element of the input as p2 (as long as the input is a sequence of two points) Most literals are compared by equality, however the singletons True , False and None are compared by identity. Patterns may use named constants. These must be dotted names to prevent them from being interpreted as capture variable: from enum import Enum class Color ( Enum ): RED = 'red' GREEN = 'green' BLUE = 'blue' color = Color ( input ( "Enter your choice of 'red', 'blue' or 'green': " )) match color : case Color . RED : print ( "I see red!" ) case Color . GREEN : print ( "Grass is green" ) case Color . BLUE : print ( "I'm feeling the blues :(" ) For a more detailed explanation and additional examples, you can look into PEP 636 which is written in a tutorial format. 4.8. Defining Functions ¶ We can create a function that writes the Fibonacci series to an arbitrary boundary: >>> def fib ( n ): # write Fibonacci series less than n ... """Print a Fibonacci series less than n.""" ... a , b = 0 , 1 ... while a < n : ... print ( a , end = ' ' ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... print () ... >>> # Now call the function we just defined: >>> fib ( 2000 ) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 The keyword def introduces a function definition . It must be followed by the function name and the parenthesized list of formal parameters. The statements that form the body of the function start at the next line, and must be indented. The first statement of the function body can optionally be a string literal; this string literal is the function’s documentation string, or docstring . (More about docstrings can be found in the section Documentation Strings .) There are tools which use docstrings to automatically produce online or printed documentation, or to let the user interactively browse through code; it’s good practice to include docstrings in code that you write, so make a habit of it. The execution of a function introduces a new symbol table used for the local variables of the function. More precisely, all variable assignments in a function store the value in the local symbol table; whereas variable references first look in the local symbol table, then in the local symbol tables of enclosing functions, then in the global symbol table, and finally in the table of built-in names. Thus, global variables and variables of enclosing functions cannot be directly assigned a value within a function (unless, for global variables, named in a global statement, or, for variables of enclosing functions, named in a nonlocal statement), although they may be referenced. The actual parameters (arguments) to a function call are introduced in the local symbol table of the called function when it is called; thus, arguments are passed using call by value (where the value is always an object reference , not the value of the object). [ 1 ] When a function calls another function, or calls itself recursively, a new local symbol table is created for that call. A function definition associates the function name with the function object in the current symbol table. The interpreter recognizes the object pointed to by that name as a user-defined function. Other names can also point to that same function object and can also be used to access the function: >>> fib <function fib at 10042ed0> >>> f = fib >>> f ( 100 ) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 Coming from other languages, you might object that fib is not a function but a procedure since it doesn’t return a value. In fact, even functions without a return statement do return a value, albeit a rather boring one. This value is called None (it’s a built-in name). Writing the value None is normally suppressed by the interpreter if it would be the only value written. You can see it if you really want to using print() : >>> fib ( 0 ) >>> print ( fib ( 0 )) None It is simple to write a function that returns a list of the numbers of the Fibonacci series, instead of printing it: >>> def fib2 ( n ): # return Fibonacci series up to n ... """Return a list containing the Fibonacci series up to n.""" ... result = [] ... a , b = 0 , 1 ... while a < n : ... result . append ( a ) # see below ... a , b = b , a + b ... return result ... >>> f100 = fib2 ( 100 ) # call it >>> f100 # write the result [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89] This example, as usual, demonstrates some new Python features: The return statement returns with a value from a function. return without an expression argument returns None . Falling off the end of a function also returns None . The statement result.append(a) calls a method of the list object result . A method is a function that ‘belongs’ to an object and is named obj.methodname , where obj is some object (this may be an expression), and methodname is the name of a method that is defined by the object’s type. Different types define different methods. Methods of different types may have the same name without causing ambiguity. (It is possible to define your own object types and methods, using classes , see Classes ) The method append() shown in the example is defined for list objects; it adds a new element at the end of the list. In this example it is equivalent to result = result + [a] , but more efficient. 4.9. More on Defining Functions ¶ It is also possible to define functions with a variable number of arguments. There are three forms, which can be combined. 4.9.1. Default Argument Values ¶ The most useful form is to specify a default value for one or more arguments. This creates a function that can be called with fewer arguments than it is defined to allow. For example: def ask_ok ( prompt , retries = 4 , reminder = 'Please try again!' ): while True : reply = input ( prompt ) if reply in { 'y' , 'ye' , 'yes' }: return True if reply in { 'n' , 'no' , 'nop' , 'nope' }: return False retries = retries - 1 if retries < 0 : raise ValueError ( 'invalid user response' ) print ( reminder ) This function can be called in several ways: giving only the mandatory argument: ask_ok('Do you really want to quit?') giving one of the optional arguments: ask_ok('OK to overwrite the file?', 2) or even giving all arguments: ask_ok('OK to overwrite the file?', 2, 'Come on, only yes or no!') This example also introduces the in keyword. This tests whether or not a sequence contains a certain value. The default values are evaluated at the point of function definition in the defining scope, so that i = 5 def f ( arg = i ): print ( arg ) i = 6 f () will print 5 . Important warning: The default value is evaluated only once. This makes a difference when the default is a mutable object such as a list, dictionary, or instances of most classes. For example, the following function accumulates the arguments passed to it on subsequent calls: def f ( a , L = []): L . append ( a ) return L print ( f ( 1 )) print ( f ( 2 )) print ( f ( 3 )) This will print [ 1 ] [ 1 , 2 ] [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] If you don’t want the default to be shared between subsequent calls, you can write the function like this instead: def f ( a , L = None ): if L is None : L = [] L . append ( a ) return L 4.9.2. Keyword Arguments ¶ Functions can also be called using keyword arguments of the form kwarg=value . For instance, the following function: def parrot ( voltage , state = 'a stiff' , action = 'voom' , type = 'Norwegian Blue' ): print ( "-- This parrot wouldn't" , action , end = ' ' ) print ( "if you put" , voltage , "volts through it." ) print ( "-- Lovely plumage, the" , type ) print ( "-- It's" , state , "!" ) accepts one required argument ( voltage ) and three optional arguments ( state , action , and type ). This function can be called in any of the following ways: parrot ( 1000 ) # 1 positional argument parrot ( voltage = 1000 ) # 1 keyword argument parrot ( voltage = 1000000 , action = 'VOOOOOM' ) # 2 keyword arguments parrot ( action = 'VOOOOOM' , voltage = 1000000 ) # 2 keyword arguments parrot ( 'a million' , 'bereft of life' , 'jump' ) # 3 positional arguments parrot ( 'a thousand' , state = 'pushing up the daisies' ) # 1 positional, 1 keyword but all the following calls would be invalid: parrot () # required argument missing parrot ( voltage = 5.0 , 'dead' ) # non-keyword argument after a keyword argument parrot ( 110 , voltage = 220 ) # duplicate value for the same argument parrot ( actor = 'John Cleese' ) # unknown keyword argument In a function call, keyword arguments must follow positional arguments. All the keyword arguments passed must match one of the arguments accepted by the function (e.g. actor is not a valid argument for the parrot function), and their order is not important. This also includes non-optional arguments (e.g. parrot(voltage=1000) is valid too). No argument may receive a value more than once. Here’s an example that fails due to this restriction: >>> def function ( a ): ... pass ... >>> function ( 0 , a = 0 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : function() got multiple values for argument 'a' When a final formal parameter of the form **name is present, it receives a dictionary (see Mapping Types — dict ) containing all keyword arguments except for those corresponding to a formal parameter. This may be combined with a formal parameter of the form *name (described in the next subsection) which receives a tuple containing the positional arguments beyond the formal parameter list. ( *name must occur before **name .) For example, if we define a function like this: def cheeseshop ( kind , * arguments , ** keywords ): print ( "-- Do you have any" , kind , "?" ) print ( "-- I'm sorry, we're all out of" , kind ) for arg in arguments : print ( arg ) print ( "-" * 40 ) for kw in keywords : print ( kw , ":" , keywords [ kw ]) It could be called like this: cheeseshop ( "Limburger" , "It's very runny, sir." , "It's really very, VERY runny, sir." , shopkeeper = "Michael Palin" , client = "John Cleese" , sketch = "Cheese Shop Sketch" ) and of course it would print: -- Do you have any Limburger ? -- I'm sorry, we're all out of Limburger It's very runny, sir. It's really very, VERY runny, sir. ---------------------------------------- shopkeeper : Michael Palin client : John Cleese sketch : Cheese Shop Sketch Note that the order in which the keyword arguments are printed is guaranteed to match the order in which they were provided in the function call. 4.9.3. Special parameters ¶ By default, arguments may be passed to a Python function either by position or explicitly by keyword. For readability and performance, it makes sense to restrict the way arguments can be passed so that a developer need only look at the function definition to determine if items are passed by position, by position or keyword, or by keyword. A function definition may look like: def f(pos1, pos2, /, pos_or_kwd, *, kwd1, kwd2): ----------- ---------- ---------- | | | | Positional or keyword | | - Keyword only -- Positional only where / and * are optional. If used, these symbols indicate the kind of parameter by how the arguments may be passed to the function: positional-only, positional-or-keyword, and keyword-only. Keyword parameters are also referred to as named parameters. 4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments ¶ If / and * are not present in the function definition, arguments may be passed to a function by position or by keyword. 4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters ¶ Looking at this in a bit more detail, it is possible to mark certain parameters as positional-only . If positional-only , the parameters’ order matters, and the parameters cannot be passed by keyword. Positional-only parameters are placed before a / (forward-slash). The / is used to logically separate the positional-only parameters from the rest of the parameters. If there is no / in the function definition, there are no positional-only parameters. Parameters following the / may be positional-or-keyword or keyword-only . 4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments ¶ To mark parameters as keyword-only , indicating the parameters must be passed by keyword argument, place an * in the arguments list just before the first keyword-only parameter. 4.9.3.4. Function Examples ¶ Consider the following example function definitions paying close attention to the markers / and * : >>> def standard_arg ( arg ): ... print ( arg ) ... >>> def pos_only_arg ( arg , / ): ... print ( arg ) ... >>> def kwd_only_arg ( * , arg ): ... print ( arg ) ... >>> def combined_example ( pos_only , / , standard , * , kwd_only ): ... print ( pos_only , standard , kwd_only ) The first function definition, standard_arg , the most familiar form, places no restrictions on the calling convention and arguments may be passed by position or keyword: >>> standard_arg ( 2 ) 2 >>> standard_arg ( arg = 2 ) 2 The second function pos_only_arg is restricted to only use positional parameters as there is a / in the function definition: >>> pos_only_arg ( 1 ) 1 >>> pos_only_arg ( arg = 1 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : pos_only_arg() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword arguments: 'arg' The third function kwd_only_arg only allows keyword arguments as indicated by a * in the function definition: >>> kwd_only_arg ( 3 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : kwd_only_arg() takes 0 positional arguments but 1 was given >>> kwd_only_arg ( arg = 3 ) 3 And the last uses all three calling conventions in the same function definition: >>> combined_example ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : combined_example() takes 2 positional arguments but 3 were given >>> combined_example ( 1 , 2 , kwd_only = 3 ) 1 2 3 >>> combined_example ( 1 , standard = 2 , kwd_only = 3 ) 1 2 3 >>> combined_example ( pos_only = 1 , standard = 2 , kwd_only = 3 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : combined_example() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword arguments: 'pos_only' Finally, consider this function definition which has a potential collision between the positional argument name and **kwds which has name as a key: def foo ( name , ** kwds ): return 'name' in kwds There is no possible call that will make it return True as the keyword 'name' will always bind to the first parameter. For example: >>> foo ( 1 , ** { 'name' : 2 }) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : foo() got multiple values for argument 'name' >>> But using / (positional only arguments), it is possible since it allows name as a positional argument and 'name' as a key in the keyword arguments: >>> def foo ( name , / , ** kwds ): ... return 'name' in kwds ... >>> foo ( 1 , ** { 'name' : 2 }) True In other words, the names of positional-only parameters can be used in **kwds without ambiguity. 4.9.3.5. Recap ¶ The use case will determine which parameters to use in the function definition: def f ( pos1 , pos2 , / , pos_or_kwd , * , kwd1 , kwd2 ): As guidance: Use positional-only if you want the name of the parameters to not be available to the user. This is useful when parameter names have no real meaning, if you want to enforce the order of the arguments when the function is called or if you need to take some positional parameters and arbitrary keywords. Use keyword-only when names have meaning and the function definition is more understandable by being explicit with names or you want to prevent users relying on the position of the argument being passed. For an API, use positional-only to prevent breaking API changes if the parameter’s name is modified in the future. 4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists ¶ Finally, the least frequently used option is to specify that a function can be called with an arbitrary number of arguments. These arguments will be wrapped up in a tuple (see Tuples and Sequences ). Before the variable number of arguments, zero or more normal arguments may occur. def write_multiple_items ( file , separator , * args ): file . write ( separator . join ( args )) Normally, these variadic arguments will be last in the list of formal parameters, because they scoop up all remaining input arguments that are passed to the function. Any formal parameters which occur after the *args parameter are ‘keyword-only’ arguments, meaning that they can only be used as keywords rather than positional arguments. >>> def concat ( * args , sep = "/" ): ... return sep . join ( args ) ... >>> concat ( "earth" , "mars" , "venus" ) 'earth/mars/venus' >>> concat ( "earth" , "mars" , "venus" , sep = "." ) 'earth.mars.venus' 4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists ¶ The reverse situation occurs when the arguments are already in a list or tuple but need to be unpacked for a function call requiring separate positional arguments. For instance, the built-in range() function expects separate start and stop arguments. If they are not available separately, write the function call with the * -operator to unpack the arguments out of a list or tuple: >>> list ( range ( 3 , 6 )) # normal call with separate arguments [3, 4, 5] >>> args = [ 3 , 6 ] >>> list ( range ( * args )) # call with arguments unpacked from a list [3, 4, 5] In the same fashion, dictionaries can deliver keyword arguments with the ** -operator: >>> def parrot ( voltage , state = 'a stiff' , action = 'voom' ): ... print ( "-- This parrot wouldn't" , action , end = ' ' ) ... print ( "if you put" , voltage , "volts through it." , end = ' ' ) ... print ( "E's" , state , "!" ) ... >>> d = { "voltage" : "four million" , "state" : "bleedin' demised" , "action" : "VOOM" } >>> parrot ( ** d ) -- This parrot wouldn't VOOM if you put four million volts through it. E's bleedin' demised ! 4.9.6. Lambda Expressions ¶ Small anonymous functions can be created with the lambda keyword. This function returns the sum of its two arguments: lambda a, b: a+b . Lambda functions can be used wherever function objects are required. They are syntactically restricted to a single expression. Semantically, they are just syntactic sugar for a normal function definition. Like nested function definitions, lambda functions can reference variables from the containing scope: >>> def make_incrementor ( n ): ... return lambda x : x + n ... >>> f = make_incrementor ( 42 ) >>> f ( 0 ) 42 >>> f ( 1 ) 43 The above example uses a lambda expression to return a function. Another use is to pass a small function as an argument. For instance, list.sort() takes a sorting key function key which can be a lambda function: >>> pairs = [( 1 , 'one' ), ( 2 , 'two' ), ( 3 , 'three' ), ( 4 , 'four' )] >>> pairs . sort ( key = lambda pair : pair [ 1 ]) >>> pairs [(4, 'four'), (1, 'one'), (3, 'three'), (2, 'two')] 4.9.7. Documentation Strings ¶ Here are some conventions about the content and formatting of documentation strings. The first line should always be a short, concise summary of the object’s purpose. For brevity, it should not explicitly state the object’s name or type, since these are available by other means (except if the name happens to be a verb describing a function’s operation). This line should begin with a capital letter and end with a period. If there are more lines in the documentation string, the second line should be blank, visually separating the summary from the rest of the description. The following lines should be one or more paragraphs describing the object’s calling conventions, its side effects, etc. The Python parser strips indentation from multi-line string literals when they serve as module, class, or function docstrings. Here is an example of a multi-line docstring: >>> def my_function (): ... """Do nothing, but document it. ... ... No, really, it doesn't do anything: ... ... >>> my_function() ... >>> ... """ ... pass ... >>> print ( my_function . __doc__ ) Do nothing, but document it. No, really, it doesn't do anything: >>> my_function() >>> 4.9.8. Function Annotations ¶ Function annotations are completely optional metadata information about the types used by user-defined functions (see PEP 3107 and PEP 484 for more information). Annotations are stored in the __annotations__ attribute of the function as a dictionary and have no effect on any other part of the function. Parameter annotations are defined by a colon after the parameter name, followed by an expression evaluating to the value of the annotation. Return annotations are defined by a literal -> , followed by an expression, between the parameter list and the colon denoting the end of the def statement. The following example has a required argument, an optional argument, and the return value annotated: >>> def f ( ham : str , eggs : str = 'eggs' ) -> str : ... print ( "Annotations:" , f . __annotations__ ) ... print ( "Arguments:" , ham , eggs ) ... return ham + ' and ' + eggs ... >>> f ( 'spam' ) Annotations: {'ham': <class 'str'>, 'return': <class 'str'>, 'eggs': <class 'str'>} Arguments: spam eggs 'spam and eggs' 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style ¶ Now that you are about to write longer, more complex pieces of Python, it is a good time to talk about coding style . Most languages can be written (or more concise, formatted ) in different styles; some are more readable than others. Making it easy for others to read your code is always a good idea, and adopting a nice coding style helps tremendously for that. For Python, PEP 8 has emerged as the style guide that most projects adhere to; it promotes a very readable and eye-pleasing coding style. Every Python developer should read it at some point; here are the most important points extracted for you: Use 4-space indentation, and no tabs. 4 spaces are a good compromise between small indentation (allows greater nesting depth) and large indentation (easier to read). Tabs introduce confusion, and are best left out. Wrap lines so that they don’t exceed 79 characters. This helps users with small displays and makes it possible to have several code files side-by-side on larger displays. Use blank lines to separate functions and classes, and larger blocks of code inside functions. When possible, put comments on a line of their own. Use docstrings. Use spaces around operators and after commas, but not directly inside bracketing constructs: a = f(1, 2) + g(3, 4) . Name your classes and functions consistently; the convention is to use UpperCamelCase for classes and lowercase_with_underscores for functions and methods. Always use self as the name for the first method argument (see A First Look at Classes for more on classes and methods). Don’t use fancy encodings if your code is meant to be used in international environments. Python’s default, UTF-8, or even plain ASCII work best in any case. Likewise, don’t use non-ASCII characters in identifiers if there is only the slightest chance people speaking a different language will read or maintain the code. Footnotes [ 1 ] Actually, call by object reference would be a better description, since if a mutable object is passed, the caller will see any changes the callee makes to it (items inserted into a list). Table of Contents 4. More Control Flow Tools 4.1. if Statements 4.2. for Statements 4.3. The range() Function 4.4. break and continue Statements 4.5. else Clauses on Loops 4.6. pass Statements 4.7. match Statements 4.8. Defining Functions 4.9. More on Defining Functions 4.9.1. Default Argument Values 4.9.2. Keyword Arguments 4.9.3. Special parameters 4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments 4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters 4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments 4.9.3.4. Function Examples 4.9.3.5. Recap 4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists 4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists 4.9.6. Lambda Expressions 4.9.7. Documentation Strings 4.9.8. Function Annotations 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style Previous topic 3. An Informal Introduction to Python Next topic 5. Data Structures This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 4. More Control Flow Tools | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. 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https://pt-br.legacy.reactjs.org/blog/2019/02/06/react-v16.8.0.html | React v16.8: O React com Hooks – React Blog We want to hear from you! Take our 2021 Community Survey! Este site não é mais atualizado. Vá para pt-br.react.dev React Documentação Tutorial Blog Comunidade v 18.2.0 Languages GitHub React v16.8: O React com Hooks February 06, 2019 por Dan Abramov This blog site has been archived. Go to react.dev/blog to see the recent posts. Com o React 16.8, React Hooks tornam-se disponíveis em sua versão estável! O Que São Hooks? Hooks lhe permite utilizar estado e outras funcionalidades do React sem a necessidade de escrever uma classe. Assim como, você também pode criar o seus próprios Hooks para compartilhar e reutilizar sua lógica com estado entre componentes. Se você nunca ouviu falar sobre Hooks antes, talvez você ache estes tópicos interessantes: Introduzindo Hooks explica porque nós estamos adicionando Hooks ao React. Hooks de Forma Resumida é uma visão geral sobre o Hooks. Criando Seus Próprios Hooks demonstra como reutilizar de código utilizando Hooks personalizados. O Sentido do React Hooks explora as novas possibilidades com Hooks. useHooks.com apresenta Hooks mantidos pela comunidade e suas implementações. Você não precisa aprender Hooks agora. Hooks não quebra aplicações existentes, e nós não temos planos de remover o uso de classes do React. O Hooks FAQ descreve à adoção gradual da estratégia. Sem Grandes Reescritas Não recomendamos que você reescreva suas aplicações existentes, apenas para utilizar Hooks de uma hora para outra. Pelo contrário, tente utilizar Hooks em alguns de seus novos componentes, e deixe-nos saber o que você acha. Desenvolver utlizando Hooks, funcionará lado a lado ao código já existente qual faz uso de classes. Posso usar Hooks hoje? Sim! Iniciando com a versão 16.8.0, o React inclui a versão estável da implementação do React Hooks para: React DOM React DOM Servidor (React DOM Server) Renderizador de Teste React (React Test Renderer) Renderizador Superficial React (React Shallow Renderer) Observe que para utilizar Hooks, todos os pacotes do React precisam estar na versão 16.8.0 ou superior . Hooks não irão funcionar se você esquecer de atualizar, por exemplo, o React DOM. O React Native terá suporte ao Hooks na versão 0.59 . Suporte de Ferramentas React Hooks agora são suportados pelo React DevTools. Assim como, as últimas definições de Flow e TypeScript do React. Nós recomendamos fortemente a utilização da nova regra lint, chamada: eslint-plugin-react-hooks , para a aplicação das melhores práticas de codificação com Hooks. Em breve, ela será incluída ao Create React App por padrão. O Que Vem a Seguir Nós descrevemos nossos planos para os próximos meses na recente publicação do Roteiro React . Observe que React Hooks ainda não cobrem todos os casos de uso de classes, mas eles estão bem próximos . Atualmente, apenas os métodos que não possuem API de Hooks equivalentes são getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() e componentDidCatch() , estes ciclos de vida são relativamentes incomuns. Se você quiser, você deve conseguir utilizar Hooks em grande parte do novo código qual você está escrevendo. Mesmo enquanto Hooks estavam em sua versão alpha, a comunidade React criou muitos exemplos e indicações interessantes usando Hooks, seja para animações, formulários, subscriptions, integração com outras bibliotecas e assim por diante. Nós estamos entusiasmados com Hooks, porque eles tornam a reutilização de código mais fácil, ajudando você a escrever seus componentes de forma simples e criando grandes experiências de usuário. Não podemos esperar para ver o que você irá criar em seguida! Testando os Hooks Nós adicionamos uma nova API nesta versão, chamada ReactTestUtils.act() . Ela garante que o comportamento de seus testes, correspondam de forma mais semelhante com o que acontece no navegador. Nós recomendamos encapsular quaquer código de renderização e execução de atualizações ao seu componente, dentro das chamadas aos métodos act() . Bibliotecas de teste, do mesmo modo, podem encapsular suas APIs com o método (por exemplo: utilitários do react-testing-library , como render e fireEvent , fazem isto). Por exemplo, o exemplo de contador desta página pode ser testado assim: import React from 'react' ; import ReactDOM from 'react-dom' ; import { act } from 'react-dom/test-utils' ; import Counter from './Counter' ; let container ; beforeEach ( ( ) => { container = document . createElement ( 'div' ) ; document . body . appendChild ( container ) ; } ) ; afterEach ( ( ) => { document . body . removeChild ( container ) ; container = null ; } ) ; it ( 'can render and update a counter' , ( ) => { // Testa primeira renderização e resultado act ( ( ) => { ReactDOM . render ( < Counter /> , container ) ; } ) ; const button = container . querySelector ( 'button' ) ; const label = container . querySelector ( 'p' ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'Você clicou 0 vezes' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'Você clicou 0 vezes' ) ; // Testa segunda renderização e resultado act ( ( ) => { button . dispatchEvent ( new MouseEvent ( 'click' , { bubbles : true } ) ) ; } ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'Você clicou 1 vezes' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'Você clicou 1 vezes' ) ; } ) ; As chamadas ao método act() também irão disparar os efeitos dentro delas. Se você precisa testar um Hook customizado, você pode fazer isso criando um componente em seu teste e utilizar seu Hook a partir dele. Assim, você pode testar o componente qual você escreveu. Para reduzir a repetição, nós recomendamos utilizar a react-testing-library , qual é projetada para incentivar a escrita de testes, que utilizam de seus componentes como o usuário final utiliza. Agradecimento Nós gostaríamos de agradecer todos aqueles que comentaram no Hooks RFC , por terem compartilhado suas opiniões. Nós lemos todos os seus comentários e fizemos alguns ajustes finais nas APIs baseando-se neles. Instalação React O React v16.8.0 está disponível no registro do npm. Para instalar o React 16 com o Yarn, execute: yarn add react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 Para instalar o React 16 com o npm, execute: npm install --save react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 Nós também fornecemos compilações UMD do React via CDN: < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react@16/umd/react.production.min.js " > </ script > < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react-dom@16/umd/react-dom.production.min.js " > </ script > Consulte a documentação para instruções de instalações detalhadas . Extensão ESLint para o React Hooks Observação Como mencionado acima, nós recomendamos severamente o uso da regra do eslint-plugin-react-hooks . Se você está usando o Create React App, ao invéz da configuração manual do ESLint, você pode aguardar pela próxima versão do react-scrips , qual será lançada em breve e irá incluir esta regra. Assumindo que você já possui o ESLint instalado, excute: # npm npm install eslint-plugin-react-hooks --save-dev # yarn yarn add eslint-plugin-react-hooks --dev Então adicione em suas confugações do ESLint: { "plugins" : [ // ... "react-hooks" ] , "rules" : { // ... "react-hooks/rules-of-hooks" : "error" } } Histórico de Mudanças React Adiciona Hooks — uma forma de utilizar estado e outras funcionalidades do React sem escrever uma classe. ( @acdlite et al. em #13968 ) Aperfeiçoamento da API de inicialização lenta (lazy initialization) do Hook useReducer . ( @acdlite em #14723 ) React DOM Evita renderização de valores identicos nos Hooks useState e useReducer . ( @acdlite em #14569 ) Não compare o primeiro argumento passado aos Hooks useEffect / useMemo / useCallback . ( @acdlite em #14594 ) Utilização do algortimo Object.is para comparação dos valores de useState e useReducer . ( @Jessidhia em #14752 ) Suporte síncrono aos thenables passados para React.lazy() . ( @gaearon em #14626 ) Renderiza os componentes com Hooks duas vezes no Modo Estrito (Strict Mode) - apenas DEV, para combinar o comportamento de classe. ( @gaearon em #14654 ) Aviso sobre a incompatibilidade do Hooks quanto ao desenvolvimento. ( @threepointone em #14585 e @acdlite em #14591 ) As funções de limpeza de resultados devem retornar undefined ou uma função. Todos os outros valores, incluindo null , não são permitidos. @acdlite em #14119 Renderizador de Teste React Suporte para Hooks no renderizador superficial (Shallow Renderer). ( @trueadm em #14567 ) Correção do estado do shouldComponentUpdate junto ao getDerivedStateFromProps ao renderizador superficial (Shallow Renderer). ( @chenesan em #14613 ) Adiciona ReactTestRenderer.act() e ReactTestUtils.act() para atualizações em lote a fim de que testes sejam executados de forma mais semelhante ao comportamento real. ( @threepointone em #14744 ) Extensão ESLint: React Hooks Lançamento inicial. ( @calebmer em #13968 ) Correção do relatório após encontrar ciclo. ( @calebmer e @Yurickh em #14661 ) Não considere lançamento de exceção como uma violação de regra. ( @sophiebits em #14040 ) Histórico de mudanças do Hooks desde a versão alpha O histórico de mudanças acima contém todas as mudanças notáveis, desde a nossa última versão estável (16.7.0). Assim como, todos o nossos lançamentos secundários , não interrompe a compatibilidade com as versões anteriores. Se você está utilizando Hooks da versão alpha do React, observe que esta versão contêm algumas pequenas mudanças, que causa instabilidade ao Hooks. Nós não recomendamos a dependência da versão alpha em código de produção. Nós publicamos versões alpha para realizar mudanças com base na opinião da comunidade, antes da versão estável da API. Aqui estão todas as mudanças radicais do Hooks, quais foram feitas desde a primeira versão alpha: Remove useMutationEffect . ( @sophiebits em #14336 ) Renomeia useImperativeMethods para useImperativeHandle . ( @threepointone em #14565 ) Evita renderização de valores idênticos nos Hooks useState e useReducer . ( @acdlite em #14569 ) Não compare o primeiro argumento passado aos Hooks useEffect / useMemo / useCallback . ( @acdlite em #14594 ) Utilização do algortimo Object.is para comparação dos valores de useState e useReducer . ( @Jessidhia em #14752 ) Renderiza os componentes com Hooks duas vezes no Modo Estrito (Strict Mode) - apenas DEV. ( @gaearon em #14654 ) Aperfeiçoamento da API de inicialização lenta (lazy initialization) do Hook useReducer . ( @acdlite em #14723 ) Esta página é útil? 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https://fr.legacy.reactjs.org/blog/2019/02/06/react-v16.8.0.html | React v16.8 : celle avec les hooks • Blog React We want to hear from you! Take our 2021 Community Survey! This site is no longer updated. Go to react.dev React Docs Tutoriel Blog Communauté v 18.2.0 Langues GitHub React v16.8 : celle avec les hooks 6 février 2019 par Dan Abramov This blog site has been archived. Go to react.dev/blog to see the recent posts. Avec React 16.8, les Hooks React sont disponibles en version stable ! Qu’est-ce que les Hooks ? Les Hooks vous permettent d’utiliser l’état local et d’autres fonctionnalités de React sans avoir besoin d’écrire une classe. Vous pouvez aussi créer vos propres Hooks pour réutiliser de la logique à état dans plusieurs composants. Si vous n’avez jamais entendu parler des Hooks, vous voudrez sans doute consulter une ou plusieurs des ressources suivantes : Introduction aux Hooks vous explique pourquoi nous ajoutons les Hooks à React. Aperçu des Hooks est un survol rapide des Hooks prédéfinis. Construire vos propres Hooks illustre la réutilisation de code grâce à des Hooks personnalisés. Comprendre les Hooks React explore les nouvelles possibilités que les Hooks permettent. useHooks.com met en lumière des recettes et démos de Hooks maintenues par la communauté. Vous n’avez pas besoin d’apprendre les Hooks dès maintenant. Ils ne rompent pas la compatibilité ascendante, et nous n’avons aucune intention de retirer les classes de React. La FAQ des Hooks décrit leur stratégie d’adoption graduelle. Pas de réécriture intégrale Nous vous déconseillons de réécrire vos applications existantes d’un coup pour utiliser les Hooks. Essayez plutôt d’utiliser les Hooks dans vos nouveaux composants, et faites-nous part de vos retours. Le code utilisant les Hooks cohabitera très bien avec le code existant à base de classes. Puis-je utiliser les Hooks dès aujourd’hui ? Oui ! À partir de la 16.8.0, React inclut une implémentation stable des Hooks React pour : React DOM React DOM Server React Test Renderer React Shallow Renderer Remarquez que pour activer les Hooks, tous les modules React doivent être en version 16.8.0 ou ultérieure. Les Hooks ne fonctionneront pas si vous oubliez, par exemple, de mettre à jour React DOM. React Native prendra en charge les Hooks avec la version 0.59 . Outillage Les Hooks React sont désormais pris en charge par les outils de développement (DevTools, NdT) React. Les dernières définitions TypeScript et Flow pour React les prennent aussi en compte. Nous vous conseillons fortement d’activer la nouvelle règle de linting eslint-plugin-react-hooks pour garantir les meilleures pratiques autour des Hooks. Elle sera prochainement activée par défaut dans Create React App. Et maintenant ? Nous avons décrit nos plans pour les prochains mois dans la feuille de route React récemment publiée. Remarquez que les Hooks React ne couvrent pas encore tous les cas d’usages des classes, mais qu’ils y sont presque . À ce jour, seules les méthodes getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() et componentDidCatch() n’ont pas d’équivalent dans l’API des Hooks, mais ces méthodes de cycle de vie sont relativement rares. Si vous le souhaitez, vous devriez pouvoir utiliser les Hooks dans la majorité du nouveau code que vous écrivez. Même alors que les Hooks étaient en alpha, la communauté React a créé de nombreux exemples et recettes intéressants qui utilisent les Hooks pour de l’animation, des formulaires, des abonnements, l’intégration avec des bibliothèques tierces, etc. Nous aimons les Hooks car ils facilitent la réutilisation de code, simplifient l’écriture de composants et ouvrent la voie à de super expériences utilisateurs. Nous avons hâte de voir ce que vous allez créer avec ! Tester les Hooks Nous avons ajouté dans cette version une nouvelle API appelée ReactTestUtils.act() . Elle s’assure que le comportement de vos tests est au plus près de celui dans un navigateur. Nous vous conseillons d’enrober tout code de rendu ou qui déclenche des mises à jour dans vos composants par des appels à act() . Les bibliothèques de test peuvent aussi enrober leurs API ainsi (par exemple, les fonctions utilitaires render et fireEvent de react-testing-library le font). Ainsi, l’exemple de compteur sur cette page peut être testé comme suit : import React from 'react' ; import ReactDOM from 'react-dom' ; import { act } from 'react-dom/test-utils' ; import Counter from './Counter' ; let container ; beforeEach ( ( ) => { container = document . createElement ( 'div' ) ; document . body . appendChild ( container ) ; } ) ; afterEach ( ( ) => { document . body . removeChild ( container ) ; container = null ; } ) ; it ( 'peut s’afficher et mettre à jour un compteur' , ( ) => { // Teste le premier rendu et l’effet act ( ( ) => { ReactDOM . render ( < Counter /> , container ) ; } ) ; const button = container . querySelector ( 'button' ) ; const label = container . querySelector ( 'p' ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'Vous avez cliqué 0 fois' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'Vous avez cliqué 0 fois' ) ; // Teste le deuxième rendu et l’effet act ( ( ) => { button . dispatchEvent ( new MouseEvent ( 'click' , { bubbles : true } ) ) ; } ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'Vous avez cliqué 1 fois' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'Vous avez cliqué 1 fois' ) ; } ) ; Les appels à act() traitent l’ensemble des effets déclenchés en leur sein. Si vous avez besoin de tester un Hook personnalisé, c’est possible en créant un composant dans votre test, pour ensuite utiliser le Hook dans ce composant. Il ne vous reste plus qu’à tester le composant lui-même. Afin de réduire ce type de code générique, nous vous conseillons d’utiliser react-testing-library , conçue pour vous encourager à écrire des tests exploitant vos composants d’une façon similaire à vos utilisateurs finaux. Remerciements Nous aimerions remercier toutes les personnes qui ont commenté la RFC des Hooks , pour nous avoir fait part de leurs retours. Nous avons lu tous vos commentaires et procédé à quelques ajustements de l’API finale suite à ça. Installation React React v16.8.0 est disponible sur npm. Pour installer React 16 avec Yarn, exécutez : yarn add react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 Pour installer React 16 avec npm, exécutez : npm install --save react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 Nous fournissons aussi des builds UMD de React via un CDN : < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react@16/umd/react.production.min.js " > </ script > < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react-dom@16/umd/react-dom.production.min.js " > </ script > Référez-vous à la documentation pour des instructions détaillées d’installation . Plugin ESLint pour les Hooks React Remarque Comme indiqué précédemment, nous vous conseillons fortement d’utiliser la règle de linting dédiée eslint-plugin-react-hooks . Si vous utilisez Create React App, au lieu de configurer ESLint manuellement vous pouvez attendre la prochaine version de react-scripts , qui va sortir sous peu : elle inclura automatiquement cette règle. En supposant que vous avez déjà installé ESLint, exécutez : # npm npm install eslint-plugin-react-hooks --save-dev # yarn yarn add eslint-plugin-react-hooks --dev Puis ajoutez-le à votre configuration ESLint : { "plugins" : [ // ... "react-hooks" ] , "rules" : { // ... "react-hooks/rules-of-hooks" : "error" } } Changelog React Ajoute les Hooks — une façon d’utiliser l’état local et d’autres fonctionnalités de React sans avoir à écrire une classe. ( @acdlite et d’autres dans #13968 ) Améliore l’API d’initialisation paresseuse du Hook useReducer . ( @acdlite dans #14723 ) React DOM Évite un rendu superflu pour des valeurs identiques des Hooks useState et useReducer . ( @acdlite dans #14569 ) Ne compare plus le premier argument passé aux Hooks useEffect / useMemo / useCallback . ( @acdlite dans #14594 ) Utilise l’algorithme Object.is pour comparer les valeurs de useState et useReducer . ( @Jessidhia dans #14752 ) Prend en charge les thenables synchrones passés à React.lazy() . ( @gaearon dans #14626 ) Affiche les composants dotés de Hooks deux fois en mode strict (DEV seulement) par cohérence avec les classes. ( @gaearon dans #14654 ) Avertit en développement si l’ordre des Hooks varie. ( @threepointone dans #14585 et @acdlite dans #14591 ) Les fonctions de nettoyage des effets doivent renvoyer soit undefined soit une fonction. Toutes les autres valeurs, dont null , sont interdites. @acdlite dans #14119 React Test Renderer Prend en charge les Hooks dans le moteur de rendu superficiel. ( @trueadm dans #14567 ) Corrige l’état incorrect dans shouldComponentUpdate , si getDerivedStateFromProps est définie, au sein du moteur de rendu superficiel. ( @chenesan dans #14613 ) Ajoute ReactTestRenderer.act() et ReactTestUtils.act() pour traiter les mises à jour par lots afin que les tests reflètent davantage le comportement réel. ( @threepointone dans #14744 ) Plugin ESLint : React Hooks Version initiale. ( @calebmer dans #13968 ) Corrige les rapports après constatation d’une boucle. ( @calebmer et @Yurickh dans #14661 ) Ne considère pas une levée d’exception comme une violation de règle. ( @sophiebits dans #14040 ) Changelog des Hooks depuis les versions alpha Le changelog ci-avant contient toutes les modifications notables depuis notre dernière version stable (16.7.0). Comme pour toutes nos versions mineures , rien là-dedans ne rompt la compatibilité ascendante. Si vous utilisez actuellement les Hooks d’une version alpha de React, remarquez que cette version contient quelques ruptures concernant les Hooks. Nous déconseillons l’utilisation des alphas dans du code de production. Nous publions ces versions pour pouvoir ajuster notre API en réponse aux retours de la communauté, avant que l’API ne soit finalisée. Voici les modifications de rupture concernant les Hooks qui ont eu lieu depuis la première version alpha : Retire useMutationEffect . ( @sophiebits dans #14336 ) Renomme useImperativeMethods en useImperativeHandle . ( @threepointone dans #14565 ) Évite un rendu superflu pour des valeurs identiques des Hooks useState et useReducer . ( @acdlite dans #14569 ) Ne compare plus le premier argument passé aux Hooks useEffect / useMemo / useCallback . ( @acdlite dans #14594 ) Utilise l’algorithme Object.is pour comparer les valeurs de useState et useReducer . ( @Jessidhia dans #14752 ) Affiche les composants dotés de Hooks deux fois en mode strict (DEV seulement) par cohérence avec les classes. ( @gaearon dans #14654 ) Améliore l’API d’initialisation paresseuse du Hook useReducer . ( @acdlite dans #14723 ) Avez-vous trouvé cette page utile ? 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Report Abuse Atsushi Suzuki Posted on Jan 13 CKA (Certified Kubernetes Administrator) Exam Report 2026: Don’t Rely on Old Guides (Mastering the Post-2025 Revision) # kubernetes # certification # devops # learning Despite being active as an AWS Community Builder (Containers) and a Docker Captain, for some reason, I had never really touched Kubernetes before. So, starting in November 2025, I began studying for 1-2 hours on weekdays outside of work. I am the type of person who finds it easier to solidify foundational knowledge when I have a specific goal like a certification, so I decided to aim for the Certified Kubernetes Administrator (CKA) first. Certified Kubernetes Administrator (CKA) Why I am writing this article If you search for "CKA Pass" you will find many experience reports. However, there are still not many articles written after the exam scope revision in February 2025. Having actually taken the exam, I felt that the "sense of difficulty" and "essential techniques" mentioned in older reports are no longer entirely applicable. I wrote this article as a reference for those who are planning to take the exam in the future. Exam Results I passed with a score of 72% (passing score is 66%). It was my first time taking a hands-on practical exam, and compared to multiple-choice exams, I felt constantly rushed—I couldn't stop sweating. I didn't finish everything within the time limit and didn't have time to go back to the troubleshooting questions I had flagged. Exam Date: 2026/01/11 13:30~ Location: Private room in a co-working space Kubernetes Version: v1.34 Device: MacBook Air (2022, M2, 13.6-inch) Impressions of the New Exam Scope (Post-Feb 2025) and Difficulty To be honest, I felt it was significantly more difficult than the image I had from older experience reports. My personal impression was that it felt about as challenging as the "Killer Shell" simulator (mentioned later). Below is the revised exam scope, and I felt that questions related to the newly added content made up about half of the exam. CKA Program Changes - Feb 2025 While I cannot provide specific details about the questions, you will likely struggle if your understanding of the following newly added topics is weak: Helm Kustomize Gateway API (Gateway, HttpRoute, etc.) Network Policy CRDs (Custom Resource Definitions) Extension interfaces (CNI, CSI, CRI, etc.) Learning Resources Used I used Udemy, KodeKloud, and Killer Shell. Many reports from before the revision said that Udemy and Killer Shell were enough, but my personal feeling is that I was only able to put up a fight because I went as far as doing the additional labs on KodeKloud. Udemy This is the standard Udemy course recommended in almost every report. I bought it during one of their frequent sales. Certified Kubernetes Administrator (CKA) Practice Exam Tests The course consists of video lectures and practice tests (hosted on a separate service called KodeKloud). Since my Kubernetes knowledge was literally zero, I studied each component through the videos before attempting the practice tests. I went through the lectures once and repeated the practice questions I didn't understand multiple times (up to 4 times). For my weak areas (Helm, Kustomize, Gateway API, CRD), I re-watched the lectures several times. Once I could solve over 80% of the practice questions, I tackled the three Mock Exams in the final section until I could solve them perfectly (up to 4 rounds for some). For explanations I didn't quite understand, I asked AI for help. KodeKloud This is the KodeKloud platform included with the Udemy course: Certified Kubernetes Administrator (CKA) Since having only three Mock Exams felt a bit uncertain, I paid for the following course to solve five additional Mock Exams: Ultimate Certified Kubernetes Administrator (CKA) Mock Exam Series Killer Shell When you register for the exam, you get two sessions of the "Killer Shell" exam simulator. It uses the same Remote Desktop environment as the actual exam, so you should absolutely use it to get used to the interface. In my case, since I took the exam on a MacBook, the shortcut keys for commands change in the Remote Desktop, so I was able to practice copy-pasting in the simulator. Note that the simulator access is provided twice, and each session expires after 36 hours. If you want to review after it expires, it’s better to save the answer pages as PDF or HTML. Killer Shell Tips No need to add settings to .bashrc Common tips in older reports, such as "aliases for switching namespaces," are no longer necessary. This is because the current exam format involves using ssh to switch between different environments for each task. Memorize the Documentation URL The browser doesn't automatically open to the documentation page when the exam starts, so make sure you can quickly navigate to https://kubernetes.io/docs . Learn Copy-Paste Shortcuts for Remote Desktop Whether or not you can copy-paste quickly can make or break your pass/fail result. Practice the operations on Killer Shell. Copy (Terminal): Ctrl + Shift + C Paste (Terminal): Ctrl + Shift + V Prepare for Applied Questions Don't just memorize each component; imagine how they combine with others. Simply "memorizing Helm commands" might not be enough for some of the harder questions. Helm + CRD Migration from Ingress → Gateway + HttpRoute, etc. Exam Environment The conditions for the exam environment are strict: "a private space without noise," "no objects on the desk," etc. Unfortunately, I didn't have such an environment at home, so I rented a private room in a co-working space. Interaction with the proctor is via chat, so there is no verbal conversation. However, it seems that even slight noise will be pointed out, so choosing a private room is the safe bet. Instructions from the proctor come in your native language (Japanese in my case), but they seem to be using machine translation, as some instructions were a bit confusing. I assumed the proctor was non-Japanese, so I replied in English (just basic things like "OK," "thanks," etc.). Following the proctor's instructions, I used the webcam to show the room (ceiling, floor, desk, walls), both ears, both wrists, and my powered-off smartphone. It took about 15 minutes to actually start the exam. Also, I didn't use the external monitor at the co-working space, but in retrospect, having a larger workspace would have made things easier, so I probably should have used it. During the exam, I didn't really feel the presence of the proctor, but when I was stuck on a problem and touched my chin, a chat message arrived saying, "Please refrain from gestures that cover your face." Final Thoughts Obtaining the CKA was quite a challenge, but I plan to take the CKAD while I still have this momentum. The second half of 2025 was quite rough at my company and I felt zero personal growth, so I want to make up for that in 2026. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Atsushi Suzuki Follow AWS Community Builder | 15x AWS Certified | Docker Captain Hooked on the TV drama Silicon Valley, I switched from sales to engineering. Developing SaaS and researching AI at a startup in Tokyo. Location Tokyo Joined Mar 11, 2021 More from Atsushi Suzuki I Automated My Air Conditioner with Kubernetes (kind + CronJob + SwitchBot) # kubernetes # containers # iot # docker Practical Terraform Tips for Secure and Reliable AWS Environments # aws # terraform # devops # beginners Fixing the “Invalid Parameter” Error When Registering an SNS Topic for SES Feedback Notifications # aws # security # devops # cloud 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/sampseiol1 | Lucas Matheus - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Lucas Matheus Just a web guy Joined Joined on Apr 9, 2023 Email address lucasmatheus.matheus231@gmail.com github website twitter website Education IFRN Work System Developer and Cyber Security Researcher More info about @sampseiol1 Badges Two Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least two years. Got it Close 2 Week Community Wellness Streak Keep the community conversation going! Post at least 2 comments for 2 straight weeks and unlock the 4 Week Badge. Got it Close 1 Week Community Wellness Streak For actively engaging with the community by posting at least 2 comments in a single week. 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Sign in What is RAG? An innovative technique that is transforming language models. Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Follow Jan 9 What is RAG? An innovative technique that is transforming language models. # ai # rag # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 5 min read Elixir - A brief introduction to the language behind WhatsApp, Nubank, Brex, and so many others! Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Follow Jan 7 Elixir - A brief introduction to the language behind WhatsApp, Nubank, Brex, and so many others! # beginners # programming # startup # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read What Is Soft Delete? Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Follow Dec 14 '25 What Is Soft Delete? # programming # webdev # javascript # tutorial 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 2 min read The Day the CEO of Meta Stopped to Like My Vision Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Follow Oct 10 '25 The Day the CEO of Meta Stopped to Like My Vision # ai # beginners # career # learning Comments Add Comment 3 min read How I Built a Social Network with AI (and a 3-Person Team) Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Follow Aug 21 '25 How I Built a Social Network with AI (and a 3-Person Team) # discuss # ai # programming # productivity 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 7 min read 🚀 Building the Cultural Feed for RecomendeMe: Where Every Cultural Recommendation Shines Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Follow Aug 2 '25 🚀 Building the Cultural Feed for RecomendeMe: Where Every Cultural Recommendation Shines # webdev # programming # javascript # ai 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read RecomendeMe: Reclaiming Cultural Discovery in the Age of Algorithms Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Follow Jun 12 '25 RecomendeMe: Reclaiming Cultural Discovery in the Age of Algorithms # news # webdev # beginners # php Comments Add Comment 6 min read How a Group of Students Is Quietly Rebuilding the Way You Discover What to Watch, Listen to, and Read Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Follow Jun 6 '25 How a Group of Students Is Quietly Rebuilding the Way You Discover What to Watch, Listen to, and Read # news # programming # beginners # career 4 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read Rethinking Recommendations: A Better Way to Discover Movies, Books, and Music Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Follow Feb 8 '25 Rethinking Recommendations: A Better Way to Discover Movies, Books, and Music # programming # beginners # ai # career 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Mistake Every Developer Makes (And No One Talks About) Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Follow Feb 3 '25 The Mistake Every Developer Makes (And No One Talks About) # programming # tutorial # productivity # career 13 reactions Comments 3 comments 2 min read How Supercomputers Simulate the Real World: Parallel Heat Diffusion! Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Follow Jan 31 '25 How Supercomputers Simulate the Real World: Parallel Heat Diffusion! # programming # ai # learning # science 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read A Gentle Introduction to HPC - High Performance Computing Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Follow Sep 26 '24 A Gentle Introduction to HPC - High Performance Computing # development # beginners # programming # ai Comments Add Comment 3 min read My first experience as a Tech Lead Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Follow Jul 22 '24 My first experience as a Tech Lead # webdev # beginners # productivity # career 409 reactions Comments 42 comments 5 min read The Role of HPC in Meta Llama 3 Development Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Follow Apr 19 '24 The Role of HPC in Meta Llama 3 Development # ia # hpc # programming # beginners Comments Add Comment 4 min read I tested Google IDX (Codespaces for Google), and here are my impressions. Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Follow Mar 22 '24 I tested Google IDX (Codespaces for Google), and here are my impressions. # webdev # googlecloud # programming # productivity 23 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Unveiling RecomendeMe.com.br: Revolutionizing Cultural Recommendations Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Follow Mar 19 '24 Unveiling RecomendeMe.com.br: Revolutionizing Cultural Recommendations # javascript # webdev # react # socialmedia Comments Add Comment 3 min read Developing a Microservice to Check Content Availability on a Platform (Spotify, Deezer, Netflix) Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Follow Mar 1 '24 Developing a Microservice to Check Content Availability on a Platform (Spotify, Deezer, Netflix) # python # flask # webdev # javascript 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read RecomendeMe - Uma plataforma de recomendações feita por pessoas para pessoas Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Follow Jan 14 '24 RecomendeMe - Uma plataforma de recomendações feita por pessoas para pessoas # webdev # beginners # learning Comments Add Comment 6 min read PRUDP: Writing a Nintendo 3DS Network Protocol Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Follow Dec 7 '23 PRUDP: Writing a Nintendo 3DS Network Protocol # webdev # programming # opensource # security Comments Add Comment 10 min read Cheetos Code Breaker in Ruby Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Follow Dec 7 '23 Cheetos Code Breaker in Ruby # webdev # programming # ruby # howto Comments Add Comment 2 min read Introdução a Redes 5G - Desenvolvimento e Evolução Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Follow May 2 '23 Introdução a Redes 5G - Desenvolvimento e Evolução # webdev # mobile # network # tutorial Comments Add Comment 5 min read Minha Jornada na Programação: Do Primeiro Contato aos 23 anos - Parte 1 Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Lucas Matheus Follow Apr 10 '23 Minha Jornada na Programação: Do Primeiro Contato aos 23 anos - Parte 1 # webdev # beginners # programming # productivity 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 14 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://docs.python.org/3/library/gc.html | gc — Garbage Collector interface — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Previous topic __future__ — Future statement definitions Next topic inspect — Inspect live objects This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Standard Library » Python Runtime Services » gc — Garbage Collector interface | Theme Auto Light Dark | gc — Garbage Collector interface ¶ This module provides an interface to the optional garbage collector. It provides the ability to disable the collector, tune the collection frequency, and set debugging options. It also provides access to unreachable objects that the collector found but cannot free. Since the collector supplements the reference counting already used in Python, you can disable the collector if you are sure your program does not create reference cycles. Automatic collection can be disabled by calling gc.disable() . To debug a leaking program call gc.set_debug(gc.DEBUG_LEAK) . Notice that this includes gc.DEBUG_SAVEALL , causing garbage-collected objects to be saved in gc.garbage for inspection. The gc module provides the following functions: gc. enable ( ) ¶ Enable automatic garbage collection. gc. disable ( ) ¶ Disable automatic garbage collection. gc. isenabled ( ) ¶ Return True if automatic collection is enabled. gc. collect ( generation = 2 ) ¶ Perform a collection. The optional argument generation may be an integer specifying which generation to collect (from 0 to 2). A ValueError is raised if the generation number is invalid. The sum of collected objects and uncollectable objects is returned. Calling gc.collect(0) will perform a GC collection on the young generation. Calling gc.collect(1) will perform a GC collection on the young generation and an increment of the old generation. Calling gc.collect(2) or gc.collect() performs a full collection The free lists maintained for a number of built-in types are cleared whenever a full collection or collection of the highest generation (2) is run. Not all items in some free lists may be freed due to the particular implementation, in particular float . The effect of calling gc.collect() while the interpreter is already performing a collection is undefined. Changed in version 3.14: generation=1 performs an increment of collection. gc. set_debug ( flags ) ¶ Set the garbage collection debugging flags. Debugging information will be written to sys.stderr . See below for a list of debugging flags which can be combined using bit operations to control debugging. gc. get_debug ( ) ¶ Return the debugging flags currently set. gc. get_objects ( generation = None ) ¶ Returns a list of all objects tracked by the collector, excluding the list returned. If generation is not None , return only the objects as follows: 0: All objects in the young generation 1: No objects, as there is no generation 1 (as of Python 3.14) 2: All objects in the old generation Changed in version 3.8: New generation parameter. Changed in version 3.14: Generation 1 is removed Raises an auditing event gc.get_objects with argument generation . gc. get_stats ( ) ¶ Return a list of three per-generation dictionaries containing collection statistics since interpreter start. The number of keys may change in the future, but currently each dictionary will contain the following items: collections is the number of times this generation was collected; collected is the total number of objects collected inside this generation; uncollectable is the total number of objects which were found to be uncollectable (and were therefore moved to the garbage list) inside this generation. Added in version 3.4. gc. set_threshold ( threshold0 [ , threshold1 [ , threshold2 ] ] ) ¶ Set the garbage collection thresholds (the collection frequency). Setting threshold0 to zero disables collection. The GC classifies objects into two generations depending on whether they have survived a collection. New objects are placed in the young generation. If an object survives a collection it is moved into the old generation. In order to decide when to run, the collector keeps track of the number of object allocations and deallocations since the last collection. When the number of allocations minus the number of deallocations exceeds threshold0 , collection starts. For each collection, all the objects in the young generation and some fraction of the old generation is collected. In the free-threaded build, the increase in process memory usage is also checked before running the collector. If the memory usage has not increased by 10% since the last collection and the net number of object allocations has not exceeded 40 times threshold0 , the collection is not run. The fraction of the old generation that is collected is inversely proportional to threshold1 . The larger threshold1 is, the slower objects in the old generation are collected. For the default value of 10, 1% of the old generation is scanned during each collection. threshold2 is ignored. See Garbage collector design for more information. Changed in version 3.14: threshold2 is ignored gc. get_count ( ) ¶ Return the current collection counts as a tuple of (count0, count1, count2) . gc. get_threshold ( ) ¶ Return the current collection thresholds as a tuple of (threshold0, threshold1, threshold2) . gc. get_referrers ( * objs ) ¶ Return the list of objects that directly refer to any of objs. This function will only locate those containers which support garbage collection; extension types which do refer to other objects but do not support garbage collection will not be found. Note that objects which have already been dereferenced, but which live in cycles and have not yet been collected by the garbage collector can be listed among the resulting referrers. To get only currently live objects, call collect() before calling get_referrers() . Warning Care must be taken when using objects returned by get_referrers() because some of them could still be under construction and hence in a temporarily invalid state. Avoid using get_referrers() for any purpose other than debugging. Raises an auditing event gc.get_referrers with argument objs . gc. get_referents ( * objs ) ¶ Return a list of objects directly referred to by any of the arguments. The referents returned are those objects visited by the arguments’ C-level tp_traverse methods (if any), and may not be all objects actually directly reachable. tp_traverse methods are supported only by objects that support garbage collection, and are only required to visit objects that may be involved in a cycle. So, for example, if an integer is directly reachable from an argument, that integer object may or may not appear in the result list. Raises an auditing event gc.get_referents with argument objs . gc. is_tracked ( obj ) ¶ Returns True if the object is currently tracked by the garbage collector, False otherwise. As a general rule, instances of atomic types aren’t tracked and instances of non-atomic types (containers, user-defined objects…) are. However, some type-specific optimizations can be present in order to suppress the garbage collector footprint of simple instances (e.g. dicts containing only atomic keys and values): >>> gc . is_tracked ( 0 ) False >>> gc . is_tracked ( "a" ) False >>> gc . is_tracked ([]) True >>> gc . is_tracked ({}) False >>> gc . is_tracked ({ "a" : 1 }) True Added in version 3.1. gc. is_finalized ( obj ) ¶ Returns True if the given object has been finalized by the garbage collector, False otherwise. >>> x = None >>> class Lazarus : ... def __del__ ( self ): ... global x ... x = self ... >>> lazarus = Lazarus () >>> gc . is_finalized ( lazarus ) False >>> del lazarus >>> gc . is_finalized ( x ) True Added in version 3.9. gc. freeze ( ) ¶ Freeze all the objects tracked by the garbage collector; move them to a permanent generation and ignore them in all the future collections. If a process will fork() without exec() , avoiding unnecessary copy-on-write in child processes will maximize memory sharing and reduce overall memory usage. This requires both avoiding creation of freed “holes” in memory pages in the parent process and ensuring that GC collections in child processes won’t touch the gc_refs counter of long-lived objects originating in the parent process. To accomplish both, call gc.disable() early in the parent process, gc.freeze() right before fork() , and gc.enable() early in child processes. Added in version 3.7. gc. unfreeze ( ) ¶ Unfreeze the objects in the permanent generation, put them back into the oldest generation. Added in version 3.7. gc. get_freeze_count ( ) ¶ Return the number of objects in the permanent generation. Added in version 3.7. The following variables are provided for read-only access (you can mutate the values but should not rebind them): gc. garbage ¶ A list of objects which the collector found to be unreachable but could not be freed (uncollectable objects). Starting with Python 3.4, this list should be empty most of the time, except when using instances of C extension types with a non- NULL tp_del slot. If DEBUG_SAVEALL is set, then all unreachable objects will be added to this list rather than freed. Changed in version 3.2: If this list is non-empty at interpreter shutdown , a ResourceWarning is emitted, which is silent by default. If DEBUG_UNCOLLECTABLE is set, in addition all uncollectable objects are printed. Changed in version 3.4: Following PEP 442 , objects with a __del__() method don’t end up in gc.garbage anymore. gc. callbacks ¶ A list of callbacks that will be invoked by the garbage collector before and after collection. The callbacks will be called with two arguments, phase and info . phase can be one of two values: “start”: The garbage collection is about to start. “stop”: The garbage collection has finished. info is a dict providing more information for the callback. The following keys are currently defined: “generation”: The oldest generation being collected. “collected”: When phase is “stop”, the number of objects successfully collected. “uncollectable”: When phase is “stop”, the number of objects that could not be collected and were put in garbage . Applications can add their own callbacks to this list. The primary use cases are: Gathering statistics about garbage collection, such as how often various generations are collected, and how long the collection takes. Allowing applications to identify and clear their own uncollectable types when they appear in garbage . Added in version 3.3. The following constants are provided for use with set_debug() : gc. DEBUG_STATS ¶ Print statistics during collection. This information can be useful when tuning the collection frequency. gc. DEBUG_COLLECTABLE ¶ Print information on collectable objects found. gc. DEBUG_UNCOLLECTABLE ¶ Print information of uncollectable objects found (objects which are not reachable but cannot be freed by the collector). These objects will be added to the garbage list. Changed in version 3.2: Also print the contents of the garbage list at interpreter shutdown , if it isn’t empty. gc. DEBUG_SAVEALL ¶ When set, all unreachable objects found will be appended to garbage rather than being freed. This can be useful for debugging a leaking program. gc. DEBUG_LEAK ¶ The debugging flags necessary for the collector to print information about a leaking program (equal to DEBUG_COLLECTABLE | DEBUG_UNCOLLECTABLE | DEBUG_SAVEALL ). Previous topic __future__ — Future statement definitions Next topic inspect — Inspect live objects This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Standard Library » Python Runtime Services » gc — Garbage Collector interface | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. Last updated on Jan 13, 2026 (06:19 UTC). Found a bug ? Created using Sphinx 8.2.3. | 2026-01-13T08:49:09 |
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Report Abuse Gabor Szabo Posted on Jan 16, 2023 • Originally published at perlweekly.com Perl Weekly #599 - Open Source Development Course for Perl developers # perl # news # programming perl-weekly (154 Part Series) 1 Perl 🐪 Weekly #591 - Less than 50% use CI 2 Perl 🐪 Weekly #592 - Perl Blogging? ... 150 more parts... 3 Perl Weekly #593 - Perl on DEV.to 4 Perl Weekly #594 - Advent Calendar 5 Perl Weekly #595 - Happy Hanukkah - Merry Christmas 6 Perl Weekly #596 - New Year Resolution 7 Perl Weekly #597 - Happy New Year! 8 Perl Weekly #598 - TIOBE and Perl 9 Perl Weekly #599 - Open Source Development Course for Perl developers 10 Perl Weekly #600 - 600th edition and still going ... 11 Perl Weekly #601 - The bad apple 12 Perl Weekly #602 - RIP Ben Davies 13 Perl Weekly #603 - Generating prejudice 14 Perl Weekly #604 - P in LAMP? 15 Perl Weekly #605 - Trying to save a disappearing language 16 Perl Weekly #606 - First Love Perl? 17 Perl Weekly #607 - The Perl Planetarium 18 Perl Weekly #608 - Love You Perl!!! 19 Perl Weekly #609 - Open Source and your workplace 20 Perl Weekly #610 - Perl and TPF 21 Perl Weekly #611 - Test coverage on CPAN Digger 22 Perl Weekly #612 - Coming Soon! 23 Perl Weekly #613 - CPAN Dashboard 24 Perl Weekly #614 - Why not Perl? 25 Perl Weekly #615 - PTS - Perl Toolchain Summit 26 Perl Weekly #616 - Camel in India 27 Perl Weekly #617 - The business risks of using CPAN 28 Perl Weekly #618 - Conference Season? 29 Perl Weekly #619 - Maintenance of CPAN modules 30 Perl Weekly #620 - Abandoned modules? 31 Perl Weekly #621 - OSDC - Open Source Development Club 32 Perl Weekly #622 - Perl v5.38 coming soon ... 33 Perl Weekly #623 - perl v5.38.0 was released 34 Perl Weekly #624 - TPRC 2023 35 Perl Weekly #625 - Mohammad Sajid Anwar the new White Camel 36 Perl Weekly #626 - What is Oshun? 37 Perl Weekly #627 - Rust is fun 38 Perl Weekly #628 - Have you tried Perl v5.38? 39 Perl Weekly #630 - Vacation time 40 Perl Weekly #631 - The Koha conference ended 41 Perl Weekly #632 - New school-year 42 Perl Weekly #633 - Remember 9/11? 43 Perl Weekly #634 - Perl v5.39.1 44 Perl Weekly #635 - Is there a Perl developer shortage? 45 Perl Weekly #636 - Happy Birthday Larry 46 Perl Weekly #637 - We are in shock 47 Perl Weekly #638 - Dancing Perl? 48 Perl Weekly #639 - Standards of Conduct 49 Perl Weekly #640 - Perl Workshop 50 Perl Weekly #641 - Advent Calendars 51 Perl Weekly #642 - Perl and PAUSE 52 Perl Weekly #643 - My birthday wishes 53 Perl Weekly #644 - Perl Sponsor? 54 Perl Weekly #645 - Advent Calendars 55 Perl Weekly #646 - Festive Season 56 Perl Weekly #647 - Happy birthday Perl! 🎂 57 Perl Weekly #648 - Merry Christmas 58 Perl Weekly #649 - Happier New Year! 59 Perl Weekly #650 - Perl in 2024 60 Perl Weekly #651 - Watch the release of Perl live! 61 Perl Weekly #653 - Perl & Raku Conference 2024 to Host a Science Track! 62 Perl Weekly #654 - Perl and FOSDEM 63 Perl Weekly #655 - What's new in Perl and on CPAN? What's new in Italy? 64 Perl Weekly #656 - Perl Conference 65 Perl Weekly #657 - Perl Toolchain Summit in 2024 66 Perl Weekly #658 - Perl // Outreachy 67 Perl Weekly #659 - The big chess game 68 Perl Weekly #660 - What's new ... 69 Perl Weekly #661 - Perl Toolchain Summit 2024 70 Perl Weekly #662 - TPRC in Las Vegas 71 Perl Weekly #663 - No idea 72 Perl Weekly #664 - German Perl Workshop 73 Perl Weekly #665 - How to get better at Perl? 74 Perl Weekly #666 - LPW 2024 75 Perl Weekly #667 - Call for papers and sponsors for LPW 2024 76 Perl Weekly #668 - Perl v5.40 77 Perl Weekly #669 - How Time Machine works 78 Perl Weekly #670 - Conference Season ... 79 Perl Weekly #671 - In-person and online events 80 Perl Weekly #672 - It's time ... 81 Perl Weekly #673 - One week till the Perl and Raku conference 82 Perl Weekly #676 - Perl and OpenAI 83 Perl Weekly #677 - Reports from TPRC 2024 84 Perl Weekly #678 - Perl Steering Council 85 Perl Weekly #679 - Perl is like... 86 Perl Weekly #680 - Advent Calendar 87 Perl Weekly #681 - GitHub and Perl 88 Perl Weekly #682 - Perl and CPAN 89 Perl Weekly #683 - An uptick in activity on Reddit? 90 Perl Weekly #685 - LPRW 2024 Schedule Now Available 91 Perl Weekly #686 - Perl Conference 92 Perl Weekly #687 - On secrets 93 Perl Weekly #688 - Perl and Hacktoberfest 94 Perl Weekly #689 - October 7 🎗️ 95 Perl Weekly #690 - London Perl & Raku Workshop 2024 96 Perl Weekly #692 - LPW 2024: Quick Report 97 Perl Weekly #693 - Advertising Perl 98 Perl Weekly #694 - LPW: Past, Present & Future 99 Perl Weekly #695 - Perl: Half of our life 100 Perl Weekly #696 - Perl 5 is Perl 101 Perl Weekly #697 - Advent Calendars 2024 102 Perl Weekly #698 - Perl v5.41.7 103 Perl 🐪 Weekly #699 - Happy birthday Perl 104 Perl 🐪 Weekly #700 - White Camel Award 2024 105 Perl 🐪 Weekly #701 - Happier New Year! 106 Perl 🐪 Weekly #702 - Perl Camel 107 Perl 🐪 Weekly #703 - Teach me some Perl! 108 Perl 🐪 Weekly #704 - Perl Podcast 109 Perl 🐪 Weekly #705 - Something is moving 110 Perl 🐪 Weekly #706 - Perl in 2025 111 Perl 🐪 Weekly #707 - Is it ethical? 112 Perl 🐪 Weekly #708 - Perl is growing... 113 Perl 🐪 Weekly #709 - GPRW and Perl Toolchain Summit 114 Perl 🐪 Weekly #710 - PPC - Perl Proposed Changes 115 Perl 🐪 Weekly #711 - Obfuscating Perl 116 Perl 🐪 Weekly #712 - RIP Zefram 117 Perl 🐪 Weekly #713 - Why do companies migrate away from Perl? 118 Perl 🐪 Weekly #714 - Munging Data? 119 Perl 🐪 Weekly #715 - Why do companies move away from Perl? 120 Perl 🐪 Weekly #716 - CVE in Perl 121 Perl 🐪 Weekly #717 - Happy Easter 122 Perl 🐪 Weekly #719 - How do you deal with the decline? 123 Perl 🐪 Weekly #720 - GPW 2025 124 Perl 🐪 Weekly #721 - Perl Roadmap 125 Perl 🐪 Weekly #723 - Perl Ad Server needs ads 126 Perl 🐪 Weekly #724 - Perl and XS 127 Perl 🐪 Weekly #725 - Perl podcasts? 128 Perl 🐪 Weekly #726 - Perl and ChatGPT 129 Perl 🐪 Weekly #727 - Which versions of Perl do you use? 130 Perl 🐪 Weekly #728 - Perl Conference 131 Perl 🐪 Weekly #729 - Videos from TPRC 132 Perl 🐪 Weekly #730 - RIP MST 133 Perl 🐪 Weekly #731 - Looking for a Perl event organizer 134 Perl 🐪 Weekly #732 - MetaCPAN Success Story 135 Perl 🐪 Weekly #733 - Perl using AI 136 Perl 🐪 Weekly #734 - CPAN Day 137 Perl 🐪 Weekly #735 - Perl-related events 138 Perl 🐪 Weekly #736 - NICEPERL 139 Perl 🐪 Weekly #737 - Perl oneliners 140 Perl 🐪 Weekly #739 - Announcing Dancer2 2.0.0 141 Perl 🐪 Weekly #741 - Money to TPRF 💰 142 Perl 🐪 Weekly #742 - Support TPRF 143 Perl 🐪 Weekly #743 - Writing Perl with LLMs 144 Perl 🐪 Weekly #744 - London Perl Workshop 2025 145 Perl 🐪 Weekly #745 - Perl IDE Survey 146 Perl 🐪 Weekly #746 - YAPC::Fukuoka 2025 🇯🇵 147 Perl 🐪 Weekly #748 - Perl v5.43.5 148 Perl 🐪 Weekly #749 - Design Patterns in Modern Perl 149 Perl 🐪 Weekly #750 - Perl Advent Calendar 2025 150 Perl 🐪 Weekly #751 - Open Source contributions 151 Perl 🐪 Weekly #752 - Marlin - OOP Framework 152 Perl 🐪 Weekly #753 - Happy New Year! 153 Perl 🐪 Weekly #754 - New Year Resolution 154 Perl 🐪 Weekly #755 - Does TIOBE help Perl? Originally published at Perl Weekly 599 Hi there! Recently I started to offer a course called Open Source Development Course . The idea is to let participants learn and practice(!) git/github/pull-request/testing/code-coverage/linters/ci/etc. That way they improve their development practices and can also contribute to Open Source projects. It is a course designed to run for 12-13 weeks with about 5 hours per week workload. It can be either part of a university program or people can take it while they have a full-time job. Every week there is a 1-2 hours long presentation and the rest is hands-on work with my async help. I'd like to offer a version of this course especially for people who are interested in contributing to Perl-based Open Source projects. The participants will learn Perl-specific tools and processes. All proceedings will go to sponsor the The Perl Toolchain Summit . Check out this page for further details and let me know ASAP if you are interested. Enjoy your week! -- Your editor: Gabor Szabo. Articles so many CPAN uploads! (code review mark iii) Ricardo has 114 distributions on CPAN, give or take a few. ( MetaCPAN shows 265). He wanted to do some housekeeping that was almost fun. I think one of these cleanup uploads caught my eye thinking that the distribution is actively maintained and I sent him PR adding GitHub Actions probably making him regret a bit the new uploads. Jenkins for running scripts! Using Jenkins as a cron daemon that also nicely collects the results of all the jobs. Creating a Simple DSL in Perl Creating a XSPF playlist with your own words. New App::Easer release 2.006 Home-brewn sets Set operations are rarely needed, but when they are, perl developers usually use the keys of a hash to pretend they have sets. Number::Phone release candidate leaving perl v5.8 behind For a long time I felt that it is not a good idea to want to support people who have not upgraded their version of perl for 5-10-15(!) years, but want the latest modules from CPAN. I am glad RJBS also thinks so. He also writes about it a lot more nicely than I could ever do and gives several ways to handle the situation when a new version of a module starts requiring a version of Perl that is only 10 years old... Updating GitHub Pages using GitHub Actions How to prevent an infinite loop Perl This Week in PSC (093) Weekly report of the Perl Steering Council The Weekly Challenge The Weekly Challenge by Mohammad Anwar will help you step out of your comfort-zone. You can even win prize money of $50 Amazon voucher by participating in the weekly challenge. We pick one winner at the end of the month from among all of the contributors during the month. The monthly prize is kindly sponsored by Peter Sergeant of PerlCareers . The Weekly Challenge - 200 Welcome to a new week with a couple of fun tasks "Arithmetic Slices" and "Seven Segment 200". If you are new to the weekly challenge then why not join us and have fun every week. For more information, please read the FAQ . RECAP - The Weekly Challenge - 199 Enjoy a quick recap of last week's contributions by Team PWC dealing with the "Good Pairs" and "Good Triplets" tasks in Perl and Raku. You will find plenty of solutions to keep you busy. Multiple Goods Did I repeat the past task? Well, it seems yes. Should have been more careful? Nice demo of do blocks and postfix for. Twice as Good Great use of Bag of Raku with detailed discussion. Keep it up great work. Not a Bad Couple… And There’s Always Room for One More, Baby Colin is back to blogging after a short break. Always pleasure to read his blog. Thanks for sharing. For The Good Dave is back with yet another blog post sharing the details of his contributions. Perl Weekly Challenge: Week 199 Jaldhar is back too, we all missed you. Thank you for sharing the knowledge with us. The Weekly Challenge 198 James never stop just after solving the weekly task but share the performance stats, magical. PWC199 - Good Pairs Flavio couldn't resist using one-liner in Perl and Raku. Always a treat. PWC199 - Good Triplets Although, not to his taste but we still have a solution. Fun Fun Fun. Perl Weekly Challenge 199: Good Pairs and Good Triplets Usually we get Raku to Perl but this time, it is other way around. Nice work, Nested Loops Everywhere! Fun and easy use of loops to get the job done. Well done. PWC 199 Sleek one-liner in Perl as always. You don't want to miss it. Thanks for sharing. All good things Use of regular for loop is enough this week. Thanks for sharing. Good N-lets Use of CPAN module makes the solution easier to follow. Great work! It's all good Like every week, we got Perl and Python twin solutions. Keep it up the momentum. PWC 199 Nice one-liners both in Perl and Raku. Well done and thanks for sharing. Videos Joel Berger on Mojolicious This interview was recorded in 2016. Other jq cheats jq is an excellent tool to interrogate and even change a JSON file. Flavio has some examples. Weekly collections NICEPERL's lists Great CPAN modules released last week ; MetaCPAN weekly report ; StackOverflow Perl report . Events Geizhals Preisvergleich sponsors the German Perl/Raku Workshop The German Perl/Raku Workshop conference will take place 27.2-1.3 2023 in Frankfurt. The Perl Toolchain Summit is back in 2023! It will take place in Lyon, from Wednesday April 27 to Sunday April 30 2023 FOSDEM mini grants Would you like to give a Perl or Raku related presentation at FOSDEM 2023 that will take place 4-5 February in Brussels? TPRF can help you financially. Perl Jobs by Perl Careers Adventure! Senior Perl roles in Malaysia, Dubai and Malta Clever folks know that if you’re lucky, you can earn a living and have an adventure at the same time. Enter our international client: online trading is their game, and they’re looking for senior Perl developers with passion, drive, and an appreciation for new experiences. Senior Perl Developer with Cross-Trained Chops. UK Remote Perl Role The client is interested in anyone with experience building web apps in Perl, using one of the major Perl frameworks. If you’re a crack-hand with Catalyst, a Mojolicious master, or a distinguished Dancer, they want you. You’ll be deploying apps your work to AWS, so experience would be handy, and the company’s big on testing, so they’d like you to know your way around Test::More. Perl Developer and Business Owner? Remote Perl role in UK & EU Our clients run a job search engine that has grown from two friends with an idea to a site that receives more than 10 million visits per month. They're looking for a Perl pro with at least three years of experience with high-volume and high-traffic apps and sites, a solid understanding of Object-Oriented Perl (perks if that knowledge includes Moose), SQL/MySQL and DBIx::Class. C, C++, and Perl Software Engineers, Let’s Keep the Internet Safe. Remote Perl Role in the UK A leading digital safeguarding solutions provider is looking for a software engineer experienced in C, C++, or Perl. You’ll have strong Linux knowledge and a methodical approach to problem solving that you use to investigate, replicate, and address customer issues. Your keen understanding of firewalls, proxies, Iptables, Squid, VPNs/IPSec and HTTP(S) will be key to your success at this company. You joined the Perl Weekly to get weekly e-mails about the Perl programming language and related topics. Want to see more? See the archives of all the issues. Not yet subscribed to the newsletter? Join us free of charge ! (C) Copyright Gabor Szabo The articles are copyright the respective authors. perl-weekly (154 Part Series) 1 Perl 🐪 Weekly #591 - Less than 50% use CI 2 Perl 🐪 Weekly #592 - Perl Blogging? ... 150 more parts... 3 Perl Weekly #593 - Perl on DEV.to 4 Perl Weekly #594 - Advent Calendar 5 Perl Weekly #595 - Happy Hanukkah - Merry Christmas 6 Perl Weekly #596 - New Year Resolution 7 Perl Weekly #597 - Happy New Year! 8 Perl Weekly #598 - TIOBE and Perl 9 Perl Weekly #599 - Open Source Development Course for Perl developers 10 Perl Weekly #600 - 600th edition and still going ... 11 Perl Weekly #601 - The bad apple 12 Perl Weekly #602 - RIP Ben Davies 13 Perl Weekly #603 - Generating prejudice 14 Perl Weekly #604 - P in LAMP? 15 Perl Weekly #605 - Trying to save a disappearing language 16 Perl Weekly #606 - First Love Perl? 17 Perl Weekly #607 - The Perl Planetarium 18 Perl Weekly #608 - Love You Perl!!! 19 Perl Weekly #609 - Open Source and your workplace 20 Perl Weekly #610 - Perl and TPF 21 Perl Weekly #611 - Test coverage on CPAN Digger 22 Perl Weekly #612 - Coming Soon! 23 Perl Weekly #613 - CPAN Dashboard 24 Perl Weekly #614 - Why not Perl? 25 Perl Weekly #615 - PTS - Perl Toolchain Summit 26 Perl Weekly #616 - Camel in India 27 Perl Weekly #617 - The business risks of using CPAN 28 Perl Weekly #618 - Conference Season? 29 Perl Weekly #619 - Maintenance of CPAN modules 30 Perl Weekly #620 - Abandoned modules? 31 Perl Weekly #621 - OSDC - Open Source Development Club 32 Perl Weekly #622 - Perl v5.38 coming soon ... 33 Perl Weekly #623 - perl v5.38.0 was released 34 Perl Weekly #624 - TPRC 2023 35 Perl Weekly #625 - Mohammad Sajid Anwar the new White Camel 36 Perl Weekly #626 - What is Oshun? 37 Perl Weekly #627 - Rust is fun 38 Perl Weekly #628 - Have you tried Perl v5.38? 39 Perl Weekly #630 - Vacation time 40 Perl Weekly #631 - The Koha conference ended 41 Perl Weekly #632 - New school-year 42 Perl Weekly #633 - Remember 9/11? 43 Perl Weekly #634 - Perl v5.39.1 44 Perl Weekly #635 - Is there a Perl developer shortage? 45 Perl Weekly #636 - Happy Birthday Larry 46 Perl Weekly #637 - We are in shock 47 Perl Weekly #638 - Dancing Perl? 48 Perl Weekly #639 - Standards of Conduct 49 Perl Weekly #640 - Perl Workshop 50 Perl Weekly #641 - Advent Calendars 51 Perl Weekly #642 - Perl and PAUSE 52 Perl Weekly #643 - My birthday wishes 53 Perl Weekly #644 - Perl Sponsor? 54 Perl Weekly #645 - Advent Calendars 55 Perl Weekly #646 - Festive Season 56 Perl Weekly #647 - Happy birthday Perl! 🎂 57 Perl Weekly #648 - Merry Christmas 58 Perl Weekly #649 - Happier New Year! 59 Perl Weekly #650 - Perl in 2024 60 Perl Weekly #651 - Watch the release of Perl live! 61 Perl Weekly #653 - Perl & Raku Conference 2024 to Host a Science Track! 62 Perl Weekly #654 - Perl and FOSDEM 63 Perl Weekly #655 - What's new in Perl and on CPAN? What's new in Italy? 64 Perl Weekly #656 - Perl Conference 65 Perl Weekly #657 - Perl Toolchain Summit in 2024 66 Perl Weekly #658 - Perl // Outreachy 67 Perl Weekly #659 - The big chess game 68 Perl Weekly #660 - What's new ... 69 Perl Weekly #661 - Perl Toolchain Summit 2024 70 Perl Weekly #662 - TPRC in Las Vegas 71 Perl Weekly #663 - No idea 72 Perl Weekly #664 - German Perl Workshop 73 Perl Weekly #665 - How to get better at Perl? 74 Perl Weekly #666 - LPW 2024 75 Perl Weekly #667 - Call for papers and sponsors for LPW 2024 76 Perl Weekly #668 - Perl v5.40 77 Perl Weekly #669 - How Time Machine works 78 Perl Weekly #670 - Conference Season ... 79 Perl Weekly #671 - In-person and online events 80 Perl Weekly #672 - It's time ... 81 Perl Weekly #673 - One week till the Perl and Raku conference 82 Perl Weekly #676 - Perl and OpenAI 83 Perl Weekly #677 - Reports from TPRC 2024 84 Perl Weekly #678 - Perl Steering Council 85 Perl Weekly #679 - Perl is like... 86 Perl Weekly #680 - Advent Calendar 87 Perl Weekly #681 - GitHub and Perl 88 Perl Weekly #682 - Perl and CPAN 89 Perl Weekly #683 - An uptick in activity on Reddit? 90 Perl Weekly #685 - LPRW 2024 Schedule Now Available 91 Perl Weekly #686 - Perl Conference 92 Perl Weekly #687 - On secrets 93 Perl Weekly #688 - Perl and Hacktoberfest 94 Perl Weekly #689 - October 7 🎗️ 95 Perl Weekly #690 - London Perl & Raku Workshop 2024 96 Perl Weekly #692 - LPW 2024: Quick Report 97 Perl Weekly #693 - Advertising Perl 98 Perl Weekly #694 - LPW: Past, Present & Future 99 Perl Weekly #695 - Perl: Half of our life 100 Perl Weekly #696 - Perl 5 is Perl 101 Perl Weekly #697 - Advent Calendars 2024 102 Perl Weekly #698 - Perl v5.41.7 103 Perl 🐪 Weekly #699 - Happy birthday Perl 104 Perl 🐪 Weekly #700 - White Camel Award 2024 105 Perl 🐪 Weekly #701 - Happier New Year! 106 Perl 🐪 Weekly #702 - Perl Camel 107 Perl 🐪 Weekly #703 - Teach me some Perl! 108 Perl 🐪 Weekly #704 - Perl Podcast 109 Perl 🐪 Weekly #705 - Something is moving 110 Perl 🐪 Weekly #706 - Perl in 2025 111 Perl 🐪 Weekly #707 - Is it ethical? 112 Perl 🐪 Weekly #708 - Perl is growing... 113 Perl 🐪 Weekly #709 - GPRW and Perl Toolchain Summit 114 Perl 🐪 Weekly #710 - PPC - Perl Proposed Changes 115 Perl 🐪 Weekly #711 - Obfuscating Perl 116 Perl 🐪 Weekly #712 - RIP Zefram 117 Perl 🐪 Weekly #713 - Why do companies migrate away from Perl? 118 Perl 🐪 Weekly #714 - Munging Data? 119 Perl 🐪 Weekly #715 - Why do companies move away from Perl? 120 Perl 🐪 Weekly #716 - CVE in Perl 121 Perl 🐪 Weekly #717 - Happy Easter 122 Perl 🐪 Weekly #719 - How do you deal with the decline? 123 Perl 🐪 Weekly #720 - GPW 2025 124 Perl 🐪 Weekly #721 - Perl Roadmap 125 Perl 🐪 Weekly #723 - Perl Ad Server needs ads 126 Perl 🐪 Weekly #724 - Perl and XS 127 Perl 🐪 Weekly #725 - Perl podcasts? 128 Perl 🐪 Weekly #726 - Perl and ChatGPT 129 Perl 🐪 Weekly #727 - Which versions of Perl do you use? 130 Perl 🐪 Weekly #728 - Perl Conference 131 Perl 🐪 Weekly #729 - Videos from TPRC 132 Perl 🐪 Weekly #730 - RIP MST 133 Perl 🐪 Weekly #731 - Looking for a Perl event organizer 134 Perl 🐪 Weekly #732 - MetaCPAN Success Story 135 Perl 🐪 Weekly #733 - Perl using AI 136 Perl 🐪 Weekly #734 - CPAN Day 137 Perl 🐪 Weekly #735 - Perl-related events 138 Perl 🐪 Weekly #736 - NICEPERL 139 Perl 🐪 Weekly #737 - Perl oneliners 140 Perl 🐪 Weekly #739 - Announcing Dancer2 2.0.0 141 Perl 🐪 Weekly #741 - Money to TPRF 💰 142 Perl 🐪 Weekly #742 - Support TPRF 143 Perl 🐪 Weekly #743 - Writing Perl with LLMs 144 Perl 🐪 Weekly #744 - London Perl Workshop 2025 145 Perl 🐪 Weekly #745 - Perl IDE Survey 146 Perl 🐪 Weekly #746 - YAPC::Fukuoka 2025 🇯🇵 147 Perl 🐪 Weekly #748 - Perl v5.43.5 148 Perl 🐪 Weekly #749 - Design Patterns in Modern Perl 149 Perl 🐪 Weekly #750 - Perl Advent Calendar 2025 150 Perl 🐪 Weekly #751 - Open Source contributions 151 Perl 🐪 Weekly #752 - Marlin - OOP Framework 152 Perl 🐪 Weekly #753 - Happy New Year! 153 Perl 🐪 Weekly #754 - New Year Resolution 154 Perl 🐪 Weekly #755 - Does TIOBE help Perl? Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Gabor Szabo Follow Helping individuals and teams improve their software development practices. Introducing testing, test automation, CI, CD, pair programming. That neighborhood. Location Israel Education HUJI - Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel; Fazekas in Budapest, Hungary Work CI, Automation, and DevOps Trainer and Consultant at Self Employed Joined Oct 11, 2017 More from Gabor Szabo Perl 🐪 Weekly #755 - Does TIOBE help Perl? # perl # news # programming Perl 🐪 Weekly #754 - New Year Resolution # perl # news # programming Perl 🐪 Weekly #753 - Happy New Year! # perl # news # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://neon.tech/docs/changelog | Changelog - Neon Docs This 250+ engineer team replaced shared staging with isolated database branches for safer deploys Neon Docs Search ... Ask AI Log In Sign Up Get started About Connect Connect to Neon Clients & tools Troubleshooting Develop Frontend & Frameworks Frameworks Languages ORMs Backend Data API Neon Auth Postgres RLS AI AI for Agents AI App Starter Kit Tools & Workflows API, CLI & SDKs Local development Integrations (3rd party) Workflows & CI/CD Templates Examples repo Manage Neon platform Plans and billing Neon on Azure Security & compliance Postgres Extensions Postgres guides Compatibility Version support Upgrade PostgreSQL Tutorial Resources Status Support Changelog Roadmap Early access Community Glossary RSS feeds Platform integration Search ... Ask AI Changelog / Changelog Changelog The latest product updates from Neon RSS feed Subscribe to our changelog. No spam, guaranteed. Subscribe Jan 09, 2026 New graphs for monitoring pooled connections Neon uses PgBouncer for connection pooling , allowing thousands of client connections to share a smaller pool of actual Postgres connections. The monitoring page in the Neon Console now includes Pooler client connections and Pooler server connections graphs (these display data when you use a pooled connection). The Pooler client connections graph shows connections from your applications to PgBouncer, while Pooler server connections displays the actual connections from PgBouncer to Postgres. These graphs help you understand connection usage patterns, identify bottlenecks, and determine when to adjust your pool size or compute resources. For more information, see Monitoring dashboard . Pooler client connections Pooler server connections Additionally, the OpenTelemetry and Datadog integrations now export PgBouncer connection pooling metrics, giving you visibility into pooler client and server connections in your observability platform alongside the new charts in the Neon Console. New integrations automatically include these metrics. To enable them for existing integrations, you can either edit the integration settings to trigger a collector upgrade or delete and recreate the integration. GitHub Action support for Neon Auth and Data API The Neon Create Branch GitHub Action now supports retrieving branch-specific URLs for Neon Auth and the Neon Data API. This makes it easy to run integration tests against isolated branch environments with the same auth and data access patterns you use in production. Set get_auth_url: true or get_data_api_url: true in your workflow to access the auth_url and data_api_url outputs for your test branch. - name : Create Neon Branch uses : neondatabase/create-branch-action@v6 id : create-branch with : project_id : ${{ vars.NEON_PROJECT_ID }} branch_name : feature-branch api_key : ${{ secrets.NEON_API_KEY }} get_auth_url : true get_data_api_url : true - name : Use outputs run : | echo "Auth URL: ${{ steps.create-branch.outputs.auth_url }}" echo "Data API URL: ${{ steps.create-branch.outputs.data_api_url }}" Introducing the new Neon VS Code Extension The Neon VS Code Extension brings a revamped database development experience directly into your IDE. Connect to your Neon organizations, projects, and branches, browse schemas in a rich tree view, run SQL queries, and view or edit table data in a spreadsheet-like interface—all without leaving your editor. This release replaces the previous Neon Local extension. The new extension no longer uses a local proxy or localhost connection strings. Instead, it helps you manage direct Neon connection strings for your branches. The extension also automatically configures the Neon MCP Server, enabling AI-powered workflows for managing projects, branches, and databases from your coding agent. Available for VS Code, Cursor, Windsurf, and other VS Code-compatible editors. Get started with the Neon VS Code Extension . Fixes & improvements Instagres Added a logical_replication option to Instagres databases (default is false ). This lets sync engines spin up Postgres databases with logical replication enabled without needing to sign up for a Neon account to manually enable it. Neon CLI Fixed a misleading "org_id is required" error in the Neon CLI when running neon branches list without specifying a project. The CLI now provides clearer guidance when you have multiple projects, and automatically selects your project if you only have one. Upgrade your Neon CLI installation to get this fix. See upgrade instructions . OpenTelemetry integrations You can now edit endpoint and authentication credentials for existing OpenTelemetry integrations , enabling you to fix configuration issues without having to delete and recreate the integration. Monitoring Fixed monitoring graph x-axis labels to dynamically adjust based on the selected time range. When you zoom into a custom range on the graph, the labels now show more granular time information (hours instead of just day names) making it easier to read detailed metrics. Fixed an issue on the monitoring page where clicking once on a chart would cause empty charts to display. Clicking on a chart now has no effect, preventing unintended empty range selections. Postgres extension updates Updated the anon extension (PostgreSQL Anonymizer) to version 2.5.1, which fixes a table name escaping bug that could cause anonymization failures. Neon Console Added a project count display to the Projects page in the Neon Console, making it easier to see how many projects you have at a glance. Projects created from the Neon Console are now created with a production branch only. Previously, projects created in the Neon console included both production and development branches. Projects created via the Neon CLI or API are unaffected by this change. Jan 02, 2026 Help shape what we build in 2026 From the Neon team, we'd like to extend a warm and heartfelt Happy New Year to every member of our community. What a year 2025 was. In May, Neon joined Databricks , but our mission hasn't changed. We're still focused on delivering the best Postgres experience for developers and AI agents. Beyond that, we shipped a ton of features in 2025. You can see everything we built here . Here's the thing though, none of this happens without you. Your feedback, whether you chat with us in Discord, ping us on Twitter, or drop it in the console, that's what shapes what we build. Every suggestion, bug report, and feature request matters to us. So as we kick off 2026, we want to ask What should we ship next? Got a feature you're waiting for? A bug that's causing you trouble? An idea that would take things to the next level? We want to hear it. You can share your feedback on Discord , Twitter/X , or via the Send Feedback modal in the Neon Console. Thank you for being part of this journey with us. Let's build great things together in 2026! 🚀 Dec 19, 2025 Project recovery Accidentally deleted a project? You can now recover it within 7 days of deletion. This feature restores your entire project infrastructure, including all branches, endpoints, compute configurations, and project settings. Your connection strings, collaborators, and snapshots all come back exactly as they were. Recovery is available through the CLI and API. There are no storage costs or recovery fees during the 7-day recovery window. For more information, see Recover a deleted project . 100 Free plan projects Another week, yet another increase: The Neon Free plan now includes: 80 projects 100 projects That's 100 separate database projects you can spin up, experiment with, and build on. Whether you're prototyping ideas, learning Postgres, or running multiple side projects, you've got plenty of room to work. This change applies automatically to all Free plan users. No action required. For more information about plan limits, see Neon plans . Learn about why we're increasing project limits on the Free plan Easier setup for Neon MCP Server Connecting AI editors to the Neon MCP Server is now a single command: npx neonctl@latest init This command authenticates via OAuth, automatically creates a Neon API key, and configures Cursor, VS Code, or Claude Code CLI to connect to Neon. It handles all the setup steps that previously required manual configuration file edits and API key management. Once configured, you can immediately ask your AI assistant to create projects, manage branches, or query your database. If you’re an existing Neon MCP user, setting up the MCP Server this way means you won’t be prompted to repeatedly reconnect through browser-based OAuth flows. Your local configuration and API key are created and saved for reuse. For more information, see Connect MCP clients to Neon . Data masking enhancements We've added address-specific masking functions to data masking in the Neon Console. These functions provide specialized handling for text fields like street addresses, cities, and postal codes, letting you mask location data while preserving geographic patterns. As well, all masking functions are now organized into categories (Names, Email Addresses, Phone Numbers, and Addresses). For more information about data masking, see Data anonymization . AI-powered Neon Auth setup Your AI editor can now scaffold complete authentication flows with Neon Auth. We've published AI rules, MCP prompt templates, and a Claude skill that teach AI assistants how to integrate Neon Auth into your apps. These tools detect your framework, install the right packages, create the necessary files, and follow best practices automatically. The setup includes: AI rules MCP prompt templates Claude skill This means you can open Cursor, Claude, or VS Code, ask your AI assistant to "add Neon Auth," and let it handle the implementation. Learn more in our blog post, Teaching AI to Do Auth (So You Don't Have To) . Fixes & improvements SQL Editor: SQL Editor commands like \d and \h now fully support all Postgres 18 features through an updated psql-describe package. Neon Auth: Added Vercel as an OAuth provider, enabling you to integrate Vercel authentication into your applications. Now works with branch expiration . Data Anonymization: Materialized views are now automatically refreshed after data anonymization to prevent stale un-anonymized data from remaining in views. GitHub Actions now supports creating anonymized branches directly in your CI/CD workflows using the new masking_rules input to specify which columns to mask. Vercel Integration: Added support for Vercel Marketplace to trigger database credential rotation for enhanced security. Deleted Vercel integrations are now handled gracefully without triggering errors during operations. Documentation: Added an Encore framework integration guide showing how to build backend applications with automatic infrastructure provisioning and Neon Postgres. Was this page helpful? Yes No Thank you for your feedback! Subscribe to our changelog. No spam, guaranteed. Subscribe Neon Docs Neon A Databricks Company Neon status loading... Made in SF and the World Copyright Ⓒ 2022 – 2026 Neon, LLC Company About Blog Careers Contact Sales Partners Security Legal Privacy Policy Terms of Service DPA Subprocessors List Privacy Guide Cookie Policy Business Information Resources Docs Changelog Support Community Guides PostgreSQL Tutorial Startups Creators Social Discord GitHub x.com LinkedIn YouTube Compliance CCPA Compliant GDPR Compliant ISO 27001 Certified ISO 27701 Certified SOC 2 Certified HIPAA Compliant Compliance Guide Neon’s Sub Contractors Sensitive Data Terms Trust Center self.__next_f.push([1,"357:[[\"$\",\"h2\",null,{\"children\":\"Neon Auth is here! Get authentication in a couple of clicks\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":[\"After a successful Early Access period, Neon Auth is now available in \",[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":\"Beta\"}],\" to all users! Set up authentication for your application without writing integration code — Neon Auth automatically syncs user profiles from your auth provider straight to your Neon database.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L415\",null,{\"src\":\"/docs/changelog/neon_auth_quickstart.png\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$L1a\",null,{\"className\":\"\",\"src\":\"/docs/changelog/neon_auth_quickstart.png\",\"width\":762,\"height\":428,\"style\":{\"width\":\"100%\",\"height\":\"100%\"},\"title\":\"$undefined\",\"alt\":\"Neon Auth Quick Start setup screen\"}],false]}]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"What you get:\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"ul\",null,{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[\"Query \",[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":\"user profiles directly from your database\"}],\" using the \",[\"$\",\"code\",null,{\"children\":\"neon_auth.users_sync\"}],\" table\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[\"Use our \",[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":\"complete API\"}],\" to create integrations automatically, add users, and transfer ownership\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[\"Get up and running with a \",[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":\"pre-configured Stack Auth project\"}],\" that Neon manages, with the option to transfer it to your Stack Auth account later\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"Get started:\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"ul\",null,{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":\"Set up your auth integration in the Neon Console with our Quick Start or connect your existing Stack Auth project\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[\"Explore our \",[\"$\",\"$L18\",null,{\"to\":\"https://github.com/neondatabase-labs/neon-auth-demo-app\",\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"icon\":\"external\",\"children\":\"sample Todo app\"}],\" showing Neon Auth with \",[\"$\",\"$L18\",null,{\"to\":\"https://orm.drizzle.team\",\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"icon\":\"external\",\"children\":\"Drizzle ORM\"}]]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[\"Check out the \",[\"$\",\"$L18\",null,{\"to\":\"/docs/guides/neon-auth\",\"target\":\"$undefined\",\"rel\":\"$undefined\",\"icon\":null,\"children\":\"documentation\"}],\" for full details\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"em\",null,{\"children\":[\"Currently supporting \",[\"$\",\"$L18\",null,{\"to\":\"https://stack-auth.com/\",\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"icon\":\"external\",\"children\":\"Stack Auth\"}],\", with more providers planned.\"]}]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h2\",null,{\"children\":\"Private Networking is generally available\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":[\"Neon's \",[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":\"Private Networking\"}],\" feature, which enables secure database connections via AWS PrivateLink, is now generally available and self-serve. This feature keeps traffic between your client application and Neon database within AWS's private network, bypassing the public internet.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":[\"This feature is available on our Business and Enterprise plans, but if you're on our Launch or Scale plan and want to try it out, you can request a trial from your Neon organization \",[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":\"Settings\"}],\" page.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":[\"The GA release includes Neon API and CLI support for self-serve setup and management of Private Networking. See our \",[\"$\",\"$L18\",null,{\"to\":\"/docs/guides/neon-private-networking\",\"target\":\"$undefined\",\"rel\":\"$undefined\",\"icon\":null,\"children\":\"Neon Private Networking\"}],\" guide for details.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h2\",null,{\"children\":\"Database Branching for Vercel Preview Environments\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":[\"For users who come to Neon through Vercel — the \",[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":\"Neon Postgres Native Integration\"}],\", available from the \",[\"$\",\"$L18\",null,{\"to\":\"https://vercel.com/marketplace\",\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"icon\":\"external\",\"children\":\"Vercel Marketplace\"}],\", now supports \",[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":\"database branching for preview environments\"}],\". You can now configure your integration to automatically create a dedicated database branch for each Vercel preview deployment. This lets you preview your application and database changes together without touching your production database or setting up a separate development database. To get started, see \",[\"$\",\"$L18\",null,{\"to\":\"/docs/guides/vercel-native-integration-previews\",\"target\":\"$undefined\",\"rel\":\"$undefined\",\"icon\":null,\"children\":\"Vercel Native Integration Previews\"}],\".\" | 2026-01-13T08:49:09 |
https://it.legacy.reactjs.org/blog/2019/02/06/react-v16.8.0.html | React v16.8: The One With Hooks – React Blog We want to hear from you! Take our 2021 Community Survey! This site is no longer updated. Go to react.dev React Docs Tutorial Blog Community v 18.2.0 Languages GitHub React v16.8: The One With Hooks February 06, 2019 by Dan Abramov This blog site has been archived. Go to react.dev/blog to see the recent posts. With React 16.8, React Hooks are available in a stable release! What Are Hooks? Hooks let you use state and other React features without writing a class. You can also build your own Hooks to share reusable stateful logic between components. If you’ve never heard of Hooks before, you might find these resources interesting: Introducing Hooks explains why we’re adding Hooks to React. Hooks at a Glance is a fast-paced overview of the built-in Hooks. Building Your Own Hooks demonstrates code reuse with custom Hooks. Making Sense of React Hooks explores the new possibilities unlocked by Hooks. useHooks.com showcases community-maintained Hooks recipes and demos. You don’t have to learn Hooks right now. Hooks have no breaking changes, and we have no plans to remove classes from React. The Hooks FAQ describes the gradual adoption strategy. No Big Rewrites We don’t recommend rewriting your existing applications to use Hooks overnight. Instead, try using Hooks in some of the new components, and let us know what you think. Code using Hooks will work side by side with existing code using classes. Can I Use Hooks Today? Yes! Starting with 16.8.0, React includes a stable implementation of React Hooks for: React DOM React DOM Server React Test Renderer React Shallow Renderer Note that to enable Hooks, all React packages need to be 16.8.0 or higher . Hooks won’t work if you forget to update, for example, React DOM. React Native will support Hooks in the 0.59 release . Tooling Support React Hooks are now supported by React DevTools. They are also supported in the latest Flow and TypeScript definitions for React. We strongly recommend enabling a new lint rule called eslint-plugin-react-hooks to enforce best practices with Hooks. It will soon be included into Create React App by default. What’s Next We described our plan for the next months in the recently published React Roadmap . Note that React Hooks don’t cover all use cases for classes yet but they’re very close . Currently, only getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() and componentDidCatch() methods don’t have equivalent Hooks APIs, and these lifecycles are relatively uncommon. If you want, you should be able to use Hooks in most of the new code you’re writing. Even while Hooks were in alpha, the React community created many interesting examples and recipes using Hooks for animations, forms, subscriptions, integrating with other libraries, and so on. We’re excited about Hooks because they make code reuse easier, helping you write your components in a simpler way and make great user experiences. We can’t wait to see what you’ll create next! Testing Hooks We have added a new API called ReactTestUtils.act() in this release. It ensures that the behavior in your tests matches what happens in the browser more closely. We recommend to wrap any code rendering and triggering updates to your components into act() calls. Testing libraries can also wrap their APIs with it (for example, react-testing-library ’s render and fireEvent utilities do this). For example, the counter example from this page can be tested like this: import React from 'react' ; import ReactDOM from 'react-dom' ; import { act } from 'react-dom/test-utils' ; import Counter from './Counter' ; let container ; beforeEach ( ( ) => { container = document . createElement ( 'div' ) ; document . body . appendChild ( container ) ; } ) ; afterEach ( ( ) => { document . body . removeChild ( container ) ; container = null ; } ) ; it ( 'can render and update a counter' , ( ) => { // Test first render and effect act ( ( ) => { ReactDOM . render ( < Counter /> , container ) ; } ) ; const button = container . querySelector ( 'button' ) ; const label = container . querySelector ( 'p' ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; // Test second render and effect act ( ( ) => { button . dispatchEvent ( new MouseEvent ( 'click' , { bubbles : true } ) ) ; } ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; } ) ; The calls to act() will also flush the effects inside of them. If you need to test a custom Hook, you can do so by creating a component in your test, and using your Hook from it. Then you can test the component you wrote. To reduce the boilerplate, we recommend using react-testing-library which is designed to encourage writing tests that use your components as the end users do. Thanks We’d like to thank everybody who commented on the Hooks RFC for sharing their feedback. We’ve read all of your comments and made some adjustments to the final API based on them. Installation React React v16.8.0 is available on the npm registry. To install React 16 with Yarn, run: yarn add react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 To install React 16 with npm, run: npm install --save react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 We also provide UMD builds of React via a CDN: < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react@16/umd/react.production.min.js " > </ script > < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react-dom@16/umd/react-dom.production.min.js " > </ script > Refer to the documentation for detailed installation instructions . ESLint Plugin for React Hooks Note As mentioned above, we strongly recommend using the eslint-plugin-react-hooks lint rule. If you’re using Create React App, instead of manually configuring ESLint you can wait for the next version of react-scripts which will come out shortly and will include this rule. Assuming you already have ESLint installed, run: # npm npm install eslint-plugin-react-hooks --save-dev # yarn yarn add eslint-plugin-react-hooks --dev Then add it to your ESLint configuration: { "plugins" : [ // ... "react-hooks" ] , "rules" : { // ... "react-hooks/rules-of-hooks" : "error" } } Changelog React Add Hooks — a way to use state and other React features without writing a class. ( @acdlite et al. in #13968 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) React DOM Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Support synchronous thenables passed to React.lazy() . ( @gaearon in #14626 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only) to match class behavior. ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Warn about mismatching Hook order in development. ( @threepointone in #14585 and @acdlite in #14591 ) Effect clean-up functions must return either undefined or a function. All other values, including null , are not allowed. @acdlite in #14119 React Test Renderer Support Hooks in the shallow renderer. ( @trueadm in #14567 ) Fix wrong state in shouldComponentUpdate in the presence of getDerivedStateFromProps for Shallow Renderer. ( @chenesan in #14613 ) Add ReactTestRenderer.act() and ReactTestUtils.act() for batching updates so that tests more closely match real behavior. ( @threepointone in #14744 ) ESLint Plugin: React Hooks Initial release . ( @calebmer in #13968 ) Fix reporting after encountering a loop. ( @calebmer and @Yurickh in #14661 ) Don’t consider throwing to be a rule violation. ( @sophiebits in #14040 ) Hooks Changelog Since Alpha Versions The above changelog contains all notable changes since our last stable release (16.7.0). As with all our minor releases , none of the changes break backwards compatibility. If you’re currently using Hooks from an alpha build of React, note that this release does contain some small breaking changes to Hooks. We don’t recommend depending on alphas in production code. We publish them so we can make changes in response to community feedback before the API is stable. Here are all breaking changes to Hooks that have been made since the first alpha release: Remove useMutationEffect . ( @sophiebits in #14336 ) Rename useImperativeMethods to useImperativeHandle . ( @threepointone in #14565 ) Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only). ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) Is this page useful? Edit this page Recent Posts React Labs: What We've Been Working On – June 2022 React v18.0 How to Upgrade to React 18 React Conf 2021 Recap The Plan for React 18 Introducing Zero-Bundle-Size React Server Components React v17.0 Introducing the New JSX Transform React v17.0 Release Candidate: No New Features React v16.13.0 All posts ... Docs Installazione Concetti Chiave Guide Avanzate API di Riferimento Hooks Testing Contribuire FAQ Channels GitHub Stack Overflow Discussion Forums Reactiflux Chat DEV Community Facebook Twitter Community Code of Conduct Community Resources More Tutorial Blog Acknowledgements React Native Privacy Terms Copyright © 2023 Meta Platforms, Inc. | 2026-01-13T08:49:09 |
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https://apps.apple.com/ee/app/utm-virtual-machines/id1538878817 | UTM Virtual Machines App - App Store for Mac iPhone iPad Mac Watch TV Discover Arcade Create Work Play Develop Categories Platform iPhone iPad Mac Watch TV UTM Virtual Machines Run other operating systems Only for Mac 9,99 € Share Ages 4+ Years Category Business Developer Turing Software, LLC Language EN + 12 More Size 1.2 GB Mac UTM lets you run Windows® 11, Ubuntu®, or macOS(*) fully virtualized with maximum performance. Run Windows® 7, Windows® XP, and other older operating system emulated with decent performance. UTM uses the popular QEMU system emulator securely in a sandboxed environment to protect your data from viruses and malware in the emulated operating system. Designed for macOS using the latest and greatest Apple technologies, UTM is built from the ground up with the Mac in mind. Features: • Run ARM64 operating systems such as Windows® for ARM and Ubuntu® ARM on your Apple Silicon Mac fully virtualized at near native speeds • Run Intel/AMD operating system such as Windows® 7, Windows® XP, Ubuntu® Linux, and more (emulated with limited performance on Apple Silicon Macs, fully virtualized on Intel Macs) • Run macOS 12 or higher in a virtualized environment(*) • Run Intel applications on Linux with Rosetta(**) • Over 30 processors can be emulated by the QEMU backend including i386, x64, ARM32, ARM64, MIPS, PPC, and RISC-V for developers and enthusiasts • Supports macOS Sandbox to protect your data from any viruses or malware infecting the emulated operating system (such as Windows®) • GUI display mode, terminal console mode, and headless mode (with support for multiple displays) • Attach USB devices to your virtual machine • Experimental: GPU accelerated OpenGL on Linux VMs • Bridged and shared networking support • Run and store VMs from external drives • Don't know how to use QEMU? Confused at all the options QEMU provides? UTM provides an easy to understand UI for creating and configuring VMs that does not require knowledge of QEMU command line arguments Current Limitations: We are working hard to provide new features. Below are some things currently missing from UTM. We hope to support at least some of these features in the future. • No direct mounting of external disks and drives, only mounting disk images is supported • No drag & drop of files and data, only copy paste of text and sharing of a single directory is supported with tools installed • No GPU acceleration for Windows® and only experimental OpenGL acceleration for Linux (most Windows® games will NOT run) • macOS virtualization only runs on Apple Silicon Macs running macOS 12 and up. macOS 12 does not support USB sharing, copy/paste, or dynamic resolution. (*) macOS virtualization is only supported on Apple Silicon Macs running macOS 12 and up. (**) Linux with Rosetta is only supported on Apple Silicon Macs running macOS 13 and up. more Ratings & Reviews This app has not received enough ratings or reviews to display an overview. Waste of money for M1 29/03/2021 chrisfdb Tried to install ready made UTM Ubuntu 14.04 - hangs without any info. Tried to install Ubuntu 20.04 based on the documentation - half of the time hangs or doesnt boot at all. Waste of money for M1 29/03/2021 chrisfdb Tried to install ready made UTM Ubuntu 14.04 - hangs without any info. Tried to install Ubuntu 20.04 based on the documentation - half of the time hangs or doesnt boot at all. What’s New Version History * Fixed some rare conditions that could lead to a VM fail to start and spin infinitely * Fixed some rare crashes that can happen after a VM stops * Fixed parsing of file paths with commas in the name (thanks @nikolan123) * ANGLE: Fixed a memory leak issue in the GLES backend (#7546) (thanks @cnnn) * ANGLE: Fixed a memory leak issue in the Metal backend (#4958) * Localization: Updated Chinese (Hong Kong, Simplified) (thanks @changanmoon) * Fixed App Intents on macOS 26 (#7412) (thanks @peterneutron) * Fixed an error when file locking is disabled and a removable drive with no image selected is started (#7527) * (AVF: Fixed shared directory disconnecting when window is resized (#7488) (thanks @evan314159) 4.7.5 1 day ago • QEMU v10.0.2: The backend has been updated to the latest upstream QEMU which brings with it a variety of bug fixes and performance improvements. • Liquid Glass: UTM adopts the Liquid Glass design on macOS Tahoe. • App Intents: New support for automation with Shortcuts. • Keyboard Shortcuts: Define custom key combinations (such as Ctrl+Alt+Del) that can be sent to the VM from the new Keyboard menu. • Improved Wizard: Simplify the creation of emulated machines by selecting from a list of well-supported configurations. The updated wizard can create more working configurations such as RISC-V64 Ubuntu, classic Mac OS 8.x/9.x, and Windows 95/98. 4.7.4 17/09/2025 v4.6.5 reverted a change from v4.6.4 due to reports of crashes and kernel panics on some machines. As a result, there will be issues when upgrading to Windows 11 24H2 where the screen will go black. An alternative fix is provided as a driver update. Please update the Windows driver from the CD icon -> Install Windows Guest Tools before updating Windows. * Reverted virtio-ramfb changes from v4.6.4 due to some users experiencing crashes and kernel panics. (#6919) * Localization: Updated Chinese (Hong Kong, Simplified) (thanks @changanmoon) * Localization: Updated Korean (thanks @somnisomni) * Scripting: added icon, display, and registry configuration options (thanks @naveenrajm7) * Fixed an issue where the cursor might be captured while a modal is presented, making closing the modal impossible (#6960, #7092) * VM Config: Improved layout of the Apple VM shared directory page (#6712) * When toggling a shared directory from read-only -> read-write, UTM will crash if the change fails. Now, the option will be disabled if it is known to fail. (#7001) * Settings: New option to handle first click in QEMU VMs even if the window is in the background (#7098) * utmctl: Fix utmctl not detecting the application bundle path if UTM.app was renamed (#7094) 4.6.5 18/07/2025 * Fixed an issue with virtio-ramfb device where Windows may sometimes try to render to an inactive display target causing black screen, "Guest has not initialized the display (yet)", or broken cursor. This sometimes happens right after installing the viogpudo drivers for the first time and more recently while upgrading to Windows 11 24H2. (#6332, #6883) * Fixed a crash that might occur when a serial port is used and a large amount of data arrives at startup * Fixed a crash that might occur on a VM with a serial port if data arrives as the guest is shutting down * Fixed a crash launching any ARM64 virtualized QEMU VMs on macOS Monterey or older (#6881) * Fixed a deadlock (freeze) which can be observed if a Linux VM with GL acceleration enabled is left running for a long time (#5205) * Fixed auto-resolution restore not working properly after a macOS guest is paused or suspended (#6874) * Fixed an issue causing the mouse cursor to disappear when a macOS guest is paused (#6875) 4.6.4 02/01/2025 Changes: * QEMU v9.1.2 The backend has been updated to the latest upstream QEMU which brings with it a variety of bug fixes and performance improvements. * (macOS 15) Nested virtualization for Linux Linux VMs using Apple Virtualization backend on macOS 15 and M3 or newer will now have nested virtualization enabled by default. * (macOS 15) Total Store Ordering for QEMU VMs using QEMU backend on macOS 15 can now enable TSO (in QEMU settings) at the hypervisor level. When TSO is enabled on a guest operating system that is aware of the system register (i.e. Rosetta for Linux), performance of Intel emulation within the guest can be greatly improved. Note that if the guest kernel supports dynamically toggling TSO, you do not need to enable this. * (macOS 15) Improved macOS guest support The last window size (including full screen size) will be restored when the guest supports dynamic resolution. Removable drives and shared directories can now be ejected and changed while the macOS VM is running. Copy/paste synchronization between macOS 15 guest and host now works when the guest tools are installed (from the CD icon in the toolbar). * v4.6.3 fixed an issue in the last update that caused VMs to not boot Other notes: * There is a known issue with macOS 15.0 and 15.0.1 where accesses to files will fail due to permission error. This issue has been resolved with macOS 15.1. * There is a known issue on M4 series of Macs where virtualization fails for macOS guests older than 13.4. The issue should be addressed by Apple in a future update. (#6794) * There is a known issue (#6332) with Windows 11 24H2 that causes the display to show a black screen or "Guest has not initialized the display (yet)" upon boot. We recommend not upgrading to 24H2 for existing installs and 23H2 for new installs. If you have already upgraded, please follow the workaround described in the linked issue. * The default CPU for x86_64 emulation and virtualization will now try to match the architecture of your system or the highest architecture that QEMU supports. For example, a 2016 MacBook Pro or newer will now emulate a "Skylake" based processor instead of a generic x86_64 processor. This should improve compatibility and performance of newer operating systems but may cause issues with older operating systems. If you run into issues, you can manually change the CPU model to an older one in the VM's System settings. 4.6.3 04/12/2024 Changes: * QEMU v9.1.2 The backend has been updated to the latest upstream QEMU which brings with it a variety of bug fixes and performance improvements. * (macOS 15) Nested virtualization for Linux Linux VMs using Apple Virtualization backend on macOS 15 and M3 or newer will now have nested virtualization enabled by default. * (macOS 15) Total Store Ordering for QEMU VMs using QEMU backend on macOS 15 can now enable TSO (in QEMU settings) at the hypervisor level. When TSO is enabled on a guest operating system that is aware of the system register (i.e. Rosetta for Linux), performance of Intel emulation within the guest can be greatly improved. Note that if the guest kernel supports dynamically toggling TSO, you do not need to enable this. * (macOS 15) Improved macOS guest support The last window size (including full screen size) will be restored when the guest supports dynamic resolution. Removable drives and shared directories can now be ejected and changed while the macOS VM is running. Copy/paste synchronization between macOS 15 guest and host now works when the guest tools are installed (from the CD icon in the toolbar). Other notes: * There is a known issue with macOS 15.0 and 15.0.1 where accesses to files will fail due to permission error. This issue has been resolved with macOS 15.1. * There is a known issue on M4 series of Macs where virtualization fails for macOS guests older than 13.4. The issue should be addressed by Apple in a future update. (#6794) * There is a known issue (#6332) with Windows 11 24H2 that causes the display to show a black screen or "Guest has not initialized the display (yet)" upon boot. We recommend not upgrading to 24H2 for existing installs and 23H2 for new installs. If you have already upgraded, please follow the workaround described in the linked issue. * The default CPU for x86_64 emulation and virtualization will now try to match the architecture of your system or the highest architecture that QEMU supports. For example, a 2016 MacBook Pro or newer will now emulate a "Skylake" based processor instead of a generic x86_64 processor. This should improve compatibility and performance of newer operating systems but may cause issues with older operating systems. If you run into issues, you can manually change the CPU model to an older one in the VM's System settings. 4.6.2 02/12/2024 * Fixed an issue causing "The file ... couldn't be opened" immediately after creating a new VM (#6398) * The timestamp of the .utm package will always update to the last time it runs, this should make managing backups easier (#6474) * Fixed the error "Failed to lock byte 100: Operation not supported" when trying to attach an ISO which the OS has mounted or from a network drive that does not support locking (#6564) * Fixed an issue where release notes loading can be delayed by a lack of internet connection (it should just fail silently) * Localization: Added Arabic (thanks @muhammadbahaa2001) * Localization: Updated Chinese (Simplified + Hong Kong) (thanks @changanmoon) * Localization: Updated Japanese (thanks @MMP0) users * Remote Server: Immediately start server when "autostart" option is checked (#6429) * Remote Server: fixed crash when specifying an invalid port number (#6584) 4.5.4 26/08/2024 * Tweaked new icon picker: clicking the icon opens the picker (#6316) and fixed some layout issues (#6317) * Fixed an issue where mouse/keyboard was not getting released when an error message popped up and "Capture .. automatically ..." is enabled (#6352) * (macOS 14+) AVF: New option to mount drive on virtual NVMe interface when running a Linux guest with Apple Virtualization. This should address file system corruption issues. (thanks @gnattu) * (macOS 12+) AVF: Use full synchronization mode for all non-external drives. This should address file system corruption issues. (thanks @gnattu) 4.5.3 24/05/2024 ## Highlights UTM Remote server for macOS: On macOS 13+, you can enable UTM Server from the new option on the home screen or from Window -> UTM Server. Once enabled, you can stream QEMU backend VMs to supported clients. The preferences page includes additional options including auto-starting the server and allowing external connections so it can be used outside of the local network. New documentation pages will be added in the future. The remote client will be on the iOS and visionOS App Store shortly. ## Other Changes * Improved icon selector UI (thanks @js-john) * Changed the position of destructive buttons in various confirmation alerts to better comply with Apple Human Interface Guidelines * Wizard: New options for "Other" operating system to allow for Floppy boot as well as legacy hardware (useful for setting up a DOS machine) * Wizard: Fixed an issue where the Windows Guest Tools will be downloaded even when a non-Windows VM is created * New setting: "Capture input automatically when window is focused" when enabled will automatically capture mouse/keyboard when a QEMU VM is started and when the VM window is clicked on (thanks @js-john) * (When "Capture input automatically when entering full screen" is enabled and the cursor moves to a different workspace (for example through a gesture), the cursor will be captured again upon re-entering the QEMU VM (#6242) (thanks @haroldm) * Home: Support drag & drop onto a removable drive or shared directory (#3312) (thanks @hamtiko) * Fixed an issue where cloning/moving an AVFW VM is extremely slower than Finder (#6262) * Added a progress indicator for long duration tasks such as cloning/moving a VM or reclaiming free space (#4006) * Fixed an issue with file locking resulting in VMs refusing to boot (#5757, #5830) * Show confirmation popup for VM downloads (#6156) * Removed automation URI scheme due to potential security issues (#6155) * Fixed display of newly selected custom icon (#6137) * Wizard: allow completely deleting RAM and storage size (#5885) * Scripting: Fixed file and process commands not working due to incorrect object life cycle (#5963) * Fixed a crash when removing a device while a text field is highlighted (#5901) * Fixed error message when double-clicking on a headless VM which has already been started (#5972) * AVF: New display option to disable dynamic resolution in macOS 14+ VMs (#5873) * Remove "VM display size is fixed" global setting because it was confusing and does not do the right thing * Fixed incorrect display scaling when host screen resolution is smaller than VM display size (#6214) * Updated ANGLE to latest Safari version * Fixed a crash due to screenshot being saved while the image was being destroyed (#4009) * Fixed a memory leak caused by a retain cycle while observing changes in the VM state 4.5.2 01/05/2024 4.4.4 fixes an issue where the keyboard was not working on older macOS guests. The changelog for 4.4.3 is as follows: * macOS Sonoma support: New Apple Virtualization features include save/restore VM state and dynamic resolution for macOS Sonoma guests. Note that currently, you must remove the Sound and Entropy device in order to use save/restore VM state. * Automatically save state when you close a VM: This will only work on VMs that support save states. If your VM does not support it, you will get an error message with an explanation. * USB commands in utmctl: You can now use utmctl usb commands to connect and disconnect USB devices from a running VM. Notes: * If you are running a virtualized VM on an Intel Mac with TPM enabled and the guest freezes on startup, you will need to temporarily disable Hypervisor (Settings -> QEMU -> Use Hypervisor), boot into Windows, and then re-enable Hypervisor after shutting down. The TPM device changed in v4.4 and this causes an issue on existing VMs. * Linux guests: Mesa 23.2.1 introduced a bug that will crash UTM with the error GL_ARB_clear_texture. If you experience this bug, temporarily disable GPU acceleration, then downgrade your Mesa package (or update to the next version when it comes out/nightly build), and the switch back to GPU acceleration. 4.4.4 21/10/2023 * macOS Sonoma support: New Apple Virtualization features include save/restore VM state and dynamic resolution for macOS Sonoma guests. Note that currently, you must remove the Sound and Entropy device in order to use save/restore VM state. * Automatically save state when you close a VM: This will only work on VMs that support save states. If your VM does not support it, you will get an error message with an explanation. * USB commands in utmctl: You can now use utmctl usb commands to connect and disconnect USB devices from a running VM. Notes: * If you are running a virtualized VM on an Intel Mac with TPM enabled and the guest freezes on startup, you will need to temporarily disable Hypervisor (Settings -> QEMU -> Use Hypervisor), boot into Windows, and then re-enable Hypervisor after shutting down. The TPM device changed in v4.4 and this causes an issue on existing VMs. * Linux guests: Mesa 23.2.1 introduced a bug that will crash UTM with the error GL_ARB_clear_texture. If you experience this bug, temporarily disable GPU acceleration, then downgrade your Mesa package (or update to the next version when it comes out/nightly build), and the switch back to GPU acceleration. 4.4.3 18/10/2023 NOTICE: The previous update introduced a bug which broke VM startup. This update addresses that by reverting the QEMU version back to 7.2.0 (from 8.0.2). We apologize for any inconvenience. Highlights from the previous update: - Rewrite of QEMU support internals: Much of the code to support QEMU has been refactored into a new project, QEMUKit, which will make it easier to support QEMU changes as well as support for new platforms. - TPM 2.0 and Secure Boot: This is required for Windows® 11 updates to 22H2. To enable TPM on an existing virtual machine (only x86_64, i386, and ARM64 architectures are supported), open the VM settings, go to the QEMU page and select "UEFI Boot", "TPM 2.0 Device", and "Reset UEFI Variables." Any new VM created through the wizard will have TPM 2.0 and Secure Boot enabled by default if Windows® 10+ support is checked. Notes On i386 and x86_64 machines, HPET is now disabled by default. This improves performance (slightly) on some guests and also addresses boot issues with OpenIndiana. This change means that suspended VM state from previous versions are not compatible, so please shut down those VMs before updating. If you require HPET to be enabled for any reason, go into the VM's settings and under QEMU → QEMU Machine Properties, add the text hpet=on. 4.3.5 05/08/2023 Highlights - QEMU backend updated to v8.0.2 - Rewrite of QEMU support internals: Much of the code to support QEMU has been refactored into a new project, QEMUKit, which will make it easier to support QEMU changes as well as support for new platforms. - TPM 2.0 and Secure Boot: This is required for Windows® 11 updates to 22H2. To enable TPM on an existing virtual machine (only x86_64, i386, and ARM64 architectures are supported), open the VM settings, go to the QEMU page and select "UEFI Boot", "TPM 2.0 Device", and "Reset UEFI Variables." Any new VM created through the wizard will have TPM 2.0 and Secure Boot enabled by default if Windows® 10+ support is checked. Notes On i386 and x86_64 machines, HPET is now disabled by default. This improves performance (slightly) on some guests and also addresses boot issues with OpenIndiana. This change means that suspended VM state from previous versions are not compatible, so please shut down those VMs before updating. If you require HPET to be enabled for any reason, go into the VM's settings and under QEMU → QEMU Machine Properties, add the text hpet=on. 4.3.4 03/08/2023 * Guest interface commands. New commands accessible from the scripting interface as well as the command line interface (utmctl) can be used to read/write files, execute commands, and list IP addresses. These commands require QEMU guest agent to be installed. * Scripting interface additions. The scripting interface now allows for creation of a new VM, configuration an existing VM, changing drive image, and more. See the documentation site for more details which includes a cheat sheet for example usage. * External read-write drive images. In QEMU, if a supported drive interface is selected (USB, Floppy, etc) along with an image type of Disk, the drive can now be marked as either read-only or read-write. This can be used as an alternative way of transferring data to and from the VM when the guest does not support SPICE or VirtFS. In AVF, support for read-write images has be fixed as well (when "read only" is unchecked in the settings). Additionally, some issues with GPU acceleration on Linux has been fixed (windows showing up as black rectangles for example). Other issues (such as Firefox not launching) can be worked around by switching to Xorg (instead of Wayland) from the log-in screen. 4.2.5 25/04/2023 This is the same release as v4.1.5 but with the change to default enable GPU acceleration for Linux reverted. This is due to a number of guest-side driver issues in the latest version of Mesa (#4983). As a result of these issues, we decided to disable GPU acceleration in Linux by default for new VMs created by the wizard. If you have an existing VM with graphical issues, you can disable GPU acceleration by going into the VM settings, under Display, change the Emulated Display Card to virtio-gpu-pci or another card that does not have -gl in the name. You can verify that GPU acceleration is disabled when the checkbox below the card is unchecked. 4.1.6 27/02/2023 * QEMU backend updated to v7.2.0. Also updated usbredir (0.13.0), virglrenderer (latest commit), ANGLE (latest commit) * Improved renderer backend. Lots of bug fixes and stability improvements to GPU accelerated Linux VMs (most common crashes when GPU acceleration is enabled should be gone now). New option to change the renderer backend to ANGLE Metal and limit FPS (in Preferences). Switching to Metal is highly recommended. * AppleScript (OSA) support and CLI interface. You can control parts of UTM through the OSA interface. Currently there is support for listing VMs as well as start/stop/suspend operations and the ability to print out the guest serial port connections. More functionality will be added in the future. A command line application is also provided in UTM.app/Contents/MacOS/utmctl (which you can symlink to /usr/local/bin/utmctl if desired) that can be used for automation tasks without needing to learn AppleScript. * (macOS 13+) Menu bar extra. You can enable the menu bar extra icon in Preferences (Cmd+,) as well as disable the dock icon. The menu bar extra provides a minimal interface to start/stop/suspend VMs and is useful when paired with headless VMs (a VM that does not have any display or terminal console installed). Notes: * Newly created Linux VMs will now use virtio-gpu-gl-pci by default. It is recommended that you change the display card of existing QEMU backend Linux VMs to this card in order to take advantage of the improved renderer backend. This should result in improved performance in GUI rendering. Note that some applications (particularly 3D applications) may lock up or crash UTM and if you are experiencing issues, you can go back to virtio-ramfb or virtio-vga. * Newly created Windows VMs will now use virtio-ramfb-gl (Apple Silicon) or virtio-vga-gl (Intel) by default. There is NO 3D acceleration drivers for Windows yet, so unlike Linux, this will not improve any compatibility with applications. However, the GL backend can still be beneficial to Windows users because it has smoother animations and less tearing and artifacts. The overall benefits will not be as pronounced as for Linux VMs so it is optional that you change existing VMs to a -gl display card. 4.1.5 05/01/2023 This is a major update to UTM with the following highlights: • Multiple display and headless mode is now supported for QEMU machines. • macOS Ventura updates to Virtualization: GUI Linux, Rosetta for Linux, clipboard sync, and more • VirtFS sharing for QEMU • Easier Windows® 10/11 installation and Windows® guest tools downloader • Resize QEMU disk images • Added more international translations • Many bug fixes, back end updates, and more... Detailed release notes and important information at: https://docs.getutm.app/updates/v4.0/ Important note: networking on Linux guests may require reconfiguration after updating to UTM v4, please read the full changelog linked above for more information. 4.0.9 21/10/2022 * QEMU 7.0.0: The backend has been updated to the latest release. Additionally, other backend components such as SPICE GTK, libusbredir, and more have also been updated. * Reclaiming space: the host will attempt to TRIM any page of all zeros when committed to the QCOW2 disk image. Additionally, a new button in disk settings will allow you to re-convert a disk image to reclaim space (of all-zero pages) as well as compress an existing disk image (macOS 12+ only). Note compression is only done statically which means when the guest modifies a sector, it will be stored uncompressed just like before. * Disposable mode: right click/long press on a QEMU VM and select "Run without saving changes" to start VM in "disposable mode." In this mode, changes will not be saved to disk and will be discarded once the VM is stopped. (thanks @ktprograms) Reminder: for troubleshooting common Windows® and Ubuntu® install issues (such as no networking), please check out the guide for Windows® 11 or Ubuntu® 22.04 (linked from the main page with the "Browse UTM Gallery" button). If you manually added "highmem=on" or "highmem=off" to your QEMU Machine Properties as a workaround to issues in a previous release, please remove it. 3.2.4 21/05/2022 3.1.5 fixed booting recent updated Linux kernel ("EFI stub: Exiting boot services and installing virtual address map...") and a freeze when restarting VM. 3.1.4 introduces the following changes: * Store .utm bundles anywhere on disk (including on external drives) and import them as a shortcut. See notes below for some limitations. * Wizard redesign (thanks @js-john) * Various UI tweaks, fixes, and improvements (thanks @j-f1). Note that some settings have moved to different categories * Overhaul of the UTM backend which should improve application stability Notes: * You can now run .utm files stored anywhere. There are a few caveats: First, all newly created VMs will still be created in the default storage (app sandbox). You can move the VM after creation with the new button on the toolbar or by right clicking (or force touch) on the VM entry and selecting "Move..." Second, when VM shortcuts are deleted, the underlying data is unaffected, and shortcuts are automatically deleted when they are no longer valid (for example, the .utm was moved). You can re-import the .utm by either double clicking it from Finder, or using "File -> Import Virtual Machine..." Finally, Apple VMs do not support persistent shortcuts, which means the shortcut is always deleted after UTM quits. This means you must re-import Apple VMs every time UTM is launched. * Default machine properties will now always be included unless explicitly set to another value in QEMU settings. For example, if you are booting an aarch64 virt machine, the property highmem=off will be appended unless the user specifies highmem=on in QEMU settings. Previously, when you select virt in VM settings, the machine properties text box will auto populate with highmem=off. If the user deletes it, then the VM will not boot because it requires highmem=off. Advanced users can still specify highmem=on and it will not be overridden. 3.1.5 12/03/2022 * Store .utm bundles anywhere on disk (including on external drives) and import them as a shortcut. See notes below for some limitations. * Wizard redesign (thanks @js-john) * Various UI tweaks, fixes, and improvements (thanks @j-f1). Note that some settings have moved to different categories * Overhaul of the UTM backend which should improve application stability Notes: * You can now run .utm files stored anywhere. There are a few caveats: First, all newly created VMs will still be created in the default storage (app sandbox). You can move the VM after creation with the new button on the toolbar or by right clicking (or force touch) on the VM entry and selecting "Move..." Second, when VM shortcuts are deleted, the underlying data is unaffected, and shortcuts are automatically deleted when they are no longer valid (for example, the .utm was moved). You can re-import the .utm by either double clicking it from Finder, or using "File -> Import Virtual Machine..." Finally, Apple VMs do not support persistent shortcuts, which means the shortcut is always deleted after UTM quits. This means you must re-import Apple VMs every time UTM is launched. * Default machine properties will now always be included unless explicitly set to another value in QEMU settings. For example, if you are booting an aarch64 virt machine, the property highmem=off will be appended unless the user specifies highmem=on in QEMU settings. Previously, when you select virt in VM settings, the machine properties text box will auto populate with highmem=off. If the user deletes it, then the VM will not boot because it requires highmem=off. Advanced users can still specify highmem=on and it will not be overridden. 3.1.4 09/03/2022 New Feature Highlights: * Wizard for VM creation: Easily create a new VM with the correct default settings with a guided step-by-step wizard. Preview: https://twitter.com/UTMapp/status/1475606159428046854 * QEMU v6.2.0: Updated QEMU backend to the latest release. Full changelog: https://wiki.qemu.org/ChangeLog/6.2 * (macOS 12+, ARM64) Virtualize macOS 12: New integration with Apple's Virtualization.framework backend allows native hardware accelerated virtualization of macOS 12 (supporting both CPU and GPU virtualization). UTM can also download the latest macOS installer directly from Apple. (This is only supported on macOS 12+ running on an ARM64 Mac.) * Virtualize Linux with Apple backend: You now have the option to use Apple's Virtualization.framework to virtualize Linux. Note that while there are some performance benefits, it is still recommended to use the QEMU backend as it is more stable, has more device support (including graphical display), and is easier to configure. Important Notes: * The default CPU for ARM64 virtual machine has changed from "cortex-a72" to "default". This is the recommended option and you should change your existing VMs to use it. When using virtualization on M1(X) macOS, the "cortex-a72" CPU is known to have compatibility issues which causes the VM to sometimes freeze (including during Windows install). default will use the host CPU model when virtualization is used and "cortex-a72" when emulation is used. * The GL hardware acceleration support is now marked experimental to highlight that it is not stable. It is also no longer the default option. If you are experiencing lots of crashes, make sure that you chose a display hardware that is not marked as "GPU Supported". * The cursor and resolution change issues on ARM64 Windows has been fixed in SPICE tools 0.164.3. If you are using an older version and experience such issues, please update to the latest SPICE tools at https://mac.getutm.app/support/ * If you manually added virtualization=on to your VM machine properties, you should remove it. Other Changes: * The downloader will no longer perform CRC checks on the ZIP file and this will significantly speed up extraction. * Redesigned VM settings * Make HVF per-VM configurable (#2493) * New Terminal frontend with SwiftTerm, currently only used with Apple backend on macOS * Add virtio-rng-pci device to fix boot warning about randomness source (thanks @ktprograms) * Default upscaling mode is now "nearest neighbor" * Fixed floppy drives being read-only (thanks @conath) (#3333) * Fixed an issue where sometimes a VM will not boot due to invalid drive id (thanks @conath) (#3388) * Changing target to PC (i440FX) will now turn off hypervisor on x86_64 by default because it is unstable (#2420) * Any imported drive on an interface that is NOT floppy, pflash, or none will be converted to QCOW2. This does not apply to removable drives. * Fixed an issue where an imported drive does not use the selected interface * Add new preference to terminate when all windows are closed (previously this was the default) (#3483) * Fix retina mode support for QEMU VMs (note that previously there was a global preference to enable retina mode that is now removed, per-VM setting should be used instead) (#3471) * Remove QEMU VM setting for "Fit to Screen" as it was never implemented for macOS * Changed the default USB 3.0 controller from qemu-xhci to nec-usb-xhci which addresses an issue where the DVD drive disconnects randomly on Windows ARM64 and causes random errors during setup (#3194) * Fixed save panel opening when you try to close the settings (#3494) * Fix invert scrolling option (thanks @ktprograms) (#3497) * Hide non-disk drives from the drives icon menu and properly describe the "EFI Variables" "drive" in settings * Fixed suspend save state being broken in a previous update * Fixed a crash when a toolbar icon is hidden due to small window size and a toolbar option is selected from the menu 3.0.4 23/01/2022 ## Notes **Note that some changes require updates to your VM configuration so please read this part carefully.** * Cursor disappearing on Windows 10/11 has been fixed with an updated VirtIO GPU driver. Additionally, dynamic resolution (auto-change resolution when VM window is resized) and more fixed resolutions (matching all the screen resolutions of the latest Mac computers) were added to the driver. This requires you to download the latest SPICE tools ISO from https://mac.getutm.app/support/ and run the installer again (or manually updating your GPU driver from the ISO if you know how). * In v2.4.0, newly created Q35 and PC machine (x86 and x86_64) defaulted to the `Skylake-Client` CPU model. Subsequently, it was discovered that the change caused performance regressions. v2.4.1 reverted the default CPU model to `Default` but if you created a new Q35/PC VM in v2.4.0, it is recommended that you manually change the CPU in System settings to `Default`. * Since v1.0.0, UTM used the RTL8139 network card as the default for Q35 VMs (x86 and x86_64) and Virt VMs (ARM64). There is a bug in the device implementation that causes the Windows driver to freeze the system and many users reported Windows Installer freezing as well as random freezes through normal use. In v2.4.0, we changed the default network card for Virt machines to `virtio-net-pci` and in v2.4.1, we changed the default network card for Q35 machines to E1000. However, this change only applies to newly created VMs, and any existing VMs may still suffer from the random freeze issues. It is recommended that you change your network card to `e1000` for Q35 machines and `virtio-net-pci` for Virt machines. Windows 7 and above should have the Intel E1000 network card drivers already installed, but the VirtIO Network card requires drivers in the SPICE tools ISO from https://mac.getutm.app/support/ (if you previously installed this, you should have the drivers already on your system). * Since v2.1.2, UTM provided an option (Cmd+,) to "Use only performance cores by default" which defaulted to off. When on, any VM which does not have a manually configured CPU count (> 0) will set the CPU count to the number of performance cores on the system. In v2.4.1, we have made this option on by default which means if you previously have not modified this option, then it will now be on. If you turned the option on, it should not change and if you turned the option on and later off again, it should still be off. The reason for this change was because users may not be aware of this option which can result in degraded performance when left off and we believe the default should reflect the best possible performance. Note that as before, if you manually set a VM's CPU count > 0, then this option does not change anything. ## Changes * Improved zh-Hans translation (thanks @js-john) * Fixed inverted mouse cursor colour in Windows * New VMs will only use PCores by default (unless manually overridden with Preferences or per-VM config), this also fixes #3180 * Changed default Q35 audio card to intel-hda * Changed default Q35 network card to E1000 and Virt network card to virtio-net (#3130) * Removed default CPU for Q35 and PC configurations because the Skylake-Client CPU resulted in performance regression (#3249) * Fixed downloadVM URL action when the ZIP name collides with the .utm name (thanks @conath) * Fixed a race condition leading to crash when a VM is shut down suddenly 2.4.1 07/11/2021 ## New Features (Summary) * Improved support for SPARC and S390x * Updated macOS icon thanks to a real designer (@JackHinkle) ## Changes * Fixed crash when trying to pause a GL accelerated VM (#3207) * Configuration should reset more settings when changing architecture * Fixed UTM exit when deleting a VM * Fixed an incorrect mapping of removable drives causing an error "device not removable" when drives are moved around. * On ARM64 virt systems, use the virtual USB 3.0 bus for the virtual DVD drive, should improve read times and fix some Windows installer issues (#3194) (thanks @conath) * Fixed a crash booting OpenBSD (#3197) (thanks @agraf) * Fixed a crash caused by a race condition when an error occurs during VM launch * Keyboard mapping accidentally swapped left/right Cmd and Option (#3175) (thanks @zeldin) * Removed "beep" when pressing Cmd+key while mouse is not captured (#3217) * Pass Ctrl+Tab to VM even when not captured because it is a common shortcut. VoiceOver users can use VO+Arrow to navigate. * Unhide cursor when alert prompt shows up * Fixed crash when trying to share a VM (#3208) ## Known Issues * VM sometimes randomly freezes (#3130, #301) 2.4.0 31/10/2021 ## New Features (Summary) * **URL automation and VM downloading** (#2670) (thanks @conath) Allows for controlling and downloading VMs with `utm` URL. * Improved cursor/keyboard capturing and handling: permit macOS shortcuts (minimize, full-screen) when not captured, fix various cursor bugs, basic support for VoiceOver and capturing, and more. * Various UI enhancements: export log/args to file (#3056), title bar changes (#3125), exit confirmation works beyond Cmd+Q/W (#3154) (thanks @ktprograms and @conath) ## All Changes * Fixed DNS resolution on IPv6 * Updated zh-Hans localization (thanks @ty-yqs) * Ensure temporary files are deleted when VM creation is canceled (#3012) * Support re-generating and customizing MAC address (#2724) * On PC/Q35 devices, USB mouse and keyboard will be disabled in order to prevent interference with the PS/2 keyboard and mouse that is always added to the machines. Some software such as Windows Installer will not work with the second mice. * Move VM name in main window from title to subtitle, reduces confusion when switching windows (#3099) (thanks @conath) * Show confirmation alert when closing/quitting with the menu or the button (#3103) (thanks @ktprograms) * Error alert (instead of crash) when trying to use unsupported features on below macOS 11.3 (#3118) * Support starting input capture with Ctrl+Opt (#3119) * Reduced UI thread blocking in terminal mode with lots of output spewing (#2404, #2555) * Add alternative hotkey for capture (Cmd+Opt) (#2710) * Unhide cursor when popup alert shows (#3101) * Fixed crash when Fn key is pressed (thanks @ktprograms) (#3179) * Fixed Unicode support in terminal mode (thanks @tie) * Added additional Windows icons (thanks @conath) * Fixed numpad issues * Correct key mapping for ISO keyboards (#3175) * Layout issues in settings on macOS Monterey ## Known Issues * Networking can be broken in some instances, we are still investigating the cause. (#3051, #3094) * Windows 11 installation may randomly freeze and be corrupted (#3130) 2.3.1 26/10/2021 ## New Features * (macOS 11.3+ Only) **Bridged networking and shared networking support**. You can configure it in the Network settings for your VM. * (macOS 11+ and iOS 13+) **GPU acceleration for OpenGL on Linux**. Use `virtio-ramfb-gl` or `virtio-vga-gl` display device and compatible Linux drivers (most modern Linux distros will have it already installed). Windows is not supported because there is currently no virtio-gpu driver for Windows that supports 3D acceleration. Note that newly created VMs will default to a "GPU Supported" display device on supported architectures but existing VMs must manually change the display device in Display settings. GPU acceleration is still an experimental feature, so it may not work in some situations (including many 3D use cases). * **EFI Boot**. By default new VMs created for pc, q35, and virt* machines will have EFI enabled. In previous versions, EFI is only enabled for virt* machines. Due to compatibility with boot, existing pc and q35 VMs will NOT have EFI enabled and must be manually turned on in Settings -> System -> Advanced Configuration -> UEFI Boot. This may also require you to re-install the bootloader on your VM. As part of this change, EFI variables will also be properly handled (on both ARM and x86 VMs). Note that if you've configured a custom pflash device for your VM, the new UEFI Boot option will take no effect (same as before). * **QEMU v6.1.0** is now used for the backend. ## Changes * Fix crash when setting custom VM icon (#2387) (thanks @ktprograms) * Disable Port Forwarding feature for bridged networking (thanks @conath) * Fixed memory leak (#2720) * Fix layout issues in settings on macOS Monterey (#2644) * Fix capturing of hotkeys (such as Cmd+Tab) (#2677) * Disable port forwarding options for shared & bridged networking * Refactored non-OpenGL rendering code, fixing some random crashes seen in TestFlight reports. * Windows BSOD on boot/setup due to `PAGE_FAULT_IN_NONPAGED_AREA` (#2721) * Settings no longer crash when an error occurs while saving a new VM 2.2.4 10/09/2021 * Fixed some rare conditions that could lead to a VM fail to start and spin infinitely * Fixed some rare crashes that can happen after a VM stops * Fixed parsing of file paths with commas in the name (thanks @nikolan123) * ANGLE: Fixed a memory leak issue in the GLES backend (#7546) (thanks @cnnn) * ANGLE: Fixed a memory leak issue in the Metal backend (#4958) * Localization: Updated Chinese (Hong Kong, Simplified) (thanks @changanmoon) * Fixed App Intents on macOS 26 (#7412) (thanks @peterneutron) * Fixed an error when file locking is disabled and a removable drive with no image selected is started (#7527) * (AVF: Fixed shared directory disconnecting when window is resized (#7488) (thanks @evan314159) more Version 4.7.5 1 day ago App Privacy App Privacy The developer, Turing Software, LLC , indicated that the app’s privacy practices may include handling of data as described below. This information has not been verified by Apple. For more information, see the developer’s privacy policy . To help you better understand the developer’s responses, see Privacy Definitions and Examples . Privacy practices may vary based, for example, on the features you use or your age. Learn More Data Not Linked to You The following data, which may be collected but is not linked to your identity, may be used for the following purposes: App Functionality Identifiers Device ID The developer, Turing Software, LLC , indicated that the app’s privacy practices may include handling of data as described below. For more information, see the developer’s privacy policy . Data Not Linked to You The following data may be collected but it is not linked to your identity: Identifiers Privacy practices may vary based, for example, on the features you use or your age. Learn More Accessibility The developer has not yet indicated which accessibility features this app supports. Learn More Information Size 1.2 GB Category Business Compatibility Requires macOS 11.3 or later. Mac Requires macOS 11.3 or later. Languages English and 12 more English, Arabic, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Russian, Simplified Chinese, Spanish, Traditional Chinese Age Rating 4+ 4+ Learn More Provider Turing Software, LLC Turing Software, LLC has identified itself as a trader for this app and confirmed that this product or service complies with European Union law. DUNS Number 118460481 Address 5900 Balcones Dr Ste 4000 Austin Texas 78731-4257 United States Phone Number +1 7136359169 Email contact@turing.llc Copyright © 2025 Turing Software, LLC Developer Website Privacy Policy Supports Family Sharing Up to six family members can use this app with Family Sharing enabled. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Sergey Posted on Mar 11, 2021 CSS Modules vs CSS-in-JS. Who wins? # webdev # css # javascript # react Introduction In modern React application development, there are many approaches to organizing application styles. One of the popular ways of such an organization is the CSS-in-JS approach (in the article we will use styled-components as the most popular solution) and CSS Modules. In this article, we will try to answer the question: which is better CSS-in-JS or CSS Modules ? So let's get back to basics. When a web page was primarily set for storing textual documentation and didn't include user interactions, properties were introduced to style the content. Over time, the web became more and more popular, sites got bigger, and it became necessary to reuse styles. For these purposes, CSS was invented. Cascading Style Sheets. Cascading plays a very important role in this name. We write styles that lay like a waterfall over the hollows of our document, filling it with colors and highlighting important elements. Time passed, the web became more and more complex, and we are facing the fact that the styles cascade turned into a problem for us. Distributed teams, working on their parts of the system, combining them into reusable modules, assemble an application from pieces, like Dr. Frankenstein, stitching styles into one large canvas, can get the sudden result... Due to the cascade, the styles of module 1 can affect the display of module 3, and module 4 can make changes to the global styles and change the entire display of the application in general. Developers have started to think of solving this problem. Style naming conventions were created to avoid overlaps, such as Yandex's BEM or Atomic CSS. The idea is clear, we operate with names in order to get predictability, but at the same time to prevent repetitions. These approaches were crashed of the rocks of the human factor. Anyway, we have no guarantee that the developer from team A won't use the name from team C. The naming problem can only be solved by assigning a random name to the CSS class. Thus, we get a completely independent CSS set of styles that will be applied to a specific HTML block and we understand for sure that the rest of the system won't be affected in any way. And then 2 approaches came onto the stage to organize our CSS: CSS Modules and CSS-in-JS . Under the hood, having a different technical implementation, and in fact solving the problem of atomicity, reusability, and avoiding side effects when writing CSS. Technically, CSS Modules transforms style names using a hash-based on the filename, path, style name. Styled-components handles styles in JS runtime, adding them as they go to the head HTML section (<head>). Approaches overview Let's see which approach is more optimal for writing a modern web application! Let's imagine we have a basic React application: import React , { Component } from ' react ' ; import ' ./App.css ' ; class App extends Component { render () { return ( < div className = "title" > React application title </ div > ); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode CSS styles of this application: .title { padding : 20px ; background-color : #222 ; text-align : center ; color : white ; font-size : 1.5em ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The dependencies are React 16.14 , react-dom 16.14 Let's try to build this application using webpack using all production optimizations. we've got uglified JS - 129kb separated and minified CSS - 133 bytes The same code in CSS Modules will look like this: import React , { Component } from ' react ' ; import styles from ' ./App.module.css ' ; class App extends Component { render () { return ( < div className = { styles . title } > React application title </ div > ); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode uglified JS - 129kb separated and minified CSS - 151 bytes The CSS Modules version will take up a couple of bytes more due to the impossibility of compressing the long generated CSS names. Finally, let's rewrite the same code under styled-components: import React , { Component } from ' react ' ; import styles from ' styled-components ' ; const Title = styles . h1 ` padding: 20px; background-color: #222; text-align: center; color: white; font-size: 1.5em; ` ; class App extends Component { render () { return ( < Title > React application title </ Title > ); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode uglified JS - 163kb CSS file is missing The more than 30kb difference between CSS Modules and CSS-in-JS (styled-components) is due to styled-components adding extra code to add styles to the <head> part of the HTML document. In this synthetic test, the CSS Modules approach wins, since the build system doesn't add something extra to implement it, except for the changed class name. Styled-components due to technical implementation, adds dependency as well as code for runtime handling and styling of <head>. Now let's take a quick look at the pros and cons of CSS-in-JS / CSS Modules. Pros and cons CSS-in-JS cons The browser won't start interpreting the styles until styled-components has parsed them and added them to the DOM, which slows down rendering. The absence of CSS files means that you cannot cache separate CSS. One of the key downsides is that most libraries don't support this approach and we still can't get rid of CSS. All native JS and jQuery plugins are written without using this approach. Not all React solutions use it. Styles integration problems. When a markup developer prepares a layout for a JS developer, we may forget to transfer something; there will also be difficulty in synchronizing a new version of layout and JS code. We can't use CSS utilities: SCSS, Less, Postcss, stylelint, etc. pros Styles can use JS logic. This reminds me of Expression in IE6, when we could wrap some logic in our styles (Hello, CSS Expressions :) ). const Title = styles . h1 ` padding: 20px; background-color: #222; text-align: center; color: white; font-size: 1.5em; ${ props => props . secondary && css ` background-color: #fff; color: #000; padding: 10px; font-size: 1em; ` } ` ; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When developing small modules, it simplifies the connection to the project, since you only need to connect the one independent JS file. It is semantically nicer to use <Title> in a React component than <h1 className={style.title}>. CSS Modules cons To describe global styles, you must use a syntax that does not belong to the CSS specification. :global ( .myclass ) { text-decoration : underline ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Integrating into a project, you need to include styles. Working with typescript, you need to automatically or manually generate interfaces. For these purposes, I use webpack loader: @teamsupercell/typings-for-css-modules-loader pros We work with regular CSS, it makes it possible to use SCSS, Less, Postcss, stylelint, and more. Also, you don't waste time on adapting the CSS to JS. No integration of styles into the code, clean code as result. Almost 100% standardized except for global styles. Conclusion So the fundamental problem with the CSS-in-JS approach is that it's not CSS! This kind of code is harder to maintain if you have a defined person in your team working on markup. Such code will be slower, due to the fact that the CSS rendered into the file is processed in parallel, and the CSS-in-JS cannot be rendered into a separate CSS file. And the last fundamental flaw is the inability to use ready-made approaches and utilities, such as SCSS, Less and Stylelint, and so on. On the other hand, the CSS-in-JS approach can be a good solution for the Frontend team who deals with both markup and JS, and develops all components from scratch. Also, CSS-in-JS will be useful for modules that integrate into other applications. In my personal opinion, the issue of CSS cascading is overrated. If we are developing a small application or site, with one team, then we are unlikely to encounter a name collision or the difficulty of reusing components. If you faced with this problem, I recommend considering CSS Modules, as, in my opinion, this is a more optimal solution for the above factors. In any case, whatever you choose, write meaningful code and don't get fooled by the hype. Hype will pass, and we all have to live with it. Have great and interesting projects, dear readers! Top comments (30) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand dastasoft dastasoft dastasoft Follow Senior Software Engineer Work Senior Software Engineer Joined Feb 17, 2020 • Mar 12 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide One pro of CSS, the hot reload is instant when you just change CSS, with CSS in JS the project is recompiled. For CSS-in-JS I find easier to reuse that code in a React Native project. My personal conclusion is that we are constantly trying to avoid CSS but at the end of the day, CSS will stay here forever. Great article btw! Like comment: Like comment: 25 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand GreggHume GreggHume GreggHume Follow A developer who works with and on some of the worlds leading brands. My company is called Cold Brew Studios, see you out there :) Joined Mar 10, 2021 • Mar 9 '22 • Edited on Mar 9 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I ran into issues with css modules that styled components seemed to solve. But i ran into issues with styled components that I wouldn't have had with plain scss. So some things to think about: Styled components is a lot more overhead because all the styled components need to be complied into stylesheets and mounted to the head by javascript which is a blocking language. On SSR styled components get compiled into a ServerStyleSheet that then hydrate the react dom tree in the browser via the context api. So even then the mounting of styles only happens in the browser but the parsing of styles happens on the server - that is still a performance penalty and will slow down the page load. In some cases I had no issues with styled components but as my site grew and in complex cases I couldn't help but feel like it was slower, or didn't load as smoothly... and in a world where every second matters, this was a problem for me. Here is an article doing benchmarks on CSS vs CSS in JS: pustelto.com/blog/css-vs-css-in-js... I use nextjs, it is a pity they do not support component level css and we are forced to use css modules or styled components... where as with Nuxt component level scss is part of the package and you have the option on how you want the sites css to bundled - all in one file, split into their own files and some other nifty options. I hope nextjs sharped up on this. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Nwanguma Victor Nwanguma Victor Nwanguma Victor Follow 🕊 Location Lagos, Nigeria Work Software Developer Joined Feb 18, 2021 • Jun 22 '22 • Edited on Jun 22 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide A big tip that might help. Why not use SCSS and unique classNames: For example create a unique container className (name of the component) and nest all the other classNames under that unique container className. .home-page-guest { .nav {} .main {} .footer {} } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode < div className = " home-page-guest " > < div className = " nav " /> < div className = " main " /> < div className = " footer " /> < /div > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Cindy Vos Cindy Vos Cindy Vos Follow Tuff shed and light and strong enough Joined Sep 11, 2025 • Sep 15 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I bet you did Greg Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Hank Queston Hank Queston Hank Queston Follow Work CTO at Bonfire Joined May 25, 2021 • May 25 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I agreed, CSS Modules make a lot more sense to me over Styled Components, always have! Like comment: Like comment: 7 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Comment deleted Collapse Expand Alien Padilla Rodriguez Alien Padilla Rodriguez Alien Padilla Rodriguez Follow Joined Jan 24, 2022 • Apr 23 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide @Petar Kokev If something I learned from this years of working with React and other projects is that the correct library for project isn't the correct library for another. So the mos important think that we need to do is select the tools, libraries and technologies that fit better to the current project. In this case you can't use Styled-components on sites that require a good SEO, becouse the mos important think here is the SEO and you cant sacrify it. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand thedev1232 thedev1232 thedev1232 Follow tech enthusiast - code to the nuts Location sanjose Work Senior dev Manager at self Joined Oct 26, 2020 • Mar 31 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide How about having to deal with libraries like Material UI with next js? I have an issue to decide whether to use just makeStyles function or should we use styled components? My main concern is code longevity and maintenance without any issues Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Will Farley Will Farley Will Farley Follow Joined Jan 24, 2022 • Jan 24 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide My big issues with styled components is they are deeply coupled with your code. I've opted to use emotion's css utility exclusively and instructed my team to avoid using any of the styled component features. We've loved it but this was a few years ago. For newer projects I'm going with the css modules design. Also why does anyone care about sass anymore? With css variables and the css nesting module in the specification, you get the best parts of sass with vanilla css. The other features are just overkill for a css-module that should represent a single react component and thus nothing :global . Complicated sass directives and stuff are just overkill. Turn it into a react component and don't make any crazy css systems. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Nwanguma Victor Nwanguma Victor Nwanguma Victor Follow 🕊 Location Lagos, Nigeria Work Software Developer Joined Feb 18, 2021 • Mar 23 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Same I was trying to revamp my personal site, I discovered that I would have to rewrite alot of things, and then I later gave up. I would advice css modules are the way to go, and it greatly helps with SEO. And in teams using SC, naming becomes an issue because some people don't know how to name components and you have to scroll around, just to check if a component is a h1 tag 🤮 CACHEing I can't stress this enough, for enterprise in-house apps it doesn't really matter, but for everyday consumer-essentric apps CACHEing should not be overlooked Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Cindy Vos Cindy Vos Cindy Vos Follow Tuff shed and light and strong enough Joined Sep 11, 2025 • Sep 15 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Matty Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Will Farley Will Farley Will Farley Follow Joined Jan 24, 2022 • Jan 24 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You can still have a top-level css file that isn't a css module for global stuff Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Petar Kolev Petar Kolev Petar Kolev Follow Senior Software Engineer with React && TypeScript Location Bulgaria Work Senior Software Engineer @ alkem.io Joined Nov 27, 2019 • Sep 10 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It is not true that with styled-components one can't use scss syntax, etc. styled-components supports it. Like comment: Like comment: 6 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Eduard Eduard Eduard Follow Taxation is robbery Joined Oct 25, 2019 • Mar 28 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide How about css-in-js frameworks like material-ua, chakra-ui and others? In my opinion, they dramatically speed up development. Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alien Padilla Rodriguez Alien Padilla Rodriguez Alien Padilla Rodriguez Follow Joined Jan 24, 2022 • Apr 23 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide In my personal opinion I see Styled Components more for a Single Page Aplications where the SEO isn't important and is unecessary to cache css files. In the case of static web site or a site that must have a good SEO the Module-Css is better. @greggcbs My recomendation is to use code splitting if you have problem with the performans when you use Styled-Components in your project, in order to avoid brign all code in the first load of the site. Good article @sergey Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Cindy Vos Cindy Vos Cindy Vos Follow Tuff shed and light and strong enough Joined Sep 11, 2025 • Sep 15 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi Jess Rodriguez celly Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Gass Gass Gass Follow hi there 👋 Email g.szada@gmail.com Location Budapest, Hungary Education engineering Work software developer @ itemis Joined Dec 25, 2021 • Apr 25 '22 • Edited on Apr 25 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Good post. I've been using CSS modules for a short time now and I like it. Allows everything to be nicely compartmentalized. I also like that it gives more freedom to name classes in smaller chunks of CSS code. Instead of using it like so: {styles.my_class} I preffer {s.my_class} makes the code looks nicer and more concise. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Mario Iliev Mario Iliev Mario Iliev Follow Joined Jun 14, 2023 • Jun 14 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I'm sorry but it seems that you don't have much experience with Styled Components. "And the last fundamental flaw is the inability to use ready-made approaches and utilities, such as SCSS, Less and Stylelint, and so on." Not a single thing here is true. SCSS is the original syntax of the package, you can use Stylelint as well. There are a lot more "pros" which are not listed here. By working with JS you are opened to another world. I'll list some more "pros" from the top of my head: consume and validate your theme colors as pure JS object consume state/props and create dynamic CSS out of it you have plugins which can be a live savers in cases like RTL (right to left orientation). Whoever had to support an app/website with RTL will be magically saved by this plugin. You can create custom plugins to fix various problems, or make your own linting in your team project. you don't think about CSS class names and collision. I prefer to be focused on thinking about variable names in my JS only and not spending effort in the CSS as well when you break your visual habits you will realise that's it's easier to have your CSS in your JS file just the way you got used to have your HTML in your JS file (React) In these days CSS has become a monster. You have inheritance, mixins, variables, IF statements, loops etc. Sure they can be useful somewhere but I'm pretty sure that most of you just need to center that div. So in my personal opinion we should strive to keep CSS as simpler as possible (as with everything actually) and I think that Styled Components are kind of pushing you to do exactly that. Don't re-use CSS, re-use components! The only global things you should have are probably just the color theme and animations. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Annie-Huang Annie-Huang Annie-Huang Follow Joined Mar 14, 2021 • Feb 16 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Couldn't agree more on the last two bullet points~~ Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand DrBeehre DrBeehre DrBeehre Follow Location New Zealand Work Software Engineer at Self-Employed Joined Nov 10, 2020 • Mar 14 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is awesome! I'm quite new to Web dev in particular and when starting a new project, I've often wondered which approach is better as I could see pros and cons to both, but I never found the time to dig in. Thanks for pulling all this together into a concise blog post! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (30 comments) Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments. Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Sergey Follow Joined Nov 18, 2020 More from Sergey Mastering the Dependency Inversion Principle: Best Practices for Clean Code with DI # webdev # javascript # typescript # programming Rockpack 2.0 Official Release # react # javascript # webdev # showdev Project Structure. Repository and folders. 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Right menu [TW_DevRel] TECH-Verse 2022: Interesting Agenda Highlights - Day 1 Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [TW_DevRel] TECH-Verse 2022: Interesting Agenda Highlights - Day 1 # techtalks # security # blockchain # ai Comments Add Comment 3 min read I Built a Tool That Made Claude 122% Better at Understanding My Codebase Joseph Goksu Joseph Goksu Joseph Goksu Follow Jan 11 I Built a Tool That Made Claude 122% Better at Understanding My Codebase # ai # devtools # opensource # productivity Comments Add Comment 2 min read From Stack Overflow to AI Agents: Why I Stopped Fighting and Started Orchestrating in 2025 Carlos Chao(El Frontend) Carlos Chao(El Frontend) Carlos Chao(El Frontend) Follow Jan 11 From Stack Overflow to AI Agents: Why I Stopped Fighting and Started Orchestrating in 2025 # webdev # ai # productivity # career Comments Add Comment 3 min read LINE OA Travel Assistant Chatbot (4): Gemini Pro Server Changes... Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 LINE OA Travel Assistant Chatbot (4): Gemini Pro Server Changes... # gemini # go # api # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read Paper Review: Scaling Up to Excellence: Practicing Model Scaling for Photo-Realistic Image Restoration In the Wild Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Paper Review: Scaling Up to Excellence: Practicing Model Scaling for Photo-Realistic Image Restoration In the Wild # computerscience # machinelearning # deeplearning # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read TIL: Notes on Knowledge Retrieval Architecture for LLMs (2023) Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 TIL: Notes on Knowledge Retrieval Architecture for LLMs (2023) # rag # architecture # llm # ai Comments Add Comment 3 min read [Learning Notes] [Python] Using LangChain's Functions Agent to Control Folders with Chinese Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Learning Notes] [Python] Using LangChain's Functions Agent to Control Folders with Chinese # agents # python # tutorial # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read Online Course Notes: DeepLearningAI - Advanced Retrieval for AI with Chroma Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Online Course Notes: DeepLearningAI - Advanced Retrieval for AI with Chroma # rag # llm # deeplearning # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read [Golang][Gemini Pro] Building a Business Card Chatbot with Gemini-Pro-Vision Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Golang][Gemini Pro] Building a Business Card Chatbot with Gemini-Pro-Vision # gemini # go # tutorial # ai Comments Add Comment 7 min read [Python][Gemini CLI] Using Vertex AI in LangChain to Process Image Content in a LINE Bot Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Python][Gemini CLI] Using Vertex AI in LangChain to Process Image Content in a LINE Bot # gemini # cloud # python # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read [Gemini][LINEBot] Easy Upgrade: Implementing ADK from Function Call to Agent Mode Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Gemini][LINEBot] Easy Upgrade: Implementing ADK from Function Call to Agent Mode # gemini # agents # tutorial # ai Comments Add Comment 5 min read Using Vertex AI instead of Gemini in LangChain (Python) Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Using Vertex AI instead of Gemini in LangChain (Python) # gemini # cloud # python # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read [Gemini][LINE Bot] Building an Agent LINE Bot with Google ADK Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Gemini][LINE Bot] Building an Agent LINE Bot with Google ADK # gemini # agents # tutorial # ai Comments Add Comment 5 min read Small Language Models Are Eating the World (And Why That's Great) SATINATH MONDAL SATINATH MONDAL SATINATH MONDAL Follow Jan 11 Small Language Models Are Eating the World (And Why That's Great) # ai # edge # performance # mobile Comments Add Comment 13 min read Production ML is not about models. It’s about trade-offs. Jashwanth Thatipamula Jashwanth Thatipamula Jashwanth Thatipamula Follow Jan 11 Production ML is not about models. It’s about trade-offs. # webdev # ai # machinelearning # programming 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read AI Agents: Automate 80% of Support (Case Study) Robort Gabriel Robort Gabriel Robort Gabriel Follow Jan 11 AI Agents: Automate 80% of Support (Case Study) # agents # programming # ai Comments Add Comment 6 min read Book Sharing: Nexus - From the Stone Age to the AI Era Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Book Sharing: Nexus - From the Stone Age to the AI Era # discuss # ai # watercooler Comments Add Comment 6 min read Back to basics: a solid foundation for using AI coding agents in a monorepo Juha Kangas Juha Kangas Juha Kangas Follow Jan 11 Back to basics: a solid foundation for using AI coding agents in a monorepo # tooling # monorepo # ai # typescript Comments Add Comment 2 min read What AI Actually Replaces in Software Development (Part 2: The Reality) synthaicode synthaicode synthaicode Follow Jan 11 What AI Actually Replaces in Software Development (Part 2: The Reality) # ai # career # management # softwaredevelopment Comments Add Comment 3 min read When Your AI Coding Assistant Gets Stuck — What's your next move? Hanyuan PENG Hanyuan PENG Hanyuan PENG Follow Jan 11 When Your AI Coding Assistant Gets Stuck — What's your next move? # vibecoding # ai # programming # knowledgesharing 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read I built a Multi-Agent Academic Tutor using Next.js 14 & App Router yx j yx j yx j Follow Jan 11 I built a Multi-Agent Academic Tutor using Next.js 14 & App Router # showdev # webdev # ai # nextjs Comments Add Comment 2 min read A Skill do Dev do Futuro: Por que a engenharia de software é à prova de tempo Tiago Calado Tiago Calado Tiago Calado Follow Jan 11 A Skill do Dev do Futuro: Por que a engenharia de software é à prova de tempo # webdev # ai # career # softwareengineering Comments 2 comments 8 min read Today I Learned: Generative AI News and Applications, March 21, 2023 Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Today I Learned: Generative AI News and Applications, March 21, 2023 # news # openai # chatgpt # ai Comments 1 comment 3 min read Why AI Agents Need Context Graphs (And How to Build One with AWS) Brooke Jamieson Brooke Jamieson Brooke Jamieson Follow for AWS Jan 12 Why AI Agents Need Context Graphs (And How to Build One with AWS) # ai # contextgraphs # agenticai # aws 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 13 min read How to Scrape Google AI Mode Using Python Darshan Khandelwal Darshan Khandelwal Darshan Khandelwal Follow Jan 12 How to Scrape Google AI Mode Using Python # webdev # programming # ai # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/beck_moulton/stop-sending-sensitive-data-to-the-cloud-build-a-local-first-mental-health-ai-with-webllm-5100#challenges-amp-solutions | Stop Sending Sensitive Data to the Cloud: Build a Local-First Mental Health AI with WebLLM - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. 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Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Beck_Moulton Posted on Jan 13 Stop Sending Sensitive Data to the Cloud: Build a Local-First Mental Health AI with WebLLM # privacy # typescript # webgpu # webllm In an era where data breaches are common, privacy in Edge AI has moved from a "nice-to-have" to a "must-have," especially in sensitive fields like healthcare. If you've ever worried about your private conversations being used to train a massive corporate model, you're not alone. Today, we are exploring the frontier of Privacy-preserving AI by building a medical Q&A bot that runs entirely on the client side. By leveraging WebLLM , WebGPU , and TVM Unity , we can now execute large language models directly in the browser. This means the dialogue never leaves the user's device, providing a truly decentralized and secure experience. For those looking to scale these types of high-performance implementations, I highly recommend checking out the WellAlly Tech Blog for more production-ready patterns on enterprise-grade AI deployment. The Architecture: Why WebGPU? Traditional AI apps send a request to a server (Python/FastAPI), which queries a GPU (NVIDIA A100), and sends a JSON response back. This "Client-Server" model is the privacy killer. Our "Local-First" approach uses WebGPU , the next-gen graphics API for the web, to tap into the user's hardware directly. graph TD subgraph User_Device [User Browser / Device] A[React UI Layer] -->|Dispatch| B[WebLLM Worker] B -->|Request Execution| C[TVM Unity Runtime] C -->|Compute Kernels| D[WebGPU API] D -->|Inference| E[VRAM / GPU Hardware] E -->|Streaming Text| B B -->|State Update| A end F((Public Internet)) -.->|Static Assets & Model Weights| A F -.->|NO PRIVATE DATA SENT| A Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Prerequisites Before we dive in, ensure you have a browser that supports WebGPU (Chrome 113+ or Edge). Framework : React (Vite template) Language : TypeScript AI Engine : @mlc-ai/web-llm Core Tech : WebGPU & TVM Unity Step 1: Initializing the Engine Running an LLM in a browser requires significant memory management. We use a Web Worker to ensure the UI doesn't freeze while the model is "thinking." // engine.ts import { CreateMLCEngine , MLCEngineConfig } from " @mlc-ai/web-llm " ; const modelId = " Llama-3-8B-Instruct-v0.1-q4f16_1-MLC " ; // Lightweight quantized model export async function initializeEngine ( onProgress : ( p : number ) => void ) { const engine = await CreateMLCEngine ( modelId , { initProgressCallback : ( report ) => { onProgress ( Math . round ( report . progress * 100 )); console . log ( report . text ); }, }); return engine ; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Step 2: Creating the Privacy-First Chat Hook In a medical context, the system prompt is critical. We need to instruct the model to behave as a supportive assistant while maintaining strict safety boundaries. // useChat.ts import { useState } from ' react ' ; import { initializeEngine } from ' ./engine ' ; export const useChat = () => { const [ engine , setEngine ] = useState < any > ( null ); const [ messages , setMessages ] = useState < { role : string , content : string }[] > ([]); const startConsultation = async () => { const instance = await initializeEngine (( p ) => console . log ( `Loading: ${ p } %` )); setEngine ( instance ); // Set the System Identity for Mental Health await instance . chat . completions . create ({ messages : [{ role : " system " , content : " You are a private, empathetic mental health assistant. Your goal is to listen and provide support. You do not store data. If a user is in danger, provide emergency resources immediately. " }], }); }; const sendMessage = async ( input : string ) => { const newMessages = [... messages , { role : " user " , content : input }]; setMessages ( newMessages ); const reply = await engine . chat . completions . create ({ messages : newMessages , }); setMessages ([... newMessages , reply . choices [ 0 ]. message ]); }; return { messages , sendMessage , startConsultation }; }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Step 3: Optimizing for Performance (TVM Unity) The magic behind WebLLM is TVM Unity , which compiles models into highly optimized WebGPU kernels. This allows us to run models like Llama-3 or Mistral at impressive tokens-per-second on a standard Macbook or high-end Windows laptop. If you are dealing with advanced production scenarios—such as model sharding or custom quantization for specific medical datasets—the team at WellAlly Tech has documented extensive guides on optimizing WebAssembly runtimes for maximum throughput. Step 4: Building the React UI A simple, clean interface is best for mental health applications. We want the user to feel calm and secure. // ChatComponent.tsx import React , { useState } from ' react ' ; import { useChat } from ' ./useChat ' ; export const MentalHealthBot = () => { const { messages , sendMessage , startConsultation } = useChat (); const [ input , setInput ] = useState ( "" ); return ( < div className = "p-6 max-w-2xl mx-auto border rounded-xl shadow-lg bg-white" > < h2 className = "text-2xl font-bold mb-4" > Shielded Mind AI 🛡️ </ h2 > < p className = "text-sm text-gray-500 mb-4" > Status: < span className = "text-green-500" > Local Only (Encrypted by Hardware) </ span ></ p > < div className = "h-96 overflow-y-auto mb-4 p-4 bg-gray-50 rounded" > { messages . map (( m , i ) => ( < div key = { i } className = { `mb-2 ${ m . role === ' user ' ? ' text-blue-600 ' : ' text-gray-800 ' } ` } > < strong > { m . role === ' user ' ? ' You: ' : ' AI: ' } </ strong > { m . content } </ div > )) } </ div > < div className = "flex gap-2" > < input className = "flex-1 border p-2 rounded" value = { input } onChange = { ( e ) => setInput ( e . target . value ) } placeholder = "How are you feeling today?" /> < button onClick = { () => { sendMessage ( input ); setInput ( "" ); } } className = "bg-purple-600 text-white px-4 py-2 rounded hover:bg-purple-700" > Send </ button > </ div > < button onClick = { startConsultation } className = "mt-4 text-xs text-gray-400 underline" > Initialize Secure WebGPU Engine </ button > </ div > ); }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Challenges & Solutions Model Size : Downloading a 4GB-8GB model to a browser is the biggest hurdle. Solution : Use IndexedDB caching so the user only downloads the model once. VRAM Limits : Mobile devices may struggle with large context windows. Solution : Implement sliding window attention and aggressive 4-bit quantization. Cold Start : The initial "Loading" phase can take time. Solution : Use a skeleton screen and explain that this process ensures their privacy. Conclusion By moving the "brain" of our AI from the cloud to the user's browser, we've created a psychological safe space that is literally impossible for hackers to intercept at the server level. WebLLM and WebGPU are turning browsers into powerful AI engines. Want to dive deeper into Edge AI security , LLM Quantization , or WebGPU performance tuning ? Head over to the WellAlly Tech Blog where we break down the latest advancements in local-first software architecture. What do you think? Would you trust a local-only AI more than ChatGPT for sensitive topics? Let me know in the comments below! 👇 Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Beck_Moulton Follow Joined Aug 22, 2022 More from Beck_Moulton Private & Fast: Building a Browser-Based Dermatology Screener with WebLLM and WebGPU # privacy # ai # web # webdev Federated Learning or Bust: Architecting Privacy-First Health AI # machinelearning # architecture # privacy # devops Why Your Health Data Belongs on Your Device (Not the Cloud): A Local-First Manifesto # architecture # privacy # offlinefirst # database 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://ko.legacy.reactjs.org/blog/2019/02/06/react-v16.8.0.html | React v16.8: The One With Hooks – React Blog We want to hear from you! Take our 2021 Community Survey! This site is no longer updated. Go to react.dev React 문서 자습서 블로그 커뮤니티 v 18.2.0 Languages GitHub React v16.8: The One With Hooks February 06, 2019 by Dan Abramov This blog site has been archived. Go to react.dev/blog to see the recent posts. With React 16.8, React Hooks are available in a stable release! What Are Hooks? Hooks let you use state and other React features without writing a class. You can also build your own Hooks to share reusable stateful logic between components. If you’ve never heard of Hooks before, you might find these resources interesting: Introducing Hooks explains why we’re adding Hooks to React. Hook 개요 is a fast-paced overview of the built-in Hooks. Building Your Own Hooks demonstrates code reuse with custom Hooks. Making Sense of React Hooks explores the new possibilities unlocked by Hooks. useHooks.com showcases community-maintained Hooks recipes and demos. You don’t have to learn Hooks right now. Hooks have no breaking changes, and we have no plans to remove classes from React. The Hooks FAQ describes the gradual adoption strategy. No Big Rewrites We don’t recommend rewriting your existing applications to use Hooks overnight. Instead, try using Hooks in some of the new components, and let us know what you think. Code using Hooks will work side by side with existing code using classes. Can I Use Hooks Today? Yes! Starting with 16.8.0, React includes a stable implementation of React Hooks for: React DOM React DOM Server React Test Renderer React Shallow Renderer Note that to enable Hooks, all React packages need to be 16.8.0 or higher . Hooks won’t work if you forget to update, for example, React DOM. React Native will support Hooks in the 0.59 release . Tooling Support React Hooks are now supported by React DevTools. They are also supported in the latest Flow and TypeScript definitions for React. We strongly recommend enabling a new lint rule called eslint-plugin-react-hooks to enforce best practices with Hooks. It will soon be included into Create React App by default. What’s Next We described our plan for the next months in the recently published React Roadmap . Note that React Hooks don’t cover all use cases for classes yet but they’re very close . Currently, only getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() and componentDidCatch() methods don’t have equivalent Hooks APIs, and these lifecycles are relatively uncommon. If you want, you should be able to use Hooks in most of the new code you’re writing. Even while Hooks were in alpha, the React community created many interesting examples and recipes using Hooks for animations, forms, subscriptions, integrating with other libraries, and so on. We’re excited about Hooks because they make code reuse easier, helping you write your components in a simpler way and make great user experiences. We can’t wait to see what you’ll create next! Testing Hooks We have added a new API called ReactTestUtils.act() in this release. It ensures that the behavior in your tests matches what happens in the browser more closely. We recommend to wrap any code rendering and triggering updates to your components into act() calls. Testing libraries can also wrap their APIs with it (for example, react-testing-library ’s render and fireEvent utilities do this). For example, the counter example from this page can be tested like this: import React from 'react' ; import ReactDOM from 'react-dom' ; import { act } from 'react-dom/test-utils' ; import Counter from './Counter' ; let container ; beforeEach ( ( ) => { container = document . createElement ( 'div' ) ; document . body . appendChild ( container ) ; } ) ; afterEach ( ( ) => { document . body . removeChild ( container ) ; container = null ; } ) ; it ( 'can render and update a counter' , ( ) => { // Test first render and effect act ( ( ) => { ReactDOM . render ( < Counter /> , container ) ; } ) ; const button = container . querySelector ( 'button' ) ; const label = container . querySelector ( 'p' ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; // Test second render and effect act ( ( ) => { button . dispatchEvent ( new MouseEvent ( 'click' , { bubbles : true } ) ) ; } ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; } ) ; The calls to act() will also flush the effects inside of them. If you need to test a custom Hook, you can do so by creating a component in your test, and using your Hook from it. Then you can test the component you wrote. To reduce the boilerplate, we recommend using react-testing-library which is designed to encourage writing tests that use your components as the end users do. Thanks We’d like to thank everybody who commented on the Hooks RFC for sharing their feedback. We’ve read all of your comments and made some adjustments to the final API based on them. Installation React React v16.8.0 is available on the npm registry. To install React 16 with Yarn, run: yarn add react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 To install React 16 with npm, run: npm install --save react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 We also provide UMD builds of React via a CDN: < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react@16/umd/react.production.min.js " > </ script > < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react-dom@16/umd/react-dom.production.min.js " > </ script > Refer to the documentation for detailed installation instructions . ESLint Plugin for React Hooks Note As mentioned above, we strongly recommend using the eslint-plugin-react-hooks lint rule. If you’re using Create React App, instead of manually configuring ESLint you can wait for the next version of react-scripts which will come out shortly and will include this rule. Assuming you already have ESLint installed, run: # npm npm install eslint-plugin-react-hooks --save-dev # yarn yarn add eslint-plugin-react-hooks --dev Then add it to your ESLint configuration: { "plugins" : [ // ... "react-hooks" ] , "rules" : { // ... "react-hooks/rules-of-hooks" : "error" } } Changelog React Add Hooks — a way to use state and other React features without writing a class. ( @acdlite et al. in #13968 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) React DOM Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Support synchronous thenables passed to React.lazy() . ( @gaearon in #14626 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only) to match class behavior. ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Warn about mismatching Hook order in development. ( @threepointone in #14585 and @acdlite in #14591 ) Effect clean-up functions must return either undefined or a function. All other values, including null , are not allowed. @acdlite in #14119 React Test Renderer Support Hooks in the shallow renderer. ( @trueadm in #14567 ) Fix wrong state in shouldComponentUpdate in the presence of getDerivedStateFromProps for Shallow Renderer. ( @chenesan in #14613 ) Add ReactTestRenderer.act() and ReactTestUtils.act() for batching updates so that tests more closely match real behavior. ( @threepointone in #14744 ) ESLint Plugin: React Hooks Initial release . ( @calebmer in #13968 ) Fix reporting after encountering a loop. ( @calebmer and @Yurickh in #14661 ) Don’t consider throwing to be a rule violation. ( @sophiebits in #14040 ) Hooks Changelog Since Alpha Versions The above changelog contains all notable changes since our last stable release (16.7.0). As with all our minor releases , none of the changes break backwards compatibility. If you’re currently using Hooks from an alpha build of React, note that this release does contain some small breaking changes to Hooks. We don’t recommend depending on alphas in production code. We publish them so we can make changes in response to community feedback before the API is stable. Here are all breaking changes to Hooks that have been made since the first alpha release: Remove useMutationEffect . ( @sophiebits in #14336 ) Rename useImperativeMethods to useImperativeHandle . ( @threepointone in #14565 ) Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only). ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) Is this page useful? Edit this page Recent Posts React Labs: What We've Been Working On – June 2022 React v18.0 How to Upgrade to React 18 React Conf 2021 Recap The Plan for React 18 Introducing Zero-Bundle-Size React Server Components React v17.0 Introducing the New JSX Transform React v17.0 Release Candidate: No New Features React v16.13.0 All posts ... 문서 설치 주요 개념 고급 안내서 API 참고서 Hook 테스팅 기여 자주 묻는 질문 채널 GitHub Stack Overflow Discussion Forums Reactiflux Chat DEV Community Facebook Twitter 커뮤니티 Code of Conduct Community Resources 더보기 자습서 블로그 감사의 글 React Native Privacy Terms Copyright © 2023 Meta Platforms, Inc. | 2026-01-13T08:49:09 |
https://dev.to/dataformathub/containerization-2025-why-containerd-20-and-ebpf-are-changing-everything-ph5 | Containerization 2025: Why containerd 2.0 and eBPF are Changing Everything - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse DataFormatHub Posted on Dec 22, 2025 • Originally published at dataformathub.com Containerization 2025: Why containerd 2.0 and eBPF are Changing Everything # docker # kubernetes # devops # news The containerization landscape, perennially dynamic, has seen a flurry of practical, sturdy advancements over late 2024 and through 2025. As senior developers, we're past the "hype cycle" and into the trenches, evaluating features that deliver tangible operational benefits and address real-world constraints. This past year has solidified several trends: a relentless push for enhanced security across the supply chain, fundamental improvements in runtime efficiency, a significant leap in build ergonomics for multi-architecture deployments, and the emergence of WebAssembly as a credible, albeit nascent, alternative for specific workloads. Here's a deep dive into the developments that genuinely matter. The Evolving Container Runtime Landscape: containerd 2.0 and Beyond The foundation of our containerized world, the container runtime, has seen significant evolution, most notably with the release of containerd 2.0 in late 2024. This isn't merely an incremental bump; it's a strategic stabilization and enhancement of core capabilities seven years after its 1.0 release. The shift away from dockershim in Kubernetes v1.24 pushed containerd and CRI-O to the forefront, solidifying the Container Runtime Interface (CRI) as the standard interaction protocol between the kubelet and the underlying runtime. containerd 2.0 brings several key features to the stable channel that warrant close attention. The Node Resource Interface (NRI) is now enabled by default, providing a powerful extension mechanism for customizing low-level container configurations. This allows for finer-grained control over resource allocation and policy enforcement, akin to mutating admission webhooks but operating directly at the runtime level. Developers can leverage NRI plugins to inject specific runtime configurations or apply custom resource management policies dynamically, a capability that was previously more cumbersome to implement without direct runtime modifications. Consider a scenario where an organization needs to enforce specific CPU pinning or memory page allocation for performance-critical workloads; an NRI plugin can now mediate this at container startup, ensuring consistent application across diverse node types without altering the core containerd daemon. Another notable advancement is the stabilization of image verifier plugins . While the CRI plugin in containerd 2.0 doesn't yet fully integrate with the new transfer service for image pulling, and thus isn't immediately available for Kubernetes workloads, its presence signals a robust future for image policy enforcement at pull-time. These plugins are executable programs that containerd can invoke to determine if an image is permitted to be pulled, offering a critical control point for supply chain security. Once integrated with the CRI, this will allow Kubernetes administrators to define granular policies – for instance, only allowing images signed by specific keys or those with a verified Software Bill of Materials (SBOM) – directly at the node level, before a container even attempts to start. This shifts policy enforcement left, preventing potentially compromised images from ever landing on a node. The containerd configuration has also seen an update, moving to v3 . Migrating existing configurations is a straightforward process using containerd config migrate . While most settings remain compatible, users leveraging the deprecated aufs snapshotter will need to transition to a modern alternative. This forces a necessary cleanup, promoting more performant and maintained storage backends. Bolstering the Software Supply Chain: Sigstore's Ascent The year 2025 marks a definitive pivot in container image signing, with Sigstore firmly establishing itself as the open standard for software supply chain security. Docker, recognizing the evolving landscape and the limited adoption of its legacy Docker Content Trust (DCT) , began formally retiring DCT (which was based on Notary v1) in August 2025. This move, while requiring migration for a small subset of users, clears the path for a more unified and robust approach to image provenance. graph TD A["📥 OIDC Identity"] --> B{"🔍 Fulcio Check"} B -->|Valid| C["⚙️ Issue Certificate"] B -->|Invalid| D["🚨 Reject Request"] C --> E["📊 Sign & Log (Rekor)"] D --> F["📝 Audit Failure"] E --> G(("✅ Image Signed")) F --> G classDef input fill:#6366f1,stroke:#4338ca,color:#fff classDef process fill:#3b82f6,stroke:#1e40af,color:#fff classDef success fill:#22c55e,stroke:#15803d,color:#fff classDef error fill:#ef4444,stroke:#b91c1c,color:#fff classDef decision fill:#8b5cf6,stroke:#6d28d9,color:#fff classDef endpoint fill:#1e293b,stroke:#475569,color:#fff class A input class C,E process class B decision class D,F error class G endpoint Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Sigstore addresses the critical need for verifiable supply chain integrity through a suite of tools: Cosign for signing and verifying OCI artifacts, Fulcio as a free, public root Certificate Authority issuing short-lived certificates, and Rekor as a transparency log for all signing events. This trifecta enables "keyless" signing, a significant paradigm shift. Instead of managing long-lived static keys, developers use OIDC tokens from their identity provider (e.g., GitHub, Google) to obtain ephemeral signing certificates from Fulcio . Cosign then uses this certificate to sign the image, and the signature, along with the certificate, is recorded in the immutable Rekor transparency log. For instance, signing an image with Cosign is remarkably streamlined: # Authenticate with your OIDC provider # cosign will often pick this up automatically from environment variables. # Sign an image (keyless) cosign sign --yes <your-registry>/<your-image>:<tag> # Verify an image cosign verify <your-registry>/<your-image>:<tag> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The --yes flag in cosign sign bypasses interactive prompts, crucial for CI/CD pipelines. The verification step, cosign verify , queries Rekor to ensure the signature's authenticity and integrity, linking it back to a verifiable identity. This provides strong, auditable provenance without the operational overhead of traditional PKI. Turbocharging Builds with Buildx and BuildKit Docker's Buildx , powered by the BuildKit backend, has matured into an indispensable tool for any serious container development workflow, particularly for multi-platform image builds and caching strategies. The traditional docker build command, while functional, often suffers from performance bottlenecks and limited cross-architecture support. BuildKit fundamentally re-architects the build process using a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) for build operations, enabling parallel execution of independent steps and superior caching mechanisms. The standout feature, multi-platform builds , is no longer a niche capability but a practical necessity in a world diversifying rapidly into amd64 , arm64 , and even arm/v7 architectures. Buildx allows a single docker buildx build command to produce a manifest list containing images for multiple target platforms, eliminating the need for separate build environments. Consider this Dockerfile : # Dockerfile FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM golang:1.21-alpine AS builder WORKDIR /app COPY go.mod go.sum ./ RUN go mod download COPY . . ARG TARGETOS TARGETARCH RUN CGO_ENABLED = 0 GOOS = $TARGETOS GOARCH = $TARGETARCH go build -o /app/my-app ./cmd/server FROM --platform=$BUILDPLATFORM alpine:3.18 COPY --from=builder /app/my-app /usr/local/bin/my-app CMD ["/usr/local/bin/my-app"] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode To build for both linux/amd64 and linux/arm64 and push to a registry: docker buildx create --name multiarch-builder --use docker buildx inspect --bootstrap docker buildx build \ --platform linux/amd64,linux/arm64 \ -t myregistry/my-app:latest \ --push . Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Performance-wise, BuildKit 's caching is superior. Beyond local layer caching, Buildx supports registry caching , where previous build layers pushed to a registry can be leveraged for subsequent builds, significantly reducing build times for frequently updated projects. This is particularly impactful in CI/CD pipelines where build environments are often ephemeral. eBPF: Redefining Kubernetes Networking and Observability The integration of eBPF (extended Berkeley Packet Filter) into Kubernetes networking and observability stacks has moved from experimental curiosity to a foundational technology in late 2024 and 2025. eBPF allows sandboxed programs to run directly within the Linux kernel, triggered by various events, offering unprecedented performance and flexibility without the overhead of traditional kernel-to-user-space context switches. For networking, eBPF -based Container Network Interface (CNI) plugins like Cilium and Calico are actively replacing or offering superior alternatives to iptables -based approaches. The core advantage lies in efficient packet processing . Instead of traversing complex iptables chains for every packet, eBPF programs can make routing and policy decisions directly at an earlier point in the kernel's network stack. This drastically reduces CPU overhead and latency, especially in large-scale Kubernetes clusters. Beyond performance, eBPF profoundly enhances observability . By attaching eBPF programs to system calls, network events, and process activities, developers can capture detailed telemetry data directly from the kernel in real-time. Tools like Cilium Hubble leverage eBPF to monitor network flows in Kubernetes, providing deep insights into service-to-service communication, including latency, bytes transferred, and policy enforcement decisions. WebAssembly: A New Paradigm for Cloud-Native Workloads WebAssembly (Wasm), initially conceived for the browser, has undeniably crossed the chasm into server-side and cloud-native environments, presenting a compelling alternative to traditional containers for specific use cases in 2025. Its core advantages— blazing fast startup times, minuscule footprint, and strong sandbox security —make it particularly attractive for serverless functions and edge computing. As we see in the evolution of Node.js, Deno, Bun in 2025 , the runtime landscape is diversifying to meet these performance demands. Wasm modules typically start in milliseconds, a stark contrast to the seconds often required for traditional container cold starts. Integrating Wasm with Kubernetes is primarily achieved through CRI-compatible runtimes and shims. Projects like runwasi provide a containerd shim that enables Kubernetes to schedule Wasm modules alongside traditional Linux containers. For example, to run a Wasm application with crun : # runtimeclass.yaml apiVersion : node.k8s.io/v1 kind : RuntimeClass metadata : name : wasm-crun handler : crun --- # wasm-app.yaml apiVersion : v1 kind : Pod metadata : name : wasm-demo annotations : module.wasm.image/variant : compat spec : runtimeClassName : wasm-crun containers : - name : my-wasm-app image : docker.io/myuser/my-wasm-app:latest command : [ " /my-wasm-app" ] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Kubernetes API Evolution: Staying Ahead of Deprecations Kubernetes consistently refines its API surface to introduce new capabilities and remove deprecated features. In late 2024 and 2025, vigilance against API deprecations and removals remains a critical operational task. The Kubernetes project adheres to a well-defined deprecation policy across Alpha, Beta, and GA APIs. The implications are clear: developers must actively monitor deprecation warnings. Since Kubernetes v1.19, any request to a deprecated REST API returns a warning. Automated tooling and CI/CD pipeline checks are essential for identifying resources using deprecated APIs. # Example: Find deployments using deprecated extensions/v1beta1 API kubectl get deployments.v1.apps -A -o custom-columns = "NAMESPACE:.metadata.namespace,NAME:.metadata.name,APIVERSION:.apiVersion" | grep "extensions/v1beta1" Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Proactive migration planning, well before an upgrade window, is the only sturdy approach to maintaining cluster stability. The Kubernetes v1.34 release (August 2025) and v1.31 (July 2024) both included deprecations and removals that required attention. Enhanced Container Security Primitives: Beyond Image Scanning While vulnerability scanning remains a fundamental best practice, recent developments focus on bolstering security primitives at the runtime level. A significant advancement in containerd 2.0 is the improved support for User Namespaces . This feature allows containers to run as root inside the container but map to an unprivileged User ID (UID) on the host system, drastically reducing the blast radius of a container escape. Beyond user namespaces, the emphasis on immutable infrastructure and runtime monitoring has intensified. Runtime security solutions, often leveraging eBPF , provide crucial visibility into container behavior, detecting anomalies and policy violations in real-time. Furthermore, the push for least privilege extends to the container's capabilities. Developers are encouraged to drop unnecessary Linux capabilities (e.g., CAP_NET_ADMIN ) and enforce read-only filesystems where possible. Developer Experience and Tooling Refinements The continuous refinement of developer tooling, particularly around Docker Desktop and local Kubernetes environments, has been a persistent theme throughout 2025. These improvements focus on enhancing security and simplifying complex workflows for the millions of developers relying on these platforms. Docker Desktop has seen a steady stream of security patches addressing critical vulnerabilities (e.g., CVE-2025-9074). For local Kubernetes development, tools like kind and minikube continue to evolve, offering faster cluster provisioning. The integration of BuildKit and Buildx into local environments has significantly improved the efficiency of image building, particularly for those working with multi-architecture targets. In essence, the developer experience has become more secure by default, with an emphasis on robust build processes and continuous security patching. The tools are making existing workflows more practical, secure, and efficient, which for senior developers, is often the most valuable kind of progress. Sources henrikgerdes.me karp.dev github.io dev.to kubernetes.io 🛠️ Related Tools Explore these DataFormatHub tools related to this topic: YAML to JSON - Convert Kubernetes manifests JSON Formatter - Format container configs 📚 You Might Also Like dbt & Airflow in 2025: Why These Data Powerhouses Are Redefining Engineering AWS Lambda & S3 Express One Zone: A 2025 Deep Dive into re:Invent 2023 GitHub Actions & Codespaces: Why 2025 This article was originally published on DataFormatHub , your go-to resource for data format and developer tools insights. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse DataFormatHub Follow DataFormatHub - Best Tools and Tech blog website Joined Dec 10, 2025 More from DataFormatHub AI Coding Tools Bias: Why Niche Frameworks are Dying in 2026 # ai # agentic # automation # news Cloudflare vs Vercel vs Netlify: The Truth about Edge Performance 2026 # news Vitest vs Jest 30: Why 2026 is the Year of Browser-Native Testing # testing # javascript # codequality # news 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/elegantly | Raman Marozau - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Raman Marozau 404 bio not found Joined Joined on Jan 6, 2026 Personal website https://runtimeweb.com More info about @elegantly Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 1 post published Comment 0 comments written Tag 0 tags followed Runtime 0.3.0: The Unified Serverless Framework for TypeScript Raman Marozau Raman Marozau Raman Marozau Follow Jan 7 Runtime 0.3.0: The Unified Serverless Framework for TypeScript # aws # react # serverless # typescript Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:09 |
https://dev.to/supremerumham/how-to-use-ai-to-increase-organic-traffic-to-a-shopify-store-4ke7#comments | How to use AI to Increase Organic Traffic to a Shopify Store - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Alex Posted on Jan 12 • Originally published at convertifyapps.com How to use AI to Increase Organic Traffic to a Shopify Store # shopify # ecommerce # ai # tutorial Reading the title might give the impression that I typed, “how to grow traffic for a Shopify store” into an LLM. Then, I got more traffic. But AI is a tool, if you don’t know how to use it, it won’t help. Like a car, if you don’t know how to drive, having a car won’t solve your problems. The Prompt The prompt I use is “Create a Schema for {my website} with placeholder data and that I can copy and paste, then replace the placeholder data to add to the website's backend.” The LLM’s output should look like the picture above. The purpose of the placeholder data is for formatting. A Shopify Merchant could miss a comma and mess up their schema if they filled it out entirely. But the placeholder data reduces the chances of an error. Next, remove the placeholder data. Copy and paste the schema into a word processor and change the data. Disclaimer According to Perplexity, “Doing this will not magically “rank you in Perplexity,” but it significantly increases the odds that LLMs and search engines a) understand what each app does and b) pull your site as a trusted, well‑structured source when merchants ask for Shopify app recommendations.” The Schema The schema starts with “Type: Organization.” The Organization is general information about the website, links, and other data. This part of the schema provides the LLM with more information about the overall website. Then, the next set of data is “Type: Product.” Each product needs to get included in the schema. Add image links, product description, price, and reviews. By giving clear information about each product, an LLM will know when to suggest the product. Verify Schema with Rich Text Results Once the schema gets created, verify the format is correct. Copy the schema from to and paste it into the Rich Results Test. If the schema format is correct, the results will show a green check. If there are formatting errors, an error message will show in the results. The message will show where the error occurred and how to fix it. Theme Editor Once the schema gets the green light from the Rich Results Test, it's time to add to the Shopify store. The schema gets added in the theme editor. Go to “Online Store,” “Themes,” and then “Edit Code.” For the product schema, go to main-product.liquid. Find this snippet. Replace those lines with the new schema. Save the update. Search engines and LLMs will now crawl the Shopify store. Conclusion Why does this matter? LLMs are starting to add checkout features. Customers will be able to buy products without leaving their preferred LLM. An LLM cannot recommend a product from a store that it doesn’t know. Originally published at https://convertifyapps.com on January 3, 2026. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Alex Follow Wrote a book about podcasting. Location Bay Area Work Podcast Host Joined Mar 15, 2019 More from Alex How to Increase CTR for Shopify Store # shopify # webdev # tutorial How to Increase Average Order Value for a Shopify Store # shopify # webdev # tutorial How to Remove Powered by WordPress in 2023 # webdev # wordpress # beginners # tutorial 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . 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https://forem.com/bogaboga1/odoo-core-and-the-cost-of-reinventing-everything-15n1#main-content | Odoo Core and the Cost of Reinventing Everything - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Boga Posted on Jan 12 Odoo Core and the Cost of Reinventing Everything # python # odoo # qweb # owl Hello, this is my first blog post ever. I’d like to share my experience working with Odoo , an open-source Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system, and explain why I believe many of its architectural choices cause unnecessary complexity. Odoo is a single platform that provides many prebuilt modules (mini-applications) that most companies need. For example, almost every company requires a Human Resources system to manage employee details, leaves, attendance, contracts, resignations, and more. Beyond HR, companies also need purchasing, inventory, accounting, authentication, authorization, and other systems. Odoo bundles all of these tightly coupled systems into a single installation. On paper, this sounds great — and from a business perspective, it often is. From a technical perspective , however, things get complicated very quickly. Odoo Core Components Below are the main Odoo components, ranked from least complex to most complex, and all largely developed in-house instead of relying on existing mature frameworks: Odoo HTTP Layer JSON-RPC Website routing Odoo Views XML transformed into Python and JavaScript Odoo ORM Custom inheritance system Query builder Dependency injection Caching layers Cache System Implemented from scratch WebSocket Implementation Very low-level handling Odoo HTTP Layer Odoo is not built on a standard Python web framework like Django or Flask. Instead, it implements its own HTTP framework on top of Werkzeug (a WSGI utility library). This HTTP layer introduces its own abstractions, request lifecycle, routing, and serialization logic, including JSON-RPC and website controllers. While technically impressive, it reinvents many problems that have already been solved — and battle-tested — by existing frameworks. Odoo Views In my opinion, this is one of the most problematic parts of Odoo. Instead of using standard frontend technologies, Odoo relies heavily on XML-based views . These XML files are sent to the browser and then transformed using Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) analysis into JavaScript. In other contexts (like the website), the XML may be converted into Python code and sometimes back into JavaScript again. This creates: High cognitive overhead Difficult debugging Tight coupling between backend and frontend Poor tooling support compared to modern frontend stacks It feels like building a car from raw metal just to drive from point A to point B. Odoo ORM Odoo’s ORM is not a typical ORM. It implements: A custom inheritance system (instead of using Python’s built-in one) Its own dependency injection mechanism A query builder Caching layers (LRU) Model extension via monkey-patching While powerful, this system is extremely complex and hard to reason about. Debugging model behavior often feels like navigating invisible layers of magic. WebSocket Implementation Instead of using a mature real-time framework, Odoo implements its WebSocket handling with very low-level logic, sometimes in surprisingly small and dense files. A single comment from the codebase summarizes this approach better than words ever could: The “Odoo Is Old” Argument A common defense of Odoo’s architecture is that “it’s an old system” — originally developed around 2005 using Python 2. However, this argument no longer holds. Odoo was largely rewritten from scratch around 2017 to support Python 3. At that time, many excellent frameworks already existed and had solved the same problems more cleanly, while continuing to evolve without breaking their ecosystems. Today, even small changes in Odoo’s core can break custom modules unless they are limited to simple CRUD models with minimal dependencies on core behavior. Final Thoughts Odoo is a powerful product and a successful business platform. But from a software engineering perspective, many of its design decisions prioritize control and internal consistency over maintainability, clarity, and developer experience . If you work with Odoo long enough, you stop asking “why does it work this way?” and start asking “how do I survive this upgrade?” Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Boga Follow Senior Software Engineer Joined Jan 12, 2026 Trending on DEV Community Hot 🧱 Beginner-Friendly Guide 'Maximal Rectangle' – LeetCode 85 (C++, Python, JavaScript) # programming # cpp # python # javascript The First Week at a Startup Taught Me More Than I Expected # startup # beginners # career # learning What was your win this week??? # weeklyretro # discuss 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://maker.forem.com/muhammad_abdullah_ab80e15 | Muhammad Abdullah - Maker Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close Follow User actions Muhammad Abdullah 404 bio not found Joined Joined on Dec 25, 2025 More info about @muhammad_abdullah_ab80e15 Post 1 post published Comment 0 comments written Tag 0 tags followed Overcoming Critical Gear Challenges: A Guide to High-Performance Custom Design for EVs and Robotics Muhammad Abdullah Muhammad Abdullah Muhammad Abdullah Follow Dec 25 '25 Overcoming Critical Gear Challenges: A Guide to High-Performance Custom Design for EVs and Robotics # robotics # tutorial Comments Add Comment 10 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Maker Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a space where makers create, share, and bring ideas to life. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:09 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Follow User actions DEV-AI Coding enthusiast exploring the intersection of AI and writing. Tech writer breaking down complex concepts, one article at a time. Crafting dev articles with a side of AI-powered insight. Joined Joined on Feb 15, 2024 More info about @devaaai Badges One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 58 posts published Comment 1 comment written Tag 0 tags followed LLM Approach for building Text-to-SQL Agent : A Comprehensive Guide for Enterprise Implementation DEV-AI DEV-AI DEV-AI Follow Dec 30 '25 LLM Approach for building Text-to-SQL Agent : A Comprehensive Guide for Enterprise Implementation Comments Add Comment 13 min read Want to connect with DEV-AI? Create an account to connect with DEV-AI. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in Spring Boot Security tokens Validation locally using Keycloak’s public keys (JWKS) DEV-AI DEV-AI DEV-AI Follow Dec 16 '25 Spring Boot Security tokens Validation locally using Keycloak’s public keys (JWKS) # security # java # architecture # springboot Comments Add Comment 6 min read Inter-Service API communication with Caching in Kubernetes: Migration from NGINX Ingress to Traefik Gateway API DEV-AI DEV-AI DEV-AI Follow Dec 11 '25 Inter-Service API communication with Caching in Kubernetes: Migration from NGINX Ingress to Traefik Gateway API Comments Add Comment 6 min read From 10 Millions Monthly Orders to Reality: Architecting a Production-Grade E-commerce Platform on Azure Kubernetes DEV-AI DEV-AI DEV-AI Follow Nov 9 '25 From 10 Millions Monthly Orders to Reality: Architecting a Production-Grade E-commerce Platform on Azure Kubernetes # microservices # azure # architecture # kubernetes Comments Add Comment 11 min read Mastering Cloud Storage: How to Mount S3 as a Local 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https://dev.to/siy/the-underlying-process-of-request-processing-1od4#beyond-languages-and-frameworks | The Underlying Process of Request Processing - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Sergiy Yevtushenko Posted on Jan 12 • Originally published at pragmatica.dev The Underlying Process of Request Processing # java # functional # architecture # backend The Underlying Process of Request Processing Beyond Languages and Frameworks Every request your system handles follows the same fundamental process. It doesn't matter if you're writing Java, Rust, or Python. It doesn't matter if you're using Spring, Express, or raw sockets. The underlying process is universal because it mirrors how humans naturally solve problems. When you receive a question, you don't answer immediately. You gather context. You retrieve relevant knowledge. You combine pieces of information. You transform raw data into meaningful understanding. Only then do you formulate a response. This is data transformation--taking input and gradually collecting necessary pieces of knowledge to provide a correct answer. Software request processing works identically. The Universal Pattern Every request follows these stages: Parse - Transform raw input into validated domain objects Gather - Collect necessary data from various sources Process - Apply business logic to produce results Respond - Transform results into appropriate output format This isn't a framework pattern. It's not a design choice. It's the fundamental nature of information processing. Whether you're handling an HTTP request, processing a message from a queue, or responding to a CLI command--the process is the same. Input → Parse → Gather → Process → Respond → Output Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Each stage transforms data. Each stage may need additional data. Each stage may fail. The entire flow is a data transformation pipeline. Why Async Looks Like Sync Here's the insight that changes everything: when you think in terms of data transformation, the sync/async distinction disappears . Consider these two operations: // "Synchronous" Result < User > user = database . findUser ( userId ); // "Asynchronous" Promise < User > user = httpClient . fetchUser ( userId ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode From a data transformation perspective, these are identical: Both take a user ID Both produce a User (or failure) Both are steps in a larger pipeline The only difference is when the result becomes available. But that's an execution detail, not a structural concern. Your business logic doesn't care whether the data came from local memory or crossed an ocean. It cares about what the data is and what to do with it. When you structure code as data transformation pipelines, this becomes obvious: // The structure is identical regardless of sync/async return userId . all ( id -> findUser ( id ), // Might be sync or async id -> loadPermissions ( id ), // Might be sync or async id -> fetchPreferences ( id ) // Might be sync or async ). map ( this :: buildContext ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The pattern doesn't change. The composition doesn't change. Only the underlying execution strategy changes--and that's handled by the types, not by you. Parallel Execution Becomes Transparent The same principle applies to parallelism. When operations are independent, they can run in parallel. When they depend on each other, they must run sequentially. This isn't a choice you make--it's determined by the data flow. // Sequential: each step needs the previous result return validateInput ( request ) . flatMap ( this :: createUser ) . flatMap ( this :: sendWelcomeEmail ); // Parallel: steps are independent return Promise . all ( fetchUserProfile ( userId ), loadAccountSettings ( userId ), getRecentActivity ( userId ) ). map ( this :: buildDashboard ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode You don't decide "this should be parallel" or "this should be sequential." You express the data dependencies. The execution strategy follows from the structure. If operations share no data dependencies, they're naturally parallelizable. If one needs another's output, they're naturally sequential. This is why thinking in data transformation is so powerful. You describe what needs to happen and what data flows where . The how --sync vs async, sequential vs parallel--emerges from the structure itself. The JBCT Patterns as Universal Primitives Java Backend Coding Technology captures this insight in six patterns: Leaf - Single transformation (atomic) Sequencer - A → B → C, dependent chain (sequential) Fork-Join - A + B + C → D, independent merge (parallel-capable) Condition - Route based on value (branching) Iteration - Transform collection (map/fold) Aspects - Wrap transformation (decoration) These aren't arbitrary design patterns. They're the fundamental ways data can flow through a system: Transform a single value (Leaf) Chain dependent transformations (Sequencer) Combine independent transformations (Fork-Join) Choose between transformations (Condition) Apply transformation to many values (Iteration) Enhance a transformation (Aspects) Every request processing task--regardless of domain, language, or framework--decomposes into these six primitives. Once you internalize this, implementation becomes mechanical. You're not inventing structure; you're recognizing the inherent structure of the problem. Optimal Implementation as Routine When you see request processing as data transformation, optimization becomes straightforward: Identify independent operations → They can parallelize (Fork-Join) Identify dependent chains → They must sequence (Sequencer) Identify decision points → They become conditions Identify collection processing → They become iterations Identify cross-cutting concerns → They become aspects You're not making architectural decisions. You're reading the inherent structure of the problem and translating it directly into code. This is why JBCT produces consistent code across developers and AI assistants. There's essentially one correct structure for any given data flow. Different people analyzing the same problem arrive at the same solution--not because they memorized patterns, but because the patterns are the natural expression of data transformation. The Shift in Thinking Traditional programming asks: "What sequence of instructions produces the desired effect?" Data transformation thinking asks: "What shape does the data take at each stage, and what transformations connect them?" The first approach leads to imperative code where control flow dominates. The second leads to declarative pipelines where data flow dominates. When you make this shift: Async stops being "harder" than sync Parallel stops being "risky" Error handling stops being an afterthought Testing becomes straightforward (pure transformations are trivially testable) You're no longer fighting the machine to do what you want. You're describing transformations and letting the runtime figure out the optimal execution strategy. Conclusion Request processing is data transformation. This isn't a paradigm or a methodology--it's the underlying reality that every paradigm and methodology is trying to express. Languages and frameworks provide different syntax. Some make data transformation easier to express than others. But the fundamental process doesn't change. Input arrives. Data transforms through stages. Output emerges. JBCT patterns aren't rules to memorize. They're the vocabulary for describing data transformation in Java. Once you see the underlying process clearly, using these patterns becomes as natural as describing what you see. The result: any processing task, implemented in close to optimal form, as a matter of routine. Part of Java Backend Coding Technology - a methodology for writing predictable, testable backend code. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Sergiy Yevtushenko Follow Writing code for 35+ years and still enjoy it... Location Krakow, Poland Work Senior Software Engineer Joined Mar 14, 2019 More from Sergiy Yevtushenko From Subjective Opinions to Systematic Analysis: Pattern-Based Code Review # codereview # java # patterns # bestpractices Java Should Stop Trying To Be Like Everybody Else # java # kubernetes # runtime # deployment Java Backend Coding Technology: Writing Code in the Era of AI #Version 1.1 # ai # java # codingtechnology 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/ed-wantuil/cloud-sem-falencia-o-minimo-que-voce-precisa-saber-de-finops-8ao#2-opex-operational-expenditure-a-l%C3%B3gica-do-uber | Cloud Sem Falência: O mínimo que você precisa saber de FinOps - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Ed Wantuil Posted on Jan 12 Cloud Sem Falência: O mínimo que você precisa saber de FinOps # devops # cloud # braziliandevs Imagine a cena: você trabalha em uma empresa consolidada. Vocês têm aquele rack de servidores físicos robusto, piscando luzinhas em uma sala gelada, com piso elevado e controle biométrico (o famoso On-Premise ). Tudo funciona. O banco de dados aguenta o tranco, a latência é zero na rede local. Mas a diretoria decide que é hora de "modernizar". "Vamos migrar para a Nuvem!" , dizem eles, com os olhos brilhando. A promessa no PowerPoint é sedutora: flexibilidade infinita , segurança gerenciada e o mantra mágico: "pagar só pelo que usar" . A migração acontece via Lift-and-Shift (pegar o que existe e jogar na nuvem sem refatorar). A equipe de Infra e Dev comemoram. O Deploy é um sucesso. Três meses depois, chega a fatura da AWS. O diretor financeiro (CFO) não apenas cai da cadeira; ele convoca uma reunião de emergência. O custo, que antes era uma linha fixa e previsível no balanço anual, triplicou e agora flutua violentamente. O que deu errado? Simples: A engenharia tratou a Nuvem como um Data Center físico, apenas alugado. Hoje, vamos falar sobre os riscos dessa mudança e como aplicar FinOps não como burocracia, mas como requisito de arquitetura. (Nota: Usaremos a AWS nos exemplos por ser a stack padrão de mercado, mas a lógica se aplica integralmente ao Azure, GCP e OCI). 🦄 A Ilusão da Mágica: CAPEX vs. OPEX na Engenharia Para entender a conta da AWS, você precisa entender como o dinheiro sai do cofre da empresa. A mudança da nuvem não é apenas sobre onde o servidor roda, é sobre quem assume o risco do desperdício. 1. CAPEX (Capital Expenditure): A Lógica do "PC Gamer" CAPEX é Despesa de Capital. É comprar a "caixa". Imagine que você vai montar um PC Gamer High-End. Você gasta R$ 20.000,00 na loja. Doeu no bolso na hora, certo? Mas depois que o PC está na sua mesa: Custo Marginal Zero: Se você jogar Paciência ou renderizar um vídeo em 8K a noite toda, não faz diferença financeira para o seu bolso (tirando a conta de luz, que é irrisória perto do hardware). O dinheiro já foi gasto ( Sunk Cost ). O Comportamento do Engenheiro (On-Premise): Como o processo de compra é lento (meses de cotação e aprovação), você tem medo de faltar recurso. Mentalidade: "Vou pedir um servidor com 64 Cores, mesmo precisando de 16. Se sobrar, melhor. O hardware é nosso mesmo." Código: Eficiência não é prioridade financeira. Um código mal otimizado que consome 90% da CPU não gera uma fatura extra no fim do mês. 2. OPEX (Operational Expenditure): A Lógica do Uber OPEX é Despesa Operacional. É o custo de funcionamento do dia a dia. Na nuvem, você não comprou o carro; você está rodando de Uber 24 horas por dia. Custo Marginal Real: Cada minuto parado no sinal custa dinheiro. Cada desvio de rota custa dinheiro. O Comportamento do Engenheiro (Cloud): Aqui, a ineficiência é taxada instantaneamente. Mentalidade: Aquele servidor de 64 cores e 512GB de ram parado esperando tráfego é como deixar o Uber te esperando na porta do escritório enquanto você trabalha. O taxímetro está rodando. Código: Um loop infinito ou uma query sem índice no banco de dados não deixa apenas o sistema lento; ele queima dinheiro vivo . Comparativo para Desenvolvedores (Salve isso) Feature CAPEX (On-Premise / Hardware Próprio) OPEX (Cloud / AWS / Azure) Commit Financeiro Você paga tudo antes de usar (Upfront). Você paga depois de usar (Pay-as-you-go). Latência de Aprovação Alta. Precisa de reuniões, assinaturas e compras. Zero. Um terraform apply gasta dinheiro instantaneamente. Risco de Capacidade Subutilização. Comprar um servidor monstro e usar 10%. Conta Surpresa. Esquecer algo ligado ou escalar infinitamente. Otimização de Código Melhora performance, mas não reduz a fatura do hardware. Reduz diretamente a fatura. Código limpo = Dinheiro no caixa. Por que isso afeta a sua Arquitetura? Se você desenha uma arquitetura pensando em CAPEX (Mundo Físico) e a implementa em OPEX (Nuvem), você cria um desastre financeiro. No CAPEX , a estratégia de defesa é: "Superdimensionar para garantir estabilidade". (Compre o maior servidor possível). No OPEX , a estratégia de defesa é: "Elasticidade". (Comece com o menor servidor possível e configure para crescer sozinho apenas se necessário). 💸 Os 8 Cavaleiros do Apocalipse Financeiro na AWS Na nuvem, os maiores vilões raramente são tecnologias complexas de IA ou Big Data. Quase sempre são decisões arquiteturais preguiçosas e falta de governança . 1. Instâncias "Just in Case": O Custo do Seguro Psicológico O sobredimensionamento é um vício comum: o desenvolvedor sobe uma instância m5.2xlarge (8 vCPUs, 32GB RAM) não porque a aplicação exige, mas porque ele "não quer ter dor de cabeça". É o provisionamento baseado no medo, criando uma margem de segurança gigantesca e cara para evitar qualquer risco hipotético de lentidão. A realidade nua e crua aparece no CloudWatch: na maior parte do tempo, essa supermáquina opera com apenas 12% de CPU e usa uma fração da memória. Pagar por uma 2xlarge para rodar essa carga é como fretar um ônibus de 50 lugares para levar apenas 4 pessoas ao trabalho todos os dias. Você está pagando pelo "espaço vazio" e pelo motor potente do ônibus, enquanto um carro popular ( t3.medium ) faria o mesmo trajeto com o mesmo conforto e muito mais economia. 2. Ambientes Zumbis: A Torneira Aberta Fora do Expediente "Ambientes Zumbis" são servidores de Desenvolvimento e Homologação que operam como cópias fiéis da Produção, mas sem a audiência dela. Eles permanecem ligados e faturando às 3 da manhã de um domingo, consumindo recursos de nuvem para processar absolutamente nada. Manter esses servidores ligados 24/7 é o equivalente digital de deixar o ar-condicionado de um escritório ligado no máximo durante todo o fim de semana , com o prédio completamente vazio. O impacto financeiro atua como um multiplicador de desperdício. Se você mantém três ambientes (Dev, Staging e Produção) com arquiteturas similares ligados ininterruptamente, seu custo base é 300% do necessário . A matemática é cruel: uma semana tem 168 horas, mas seus desenvolvedores trabalham apenas 40. Você está pagando por 128 horas de ociosidade pura por máquina, todas as semanas. A primeira cura para esse desperdício é o agendamento automático. Utilizando soluções como o AWS Instance Scheduler (ou Lambdas simples), configuramos os ambientes para "acordar" às 08:00 e "dormir" às 20:00, de segunda a sexta-feira. Apenas essa automação básica, sem alterar uma linha de código da aplicação, reduz a fatura desses ambientes não-produtivos em cerca de 70% . 3. O Esquecimento Crônico: O Custo do Limbo Um dos "pegadinhas" mais comuns da nuvem acontece no momento de desligar as luzes: quando você termina uma instância EC2, o senso comum diz que a cobrança para. O erro está em assumir que a máquina e o disco são uma peça única. Por padrão, ao "matar" o servidor, o volume de armazenamento (EBS) acoplado a ele muitas vezes sobrevive, entrando num estado de limbo financeiro. O resultado é o acúmulo de EBS Órfãos : centenas de discos no estado "Available" (não atrelados a ninguém), cheios de dados inúteis ou completamente vazios, pelos quais você paga o preço cheio do gigabyte provisionado. É comparável a vender seu carro, mas esquecer de cancelar o aluguel da vaga de garagem: o veículo não existe mais, mas a cobrança pelo espaço que ele ocupava continua chegando todo mês na fatura. A situação piora com os Elastic IPs (EIPs) , que possuem uma lógica de cobrança invertida e punitiva. Devido à escassez mundial de endereços IPv4, a AWS não cobra pelo IP enquanto você o utiliza, mas começa a cobrar assim que ele fica ocioso . É como uma "multa por não uso": se você reserva um endereço IP e não o atrela a uma instância em execução, você paga por estar "segurando" um recurso escasso sem necessidade. 4. O Cemitério de Dados no S3 Buckets S3 tendem a virar "cemitérios digitais" onde logs, backups e assets se acumulam indefinidamente. O erro crucial não é guardar os dados, mas a falta de estratégia: manter 100% desse volume na classe S3 Standard , pagando a tarifa mais alta da AWS por arquivos que ninguém acessa há meses. Para entender o prejuízo, imagine o S3 Standard como uma loja no corredor principal de um shopping: o aluguel é caríssimo porque o acesso é imediato e fácil ( baixa latência ). Manter logs de 2022 nessa classe é como alugar essa vitrine premium apenas para estocar caixas de papelão velhas. Dados "frios", que raramente são consultados, não precisam estar à mão em milissegundos; eles podem ficar num armazém mais distante e barato. A solução é o S3 Lifecycle , que automatiza a logística desse "estoque". Primeiro, ele atua na Transição : move automaticamente os dados que envelhecem da "vitrine" (Standard) para o "armazém" ( S3 Glacier ). No Glacier, você paga uma fração do preço, aceitando que o resgate do arquivo leve alguns minutos ou horas (maior latência), o que é aceitável para arquivos de auditoria ou backups antigos. Por fim, o Lifecycle resolve o acúmulo de lixo através da Expiração . Além de mover dados, você configura regras para deletar objetos definitivamente após um período, como remover logs temporários após 7 dias. Isso garante a higiene do ambiente, impedindo que você pague aluguel (seja no shopping ou no armazém) por dados inúteis que não deveriam mais existir. 5. Snapshots: O Colecionador de Backups Fantasmas Backups são a apólice de seguro da sua infraestrutura, mas a facilidade de criar snapshots na AWS gera um comportamento perigoso de acumulação. O erro clássico é configurar uma automação de snapshot diário e definir a retenção para "nunca" ou prazos absurdos como 5 anos. Embora os snapshots sejam incrementais (salvando apenas o que mudou), em bancos de dados transacionais com muita escrita, o volume de dados alterados cresce rápido, e a fatura acompanha. Para visualizar o desperdício, imagine que você compra o jornal do dia para ler as notícias. É útil ter os jornais da última semana na mesa para referência rápida. Mas guardar uma pilha de jornais diários de três anos atrás na sua sala ocupa espaço valioso e custa dinheiro, sendo que a chance de você precisar saber a "cotação do dólar numa terça-feira específica de 2021" é praticamente nula. Você está pagando armazenamento premium por "jornais velhos" que não têm valor de negócio. 6. Licenciamento Comercial (O Custo Invisível) Muitas empresas focam tanto em otimizar CPU e RAM que esquecem o elefante na sala: o custo de software. Ao rodar instâncias com Windows Server ou SQL Server Enterprise na AWS no modelo "License Included", você não paga apenas pela infraestrutura; você paga uma sobretaxa pesada pelo direito de uso do software proprietário. Esse custo é embutido na tarifa por hora e, em máquinas grandes, a licença pode custar mais caro que o próprio hardware. Para ilustrar a desproporção, usar o SQL Server Enterprise para uma aplicação que não utiliza funcionalidades avançadas (como Always On complexo ou compressão de dados específica) é como fretar um jato executivo apenas para ir comprar pão na padaria . O objetivo (armazenar e recuperar dados) é cumprido, mas você está pagando por um veículo de luxo quando uma bicicleta ou um Uber resolveria o problema com a mesma eficiência e uma fração do custo. A primeira camada de solução é a Otimização de Edição . É comum desenvolvedores solicitarem a versão Enterprise por "garantia" ou hábito, sem necessidade técnica real. Uma auditoria simples muitas vezes revela que a versão Standard atende a todos os requisitos da aplicação. Fazer esse downgrade reduz a fatura de licenciamento imediatamente, sem exigir mudanças drásticas na arquitetura ou no código. 7. Dilema Geográfico: Reduzindo a Fatura pela Metade Hospedar aplicações na região sa-east-1 (São Paulo) carrega um ágio pesado: o "Custo Brasil" digital faz com que a infraestrutura local custe, cerca de 50% a mais do que na us-east-1 (N. Virgínia). Migrar workloads para os EUA é, frequentemente, a manobra de FinOps com maior retorno imediato (ROI): você corta a fatura desses recursos praticamente pela metade apenas alterando o CEP do servidor, acessando o mesmo hardware por uma fração do preço. O principal bloqueador costuma ser o medo da LGPD , mas a crença de que a lei exige residência física dos dados no Brasil é um mito . O Artigo 33 permite a transferência internacional para países com proteção adequada (como os EUA), desde que coberto por contratos padrão. A legislação foca na segurança e privacidade do dado, não na sua latitude e longitude geográfica. Quanto à técnica, a latência para a Virgínia (~120ms) é imperceptível para a maioria das aplicações web, sistemas internos e dashboards. A estratégia inteligente é adotar uma região como US East como padrão para maximizar a economia, reservando São Paulo apenas para exceções que realmente exigem resposta em tempo real (como High Frequency Trading), evitando pagar preço de "primeira classe" para cargas de trabalho que rodariam perfeitamente na econômica. 8. Serverless: A Faca de Dois Gumes "Serverless" é computação sem gestão de infraestrutura (como AWS Lambda ou DynamoDB). Diferente de alugar um servidor fixo mensal, aqui você paga apenas pelos milissegundos que seu código executa ou pelo dado que você lê. É como a conta de luz: você só paga se o interruptor estiver ligado. A Estratégia: Para uso esporádico, é imbatível. Mas e para uso constante? Também pode ser uma excelente escolha! Embora a fatura de infraestrutura possa vir mais alta do que em servidores tradicionais, você elimina o trabalho pesado de manutenção. Muitas vezes, é financeiramente mais inteligente pagar um pouco mais para a AWS do que custear horas de engenharia ou contratar uma equipe dedicada apenas para gerenciar servidores, aplicar patches de segurança e configurar escalas. O segredo é olhar para o Custo Total (TCO), e não apenas para a linha de processamento na fatura. 🕵️♂️ FinOps: Engenharia Financeira na Prática FinOps não é apenas sobre "pedir desconto" ou cortar gastos; é a mudança cultural que descentraliza a responsabilidade do custo, empoderando engenheiros a tomar decisões baseadas em dados, não em palpites. Para que essa cultura saia do papel, ela precisa se apoiar em um tripé de governança robusto: a visibilidade granular garantida pelo tageamento correto (saber quem gasta), a segurança operacional monitorada pelo AWS Budgets (saber quando gasta) e a eficiência financeira obtida através dos Modelos de Compra inteligentes (saber como pagar). Sem integrar essas três frentes, a nuvem deixa de ser um acelerador de inovação para se tornar um passivo financeiro descontrolado. 1. TAGs: Sem Etiquetas, Sem Dados 🏷️ No AWS Cost Explorer, uma infraestrutura sem tags opera como uma "caixa preta" financeira: você encara uma fatura de $50.000, mas é incapaz de discernir se o rombo veio de um modelo crítico de Data Science ou de um cluster Kubernetes esquecido por um estagiário. Utiliza tags como custo:centro , app:nome , env e dono no momento dos recursos transformara números genéricos em rastreáveis, permitindo que cada centavo gasto tenha um responsável atrelado, eliminando definitivamente a cultura de que "o custo da nuvem não é problema meu". 2. AWS Budgets e Detecção de Anomalias 🚨 Não espere o fim do mês. Configure o AWS Budgets para alertar quando o custo projetado (forecasted) ultrapassar o limite. Dica: Ative o Cost Anomaly Detection . Ele usa Machine Learning para identificar picos anormais. Exemplo: Um deploy errado fez a cahamada para um Lambda entrar em loop infinito. O Anomaly Detection te avisa em horas, não no fim do mês. 3. Modelos de Compra: O Fim do On-Demand 💸 Operar 100% em On-Demand é pagar voluntariamente um "imposto sobre a falta de planejamento". A maturidade em FinOps exige abandonar o preço de varejo e adotar um mix estratégico: cubra sua carga de trabalho base (aquela que roda 24/7) com Savings Plans , que oferecem descontos de até 72% em troca de fidelidade, e mova cargas tolerantes a interrupções, como processamento de dados e pipelines de CI/CD, para Spot Instances , aproveitando a capacidade ociosa da AWS por até 10% do valor original . Ignorar essa estratégia e manter tudo no On-Demand é uma decisão consciente de desperdiçar orçamento que poderia ser reinvestido em inovação. 🧠 Dev Assina o Código e o Cheque No mundo On-Premise, um código ruim apenas deixava o sistema lento. Na Nuvem, código ineficiente gera uma fatura imediata . A barreira entre Engenharia e Financeiro desapareceu: cada linha de código é uma decisão de compra executada em tempo real. O desenvolvedor não consome apenas CPU, ele consome o orçamento da empresa. Para entender o impacto, veja o preço das más práticas: O Custo da Leitura: Uma query sem " WHERE " ou um Full Table Scan no DynamoDB não é apenas um problema de performance; você está pagando unidades de leitura para ler milhares de linhas inúteis. É como comprar a biblioteca inteira para ler uma única página. O Custo da Ineficiência: Um código com vazamento de memória engana o Auto Scaling . O sistema provisiona 10 servidores para fazer o trabalho de 2, desperdiçando dinheiro para compensar código ruim. O Custo do Ruído: Logs em modo VERBOSE esquecidos em produção são vilões. O CloudWatch cobra caro pela ingestão. Enviar gigabytes de "log de lixo" é literalmente pagar frete aéreo para transportar entulho. A Cultura de Engenharia Consciente de Custos: Estimativa no Refinamento: O custo deve ser debatido antes do código existir. Durante o Refinamento, ao definir a arquitetura, faça a pergunta: "Quais recursos vamos usar e quanto isso vai custar com a volumetria esperada?" . Se a solução técnica custa $1.000 para economizar $50 de esforço manual, ela deve ser vetada ali mesmo. Feedback Loop: O desenvolvedor precisa ver quanto o serviço dele custa. Painéis do Grafana ou Datadog devem mostrar não só a latência da API, mas o custo diário dela. Só existe responsabilidade quando existe consciência do preço. Cerimônia de Custo (FinOps Review): Estabeleça uma reunião recorrente dedicada a olhar o "Extrato da Conta" . O time analisa os custos atuais, investiga picos não planejados da semana anterior e discute ativamente: "Existe alguma oportunidade de desligar recursos ou otimizar este serviço agora?" . É a higiene financeira mantendo o projeto saudável. 🌐 O Mundo Híbrido e Multicloud: Complexidade é Custo Nem tudo precisa ir para a AWS, e nem tudo deve sair do seu Data Center local. A maturidade em nuvem não significa "desligar tudo o que é físico", mas sim saber onde cada peça do jogo custa menos. Empresas podem operam em modelos híbridos estratégicos: O Lugar do Legado (On-Premise): Aquele banco de dados gigante ou mainframe que já está quitado, não cresce mais e roda de forma previsível? Deixe onde está. Migrar esses monstros para a nuvem apenas copiando e colando ("Lift-and-Shift") costuma ser um desastre financeiro. Na nuvem, você paga caro por performance de disco (IOPS) e memória que, no seu servidor físico, já são "gratuitos". O Lugar da Inovação (Nuvem): Seu site, aplicativos móveis e APIs que precisam aguentar milhões de acessos num dia e zero no outro? Leve para a nuvem. Lá você paga pela elasticidade e pelo alcance global que o servidor físico não consegue entregar. Cuidado com a Armadilha Multicloud Muitos gestores caem na tentação de usar AWS, Azure e Google Cloud ao mesmo tempo sob o pretexto de "evitar ficar preso a um fornecedor" (Vendor Lock-in). Na prática, para a maioria das empresas, isso triplica o custo operacional . Você precisará de equipes especialistas em três plataformas diferentes, perderá descontos por volume (diluindo seu gasto) e pagará taxas altíssimas de transferência de dados (Egress) para fazer as nuvens conversarem entre si. Complexidade técnica é, invariavelmente, custo financeiro. Como gerenciar essa infraestrutura sem perder o controle? O uso de ferramentas como Terraform ou OpenTofu . Com elas, criar um servidor não é mais clicar em botões numa tela, mas sim escrever um arquivo de texto (código). Isso habilita a Revisão de Código Financeira : Um desenvolvedor propõe uma mudança no código da infraestrutura. Antes de aprovar, o time revisa num "Pull Request". A pergunta muda de "O código está certo?" para "Por que você alterou a máquina de micro para extra-large ?" . O Code Review de infraestrutura torna-se a primeira e mais barata linha de defesa do FinOps, barrando gastos desnecessários antes mesmo que eles sejam criados. Conclusão: A Nuvem não é um Destino, é um Modelo Econômico Migrar para a nuvem não é apenas trocar de servidor; é adotar um novo paradigma operacional e financeiro. Tratar a AWS como um "datacenter glorificado" é o caminho mais rápido para transformar a inovação em prejuízo: ao fazer isso, você acaba pagando a diária de um hotel cinco estrelas apenas para estocar caixas de papelão que poderiam estar num depósito simples. A virada de chave acontece na cultura. Comece pelo básico bem feito: aplique Tags rigorosamente, automatize a limpeza de recursos e traga o custo para o centro das decisões de arquitetura. Lembre-se que, neste novo mundo, a excelência técnica é inseparável da eficiência financeira: o melhor código não é apenas o que funciona, é o que entrega valor máximo consumindo o mínimo de orçamento. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Ed Wantuil Follow Meu objetivo é compartilhar conhecimento, criar soluções e ajudar outras pessoas a evoluírem na carreira de tecnologia. 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https://dev.to/aws-builders/how-i-troubleshoot-an-ec2-instance-in-the-real-world-using-instance-diagnostics-3dk8#status-overview-always-the-starting-point | 🩺 How I Troubleshoot an EC2 Instance in the Real World (Using Instance Diagnostics) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. 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Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi for AWS Community Builders Posted on Jan 12 🩺 How I Troubleshoot an EC2 Instance in the Real World (Using Instance Diagnostics) # aws # ec2 # linux # cloud When an EC2 instance starts misbehaving, my first reaction is not to SSH into it or reboot it. Instead, I open the EC2 console and go straight to Instance Diagnostics . Over time, I’ve realized that most EC2 issues can be understood — and often solved — just by carefully reading what AWS already shows on this page. In this blog, I’ll explain how I use each section of Instance Diagnostics to troubleshoot EC2 issues in a practical, real-world way. The First Question I Answer Before touching anything, I ask myself one simple question: Is this an AWS infrastructure issue, or is it something inside my instance? Instance Diagnostics helps answer this in seconds. Status Overview: Always the Starting Point I always begin with the Status Overview at the top. Instance State This confirms whether the instance is running, stopped, or terminated. If it is not running, there is usually nothing to troubleshoot. System Status Check This reflects the health of the underlying AWS infrastructure such as the physical host and networking. If this check fails, the issue is on the AWS side. In most cases, stopping and starting the instance resolves it by moving the instance to a healthy host. Instance Status Check This check represents the health of the operating system and internal networking. If this fails, the problem is inside the instance — typically related to OS boot issues, kernel problems, firewall rules, or resource exhaustion. EBS Status Check This confirms the health of the attached EBS volumes. If this fails, disk or storage-level issues are likely, and data protection becomes the immediate priority. CloudTrail Events: Tracking Configuration Changes If an issue appears suddenly, the CloudTrail Events tab is where I go next. I use it to confirm: Whether the instance was stopped, started, or rebooted If security groups or network settings were modified Whether IAM roles or instance profiles were changed If volumes were attached or detached This helps quickly identify human or automation-driven changes. SSM Command History: Understanding What Ran on the Instance The SSM Command History tab shows all Systems Manager Run Commands executed on the instance. This is especially useful for identifying: Patch jobs Maintenance scripts Automated remediations Configuration changes If there are no recent commands, that information itself is useful because it confirms that no SSM-driven actions caused the issue. Reachability Analyzer: When the Issue Is Network-Related If the instance is running but not reachable, I open the Reachability Analyzer directly from Instance Diagnostics. This is my go-to tool for diagnosing: Security group issues Network ACL misconfigurations Route table problems Internet gateway or NAT gateway connectivity VPC-to-VPC or on-prem connectivity issues Instead of guessing, Reachability Analyzer visually shows exactly where the network path is blocked. Instance Events: Checking AWS-Initiated Actions The Instance Events tab tells me if AWS has scheduled or performed any actions on the instance. This includes: Scheduled maintenance Host retirement Instance reboot notifications If an issue aligns with one of these events, the root cause becomes immediately clear. Instance Screenshot: When the OS Is Stuck If I cannot connect to the instance at all, I check the Instance Screenshot . This is especially helpful for: Identifying boot failures Detecting kernel panic messages Seeing whether the OS is stuck during startup Even a single screenshot can explain hours of troubleshooting. System Log: Understanding Boot and Kernel Issues The System Log provides low-level OS and kernel messages. I rely on it when: The instance fails to boot properly Services fail during startup Kernel or file system errors are suspected This is one of the best tools for diagnosing OS-level failures without logging in. [[0;32m OK [0m] Reached target [0;1;39mTimer Units[0m. [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mUser Login Management[0m. [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mUnattended Upgrades Shutdown[0m. [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mHostname Service[0m. Starting [0;1;39mAuthorization Manager[0m... [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mAuthorization Manager[0m. [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mThe PHP 8.2 FastCGI Process Manager[0m. [[0;32m OK [0m] Finished [0;1;39mEC2 Instance Connect Host Key Harvesting[0m. Starting [0;1;39mOpenBSD Secure Shell server[0m... [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mOpenBSD Secure Shell server[0m. [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mDispatcher daemon for systemd-networkd[0m. [[0;1;31mFAILED[0m] Failed to start [0;1;39mPostfix Ma… Transport Agent (instance -)[0m. See 'systemctl status postfix@-.service' for details. [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mLSB: AWS CodeDeploy Host Agent[0m. [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mVarnish HTTP accelerator log daemon[0m. [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mSnap Daemon[0m. Starting [0;1;39mTime & Date Service[0m... [ 13.865473] cloud-init[1136]: Cloud-init v. 25.1.4-0ubuntu0~22.04.1 running 'modules:config' at Fri, 05 Dec 2025 01:25:29 +0000. Up 13.71 seconds. Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS ip-***** ttyS0 ip-****** login: [ 15.070290] cloud-init[1152]: Cloud-init v. 25.1.4-0ubuntu0~22.04.1 running 'modules:final' at Fri, 05 Dec 2025 01:25:30 +0000. Up 14.98 seconds. 2025/12/05 01:25:30Z: Amazon SSM Agent v3.3.2299.0 is running 2025/12/05 01:25:30Z: OsProductName: Ubuntu 2025/12/05 01:25:30Z: OsVersion: 22.04 [ 15.189197] cloud-init[1152]: Cloud-init v. 25.1.4-0ubuntu0~22.04.1 finished at Fri, 05 Dec 2025 01:25:30 +0000. Datasource DataSourceEc2Local. Up 15.16 seconds 2025/12/15 21:35:50Z: Amazon SSM Agent v3.3.3050.0 is running 2025/12/15 21:35:50Z: OsProductName: Ubuntu 2025/12/15 21:35:50Z: OsVersion: 22.04 [1091674.876805] Out of memory: Killed process 465 (java) total-vm:11360104kB, anon-rss:1200164kB, file-rss:3072kB, shmem-rss:0kB, UID:1004 pgtables:2760kB oom_score_adj:0 [1091770.835233] Out of memory: Killed process 349683 (php) total-vm:563380kB, anon-rss:430132kB, file-rss:4096kB, shmem-rss:0kB, UID:0 pgtables:1068kB oom_score_adj:0 [1092018.639252] Out of memory: Killed process 347300 (php-fpm8.2) total-vm:531624kB, anon-rss:193648kB, file-rss:3456kB, shmem-rss:106240kB, UID:33 pgtables:888kB oom_score_adj:0 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Session Manager: Secure Access Without SSH If Systems Manager is enabled, I prefer using Session Manager to access the instance. This allows me to: Inspect CPU, memory, and disk usage Restart services safely Avoid opening SSH ports or managing key pairs From both a security and operational standpoint, this is my preferred access method. What Experience Has Taught Me Troubleshooting EC2 instances is not about reacting quickly — it is about observing carefully. Instance Diagnostics already provides: Health signals Change history Network analysis OS-level visibility When used correctly, these tools eliminate guesswork and reduce downtime. Final Thoughts My approach to EC2 troubleshooting is simple: Start with Instance Diagnostics. Understand the signals. Act only after the root cause is clear. In most cases, the answer is already visible — we just need to slow down and read it. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse AWS Community Builders Follow Build On! Would you like to become an AWS Community Builder? Learn more about the program and apply to join when applications are open next. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Ed Wantuil Meu objetivo é compartilhar conhecimento, criar soluções e ajudar outras pessoas a evoluírem na carreira de tecnologia. Location Brasil Joined Joined on Dec 15, 2023 Personal website https://wantuil.com github website twitter website More info about @ed-wantuil Badges Two Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least two years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close Skills/Languages Java, Python, AWS, Kubernetes, Docker, Microservices, DevOps, CI/CD, APIs, Data Pipelines, AI, Machine Learning, Produtização de IA, Software Architecture Post 5 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 0 tags followed Cloud Sem Falência: O mínimo que você precisa saber de FinOps Ed Wantuil Ed Wantuil Ed Wantuil Follow Jan 12 Cloud Sem Falência: O mínimo que você precisa saber de FinOps # devops # cloud # braziliandevs 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 14 min read Java 25: tudo que mudou desde o Java 21 em um guia prático Ed Wantuil Ed Wantuil Ed Wantuil Follow Sep 28 '25 Java 25: tudo que mudou desde o Java 21 em um guia prático # java # braziliandevs # java25 # jvm 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 18 min read Seu Sistema Está Pronto pro Pico ou Vai Abandonar o Usuário Quando Mais Precisar? 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https://dev.to/datalaria/weather-service-project-part-2-building-the-interactive-frontend-with-github-pages-or-netlify-ho1#1-dynamic-city-loading | Weather Service Project (Part 2): Building the Interactive Frontend with GitHub Pages or Netlify and JavaScript - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. 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Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Daniel for Datalaria Posted on Jan 13 • Originally published at datalaria.com Weather Service Project (Part 2): Building the Interactive Frontend with GitHub Pages or Netlify and JavaScript # javascript # webdev # tutorial # frontend In the first part of this series , we laid the groundwork for our global weather service. We built a Python script to fetch weather data from OpenWeatherMap, efficiently stored it in city-specific CSV files, and automated the entire collection process using GitHub Actions. Our "robot" is diligently gathering data 24/7. But what good is data if you can't see it? Today, we shift our focus to the frontend : building an interactive, user-friendly dashboard that allows anyone to explore the weather data we've collected. We'll leverage the power of static site hosting with GitHub Pages or Netlify , use "vanilla" JavaScript to bring it to life, and rely on some excellent libraries for data handling and visualization. Let's make our data shine! Free Web Hosting: GitHub Pages vs. Netlify The first hurdle for any web project is hosting. Traditional servers can be costly and complex to manage. Following our "serverless and free" philosophy, both GitHub Pages and Netlify are perfect solutions for hosting static websites directly from your GitHub repository. Option 1: GitHub Pages GitHub Pages allows you to host static websites directly from your GitHub repository. Activation is trivial: Go to Settings > Pages in your repository. Select your main branch (or the branch containing your web content) as the source. Choose the /root folder (or a /docs folder if you prefer) as the location of your web files. Click Save . And just like that, your index.html file (and any linked assets) becomes publicly accessible at a URL like https://your-username.github.io/your-repository-name/ . Simple, effective, and free! 🚀 Option 2: Netlify (the final choice for this project!) For this project, I ultimately opted for Netlify due to its flexibility, ease of managing custom domains, and integrated continuous deployment. It also allows me to host the project directly under my Datalaria domain ( https://datalaria.com/apps/weather/ ). Steps to deploy on Netlify: Connect Your Repository : Log in to Netlify. Click "Add new site" then "Import an existing project". Connect your GitHub account and select your Weather Service project repository. Deployment Configuration : Owner : Your GitHub account. Branch to deploy : main (or the branch where your frontend code resides). Base directory : Leave this empty if your index.html and assets are in the root of the repository, or specify a subfolder if applicable (e.g., /frontend ). Build command : Leave it empty, as our frontend is purely static with no build step required (no frameworks like React/Vue). Publish directory : . (or the subfolder containing your static files, e.g., /frontend ). Deploy Site : Click "Deploy site". Netlify will fetch your repository, deploy it, and provide you with a random URL. Custom Domain (Optional but recommended) : To use a domain like datalaria.com/apps/weather/ : Go to Site settings > Domain management > Domains > Add a custom domain . Follow the steps to add your domain and configure it with your provider's DNS (by adding CNAME or A records). For the specific path ( /apps/weather/ ), you would typically configure a "subfolder" or "base URL" within your application if it's not directly at the root of the domain. In this case, our index.html is designed to be served from a subpath. Netlify handles this transparently once the site is deployed and your domain is configured. It's that simple! Each git push to your configured branch will trigger a new deployment on Netlify, keeping your dashboard always up-to-date. The Frontend Tech Stack: HTML, CSS, and JavaScript (with a little help) For this dashboard, I opted for a lightweight approach: plain HTML for structure, a bit of CSS for styling, and "vanilla" JavaScript (without complex frameworks) for interactivity. To handle specific tasks, I incorporated two fantastic libraries: PapaParse.js : The fastest in-browser CSV parser for JavaScript. It's the bridge between our raw CSV files and the JavaScript data structures we need for visualization. Chart.js : A powerful and flexible JavaScript charting library that makes creating beautiful, responsive, and interactive charts incredibly easy. The Dashboard Logic: Bringing Data to Life in index.html Our index.html acts as the main canvas, orchestrating the fetching, parsing, and rendering of weather data. 1. Dynamic City Loading In stead of hardcoding a list of cities, we want our dashboard to automatically update if we add new cities in the backend. We achieve this by fetching a simple ciudades.txt file (containing one city name per line) and dynamically populating a <select> dropdown element using JavaScript's fetch API. const citySelector = document . getElementById ( ' citySelector ' ); let myChart = null ; // Global variable to store the Chart.js instance async function loadCityList () { try { const response = await fetch ( ' ciudades.txt ' ); const text = await response . text (); // Filter out empty lines from the text file const cities = text . split ( ' \n ' ). filter ( line => line . trim () !== '' ); cities . forEach ( city => { const option = document . createElement ( ' option ' ); option . value = city ; option . textContent = city ; citySelector . appendChild ( option ); }); // Load the first city by default when the page initializes if ( cities . length > 0 ) { loadAndDrawData ( cities [ 0 ]); } } catch ( error ) { console . error ( ' Error loading city list: ' , error ); // Optional: Display a user-friendly error message } } // Trigger city loading when the DOM is fully loaded document . addEventListener ( ' DOMContentLoaded ' , loadCityList ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Reacting to User Selection When a user selects a city from the dropdown, we need to respond immediately. An addEventListener on the <select> element detects the change event and calls our main function to fetch and draw the data for the newly selected city. citySelector . addEventListener ( ' change ' , ( event ) => { const selectedCity = event . target . value ; loadAndDrawData ( selectedCity ); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. Fetching, Parsing, and Drawing Data This is the central function where everything comes to life. It is responsible for: Constructing the URL for the specific city's CSV file (e.g., data/Leon.csv ). Using Papa.parse to download and process the CSV content directly in the browser. PapaParse handles asynchronous fetching and parsing, making it incredibly easy. Extracting relevant labels (dates) and data (temperatures) from the parsed CSV for Chart.js. Crucial! : Before drawing a new chart, we must destroy the previous Chart.js instance ( if (myChart) { myChart.destroy(); } ). Forgetting this step leads to overlapping charts and performance issues! 💥 Creating a new Chart() instance with the updated data. Additionally, it calls a function to load and display the AI prediction for that city, seamlessly integrating it into the dashboard. function loadAndDrawData ( city ) { const csvUrl = `datos/ ${ city } .csv` ; // Note the 'datos/' folder from Part 1 const ctx = document . getElementById ( ' weatherChart ' ). getContext ( ' 2d ' ); Papa . parse ( csvUrl , { download : true , // Tells PapaParse to download the file header : true , // Treats the first row as headers skipEmptyLines : true , complete : function ( results ) { const weatherData = results . data ; // Extract labels (dates) and data (temperatures) const labels = weatherData . map ( row => row . fecha_hora . split ( ' ' )[ 0 ]); // Extract only the date const maxTemp = weatherData . map ( row => parseFloat ( row . temp_max_c )); const minTemp = weatherData . map ( row => parseFloat ( row . temp_min_c )); // Destroy the previous chart instance if it exists to prevent overlaps if ( myChart ) { myChart . destroy (); } // Create a new Chart.js instance myChart = new Chart ( ctx , { type : ' line ' , data : { labels : labels , datasets : [{ label : `Max Temp (°C) - ${ city } ` , data : maxTemp , borderColor : ' rgb(255, 99, 132) ' , tension : 0.1 }, { label : `Min Temp (°C) - ${ city } ` , data : minTemp , borderColor : ' rgb(54, 162, 235) ' , tension : 0.1 }] }, options : { // Chart options for responsiveness, title, etc. responsive : true , maintainAspectRatio : false , scales : { y : { beginAtZero : false } }, plugins : { legend : { position : ' top ' }, title : { display : true , text : `Historical Weather Data for ${ city } ` } } } }); // Load and display AI prediction loadPrediction ( city ); }, error : function ( err , file ) { console . error ( " Error parsing CSV: " , err , file ); // Optional: display a user-friendly error message on the dashboard if ( myChart ) { myChart . destroy (); } // Clear chart if loading fails } }); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 4. Displaying AI Predictions The integration of AI predictions (which we'll delve into in Part 3) is also managed from the frontend. The backend generates a predicciones.json file, and our JavaScript simply fetches this JSON, finds the prediction for the selected city, and displays it. async function loadPrediction ( city ) { const predictionElement = document . getElementById ( ' prediction ' ); try { const response = await fetch ( ' predicciones.json ' ); const predictions = await response . json (); if ( predictions && predictions [ city ]) { predictionElement . textContent = `Max Temp. Prediction for tomorrow: ${ predictions [ city ]. toFixed ( 1 )} °C` ; } else { predictionElement . textContent = ' Prediction not available. ' ; } } catch ( error ) { console . error ( ' Error loading predictions: ' , error ); predictionElement . textContent = ' Error loading prediction. ' ; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Conclusion (Part 2) We've transformed raw data into an engaging and interactive experience! By combining static hosting from GitHub Pages or Netlify, "vanilla" JavaScript for logic, PapaParse.js for CSV handling, and Chart.js for beautiful visualizations, we've built a powerful frontend that is both free and highly effective. The dashboard now provides immediate insight into the historical weather patterns of any selected city. But what about the future? In the third and final part of this series , we'll delve into the exciting world of Machine Learning to add a predictive layer to our service. We'll explore how to use historical data to forecast tomorrow's weather, turning our service into a true weather "oracle." Stay tuned! References and Links of Interest: Complete Web Service : You can see the final project in action here: https://datalaria.com/apps/weather/ Project GitHub Repository : Explore the source code and project structure in my repository: https://github.com/Dalaez/app_weather PapaParse.js : Fast in-browser CSV parser for JavaScript: https://www.papaparse.com/ Chart.js : Simple, yet flexible JavaScript charting for designers & developers: https://www.chartjs.org/ GitHub Pages : Official documentation on how to host your sites: https://docs.github.com/en/pages Netlify : Official Netlify website: https://www.netlify.com/ Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Datalaria Follow More from Datalaria Weather Service Project (Part 1): Building the Data Collector with Python and GitHub Actions or Netlify # api # automation # python # tutorial Proyecto Weather Service (Parte 1): Construyendo el Recolector de Datos con Python y GitHub Actions o Netlify # dataengineering # python # spanish # tutorial Building Datalaria: Technologies and Tools # showdev # github # tooling # webdev 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://react.dev/blog | React Blog – React React v 19.2 Search ⌘ Ctrl K Learn Reference Community Blog Blog React Blog This blog is the official source for the updates from the React team. Anything important, including release notes or deprecation notices, will be posted here first. You can also follow the @react.dev account on Bluesky, or @reactjs account on Twitter, but you won’t miss anything essential if you only read this blog. Denial of Service and Source Code Exposure in React Server Components December 11, 2025 Security researchers have found and disclosed two additional vulnerabilities in React Server Components while attempting to exploit the patches in last week’s critical vulnerability… Read more Critical Security Vulnerability in React Server Components December 3, 2025 There is an unauthenticated remote code execution vulnerability in React Server Components. A fix has been published in versions 19.0.1, 19.1.2, and 19.2.1. We recommend upgrading immediately. Read more React Conf 2025 Recap October 16, 2025 Last week we hosted React Conf 2025. In this post, we summarize the talks and announcements from the event… Read more React Compiler v1.0 October 7, 2025 We’re releasing the compiler’s first stable release today, plus linting and tooling improvements to make adoption easier. Read more Introducing the React Foundation October 7, 2025 Today, we’re announcing our plans to create the React Foundation and a new technical governance structure … Read more React 19.2 October 1, 2025 React 19.2 adds new features like Activity, React Performance Tracks, useEffectEvent, and more. In this post … Read more React Labs: View Transitions, Activity, and more April 23, 2025 In React Labs posts, we write about projects in active research and development. In this post, we’re sharing two new experimental features that are ready to try today, and sharing other areas we’re working on now … Read more Sunsetting Create React App February 14, 2025 Today, we’re deprecating Create React App for new apps, and encouraging existing apps to migrate to a framework, or to migrate to a build tool like Vite, Parcel, or RSBuild. We’re also providing docs for when a framework isn’t a good fit for your project, you want to build your own framework, or you just want to learn how React works by building a React app from scratch … Read more React v19 December 5, 2024 In the React 19 Upgrade Guide, we shared step-by-step instructions for upgrading your app to React 19. In this post, we’ll give an overview of the new features in React 19, and how you can adopt them … Read more React Compiler Beta Release October 21, 2024 We announced an experimental release of React Compiler at React Conf 2024. We’ve made a lot of progress since then, and in this post we want to share what’s next for React Compiler … Read more React Conf 2024 Recap May 22, 2024 Last week we hosted React Conf 2024, a two-day conference in Henderson, Nevada where 700+ attendees gathered in-person to discuss the latest in UI engineering. This was our first in-person conference since 2019, and we were thrilled to be able to bring the community together again … Read more React 19 Upgrade Guide April 25, 2024 The improvements added to React 19 require some breaking changes, but we’ve worked to make the upgrade as smooth as possible, and we don’t expect the changes to impact most apps. In this post, we will guide you through the steps for upgrading libraries to React 19 … Read more React Labs: What We've Been Working On – February 2024 February 15, 2024 In React Labs posts, we write about projects in active research and development. Since our last update, we’ve made significant progress on React Compiler, new features, and React 19, and we’d like to share what we learned. Read more React Canaries: Incremental Feature Rollout Outside Meta May 3, 2023 Traditionally, new React features used to only be available at Meta first, and land in the open source releases later. We’d like to offer the React community an option to adopt individual new features as soon as their design is close to final—similar to how Meta uses React internally. We are introducing a new officially supported Canary release channel. It lets curated setups like frameworks decouple adoption of individual React features from the React release schedule. Read more React Labs: What We've Been Working On – March 2023 March 22, 2023 In React Labs posts, we write about projects in active research and development. Since our last update, we’ve made significant progress on React Server Components, Asset Loading, Optimizing Compiler, Offscreen Rendering, and Transition Tracing, and we’d like to share what we learned. Read more Introducing react.dev March 16, 2023 Today we are thrilled to launch react.dev, the new home for React and its documentation. In this post, we would like to give you a tour of the new site. Read more React Labs: What We've Been Working On – June 2022 June 15, 2022 React 18 was years in the making, and with it brought valuable lessons for the React team. Its release was the result of many years of research and exploring many paths. Some of those paths were successful; many more were dead-ends that led to new insights. One lesson we’ve learned is that it’s frustrating for the community to wait for new features without having insight into these paths that we’re exploring… Read more React v18.0 March 29, 2022 React 18 is now available on npm! In our last post, we shared step-by-step instructions for upgrading your app to React 18. In this post, we’ll give an overview of what’s new in React 18, and what it means for the future… Read more How to Upgrade to React 18 March 8, 2022 As we shared in the release post, React 18 introduces features powered by our new concurrent renderer, with a gradual adoption strategy for existing applications. In this post, we will guide you through the steps for upgrading to React 18… Read more React Conf 2021 Recap December 17, 2021 Last week we hosted our 6th React Conf. In previous years, we’ve used the React Conf stage to deliver industry changing announcements such as React Native and React Hooks. This year, we shared our multi-platform vision for React, starting with the release of React 18 and gradual adoption of concurrent features… Read more The Plan for React 18 June 8, 2021 The React team is excited to share a few updates: We’ve started work on the React 18 release, which will be our next major version. We’ve created a Working Group to prepare the community for gradual adoption of new features in React 18. We’ve published a React 18 Alpha so that library authors can try it and provide feedback… Read more Introducing Zero-Bundle-Size React Server Components December 21, 2020 2020 has been a long year. As it comes to an end we wanted to share a special Holiday Update on our research into zero-bundle-size React Server Components. To introduce React Server Components, we have prepared a talk and a demo. If you want, you can check them out during the holidays, or later when work picks back up in the new year… Read more All release notes Not every React release deserves its own blog post, but you can find a detailed changelog for every release in the CHANGELOG.md file in the React repository, as well as on the Releases page. Older posts See the older posts. Copyright © Meta Platforms, Inc no uwu plz uwu? Logo by @sawaratsuki1004 Learn React Quick Start Installation Describing the UI Adding Interactivity Managing State Escape Hatches API Reference React APIs React DOM APIs Community Code of Conduct Meet the Team Docs Contributors Acknowledgements More Blog React Native Privacy Terms | 2026-01-13T08:49:09 |
https://dev.to/ed-wantuil/cloud-sem-falencia-o-minimo-que-voce-precisa-saber-de-finops-8ao#4-o-cemit%C3%A9rio-de-dados-no-s3 | Cloud Sem Falência: O mínimo que você precisa saber de FinOps - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Ed Wantuil Posted on Jan 12 Cloud Sem Falência: O mínimo que você precisa saber de FinOps # devops # cloud # braziliandevs Imagine a cena: você trabalha em uma empresa consolidada. Vocês têm aquele rack de servidores físicos robusto, piscando luzinhas em uma sala gelada, com piso elevado e controle biométrico (o famoso On-Premise ). Tudo funciona. O banco de dados aguenta o tranco, a latência é zero na rede local. Mas a diretoria decide que é hora de "modernizar". "Vamos migrar para a Nuvem!" , dizem eles, com os olhos brilhando. A promessa no PowerPoint é sedutora: flexibilidade infinita , segurança gerenciada e o mantra mágico: "pagar só pelo que usar" . A migração acontece via Lift-and-Shift (pegar o que existe e jogar na nuvem sem refatorar). A equipe de Infra e Dev comemoram. O Deploy é um sucesso. Três meses depois, chega a fatura da AWS. O diretor financeiro (CFO) não apenas cai da cadeira; ele convoca uma reunião de emergência. O custo, que antes era uma linha fixa e previsível no balanço anual, triplicou e agora flutua violentamente. O que deu errado? Simples: A engenharia tratou a Nuvem como um Data Center físico, apenas alugado. Hoje, vamos falar sobre os riscos dessa mudança e como aplicar FinOps não como burocracia, mas como requisito de arquitetura. (Nota: Usaremos a AWS nos exemplos por ser a stack padrão de mercado, mas a lógica se aplica integralmente ao Azure, GCP e OCI). 🦄 A Ilusão da Mágica: CAPEX vs. OPEX na Engenharia Para entender a conta da AWS, você precisa entender como o dinheiro sai do cofre da empresa. A mudança da nuvem não é apenas sobre onde o servidor roda, é sobre quem assume o risco do desperdício. 1. CAPEX (Capital Expenditure): A Lógica do "PC Gamer" CAPEX é Despesa de Capital. É comprar a "caixa". Imagine que você vai montar um PC Gamer High-End. Você gasta R$ 20.000,00 na loja. Doeu no bolso na hora, certo? Mas depois que o PC está na sua mesa: Custo Marginal Zero: Se você jogar Paciência ou renderizar um vídeo em 8K a noite toda, não faz diferença financeira para o seu bolso (tirando a conta de luz, que é irrisória perto do hardware). O dinheiro já foi gasto ( Sunk Cost ). O Comportamento do Engenheiro (On-Premise): Como o processo de compra é lento (meses de cotação e aprovação), você tem medo de faltar recurso. Mentalidade: "Vou pedir um servidor com 64 Cores, mesmo precisando de 16. Se sobrar, melhor. O hardware é nosso mesmo." Código: Eficiência não é prioridade financeira. Um código mal otimizado que consome 90% da CPU não gera uma fatura extra no fim do mês. 2. OPEX (Operational Expenditure): A Lógica do Uber OPEX é Despesa Operacional. É o custo de funcionamento do dia a dia. Na nuvem, você não comprou o carro; você está rodando de Uber 24 horas por dia. Custo Marginal Real: Cada minuto parado no sinal custa dinheiro. Cada desvio de rota custa dinheiro. O Comportamento do Engenheiro (Cloud): Aqui, a ineficiência é taxada instantaneamente. Mentalidade: Aquele servidor de 64 cores e 512GB de ram parado esperando tráfego é como deixar o Uber te esperando na porta do escritório enquanto você trabalha. O taxímetro está rodando. Código: Um loop infinito ou uma query sem índice no banco de dados não deixa apenas o sistema lento; ele queima dinheiro vivo . Comparativo para Desenvolvedores (Salve isso) Feature CAPEX (On-Premise / Hardware Próprio) OPEX (Cloud / AWS / Azure) Commit Financeiro Você paga tudo antes de usar (Upfront). Você paga depois de usar (Pay-as-you-go). Latência de Aprovação Alta. Precisa de reuniões, assinaturas e compras. Zero. Um terraform apply gasta dinheiro instantaneamente. Risco de Capacidade Subutilização. Comprar um servidor monstro e usar 10%. Conta Surpresa. Esquecer algo ligado ou escalar infinitamente. Otimização de Código Melhora performance, mas não reduz a fatura do hardware. Reduz diretamente a fatura. Código limpo = Dinheiro no caixa. Por que isso afeta a sua Arquitetura? Se você desenha uma arquitetura pensando em CAPEX (Mundo Físico) e a implementa em OPEX (Nuvem), você cria um desastre financeiro. No CAPEX , a estratégia de defesa é: "Superdimensionar para garantir estabilidade". (Compre o maior servidor possível). No OPEX , a estratégia de defesa é: "Elasticidade". (Comece com o menor servidor possível e configure para crescer sozinho apenas se necessário). 💸 Os 8 Cavaleiros do Apocalipse Financeiro na AWS Na nuvem, os maiores vilões raramente são tecnologias complexas de IA ou Big Data. Quase sempre são decisões arquiteturais preguiçosas e falta de governança . 1. Instâncias "Just in Case": O Custo do Seguro Psicológico O sobredimensionamento é um vício comum: o desenvolvedor sobe uma instância m5.2xlarge (8 vCPUs, 32GB RAM) não porque a aplicação exige, mas porque ele "não quer ter dor de cabeça". É o provisionamento baseado no medo, criando uma margem de segurança gigantesca e cara para evitar qualquer risco hipotético de lentidão. A realidade nua e crua aparece no CloudWatch: na maior parte do tempo, essa supermáquina opera com apenas 12% de CPU e usa uma fração da memória. Pagar por uma 2xlarge para rodar essa carga é como fretar um ônibus de 50 lugares para levar apenas 4 pessoas ao trabalho todos os dias. Você está pagando pelo "espaço vazio" e pelo motor potente do ônibus, enquanto um carro popular ( t3.medium ) faria o mesmo trajeto com o mesmo conforto e muito mais economia. 2. Ambientes Zumbis: A Torneira Aberta Fora do Expediente "Ambientes Zumbis" são servidores de Desenvolvimento e Homologação que operam como cópias fiéis da Produção, mas sem a audiência dela. Eles permanecem ligados e faturando às 3 da manhã de um domingo, consumindo recursos de nuvem para processar absolutamente nada. Manter esses servidores ligados 24/7 é o equivalente digital de deixar o ar-condicionado de um escritório ligado no máximo durante todo o fim de semana , com o prédio completamente vazio. O impacto financeiro atua como um multiplicador de desperdício. Se você mantém três ambientes (Dev, Staging e Produção) com arquiteturas similares ligados ininterruptamente, seu custo base é 300% do necessário . A matemática é cruel: uma semana tem 168 horas, mas seus desenvolvedores trabalham apenas 40. Você está pagando por 128 horas de ociosidade pura por máquina, todas as semanas. A primeira cura para esse desperdício é o agendamento automático. Utilizando soluções como o AWS Instance Scheduler (ou Lambdas simples), configuramos os ambientes para "acordar" às 08:00 e "dormir" às 20:00, de segunda a sexta-feira. Apenas essa automação básica, sem alterar uma linha de código da aplicação, reduz a fatura desses ambientes não-produtivos em cerca de 70% . 3. O Esquecimento Crônico: O Custo do Limbo Um dos "pegadinhas" mais comuns da nuvem acontece no momento de desligar as luzes: quando você termina uma instância EC2, o senso comum diz que a cobrança para. O erro está em assumir que a máquina e o disco são uma peça única. Por padrão, ao "matar" o servidor, o volume de armazenamento (EBS) acoplado a ele muitas vezes sobrevive, entrando num estado de limbo financeiro. O resultado é o acúmulo de EBS Órfãos : centenas de discos no estado "Available" (não atrelados a ninguém), cheios de dados inúteis ou completamente vazios, pelos quais você paga o preço cheio do gigabyte provisionado. É comparável a vender seu carro, mas esquecer de cancelar o aluguel da vaga de garagem: o veículo não existe mais, mas a cobrança pelo espaço que ele ocupava continua chegando todo mês na fatura. A situação piora com os Elastic IPs (EIPs) , que possuem uma lógica de cobrança invertida e punitiva. Devido à escassez mundial de endereços IPv4, a AWS não cobra pelo IP enquanto você o utiliza, mas começa a cobrar assim que ele fica ocioso . É como uma "multa por não uso": se você reserva um endereço IP e não o atrela a uma instância em execução, você paga por estar "segurando" um recurso escasso sem necessidade. 4. O Cemitério de Dados no S3 Buckets S3 tendem a virar "cemitérios digitais" onde logs, backups e assets se acumulam indefinidamente. O erro crucial não é guardar os dados, mas a falta de estratégia: manter 100% desse volume na classe S3 Standard , pagando a tarifa mais alta da AWS por arquivos que ninguém acessa há meses. Para entender o prejuízo, imagine o S3 Standard como uma loja no corredor principal de um shopping: o aluguel é caríssimo porque o acesso é imediato e fácil ( baixa latência ). Manter logs de 2022 nessa classe é como alugar essa vitrine premium apenas para estocar caixas de papelão velhas. Dados "frios", que raramente são consultados, não precisam estar à mão em milissegundos; eles podem ficar num armazém mais distante e barato. A solução é o S3 Lifecycle , que automatiza a logística desse "estoque". Primeiro, ele atua na Transição : move automaticamente os dados que envelhecem da "vitrine" (Standard) para o "armazém" ( S3 Glacier ). No Glacier, você paga uma fração do preço, aceitando que o resgate do arquivo leve alguns minutos ou horas (maior latência), o que é aceitável para arquivos de auditoria ou backups antigos. Por fim, o Lifecycle resolve o acúmulo de lixo através da Expiração . Além de mover dados, você configura regras para deletar objetos definitivamente após um período, como remover logs temporários após 7 dias. Isso garante a higiene do ambiente, impedindo que você pague aluguel (seja no shopping ou no armazém) por dados inúteis que não deveriam mais existir. 5. Snapshots: O Colecionador de Backups Fantasmas Backups são a apólice de seguro da sua infraestrutura, mas a facilidade de criar snapshots na AWS gera um comportamento perigoso de acumulação. O erro clássico é configurar uma automação de snapshot diário e definir a retenção para "nunca" ou prazos absurdos como 5 anos. Embora os snapshots sejam incrementais (salvando apenas o que mudou), em bancos de dados transacionais com muita escrita, o volume de dados alterados cresce rápido, e a fatura acompanha. Para visualizar o desperdício, imagine que você compra o jornal do dia para ler as notícias. É útil ter os jornais da última semana na mesa para referência rápida. Mas guardar uma pilha de jornais diários de três anos atrás na sua sala ocupa espaço valioso e custa dinheiro, sendo que a chance de você precisar saber a "cotação do dólar numa terça-feira específica de 2021" é praticamente nula. Você está pagando armazenamento premium por "jornais velhos" que não têm valor de negócio. 6. Licenciamento Comercial (O Custo Invisível) Muitas empresas focam tanto em otimizar CPU e RAM que esquecem o elefante na sala: o custo de software. Ao rodar instâncias com Windows Server ou SQL Server Enterprise na AWS no modelo "License Included", você não paga apenas pela infraestrutura; você paga uma sobretaxa pesada pelo direito de uso do software proprietário. Esse custo é embutido na tarifa por hora e, em máquinas grandes, a licença pode custar mais caro que o próprio hardware. Para ilustrar a desproporção, usar o SQL Server Enterprise para uma aplicação que não utiliza funcionalidades avançadas (como Always On complexo ou compressão de dados específica) é como fretar um jato executivo apenas para ir comprar pão na padaria . O objetivo (armazenar e recuperar dados) é cumprido, mas você está pagando por um veículo de luxo quando uma bicicleta ou um Uber resolveria o problema com a mesma eficiência e uma fração do custo. A primeira camada de solução é a Otimização de Edição . É comum desenvolvedores solicitarem a versão Enterprise por "garantia" ou hábito, sem necessidade técnica real. Uma auditoria simples muitas vezes revela que a versão Standard atende a todos os requisitos da aplicação. Fazer esse downgrade reduz a fatura de licenciamento imediatamente, sem exigir mudanças drásticas na arquitetura ou no código. 7. Dilema Geográfico: Reduzindo a Fatura pela Metade Hospedar aplicações na região sa-east-1 (São Paulo) carrega um ágio pesado: o "Custo Brasil" digital faz com que a infraestrutura local custe, cerca de 50% a mais do que na us-east-1 (N. Virgínia). Migrar workloads para os EUA é, frequentemente, a manobra de FinOps com maior retorno imediato (ROI): você corta a fatura desses recursos praticamente pela metade apenas alterando o CEP do servidor, acessando o mesmo hardware por uma fração do preço. O principal bloqueador costuma ser o medo da LGPD , mas a crença de que a lei exige residência física dos dados no Brasil é um mito . O Artigo 33 permite a transferência internacional para países com proteção adequada (como os EUA), desde que coberto por contratos padrão. A legislação foca na segurança e privacidade do dado, não na sua latitude e longitude geográfica. Quanto à técnica, a latência para a Virgínia (~120ms) é imperceptível para a maioria das aplicações web, sistemas internos e dashboards. A estratégia inteligente é adotar uma região como US East como padrão para maximizar a economia, reservando São Paulo apenas para exceções que realmente exigem resposta em tempo real (como High Frequency Trading), evitando pagar preço de "primeira classe" para cargas de trabalho que rodariam perfeitamente na econômica. 8. Serverless: A Faca de Dois Gumes "Serverless" é computação sem gestão de infraestrutura (como AWS Lambda ou DynamoDB). Diferente de alugar um servidor fixo mensal, aqui você paga apenas pelos milissegundos que seu código executa ou pelo dado que você lê. É como a conta de luz: você só paga se o interruptor estiver ligado. A Estratégia: Para uso esporádico, é imbatível. Mas e para uso constante? Também pode ser uma excelente escolha! Embora a fatura de infraestrutura possa vir mais alta do que em servidores tradicionais, você elimina o trabalho pesado de manutenção. Muitas vezes, é financeiramente mais inteligente pagar um pouco mais para a AWS do que custear horas de engenharia ou contratar uma equipe dedicada apenas para gerenciar servidores, aplicar patches de segurança e configurar escalas. O segredo é olhar para o Custo Total (TCO), e não apenas para a linha de processamento na fatura. 🕵️♂️ FinOps: Engenharia Financeira na Prática FinOps não é apenas sobre "pedir desconto" ou cortar gastos; é a mudança cultural que descentraliza a responsabilidade do custo, empoderando engenheiros a tomar decisões baseadas em dados, não em palpites. Para que essa cultura saia do papel, ela precisa se apoiar em um tripé de governança robusto: a visibilidade granular garantida pelo tageamento correto (saber quem gasta), a segurança operacional monitorada pelo AWS Budgets (saber quando gasta) e a eficiência financeira obtida através dos Modelos de Compra inteligentes (saber como pagar). Sem integrar essas três frentes, a nuvem deixa de ser um acelerador de inovação para se tornar um passivo financeiro descontrolado. 1. TAGs: Sem Etiquetas, Sem Dados 🏷️ No AWS Cost Explorer, uma infraestrutura sem tags opera como uma "caixa preta" financeira: você encara uma fatura de $50.000, mas é incapaz de discernir se o rombo veio de um modelo crítico de Data Science ou de um cluster Kubernetes esquecido por um estagiário. Utiliza tags como custo:centro , app:nome , env e dono no momento dos recursos transformara números genéricos em rastreáveis, permitindo que cada centavo gasto tenha um responsável atrelado, eliminando definitivamente a cultura de que "o custo da nuvem não é problema meu". 2. AWS Budgets e Detecção de Anomalias 🚨 Não espere o fim do mês. Configure o AWS Budgets para alertar quando o custo projetado (forecasted) ultrapassar o limite. Dica: Ative o Cost Anomaly Detection . Ele usa Machine Learning para identificar picos anormais. Exemplo: Um deploy errado fez a cahamada para um Lambda entrar em loop infinito. O Anomaly Detection te avisa em horas, não no fim do mês. 3. Modelos de Compra: O Fim do On-Demand 💸 Operar 100% em On-Demand é pagar voluntariamente um "imposto sobre a falta de planejamento". A maturidade em FinOps exige abandonar o preço de varejo e adotar um mix estratégico: cubra sua carga de trabalho base (aquela que roda 24/7) com Savings Plans , que oferecem descontos de até 72% em troca de fidelidade, e mova cargas tolerantes a interrupções, como processamento de dados e pipelines de CI/CD, para Spot Instances , aproveitando a capacidade ociosa da AWS por até 10% do valor original . Ignorar essa estratégia e manter tudo no On-Demand é uma decisão consciente de desperdiçar orçamento que poderia ser reinvestido em inovação. 🧠 Dev Assina o Código e o Cheque No mundo On-Premise, um código ruim apenas deixava o sistema lento. Na Nuvem, código ineficiente gera uma fatura imediata . A barreira entre Engenharia e Financeiro desapareceu: cada linha de código é uma decisão de compra executada em tempo real. O desenvolvedor não consome apenas CPU, ele consome o orçamento da empresa. Para entender o impacto, veja o preço das más práticas: O Custo da Leitura: Uma query sem " WHERE " ou um Full Table Scan no DynamoDB não é apenas um problema de performance; você está pagando unidades de leitura para ler milhares de linhas inúteis. É como comprar a biblioteca inteira para ler uma única página. O Custo da Ineficiência: Um código com vazamento de memória engana o Auto Scaling . O sistema provisiona 10 servidores para fazer o trabalho de 2, desperdiçando dinheiro para compensar código ruim. O Custo do Ruído: Logs em modo VERBOSE esquecidos em produção são vilões. O CloudWatch cobra caro pela ingestão. Enviar gigabytes de "log de lixo" é literalmente pagar frete aéreo para transportar entulho. A Cultura de Engenharia Consciente de Custos: Estimativa no Refinamento: O custo deve ser debatido antes do código existir. Durante o Refinamento, ao definir a arquitetura, faça a pergunta: "Quais recursos vamos usar e quanto isso vai custar com a volumetria esperada?" . Se a solução técnica custa $1.000 para economizar $50 de esforço manual, ela deve ser vetada ali mesmo. Feedback Loop: O desenvolvedor precisa ver quanto o serviço dele custa. Painéis do Grafana ou Datadog devem mostrar não só a latência da API, mas o custo diário dela. Só existe responsabilidade quando existe consciência do preço. Cerimônia de Custo (FinOps Review): Estabeleça uma reunião recorrente dedicada a olhar o "Extrato da Conta" . O time analisa os custos atuais, investiga picos não planejados da semana anterior e discute ativamente: "Existe alguma oportunidade de desligar recursos ou otimizar este serviço agora?" . É a higiene financeira mantendo o projeto saudável. 🌐 O Mundo Híbrido e Multicloud: Complexidade é Custo Nem tudo precisa ir para a AWS, e nem tudo deve sair do seu Data Center local. A maturidade em nuvem não significa "desligar tudo o que é físico", mas sim saber onde cada peça do jogo custa menos. Empresas podem operam em modelos híbridos estratégicos: O Lugar do Legado (On-Premise): Aquele banco de dados gigante ou mainframe que já está quitado, não cresce mais e roda de forma previsível? Deixe onde está. Migrar esses monstros para a nuvem apenas copiando e colando ("Lift-and-Shift") costuma ser um desastre financeiro. Na nuvem, você paga caro por performance de disco (IOPS) e memória que, no seu servidor físico, já são "gratuitos". O Lugar da Inovação (Nuvem): Seu site, aplicativos móveis e APIs que precisam aguentar milhões de acessos num dia e zero no outro? Leve para a nuvem. Lá você paga pela elasticidade e pelo alcance global que o servidor físico não consegue entregar. Cuidado com a Armadilha Multicloud Muitos gestores caem na tentação de usar AWS, Azure e Google Cloud ao mesmo tempo sob o pretexto de "evitar ficar preso a um fornecedor" (Vendor Lock-in). Na prática, para a maioria das empresas, isso triplica o custo operacional . Você precisará de equipes especialistas em três plataformas diferentes, perderá descontos por volume (diluindo seu gasto) e pagará taxas altíssimas de transferência de dados (Egress) para fazer as nuvens conversarem entre si. Complexidade técnica é, invariavelmente, custo financeiro. Como gerenciar essa infraestrutura sem perder o controle? O uso de ferramentas como Terraform ou OpenTofu . Com elas, criar um servidor não é mais clicar em botões numa tela, mas sim escrever um arquivo de texto (código). Isso habilita a Revisão de Código Financeira : Um desenvolvedor propõe uma mudança no código da infraestrutura. Antes de aprovar, o time revisa num "Pull Request". A pergunta muda de "O código está certo?" para "Por que você alterou a máquina de micro para extra-large ?" . O Code Review de infraestrutura torna-se a primeira e mais barata linha de defesa do FinOps, barrando gastos desnecessários antes mesmo que eles sejam criados. Conclusão: A Nuvem não é um Destino, é um Modelo Econômico Migrar para a nuvem não é apenas trocar de servidor; é adotar um novo paradigma operacional e financeiro. Tratar a AWS como um "datacenter glorificado" é o caminho mais rápido para transformar a inovação em prejuízo: ao fazer isso, você acaba pagando a diária de um hotel cinco estrelas apenas para estocar caixas de papelão que poderiam estar num depósito simples. A virada de chave acontece na cultura. Comece pelo básico bem feito: aplique Tags rigorosamente, automatize a limpeza de recursos e traga o custo para o centro das decisões de arquitetura. Lembre-se que, neste novo mundo, a excelência técnica é inseparável da eficiência financeira: o melhor código não é apenas o que funciona, é o que entrega valor máximo consumindo o mínimo de orçamento. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. 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https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#list | Built-in Types — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents Built-in Types Truth Value Testing Boolean Operations — and , or , not Comparisons Numeric Types — int , float , complex Bitwise Operations on Integer Types Additional Methods on Integer Types Additional Methods on Float Additional Methods on Complex Hashing of numeric types Boolean Type - bool Iterator Types Generator Types Sequence Types — list , tuple , range Common Sequence Operations Immutable Sequence Types Mutable Sequence Types Lists Tuples Ranges Text and Binary Sequence Type Methods Summary Text Sequence Type — str String Methods Formatted String Literals (f-strings) Debug specifier Conversion specifier Format specifier Template String Literals (t-strings) printf -style String Formatting Binary Sequence Types — bytes , bytearray , memoryview Bytes Objects Bytearray Objects Bytes and Bytearray Operations printf -style Bytes Formatting Memory Views Set Types — set , frozenset Mapping Types — dict Dictionary view objects Context Manager Types Type Annotation Types — Generic Alias , Union Generic Alias Type Standard Generic Classes Special Attributes of GenericAlias objects Union Type Other Built-in Types Modules Classes and Class Instances Functions Methods Code Objects Type Objects The Null Object The Ellipsis Object The NotImplemented Object Internal Objects Special Attributes Integer string conversion length limitation Affected APIs Configuring the limit Recommended configuration Previous topic Built-in Constants Next topic Built-in Exceptions This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Standard Library » Built-in Types | Theme Auto Light Dark | Built-in Types ¶ The following sections describe the standard types that are built into the interpreter. The principal built-in types are numerics, sequences, mappings, classes, instances and exceptions. Some collection classes are mutable. The methods that add, subtract, or rearrange their members in place, and don’t return a specific item, never return the collection instance itself but None . Some operations are supported by several object types; in particular, practically all objects can be compared for equality, tested for truth value, and converted to a string (with the repr() function or the slightly different str() function). The latter function is implicitly used when an object is written by the print() function. Truth Value Testing ¶ Any object can be tested for truth value, for use in an if or while condition or as operand of the Boolean operations below. By default, an object is considered true unless its class defines either a __bool__() method that returns False or a __len__() method that returns zero, when called with the object. [ 1 ] If one of the methods raises an exception when called, the exception is propagated and the object does not have a truth value (for example, NotImplemented ). Here are most of the built-in objects considered false: constants defined to be false: None and False zero of any numeric type: 0 , 0.0 , 0j , Decimal(0) , Fraction(0, 1) empty sequences and collections: '' , () , [] , {} , set() , range(0) Operations and built-in functions that have a Boolean result always return 0 or False for false and 1 or True for true, unless otherwise stated. (Important exception: the Boolean operations or and and always return one of their operands.) Boolean Operations — and , or , not ¶ These are the Boolean operations, ordered by ascending priority: Operation Result Notes x or y if x is true, then x , else y (1) x and y if x is false, then x , else y (2) not x if x is false, then True , else False (3) Notes: This is a short-circuit operator, so it only evaluates the second argument if the first one is false. This is a short-circuit operator, so it only evaluates the second argument if the first one is true. not has a lower priority than non-Boolean operators, so not a == b is interpreted as not (a == b) , and a == not b is a syntax error. Comparisons ¶ There are eight comparison operations in Python. They all have the same priority (which is higher than that of the Boolean operations). Comparisons can be chained arbitrarily; for example, x < y <= z is equivalent to x < y and y <= z , except that y is evaluated only once (but in both cases z is not evaluated at all when x < y is found to be false). This table summarizes the comparison operations: Operation Meaning < strictly less than <= less than or equal > strictly greater than >= greater than or equal == equal != not equal is object identity is not negated object identity Unless stated otherwise, objects of different types never compare equal. The == operator is always defined but for some object types (for example, class objects) is equivalent to is . The < , <= , > and >= operators are only defined where they make sense; for example, they raise a TypeError exception when one of the arguments is a complex number. Non-identical instances of a class normally compare as non-equal unless the class defines the __eq__() method. Instances of a class cannot be ordered with respect to other instances of the same class, or other types of object, unless the class defines enough of the methods __lt__() , __le__() , __gt__() , and __ge__() (in general, __lt__() and __eq__() are sufficient, if you want the conventional meanings of the comparison operators). The behavior of the is and is not operators cannot be customized; also they can be applied to any two objects and never raise an exception. Two more operations with the same syntactic priority, in and not in , are supported by types that are iterable or implement the __contains__() method. Numeric Types — int , float , complex ¶ There are three distinct numeric types: integers , floating-point numbers , and complex numbers . In addition, Booleans are a subtype of integers. Integers have unlimited precision. Floating-point numbers are usually implemented using double in C; information about the precision and internal representation of floating-point numbers for the machine on which your program is running is available in sys.float_info . Complex numbers have a real and imaginary part, which are each a floating-point number. To extract these parts from a complex number z , use z.real and z.imag . (The standard library includes the additional numeric types fractions.Fraction , for rationals, and decimal.Decimal , for floating-point numbers with user-definable precision.) Numbers are created by numeric literals or as the result of built-in functions and operators. Unadorned integer literals (including hex, octal and binary numbers) yield integers. Numeric literals containing a decimal point or an exponent sign yield floating-point numbers. Appending 'j' or 'J' to a numeric literal yields an imaginary number (a complex number with a zero real part) which you can add to an integer or float to get a complex number with real and imaginary parts. The constructors int() , float() , and complex() can be used to produce numbers of a specific type. Python fully supports mixed arithmetic: when a binary arithmetic operator has operands of different numeric types, the operand with the “narrower” type is widened to that of the other, where integer is narrower than floating point. Arithmetic with complex and real operands is defined by the usual mathematical formula, for example: x + complex ( u , v ) = complex ( x + u , v ) x * complex ( u , v ) = complex ( x * u , x * v ) A comparison between numbers of different types behaves as though the exact values of those numbers were being compared. [ 2 ] All numeric types (except complex) support the following operations (for priorities of the operations, see Operator precedence ): Operation Result Notes Full documentation x + y sum of x and y x - y difference of x and y x * y product of x and y x / y quotient of x and y x // y floored quotient of x and y (1)(2) x % y remainder of x / y (2) -x x negated +x x unchanged abs(x) absolute value or magnitude of x abs() int(x) x converted to integer (3)(6) int() float(x) x converted to floating point (4)(6) float() complex(re, im) a complex number with real part re , imaginary part im . im defaults to zero. (6) complex() c.conjugate() conjugate of the complex number c divmod(x, y) the pair (x // y, x % y) (2) divmod() pow(x, y) x to the power y (5) pow() x ** y x to the power y (5) Notes: Also referred to as integer division. For operands of type int , the result has type int . For operands of type float , the result has type float . In general, the result is a whole integer, though the result’s type is not necessarily int . The result is always rounded towards minus infinity: 1//2 is 0 , (-1)//2 is -1 , 1//(-2) is -1 , and (-1)//(-2) is 0 . Not for complex numbers. Instead convert to floats using abs() if appropriate. Conversion from float to int truncates, discarding the fractional part. See functions math.floor() and math.ceil() for alternative conversions. float also accepts the strings “nan” and “inf” with an optional prefix “+” or “-” for Not a Number (NaN) and positive or negative infinity. Python defines pow(0, 0) and 0 ** 0 to be 1 , as is common for programming languages. The numeric literals accepted include the digits 0 to 9 or any Unicode equivalent (code points with the Nd property). See the Unicode Standard for a complete list of code points with the Nd property. All numbers.Real types ( int and float ) also include the following operations: Operation Result math.trunc(x) x truncated to Integral round(x[, n]) x rounded to n digits, rounding half to even. If n is omitted, it defaults to 0. math.floor(x) the greatest Integral <= x math.ceil(x) the least Integral >= x For additional numeric operations see the math and cmath modules. Bitwise Operations on Integer Types ¶ Bitwise operations only make sense for integers. The result of bitwise operations is calculated as though carried out in two’s complement with an infinite number of sign bits. The priorities of the binary bitwise operations are all lower than the numeric operations and higher than the comparisons; the unary operation ~ has the same priority as the other unary numeric operations ( + and - ). This table lists the bitwise operations sorted in ascending priority: Operation Result Notes x | y bitwise or of x and y (4) x ^ y bitwise exclusive or of x and y (4) x & y bitwise and of x and y (4) x << n x shifted left by n bits (1)(2) x >> n x shifted right by n bits (1)(3) ~x the bits of x inverted Notes: Negative shift counts are illegal and cause a ValueError to be raised. A left shift by n bits is equivalent to multiplication by pow(2, n) . A right shift by n bits is equivalent to floor division by pow(2, n) . Performing these calculations with at least one extra sign extension bit in a finite two’s complement representation (a working bit-width of 1 + max(x.bit_length(), y.bit_length()) or more) is sufficient to get the same result as if there were an infinite number of sign bits. Additional Methods on Integer Types ¶ The int type implements the numbers.Integral abstract base class . In addition, it provides a few more methods: int. bit_length ( ) ¶ Return the number of bits necessary to represent an integer in binary, excluding the sign and leading zeros: >>> n = - 37 >>> bin ( n ) '-0b100101' >>> n . bit_length () 6 More precisely, if x is nonzero, then x.bit_length() is the unique positive integer k such that 2**(k-1) <= abs(x) < 2**k . Equivalently, when abs(x) is small enough to have a correctly rounded logarithm, then k = 1 + int(log(abs(x), 2)) . If x is zero, then x.bit_length() returns 0 . Equivalent to: def bit_length ( self ): s = bin ( self ) # binary representation: bin(-37) --> '-0b100101' s = s . lstrip ( '-0b' ) # remove leading zeros and minus sign return len ( s ) # len('100101') --> 6 Added in version 3.1. int. bit_count ( ) ¶ Return the number of ones in the binary representation of the absolute value of the integer. This is also known as the population count. Example: >>> n = 19 >>> bin ( n ) '0b10011' >>> n . bit_count () 3 >>> ( - n ) . bit_count () 3 Equivalent to: def bit_count ( self ): return bin ( self ) . count ( "1" ) Added in version 3.10. int. to_bytes ( length = 1 , byteorder = 'big' , * , signed = False ) ¶ Return an array of bytes representing an integer. >>> ( 1024 ) . to_bytes ( 2 , byteorder = 'big' ) b'\x04\x00' >>> ( 1024 ) . to_bytes ( 10 , byteorder = 'big' ) b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00' >>> ( - 1024 ) . to_bytes ( 10 , byteorder = 'big' , signed = True ) b'\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfc\x00' >>> x = 1000 >>> x . to_bytes (( x . bit_length () + 7 ) // 8 , byteorder = 'little' ) b'\xe8\x03' The integer is represented using length bytes, and defaults to 1. An OverflowError is raised if the integer is not representable with the given number of bytes. The byteorder argument determines the byte order used to represent the integer, and defaults to "big" . If byteorder is "big" , the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If byteorder is "little" , the most significant byte is at the end of the byte array. The signed argument determines whether two’s complement is used to represent the integer. If signed is False and a negative integer is given, an OverflowError is raised. The default value for signed is False . The default values can be used to conveniently turn an integer into a single byte object: >>> ( 65 ) . to_bytes () b'A' However, when using the default arguments, don’t try to convert a value greater than 255 or you’ll get an OverflowError . Equivalent to: def to_bytes ( n , length = 1 , byteorder = 'big' , signed = False ): if byteorder == 'little' : order = range ( length ) elif byteorder == 'big' : order = reversed ( range ( length )) else : raise ValueError ( "byteorder must be either 'little' or 'big'" ) return bytes (( n >> i * 8 ) & 0xff for i in order ) Added in version 3.2. Changed in version 3.11: Added default argument values for length and byteorder . classmethod int. from_bytes ( bytes , byteorder = 'big' , * , signed = False ) ¶ Return the integer represented by the given array of bytes. >>> int . from_bytes ( b ' \x00\x10 ' , byteorder = 'big' ) 16 >>> int . from_bytes ( b ' \x00\x10 ' , byteorder = 'little' ) 4096 >>> int . from_bytes ( b ' \xfc\x00 ' , byteorder = 'big' , signed = True ) -1024 >>> int . from_bytes ( b ' \xfc\x00 ' , byteorder = 'big' , signed = False ) 64512 >>> int . from_bytes ([ 255 , 0 , 0 ], byteorder = 'big' ) 16711680 The argument bytes must either be a bytes-like object or an iterable producing bytes. The byteorder argument determines the byte order used to represent the integer, and defaults to "big" . If byteorder is "big" , the most significant byte is at the beginning of the byte array. If byteorder is "little" , the most significant byte is at the end of the byte array. To request the native byte order of the host system, use sys.byteorder as the byte order value. The signed argument indicates whether two’s complement is used to represent the integer. Equivalent to: def from_bytes ( bytes , byteorder = 'big' , signed = False ): if byteorder == 'little' : little_ordered = list ( bytes ) elif byteorder == 'big' : little_ordered = list ( reversed ( bytes )) else : raise ValueError ( "byteorder must be either 'little' or 'big'" ) n = sum ( b << i * 8 for i , b in enumerate ( little_ordered )) if signed and little_ordered and ( little_ordered [ - 1 ] & 0x80 ): n -= 1 << 8 * len ( little_ordered ) return n Added in version 3.2. Changed in version 3.11: Added default argument value for byteorder . int. as_integer_ratio ( ) ¶ Return a pair of integers whose ratio is equal to the original integer and has a positive denominator. The integer ratio of integers (whole numbers) is always the integer as the numerator and 1 as the denominator. Added in version 3.8. int. is_integer ( ) ¶ Returns True . Exists for duck type compatibility with float.is_integer() . Added in version 3.12. Additional Methods on Float ¶ The float type implements the numbers.Real abstract base class . float also has the following additional methods. classmethod float. from_number ( x ) ¶ Class method to return a floating-point number constructed from a number x . If the argument is an integer or a floating-point number, a floating-point number with the same value (within Python’s floating-point precision) is returned. If the argument is outside the range of a Python float, an OverflowError will be raised. For a general Python object x , float.from_number(x) delegates to x.__float__() . If __float__() is not defined then it falls back to __index__() . Added in version 3.14. float. as_integer_ratio ( ) ¶ Return a pair of integers whose ratio is exactly equal to the original float. The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator. Raises OverflowError on infinities and a ValueError on NaNs. float. is_integer ( ) ¶ Return True if the float instance is finite with integral value, and False otherwise: >>> ( - 2.0 ) . is_integer () True >>> ( 3.2 ) . is_integer () False Two methods support conversion to and from hexadecimal strings. Since Python’s floats are stored internally as binary numbers, converting a float to or from a decimal string usually involves a small rounding error. In contrast, hexadecimal strings allow exact representation and specification of floating-point numbers. This can be useful when debugging, and in numerical work. float. hex ( ) ¶ Return a representation of a floating-point number as a hexadecimal string. For finite floating-point numbers, this representation will always include a leading 0x and a trailing p and exponent. classmethod float. fromhex ( s ) ¶ Class method to return the float represented by a hexadecimal string s . The string s may have leading and trailing whitespace. Note that float.hex() is an instance method, while float.fromhex() is a class method. A hexadecimal string takes the form: [ sign ] [ '0x' ] integer [ '.' fraction ] [ 'p' exponent ] where the optional sign may by either + or - , integer and fraction are strings of hexadecimal digits, and exponent is a decimal integer with an optional leading sign. Case is not significant, and there must be at least one hexadecimal digit in either the integer or the fraction. This syntax is similar to the syntax specified in section 6.4.4.2 of the C99 standard, and also to the syntax used in Java 1.5 onwards. In particular, the output of float.hex() is usable as a hexadecimal floating-point literal in C or Java code, and hexadecimal strings produced by C’s %a format character or Java’s Double.toHexString are accepted by float.fromhex() . Note that the exponent is written in decimal rather than hexadecimal, and that it gives the power of 2 by which to multiply the coefficient. For example, the hexadecimal string 0x3.a7p10 represents the floating-point number (3 + 10./16 + 7./16**2) * 2.0**10 , or 3740.0 : >>> float . fromhex ( '0x3.a7p10' ) 3740.0 Applying the reverse conversion to 3740.0 gives a different hexadecimal string representing the same number: >>> float . hex ( 3740.0 ) '0x1.d380000000000p+11' Additional Methods on Complex ¶ The complex type implements the numbers.Complex abstract base class . complex also has the following additional methods. classmethod complex. from_number ( x ) ¶ Class method to convert a number to a complex number. For a general Python object x , complex.from_number(x) delegates to x.__complex__() . If __complex__() is not defined then it falls back to __float__() . If __float__() is not defined then it falls back to __index__() . Added in version 3.14. Hashing of numeric types ¶ For numbers x and y , possibly of different types, it’s a requirement that hash(x) == hash(y) whenever x == y (see the __hash__() method documentation for more details). For ease of implementation and efficiency across a variety of numeric types (including int , float , decimal.Decimal and fractions.Fraction ) Python’s hash for numeric types is based on a single mathematical function that’s defined for any rational number, and hence applies to all instances of int and fractions.Fraction , and all finite instances of float and decimal.Decimal . Essentially, this function is given by reduction modulo P for a fixed prime P . The value of P is made available to Python as the modulus attribute of sys.hash_info . CPython implementation detail: Currently, the prime used is P = 2**31 - 1 on machines with 32-bit C longs and P = 2**61 - 1 on machines with 64-bit C longs. Here are the rules in detail: If x = m / n is a nonnegative rational number and n is not divisible by P , define hash(x) as m * invmod(n, P) % P , where invmod(n, P) gives the inverse of n modulo P . If x = m / n is a nonnegative rational number and n is divisible by P (but m is not) then n has no inverse modulo P and the rule above doesn’t apply; in this case define hash(x) to be the constant value sys.hash_info.inf . If x = m / n is a negative rational number define hash(x) as -hash(-x) . If the resulting hash is -1 , replace it with -2 . The particular values sys.hash_info.inf and -sys.hash_info.inf are used as hash values for positive infinity or negative infinity (respectively). For a complex number z , the hash values of the real and imaginary parts are combined by computing hash(z.real) + sys.hash_info.imag * hash(z.imag) , reduced modulo 2**sys.hash_info.width so that it lies in range(-2**(sys.hash_info.width - 1), 2**(sys.hash_info.width - 1)) . Again, if the result is -1 , it’s replaced with -2 . To clarify the above rules, here’s some example Python code, equivalent to the built-in hash, for computing the hash of a rational number, float , or complex : import sys , math def hash_fraction ( m , n ): """Compute the hash of a rational number m / n. Assumes m and n are integers, with n positive. Equivalent to hash(fractions.Fraction(m, n)). """ P = sys . hash_info . modulus # Remove common factors of P. (Unnecessary if m and n already coprime.) while m % P == n % P == 0 : m , n = m // P , n // P if n % P == 0 : hash_value = sys . hash_info . inf else : # Fermat's Little Theorem: pow(n, P-1, P) is 1, so # pow(n, P-2, P) gives the inverse of n modulo P. hash_value = ( abs ( m ) % P ) * pow ( n , P - 2 , P ) % P if m < 0 : hash_value = - hash_value if hash_value == - 1 : hash_value = - 2 return hash_value def hash_float ( x ): """Compute the hash of a float x.""" if math . isnan ( x ): return object . __hash__ ( x ) elif math . isinf ( x ): return sys . hash_info . inf if x > 0 else - sys . hash_info . inf else : return hash_fraction ( * x . as_integer_ratio ()) def hash_complex ( z ): """Compute the hash of a complex number z.""" hash_value = hash_float ( z . real ) + sys . hash_info . imag * hash_float ( z . imag ) # do a signed reduction modulo 2**sys.hash_info.width M = 2 ** ( sys . hash_info . width - 1 ) hash_value = ( hash_value & ( M - 1 )) - ( hash_value & M ) if hash_value == - 1 : hash_value = - 2 return hash_value Boolean Type - bool ¶ Booleans represent truth values. The bool type has exactly two constant instances: True and False . The built-in function bool() converts any value to a boolean, if the value can be interpreted as a truth value (see section Truth Value Testing above). For logical operations, use the boolean operators and , or and not . When applying the bitwise operators & , | , ^ to two booleans, they return a bool equivalent to the logical operations “and”, “or”, “xor”. However, the logical operators and , or and != should be preferred over & , | and ^ . Deprecated since version 3.12: The use of the bitwise inversion operator ~ is deprecated and will raise an error in Python 3.16. bool is a subclass of int (see Numeric Types — int, float, complex ). In many numeric contexts, False and True behave like the integers 0 and 1, respectively. However, relying on this is discouraged; explicitly convert using int() instead. Iterator Types ¶ Python supports a concept of iteration over containers. This is implemented using two distinct methods; these are used to allow user-defined classes to support iteration. Sequences, described below in more detail, always support the iteration methods. One method needs to be defined for container objects to provide iterable support: container. __iter__ ( ) ¶ Return an iterator object. The object is required to support the iterator protocol described below. If a container supports different types of iteration, additional methods can be provided to specifically request iterators for those iteration types. (An example of an object supporting multiple forms of iteration would be a tree structure which supports both breadth-first and depth-first traversal.) This method corresponds to the tp_iter slot of the type structure for Python objects in the Python/C API. The iterator objects themselves are required to support the following two methods, which together form the iterator protocol : iterator. __iter__ ( ) ¶ Return the iterator object itself. This is required to allow both containers and iterators to be used with the for and in statements. This method corresponds to the tp_iter slot of the type structure for Python objects in the Python/C API. iterator. __next__ ( ) ¶ Return the next item from the iterator . If there are no further items, raise the StopIteration exception. This method corresponds to the tp_iternext slot of the type structure for Python objects in the Python/C API. Python defines several iterator objects to support iteration over general and specific sequence types, dictionaries, and other more specialized forms. The specific types are not important beyond their implementation of the iterator protocol. Once an iterator’s __next__() method raises StopIteration , it must continue to do so on subsequent calls. Implementations that do not obey this property are deemed broken. Generator Types ¶ Python’s generator s provide a convenient way to implement the iterator protocol. If a container object’s __iter__() method is implemented as a generator, it will automatically return an iterator object (technically, a generator object) supplying the __iter__() and __next__() methods. More information about generators can be found in the documentation for the yield expression . Sequence Types — list , tuple , range ¶ There are three basic sequence types: lists, tuples, and range objects. Additional sequence types tailored for processing of binary data and text strings are described in dedicated sections. Common Sequence Operations ¶ The operations in the following table are supported by most sequence types, both mutable and immutable. The collections.abc.Sequence ABC is provided to make it easier to correctly implement these operations on custom sequence types. This table lists the sequence operations sorted in ascending priority. In the table, s and t are sequences of the same type, n , i , j and k are integers and x is an arbitrary object that meets any type and value restrictions imposed by s . The in and not in operations have the same priorities as the comparison operations. The + (concatenation) and * (repetition) operations have the same priority as the corresponding numeric operations. [ 3 ] Operation Result Notes x in s True if an item of s is equal to x , else False (1) x not in s False if an item of s is equal to x , else True (1) s + t the concatenation of s and t (6)(7) s * n or n * s equivalent to adding s to itself n times (2)(7) s[i] i th item of s , origin 0 (3)(8) s[i:j] slice of s from i to j (3)(4) s[i:j:k] slice of s from i to j with step k (3)(5) len(s) length of s min(s) smallest item of s max(s) largest item of s Sequences of the same type also support comparisons. In particular, tuples and lists are compared lexicographically by comparing corresponding elements. This means that to compare equal, every element must compare equal and the two sequences must be of the same type and have the same length. (For full details see Comparisons in the language reference.) Forward and reversed iterators over mutable sequences access values using an index. That index will continue to march forward (or backward) even if the underlying sequence is mutated. The iterator terminates only when an IndexError or a StopIteration is encountered (or when the index drops below zero). Notes: While the in and not in operations are used only for simple containment testing in the general case, some specialised sequences (such as str , bytes and bytearray ) also use them for subsequence testing: >>> "gg" in "eggs" True Values of n less than 0 are treated as 0 (which yields an empty sequence of the same type as s ). Note that items in the sequence s are not copied; they are referenced multiple times. This often haunts new Python programmers; consider: >>> lists = [[]] * 3 >>> lists [[], [], []] >>> lists [ 0 ] . append ( 3 ) >>> lists [[3], [3], [3]] What has happened is that [[]] is a one-element list containing an empty list, so all three elements of [[]] * 3 are references to this single empty list. Modifying any of the elements of lists modifies this single list. You can create a list of different lists this way: >>> lists = [[] for i in range ( 3 )] >>> lists [ 0 ] . append ( 3 ) >>> lists [ 1 ] . append ( 5 ) >>> lists [ 2 ] . append ( 7 ) >>> lists [[3], [5], [7]] Further explanation is available in the FAQ entry How do I create a multidimensional list? . If i or j is negative, the index is relative to the end of sequence s : len(s) + i or len(s) + j is substituted. But note that -0 is still 0 . The slice of s from i to j is defined as the sequence of items with index k such that i <= k < j . If i is omitted or None , use 0 . If j is omitted or None , use len(s) . If i or j is less than -len(s) , use 0 . If i or j is greater than len(s) , use len(s) . If i is greater than or equal to j , the slice is empty. The slice of s from i to j with step k is defined as the sequence of items with index x = i + n*k such that 0 <= n < (j-i)/k . In other words, the indices are i , i+k , i+2*k , i+3*k and so on, stopping when j is reached (but never including j ). When k is positive, i and j are reduced to len(s) if they are greater. When k is negative, i and j are reduced to len(s) - 1 if they are greater. If i or j are omitted or None , they become “end” values (which end depends on the sign of k ). Note, k cannot be zero. If k is None , it is treated like 1 . Concatenating immutable sequences always results in a new object. This means that building up a sequence by repeated concatenation will have a quadratic runtime cost in the total sequence length. To get a linear runtime cost, you must switch to one of the alternatives below: if concatenating str objects, you can build a list and use str.join() at the end or else write to an io.StringIO instance and retrieve its value when complete if concatenating bytes objects, you can similarly use bytes.join() or io.BytesIO , or you can do in-place concatenation with a bytearray object. bytearray objects are mutable and have an efficient overallocation mechanism if concatenating tuple objects, extend a list instead for other types, investigate the relevant class documentation Some sequence types (such as range ) only support item sequences that follow specific patterns, and hence don’t support sequence concatenation or repetition. An IndexError is raised if i is outside the sequence range. Sequence Methods Sequence types also support the following methods: sequence. count ( value , / ) ¶ Return the total number of occurrences of value in sequence . sequence. index ( value[, start[, stop] ) ¶ Return the index of the first occurrence of value in sequence . Raises ValueError if value is not found in sequence . The start or stop arguments allow for efficient searching of subsections of the sequence, beginning at start and ending at stop . This is roughly equivalent to start + sequence[start:stop].index(value) , only without copying any data. Caution Not all sequence types support passing the start and stop arguments. Immutable Sequence Types ¶ The only operation that immutable sequence types generally implement that is not also implemented by mutable sequence types is support for the hash() built-in. This support allows immutable sequences, such as tuple instances, to be used as dict keys and stored in set and frozenset instances. Attempting to hash an immutable sequence that contains unhashable values will result in TypeError . Mutable Sequence Types ¶ The operations in the following table are defined on mutable sequence types. The collections.abc.MutableSequence ABC is provided to make it easier to correctly implement these operations on custom sequence types. In the table s is an instance of a mutable sequence type, t is any iterable object and x is an arbitrary object that meets any type and value restrictions imposed by s (for example, bytearray only accepts integers that meet the value restriction 0 <= x <= 255 ). Operation Result Notes s[i] = x item i of s is replaced by x del s[i] removes item i of s s[i:j] = t slice of s from i to j is replaced by the contents of the iterable t del s[i:j] removes the elements of s[i:j] from the list (same as s[i:j] = [] ) s[i:j:k] = t the elements of s[i:j:k] are replaced by those of t (1) del s[i:j:k] removes the elements of s[i:j:k] from the list s += t extends s with the contents of t (for the most part the same as s[len(s):len(s)] = t ) s *= n updates s with its contents repeated n times (2) Notes: If k is not equal to 1 , t must have the same length as the slice it is replacing. The value n is an integer, or an object implementing __index__() . Zero and negative values of n clear the sequence. Items in the sequence are not copied; they are referenced multiple times, as explained for s * n under Common Sequence Operations . Mutable Sequence Methods Mutable sequence types also support the following methods: sequence. append ( value , / ) ¶ Append value to the end of the sequence This is equivalent to writing seq[len(seq):len(seq)] = [value] . sequence. clear ( ) ¶ Added in version 3.3. Remove all items from sequence . This is equivalent to writing del sequence[:] . sequence. copy ( ) ¶ Added in version 3.3. Create a shallow copy of sequence . This is equivalent to writing sequence[:] . Hint The copy() method is not part of the MutableSequence ABC , but most concrete mutable sequence types provide it. sequence. extend ( iterable , / ) ¶ Extend sequence with the contents of iterable . For the most part, this is the same as writing seq[len(seq):len(seq)] = iterable . sequence. insert ( index , value , / ) ¶ Insert value into sequence at the given index . This is equivalent to writing sequence[index:index] = [value] . sequence. pop ( index = -1 , / ) ¶ Retrieve the item at index and also removes it from sequence . By default, the last item in sequence is removed and returned. sequence. remove ( value , / ) ¶ Remove the first item from sequence where sequence[i] == value . Raises ValueError if value is not found in sequence . sequence. reverse ( ) ¶ Reverse the items of sequence in place. This method maintains economy of space when reversing a large sequence. To remind users that it operates by side-effect, it returns None . Lists ¶ Lists are mutable sequences, typically used to store collections of homogeneous items (where the precise degree of similarity will vary by application). class list ( iterable = () , / ) ¶ Lists may be constructed in several ways: Using a pair of square brackets to denote the empty list: [] Using square brackets, separating items with commas: [a] , [a, b, c] Using a list comprehension: [x for x in iterable] Using the type constructor: list() or list(iterable) The constructor builds a list whose items are the same and in the same order as iterable ’s items. iterable may be either a sequence, a container that supports iteration, or an iterator object. If iterable is already a list, a copy is made and returned, similar to iterable[:] . For example, list('abc') returns ['a', 'b', 'c'] and list( (1, 2, 3) ) returns [1, 2, 3] . If no argument is given, the constructor creates a new empty list, [] . Many other operations also produce lists, including the sorted() built-in. Lists implement all of the common and mutable sequence operations. Lists also provide the following additional method: sort ( * , key = None , reverse = False ) ¶ This method sorts the list in place, using only < comparisons between items. Exceptions are not suppressed - if any comparison operations fail, the entire sort operation will fail (and the list will likely be left in a partially modified state). sort() accepts two arguments that can only be passed by keyword ( keyword-only arguments ): key specifies a function of one argument that is used to extract a comparison key from each list element (for example, key=str.lower ). The key corresponding to each item in the list is calculated once and then used for the entire sorting process. The default value of None means that list items are sorted directly without calculating a separate key value. The functools.cmp_to_key() utility is available to convert a 2.x style cmp function to a key function. reverse is a boolean value. If set to True , then the list elements are sorted as if each comparison were reversed. This method modifies the sequence in place for economy of space when sorting a large sequence. To remind users that it operates by side effect, it does not return the sorted sequence (use sorted() to explicitly request a new sorted list instance). The sort() method is guaranteed to be stable. A sort is stable if it guarantees not to change the relative order of elements that compare equal — this is helpful for sorting in multiple passes (for example, sort by department, then by salary grade). For sorting examples and a brief sorting tutorial, see Sorting Techniques . CPython implementation detail: While a list is being sorted, the effect of attempting to mutate, or even inspect, the list is undefined. The C implementation of Python makes the list appear empty for the duration, and raises ValueError if it can detect that the list has been mutated during a sort. Thread safety Reading a single element from a list is atomic : lst [ i ] # list.__getitem__ The following methods traverse the list and use atomic reads of each item to perform their function. That means that they may return results affected by concurrent modifications: item in lst lst . index ( item ) lst . count ( item ) All of the above methods/operations are also lock-free. They do not block concurrent modifications. Other operations that hold a lock will not block these from observing intermediate states. All other operations from here on block using the per-object lock. Writing a single item via lst[i] = x is safe to call from multiple threads and will not corrupt the list. The following operations return new objects and appear atomic to other threads: lst1 + lst2 # concatenates two lists into a new list x * lst # repeats lst x times into a new list lst . copy () # returns a shallow copy of the list Methods that only operate on a single elements with no shifting required are atomic : lst . append ( x ) # append to the end of the list, no shifting required lst . pop () # pop element from the end of the list, no shifting required The clear() method is also atomic . Other threads cannot observe elements being removed. The sort() method is not atomic . Other threads cannot observe intermediate states during sorting, but the list appears empty for the duration of the sort. The following operations may allow lock-free operations to observe intermediate states since they modify multiple elements in place: lst . insert ( idx , item ) # shifts elements lst . pop ( idx ) # idx not at the end of the list, shifts elements lst *= x # copies elements in place The remove() method may allow concurrent modifications since element comparison may execute arbitrary Python code (via __eq__() ). extend() is safe to call from multiple threads. However, its guarantees depend on the iterable passed to it. If it is a list , a tuple , a set , a frozenset , a dict or a dictionary view object (but not their subclasses), the extend operation is safe from concurrent modifications to the iterable. Otherwise, an iterator is created which can be concurrently modified by another thread. The same applies to inplace concatenation of a list with other iterables when using lst += iterable . Similarly, assigning to a list slice with lst[i:j] = iterable is safe to call from multiple threads, but iterable is only locked when it is also a list (but not its subclasses). Operations that involve multiple accesses, as well as iteration, are never atomic. For example: # NOT atomic: read-modify-write lst [ i ] = lst [ i ] + 1 # NOT atomic: check-then-act if lst : item = lst . pop () # NOT thread-safe: iteration while modifying for item in lst : process ( item ) # another thread may modify lst Consider external synchronization when sharing list instances across threads. See Python support for free threading for more information. Tuples ¶ Tuples are immutable sequences, typically used to store collections of heterogeneous data (such as the 2-tuples produced by the enumerate() built-in). Tuples are also used for cases where an immutable sequence of homogeneous data is needed (such as allowing storage in a set or dict instance). class tuple ( iterable = () , / ) ¶ Tuples may be constructed in a number of ways: Using a pair of parentheses to denote the empty tuple: () Using a trailing comma for a singleton tuple: a, or (a,) Separating items with commas: a, b, c or (a, b, c) Using the tuple() built-in: tuple() or tuple(iterable) The constructor builds a tuple whose items are the same and in the same order as iterable ’s items. iterable may be either a sequence, a container that supports iteration, or an iterator object. If iterable is already a tuple, it is returned unchanged. For example, tuple('abc') returns ('a', 'b', 'c') and tuple( [1, 2, 3] ) returns (1, 2, 3) . If no argument is given, the constructor creates a new empty tuple, () . Note that it is actually the comma which makes a tuple, not the parentheses. The parentheses are optional, except in the empty tuple case, or when they are needed to avoid syntactic ambiguity. For example, f(a, b, c) is a function call with three arguments, while f((a, b, c)) is a function call with a 3-tuple as the sole argument. Tuples implement all of the common sequence operations. For heterogeneous collections of data where access by name is clearer than access by index, collections.namedtuple() may be a more appropriate choice than a simple tuple object. Ranges ¶ The range type represents an immutable sequence of numbers and is commonly used for looping a specific number of times in for loops. class range ( stop , / ) ¶ class range ( start , stop , step = 1 , / ) The arguments to the range constructor must be integers (either built-in int or any object that implements the __index__() special method). If the step argument is omitted, it defaults to 1 . If the start argument is omitted, it defaults to 0 . If step is zero, ValueError is raised. For a positive step , the contents of a range r are determined by the formula r[i] = start + step*i where i >= 0 and r[i] < stop . For a negative step , the contents of the range are still determined by the formula r[i] = start + step*i , but the constraints are i >= 0 and r[i] > stop . A range object will be empty if r[0] does not meet the value constraint. Ranges do support negative indices, but these are interpreted as indexing from the end of the sequence determined by the positive indices. Ranges containing absolute values larger than sys.maxsize are permitted but some features (such as len() ) may raise OverflowError . Range examples: >>> list ( range ( 10 )) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] >>> list ( range ( 1 , 11 )) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] >>> list ( range ( 0 , 30 , 5 )) [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25] >>> list ( range ( 0 , 10 , 3 )) [0, 3, 6, 9] >>> list ( range ( 0 , - 10 , - 1 )) [0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9] >>> list ( range ( 0 )) [] >>> list ( range ( 1 , 0 )) [] Ranges implement all of the common sequence operations except concatenation and repetition (due to the fact that range objects can only represent sequences that follow a strict pattern and repetition and concatenation will usually violate that pattern). start ¶ The value of the start parameter (or 0 if the parameter was not supplied) stop ¶ The value of the stop parameter step ¶ The value of the step parameter (or 1 if the parameter was not supplied) The advantage of the range type over a regular list or tuple is that a range object will always take the same (small) amount of memory, no matter the size of the range it represents (as it only stores the start , stop and step values, calculating individual items and subranges as needed). Range objects implement the collections.abc.Sequence ABC, and provide features such as containment tests, element index lookup, slicing and support for negative indices (see Sequence Types — list, tuple, range ): >>> r = range ( 0 , 20 , 2 ) >>> r range(0, 20, 2) >>> 11 in r False >>> 10 in r True >>> r . index ( 10 ) 5 >>> r [ 5 ] 10 >>> r [: 5 ] range(0, 10, 2) >>> r [ - 1 ] 18 Testing range objects for equality with == and != compares them as sequences. That is, two range objects are considered equal if they represent the same sequence of values. (Note that two range objects that compare equal might have different start , stop and step attributes, for example range(0) == range(2, 1, 3) or range(0, 3, 2) == range(0, 4, 2) .) Changed in version 3.2: Implement the Sequence ABC. Support slicing and negative indices. Test int objects for membership in constant time instead of iterating through all items. Changed in version 3.3: Define ‘==’ and ‘!=’ to compare range objects based on the sequence of values they define (instead of comparing based on object identity). Added the start , stop and step attributes. See also The linspace recipe shows how to implement a lazy version of range suitable for floating-point applications. Text and Binary Sequence Type Methods Summary ¶ The following table summarizes the text and binary sequence types methods by category. Category str methods bytes and bytearray methods Formatting str.format() str.format_map() f-strings printf-style String Formatting printf-style Bytes Formatting Searching and Replacing str.find() str.rfind() bytes.find() bytes.rfind() str.index() str.rindex() bytes.index() bytes.rindex() str.startswith() bytes.startswith() str.endswith() bytes.endswith() str.count() bytes.count() str.replace() bytes.replace() Splitting and Joining str.split() str.rsplit() bytes.split() bytes.rsplit() str.splitlines() bytes.splitlines() str.partition() bytes.partition() str.rpartition() bytes.rpartition() str.join() bytes.join() String Classification str.isalpha() bytes.isalpha() str.isdecimal() str.isdigit() bytes.isdigit() str.isnumeric() str.isalnum() bytes.isalnum() str.isidentifier() str.islower() bytes.islower() str.isupper() bytes.isupper() str.istitle() bytes.istitle() str.isspace() bytes.isspace() str.isprintable() Case Manipulation str.lower() bytes.lower() str.upper() bytes.upper() str.casefold() str.capitalize() bytes.capitalize() str.title() bytes.title() str.swapcase() bytes.swapcase() Padding and Stripping str.ljust() str.rjust() bytes.ljust() bytes.rjust() str.center() bytes.center() str.expandtabs() bytes.expandtabs() str.strip() bytes.strip() str.lstrip() str.rstrip() bytes.lstrip() bytes.rstrip() Translation and Encoding str.translate() bytes.translate() str.maketrans() bytes.maketrans() str.encode() bytes.decode() Text Sequence Type — str ¶ Textual data in Python is handled with str objects, or strings . Strings are immutable sequences of Unicode code points. String literals are written in a variety of ways: Single quotes: 'allows embedded "double" quotes' Double quotes: "allows embedded 'single' quotes" Triple quoted: '''Three single quotes''' , """Three double quotes""" Triple quoted strings may span multiple lines - all associated whitespace will be included in the string literal. String literals that are part of a single expression and have only whitespace between them will be implicitly converted to a single string literal. That is, ("spam " "eggs") == "spam eggs" . See String and Bytes literals for more about the various forms of string literal | 2026-01-13T08:49:09 |
https://dev.to/kevburnsjr/websockets-vs-long-polling-3a0o#long-polling | WebSockets vs Long Polling - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Kevin Burns Posted on Jul 22, 2021 • Edited on Aug 28, 2025 WebSockets vs Long Polling This article contrasts the operational complexity of WebSockets and Long Polling using real world examples to promote Long Polling as a simpler alternative to Websockets in systems where a half-duplex message channel will suffice. WebSockets A WebSocket is a long lived persistent TCP connection (often utilizing TLS) between a client and a server which provides a real-time full-duplex communication channel. These are often seen in chat applications and real-time dashboards. Long Polling Long Polling is a near-real-time data access pattern that predates WebSockets. A client initiates a TCP connection (usually an HTTP request) with a maximum duration (ie. 20 seconds). If the server has data to return, it returns the data immediately, usually in batch up to a specified limit. If not, the server pauses the request thread until data becomes available at which point it returns the data to the client. Analysis WebSockets are Full-Duplex meaning both the client and the server can send and receive messages across the channel. Long Polling is Half-Duplex meaning that a new request-response cycle is required each time the client wants to communicate something to the server. Long Polling usually produces slightly higher average latency and significantly higher latency variability compared to WebSockets. WebSockets do support compression, but usually per-message. Long Polling typically operates in batch which can significantly improve message compression efficiency. Scaling Up We’ll now contrast the systemic behavior of server-side scalability for applications using primarily WebSockets vs Long Polling. WebSockets Suppose we have 4 app servers in a scaling group with 10,000 connected clients. Now suppose we scale up the group by adding a new app server and wait for 60 seconds. We find that all of the existing clients are still connected to the original 4 app servers. The Load Balancer may be intelligent enough to route new connections to the new app server in order to balance the number of concurrent connections so that this effect will diminish over time. However, the amount of time required for this system to return to equilibrium is unknown and theoretically infinite. These effects could be mitigated by the application using a system to intelligently preempt web socket connections in response to changes in the scaling group's capacity but this would require the application to have special real-time knowledge about the state of its external environment which crosses a boundary that is typically best left uncrossed without ample justification. Long Polling Suppose we have the same 4 app servers in a scaling group with 10,000 connected clients using Long Polling. Now suppose we scale up the group by adding a new app server and wait for 60 seconds. We observe that the number of open connections has automatically rebalanced with no intervention. We can even state declaratively that if the long poll duration is set to 60 seconds or less, then any autoscaling group will automatically regain equilibrium within 60 seconds of any membership change. This trait can be reflected in the application’s Service Level Objectives. These numbers are important because they are used by operators to correctly tune the app’s autoscaling mechanisms. Analysis Service Level Objectives are an important aspect of system management since they ultimately serve as the contractual interface between dev and ops. If an application’s ability to return to equilibrium after scaling is unbounded, a change in application behavior is likely warranted. Scaling Down The following example illustrates difficulties encountered by a real world device management software company operating thousands of 24/7 concurrent WebSocket connections from thousands of data collection agents placed inside corporate networks. The System A Data Collection Agent, written in Go, is distributed as an executable binary that runs as a service on a customer's machine scanning local networks for SNMP devices and reporting SNMP data periodically to the application in the cloud. One key feature of the product was the ability for a customer to interact with any of their devices in real time from anywhere in the world using a single page web application hosted in the cloud. Because each agent resides on a customer network behind a firewall, the agents would need to initiate and maintain a WebSocket connection to the application in the cloud as a secure full-duplex tunnel. The web service sends commands to agents and agents send data to the web service all through a single persistent TCP connection. The Problem There was one big unexpected technical challenge faced by the team when deploying this system that made deployments risky. Whenever a new version of the app server was deployed to production, the system would be shocked by high impulse reconnect storms originating from the data collection agents. If a server has 2500 active connections and you take it out of service, those 2500 connections will be closed simultaneously and all the agents will reopen new connections simultaneously. This can overwhelm some systems, especially if the socket initialization code touches the database for anything important (ie. authorization). If an agent can’t establish a connection before the read deadline, it will retry the connection again which will drown the app servers even further, causing an unrecoverable negative feedback loop. This proclivity toward failure caused management to change their policies regarding deployments to reduce the number of deployments as much as possible to avoid disruption. The Solution The problem was partially solved by implementing strict exponential retry policies on their clients. This solution was effective enough at reducing the severity of retry storms on app deployment to be considered a good temporary solution. However, deployments were still infrequent by design and the high impulse load spikes weren’t gone, they just no longer produced undesirable secondary effects. Analysis This temporary solution is only possible in situations where the server has complete control over all of its clients. In many scenarios this may not be the case. If the agents were modeled to receive commands from the server by Long Poll and push data to the server through a normal API, the load would be evenly spread. If using a Long Poll architecture, the deployment system would replace a node by notifying the load balancer that the node is going out of service to ensure the node doesn’t receive any new connections, then wait 60 seconds for existing connections to drain in accordance with the service’s shutdown grace period SLO, then take the node offline with confidence. The resulting load increase on other nodes in the group would be gradual and roughly linear. When it comes to distributed systems and their scalability, people often focus on creating efficient systems. Efficiency is important but usually not as important as stability. High impulse events like reconnect storms can produce complex systemic effects. Left unattended, they often amplify the severity of similar effects in different parts of the system in ways that are both unexpected and difficult to predict. If you fail to solve enough of these types of problems, you may soon find yourself a situation where so many components are failing so simultaneously that it’s exceptionally difficult to discern the underlying cause(s) empirically from logs and dashboards. An application’s architecture must be designed primarily in accordance with principle and remain open to modification in response to statistical performance analysis. Conclusion WebSockets are appropriate for many applications which require consistent low latency full duplex high frequency communication such as chat applications. However, any WebSocket architecture that can be reduced to a half-duplex problem can probably be remodeled to use Long Polling to improve the application’s runtime performance variability, reducing operational complexity and promoting total systemic stability. Top comments (3) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Rockie Yang Rockie Yang Rockie Yang Follow Start from user experience and working backward out technologies Work Knock Data Joined Oct 14, 2022 • Jan 12 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks for great in depth explanation. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Juro Oravec Juro Oravec Juro Oravec Follow Where software, biology and business meets. Location London, UK Work Software Engineer at BenevolentAI Joined Jul 13, 2020 • Jan 10 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Very insightful write-up! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Paul Pryor Paul Pryor Paul Pryor Follow Full Stack Web Application Developer Joined Mar 4, 2024 • Mar 5 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Server Sent Events is another alternative similar to Web Sockets but is half duplex. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Kevin Burns Follow Professional Gopher Location Menlo Park, CA Joined Jul 23, 2017 More from Kevin Burns The Large Language Centipede # ai # ouroboros Skipfilter # go # bitmap # skiplist Data Constraints: From Imperative to Declarative # go # mongodb # architecture # database 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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Adam Crockett 🌀 Adam Crockett 🌀 Adam Crockett 🌀 Follow Jun 11 '20 Client side user details, what is okay? # help 4 reactions Comments 5 comments 1 min read A really hacky way to prevent dev.to posts turning up on your stackbit website by tag Dave Parr Dave Parr Dave Parr Follow Jun 13 '20 A really hacky way to prevent dev.to posts turning up on your stackbit website by tag # help # projectbenatar # stackbit # hugo 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Post not displayed on search Praveen Raghuvanshi Praveen Raghuvanshi Praveen Raghuvanshi Follow Jun 12 '20 Post not displayed on search # help 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Help to design angular components structure efficietly GaurangDhorda GaurangDhorda GaurangDhorda Follow Jun 12 '20 Help to design angular components structure efficietly # help # angular # component # design 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read What can I build for my family? Franco Scarpa Franco Scarpa Franco Scarpa Follow Jun 3 '20 What can I build for my family? # discuss # webdev # development # help 30 reactions Comments 37 comments 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. 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https://dev.to/mohammadidrees/contrast-sync-vs-async-failure-classes-using-first-principles-d12#1-start-from-first-principles-what-is-a-failure-class | Contrast sync vs async failure classes using first principles - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Mohammad-Idrees Posted on Jan 13 Contrast sync vs async failure classes using first principles # architecture # computerscience # systemdesign 1. Start from First Principles: What Is a “Failure Class”? A failure class is not: a bug a timeout an outage A failure class is: A category of things that can go wrong because of how responsibility, time, and state are structured So we ask: What must be true for correctness? What assumptions does the model silently make? What breaks when those assumptions are false? 2. Core Difference (One Sentence) Synchronous systems fail by blocking and cascading. Asynchronous systems fail by duplication, reordering, and invisibility. Everything else is a consequence. 3. Synchronous Systems — Failure Classes Definition (First Principles) A synchronous system assumes: “The caller waits while the callee finishes the work.” This couples: time availability correctness Failure Class 1: Blocking Amplification Question asked: What happens while the system waits? Reality: Threads blocked Connections held Memory retained Failure mode: Load increases → latency increases → throughput collapses This is not just “slow.” It is non-linear failure . Failure Class 2: Cascading Failure Question asked: What if a dependency slows down? Because everything is waiting: Agent slows → backend slows Backend slows → frontend retries Retries amplify load Failure mode: One slow dependency can take down the entire system Failure Class 3: Availability Coupling Question asked: Can the system function if the dependency is down? Answer in sync systems: No Failure mode: Partial outage becomes total outage Summary: Sync Failure Classes Category Root Cause Blocking Time is coupled Cascades Dependencies are inline Global outage Availability is transitive 4. Asynchronous Systems — Failure Classes Definition (First Principles) An async system assumes: “Work can finish later, possibly multiple times, possibly out of order.” This decouples time but removes guarantees . Failure Class 1: Duplicate Execution Question asked: What happens if work is retried? Reality: At-least-once delivery Worker crashes Message reprocessed Failure mode: Same logical action happens multiple times This breaks: Exactly-once semantics Idempotency assumptions Failure Class 2: Ordering Violations Question asked: What defines sequence? Reality: Queues don’t know business order Workers process independently Failure mode: Effects appear out of logical order For chat systems: Responses based on future messages Context corruption Failure Class 3: Completion Invisibility Question asked: How does the user know when work is done? Reality: No direct signal Polling or guessing Failure mode: Users wait blindly or see stale state Failure Class 4: Orphaned Work Question asked: What if the user disappears? Reality: Job keeps running Response stored but never consumed Failure mode: Wasted compute, leaked state Summary: Async Failure Classes Category Root Cause Duplication Retries Reordering Decoupled execution Invisibility No direct completion path Orphans Detached lifecycles 5. Side-by-Side Contrast (Mental Model) Dimension Synchronous Asynchronous Time Coupled Decoupled Failure style Blocking, cascades Duplication, disorder Availability All-or-nothing Partial Correctness risk Latency-based Logic-based Debugging Easier Harder 6. Deep Insight (This Is the Interview Gold) Synchronous systems fail loudly and immediately. Asynchronous systems fail quietly and later. Sync failures are obvious (timeouts, errors) Async failures are subtle (double writes, wrong order) 7. Why Neither Is “Better” From first principles: Sync systems protect causality but sacrifice availability Async systems protect availability but sacrifice causality Real systems exist to reintroduce the lost property : Async systems add idempotency, ordering, state machines Sync systems add timeouts, circuit breakers, fallbacks 8. One-Line Rule to Remember Sync breaks under load. Async breaks under ambiguity. If you want next, we can: Map these failure classes to real outages Show how streaming combines both failure types Practice identifying failure classes on a fresh system Tell me the next direction. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Mohammad-Idrees Follow Joined Mar 16, 2023 More from Mohammad-Idrees Thinking in First Principles: How to Question an Async Queue–Based Design # architecture # interview # learning # systemdesign How to Identify System Design Problems from First Principles # architecture # interview # systemdesign # tutorial 🧱 The Blueprint of Success: Mastering the Technical Requirements Document (TRD) # architecture # career # systemdesign 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_Workers_API/Using_web_workers | Using Web Workers - Web APIs | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Web Web APIs Web Workers API Using Web Workers Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) Español Français 日本語 Русский 中文 (简体) 正體中文 (繁體) Using Web Workers Web Workers are a simple means for web content to run scripts in background threads. The worker thread can perform tasks without interfering with the user interface. In addition, they can make network requests using the fetch() or XMLHttpRequest APIs. Once created, a worker can send messages to the JavaScript code that created it by posting messages to an event handler specified by that code (and vice versa). This article provides a detailed introduction to using web workers. In this article Web Workers API Dedicated workers Shared workers About thread safety Content security policy Transferring data to and from workers: further details Embedded workers Further examples Other types of workers Debugging worker threads Functions and interfaces available in workers Specifications See also Web Workers API A worker is an object created using a constructor (e.g., Worker() ) that runs a named JavaScript file — this file contains the code that will run in the worker thread; workers run in another global context that is different from the current window . Thus, using the window shortcut to get the current global scope (instead of self ) within a Worker will return an error. The worker context is represented by a DedicatedWorkerGlobalScope object in the case of dedicated workers (standard workers that are utilized by a single script; shared workers use SharedWorkerGlobalScope ). A dedicated worker is only accessible from the script that first spawned it, whereas shared workers can be accessed from multiple scripts. Note: See The Web Workers API landing page for reference documentation on workers and additional guides. You can run whatever code you like inside the worker thread, with some exceptions. For example, you can't directly manipulate the DOM from inside a worker, or use some default methods and properties of the window object. But you can use a large number of items available under window , including WebSockets , and data storage mechanisms like IndexedDB . See Functions and classes available to workers for more details. Data is sent between workers and the main thread via a system of messages — both sides send their messages using the postMessage() method, and respond to messages via the onmessage event handler (the message is contained within the message event's data attribute). The data is copied rather than shared. Workers may in turn spawn new workers, as long as those workers are hosted within the same origin as the parent page. In addition, workers can make network requests using the fetch() or XMLHttpRequest APIs (although note that the responseXML attribute of XMLHttpRequest will always be null ). Dedicated workers As mentioned above, a dedicated worker is only accessible by the script that called it. In this section we'll discuss the JavaScript found in our Basic dedicated worker example ( run dedicated worker ): This allows you to enter two numbers to be multiplied together. The numbers are sent to a dedicated worker, multiplied together, and the result is returned to the page and displayed. This example is rather trivial, but we decided to keep it simple while introducing you to basic worker concepts. More advanced details are covered later on in the article. Worker feature detection For slightly more controlled error handling and backwards compatibility, it is a good idea to wrap your worker accessing code in the following ( main.js ): js if (window.Worker) { // … } Spawning a dedicated worker Creating a new worker is simple. All you need to do is call the Worker() constructor, specifying the URI of a script to execute in the worker thread ( main.js ): js const myWorker = new Worker("worker.js"); Note: Bundlers, including webpack , Vite , and Parcel , recommend passing URLs that are resolved relative to import.meta.url to the Worker() constructor. For example: js const myWorker = new Worker(new URL("worker.js", import.meta.url)); This way, the path is relative to the current script instead of the current HTML page, which allows the bundler to safely do optimizations like renaming (because otherwise the worker.js URL may point to a file not controlled by the bundler, so it cannot make any assumptions). Sending messages to and from a dedicated worker The magic of workers happens via the postMessage() method and the onmessage event handler. When you want to send a message to the worker, you post messages to it like this ( main.js ): js [first, second].forEach((input) => { input.onchange = () => { myWorker.postMessage([first.value, second.value]); console.log("Message posted to worker"); }; }); So here we have two <input> elements represented by the variables first and second ; when the value of either is changed, myWorker.postMessage([first.value,second.value]) is used to send the value inside both to the worker, as an array. You can send pretty much anything you like in the message. In the worker, we can respond when the message is received by writing an event handler block like this ( worker.js ): js onmessage = (e) => { console.log("Message received from main script"); const workerResult = `Result: ${e.data[0] * e.data[1]}`; console.log("Posting message back to main script"); postMessage(workerResult); }; The onmessage handler allows us to run some code whenever a message is received, with the message itself being available in the message event's data attribute. Here we multiply together the two numbers then use postMessage() again, to post the result back to the main thread. Back in the main thread, we use onmessage again, to respond to the message sent back from the worker: js myWorker.onmessage = (e) => { result.textContent = e.data; console.log("Message received from worker"); }; Here we grab the message event data and set it as the textContent of the result paragraph, so the user can see the result of the calculation. Note: Notice that onmessage and postMessage() need to be hung off the Worker object when used in the main script thread, but not when used in the worker. This is because, inside the worker, the worker is effectively the global scope. Note: When a message is passed between the main thread and worker, it is copied or "transferred" (moved), not shared. Read Transferring data to and from workers: further details for a much more thorough explanation. Terminating a worker If you need to immediately terminate a running worker from the main thread, you can do so by calling the worker's terminate method: js myWorker.terminate(); The worker thread is killed immediately. Handling errors When a runtime error occurs in the worker, its onerror event handler is called. It receives an event named error which implements the ErrorEvent interface. The event doesn't bubble and is cancelable; to prevent the default action from taking place, the worker can call the error event's preventDefault() method. The error event has the following three fields that are of interest: message A human-readable error message. filename The name of the script file in which the error occurred. lineno The line number of the script file on which the error occurred. Spawning subworkers Workers may spawn more workers if they wish. So-called sub-workers must be hosted within the same origin as the parent page. Also, the URIs for subworkers are resolved relative to the parent worker's location rather than that of the owning page. This makes it easier for workers to keep track of where their dependencies are. Importing scripts and libraries Worker threads have access to a global function, importScripts() , which lets them import scripts. It accepts zero or more URIs as parameters to resources to import; all the following examples are valid: js importScripts(); /* imports nothing */ importScripts("foo.js"); /* imports just "foo.js" */ importScripts("foo.js", "bar.js"); /* imports two scripts */ importScripts( "//example.com/hello.js", ); /* You can import scripts from other origins */ The browser loads each listed script and executes it. Any global objects from each script may then be used by the worker. If the script can't be loaded, NETWORK_ERROR is thrown, and subsequent code will not be executed. Previously executed code (including code deferred using setTimeout() ) will still be functional though. Function declarations after the importScripts() method are also kept, since these are always evaluated before the rest of the code. Note: Scripts may be downloaded in any order, but will be executed in the order in which you pass the filenames into importScripts() . This is done synchronously; importScripts() does not return until all the scripts have been loaded and executed. Shared workers A shared worker is accessible by multiple scripts — even if they are being accessed by different windows, iframes or even workers. In this section we'll discuss the JavaScript found in our Basic shared worker example ( run shared worker ): This is very similar to the basic dedicated worker example, except that it has two functions available handled by different script files: multiplying two numbers , or squaring a number . Both scripts use the same worker to do the actual calculation required. Here we'll concentrate on the differences between dedicated and shared workers. Note that in this example we have two HTML pages, each with JavaScript applied that uses the same single worker file. Note: If SharedWorker can be accessed from several browsing contexts, all those browsing contexts must share the exact same origin (same protocol, host, and port). Note: In Firefox, shared workers cannot be shared between documents loaded in private and non-private windows ( Firefox bug 1177621 ). Spawning a shared worker Spawning a new shared worker is pretty much the same as with a dedicated worker, but with a different constructor name (see index.html and index2.html ) — each one has to spin up the worker using code like the following: js const myWorker = new SharedWorker("worker.js"); One big difference is that with a shared worker you have to communicate via a port object — an explicit port is opened that the scripts can use to communicate with the worker (this is done implicitly in the case of dedicated workers). The port connection needs to be started either implicitly by use of the onmessage event handler or explicitly with the start() method before any messages can be posted. Calling start() is only needed if the message event is wired up via the addEventListener() method. Note: When using the start() method to open the port connection, it needs to be called from both the parent thread and the worker thread if two-way communication is needed. Sending messages to and from a shared worker Now messages can be sent to the worker as before, but the postMessage() method has to be invoked through the port object (again, you'll see similar constructs in both multiply.js and square.js ): js squareNumber.onchange = () => { myWorker.port.postMessage([squareNumber.value, squareNumber.value]); console.log("Message posted to worker"); }; Now, on to the worker. There is a bit more complexity here as well ( worker.js ): js onconnect = (e) => { const port = e.ports[0]; port.onmessage = (e) => { const workerResult = `Result: ${e.data[0] * e.data[1]}`; port.postMessage(workerResult); }; }; First, we use an onconnect handler to fire code when a connection to the port happens (i.e., when the onmessage event handler in the parent thread is set up, or when the start() method is explicitly called in the parent thread). We use the ports attribute of this event object to grab the port and store it in a variable. Next, we add an onmessage handler on the port to do the calculation and return the result to the main thread. Setting up this onmessage handler in the worker thread also implicitly opens the port connection back to the parent thread, so the call to port.start() is not actually needed, as noted above. Finally, back in the main script, we deal with the message (again, you'll see similar constructs in both multiply.js and square.js ): js myWorker.port.onmessage = (e) => { result2.textContent = e.data; console.log("Message received from worker"); }; When a message comes back through the port from the worker, we insert the calculation result inside the appropriate result paragraph. About thread safety The Worker interface spawns real OS-level threads, and mindful programmers may be concerned that concurrency can cause "interesting" effects in your code if you aren't careful. However, since web workers have carefully controlled communication points with other threads, it's actually very hard to cause concurrency problems. There's no access to non-thread-safe components or the DOM. And you have to pass specific data in and out of a thread through serialized objects. So you have to work really hard to cause problems in your code. Content security policy Workers are considered to have their own execution context, distinct from the document that created them. For this reason they are, in general, not governed by the content security policy of the document (or parent worker) that created them. So for example, suppose a document is served with the following header: http Content-Security-Policy: script-src 'self' Among other things, this will prevent any scripts it includes from using eval() . However, if the script constructs a worker, code running in the worker's context will be allowed to use eval() . To specify a content security policy for the worker, set a Content-Security-Policy response header for the request which delivered the worker script itself. The exception to this is if the worker script's origin is a globally unique identifier (for example, if its URL has a scheme of data or blob). In this case, the worker does inherit the CSP of the document or worker that created it. Transferring data to and from workers: further details Data passed between the main page and workers is copied , not shared (except for certain objects that can be explicitly shared ). Objects are serialized as they're handed to the worker, and subsequently, de-serialized on the other end. The page and worker do not share the same instance , so the end result is that a duplicate is created on each end. Most browsers implement this feature as structured cloning . As you probably know by now, data is exchanged between the two threads via messages using postMessage() , and the message event's data attribute contains data passed back from the worker. example.html : (the main page): js const myWorker = new Worker("my_task.js"); myWorker.onmessage = (event) => { console.log(`Worker said : "${event.data}"`); }; myWorker.postMessage({ lastUpdate: new Date() }); my_task.js (the worker): js self.onmessage = (event) => { postMessage(`Last updated: ${event.data.lastUpdate.toDateString()}`); }; The structured cloning algorithm can accept JSON and a few things that JSON can't — like circular references. Passing data examples Example 1: Advanced passing JSON Data and creating a switching system If you have to pass some complex data and have to call many different functions both on the main page and in the Worker, you can create a system which groups everything together. First, we create a QueryableWorker class that takes the URL of the worker, a default listener, and an error handler, and this class is going to keep track of a list of listeners and help us communicate with the worker: js function QueryableWorker(url, defaultListener, onError) { const worker = new Worker(url); const listeners = {}; this.defaultListener = defaultListener ?? (() => {}); if (onError) { worker.onerror = onError; } this.postMessage = (message) => { worker.postMessage(message); }; this.terminate = () => { worker.terminate(); }; } Then we add the methods of adding/removing listeners: js this.addListeners = (name, listener) => { listeners[name] = listener; }; this.removeListeners = (name) => { delete listeners[name]; }; Here we let the worker handle two simple operations for illustration: getting the difference of two numbers and making an alert after three seconds. In order to achieve that we first implement a sendQuery method which queries if the worker actually has the corresponding methods to do what we want. js // This functions takes at least one argument, the method name we want to query. // Then we can pass in the arguments that the method needs. this.sendQuery = (queryMethod, ...queryMethodArguments) => { if (!queryMethod) { throw new TypeError( "QueryableWorker.sendQuery takes at least one argument", ); } worker.postMessage({ queryMethod, queryMethodArguments, }); }; We finish QueryableWorker with the onmessage method. If the worker has the corresponding methods we queried, it should return the name of the corresponding listener and the arguments it needs, we just need to find it in listeners .: js worker.onmessage = (event) => { if ( event.data instanceof Object && Object.hasOwn(event.data, "queryMethodListener") && Object.hasOwn(event.data, "queryMethodArguments") ) { listeners[event.data.queryMethodListener].apply( this, event.data.queryMethodArguments, ); } else { this.defaultListener(event.data); } }; Now onto the worker. First we need to have the methods to handle the two simple operations: js const queryableFunctions = { getDifference(a, b) { reply("printStuff", a - b); }, waitSomeTime() { setTimeout(() => { reply("doAlert", 3, "seconds"); }, 3000); }, }; function reply(queryMethodListener, ...queryMethodArguments) { if (!queryMethodListener) { throw new TypeError("reply - takes at least one argument"); } postMessage({ queryMethodListener, queryMethodArguments, }); } // This method is called when main page calls QueryWorker's postMessage // method directly function defaultReply(message) { // do something } And the onmessage method is now trivial: js onmessage = (event) => { if ( event.data instanceof Object && Object.hasOwn(event.data, "queryMethod") && Object.hasOwn(event.data, "queryMethodArguments") ) { queryableFunctions[event.data.queryMethod].apply( self, event.data.queryMethodArguments, ); } else { defaultReply(event.data); } }; Here are the full implementation: example.html (the main page): html <ul> <li> <button id="first-action">What is the difference between 5 and 3?</button> </li> <li> <button id="second-action">Wait 3 seconds</button> </li> <li> <button id="terminate">terminate() the Worker</button> </li> </ul> It needs to execute the following script, either inline or as an external file: js // QueryableWorker instances methods: // * sendQuery(queryable function name, argument to pass 1, argument to pass 2, etc. etc.): calls a Worker's queryable function // * postMessage(string or JSON Data): see Worker.prototype.postMessage() // * terminate(): terminates the Worker // * addListener(name, function): adds a listener // * removeListener(name): removes a listener // QueryableWorker instances properties: // * defaultListener: the default listener executed only when the Worker calls the postMessage() function directly function QueryableWorker(url, defaultListener, onError) { const worker = new Worker(url); const listeners = {}; this.defaultListener = defaultListener ?? (() => {}); if (onError) { worker.onerror = onError; } this.postMessage = (message) => { worker.postMessage(message); }; this.terminate = () => { worker.terminate(); }; this.addListener = (name, listener) => { listeners[name] = listener; }; this.removeListener = (name) => { delete listeners[name]; }; // This functions takes at least one argument, the method name we want to query. // Then we can pass in the arguments that the method needs. this.sendQuery = (queryMethod, ...queryMethodArguments) => { if (!queryMethod) { throw new TypeError( "QueryableWorker.sendQuery takes at least one argument", ); } worker.postMessage({ queryMethod, queryMethodArguments, }); }; worker.onmessage = (event) => { if ( event.data instanceof Object && Object.hasOwn(event.data, "queryMethodListener") && Object.hasOwn(event.data, "queryMethodArguments") ) { listeners[event.data.queryMethodListener].apply( this, event.data.queryMethodArguments, ); } else { this.defaultListener(event.data); } }; } // your custom "queryable" worker const myTask = new QueryableWorker("my_task.js"); // your custom "listeners" myTask.addListener("printStuff", (result) => { document .getElementById("firstLink") .parentNode.appendChild( document.createTextNode(`The difference is ${result}!`), ); }); myTask.addListener("doAlert", (time, unit) => { alert(`Worker waited for ${time} ${unit} :-)`); }); document.getElementById("first-action").addEventListener("click", () => { myTask.sendQuery("getDifference", 5, 3); }); document.getElementById("second-action").addEventListener("click", () => { myTask.sendQuery("waitSomeTime"); }); document.getElementById("terminate").addEventListener("click", () => { myTask.terminate(); }); my_task.js (the worker): js const queryableFunctions = { // example #1: get the difference between two numbers: getDifference(minuend, subtrahend) { reply("printStuff", minuend - subtrahend); }, // example #2: wait three seconds waitSomeTime() { setTimeout(() => { reply("doAlert", 3, "seconds"); }, 3000); }, }; // system functions function defaultReply(message) { // your default PUBLIC function executed only when main page calls the queryableWorker.postMessage() method directly // do something } function reply(queryMethodListener, ...queryMethodArguments) { if (!queryMethodListener) { throw new TypeError("reply - not enough arguments"); } postMessage({ queryMethodListener, queryMethodArguments, }); } onmessage = (event) => { if ( event.data instanceof Object && Object.hasOwn(event.data, "queryMethod") && Object.hasOwn(event.data, "queryMethodArguments") ) { queryableFunctions[event.data.queryMethod].apply( self, event.data.queryMethodArguments, ); } else { defaultReply(event.data); } }; It is possible to switch the content of each mainpage -> worker and worker -> mainpage message. And the property names "queryMethod", "queryMethodListeners", "queryMethodArguments" can be anything as long as they are consistent in QueryableWorker and the worker . Passing data by transferring ownership (transferable objects) Modern browsers contain an additional way to pass certain types of objects to or from a worker with high performance. Transferable objects are transferred from one context to another with a zero-copy operation, which results in a vast performance improvement when sending large data sets. For example, when transferring an ArrayBuffer from your main app to a worker script, the original ArrayBuffer is cleared and no longer usable. Its content is (quite literally) transferred to the worker context. js // Create a 32MB "file" and fill it with consecutive values from 0 to 255 – 32MB = 1024 * 1024 * 32 const uInt8Array = new Uint8Array(1024 * 1024 * 32).map((v, i) => i); worker.postMessage(uInt8Array.buffer, [uInt8Array.buffer]); Sharing data The SharedArrayBuffer object allows two threads, such as the worker and the main thread, to simultaneously operate on the same memory span and exchange data without going through the messaging mechanism. Using shared memory does come with significant determinism, security, and performance concerns, some of which are outlined in the JavaScript execution model article. Embedded workers There is not an "official" way to embed the code of a worker within a web page, like <script> elements do for normal scripts. But a <script> element that does not have a src attribute and has a type attribute that does not identify an executable MIME type can be considered a data block element that JavaScript could use. "Data blocks" is a more general feature of HTML that can carry almost any textual data. So, a worker could be embedded in this way: html <!doctype html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" /> <title>MDN Example - Embedded worker</title> <script type="text/js-worker"> // This script WON'T be parsed by JS engines because its MIME type is text/js-worker. const myVar = "Hello World!"; // Rest of your worker code goes here. </script> <script> // This script WILL be parsed by JS engines because its MIME type is text/javascript. function pageLog(sMsg) { // Use a fragment: browser will only render/reflow once. const frag = document.createDocumentFragment(); frag.appendChild(document.createTextNode(sMsg)); frag.appendChild(document.createElement("br")); document.querySelector("#logDisplay").appendChild(frag); } </script> <script type="text/js-worker"> // This script WON'T be parsed by JS engines because its MIME type is text/js-worker. onmessage = (event) => { postMessage(myVar); }; // Rest of your worker code goes here. </script> <script> // This script WILL be parsed by JS engines because its MIME type is text/javascript. // In the past blob builder existed, but now we use Blob const blob = new Blob( Array.prototype.map.call( document.querySelectorAll("script[type='text/js-worker']"), (script) => script.textContent, ), { type: "text/javascript" }, ); // Creating a new global "worker" variable from all our "text/js-worker" scripts. const worker = new Worker(window.URL.createObjectURL(blob)); worker.onmessage = (event) => { pageLog(`Received: ${event.data}`); }; </script> </head> <body> <div id="logDisplay"></div> <script> // Start the worker. worker.postMessage(""); </script> </body> </html> The embedded worker is now nested into a new custom document.worker property. It is also worth noting that you can also convert a function into a Blob, then generate an object URL from that blob. For example: js function fn2workerURL(fn) { const blob = new Blob([`(${fn.toString()})()`], { type: "text/javascript" }); return URL.createObjectURL(blob); } Further examples This section provides further examples of how to use web workers. Performing computations in the background Workers are mainly useful for allowing your code to perform processor-intensive calculations without blocking the user interface thread. In this example, a worker is used to calculate Fibonacci numbers. The JavaScript code The following JavaScript code is stored in the "fibonacci.js" file referenced by the HTML in the next section. js self.onmessage = (event) => { const userNum = Number(event.data); self.postMessage(fibonacci(userNum)); }; function fibonacci(num) { let a = 1; let b = 0; while (num > 0) { [a, b] = [a + b, a]; num--; } return b; } The worker sets the property onmessage to a function which will receive messages sent when the worker object's postMessage() is called. This performs the math and eventually returns the result back to the main thread. The HTML code html <form> <div> <label for="number"> Enter a number that is a zero-based index position in the fibonacci sequence to see what number is in that position. For example, enter 6 and you'll get a result of 8 — the fibonacci number at index position 6 is 8. </label> <input type="number" id="number" /> </div> <div> <input type="submit" /> </div> </form> <p id="result"></p> It needs to execute the following script, either inline or as an external file: js const form = document.querySelector("form"); const input = document.querySelector('input[type="number"]'); const result = document.querySelector("p#result"); const worker = new Worker("fibonacci.js"); worker.onmessage = (event) => { result.textContent = event.data; console.log(`Got: ${event.data}`); }; worker.onerror = (error) => { console.log(`Worker error: ${error.message}`); throw error; }; form.onsubmit = (e) => { e.preventDefault(); worker.postMessage(input.value); input.value = ""; }; The web page creates a <p> element with the ID result , which gets used to display the result, then spawns the worker. After spawning the worker, the onmessage handler is configured to display the results by setting the contents of the <p> element, and the onerror handler is set to log the error message to the devtools console. Finally, a message is sent to the worker to start it. Try this example live . Dividing tasks among multiple workers As multicore computers become increasingly common, it's often useful to divide computationally complex tasks among multiple workers, which may then perform those tasks on multiple-processor cores. Other types of workers In addition to dedicated and shared web workers, there are other types of workers available: ServiceWorkers essentially act as proxy servers that sit between web applications, and the browser and network (when available). They are intended to (amongst other things) enable the creation of effective offline experiences, intercepting network requests and taking appropriate action based on whether the network is available and updated assets reside on the server. They will also allow access to push notifications and background sync APIs. Audio Worklet provide the ability for direct scripted audio processing to be done in a worklet (a lightweight version of worker) context. Debugging worker threads Most browsers enable you to debug web workers in their JavaScript debuggers in exactly the same way as debugging the main thread! For example, both Firefox and Chrome list JavaScript source files for both the main thread and active worker threads, and all of these files can be opened to set breakpoints and logpoints. To learn how to debug web workers, see the documentation for each browser's JavaScript debugger: Chrome Sources panel Firefox JavaScript Debugger To open devtools for web workers, you can use the following URLs: Edge: edge://inspect/ Chrome: chrome://inspect/ Firefox: about:debugging#/runtime/this-firefox These pages show an overview over all service workers. You need to find the relevant one by the URL and then click inspect to access devtools such as the console and debugger for that worker. Functions and interfaces available in workers You can use most standard JavaScript features inside a web worker, including: Navigator fetch() Array , Date , Math , and String setTimeout() and setInterval() The main thing you can't do in a Worker is directly affect the parent page. This includes manipulating the DOM and using that page's objects. You have to do it indirectly, by sending a message back to the main script via DedicatedWorkerGlobalScope.postMessage() , then doing the changes in event handler. Note: You can test whether a method or interface is available to workers using the Worker Playground . Note: For a complete list of functions available to workers, see Functions and interfaces available to workers . Specifications Specification HTML # workers See also Worker interface SharedWorker interface Functions available to workers OffscreenCanvas interface Help improve MDN Was this page helpful to you? Yes No Learn how to contribute This page was last modified on Sep 11, 2025 by MDN contributors . 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https://dev.to/himanshu_bhatt | Himanshu Bhatt - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Himanshu Bhatt Aspiring DevOps professional passionate about cloud technologies. Sharing my learning journey to help others and grow. Looking to connect and explore new career opportunities! Location Nainital, Uttarakhand Joined Joined on Jan 24, 2025 Email address hbhatt034@gmail.com Personal website https://www.himanshubhatt.co.in github website twitter website Education Bipin Tripathi Kuamon Institute of Technology Pronouns He/Him Work Seeking opportunities in DevOps & Cloud Engineering. Building skills through projects & blogging. More info about @himanshu_bhatt Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Skills/Languages Proficient in Linux, Bash, Python, Git/GitHub. Familiar with Docker, Kubernetes, Jenkins, GitHub Actions, Ansible, Terraform, AWS, Prometheus, Grafana, ArgoCD, and HashiCorp tools. Currently learning Currently diving into AWS, Docker, Kubernetes, and CI/CD pipelines. Exploring infrastructure-as-code with Terraform and learning more about monitoring and automation tools for DevOps environments. Available for Open to discussions on DevOps, cloud tech, and automation. Actively seeking opportunities in CI/CD, AWS, Docker, Kubernetes, and cloud/DevOps roles. Post 33 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 0 tags followed Networking 101 #1. Networking Introduction Himanshu Bhatt Himanshu Bhatt Himanshu Bhatt Follow Jan 13 Networking 101 #1. Networking Introduction # networking # devops # cloud # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 8 min read Introduction to DevOps #5. DevOps Tooling Landscape Himanshu Bhatt Himanshu Bhatt Himanshu Bhatt Follow Jan 12 Introduction to DevOps #5. DevOps Tooling Landscape # discuss # devops # cloud # beginners 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Introduction to DevOps #4. What Problems DevOps Solves Himanshu Bhatt Himanshu Bhatt Himanshu Bhatt Follow Jan 12 Introduction to DevOps #4. What Problems DevOps Solves # discuss # devops # cloud # beginners 8 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read Introduction to DevOps #3. How DevOps Came Into Existence Himanshu Bhatt Himanshu Bhatt Himanshu Bhatt Follow Jan 12 Introduction to DevOps #3. How DevOps Came Into Existence # discuss # devops # cloud # beginners 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Introduction to DevOps #2. Life Before DevOps Himanshu Bhatt Himanshu Bhatt Himanshu Bhatt Follow Jan 12 Introduction to DevOps #2. Life Before DevOps # discuss # devops # cloud # beginners 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Introduction to DevOps #1. What is DevOps Himanshu Bhatt Himanshu Bhatt Himanshu Bhatt Follow Jan 11 Introduction to DevOps #1. What is DevOps # discuss # beginners # devops # cloud 7 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read Level 1 - Foundations #1. Client-Server Model Himanshu Bhatt Himanshu Bhatt Himanshu Bhatt Follow Jan 11 Level 1 - Foundations #1. Client-Server Model # systemdesign # distributedsystems # tutorial # beginners 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read HTML-101 #5. Text Formatting, Quotes & Code Formatting Himanshu Bhatt Himanshu Bhatt Himanshu Bhatt Follow Jan 11 HTML-101 #5. Text Formatting, Quotes & Code Formatting # html # learninpublic # beginners # tutorial 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read HTML-101 #4. HTML Headings, Paragraphs & Line Breaks Himanshu Bhatt Himanshu Bhatt Himanshu Bhatt Follow Jan 10 HTML-101 #4. HTML Headings, Paragraphs & Line Breaks # webdev # html # beginners # tutorial 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read HTML-101 #3. 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https://dev.to/ed-wantuil/cloud-sem-falencia-o-minimo-que-voce-precisa-saber-de-finops-8ao#5-snapshots-o-colecionador-de-backups-fantasmas | Cloud Sem Falência: O mínimo que você precisa saber de FinOps - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Ed Wantuil Posted on Jan 12 Cloud Sem Falência: O mínimo que você precisa saber de FinOps # devops # cloud # braziliandevs Imagine a cena: você trabalha em uma empresa consolidada. Vocês têm aquele rack de servidores físicos robusto, piscando luzinhas em uma sala gelada, com piso elevado e controle biométrico (o famoso On-Premise ). Tudo funciona. O banco de dados aguenta o tranco, a latência é zero na rede local. Mas a diretoria decide que é hora de "modernizar". "Vamos migrar para a Nuvem!" , dizem eles, com os olhos brilhando. A promessa no PowerPoint é sedutora: flexibilidade infinita , segurança gerenciada e o mantra mágico: "pagar só pelo que usar" . A migração acontece via Lift-and-Shift (pegar o que existe e jogar na nuvem sem refatorar). A equipe de Infra e Dev comemoram. O Deploy é um sucesso. Três meses depois, chega a fatura da AWS. O diretor financeiro (CFO) não apenas cai da cadeira; ele convoca uma reunião de emergência. O custo, que antes era uma linha fixa e previsível no balanço anual, triplicou e agora flutua violentamente. O que deu errado? Simples: A engenharia tratou a Nuvem como um Data Center físico, apenas alugado. Hoje, vamos falar sobre os riscos dessa mudança e como aplicar FinOps não como burocracia, mas como requisito de arquitetura. (Nota: Usaremos a AWS nos exemplos por ser a stack padrão de mercado, mas a lógica se aplica integralmente ao Azure, GCP e OCI). 🦄 A Ilusão da Mágica: CAPEX vs. OPEX na Engenharia Para entender a conta da AWS, você precisa entender como o dinheiro sai do cofre da empresa. A mudança da nuvem não é apenas sobre onde o servidor roda, é sobre quem assume o risco do desperdício. 1. CAPEX (Capital Expenditure): A Lógica do "PC Gamer" CAPEX é Despesa de Capital. É comprar a "caixa". Imagine que você vai montar um PC Gamer High-End. Você gasta R$ 20.000,00 na loja. Doeu no bolso na hora, certo? Mas depois que o PC está na sua mesa: Custo Marginal Zero: Se você jogar Paciência ou renderizar um vídeo em 8K a noite toda, não faz diferença financeira para o seu bolso (tirando a conta de luz, que é irrisória perto do hardware). O dinheiro já foi gasto ( Sunk Cost ). O Comportamento do Engenheiro (On-Premise): Como o processo de compra é lento (meses de cotação e aprovação), você tem medo de faltar recurso. Mentalidade: "Vou pedir um servidor com 64 Cores, mesmo precisando de 16. Se sobrar, melhor. O hardware é nosso mesmo." Código: Eficiência não é prioridade financeira. Um código mal otimizado que consome 90% da CPU não gera uma fatura extra no fim do mês. 2. OPEX (Operational Expenditure): A Lógica do Uber OPEX é Despesa Operacional. É o custo de funcionamento do dia a dia. Na nuvem, você não comprou o carro; você está rodando de Uber 24 horas por dia. Custo Marginal Real: Cada minuto parado no sinal custa dinheiro. Cada desvio de rota custa dinheiro. O Comportamento do Engenheiro (Cloud): Aqui, a ineficiência é taxada instantaneamente. Mentalidade: Aquele servidor de 64 cores e 512GB de ram parado esperando tráfego é como deixar o Uber te esperando na porta do escritório enquanto você trabalha. O taxímetro está rodando. Código: Um loop infinito ou uma query sem índice no banco de dados não deixa apenas o sistema lento; ele queima dinheiro vivo . Comparativo para Desenvolvedores (Salve isso) Feature CAPEX (On-Premise / Hardware Próprio) OPEX (Cloud / AWS / Azure) Commit Financeiro Você paga tudo antes de usar (Upfront). Você paga depois de usar (Pay-as-you-go). Latência de Aprovação Alta. Precisa de reuniões, assinaturas e compras. Zero. Um terraform apply gasta dinheiro instantaneamente. Risco de Capacidade Subutilização. Comprar um servidor monstro e usar 10%. Conta Surpresa. Esquecer algo ligado ou escalar infinitamente. Otimização de Código Melhora performance, mas não reduz a fatura do hardware. Reduz diretamente a fatura. Código limpo = Dinheiro no caixa. Por que isso afeta a sua Arquitetura? Se você desenha uma arquitetura pensando em CAPEX (Mundo Físico) e a implementa em OPEX (Nuvem), você cria um desastre financeiro. No CAPEX , a estratégia de defesa é: "Superdimensionar para garantir estabilidade". (Compre o maior servidor possível). No OPEX , a estratégia de defesa é: "Elasticidade". (Comece com o menor servidor possível e configure para crescer sozinho apenas se necessário). 💸 Os 8 Cavaleiros do Apocalipse Financeiro na AWS Na nuvem, os maiores vilões raramente são tecnologias complexas de IA ou Big Data. Quase sempre são decisões arquiteturais preguiçosas e falta de governança . 1. Instâncias "Just in Case": O Custo do Seguro Psicológico O sobredimensionamento é um vício comum: o desenvolvedor sobe uma instância m5.2xlarge (8 vCPUs, 32GB RAM) não porque a aplicação exige, mas porque ele "não quer ter dor de cabeça". É o provisionamento baseado no medo, criando uma margem de segurança gigantesca e cara para evitar qualquer risco hipotético de lentidão. A realidade nua e crua aparece no CloudWatch: na maior parte do tempo, essa supermáquina opera com apenas 12% de CPU e usa uma fração da memória. Pagar por uma 2xlarge para rodar essa carga é como fretar um ônibus de 50 lugares para levar apenas 4 pessoas ao trabalho todos os dias. Você está pagando pelo "espaço vazio" e pelo motor potente do ônibus, enquanto um carro popular ( t3.medium ) faria o mesmo trajeto com o mesmo conforto e muito mais economia. 2. Ambientes Zumbis: A Torneira Aberta Fora do Expediente "Ambientes Zumbis" são servidores de Desenvolvimento e Homologação que operam como cópias fiéis da Produção, mas sem a audiência dela. Eles permanecem ligados e faturando às 3 da manhã de um domingo, consumindo recursos de nuvem para processar absolutamente nada. Manter esses servidores ligados 24/7 é o equivalente digital de deixar o ar-condicionado de um escritório ligado no máximo durante todo o fim de semana , com o prédio completamente vazio. O impacto financeiro atua como um multiplicador de desperdício. Se você mantém três ambientes (Dev, Staging e Produção) com arquiteturas similares ligados ininterruptamente, seu custo base é 300% do necessário . A matemática é cruel: uma semana tem 168 horas, mas seus desenvolvedores trabalham apenas 40. Você está pagando por 128 horas de ociosidade pura por máquina, todas as semanas. A primeira cura para esse desperdício é o agendamento automático. Utilizando soluções como o AWS Instance Scheduler (ou Lambdas simples), configuramos os ambientes para "acordar" às 08:00 e "dormir" às 20:00, de segunda a sexta-feira. Apenas essa automação básica, sem alterar uma linha de código da aplicação, reduz a fatura desses ambientes não-produtivos em cerca de 70% . 3. O Esquecimento Crônico: O Custo do Limbo Um dos "pegadinhas" mais comuns da nuvem acontece no momento de desligar as luzes: quando você termina uma instância EC2, o senso comum diz que a cobrança para. O erro está em assumir que a máquina e o disco são uma peça única. Por padrão, ao "matar" o servidor, o volume de armazenamento (EBS) acoplado a ele muitas vezes sobrevive, entrando num estado de limbo financeiro. O resultado é o acúmulo de EBS Órfãos : centenas de discos no estado "Available" (não atrelados a ninguém), cheios de dados inúteis ou completamente vazios, pelos quais você paga o preço cheio do gigabyte provisionado. É comparável a vender seu carro, mas esquecer de cancelar o aluguel da vaga de garagem: o veículo não existe mais, mas a cobrança pelo espaço que ele ocupava continua chegando todo mês na fatura. A situação piora com os Elastic IPs (EIPs) , que possuem uma lógica de cobrança invertida e punitiva. Devido à escassez mundial de endereços IPv4, a AWS não cobra pelo IP enquanto você o utiliza, mas começa a cobrar assim que ele fica ocioso . É como uma "multa por não uso": se você reserva um endereço IP e não o atrela a uma instância em execução, você paga por estar "segurando" um recurso escasso sem necessidade. 4. O Cemitério de Dados no S3 Buckets S3 tendem a virar "cemitérios digitais" onde logs, backups e assets se acumulam indefinidamente. O erro crucial não é guardar os dados, mas a falta de estratégia: manter 100% desse volume na classe S3 Standard , pagando a tarifa mais alta da AWS por arquivos que ninguém acessa há meses. Para entender o prejuízo, imagine o S3 Standard como uma loja no corredor principal de um shopping: o aluguel é caríssimo porque o acesso é imediato e fácil ( baixa latência ). Manter logs de 2022 nessa classe é como alugar essa vitrine premium apenas para estocar caixas de papelão velhas. Dados "frios", que raramente são consultados, não precisam estar à mão em milissegundos; eles podem ficar num armazém mais distante e barato. A solução é o S3 Lifecycle , que automatiza a logística desse "estoque". Primeiro, ele atua na Transição : move automaticamente os dados que envelhecem da "vitrine" (Standard) para o "armazém" ( S3 Glacier ). No Glacier, você paga uma fração do preço, aceitando que o resgate do arquivo leve alguns minutos ou horas (maior latência), o que é aceitável para arquivos de auditoria ou backups antigos. Por fim, o Lifecycle resolve o acúmulo de lixo através da Expiração . Além de mover dados, você configura regras para deletar objetos definitivamente após um período, como remover logs temporários após 7 dias. Isso garante a higiene do ambiente, impedindo que você pague aluguel (seja no shopping ou no armazém) por dados inúteis que não deveriam mais existir. 5. Snapshots: O Colecionador de Backups Fantasmas Backups são a apólice de seguro da sua infraestrutura, mas a facilidade de criar snapshots na AWS gera um comportamento perigoso de acumulação. O erro clássico é configurar uma automação de snapshot diário e definir a retenção para "nunca" ou prazos absurdos como 5 anos. Embora os snapshots sejam incrementais (salvando apenas o que mudou), em bancos de dados transacionais com muita escrita, o volume de dados alterados cresce rápido, e a fatura acompanha. Para visualizar o desperdício, imagine que você compra o jornal do dia para ler as notícias. É útil ter os jornais da última semana na mesa para referência rápida. Mas guardar uma pilha de jornais diários de três anos atrás na sua sala ocupa espaço valioso e custa dinheiro, sendo que a chance de você precisar saber a "cotação do dólar numa terça-feira específica de 2021" é praticamente nula. Você está pagando armazenamento premium por "jornais velhos" que não têm valor de negócio. 6. Licenciamento Comercial (O Custo Invisível) Muitas empresas focam tanto em otimizar CPU e RAM que esquecem o elefante na sala: o custo de software. Ao rodar instâncias com Windows Server ou SQL Server Enterprise na AWS no modelo "License Included", você não paga apenas pela infraestrutura; você paga uma sobretaxa pesada pelo direito de uso do software proprietário. Esse custo é embutido na tarifa por hora e, em máquinas grandes, a licença pode custar mais caro que o próprio hardware. Para ilustrar a desproporção, usar o SQL Server Enterprise para uma aplicação que não utiliza funcionalidades avançadas (como Always On complexo ou compressão de dados específica) é como fretar um jato executivo apenas para ir comprar pão na padaria . O objetivo (armazenar e recuperar dados) é cumprido, mas você está pagando por um veículo de luxo quando uma bicicleta ou um Uber resolveria o problema com a mesma eficiência e uma fração do custo. A primeira camada de solução é a Otimização de Edição . É comum desenvolvedores solicitarem a versão Enterprise por "garantia" ou hábito, sem necessidade técnica real. Uma auditoria simples muitas vezes revela que a versão Standard atende a todos os requisitos da aplicação. Fazer esse downgrade reduz a fatura de licenciamento imediatamente, sem exigir mudanças drásticas na arquitetura ou no código. 7. Dilema Geográfico: Reduzindo a Fatura pela Metade Hospedar aplicações na região sa-east-1 (São Paulo) carrega um ágio pesado: o "Custo Brasil" digital faz com que a infraestrutura local custe, cerca de 50% a mais do que na us-east-1 (N. Virgínia). Migrar workloads para os EUA é, frequentemente, a manobra de FinOps com maior retorno imediato (ROI): você corta a fatura desses recursos praticamente pela metade apenas alterando o CEP do servidor, acessando o mesmo hardware por uma fração do preço. O principal bloqueador costuma ser o medo da LGPD , mas a crença de que a lei exige residência física dos dados no Brasil é um mito . O Artigo 33 permite a transferência internacional para países com proteção adequada (como os EUA), desde que coberto por contratos padrão. A legislação foca na segurança e privacidade do dado, não na sua latitude e longitude geográfica. Quanto à técnica, a latência para a Virgínia (~120ms) é imperceptível para a maioria das aplicações web, sistemas internos e dashboards. A estratégia inteligente é adotar uma região como US East como padrão para maximizar a economia, reservando São Paulo apenas para exceções que realmente exigem resposta em tempo real (como High Frequency Trading), evitando pagar preço de "primeira classe" para cargas de trabalho que rodariam perfeitamente na econômica. 8. Serverless: A Faca de Dois Gumes "Serverless" é computação sem gestão de infraestrutura (como AWS Lambda ou DynamoDB). Diferente de alugar um servidor fixo mensal, aqui você paga apenas pelos milissegundos que seu código executa ou pelo dado que você lê. É como a conta de luz: você só paga se o interruptor estiver ligado. A Estratégia: Para uso esporádico, é imbatível. Mas e para uso constante? Também pode ser uma excelente escolha! Embora a fatura de infraestrutura possa vir mais alta do que em servidores tradicionais, você elimina o trabalho pesado de manutenção. Muitas vezes, é financeiramente mais inteligente pagar um pouco mais para a AWS do que custear horas de engenharia ou contratar uma equipe dedicada apenas para gerenciar servidores, aplicar patches de segurança e configurar escalas. O segredo é olhar para o Custo Total (TCO), e não apenas para a linha de processamento na fatura. 🕵️♂️ FinOps: Engenharia Financeira na Prática FinOps não é apenas sobre "pedir desconto" ou cortar gastos; é a mudança cultural que descentraliza a responsabilidade do custo, empoderando engenheiros a tomar decisões baseadas em dados, não em palpites. Para que essa cultura saia do papel, ela precisa se apoiar em um tripé de governança robusto: a visibilidade granular garantida pelo tageamento correto (saber quem gasta), a segurança operacional monitorada pelo AWS Budgets (saber quando gasta) e a eficiência financeira obtida através dos Modelos de Compra inteligentes (saber como pagar). Sem integrar essas três frentes, a nuvem deixa de ser um acelerador de inovação para se tornar um passivo financeiro descontrolado. 1. TAGs: Sem Etiquetas, Sem Dados 🏷️ No AWS Cost Explorer, uma infraestrutura sem tags opera como uma "caixa preta" financeira: você encara uma fatura de $50.000, mas é incapaz de discernir se o rombo veio de um modelo crítico de Data Science ou de um cluster Kubernetes esquecido por um estagiário. Utiliza tags como custo:centro , app:nome , env e dono no momento dos recursos transformara números genéricos em rastreáveis, permitindo que cada centavo gasto tenha um responsável atrelado, eliminando definitivamente a cultura de que "o custo da nuvem não é problema meu". 2. AWS Budgets e Detecção de Anomalias 🚨 Não espere o fim do mês. Configure o AWS Budgets para alertar quando o custo projetado (forecasted) ultrapassar o limite. Dica: Ative o Cost Anomaly Detection . Ele usa Machine Learning para identificar picos anormais. Exemplo: Um deploy errado fez a cahamada para um Lambda entrar em loop infinito. O Anomaly Detection te avisa em horas, não no fim do mês. 3. Modelos de Compra: O Fim do On-Demand 💸 Operar 100% em On-Demand é pagar voluntariamente um "imposto sobre a falta de planejamento". A maturidade em FinOps exige abandonar o preço de varejo e adotar um mix estratégico: cubra sua carga de trabalho base (aquela que roda 24/7) com Savings Plans , que oferecem descontos de até 72% em troca de fidelidade, e mova cargas tolerantes a interrupções, como processamento de dados e pipelines de CI/CD, para Spot Instances , aproveitando a capacidade ociosa da AWS por até 10% do valor original . Ignorar essa estratégia e manter tudo no On-Demand é uma decisão consciente de desperdiçar orçamento que poderia ser reinvestido em inovação. 🧠 Dev Assina o Código e o Cheque No mundo On-Premise, um código ruim apenas deixava o sistema lento. Na Nuvem, código ineficiente gera uma fatura imediata . A barreira entre Engenharia e Financeiro desapareceu: cada linha de código é uma decisão de compra executada em tempo real. O desenvolvedor não consome apenas CPU, ele consome o orçamento da empresa. Para entender o impacto, veja o preço das más práticas: O Custo da Leitura: Uma query sem " WHERE " ou um Full Table Scan no DynamoDB não é apenas um problema de performance; você está pagando unidades de leitura para ler milhares de linhas inúteis. É como comprar a biblioteca inteira para ler uma única página. O Custo da Ineficiência: Um código com vazamento de memória engana o Auto Scaling . O sistema provisiona 10 servidores para fazer o trabalho de 2, desperdiçando dinheiro para compensar código ruim. O Custo do Ruído: Logs em modo VERBOSE esquecidos em produção são vilões. O CloudWatch cobra caro pela ingestão. Enviar gigabytes de "log de lixo" é literalmente pagar frete aéreo para transportar entulho. A Cultura de Engenharia Consciente de Custos: Estimativa no Refinamento: O custo deve ser debatido antes do código existir. Durante o Refinamento, ao definir a arquitetura, faça a pergunta: "Quais recursos vamos usar e quanto isso vai custar com a volumetria esperada?" . Se a solução técnica custa $1.000 para economizar $50 de esforço manual, ela deve ser vetada ali mesmo. Feedback Loop: O desenvolvedor precisa ver quanto o serviço dele custa. Painéis do Grafana ou Datadog devem mostrar não só a latência da API, mas o custo diário dela. Só existe responsabilidade quando existe consciência do preço. Cerimônia de Custo (FinOps Review): Estabeleça uma reunião recorrente dedicada a olhar o "Extrato da Conta" . O time analisa os custos atuais, investiga picos não planejados da semana anterior e discute ativamente: "Existe alguma oportunidade de desligar recursos ou otimizar este serviço agora?" . É a higiene financeira mantendo o projeto saudável. 🌐 O Mundo Híbrido e Multicloud: Complexidade é Custo Nem tudo precisa ir para a AWS, e nem tudo deve sair do seu Data Center local. A maturidade em nuvem não significa "desligar tudo o que é físico", mas sim saber onde cada peça do jogo custa menos. Empresas podem operam em modelos híbridos estratégicos: O Lugar do Legado (On-Premise): Aquele banco de dados gigante ou mainframe que já está quitado, não cresce mais e roda de forma previsível? Deixe onde está. Migrar esses monstros para a nuvem apenas copiando e colando ("Lift-and-Shift") costuma ser um desastre financeiro. Na nuvem, você paga caro por performance de disco (IOPS) e memória que, no seu servidor físico, já são "gratuitos". O Lugar da Inovação (Nuvem): Seu site, aplicativos móveis e APIs que precisam aguentar milhões de acessos num dia e zero no outro? Leve para a nuvem. Lá você paga pela elasticidade e pelo alcance global que o servidor físico não consegue entregar. Cuidado com a Armadilha Multicloud Muitos gestores caem na tentação de usar AWS, Azure e Google Cloud ao mesmo tempo sob o pretexto de "evitar ficar preso a um fornecedor" (Vendor Lock-in). Na prática, para a maioria das empresas, isso triplica o custo operacional . Você precisará de equipes especialistas em três plataformas diferentes, perderá descontos por volume (diluindo seu gasto) e pagará taxas altíssimas de transferência de dados (Egress) para fazer as nuvens conversarem entre si. Complexidade técnica é, invariavelmente, custo financeiro. Como gerenciar essa infraestrutura sem perder o controle? O uso de ferramentas como Terraform ou OpenTofu . Com elas, criar um servidor não é mais clicar em botões numa tela, mas sim escrever um arquivo de texto (código). Isso habilita a Revisão de Código Financeira : Um desenvolvedor propõe uma mudança no código da infraestrutura. Antes de aprovar, o time revisa num "Pull Request". A pergunta muda de "O código está certo?" para "Por que você alterou a máquina de micro para extra-large ?" . O Code Review de infraestrutura torna-se a primeira e mais barata linha de defesa do FinOps, barrando gastos desnecessários antes mesmo que eles sejam criados. Conclusão: A Nuvem não é um Destino, é um Modelo Econômico Migrar para a nuvem não é apenas trocar de servidor; é adotar um novo paradigma operacional e financeiro. Tratar a AWS como um "datacenter glorificado" é o caminho mais rápido para transformar a inovação em prejuízo: ao fazer isso, você acaba pagando a diária de um hotel cinco estrelas apenas para estocar caixas de papelão que poderiam estar num depósito simples. A virada de chave acontece na cultura. Comece pelo básico bem feito: aplique Tags rigorosamente, automatize a limpeza de recursos e traga o custo para o centro das decisões de arquitetura. Lembre-se que, neste novo mundo, a excelência técnica é inseparável da eficiência financeira: o melhor código não é apenas o que funciona, é o que entrega valor máximo consumindo o mínimo de orçamento. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Web3 Follow Hide Web3 refers to the next generation of the internet that leverages blockchain technology to enable decentralized and trustless systems for financial transactions, data storage, and other applications. Create Post Older #web3 posts 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Is Solana Really Running Out of Memory? SolTap SolTap SolTap Follow Dec 1 '25 Is Solana Really Running Out of Memory? # solana # web3 # datastructures # development 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Getting Started with Midnight: Full Privacy dApp Setup (Lace, Compact, Docker & More) Midnight Network Challenge: Enhance the Ecosystem Martin Rivero Martin Rivero Martin Rivero Follow Nov 30 '25 Getting Started with Midnight: Full Privacy dApp Setup (Lace, Compact, Docker & More) # midnightchallenge # web3 # zk # privacy Comments Add Comment 2 min read Zero-Knowledge for Developers Who Hate Math: A Practical Guide to ZK Tooling in 2025 Emir Taner Emir Taner Emir Taner Follow Dec 9 '25 Zero-Knowledge for Developers Who Hate Math: A Practical Guide to ZK Tooling in 2025 # webdev # productivity # devops # web3 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read # XChainJS Cross-Chain Swap Example (THORChain) Fabricio Viskor Fabricio Viskor Fabricio Viskor Follow Dec 19 '25 # XChainJS Cross-Chain Swap Example (THORChain) # blockchain # web3 # webdev # programming Comments 1 comment 2 min read Simple Steps to Deploy Smart Contract Janith Disanayake Janith Disanayake Janith Disanayake Follow Dec 19 '25 Simple Steps to Deploy Smart Contract # smartcontract # hardhat # web3 # blockchain Comments 1 comment 3 min read Barman: Giải pháp Sao lưu & Phục hồi PostgreSQL mã nguồn mở Stelixx Insider Stelixx Insider Stelixx Insider Follow Nov 26 '25 Barman: Giải pháp Sao lưu & Phục hồi PostgreSQL mã nguồn mở # ai # web3 # blockchain # productivity Comments Add Comment 2 min read Acessibilidade na Prática Gabriel Luiz Gabriel Luiz Gabriel Luiz Follow Dec 30 '25 Acessibilidade na Prática # webdev # a11y # web3 # w3c Comments Add Comment 6 min read Collecting Fees and Rewards from Orca Whirlpool Positions Thomas Cosialls Thomas Cosialls Thomas Cosialls Follow Nov 27 '25 Collecting Fees and Rewards from Orca Whirlpool Positions # blockchain # tutorial # rust # web3 Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Cryptography That Powers Solana: A Developer's Guide James Okonkwo James Okonkwo James Okonkwo Follow Nov 26 '25 The Cryptography That Powers Solana: A Developer's Guide # tutorial # security # web3 # blockchain Comments Add Comment 3 min read Just launched my portfolio Adongofreed Adongofreed Adongofreed Follow Nov 26 '25 Just launched my portfolio # webdev # programming # web3 # frontend Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building My Crypto Research Watchlist (Beginner Full-Stack Project) Rohan Nilatkar Rohan Nilatkar Rohan Nilatkar Follow Nov 24 '25 Building My Crypto Research Watchlist (Beginner Full-Stack Project) # programming # cryptocurrency # web3 # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read Securities vs. Commodities: Why Crypto Classification Matters More Than You Think Umang Suthar Umang Suthar Umang Suthar Follow Dec 8 '25 Securities vs. Commodities: Why Crypto Classification Matters More Than You Think # ai # web3 # blockchain # cryptocurrency 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read From Code to Coffee: How Using Crypto in Daily Life Changed My Workflow (and What I Learned About On/Off Ramps) ☕️💸 Emir Taner Emir Taner Emir Taner Follow Nov 24 '25 From Code to Coffee: How Using Crypto in Daily Life Changed My Workflow (and What I Learned About On/Off Ramps) ☕️💸 # blockchain # web3 # api # webdev 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🌱 Learning to Build With AI Is Powerful, But Sometimes Can Be Overwhelming Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed Ibrahim Follow Nov 25 '25 🌱 Learning to Build With AI Is Powerful, But Sometimes Can Be Overwhelming # javascript # web3 # architecture # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read Cross-Chain Technology: The Future of Blockchain Interoperability Rowan Meritt Rowan Meritt Rowan Meritt Follow Nov 25 '25 Cross-Chain Technology: The Future of Blockchain Interoperability # architecture # blockchain # web3 Comments Add Comment 5 min read Building Decentralized Architectures with Web3 and Symfony 7.4 Matt Mochalkin Matt Mochalkin Matt Mochalkin Follow Dec 16 '25 Building Decentralized Architectures with Web3 and Symfony 7.4 # web3 # symfony # php # security 5 reactions Comments 1 comment 7 min read How EIP-4844 Changed Ethereum Gas Prices Ruangsak Patomwong Ruangsak Patomwong Ruangsak Patomwong Follow Nov 23 '25 How EIP-4844 Changed Ethereum Gas Prices # ethereum # blockchain # web3 Comments Add Comment 11 min read USDT BEP20 Rohit Basu Rohit Basu Rohit Basu Follow Dec 28 '25 USDT BEP20 # discuss # blockchain # web3 # coding Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Web2 Mental Model Doesn’t Work in Web3 WingsDevelopment WingsDevelopment WingsDevelopment Follow Dec 27 '25 The Web2 Mental Model Doesn’t Work in Web3 # react # tanstackquery # web3 # architecture 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Issue #5: Blockchain Cryptography (part 2) Temiloluwa Akintade Temiloluwa Akintade Temiloluwa Akintade Follow Nov 27 '25 Issue #5: Blockchain Cryptography (part 2) # web3 # blockchain 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 2 min read Do companies share API docs with third-party integration providers? Marga Aber Marga Aber Marga Aber Follow Nov 23 '25 Do companies share API docs with third-party integration providers? # webdev # programming # architecture # web3 Comments Add Comment 1 min read Forget the Hype: Build and Break Your Own Blockchain in the Browser (No Install, 100% Private) techno kraft techno kraft techno kraft Follow Dec 27 '25 Forget the Hype: Build and Break Your Own Blockchain in the Browser (No Install, 100% Private) # showdev # cryptocurrency # blockchain # web3 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Wallet-as-a-Service: The Missing Layer in Modern Web3 Infrastructure Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Nov 26 '25 Wallet-as-a-Service: The Missing Layer in Modern Web3 Infrastructure # webdev # programming # blockchain # web3 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Divine Algorithm: A Developer’s Confession crow crow crow Follow Nov 22 '25 The Divine Algorithm: A Developer’s Confession # watercooler # web3 # showdev # mentalhealth Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building a Simple Crypto Trading Bot in Python & Node.js Riley Quinn Riley Quinn Riley Quinn Follow Dec 26 '25 Building a Simple Crypto Trading Bot in Python & Node.js # automation # web3 # ccxt # node Comments Add Comment 5 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/t/healthcare | Healthcare - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # healthcare Follow Hide Create Post Older #healthcare posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Zorgdomein Integration: A Guide to Secure .NET & Azure Architecture Prashant Lakhlani Prashant Lakhlani Prashant Lakhlani Follow Jan 12 Zorgdomein Integration: A Guide to Secure .NET & Azure Architecture # healthcare # fhir # iis Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building an Autonomous Medical Pre-Authorization Agent: My Experiment with AI in Healthcare Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Follow Jan 12 Building an Autonomous Medical Pre-Authorization Agent: My Experiment with AI in Healthcare # ai # python # agents # healthcare 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Testing Recovery: Proving Your App Helps People Stabilize CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Jan 8 Testing Recovery: Proving Your App Helps People Stabilize # testing # a11y # healthcare # react Comments Add Comment 10 min read Autonomous Clinical Trial compliance: Solving Protocol Bottlenecks with AI Agents Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Follow Jan 9 Autonomous Clinical Trial compliance: Solving Protocol Bottlenecks with AI Agents # healthcare # ai # python # automation Comments Add Comment 7 min read Autonomous Clinical Trial compliance: Solving Protocol Bottlenecks with AI Agents Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Follow Jan 9 Autonomous Clinical Trial compliance: Solving Protocol Bottlenecks with AI Agents # healthcare # ai # python # automation Comments Add Comment 7 min read Autonomous Clinical Trial compliance: Solving Protocol Bottlenecks with AI Agents Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Follow Jan 9 Autonomous Clinical Trial compliance: Solving Protocol Bottlenecks with AI Agents # healthcare # ai # python # automation Comments Add Comment 7 min read Autonomous Clinical Trial compliance: Solving Protocol Bottlenecks with AI Agents Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Follow Jan 9 Autonomous Clinical Trial compliance: Solving Protocol Bottlenecks with AI Agents # healthcare # ai # python # automation Comments Add Comment 7 min read Autonomous Clinical Trial compliance: Solving Protocol Bottlenecks with AI Agents Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Follow Jan 9 Autonomous Clinical Trial compliance: Solving Protocol Bottlenecks with AI Agents # healthcare # ai # python # automation Comments Add Comment 7 min read Test Your Tests: Does Your Crisis Simulation Match Reality? CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Jan 7 Test Your Tests: Does Your Crisis Simulation Match Reality? # testing # a11y # healthcare # react Comments Add Comment 10 min read Building an Autonomous ClinicalOps Watchdog: My Experiment in Automating Clinical Trial Monitoring Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Follow Jan 5 Building an Autonomous ClinicalOps Watchdog: My Experiment in Automating Clinical Trial Monitoring # python # datascience # healthcare # ai Comments Add Comment 5 min read Building an Autonomous ClinicalOps Watchdog: My Experiment in Automating Clinical Trial Monitoring Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Follow Jan 5 Building an Autonomous ClinicalOps Watchdog: My Experiment in Automating Clinical Trial Monitoring # python # datascience # healthcare # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building an Autonomous ClinicalOps Watchdog: My Experiment in Automating Clinical Trial Monitoring Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Follow Jan 5 Building an Autonomous ClinicalOps Watchdog: My Experiment in Automating Clinical Trial Monitoring # python # datascience # healthcare # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read When Crises Stack: Testing Co-Occurrence Without Cascading Failures CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Dec 30 '25 When Crises Stack: Testing Co-Occurrence Without Cascading Failures # testing # a11y # healthcare # react Comments Add Comment 9 min read Fake Patients, Real Testing: Generating HIPAA-Compliant Data Like a Pro Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Follow Dec 30 '25 Fake Patients, Real Testing: Generating HIPAA-Compliant Data Like a Pro # programming # generative # healthcare Comments Add Comment 4 min read Synchronizer API Quickstart: Build Once, Integrate with 15+ Dental PMS Systems CAmador CAmador CAmador Follow Dec 27 '25 Synchronizer API Quickstart: Build Once, Integrate with 15+ Dental PMS Systems # healthcare # api # integration # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read Key Data Analytics Concepts Every Health Tech Developer Should Know Lucas Wade Lucas Wade Lucas Wade Follow Dec 24 '25 Key Data Analytics Concepts Every Health Tech Developer Should Know # healthcare # analytics Comments Add Comment 5 min read Testing Across the Stack: UI Storage Encryption Offline Resilience CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Dec 23 '25 Testing Across the Stack: UI Storage Encryption Offline Resilience # testing # a11y # healthcare # react Comments Add Comment 11 min read Healthcare Data Breaches Have Become Cost Centers, Not Emergencies ZB25 ZB25 ZB25 Follow Dec 24 '25 Healthcare Data Breaches Have Become Cost Centers, Not Emergencies # cybersecurity # healthcare # databreach # privacy Comments Add Comment 6 min read HIPAA Mobile QA Checklist: Your Testing Pipeline is a Compliance Risk Om Narayan Om Narayan Om Narayan Follow Dec 28 '25 HIPAA Mobile QA Checklist: Your Testing Pipeline is a Compliance Risk # security # healthcare # testing # compliance 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Performance Under Pressure: Crisis Detection Without UI Lag CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Dec 18 '25 Performance Under Pressure: Crisis Detection Without UI Lag # testing # a11y # healthcare # react Comments Add Comment 10 min read Demonstrating Bias and Mitigation in a Simple Clinical ML Pipeline Dimitrii Lyomin Dimitrii Lyomin Dimitrii Lyomin Follow Dec 18 '25 Demonstrating Bias and Mitigation in a Simple Clinical ML Pipeline # ai # bias # machinelearning # healthcare Comments Add Comment 2 min read Privacy-Preserving Analytics: Proving You Can Measure Without Identity CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Dec 16 '25 Privacy-Preserving Analytics: Proving You Can Measure Without Identity # testing # a11y # healthcare # react Comments Add Comment 11 min read Building an Autonomous ClinicalOps Watchdog: My Experiment in Automating Clinical Trial Monitoring Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Follow Jan 5 Building an Autonomous ClinicalOps Watchdog: My Experiment in Automating Clinical Trial Monitoring # python # datascience # healthcare # ai Comments 1 comment 4 min read Visual Regression for Adaptive Interfaces: Testing That Crisis Mode Actually Looks Different CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Dec 13 '25 Visual Regression for Adaptive Interfaces: Testing That Crisis Mode Actually Looks Different # testing # a11y # healthcare # react Comments Add Comment 9 min read Beyond Manual Audits: Building an Autonomous AI Clinical Compliance Auditor Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Aniket Hingane Follow Jan 8 Beyond Manual Audits: Building an Autonomous AI Clinical Compliance Auditor # ai # healthcare # python # langchain 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 5 min read loading... trending guides/resources Cracking the Medical Coding Challenge: Fine-Tuning BioBERT for ICD-10 Classification (Part 1) Building a Clinical AI Assistant with RAG and GPT-4 A Step-by-Step Guide on How to Integrate AI Into Your Existing Health App Flutter vs React Native: Which Is Better for Healthcare & Fitness Apps? How to Build HIPAA-Compliant Web Apps Using ASP.NET for Healthcare in 2026 Data Analytics in Healthcare: Engineering the Future of Intelligent Medicine The Ethics of Simulation: How to Test Trauma-Informed Features Without Exploiting Real Pain FHIR MCP Server: Use Cases for Healthcare Developers Beyond Manual Audits: Building an Autonomous AI Clinical Compliance Auditor The False Positive Problem: Calibrating Crisis Detection Without Becoming The Boy Who Cried Wolf Building an Autonomous ClinicalOps Watchdog: My Experiment in Automating Clinical Trial Monitoring Building an Autonomous ClinicalOps Watchdog: My Experiment in Automating Clinical Trial Monitoring How I Built a Privacy-First Prediabetes Risk Calculator Using Pure JavaScript (No Backend Needed) Does NPS Really Predict Revenue in Healthcare Clinics? I Spent 12 Weeks Finding Out. Understanding Agent-Driven Healthcare Chatbots: A Detailed Guide Test Your Tests: Does Your Crisis Simulation Match Reality? Key Data Analytics Concepts Every Health Tech Developer Should Know Designing a Secure Healthcare CRM Architecture Using .NET and Azure Synchronizer API Quickstart: Build Once, Integrate with 15+ Dental PMS Systems From Raw Claims and Clinical Data to PCORnet CDM: End-to-End ETL on Snowflake 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . 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https://dev.to/aws-builders/how-i-troubleshoot-an-ec2-instance-in-the-real-world-using-instance-diagnostics-3dk8#cloudtrail-events-tracking-configuration-changes | 🩺 How I Troubleshoot an EC2 Instance in the Real World (Using Instance Diagnostics) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi for AWS Community Builders Posted on Jan 12 🩺 How I Troubleshoot an EC2 Instance in the Real World (Using Instance Diagnostics) # aws # ec2 # linux # cloud When an EC2 instance starts misbehaving, my first reaction is not to SSH into it or reboot it. Instead, I open the EC2 console and go straight to Instance Diagnostics . Over time, I’ve realized that most EC2 issues can be understood — and often solved — just by carefully reading what AWS already shows on this page. In this blog, I’ll explain how I use each section of Instance Diagnostics to troubleshoot EC2 issues in a practical, real-world way. The First Question I Answer Before touching anything, I ask myself one simple question: Is this an AWS infrastructure issue, or is it something inside my instance? Instance Diagnostics helps answer this in seconds. Status Overview: Always the Starting Point I always begin with the Status Overview at the top. Instance State This confirms whether the instance is running, stopped, or terminated. If it is not running, there is usually nothing to troubleshoot. System Status Check This reflects the health of the underlying AWS infrastructure such as the physical host and networking. If this check fails, the issue is on the AWS side. In most cases, stopping and starting the instance resolves it by moving the instance to a healthy host. Instance Status Check This check represents the health of the operating system and internal networking. If this fails, the problem is inside the instance — typically related to OS boot issues, kernel problems, firewall rules, or resource exhaustion. EBS Status Check This confirms the health of the attached EBS volumes. If this fails, disk or storage-level issues are likely, and data protection becomes the immediate priority. CloudTrail Events: Tracking Configuration Changes If an issue appears suddenly, the CloudTrail Events tab is where I go next. I use it to confirm: Whether the instance was stopped, started, or rebooted If security groups or network settings were modified Whether IAM roles or instance profiles were changed If volumes were attached or detached This helps quickly identify human or automation-driven changes. SSM Command History: Understanding What Ran on the Instance The SSM Command History tab shows all Systems Manager Run Commands executed on the instance. This is especially useful for identifying: Patch jobs Maintenance scripts Automated remediations Configuration changes If there are no recent commands, that information itself is useful because it confirms that no SSM-driven actions caused the issue. Reachability Analyzer: When the Issue Is Network-Related If the instance is running but not reachable, I open the Reachability Analyzer directly from Instance Diagnostics. This is my go-to tool for diagnosing: Security group issues Network ACL misconfigurations Route table problems Internet gateway or NAT gateway connectivity VPC-to-VPC or on-prem connectivity issues Instead of guessing, Reachability Analyzer visually shows exactly where the network path is blocked. Instance Events: Checking AWS-Initiated Actions The Instance Events tab tells me if AWS has scheduled or performed any actions on the instance. This includes: Scheduled maintenance Host retirement Instance reboot notifications If an issue aligns with one of these events, the root cause becomes immediately clear. Instance Screenshot: When the OS Is Stuck If I cannot connect to the instance at all, I check the Instance Screenshot . This is especially helpful for: Identifying boot failures Detecting kernel panic messages Seeing whether the OS is stuck during startup Even a single screenshot can explain hours of troubleshooting. System Log: Understanding Boot and Kernel Issues The System Log provides low-level OS and kernel messages. I rely on it when: The instance fails to boot properly Services fail during startup Kernel or file system errors are suspected This is one of the best tools for diagnosing OS-level failures without logging in. [[0;32m OK [0m] Reached target [0;1;39mTimer Units[0m. [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mUser Login Management[0m. [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mUnattended Upgrades Shutdown[0m. [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mHostname Service[0m. Starting [0;1;39mAuthorization Manager[0m... [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mAuthorization Manager[0m. [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mThe PHP 8.2 FastCGI Process Manager[0m. [[0;32m OK [0m] Finished [0;1;39mEC2 Instance Connect Host Key Harvesting[0m. Starting [0;1;39mOpenBSD Secure Shell server[0m... [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mOpenBSD Secure Shell server[0m. [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mDispatcher daemon for systemd-networkd[0m. [[0;1;31mFAILED[0m] Failed to start [0;1;39mPostfix Ma… Transport Agent (instance -)[0m. See 'systemctl status postfix@-.service' for details. [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mLSB: AWS CodeDeploy Host Agent[0m. [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mVarnish HTTP accelerator log daemon[0m. [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mSnap Daemon[0m. Starting [0;1;39mTime & Date Service[0m... [ 13.865473] cloud-init[1136]: Cloud-init v. 25.1.4-0ubuntu0~22.04.1 running 'modules:config' at Fri, 05 Dec 2025 01:25:29 +0000. Up 13.71 seconds. Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS ip-***** ttyS0 ip-****** login: [ 15.070290] cloud-init[1152]: Cloud-init v. 25.1.4-0ubuntu0~22.04.1 running 'modules:final' at Fri, 05 Dec 2025 01:25:30 +0000. Up 14.98 seconds. 2025/12/05 01:25:30Z: Amazon SSM Agent v3.3.2299.0 is running 2025/12/05 01:25:30Z: OsProductName: Ubuntu 2025/12/05 01:25:30Z: OsVersion: 22.04 [ 15.189197] cloud-init[1152]: Cloud-init v. 25.1.4-0ubuntu0~22.04.1 finished at Fri, 05 Dec 2025 01:25:30 +0000. Datasource DataSourceEc2Local. Up 15.16 seconds 2025/12/15 21:35:50Z: Amazon SSM Agent v3.3.3050.0 is running 2025/12/15 21:35:50Z: OsProductName: Ubuntu 2025/12/15 21:35:50Z: OsVersion: 22.04 [1091674.876805] Out of memory: Killed process 465 (java) total-vm:11360104kB, anon-rss:1200164kB, file-rss:3072kB, shmem-rss:0kB, UID:1004 pgtables:2760kB oom_score_adj:0 [1091770.835233] Out of memory: Killed process 349683 (php) total-vm:563380kB, anon-rss:430132kB, file-rss:4096kB, shmem-rss:0kB, UID:0 pgtables:1068kB oom_score_adj:0 [1092018.639252] Out of memory: Killed process 347300 (php-fpm8.2) total-vm:531624kB, anon-rss:193648kB, file-rss:3456kB, shmem-rss:106240kB, UID:33 pgtables:888kB oom_score_adj:0 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Session Manager: Secure Access Without SSH If Systems Manager is enabled, I prefer using Session Manager to access the instance. This allows me to: Inspect CPU, memory, and disk usage Restart services safely Avoid opening SSH ports or managing key pairs From both a security and operational standpoint, this is my preferred access method. What Experience Has Taught Me Troubleshooting EC2 instances is not about reacting quickly — it is about observing carefully. Instance Diagnostics already provides: Health signals Change history Network analysis OS-level visibility When used correctly, these tools eliminate guesswork and reduce downtime. Final Thoughts My approach to EC2 troubleshooting is simple: Start with Instance Diagnostics. Understand the signals. Act only after the root cause is clear. In most cases, the answer is already visible — we just need to slow down and read it. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse AWS Community Builders Follow Build On! Would you like to become an AWS Community Builder? Learn more about the program and apply to join when applications are open next. Learn more More from AWS Community Builders Explain Basic AI Concepts And Terminologies # aws # ai # aipractitioner # cloud What I Learned Using Specification-Driven Development with Kiro # aws # serverless # kiro 5 Practical Tips for the Terraform Authoring and Operations Professional Exam # terraform # aws 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . 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https://dev.to/ed-wantuil/cloud-sem-falencia-o-minimo-que-voce-precisa-saber-de-finops-8ao#os-8-cavaleiros-do-apocalipse-financeiro-na-aws | Cloud Sem Falência: O mínimo que você precisa saber de FinOps - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Ed Wantuil Posted on Jan 12 Cloud Sem Falência: O mínimo que você precisa saber de FinOps # devops # cloud # braziliandevs Imagine a cena: você trabalha em uma empresa consolidada. Vocês têm aquele rack de servidores físicos robusto, piscando luzinhas em uma sala gelada, com piso elevado e controle biométrico (o famoso On-Premise ). Tudo funciona. O banco de dados aguenta o tranco, a latência é zero na rede local. Mas a diretoria decide que é hora de "modernizar". "Vamos migrar para a Nuvem!" , dizem eles, com os olhos brilhando. A promessa no PowerPoint é sedutora: flexibilidade infinita , segurança gerenciada e o mantra mágico: "pagar só pelo que usar" . A migração acontece via Lift-and-Shift (pegar o que existe e jogar na nuvem sem refatorar). A equipe de Infra e Dev comemoram. O Deploy é um sucesso. Três meses depois, chega a fatura da AWS. O diretor financeiro (CFO) não apenas cai da cadeira; ele convoca uma reunião de emergência. O custo, que antes era uma linha fixa e previsível no balanço anual, triplicou e agora flutua violentamente. O que deu errado? Simples: A engenharia tratou a Nuvem como um Data Center físico, apenas alugado. Hoje, vamos falar sobre os riscos dessa mudança e como aplicar FinOps não como burocracia, mas como requisito de arquitetura. (Nota: Usaremos a AWS nos exemplos por ser a stack padrão de mercado, mas a lógica se aplica integralmente ao Azure, GCP e OCI). 🦄 A Ilusão da Mágica: CAPEX vs. OPEX na Engenharia Para entender a conta da AWS, você precisa entender como o dinheiro sai do cofre da empresa. A mudança da nuvem não é apenas sobre onde o servidor roda, é sobre quem assume o risco do desperdício. 1. CAPEX (Capital Expenditure): A Lógica do "PC Gamer" CAPEX é Despesa de Capital. É comprar a "caixa". Imagine que você vai montar um PC Gamer High-End. Você gasta R$ 20.000,00 na loja. Doeu no bolso na hora, certo? Mas depois que o PC está na sua mesa: Custo Marginal Zero: Se você jogar Paciência ou renderizar um vídeo em 8K a noite toda, não faz diferença financeira para o seu bolso (tirando a conta de luz, que é irrisória perto do hardware). O dinheiro já foi gasto ( Sunk Cost ). O Comportamento do Engenheiro (On-Premise): Como o processo de compra é lento (meses de cotação e aprovação), você tem medo de faltar recurso. Mentalidade: "Vou pedir um servidor com 64 Cores, mesmo precisando de 16. Se sobrar, melhor. O hardware é nosso mesmo." Código: Eficiência não é prioridade financeira. Um código mal otimizado que consome 90% da CPU não gera uma fatura extra no fim do mês. 2. OPEX (Operational Expenditure): A Lógica do Uber OPEX é Despesa Operacional. É o custo de funcionamento do dia a dia. Na nuvem, você não comprou o carro; você está rodando de Uber 24 horas por dia. Custo Marginal Real: Cada minuto parado no sinal custa dinheiro. Cada desvio de rota custa dinheiro. O Comportamento do Engenheiro (Cloud): Aqui, a ineficiência é taxada instantaneamente. Mentalidade: Aquele servidor de 64 cores e 512GB de ram parado esperando tráfego é como deixar o Uber te esperando na porta do escritório enquanto você trabalha. O taxímetro está rodando. Código: Um loop infinito ou uma query sem índice no banco de dados não deixa apenas o sistema lento; ele queima dinheiro vivo . Comparativo para Desenvolvedores (Salve isso) Feature CAPEX (On-Premise / Hardware Próprio) OPEX (Cloud / AWS / Azure) Commit Financeiro Você paga tudo antes de usar (Upfront). Você paga depois de usar (Pay-as-you-go). Latência de Aprovação Alta. Precisa de reuniões, assinaturas e compras. Zero. Um terraform apply gasta dinheiro instantaneamente. Risco de Capacidade Subutilização. Comprar um servidor monstro e usar 10%. Conta Surpresa. Esquecer algo ligado ou escalar infinitamente. Otimização de Código Melhora performance, mas não reduz a fatura do hardware. Reduz diretamente a fatura. Código limpo = Dinheiro no caixa. Por que isso afeta a sua Arquitetura? Se você desenha uma arquitetura pensando em CAPEX (Mundo Físico) e a implementa em OPEX (Nuvem), você cria um desastre financeiro. No CAPEX , a estratégia de defesa é: "Superdimensionar para garantir estabilidade". (Compre o maior servidor possível). No OPEX , a estratégia de defesa é: "Elasticidade". (Comece com o menor servidor possível e configure para crescer sozinho apenas se necessário). 💸 Os 8 Cavaleiros do Apocalipse Financeiro na AWS Na nuvem, os maiores vilões raramente são tecnologias complexas de IA ou Big Data. Quase sempre são decisões arquiteturais preguiçosas e falta de governança . 1. Instâncias "Just in Case": O Custo do Seguro Psicológico O sobredimensionamento é um vício comum: o desenvolvedor sobe uma instância m5.2xlarge (8 vCPUs, 32GB RAM) não porque a aplicação exige, mas porque ele "não quer ter dor de cabeça". É o provisionamento baseado no medo, criando uma margem de segurança gigantesca e cara para evitar qualquer risco hipotético de lentidão. A realidade nua e crua aparece no CloudWatch: na maior parte do tempo, essa supermáquina opera com apenas 12% de CPU e usa uma fração da memória. Pagar por uma 2xlarge para rodar essa carga é como fretar um ônibus de 50 lugares para levar apenas 4 pessoas ao trabalho todos os dias. Você está pagando pelo "espaço vazio" e pelo motor potente do ônibus, enquanto um carro popular ( t3.medium ) faria o mesmo trajeto com o mesmo conforto e muito mais economia. 2. Ambientes Zumbis: A Torneira Aberta Fora do Expediente "Ambientes Zumbis" são servidores de Desenvolvimento e Homologação que operam como cópias fiéis da Produção, mas sem a audiência dela. Eles permanecem ligados e faturando às 3 da manhã de um domingo, consumindo recursos de nuvem para processar absolutamente nada. Manter esses servidores ligados 24/7 é o equivalente digital de deixar o ar-condicionado de um escritório ligado no máximo durante todo o fim de semana , com o prédio completamente vazio. O impacto financeiro atua como um multiplicador de desperdício. Se você mantém três ambientes (Dev, Staging e Produção) com arquiteturas similares ligados ininterruptamente, seu custo base é 300% do necessário . A matemática é cruel: uma semana tem 168 horas, mas seus desenvolvedores trabalham apenas 40. Você está pagando por 128 horas de ociosidade pura por máquina, todas as semanas. A primeira cura para esse desperdício é o agendamento automático. Utilizando soluções como o AWS Instance Scheduler (ou Lambdas simples), configuramos os ambientes para "acordar" às 08:00 e "dormir" às 20:00, de segunda a sexta-feira. Apenas essa automação básica, sem alterar uma linha de código da aplicação, reduz a fatura desses ambientes não-produtivos em cerca de 70% . 3. O Esquecimento Crônico: O Custo do Limbo Um dos "pegadinhas" mais comuns da nuvem acontece no momento de desligar as luzes: quando você termina uma instância EC2, o senso comum diz que a cobrança para. O erro está em assumir que a máquina e o disco são uma peça única. Por padrão, ao "matar" o servidor, o volume de armazenamento (EBS) acoplado a ele muitas vezes sobrevive, entrando num estado de limbo financeiro. O resultado é o acúmulo de EBS Órfãos : centenas de discos no estado "Available" (não atrelados a ninguém), cheios de dados inúteis ou completamente vazios, pelos quais você paga o preço cheio do gigabyte provisionado. É comparável a vender seu carro, mas esquecer de cancelar o aluguel da vaga de garagem: o veículo não existe mais, mas a cobrança pelo espaço que ele ocupava continua chegando todo mês na fatura. A situação piora com os Elastic IPs (EIPs) , que possuem uma lógica de cobrança invertida e punitiva. Devido à escassez mundial de endereços IPv4, a AWS não cobra pelo IP enquanto você o utiliza, mas começa a cobrar assim que ele fica ocioso . É como uma "multa por não uso": se você reserva um endereço IP e não o atrela a uma instância em execução, você paga por estar "segurando" um recurso escasso sem necessidade. 4. O Cemitério de Dados no S3 Buckets S3 tendem a virar "cemitérios digitais" onde logs, backups e assets se acumulam indefinidamente. O erro crucial não é guardar os dados, mas a falta de estratégia: manter 100% desse volume na classe S3 Standard , pagando a tarifa mais alta da AWS por arquivos que ninguém acessa há meses. Para entender o prejuízo, imagine o S3 Standard como uma loja no corredor principal de um shopping: o aluguel é caríssimo porque o acesso é imediato e fácil ( baixa latência ). Manter logs de 2022 nessa classe é como alugar essa vitrine premium apenas para estocar caixas de papelão velhas. Dados "frios", que raramente são consultados, não precisam estar à mão em milissegundos; eles podem ficar num armazém mais distante e barato. A solução é o S3 Lifecycle , que automatiza a logística desse "estoque". Primeiro, ele atua na Transição : move automaticamente os dados que envelhecem da "vitrine" (Standard) para o "armazém" ( S3 Glacier ). No Glacier, você paga uma fração do preço, aceitando que o resgate do arquivo leve alguns minutos ou horas (maior latência), o que é aceitável para arquivos de auditoria ou backups antigos. Por fim, o Lifecycle resolve o acúmulo de lixo através da Expiração . Além de mover dados, você configura regras para deletar objetos definitivamente após um período, como remover logs temporários após 7 dias. Isso garante a higiene do ambiente, impedindo que você pague aluguel (seja no shopping ou no armazém) por dados inúteis que não deveriam mais existir. 5. Snapshots: O Colecionador de Backups Fantasmas Backups são a apólice de seguro da sua infraestrutura, mas a facilidade de criar snapshots na AWS gera um comportamento perigoso de acumulação. O erro clássico é configurar uma automação de snapshot diário e definir a retenção para "nunca" ou prazos absurdos como 5 anos. Embora os snapshots sejam incrementais (salvando apenas o que mudou), em bancos de dados transacionais com muita escrita, o volume de dados alterados cresce rápido, e a fatura acompanha. Para visualizar o desperdício, imagine que você compra o jornal do dia para ler as notícias. É útil ter os jornais da última semana na mesa para referência rápida. Mas guardar uma pilha de jornais diários de três anos atrás na sua sala ocupa espaço valioso e custa dinheiro, sendo que a chance de você precisar saber a "cotação do dólar numa terça-feira específica de 2021" é praticamente nula. Você está pagando armazenamento premium por "jornais velhos" que não têm valor de negócio. 6. Licenciamento Comercial (O Custo Invisível) Muitas empresas focam tanto em otimizar CPU e RAM que esquecem o elefante na sala: o custo de software. Ao rodar instâncias com Windows Server ou SQL Server Enterprise na AWS no modelo "License Included", você não paga apenas pela infraestrutura; você paga uma sobretaxa pesada pelo direito de uso do software proprietário. Esse custo é embutido na tarifa por hora e, em máquinas grandes, a licença pode custar mais caro que o próprio hardware. Para ilustrar a desproporção, usar o SQL Server Enterprise para uma aplicação que não utiliza funcionalidades avançadas (como Always On complexo ou compressão de dados específica) é como fretar um jato executivo apenas para ir comprar pão na padaria . O objetivo (armazenar e recuperar dados) é cumprido, mas você está pagando por um veículo de luxo quando uma bicicleta ou um Uber resolveria o problema com a mesma eficiência e uma fração do custo. A primeira camada de solução é a Otimização de Edição . É comum desenvolvedores solicitarem a versão Enterprise por "garantia" ou hábito, sem necessidade técnica real. Uma auditoria simples muitas vezes revela que a versão Standard atende a todos os requisitos da aplicação. Fazer esse downgrade reduz a fatura de licenciamento imediatamente, sem exigir mudanças drásticas na arquitetura ou no código. 7. Dilema Geográfico: Reduzindo a Fatura pela Metade Hospedar aplicações na região sa-east-1 (São Paulo) carrega um ágio pesado: o "Custo Brasil" digital faz com que a infraestrutura local custe, cerca de 50% a mais do que na us-east-1 (N. Virgínia). Migrar workloads para os EUA é, frequentemente, a manobra de FinOps com maior retorno imediato (ROI): você corta a fatura desses recursos praticamente pela metade apenas alterando o CEP do servidor, acessando o mesmo hardware por uma fração do preço. O principal bloqueador costuma ser o medo da LGPD , mas a crença de que a lei exige residência física dos dados no Brasil é um mito . O Artigo 33 permite a transferência internacional para países com proteção adequada (como os EUA), desde que coberto por contratos padrão. A legislação foca na segurança e privacidade do dado, não na sua latitude e longitude geográfica. Quanto à técnica, a latência para a Virgínia (~120ms) é imperceptível para a maioria das aplicações web, sistemas internos e dashboards. A estratégia inteligente é adotar uma região como US East como padrão para maximizar a economia, reservando São Paulo apenas para exceções que realmente exigem resposta em tempo real (como High Frequency Trading), evitando pagar preço de "primeira classe" para cargas de trabalho que rodariam perfeitamente na econômica. 8. Serverless: A Faca de Dois Gumes "Serverless" é computação sem gestão de infraestrutura (como AWS Lambda ou DynamoDB). Diferente de alugar um servidor fixo mensal, aqui você paga apenas pelos milissegundos que seu código executa ou pelo dado que você lê. É como a conta de luz: você só paga se o interruptor estiver ligado. A Estratégia: Para uso esporádico, é imbatível. Mas e para uso constante? Também pode ser uma excelente escolha! Embora a fatura de infraestrutura possa vir mais alta do que em servidores tradicionais, você elimina o trabalho pesado de manutenção. Muitas vezes, é financeiramente mais inteligente pagar um pouco mais para a AWS do que custear horas de engenharia ou contratar uma equipe dedicada apenas para gerenciar servidores, aplicar patches de segurança e configurar escalas. O segredo é olhar para o Custo Total (TCO), e não apenas para a linha de processamento na fatura. 🕵️♂️ FinOps: Engenharia Financeira na Prática FinOps não é apenas sobre "pedir desconto" ou cortar gastos; é a mudança cultural que descentraliza a responsabilidade do custo, empoderando engenheiros a tomar decisões baseadas em dados, não em palpites. Para que essa cultura saia do papel, ela precisa se apoiar em um tripé de governança robusto: a visibilidade granular garantida pelo tageamento correto (saber quem gasta), a segurança operacional monitorada pelo AWS Budgets (saber quando gasta) e a eficiência financeira obtida através dos Modelos de Compra inteligentes (saber como pagar). Sem integrar essas três frentes, a nuvem deixa de ser um acelerador de inovação para se tornar um passivo financeiro descontrolado. 1. TAGs: Sem Etiquetas, Sem Dados 🏷️ No AWS Cost Explorer, uma infraestrutura sem tags opera como uma "caixa preta" financeira: você encara uma fatura de $50.000, mas é incapaz de discernir se o rombo veio de um modelo crítico de Data Science ou de um cluster Kubernetes esquecido por um estagiário. Utiliza tags como custo:centro , app:nome , env e dono no momento dos recursos transformara números genéricos em rastreáveis, permitindo que cada centavo gasto tenha um responsável atrelado, eliminando definitivamente a cultura de que "o custo da nuvem não é problema meu". 2. AWS Budgets e Detecção de Anomalias 🚨 Não espere o fim do mês. Configure o AWS Budgets para alertar quando o custo projetado (forecasted) ultrapassar o limite. Dica: Ative o Cost Anomaly Detection . Ele usa Machine Learning para identificar picos anormais. Exemplo: Um deploy errado fez a cahamada para um Lambda entrar em loop infinito. O Anomaly Detection te avisa em horas, não no fim do mês. 3. Modelos de Compra: O Fim do On-Demand 💸 Operar 100% em On-Demand é pagar voluntariamente um "imposto sobre a falta de planejamento". A maturidade em FinOps exige abandonar o preço de varejo e adotar um mix estratégico: cubra sua carga de trabalho base (aquela que roda 24/7) com Savings Plans , que oferecem descontos de até 72% em troca de fidelidade, e mova cargas tolerantes a interrupções, como processamento de dados e pipelines de CI/CD, para Spot Instances , aproveitando a capacidade ociosa da AWS por até 10% do valor original . Ignorar essa estratégia e manter tudo no On-Demand é uma decisão consciente de desperdiçar orçamento que poderia ser reinvestido em inovação. 🧠 Dev Assina o Código e o Cheque No mundo On-Premise, um código ruim apenas deixava o sistema lento. Na Nuvem, código ineficiente gera uma fatura imediata . A barreira entre Engenharia e Financeiro desapareceu: cada linha de código é uma decisão de compra executada em tempo real. O desenvolvedor não consome apenas CPU, ele consome o orçamento da empresa. Para entender o impacto, veja o preço das más práticas: O Custo da Leitura: Uma query sem " WHERE " ou um Full Table Scan no DynamoDB não é apenas um problema de performance; você está pagando unidades de leitura para ler milhares de linhas inúteis. É como comprar a biblioteca inteira para ler uma única página. O Custo da Ineficiência: Um código com vazamento de memória engana o Auto Scaling . O sistema provisiona 10 servidores para fazer o trabalho de 2, desperdiçando dinheiro para compensar código ruim. O Custo do Ruído: Logs em modo VERBOSE esquecidos em produção são vilões. O CloudWatch cobra caro pela ingestão. Enviar gigabytes de "log de lixo" é literalmente pagar frete aéreo para transportar entulho. A Cultura de Engenharia Consciente de Custos: Estimativa no Refinamento: O custo deve ser debatido antes do código existir. Durante o Refinamento, ao definir a arquitetura, faça a pergunta: "Quais recursos vamos usar e quanto isso vai custar com a volumetria esperada?" . Se a solução técnica custa $1.000 para economizar $50 de esforço manual, ela deve ser vetada ali mesmo. Feedback Loop: O desenvolvedor precisa ver quanto o serviço dele custa. Painéis do Grafana ou Datadog devem mostrar não só a latência da API, mas o custo diário dela. Só existe responsabilidade quando existe consciência do preço. Cerimônia de Custo (FinOps Review): Estabeleça uma reunião recorrente dedicada a olhar o "Extrato da Conta" . O time analisa os custos atuais, investiga picos não planejados da semana anterior e discute ativamente: "Existe alguma oportunidade de desligar recursos ou otimizar este serviço agora?" . É a higiene financeira mantendo o projeto saudável. 🌐 O Mundo Híbrido e Multicloud: Complexidade é Custo Nem tudo precisa ir para a AWS, e nem tudo deve sair do seu Data Center local. A maturidade em nuvem não significa "desligar tudo o que é físico", mas sim saber onde cada peça do jogo custa menos. Empresas podem operam em modelos híbridos estratégicos: O Lugar do Legado (On-Premise): Aquele banco de dados gigante ou mainframe que já está quitado, não cresce mais e roda de forma previsível? Deixe onde está. Migrar esses monstros para a nuvem apenas copiando e colando ("Lift-and-Shift") costuma ser um desastre financeiro. Na nuvem, você paga caro por performance de disco (IOPS) e memória que, no seu servidor físico, já são "gratuitos". O Lugar da Inovação (Nuvem): Seu site, aplicativos móveis e APIs que precisam aguentar milhões de acessos num dia e zero no outro? Leve para a nuvem. Lá você paga pela elasticidade e pelo alcance global que o servidor físico não consegue entregar. Cuidado com a Armadilha Multicloud Muitos gestores caem na tentação de usar AWS, Azure e Google Cloud ao mesmo tempo sob o pretexto de "evitar ficar preso a um fornecedor" (Vendor Lock-in). Na prática, para a maioria das empresas, isso triplica o custo operacional . Você precisará de equipes especialistas em três plataformas diferentes, perderá descontos por volume (diluindo seu gasto) e pagará taxas altíssimas de transferência de dados (Egress) para fazer as nuvens conversarem entre si. Complexidade técnica é, invariavelmente, custo financeiro. Como gerenciar essa infraestrutura sem perder o controle? O uso de ferramentas como Terraform ou OpenTofu . Com elas, criar um servidor não é mais clicar em botões numa tela, mas sim escrever um arquivo de texto (código). Isso habilita a Revisão de Código Financeira : Um desenvolvedor propõe uma mudança no código da infraestrutura. Antes de aprovar, o time revisa num "Pull Request". A pergunta muda de "O código está certo?" para "Por que você alterou a máquina de micro para extra-large ?" . O Code Review de infraestrutura torna-se a primeira e mais barata linha de defesa do FinOps, barrando gastos desnecessários antes mesmo que eles sejam criados. Conclusão: A Nuvem não é um Destino, é um Modelo Econômico Migrar para a nuvem não é apenas trocar de servidor; é adotar um novo paradigma operacional e financeiro. Tratar a AWS como um "datacenter glorificado" é o caminho mais rápido para transformar a inovação em prejuízo: ao fazer isso, você acaba pagando a diária de um hotel cinco estrelas apenas para estocar caixas de papelão que poderiam estar num depósito simples. A virada de chave acontece na cultura. Comece pelo básico bem feito: aplique Tags rigorosamente, automatize a limpeza de recursos e traga o custo para o centro das decisões de arquitetura. Lembre-se que, neste novo mundo, a excelência técnica é inseparável da eficiência financeira: o melhor código não é apenas o que funciona, é o que entrega valor máximo consumindo o mínimo de orçamento. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. 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Right menu How to use AI to Increase Organic Traffic to a Shopify Store Alex Alex Alex Follow Jan 12 How to use AI to Increase Organic Traffic to a Shopify Store # shopify # ecommerce # ai # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why I Built a Group Buying App for Shopify Enes Efe Enes Efe Enes Efe Follow Jan 7 Why I Built a Group Buying App for Shopify # shopify # shopifyapp # ecommerce # saas Comments Add Comment 4 min read Why High-Traffic Shopify Stores Still Struggle With Engagement Ishan Makkar Ishan Makkar Ishan Makkar Follow Jan 2 Why High-Traffic Shopify Stores Still Struggle With Engagement # shopify # ecommerce # business # startup Comments Add Comment 4 min read Shopify + Power BI / Tableau: Visualizing E-commerce KPIs Lucy Lucy Lucy Follow Dec 30 '25 Shopify + Power BI / Tableau: Visualizing E-commerce KPIs # shopify # powerbi # tableau # ecommerce Comments Add Comment 4 min read Shopify Theme Devtools: Debug Liquid Like It's JavaScript Yakhyo Ismoildjonov Yakhyo Ismoildjonov Yakhyo Ismoildjonov Follow Jan 11 Shopify Theme Devtools: Debug Liquid Like It's JavaScript # shopify # shopifydevtools # shopifythemedevtools 3 reactions Comments 2 comments 7 min read Shopify + Voice Assistants: Alexa Integration for Order Status Tracking Lucy Lucy Lucy Follow Dec 24 '25 Shopify + Voice Assistants: Alexa Integration for Order Status Tracking # shopify # alexa Comments Add Comment 4 min read Shopify + Azure Logic Apps: Automating Workflows for Modern eCommerce Lucy Lucy Lucy Follow Dec 19 '25 Shopify + Azure Logic Apps: Automating Workflows for Modern eCommerce # shopify # azure # ecommerce Comments Add Comment 4 min read Shopify + Klaviyo + Node.js: Event-Driven Email Automation Explained (With Full Tutorial) Lucy Lucy Lucy Follow Dec 15 '25 Shopify + Klaviyo + Node.js: Event-Driven Email Automation Explained (With Full Tutorial) # shopify # node # klaviyo Comments Add Comment 4 min read Shopify Winter ’26 Edition: A Practical Guide For Developers And Businesses Harper Elise Callahan Harper Elise Callahan Harper Elise Callahan Follow Dec 20 '25 Shopify Winter ’26 Edition: A Practical Guide For Developers And Businesses # webdev # shopify # winteredition # winter26 Comments Add Comment 4 min read Managing Multiple Shopify Stores in 2025: Technical Solutions for Account Isolation and Security Digital Growth Pro Digital Growth Pro Digital Growth Pro Follow Dec 13 '25 Managing Multiple Shopify Stores in 2025: Technical Solutions for Account Isolation and Security # shopify # webdev # ecommrce # antidetect Comments Add Comment 7 min read Building a Production-Ready Shopify App with Background Jobs: A Complete Architecture Guide Mehedi Hassan Shifat Mehedi Hassan Shifat Mehedi Hassan Shifat Follow Dec 9 '25 Building a Production-Ready Shopify App with Background Jobs: A Complete Architecture Guide # shopify # architecture # webdev # programming Comments Add Comment 10 min read Gadget’s BFCM 2025 (in numbers) Gadget Gadget Gadget Follow Dec 2 '25 Gadget’s BFCM 2025 (in numbers) # webhooks # ai # saas # shopify 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Frontend Website Development: A Practical Guide for Modern Web Projects Jennifer Gordon Jennifer Gordon Jennifer Gordon Follow Dec 26 '25 Frontend Website Development: A Practical Guide for Modern Web Projects # frontend # webdev # shopify # ecommerce Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building a Real-Time Data Pipeline from Shopify to Meta's Marketing API Alex Toska Alex Toska Alex Toska Follow Dec 19 '25 Building a Real-Time Data Pipeline from Shopify to Meta's Marketing API # shopify # saas # typescript Comments Add Comment 4 min read Shopify Frontend Development & Custom Storefronts: The Complete 2026 Guide Puneet Puneet Puneet Follow Dec 18 '25 Shopify Frontend Development & Custom Storefronts: The Complete 2026 Guide # webdev # shopify # frontend # shopifyfrontenddevelopment 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read Use Gadget's Preact hooks to build Shopify UI extensions Gadget Gadget Gadget Follow Nov 12 '25 Use Gadget's Preact hooks to build Shopify UI extensions # gadget # shopify # preact # webdev 11 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read How ReportGuru Helps from Cracking the Code to Conversions? Anastasia Holikova Anastasia Holikova Anastasia Holikova Follow Nov 11 '25 How ReportGuru Helps from Cracking the Code to Conversions? # shopify # shopifystore # ecommerce # onlineshopping Comments Add Comment 1 min read Master Shopify Theme Development with JavaScript: Build Real Features Step-by-Step Saad Saif Saad Saif Saad Saif Follow Nov 17 '25 Master Shopify Theme Development with JavaScript: Build Real Features Step-by-Step # shopify # webdev # javascript # tutorial 4 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read Getting started with Shop Minis (and other mini apps!) Gadget Gadget Gadget Follow Dec 4 '25 Getting started with Shop Minis (and other mini apps!) # shopify # webdev # tutorial # saas 13 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read How to Integrate Google Sheets API with Shopify Using OAuth 2.0 Lucy Lucy Lucy Follow Oct 27 '25 How to Integrate Google Sheets API with Shopify Using OAuth 2.0 # shopify # googlesheet # oauth Comments Add Comment 4 min read Complete Shopify Theme Development Course in Hindi & Urdu (Beginner to Advanced) Saad Saif Saad Saif Saad Saif Follow Oct 21 '25 Complete Shopify Theme Development Course in Hindi & Urdu (Beginner to Advanced) # shopify # webdev # liquid # ecommerce Comments Add Comment 3 min read Creating a Custom Shopify App with Node.js Maksym Maksym Maksym Follow Oct 13 '25 Creating a Custom Shopify App with Node.js # shopify # node Comments Add Comment 6 min read Bulk Upload Products to Shopify with Variants, Metafields, and Images (Step-by-Step Guide) Lucy Lucy Lucy Follow Oct 13 '25 Bulk Upload Products to Shopify with Variants, Metafields, and Images (Step-by-Step Guide) # shopify # metafields Comments Add Comment 4 min read Automate Shopify Product Imports with Admin API Using Python or Node.js Lucy Lucy Lucy Follow Oct 9 '25 Automate Shopify Product Imports with Admin API Using Python or Node.js # shopify # python # node Comments Add Comment 4 min read Add custom badges on Shopify products without app Saad Saif Saad Saif Saad Saif Follow Oct 6 '25 Add custom badges on Shopify products without app # shopify # shopifydevelopment # programming # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... trending guides/resources Master Shopify Theme Development with JavaScript: Build Real Features Step-by-Step Getting started with Shop Minis (and other mini apps!) Building a Production-Ready Shopify App with Background Jobs: A Complete Architecture Guide Use Gadget's Preact hooks to build Shopify UI extensions Shopify + Azure Logic Apps: Automating Workflows for Modern eCommerce Shopify + Power BI / Tableau: Visualizing E-commerce KPIs Shopify + Voice Assistants: Alexa Integration for Order Status Tracking Shopify Frontend Development & Custom Storefronts: The Complete 2026 Guide Shopify Theme Devtools: Debug Liquid Like It's JavaScript Managing Multiple Shopify Stores in 2025: Technical Solutions for Account Isolation and Security Gadget’s BFCM 2025 (in numbers) How ReportGuru Helps from Cracking the Code to Conversions? 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https://dev.to/sagarparmarr/genx-from-childhood-flipbooks-to-premium-scroll-animation-1j4#build-butterysmooth-applestyle-image-sequence-animations-on-canvas-the-tiny-redraw-hack-that-saves-up-to-80-gpubattery-power | GenX: From Childhood Flipbooks to Premium Scroll Animation - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. 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Report Abuse Sagar Posted on Jan 13 • Originally published at sagarparmarr.hashnode.dev GenX: From Childhood Flipbooks to Premium Scroll Animation # webdev # performance # animation Build buttery-smooth, Apple-style image sequence animations on canvas + the tiny redraw hack that saves up to 80% GPU/battery power Hey there, fellow web dev enthusiasts! 🖐️ Remember those childhood flipbooks where you'd scribble a stick figure on the corner of your notebook pages, flip through them furiously, and suddenly – bam – your doodle was dancing? That's the nostalgic spark behind one of the coolest tricks in modern web design: image sequence animations . You've seen them on slick landing pages – those buttery-smooth, scroll-driven "videos" that feel alive as you navigate the site. But here's the plot twist: they're not videos at all . They're just a clever stack of images, orchestrated like a symphony on a <canvas> element. In this post, we're diving into how these animations work, why they're a game-changer for interactive storytelling, and – drumroll please 🥁 – a tiny optimization that stops your user's device from chugging power like it's training for a marathon. Let's flip the page and get started! ✨ Classic flipbook magic – the inspiration behind modern web wizardry Quick access (want to play right away?) → Live Demo → Full source code on GitHub Now let's get into how this magic actually works... Chapter 1: The Flipbook Reborn – What Is Image Sequence Animation? Picture this: You're on a high-end e-commerce site, scrolling down a product page. As your finger glides, a 3D model spins seamlessly, or a background scene morphs from day to night. It looks like high-def video, but peek at the network tab – no MP4 in sight . Instead, it's a barrage of optimized images (usually 100–200 WebP files) doing the heavy lifting. At its core, image sequence animation is digital flipbook wizardry : Export a video/animation as individual frames Preload them into memory as HTMLImageElement objects Drive playback with scroll position (0% = frame 1, 100% = last frame) Render the right frame on <canvas> Why choose this over <video> ? 🎮 Total control — perfect sync with scroll, hover, etc. ⚡ Lightweight hosting — images cache beautifully on CDNs, compress with WebP/AVIF 😅 No encoding drama — skip codecs, bitrates, and cross-browser video nightmares But every hero has a weakness: lots of network requests + heavy repainting = GPU sweat & battery drain on big/retina screens. We'll fix that soon. Smooth scroll-triggered image sequence in action Chapter 2: Behind the Curtain – How the Magic Happens (With Code!) Here's the typical flow in a React-ish world (pseudocode – adapt to vanilla/Vue/Svelte/whatever you love): // React-style pseudocode – hook it up to your scroll listener! const FRAME_COUNT = 192 ; // Your total frames const targetFrameRef = useRef ( 0 ); // Scroll-driven goal const currentFrameRef = useRef ( 0 ); // Current position const rafRef = useRef < number | null > ( null ); // Update target on scroll (progress: 0-1) function onScrollChange ( progress : number ) { const nextTarget = Math . round ( progress * ( FRAME_COUNT - 1 )); targetFrameRef . current = Math . clamp ( nextTarget , 0 , FRAME_COUNT - 1 ); // Assuming a clamp util } // The animation loop: Lerp and draw useEffect (() => { const tick = () => { const curr = currentFrameRef . current ; const target = targetFrameRef . current ; const diff = target - curr ; const step = Math . abs ( diff ) < 0.001 ? 0 : diff * 0.2 ; // Close the gap by 20% each frame const next = step === 0 ? target : curr + step ; currentFrameRef . current = next ; drawFrame ( Math . round ( next )); // Render the frame rafRef . current = requestAnimationFrame ( tick ); }; rafRef . current = requestAnimationFrame ( tick ); return () => { if ( rafRef . current ) cancelAnimationFrame ( rafRef . current ); }; }, []); function drawFrame ( index : number ) { const ctx = canvasRef . current ?. getContext ( ' 2d ' ); if ( ! ctx ) return ; // Clear, fill background, and draw image with contain-fit const img = preloadedImages [ index ]; ctx . clearRect ( 0 , 0 , canvas . width , canvas . height ); // ...aspect ratio calculations and drawImage() here... } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Elegant, right? But here's the villain... The Plot Twist: Idle Repaints = Battery Vampires 🧛♂️ When users pause to read copy or admire the product, that requestAnimationFrame loop keeps churning 60 times per second … redrawing the exact same frame over and over. On high-DPI/4K retina screens? → Massive canvas clears → Repeated image scaling & smoothing → Constant GPU compositing The result: laptop fans kick into overdrive, the device heats up, and battery life tanks fast. I've seen (and measured) this in real projects — idle GPU/CPU spikes that turn a "premium" experience into a power hog. Time for the hero upgrade! Here are real before/after screenshots from my own testing using Chrome DevTools with Frame Rendering Stats enabled (GPU memory + frame rate overlay visible): Before: ~15.6 MB GPU idle After: ~2.4 MB GPU idle Before Optimization After Optimization Idle state with constant repaints – 15.6 MB GPU memory used Idle state post-hack – only 2.4 MB GPU memory used See the difference? Before : ~15.6 MB GPU memory in idle → heavy, wasteful repainting After : ~2.4 MB GPU memory → zen-like efficiency This tiny check eliminates redundant drawImage() calls and can drop idle GPU usage by up to 80% in heavy canvas scenarios (your mileage may vary based on resolution, DPR, and image size). Pro tip: Enable Paint flashing (green highlights) + Frame Rendering Stats in DevTools → scroll a bit, then pause. Watch the green flashes disappear and GPU stats stabilize after applying the fix. Battery saved = happier users + longer sessions 🌍⚡ Chapter 3: The Hero's Hack – Redraw Only When It Matters Super simple fix: track the last drawn frame index and skip drawImage() if nothing changed. useEffect (() => { let prevFrameIndex = Math . round ( currentFrameRef . current ); const tick = () => { // ... same lerp logic ... currentFrameRef . current = next ; const nextFrameIndex = Math . round ( next ); // ★ The magic line ★ if ( nextFrameIndex !== prevFrameIndex ) { drawFrame ( nextFrameIndex ); prevFrameIndex = nextFrameIndex ; } rafRef . current = requestAnimationFrame ( tick ); }; rafRef . current = requestAnimationFrame ( tick ); return () => cancelAnimationFrame ( rafRef . current ! ); }, []); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Why this feels like a superpower Scrolling → still buttery-smooth (draws only when needed) Idle → zen mode (just cheap math, no GPU pain) Real-world wins → up to 80% less idle GPU usage in my tests Pro tip: Use Paint Flashing + Performance tab in DevTools to see the difference yourself. Try it yourself! Here's a minimal, production-ready demo you can fork and play with: → Live Demo → Full source code on GitHub Extra Twists: Level Up Your Animation Game ⚙️ DPR Clamp → cap devicePixelRatio at 2 🖼️ Smart contain-fit drawing (calculate once) 🚀 WebP/AVIF + CDN caching 👀 IntersectionObserver + document.hidden → pause when out of view 🔼 Smart preloading → prioritize first visible frames The Grand Finale: Flipbooks for the Future Image sequence animations are the unsung heroes of immersive web experiences – turning static pages into interactive stories without video baggage . With this tiny redraw check, you're building cool and efficient experiences. Your users (and their batteries) will thank you. Got questions, your own hacks, or want to share a project? Drop them in the comments – let's geek out together! 🚀 Happy coding & happy low-power animating! ⚡ Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Sagar Follow Joined Mar 28, 2024 Trending on DEV Community Hot Prompt Engineering Won’t Fix Your Architecture # discuss # career # ai # programming What was your win this week??? # weeklyretro # discuss Inside the SQLite Frontend: Tokenizer, Parser, and Code Generator # webdev # programming # database # architecture 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/t/systemdesign/page/8#main-content | Systemdesign Page 8 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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Right menu Introduction to System Design: A Beginner’s Guide Ali Khan Ali Khan Ali Khan Follow Dec 13 '25 Introduction to System Design: A Beginner’s Guide # systemdesign # scalability # sre # learning Comments Add Comment 4 min read Scaling the Data Layer in Distributed Systems Gaurav Singh Gaurav Singh Gaurav Singh Follow Dec 26 '25 Scaling the Data Layer in Distributed Systems # systemdesign # database # backend # java 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read How We Built an LLM Gateway Processing Millions of Requests (And Why We Pivoted) Tamish Tamish Tamish Follow Dec 17 '25 How We Built an LLM Gateway Processing Millions of Requests (And Why We Pivoted) # ai # devops # systemdesign # architecture 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read I Built MapReduce from Scratch Godson Ajodo Godson Ajodo Godson Ajodo Follow Dec 12 '25 I Built MapReduce from Scratch # showdev # systemdesign # computerscience # learning Comments Add Comment 33 min read Método USE.: O que é e Como Usar rafaelbonilha rafaelbonilha rafaelbonilha Follow Dec 12 '25 Método USE.: O que é e Como Usar # 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webdev # systemdesign # learning # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read What I Learned While Architecting a Car Classified Marketplace: Real Engineering Problems & How I Solved Them Viktoria Holikova Viktoria Holikova Viktoria Holikova Follow for Best Classified Script Dec 11 '25 What I Learned While Architecting a Car Classified Marketplace: Real Engineering Problems & How I Solved Them # architecture # database # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 4 min read The One Thing You Can't Refactor: How to Architect Bulletproof Database Schemas with AI Hui Hui Hui Follow Dec 15 '25 The One Thing You Can't Refactor: How to Architect Bulletproof Database Schemas with AI # database # sql # architecture # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 5 min read Choosing Residential Proxy Providers: Avoiding Trial-Only Quality, GEO Mismatch, and Mid-Campaign Downtime Miller James Miller James Miller James Follow Dec 11 '25 Choosing Residential Proxy Providers: Avoiding Trial-Only Quality, GEO Mismatch, and Mid-Campaign Downtime # systemdesign # data # networking # performance Comments Add Comment 12 min read Global Server Load Balancing (GSLB): Modern Application Delivery-এর Global Backbone Md Abu Sayem Md Abu Sayem Md Abu Sayem Follow Dec 11 '25 Global Server Load Balancing (GSLB): Modern Application Delivery-এর Global Backbone # systemdesign # gslb # loadbalancing # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read System Design for Your Brain: Architecting a Scalable LeetCode Retention Strategy Alex Hunter Alex Hunter Alex Hunter Follow Dec 10 '25 System Design for Your Brain: Architecting a Scalable LeetCode Retention Strategy # systemdesign # learningstrategy # engineeringmindset # interviewprep Comments Add Comment 6 min read From Monolith to Modular (A basic simple example) Arsalan Bardsiri Arsalan Bardsiri Arsalan Bardsiri Follow Dec 9 '25 From Monolith to Modular (A basic simple example) # systemdesign # architecture # fullstack # distributedsystems Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Design Backward Compatible APIs in .NET, Real Lessons and Tips from Production Saber Amani Saber Amani Saber Amani Follow Dec 30 '25 How to Design Backward Compatible APIs in .NET, Real Lessons and Tips from Production # softwareengineering # dotnet # backend # systemdesign 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Week 6 from 40 – Making AI Features Feel Real Florian Florian Florian Follow Dec 30 '25 Week 6 from 40 – Making AI Features Feel Real # systemdesign # backend # devjournal # ai 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Boosting Authorization Rates: Partnering Strategies and Intelligent Retries Drew Harris Drew Harris Drew Harris Follow for Rapyd Dec 9 '25 Boosting Authorization Rates: Partnering Strategies and Intelligent Retries # machinelearning # performance # systemdesign # tutorial 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read Simply Order (Part 9) — CQRS Pattern: Separating Reads from Writes for Better Performance Mohamed Hassan Mohamed Hassan Mohamed Hassan Follow Dec 8 '25 Simply Order (Part 9) — CQRS Pattern: Separating Reads from Writes for Better Performance # systemdesign # microservices # designpatterns # cqrs Comments Add Comment 6 min read Build Robust, Maintainable APIs in C# - Real Production Systems Saber Amani Saber Amani Saber Amani Follow Dec 31 '25 Build Robust, Maintainable APIs in C# - Real Production Systems # softwareengineering # dotnet # systemdesign # cleanarchitecture Comments Add Comment 3 min read Quantum Leaps in Transactional Databases: Navigating the Future of Data Integrity Visakh Vijayan Visakh Vijayan Visakh Vijayan Follow Dec 9 '25 Quantum Leaps in Transactional Databases: Navigating the Future of Data Integrity # architecture # database # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 2 min read Agentic patterns and architectural approaches in AI websilvercraft websilvercraft websilvercraft Follow Dec 7 '25 Agentic patterns and architectural approaches in AI # designpatterns # ai # systemdesign # mcp 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Architecting an Uber-scale real-time tracking & dispatch system Madhur Banger Madhur Banger Madhur Banger Follow Dec 7 '25 Architecting an Uber-scale real-time tracking & dispatch system # systemdesign # distributedsystems # webdev Comments Add Comment 17 min read 🚀 Breaking the Blockade: How We Taught Kafka to "Speak" Like a Synchronous API Sara Y Sara Y Sara Y Follow Dec 9 '25 🚀 Breaking the Blockade: How We Taught Kafka to "Speak" Like a Synchronous API # 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Read more Release schedules Python 3.15 release schedule Python 3.14 release schedule Python 3.13 release schedule Python 3.12 release schedule Python 3.11 release schedule Python 3.10 release schedule Python 3.9 release schedule See Status of Python versions for all an overview of all versions, including unsupported. Information about specific ports, and developer info Windows macOS Android Other platforms Source Python developer's guide Python issue tracker How to verify your downloaded files are genuine Sigstore verification Starting with the Python 3.11.0 , Python 3.10.7 , and Python 3.9.14 releases, CPython release artifacts are signed with Sigstore. See our dedicated Sigstore Information page for how it works. OpenPGP verification Python versions before 3.14 are also signed using OpenPGP private keys of the respective release manager. In this case, verification through the release manager's public key is also possible. See our dedicated OpenPGP Verification page for how it works. See PEP 761 for why OpenPGP key verification was dropped in Python 3.14. Windows (Updated for Azure Trusted Signing, which applies for all releases chronologically from 3.14.0a1) The Windows installers and all binaries produced as part of each Python release are signed using an Authenticode signing certificate issued to the Python Software Foundation. This can be verified by viewing the properties of any executable file, looking at the Digital Signatures tab, and confirming the name of the signer. Our full certificate subject is CN = Python Software Foundation, O = Python Software Foundation, L = Beaverton, S = Oregon, C = US and as of 14th October 2024 the certificate authority is Microsoft Identity Verification Root Certificate Authority . Our previous certificates were issued by DigiCert . Note that some executables may not be signed, notably, the default pip command. These are not built as part of Python, but are included from third-party libraries. Files that are intended to be modified before use cannot be signed and so will not have a signature. macOS installer packages Installer packages for Python on macOS downloadable from python.org are signed with with an Apple Developer ID Installer certificate. As of Python 3.11.4 and 3.12.0b1 (2023-05-23), release installer packages are signed with certificates issued to the Python Software Foundation (Apple Developer ID BMM5U3QVKW ). Installer packages for previous releases were signed with certificates issued to Ned Deily ( DJ3H93M7VJ ). Other useful items Looking for third-party Python modules ? The Python Package Index has many of them. You can view the standard documentation online, or you can download it in HTML, EPUB and other formats. See the main Documentation page. Tip : even if you download a ready-made binary for your platform, it makes sense to also download the source . 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https://dev.to/siy/the-underlying-process-of-request-processing-1od4#optimal-implementation-as-routine | The Underlying Process of Request Processing - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Sergiy Yevtushenko Posted on Jan 12 • Originally published at pragmatica.dev The Underlying Process of Request Processing # java # functional # architecture # backend The Underlying Process of Request Processing Beyond Languages and Frameworks Every request your system handles follows the same fundamental process. It doesn't matter if you're writing Java, Rust, or Python. It doesn't matter if you're using Spring, Express, or raw sockets. The underlying process is universal because it mirrors how humans naturally solve problems. When you receive a question, you don't answer immediately. You gather context. You retrieve relevant knowledge. You combine pieces of information. You transform raw data into meaningful understanding. Only then do you formulate a response. This is data transformation--taking input and gradually collecting necessary pieces of knowledge to provide a correct answer. Software request processing works identically. The Universal Pattern Every request follows these stages: Parse - Transform raw input into validated domain objects Gather - Collect necessary data from various sources Process - Apply business logic to produce results Respond - Transform results into appropriate output format This isn't a framework pattern. It's not a design choice. It's the fundamental nature of information processing. Whether you're handling an HTTP request, processing a message from a queue, or responding to a CLI command--the process is the same. Input → Parse → Gather → Process → Respond → Output Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Each stage transforms data. Each stage may need additional data. Each stage may fail. The entire flow is a data transformation pipeline. Why Async Looks Like Sync Here's the insight that changes everything: when you think in terms of data transformation, the sync/async distinction disappears . Consider these two operations: // "Synchronous" Result < User > user = database . findUser ( userId ); // "Asynchronous" Promise < User > user = httpClient . fetchUser ( userId ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode From a data transformation perspective, these are identical: Both take a user ID Both produce a User (or failure) Both are steps in a larger pipeline The only difference is when the result becomes available. But that's an execution detail, not a structural concern. Your business logic doesn't care whether the data came from local memory or crossed an ocean. It cares about what the data is and what to do with it. When you structure code as data transformation pipelines, this becomes obvious: // The structure is identical regardless of sync/async return userId . all ( id -> findUser ( id ), // Might be sync or async id -> loadPermissions ( id ), // Might be sync or async id -> fetchPreferences ( id ) // Might be sync or async ). map ( this :: buildContext ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The pattern doesn't change. The composition doesn't change. Only the underlying execution strategy changes--and that's handled by the types, not by you. Parallel Execution Becomes Transparent The same principle applies to parallelism. When operations are independent, they can run in parallel. When they depend on each other, they must run sequentially. This isn't a choice you make--it's determined by the data flow. // Sequential: each step needs the previous result return validateInput ( request ) . flatMap ( this :: createUser ) . flatMap ( this :: sendWelcomeEmail ); // Parallel: steps are independent return Promise . all ( fetchUserProfile ( userId ), loadAccountSettings ( userId ), getRecentActivity ( userId ) ). map ( this :: buildDashboard ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode You don't decide "this should be parallel" or "this should be sequential." You express the data dependencies. The execution strategy follows from the structure. If operations share no data dependencies, they're naturally parallelizable. If one needs another's output, they're naturally sequential. This is why thinking in data transformation is so powerful. You describe what needs to happen and what data flows where . The how --sync vs async, sequential vs parallel--emerges from the structure itself. The JBCT Patterns as Universal Primitives Java Backend Coding Technology captures this insight in six patterns: Leaf - Single transformation (atomic) Sequencer - A → B → C, dependent chain (sequential) Fork-Join - A + B + C → D, independent merge (parallel-capable) Condition - Route based on value (branching) Iteration - Transform collection (map/fold) Aspects - Wrap transformation (decoration) These aren't arbitrary design patterns. They're the fundamental ways data can flow through a system: Transform a single value (Leaf) Chain dependent transformations (Sequencer) Combine independent transformations (Fork-Join) Choose between transformations (Condition) Apply transformation to many values (Iteration) Enhance a transformation (Aspects) Every request processing task--regardless of domain, language, or framework--decomposes into these six primitives. Once you internalize this, implementation becomes mechanical. You're not inventing structure; you're recognizing the inherent structure of the problem. Optimal Implementation as Routine When you see request processing as data transformation, optimization becomes straightforward: Identify independent operations → They can parallelize (Fork-Join) Identify dependent chains → They must sequence (Sequencer) Identify decision points → They become conditions Identify collection processing → They become iterations Identify cross-cutting concerns → They become aspects You're not making architectural decisions. You're reading the inherent structure of the problem and translating it directly into code. This is why JBCT produces consistent code across developers and AI assistants. There's essentially one correct structure for any given data flow. Different people analyzing the same problem arrive at the same solution--not because they memorized patterns, but because the patterns are the natural expression of data transformation. The Shift in Thinking Traditional programming asks: "What sequence of instructions produces the desired effect?" Data transformation thinking asks: "What shape does the data take at each stage, and what transformations connect them?" The first approach leads to imperative code where control flow dominates. The second leads to declarative pipelines where data flow dominates. When you make this shift: Async stops being "harder" than sync Parallel stops being "risky" Error handling stops being an afterthought Testing becomes straightforward (pure transformations are trivially testable) You're no longer fighting the machine to do what you want. You're describing transformations and letting the runtime figure out the optimal execution strategy. Conclusion Request processing is data transformation. This isn't a paradigm or a methodology--it's the underlying reality that every paradigm and methodology is trying to express. Languages and frameworks provide different syntax. Some make data transformation easier to express than others. But the fundamental process doesn't change. Input arrives. Data transforms through stages. Output emerges. JBCT patterns aren't rules to memorize. They're the vocabulary for describing data transformation in Java. Once you see the underlying process clearly, using these patterns becomes as natural as describing what you see. The result: any processing task, implemented in close to optimal form, as a matter of routine. Part of Java Backend Coding Technology - a methodology for writing predictable, testable backend code. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Sergiy Yevtushenko Follow Writing code for 35+ years and still enjoy it... Location Krakow, Poland Work Senior Software Engineer Joined Mar 14, 2019 More from Sergiy Yevtushenko From Subjective Opinions to Systematic Analysis: Pattern-Based Code Review # codereview # java # patterns # bestpractices Java Should Stop Trying To Be Like Everybody Else # java # kubernetes # runtime # deployment Java Backend Coding Technology: Writing Code in the Era of AI #Version 1.1 # ai # java # codingtechnology 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://ru.legacy.reactjs.org/blog/2019/02/06/react-v16.8.0.html | React v16.8: The One With Hooks – React Blog Мы хотим узнать ваше мнение! Примите участие в опросе сообщества 2021 года! Этот сайт больше не обновляется. Перейдите на react.dev React Документация Введение Блог Сообщество v 18.2.0 Переводы GitHub React v16.8: The One With Hooks 06 февраля, 2019 от Dan Abramov This blog site has been archived. Go to react.dev/blog to see the recent posts. With React 16.8, React Hooks are available in a stable release! What Are Hooks? Hooks let you use state and other React features without writing a class. You can also build your own Hooks to share reusable stateful logic between components. If you’ve never heard of Hooks before, you might find these resources interesting: Introducing Hooks explains why we’re adding Hooks to React. Hooks at a Glance is a fast-paced overview of the built-in Hooks. Building Your Own Hooks demonstrates code reuse with custom Hooks. Making Sense of React Hooks explores the new possibilities unlocked by Hooks. useHooks.com showcases community-maintained Hooks recipes and demos. You don’t have to learn Hooks right now. Hooks have no breaking changes, and we have no plans to remove classes from React. The Hooks FAQ describes the gradual adoption strategy. No Big Rewrites We don’t recommend rewriting your existing applications to use Hooks overnight. Instead, try using Hooks in some of the new components, and let us know what you think. Code using Hooks will work side by side with existing code using classes. Can I Use Hooks Today? Yes! Starting with 16.8.0, React includes a stable implementation of React Hooks for: React DOM React DOM Server React Test Renderer React Shallow Renderer Note that to enable Hooks, all React packages need to be 16.8.0 or higher . Hooks won’t work if you forget to update, for example, React DOM. React Native will support Hooks in the 0.59 release . Tooling Support React Hooks are now supported by React DevTools. They are also supported in the latest Flow and TypeScript definitions for React. We strongly recommend enabling a new lint rule called eslint-plugin-react-hooks to enforce best practices with Hooks. It will soon be included into Create React App by default. What’s Next We described our plan for the next months in the recently published React Roadmap . Note that React Hooks don’t cover all use cases for classes yet but they’re very close . Currently, only getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() and componentDidCatch() methods don’t have equivalent Hooks APIs, and these lifecycles are relatively uncommon. If you want, you should be able to use Hooks in most of the new code you’re writing. Even while Hooks were in alpha, the React community created many interesting examples and recipes using Hooks for animations, forms, subscriptions, integrating with other libraries, and so on. We’re excited about Hooks because they make code reuse easier, helping you write your components in a simpler way and make great user experiences. We can’t wait to see what you’ll create next! Testing Hooks We have added a new API called ReactTestUtils.act() in this release. It ensures that the behavior in your tests matches what happens in the browser more closely. We recommend to wrap any code rendering and triggering updates to your components into act() calls. Testing libraries can also wrap their APIs with it (for example, react-testing-library ’s render and fireEvent utilities do this). For example, the counter example from this page can be tested like this: import React from 'react' ; import ReactDOM from 'react-dom' ; import { act } from 'react-dom/test-utils' ; import Counter from './Counter' ; let container ; beforeEach ( ( ) => { container = document . createElement ( 'div' ) ; document . body . appendChild ( container ) ; } ) ; afterEach ( ( ) => { document . body . removeChild ( container ) ; container = null ; } ) ; it ( 'can render and update a counter' , ( ) => { // Test first render and effect act ( ( ) => { ReactDOM . render ( < Counter /> , container ) ; } ) ; const button = container . querySelector ( 'button' ) ; const label = container . querySelector ( 'p' ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; // Test second render and effect act ( ( ) => { button . dispatchEvent ( new MouseEvent ( 'click' , { bubbles : true } ) ) ; } ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; } ) ; The calls to act() will also flush the effects inside of them. If you need to test a custom Hook, you can do so by creating a component in your test, and using your Hook from it. Then you can test the component you wrote. To reduce the boilerplate, we recommend using react-testing-library which is designed to encourage writing tests that use your components as the end users do. Thanks We’d like to thank everybody who commented on the Hooks RFC for sharing their feedback. We’ve read all of your comments and made some adjustments to the final API based on them. Installation React React v16.8.0 is available on the npm registry. To install React 16 with Yarn, run: yarn add react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 To install React 16 with npm, run: npm install --save react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 We also provide UMD builds of React via a CDN: < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react@16/umd/react.production.min.js " > </ script > < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react-dom@16/umd/react-dom.production.min.js " > </ script > Refer to the documentation for detailed installation instructions . ESLint Plugin for React Hooks Note As mentioned above, we strongly recommend using the eslint-plugin-react-hooks lint rule. If you’re using Create React App, instead of manually configuring ESLint you can wait for the next version of react-scripts which will come out shortly and will include this rule. Assuming you already have ESLint installed, run: # npm npm install eslint-plugin-react-hooks --save-dev # yarn yarn add eslint-plugin-react-hooks --dev Then add it to your ESLint configuration: { "plugins" : [ // ... "react-hooks" ] , "rules" : { // ... "react-hooks/rules-of-hooks" : "error" } } Changelog React Add Hooks — a way to use state and other React features without writing a class. ( @acdlite et al. in #13968 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) React DOM Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Support synchronous thenables passed to React.lazy() . ( @gaearon in #14626 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only) to match class behavior. ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Warn about mismatching Hook order in development. ( @threepointone in #14585 and @acdlite in #14591 ) Effect clean-up functions must return either undefined or a function. All other values, including null , are not allowed. @acdlite in #14119 React Test Renderer Support Hooks in the shallow renderer. ( @trueadm in #14567 ) Fix wrong state in shouldComponentUpdate in the presence of getDerivedStateFromProps for Shallow Renderer. ( @chenesan in #14613 ) Add ReactTestRenderer.act() and ReactTestUtils.act() for batching updates so that tests more closely match real behavior. ( @threepointone in #14744 ) ESLint Plugin: React Hooks Initial release . ( @calebmer in #13968 ) Fix reporting after encountering a loop. ( @calebmer and @Yurickh in #14661 ) Don’t consider throwing to be a rule violation. ( @sophiebits in #14040 ) Hooks Changelog Since Alpha Versions The above changelog contains all notable changes since our last stable release (16.7.0). As with all our minor releases , none of the changes break backwards compatibility. If you’re currently using Hooks from an alpha build of React, note that this release does contain some small breaking changes to Hooks. We don’t recommend depending on alphas in production code. We publish them so we can make changes in response to community feedback before the API is stable. Here are all breaking changes to Hooks that have been made since the first alpha release: Remove useMutationEffect . ( @sophiebits in #14336 ) Rename useImperativeMethods to useImperativeHandle . ( @threepointone in #14565 ) Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only). ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) Is this page useful? Отредактировать эту страницу Последние посты React Labs: What We've Been Working On — June 2022 React v18.0 How to Upgrade to React 18 React Conf 2021 Recap The Plan for React 18 Introducing Zero-Bundle-Size React Server Components React v17.0 Introducing the New JSX Transform React v17.0 Release Candidate: No New Features React v16.13.0 Все посты ... Документация Установка Основные понятия Продвинутые темы Справочник API Хуки Тестирование Участие в проекте FAQ Каналы GitHub Stack Overflow Дискуссионные форумы Чат Reactiflux Сообщество на DEV Facebook Twitter Сообщество Code of Conduct Ресурсы сообщества Дополнительно Введение Блог Благодарности React Native Privacy Terms Copyright © 2023 Meta Platforms, Inc. | 2026-01-13T08:49:09 |
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Right menu Azure Introduces New Networking Updates for Better Security and Reliability Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow for Arsalan Malik Dec 7 '25 Azure Introduces New Networking Updates for Better Security and Reliability # news # azure # networking # career 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Qwen-Image-Edit-2511：人物一致性再上新台阶 Yang ella Yang ella Yang ella Follow Dec 28 '25 Qwen-Image-Edit-2511：人物一致性再上新台阶 # news # machinelearning # ai # opensource Comments Add Comment 3 min read Plyr-react V6 Chintan prajapati Chintan prajapati Chintan prajapati Follow Dec 20 '25 Plyr-react V6 # news # typescript # react # javascript Comments Add Comment 2 min read Google Workspace Studio Agents: A Simple Guide for Developers Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Arsalan Mlaik Follow for Arsalan Malik Dec 4 '25 Google Workspace Studio Agents: A Simple Guide for Developers # news # ai # cloud # network 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read NocoBase Weekly Updates: Optimization and Bug Fixes NocoBase NocoBase NocoBase Follow Dec 5 '25 NocoBase Weekly Updates: Optimization and Bug Fixes # news # opensource # lowcode # nocode Comments Add Comment 9 min read The AWS re:Invent 2025 Cheat Sheet: 5 Things You Actually Need to Know inboryn inboryn inboryn Follow Dec 6 '25 The AWS re:Invent 2025 Cheat Sheet: 5 Things You Actually Need to Know # news # aws # cloud # learning Comments Add Comment 2 min read Pandas vs Polars: Why the 2025 Evolution Changes Everything DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 27 '25 Pandas vs Polars: Why the 2025 Evolution Changes Everything # news # python # datascience Comments Add Comment 7 min read There is a Better Way to Discover Trending GitHub Repos 🚀 Behnam Azimi Behnam Azimi Behnam Azimi Follow Dec 5 '25 There is a Better Way to Discover Trending GitHub Repos 🚀 # news # github # opensource Comments Add Comment 1 min read Game Dev Digest — Issue #309 - 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # development Follow Hide Tracking and discussing physical and cognitive milestones. Create Post Older #development posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 … 75 … 266 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Evolution of the Android Open Source Project: A Deep Dive David Díaz David Díaz David Díaz Follow Jan 12 Evolution of the Android Open Source Project: A Deep Dive # android # opensource # security # development Comments Add Comment 4 min read When Top Comments Meet AI Quant: A Journey Into Strategy Implementation fmzquant fmzquant fmzquant Follow Jan 13 When Top Comments Meet AI Quant: A Journey Into Strategy Implementation # ai # development # jellyfin # nocode Comments Add Comment 15 min read Inside Git: How It Really Works (With the .git Folder Explained) Subhrangsu Bera Subhrangsu Bera Subhrangsu Bera Follow Jan 12 Inside Git: How It Really Works (With the .git Folder Explained) # git # github # development # tooling 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read React + Django vs MERN Stack: A Real-World Comparison Rishikesh Rishikesh Rishikesh Follow Jan 12 React + Django vs MERN Stack: A Real-World Comparison # react # djangoapi # mern # development Comments Add Comment 2 min read From Copilot to Autonomous AI: The Evolution of AI-Assisted Programming Eva Clari Eva Clari Eva Clari Follow Jan 12 From Copilot to Autonomous AI: The Evolution of AI-Assisted Programming # programming # ai # coding # development Comments Add Comment 4 min read How Memory Organizes Information Memory Rush Memory Rush Memory Rush Follow Jan 12 How Memory Organizes Information # mentalmodels # learning # developers # development Comments Add Comment 3 min read Requirement to software Delivery in midsize comp CHEATSHEET Software Jutsu Software Jutsu Software Jutsu Follow Jan 12 Requirement to software Delivery in midsize comp CHEATSHEET # softwareengineering # development Comments Add Comment 4 min read Accessibilité numérique: les routes et les ponts dans le monde réel Yuliana Krasulya Yuliana Krasulya Yuliana Krasulya Follow Jan 8 Accessibilité numérique: les routes et les ponts dans le monde réel # development # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read Context Engineering: How We Work Around the Goldfish Problem Adam Poulemanos Adam Poulemanos Adam Poulemanos Follow for Knitli Jan 6 Context Engineering: How We Work Around the Goldfish Problem # contextengineering # mcp # ai # development Comments Add Comment 8 min read Testing Database Logic: What to Test, What to Skip, and Why It Matters CodeCraft Diary CodeCraft Diary CodeCraft Diary Follow Jan 6 Testing Database Logic: What to Test, What to Skip, and Why It Matters # programming # php # testing # development Comments Add Comment 4 min read The tech stack behind InkRows Filip Frincu Filip Frincu Filip Frincu Follow Jan 6 The tech stack behind InkRows # react # javascript # productivity # development Comments Add Comment 4 min read Duolingo-Style Animation in Mobile Apps: How It Works and What a Rive Animator Brings to Developers Praneeth Kawya Thathsara Praneeth Kawya Thathsara Praneeth Kawya Thathsara Follow Jan 7 Duolingo-Style Animation in Mobile Apps: How It Works and What a Rive Animator Brings to Developers # duolingo # duolingoanimation # app # development Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why Forgetting Is Part of Learning Memory Rush Memory Rush Memory Rush Follow Jan 6 Why Forgetting Is Part of Learning # learning # development # science # memory Comments Add Comment 3 min read Clean Architecture Made Simple: A Koin DI Walkthrough for Android supriya shah supriya shah supriya shah Follow Jan 7 Clean Architecture Made Simple: A Koin DI Walkthrough for Android # android # kotlin # development # mobile Comments Add Comment 3 min read Wallet-as-a-Service as an Infrastructure Layer for Digital Products Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Jan 11 Wallet-as-a-Service as an Infrastructure Layer for Digital Products # news # development # architecture # learning 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read RETRO '25 Pragadeesh Nehru Pragadeesh Nehru Pragadeesh Nehru Follow Jan 6 RETRO '25 # yearinreview # career # learning # development Comments Add Comment 2 min read M7 Week 1: Deterministic AI, Practical Pathfinding, and a Real 3D Audio Pipe (Bad Cat: Void Frontier) p3nGu1nZz p3nGu1nZz p3nGu1nZz Follow Jan 5 M7 Week 1: Deterministic AI, Practical Pathfinding, and a Real 3D Audio Pipe (Bad Cat: Void Frontier) # gamedev # programming # cpp # development Comments Add Comment 7 min read Okay, so AI is getting weirdly good now. Muhammad Ibrahim Muhammad Ibrahim Muhammad Ibrahim Follow Jan 7 Okay, so AI is getting weirdly good now. # ai # chatgpt # chatagent # development Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why Project Valhalla Will Revolutionize Java Performance in 2026 Goutham Rayaprolu Goutham Rayaprolu Goutham Rayaprolu Follow Jan 6 Why Project Valhalla Will Revolutionize Java Performance in 2026 # java # programming # development # developers Comments Add Comment 2 min read AI Agents Are Taking Over Development in 2026 — Here's What Changed Mysterious Xuanwu Mysterious Xuanwu Mysterious Xuanwu Follow Jan 4 AI Agents Are Taking Over Development in 2026 — Here's What Changed # ai # agents # development # automation Comments Add Comment 3 min read How Memory Builds Through Iteration Memory Rush Memory Rush Memory Rush Follow Jan 5 How Memory Builds Through Iteration # memory # learning # science # development Comments Add Comment 3 min read How Information Becomes Long-Term Memory Memory Rush Memory Rush Memory Rush Follow Jan 5 How Information Becomes Long-Term Memory # psychology # memory # learning # development Comments Add Comment 4 min read AI Moving from Hype to Reality: 8 Stories Shaping the Industry Right Now Ethan Zhang Ethan Zhang Ethan Zhang Follow Jan 5 AI Moving from Hype to Reality: 8 Stories Shaping the Industry Right Now # news # ai # technology # development Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building Intelligent Mobile Experiences with a Machine Learning App Development Company Appingine Appingine Appingine Follow Jan 5 Building Intelligent Mobile Experiences with a Machine Learning App Development Company # softwaredevelopment # softwareengineering # development Comments Add Comment 4 min read How to Build a Scalable Social Listening Tool in 2026 (Without Enterprise API Pricing) ImbueData ImbueData ImbueData Follow Jan 5 How to Build a Scalable Social Listening Tool in 2026 (Without Enterprise API Pricing) # development # api # webdev # programming Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... trending guides/resources How to Design a Rate Limiter in a System Design Interview? How I Actually Use AI Agents As A Senior Frontend Dev (Without Breaking Prod) I Tested 7 Open Source Clerk Alternatives for Full-Stack Developers The Developer's Safety Net - Introduction to TypeScript Build in Public: Day Zero 24 Claude Code Tips: #claude_code_advent_calendar Publishing Your First NPM Package: A Real-World Guide That Actually Helps I Chose ByteByteGo in 2025: The One System Design Course That Actually Works How I created a Cozy Workspace in VS Code Real-Time Location Tracking & Live Route Updates in React Native It's time to try OMARCHY! Angular 21 Released: What’s New & Developer Guide 🤖 Gemini dans votre terminal avec Gemini CLI Zed: The Editor I Wish I Liked 📝How I Built a Fully Automated Telegram Moderation Bot — An Engineering Case Study How You Can Become an AWS Community Builder in 2026 Agentic AI Development with Kiro: From Zero to SaaS Platform Expo or React Native CLI in 2025? Let’s Settle This! 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https://pl.legacy.reactjs.org/blog/2019/02/06/react-v16.8.0.html | React v16.8: The One With Hooks – blog Reacta We want to hear from you! Take our 2021 Community Survey! Ta witryna nie jest już aktualizowana. Przejdź do react.dev React Dokumentacja Samouczek Blog Społeczność v 18.2.0 Języki GitHub React v16.8: The One With Hooks February 06, 2019 dodane przez Dan Abramov This blog site has been archived. Go to react.dev/blog to see the recent posts. With React 16.8, React Hooks are available in a stable release! What Are Hooks? Hooks let you use state and other React features without writing a class. You can also build your own Hooks to share reusable stateful logic between components. If you’ve never heard of Hooks before, you might find these resources interesting: Introducing Hooks explains why we’re adding Hooks to React. Hooks at a Glance is a fast-paced overview of the built-in Hooks. Building Your Own Hooks demonstrates code reuse with custom Hooks. Making Sense of React Hooks explores the new possibilities unlocked by Hooks. useHooks.com showcases community-maintained Hooks recipes and demos. You don’t have to learn Hooks right now. Hooks have no breaking changes, and we have no plans to remove classes from React. The Hooks FAQ describes the gradual adoption strategy. No Big Rewrites We don’t recommend rewriting your existing applications to use Hooks overnight. Instead, try using Hooks in some of the new components, and let us know what you think. Code using Hooks will work side by side with existing code using classes. Can I Use Hooks Today? Yes! Starting with 16.8.0, React includes a stable implementation of React Hooks for: React DOM React DOM Server React Test Renderer React Shallow Renderer Note that to enable Hooks, all React packages need to be 16.8.0 or higher . Hooks won’t work if you forget to update, for example, React DOM. React Native will support Hooks in the 0.59 release . Tooling Support React Hooks are now supported by React DevTools. They are also supported in the latest Flow and TypeScript definitions for React. We strongly recommend enabling a new lint rule called eslint-plugin-react-hooks to enforce best practices with Hooks. It will soon be included into Create React App by default. What’s Next We described our plan for the next months in the recently published React Roadmap . Note that React Hooks don’t cover all use cases for classes yet but they’re very close . Currently, only getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() and componentDidCatch() methods don’t have equivalent Hooks APIs, and these lifecycles are relatively uncommon. If you want, you should be able to use Hooks in most of the new code you’re writing. Even while Hooks were in alpha, the React community created many interesting examples and recipes using Hooks for animations, forms, subscriptions, integrating with other libraries, and so on. We’re excited about Hooks because they make code reuse easier, helping you write your components in a simpler way and make great user experiences. We can’t wait to see what you’ll create next! Testing Hooks We have added a new API called ReactTestUtils.act() in this release. It ensures that the behavior in your tests matches what happens in the browser more closely. We recommend to wrap any code rendering and triggering updates to your components into act() calls. Testing libraries can also wrap their APIs with it (for example, react-testing-library ’s render and fireEvent utilities do this). For example, the counter example from this page can be tested like this: import React from 'react' ; import ReactDOM from 'react-dom' ; import { act } from 'react-dom/test-utils' ; import Counter from './Counter' ; let container ; beforeEach ( ( ) => { container = document . createElement ( 'div' ) ; document . body . appendChild ( container ) ; } ) ; afterEach ( ( ) => { document . body . removeChild ( container ) ; container = null ; } ) ; it ( 'can render and update a counter' , ( ) => { // Test first render and effect act ( ( ) => { ReactDOM . render ( < Counter /> , container ) ; } ) ; const button = container . querySelector ( 'button' ) ; const label = container . querySelector ( 'p' ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; // Test second render and effect act ( ( ) => { button . dispatchEvent ( new MouseEvent ( 'click' , { bubbles : true } ) ) ; } ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; } ) ; The calls to act() will also flush the effects inside of them. If you need to test a custom Hook, you can do so by creating a component in your test, and using your Hook from it. Then you can test the component you wrote. To reduce the boilerplate, we recommend using react-testing-library which is designed to encourage writing tests that use your components as the end users do. Thanks We’d like to thank everybody who commented on the Hooks RFC for sharing their feedback. We’ve read all of your comments and made some adjustments to the final API based on them. Installation React React v16.8.0 is available on the npm registry. To install React 16 with Yarn, run: yarn add react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 To install React 16 with npm, run: npm install --save react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 We also provide UMD builds of React via a CDN: < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react@16/umd/react.production.min.js " > </ script > < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react-dom@16/umd/react-dom.production.min.js " > </ script > Refer to the documentation for detailed installation instructions . ESLint Plugin for React Hooks Note As mentioned above, we strongly recommend using the eslint-plugin-react-hooks lint rule. If you’re using Create React App, instead of manually configuring ESLint you can wait for the next version of react-scripts which will come out shortly and will include this rule. Assuming you already have ESLint installed, run: # npm npm install eslint-plugin-react-hooks --save-dev # yarn yarn add eslint-plugin-react-hooks --dev Then add it to your ESLint configuration: { "plugins" : [ // ... "react-hooks" ] , "rules" : { // ... "react-hooks/rules-of-hooks" : "error" } } Changelog React Add Hooks — a way to use state and other React features without writing a class. ( @acdlite et al. in #13968 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) React DOM Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Support synchronous thenables passed to React.lazy() . ( @gaearon in #14626 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only) to match class behavior. ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Warn about mismatching Hook order in development. ( @threepointone in #14585 and @acdlite in #14591 ) Effect clean-up functions must return either undefined or a function. All other values, including null , are not allowed. @acdlite in #14119 React Test Renderer Support Hooks in the shallow renderer. ( @trueadm in #14567 ) Fix wrong state in shouldComponentUpdate in the presence of getDerivedStateFromProps for Shallow Renderer. ( @chenesan in #14613 ) Add ReactTestRenderer.act() and ReactTestUtils.act() for batching updates so that tests more closely match real behavior. ( @threepointone in #14744 ) ESLint Plugin: React Hooks Initial release . ( @calebmer in #13968 ) Fix reporting after encountering a loop. ( @calebmer and @Yurickh in #14661 ) Don’t consider throwing to be a rule violation. ( @sophiebits in #14040 ) Hooks Changelog Since Alpha Versions The above changelog contains all notable changes since our last stable release (16.7.0). As with all our minor releases , none of the changes break backwards compatibility. If you’re currently using Hooks from an alpha build of React, note that this release does contain some small breaking changes to Hooks. We don’t recommend depending on alphas in production code. We publish them so we can make changes in response to community feedback before the API is stable. Here are all breaking changes to Hooks that have been made since the first alpha release: Remove useMutationEffect . ( @sophiebits in #14336 ) Rename useImperativeMethods to useImperativeHandle . ( @threepointone in #14565 ) Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only). ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) Is this page useful? Edytuj tę stronę Ostatnie posty React Labs: What We've Been Working On – June 2022 React v18.0 How to Upgrade to React 18 React Conf 2021 Recap The Plan for React 18 Introducing Zero-Bundle-Size React Server Components React v17.0 Introducing the New JSX Transform React v17.0 Release Candidate: No New Features React v16.13.0 Wszystkie posty... Dokumentacja Instalacja Podstawowe informacje Zaawansowane informacje Dokumentacja API Hooki Testowanie Współpraca FAQ Kanały GitHub Stack Overflow Fora dyskusyjne Czat Reactiflux Społeczność portalu DEV Facebook Twitter Społeczność Kodeks postępowania Community Resources Więcej Samouczek Blog Podziękowania React Native Privacy Terms Copyright © 2023 Meta Platforms, Inc. | 2026-01-13T08:49:09 |
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Right menu Clinical Engineering Training for Safer Healthcare Systems EBME Expo Ltd EBME Expo Ltd EBME Expo Ltd Follow Jan 9 Clinical Engineering Training for Safer Healthcare Systems # career # learning Comments Add Comment 4 min read How to Analyze Your CV Effectively and Boost Your Job Chances 🚀 Coder Coder Coder Follow Jan 8 How to Analyze Your CV Effectively and Boost Your Job Chances 🚀 # career # resume # programming # hiring Comments Add Comment 2 min read Artificial Intelligence in Freelance Software Development A Technical and Structural Analysis Beyond Productivity Narratives Mario Duval Solutions Mario Duval Solutions Mario Duval Solutions Follow Jan 8 Artificial Intelligence in Freelance Software Development A Technical and Structural Analysis Beyond Productivity Narratives # ai # career # productivity # softwaredevelopment Comments Add Comment 28 min read AI Strategy 2026: The Year of Relentless Momentum and Brutal Honesty Yaseen Yaseen Yaseen Follow Jan 8 AI Strategy 2026: The Year of Relentless Momentum and Brutal Honesty # ai # softwareengineering # career # management Comments Add Comment 4 min read Why Reflective Practice Is Your Competitive Advantage in an AI-Driven Workplace Loïc Boset Loïc Boset Loïc Boset Follow Jan 8 Why Reflective Practice Is Your Competitive Advantage in an AI-Driven Workplace # ai # career # learning # productivity 11 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Day 7: Untill I Get An Internship At Google Venkata Sugunadithya Venkata Sugunadithya Venkata Sugunadithya Follow Jan 8 Day 7: Untill I Get An Internship At Google # algorithms # career # devjournal # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 1 min read Here’s How You Nail the Netflix System Design Interview With The Right Resources Dev Loops Dev Loops Dev Loops Follow Jan 8 Here’s How You Nail the Netflix System Design Interview With The Right Resources # netflix # systemdesign # career # productivity Comments Add Comment 4 min read Why I’m Telling Junior Developers to Stop Learning Frameworks in 2026 Sandip Yadav Sandip Yadav Sandip Yadav Follow Jan 12 Why I’m Telling Junior Developers to Stop Learning Frameworks in 2026 # challenge # javascript # career # fullstack 5 reactions Comments 4 comments 3 min read Not Another Day 0 Like Other Startups Prasad Gite Prasad Gite Prasad Gite Follow Jan 8 Not Another Day 0 Like Other Startups # news # webdev # buildinpublic # career Comments Add Comment 2 min read Notes from a Developer Who Learned to Say No Serguey Asael Shinder Serguey Asael Shinder Serguey Asael Shinder Follow Jan 6 Notes from a Developer Who Learned to Say No # career # mentalhealth # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read Why I rescheduled my AWS exam today Ali-Funk Ali-Funk Ali-Funk Follow Jan 7 Why I rescheduled my AWS exam today # aws # beginners # cloud # career Comments Add Comment 2 min read Welcome to my blog Erik Novikov Erik Novikov Erik Novikov Follow Jan 8 Welcome to my blog # career # learning # softwaredevelopment Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Rise of MicroSlop SnowyCow SnowyCow SnowyCow Follow Jan 7 The Rise of MicroSlop # ai # opensource # career # software Comments Add Comment 5 min read 🤖 The AI DevOps Stack: 10 Tools That Are Automating Me Out of a Job (and Why I'm Happy About It) Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Follow Jan 7 🤖 The AI DevOps Stack: 10 Tools That Are Automating Me Out of a Job (and Why I'm Happy About It) # career # ai # devops # automation 5 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Best Apple System Design Interview Resources I Used (And How They Helped Me) Dev Loops Dev Loops Dev Loops Follow Jan 6 Best Apple System Design Interview Resources I Used (And How They Helped Me) # resources # career # systemdesign # productivity Comments Add Comment 5 min read Interview Tomorrow? 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Licenses All Python releases are Open Source . Historically, most, but not all, Python releases have also been GPL-compatible. The Licenses page details GPL-compatibility and Terms and Conditions. Read more Sources For most Unix systems, you must download and compile the source code. The same source code archive can also be used to build the Windows and Mac versions, and is the starting point for ports to all other platforms. Download the latest Python 3 source. Read more Alternative implementations This site hosts the "traditional" implementation of Python (nicknamed CPython). A number of alternative implementations are available as well. Read more History Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at Stichting Mathematisch Centrum in the Netherlands as a successor of a language called ABC. Guido remains Python’s principal author, although it includes many contributions from others. Read more Release schedules Python 3.15 release schedule Python 3.14 release schedule Python 3.13 release schedule Python 3.12 release schedule Python 3.11 release schedule Python 3.10 release schedule Python 3.9 release schedule See Status of Python versions for all an overview of all versions, including unsupported. Information about specific ports, and developer info Windows macOS Android Other platforms Source Python developer's guide Python issue tracker How to verify your downloaded files are genuine Sigstore verification Starting with the Python 3.11.0 , Python 3.10.7 , and Python 3.9.14 releases, CPython release artifacts are signed with Sigstore. See our dedicated Sigstore Information page for how it works. OpenPGP verification Python versions before 3.14 are also signed using OpenPGP private keys of the respective release manager. In this case, verification through the release manager's public key is also possible. See our dedicated OpenPGP Verification page for how it works. See PEP 761 for why OpenPGP key verification was dropped in Python 3.14. Windows (Updated for Azure Trusted Signing, which applies for all releases chronologically from 3.14.0a1) The Windows installers and all binaries produced as part of each Python release are signed using an Authenticode signing certificate issued to the Python Software Foundation. This can be verified by viewing the properties of any executable file, looking at the Digital Signatures tab, and confirming the name of the signer. Our full certificate subject is CN = Python Software Foundation, O = Python Software Foundation, L = Beaverton, S = Oregon, C = US and as of 14th October 2024 the certificate authority is Microsoft Identity Verification Root Certificate Authority . Our previous certificates were issued by DigiCert . Note that some executables may not be signed, notably, the default pip command. These are not built as part of Python, but are included from third-party libraries. Files that are intended to be modified before use cannot be signed and so will not have a signature. macOS installer packages Installer packages for Python on macOS downloadable from python.org are signed with with an Apple Developer ID Installer certificate. As of Python 3.11.4 and 3.12.0b1 (2023-05-23), release installer packages are signed with certificates issued to the Python Software Foundation (Apple Developer ID BMM5U3QVKW ). Installer packages for previous releases were signed with certificates issued to Ned Deily ( DJ3H93M7VJ ). Other useful items Looking for third-party Python modules ? The Python Package Index has many of them. You can view the standard documentation online, or you can download it in HTML, EPUB and other formats. See the main Documentation page. Tip : even if you download a ready-made binary for your platform, it makes sense to also download the source . 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https://hu.legacy.reactjs.org/blog/2019/02/06/react-v16.8.0.html | React v16.8: The One With Hooks – React Blog We want to hear from you! Take our 2021 Community Survey! This site is no longer updated. Go to react.dev React Dokumentáció Tutoriál Blog Közösség v 18.2.0 Nyelvek GitHub React v16.8: The One With Hooks February 06, 2019 szerzők Dan Abramov This blog site has been archived. Go to react.dev/blog to see the recent posts. With React 16.8, React Hooks are available in a stable release! What Are Hooks? Hooks let you use state and other React features without writing a class. You can also build your own Hooks to share reusable stateful logic between components. If you’ve never heard of Hooks before, you might find these resources interesting: Introducing Hooks explains why we’re adding Hooks to React. Hooks at a Glance is a fast-paced overview of the built-in Hooks. Building Your Own Hooks demonstrates code reuse with custom Hooks. Making Sense of React Hooks explores the new possibilities unlocked by Hooks. useHooks.com showcases community-maintained Hooks recipes and demos. You don’t have to learn Hooks right now. Hooks have no breaking changes, and we have no plans to remove classes from React. The Hooks FAQ describes the gradual adoption strategy. No Big Rewrites We don’t recommend rewriting your existing applications to use Hooks overnight. Instead, try using Hooks in some of the new components, and let us know what you think. Code using Hooks will work side by side with existing code using classes. Can I Use Hooks Today? Yes! Starting with 16.8.0, React includes a stable implementation of React Hooks for: React DOM React DOM Server React Test Renderer React Shallow Renderer Note that to enable Hooks, all React packages need to be 16.8.0 or higher . Hooks won’t work if you forget to update, for example, React DOM. React Native will support Hooks in the 0.59 release . Tooling Support React Hooks are now supported by React DevTools. They are also supported in the latest Flow and TypeScript definitions for React. We strongly recommend enabling a new lint rule called eslint-plugin-react-hooks to enforce best practices with Hooks. It will soon be included into Create React App by default. What’s Next We described our plan for the next months in the recently published React Roadmap . Note that React Hooks don’t cover all use cases for classes yet but they’re very close . Currently, only getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() and componentDidCatch() methods don’t have equivalent Hooks APIs, and these lifecycles are relatively uncommon. If you want, you should be able to use Hooks in most of the new code you’re writing. Even while Hooks were in alpha, the React community created many interesting examples and recipes using Hooks for animations, forms, subscriptions, integrating with other libraries, and so on. We’re excited about Hooks because they make code reuse easier, helping you write your components in a simpler way and make great user experiences. We can’t wait to see what you’ll create next! Testing Hooks We have added a new API called ReactTestUtils.act() in this release. It ensures that the behavior in your tests matches what happens in the browser more closely. We recommend to wrap any code rendering and triggering updates to your components into act() calls. Testing libraries can also wrap their APIs with it (for example, react-testing-library ’s render and fireEvent utilities do this). For example, the counter example from this page can be tested like this: import React from 'react' ; import ReactDOM from 'react-dom' ; import { act } from 'react-dom/test-utils' ; import Counter from './Counter' ; let container ; beforeEach ( ( ) => { container = document . createElement ( 'div' ) ; document . body . appendChild ( container ) ; } ) ; afterEach ( ( ) => { document . body . removeChild ( container ) ; container = null ; } ) ; it ( 'can render and update a counter' , ( ) => { // Test first render and effect act ( ( ) => { ReactDOM . render ( < Counter /> , container ) ; } ) ; const button = container . querySelector ( 'button' ) ; const label = container . querySelector ( 'p' ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; // Test second render and effect act ( ( ) => { button . dispatchEvent ( new MouseEvent ( 'click' , { bubbles : true } ) ) ; } ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; } ) ; The calls to act() will also flush the effects inside of them. If you need to test a custom Hook, you can do so by creating a component in your test, and using your Hook from it. Then you can test the component you wrote. To reduce the boilerplate, we recommend using react-testing-library which is designed to encourage writing tests that use your components as the end users do. Thanks We’d like to thank everybody who commented on the Hooks RFC for sharing their feedback. We’ve read all of your comments and made some adjustments to the final API based on them. Installation React React v16.8.0 is available on the npm registry. To install React 16 with Yarn, run: yarn add react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 To install React 16 with npm, run: npm install --save react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 We also provide UMD builds of React via a CDN: < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react@16/umd/react.production.min.js " > </ script > < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react-dom@16/umd/react-dom.production.min.js " > </ script > Refer to the documentation for detailed installation instructions . ESLint Plugin for React Hooks Note As mentioned above, we strongly recommend using the eslint-plugin-react-hooks lint rule. If you’re using Create React App, instead of manually configuring ESLint you can wait for the next version of react-scripts which will come out shortly and will include this rule. Assuming you already have ESLint installed, run: # npm npm install eslint-plugin-react-hooks --save-dev # yarn yarn add eslint-plugin-react-hooks --dev Then add it to your ESLint configuration: { "plugins" : [ // ... "react-hooks" ] , "rules" : { // ... "react-hooks/rules-of-hooks" : "error" } } Changelog React Add Hooks — a way to use state and other React features without writing a class. ( @acdlite et al. in #13968 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) React DOM Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Support synchronous thenables passed to React.lazy() . ( @gaearon in #14626 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only) to match class behavior. ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Warn about mismatching Hook order in development. ( @threepointone in #14585 and @acdlite in #14591 ) Effect clean-up functions must return either undefined or a function. All other values, including null , are not allowed. @acdlite in #14119 React Test Renderer Support Hooks in the shallow renderer. ( @trueadm in #14567 ) Fix wrong state in shouldComponentUpdate in the presence of getDerivedStateFromProps for Shallow Renderer. ( @chenesan in #14613 ) Add ReactTestRenderer.act() and ReactTestUtils.act() for batching updates so that tests more closely match real behavior. ( @threepointone in #14744 ) ESLint Plugin: React Hooks Initial release . ( @calebmer in #13968 ) Fix reporting after encountering a loop. ( @calebmer and @Yurickh in #14661 ) Don’t consider throwing to be a rule violation. ( @sophiebits in #14040 ) Hooks Changelog Since Alpha Versions The above changelog contains all notable changes since our last stable release (16.7.0). As with all our minor releases , none of the changes break backwards compatibility. If you’re currently using Hooks from an alpha build of React, note that this release does contain some small breaking changes to Hooks. We don’t recommend depending on alphas in production code. We publish them so we can make changes in response to community feedback before the API is stable. Here are all breaking changes to Hooks that have been made since the first alpha release: Remove useMutationEffect . ( @sophiebits in #14336 ) Rename useImperativeMethods to useImperativeHandle . ( @threepointone in #14565 ) Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only). ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) Hasznos volt ez az oldal? Az oldal szerkesztése Friss blogposztok React Labs: What We've Been Working On – June 2022 React v18.0 How to Upgrade to React 18 React Conf 2021 Recap The Plan for React 18 Introducing Zero-Bundle-Size React Server Components React v17.0 Introducing the New JSX Transform React v17.0 Release Candidate: No New Features React v16.13.0 Összes blogposzt ... Dokumentáció Telepítés Főbb fogalmak Haladó útmutatók API Referencia Horgok Tesztelés Közreműködés GY.I.K Csatornák GitHub Stack Overflow Kibeszélő fórumok Reactiflux chat DEV közösség Facebook Twitter Közösség Magatartási kódex Community Resources Egyéb Tutoriál Blog Elismerések React Native Privacy Terms Szerzői jog © 2023 Meta Platforms, Inc. | 2026-01-13T08:49:09 |
https://zh-hans.legacy.reactjs.org/blog/2019/02/06/react-v16.8.0.html | React v16.8：Hook 发布 – React Blog 为社区建设略尽绵薄之力！ 参与 2021 社区问卷调查！ 此站点不再更新。 了解新站点的更多信息! React 文档 教程 博客 社区 v 18.2.0 多语言 GitHub React v16.8：Hook 发布 February 06, 2019 by Dan Abramov 此博客已经归档。访问 zh-hans.react.dev/blog 查看最新的文章。 从 React 16.8 开始， React Hook 稳定版本正式发布啦！ 什么是 Hook？ Hook 允许你在不使用 class 的情况下使用 state 和 React 其他特性。你可以 编写自定义的 Hook 来在不同的组件中共享有状态的逻辑。 如果你之前从没听过 Hook，你可能会对以下资料感兴趣： Hook 介绍 解释了为什么我们为 React 添加 Hook。 Hook 一览 是快速地对内置 Hook 的概览。 搭建你自己的 Hook 示范了如何使用自定义的 Hook 来重用代码。 React Hook 的意义 探索了被 Hook 解锁的新可能性。 useHooks.com 一些社区维护的 Hook 示例和实现。 你并不是必须现在就学习 Hook 。Hook 并没有突破性的改变，并且我们并没有要删除 React class 的计划。其中 Hook FAQ 描述了逐步采纳策略。 不需要大型重写 我们不建议立马重写你的项目以在其中使用 Hook。相反，试着在一些新的组件中使用 Hook，并且告诉我们你的想法。使用 Hook 的代码可以和已经存在的使用 class 的的代码 一起使用 。 我今天可以使用 Hook 吗？ 可以！从 16.8.0 开始，React 为以下几个功能引入了 React Hook 的稳定实现： React DOM React DOM Server React Test Renderer React Shallow Renderer 请注意 为了使用 Hook，所有的 React 包的版本需要在 16.8.0 或以上 。如果你忘记对包进行升级，会造成 Hook 无法使用，比如说忘记升级 React DOM。 React Native 会在 0.59 版本 支持 Hook。 工具支持 React DevTools 现在已经支持 React Hook。目前最新版的 Flow 和 TypeScript 定义也为 React 提供了支持。我们强烈建议使用新的 eslint-plugin-react-hooks 提示规范 来加强对 Hook 的使用。这个功能马上就会被加到 Create React App 的默认配置里。 下一步 我们在最近发布的 React 路线图 里描述了下几个月的计划。 请注意现在 React Hook 还并没有覆盖 所有 的 class 使用情况，但是已经 十分接近 了。目前，只有 getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() 和 componentDidCatch() 方法没有等价的 Hook API，并且这些生命周期相对来说不常用。如果你想的话，你可以在大多数的情况下使用 Hook 来编写代码。 尽管在 Hook 处于 alpha 测试阶段的时候，React 社区已经开发了很多有趣的 示例 和 方法 来使用 Hook 开发动画、表单、订阅、和其他库结合使用等等。我们对 Hook 把代码复用变得简单、帮助你用一种更简单的方式来编写你的组件、并且有着更好的用户体验这件事上感到非常的激动。我们已经迫不及待地想看到你将要创造出什么了！ 测试 Hook 我们在这次发布中已经添加了一个新的叫 ReactTestUtils.act() 的 API。它保证了在测试中的表现会与在浏览器中的行为会非常的接近。我们建议把所有渲染和触发更新的代码用 act() 方法包起来。测试框架也可以把他们的 API 用它包起来（例如， react-testing-library 的 render 和 fireEvent 方法就是这样做的）。 例如，在 这个页面 的计时器的例子可以用这样的方法来测试： import React from 'react' ; import ReactDOM from 'react-dom' ; import { act } from 'react-dom/test-utils' ; import Counter from './Counter' ; let container ; beforeEach ( ( ) => { container = document . createElement ( 'div' ) ; document . body . appendChild ( container ) ; } ) ; afterEach ( ( ) => { document . body . removeChild ( container ) ; container = null ; } ) ; it ( 'can render and update a counter' , ( ) => { // 测试第一次渲染和影响 act ( ( ) => { ReactDOM . render ( < Counter /> , container ) ; } ) ; const button = container . querySelector ( 'button' ) ; const label = container . querySelector ( 'p' ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; // 测试第二次渲染和影响 act ( ( ) => { button . dispatchEvent ( new MouseEvent ( 'click' , { bubbles : true } ) ) ; } ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; } ) ; act() 所调用的方法也会刷新它们内部所产生的影响。 如果你需要测试一个自定义的 Hook，你可以在你的测试里写一个组件，并且在里面使用 Hook。然后你就可以测试你写的组件了。 为了减少样板代码，我们建议使用 react-testing-library ，它鼓励你像终端用户一样使用你的组件写测试代码。 谢谢 我们非常感谢所有在 Hook RFC 上发布并分享反馈的用户。我们已经阅读了你们所有的评论并且依此给我们最终的 API 做了一些调整。 安装 React React v16.8.0 已经在 npm 上发布。 使用 Yarn 来安装 React 16，运行： yarn add react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 使用 npm 来安装 React 16，运行： npm install --save react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 我们也在 CDN 上提供了 React 的 UMD 打包： < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react@16/umd/react.production.min.js " > </ script > < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react-dom@16/umd/react-dom.production.min.js " > </ script > 请参考文档的 详细安装指南 。 React Hook 的 ESLint 插件 注意 就像上面提到的，我们强烈建议使用 eslint-plugin-react-hooks 提示规范。 如果你正在使用 Create React App，与其说手动配置 ESLint，你可以等待马上发版并且包括这个提示规范的下个版本的 react-scripts 。 假设你已经安装了 ESLint，运行： # npm npm install eslint-plugin-react-hooks --save-dev # yarn yarn add eslint-plugin-react-hooks --dev 然后把它加到你的 ESLint 配置里： { "plugins" : [ // ... "react-hooks" ] , "rules" : { // ... "react-hooks/rules-of-hooks" : "error" } } 更新日志 React 添加 Hook — 一个不用编写 class 就能使用 state 和其他 React 特性的方法。（ @acdlite et al. in #13968 ） 改善 useReducer Hook 懒初始化 API。（ @acdlite in #14723 ） React DOM 为 useState 和 useReducer Hook 在相同的值下进行渲染。（ @acdlite in #14569 ） 不要比较传给 useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hook 的第一个参数。（ @acdlite in #14594 ） 使用 Object.is 算法来比较 useState 和 useReducer 的值。（ @Jessidhia in #14752 ） 支持对传给 React.lazy() 的 thenable 对象进行同步。（ @gaearon in #14626 ） 严格模式（只有在开发的时候）渲染使用 Hook 的组件两次使其和 class 的表现一样。（ @gaearon in #14654 ） 在开发的时候 Hook 顺序匹配错误的警告。（ @threepointone in #14585 and @acdlite in #14591 ） Effect clean-up 方法必须返回 undefined 或者一个方法。其他的值，包括 null ，都不被允许。 @acdlite in #14119 React 测试渲染器 在浅层渲染中支持 Hook。（ @trueadm in #14567 ） 为浅层渲染修复与 shouldComponentUpdate 和 getDerivedStateFromProps 共同的 state。（ @chenesan in #14613 ） 为批量更新添加 ReactTestRenderer.act() 和 ReactTestUtils.act() 方法，因此测试可以和真实的行为变得更加相符。（ @threepointone in #14744 ） ESLint 插件：React Hook 初次 发版 。（ @calebmer in #13968 ） 修复在进入循环后的报告。（ @calebmer and @Yurickh in #14661 ） 不要认为抛出异常是违反规范的行为。（ @sophiebits in #14040 ） 在 Alpha 版本后的 Hook 的更新日志 上面的更新日志包括所有自上一个 稳定 版本（16.7.0）后的显著的更改。 和我们每次的小版本改动一样 ，所有的更改都没有打破向后兼容。 如果你正在使用基于 alpha Hook 的 React 版本，请注意这次发版的确包括一些小的 Hook 更改。 我们不建议在生产环境代码中使用 alpha 版本 。我们发布它们是为了在 API 稳定之前在社区反馈的基础上做一些更改。 这里是在 alpha 版本对 Hook 做的所有显著更改： 删除 useMutationEffect 。（ @sophiebits in #14336 ） 将 useImperativeMethods 重命名为 useImperativeHandle 。（ @threepointone in #14565 ） 优化 useState 和 useReducer 在同等值下的渲染Hook。（ @acdlite in #14569 ） 不要比较传给 useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hook 的第一个参数。（ @acdlite in #14594 ） 使用 Object.is 算法来比较 useState 和 useReducer 的值。（ @Jessidhia in #14752 ） 严格模式（只有在开发的时候）渲染使用 Hook 的组件两次使其和 class 的表现一样。（ @gaearon in #14654 ） 改善 useReducer Hook 懒初始化 API。（ @acdlite in #14723 ） Is this page useful? 编辑此页面 Recent Posts React 实验室: 我们都在研究什么 – 2022 六月 React v18.0 如何升级到 React 18 React Conf 2021 Recap React 18 发布计划 介绍 Zero-Bundle-Size 的 React 服务端组件 React v17.0 介绍全新的 JSX 转换 React v17.0 RC 版本发布：没有新特性 React v16.13.0 All posts ... 文档 安装 核心概念 高级指引 API Reference Hook 测试 贡献 FAQ Channels GitHub Stack Overflow Discussion 论坛 Reactiflux 聊天室 DEV 社区 Facebook Twitter Community Code of Conduct 社区资源 其他 教程 博客 致谢 React Native Privacy Terms Copyright © 2023 Meta Platforms, Inc. | 2026-01-13T08:49:10 |
https://dev.to/datalaria/weather-service-project-part-2-building-the-interactive-frontend-with-github-pages-or-netlify-ho1#3-fetching-parsing-and-drawing-data | Weather Service Project (Part 2): Building the Interactive Frontend with GitHub Pages or Netlify and JavaScript - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. 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Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Daniel for Datalaria Posted on Jan 13 • Originally published at datalaria.com Weather Service Project (Part 2): Building the Interactive Frontend with GitHub Pages or Netlify and JavaScript # javascript # webdev # tutorial # frontend In the first part of this series , we laid the groundwork for our global weather service. We built a Python script to fetch weather data from OpenWeatherMap, efficiently stored it in city-specific CSV files, and automated the entire collection process using GitHub Actions. Our "robot" is diligently gathering data 24/7. But what good is data if you can't see it? Today, we shift our focus to the frontend : building an interactive, user-friendly dashboard that allows anyone to explore the weather data we've collected. We'll leverage the power of static site hosting with GitHub Pages or Netlify , use "vanilla" JavaScript to bring it to life, and rely on some excellent libraries for data handling and visualization. Let's make our data shine! Free Web Hosting: GitHub Pages vs. Netlify The first hurdle for any web project is hosting. Traditional servers can be costly and complex to manage. Following our "serverless and free" philosophy, both GitHub Pages and Netlify are perfect solutions for hosting static websites directly from your GitHub repository. Option 1: GitHub Pages GitHub Pages allows you to host static websites directly from your GitHub repository. Activation is trivial: Go to Settings > Pages in your repository. Select your main branch (or the branch containing your web content) as the source. Choose the /root folder (or a /docs folder if you prefer) as the location of your web files. Click Save . And just like that, your index.html file (and any linked assets) becomes publicly accessible at a URL like https://your-username.github.io/your-repository-name/ . Simple, effective, and free! 🚀 Option 2: Netlify (the final choice for this project!) For this project, I ultimately opted for Netlify due to its flexibility, ease of managing custom domains, and integrated continuous deployment. It also allows me to host the project directly under my Datalaria domain ( https://datalaria.com/apps/weather/ ). Steps to deploy on Netlify: Connect Your Repository : Log in to Netlify. Click "Add new site" then "Import an existing project". Connect your GitHub account and select your Weather Service project repository. Deployment Configuration : Owner : Your GitHub account. Branch to deploy : main (or the branch where your frontend code resides). Base directory : Leave this empty if your index.html and assets are in the root of the repository, or specify a subfolder if applicable (e.g., /frontend ). Build command : Leave it empty, as our frontend is purely static with no build step required (no frameworks like React/Vue). Publish directory : . (or the subfolder containing your static files, e.g., /frontend ). Deploy Site : Click "Deploy site". Netlify will fetch your repository, deploy it, and provide you with a random URL. Custom Domain (Optional but recommended) : To use a domain like datalaria.com/apps/weather/ : Go to Site settings > Domain management > Domains > Add a custom domain . Follow the steps to add your domain and configure it with your provider's DNS (by adding CNAME or A records). For the specific path ( /apps/weather/ ), you would typically configure a "subfolder" or "base URL" within your application if it's not directly at the root of the domain. In this case, our index.html is designed to be served from a subpath. Netlify handles this transparently once the site is deployed and your domain is configured. It's that simple! Each git push to your configured branch will trigger a new deployment on Netlify, keeping your dashboard always up-to-date. The Frontend Tech Stack: HTML, CSS, and JavaScript (with a little help) For this dashboard, I opted for a lightweight approach: plain HTML for structure, a bit of CSS for styling, and "vanilla" JavaScript (without complex frameworks) for interactivity. To handle specific tasks, I incorporated two fantastic libraries: PapaParse.js : The fastest in-browser CSV parser for JavaScript. It's the bridge between our raw CSV files and the JavaScript data structures we need for visualization. Chart.js : A powerful and flexible JavaScript charting library that makes creating beautiful, responsive, and interactive charts incredibly easy. The Dashboard Logic: Bringing Data to Life in index.html Our index.html acts as the main canvas, orchestrating the fetching, parsing, and rendering of weather data. 1. Dynamic City Loading In stead of hardcoding a list of cities, we want our dashboard to automatically update if we add new cities in the backend. We achieve this by fetching a simple ciudades.txt file (containing one city name per line) and dynamically populating a <select> dropdown element using JavaScript's fetch API. const citySelector = document . getElementById ( ' citySelector ' ); let myChart = null ; // Global variable to store the Chart.js instance async function loadCityList () { try { const response = await fetch ( ' ciudades.txt ' ); const text = await response . text (); // Filter out empty lines from the text file const cities = text . split ( ' \n ' ). filter ( line => line . trim () !== '' ); cities . forEach ( city => { const option = document . createElement ( ' option ' ); option . value = city ; option . textContent = city ; citySelector . appendChild ( option ); }); // Load the first city by default when the page initializes if ( cities . length > 0 ) { loadAndDrawData ( cities [ 0 ]); } } catch ( error ) { console . error ( ' Error loading city list: ' , error ); // Optional: Display a user-friendly error message } } // Trigger city loading when the DOM is fully loaded document . addEventListener ( ' DOMContentLoaded ' , loadCityList ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Reacting to User Selection When a user selects a city from the dropdown, we need to respond immediately. An addEventListener on the <select> element detects the change event and calls our main function to fetch and draw the data for the newly selected city. citySelector . addEventListener ( ' change ' , ( event ) => { const selectedCity = event . target . value ; loadAndDrawData ( selectedCity ); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. Fetching, Parsing, and Drawing Data This is the central function where everything comes to life. It is responsible for: Constructing the URL for the specific city's CSV file (e.g., data/Leon.csv ). Using Papa.parse to download and process the CSV content directly in the browser. PapaParse handles asynchronous fetching and parsing, making it incredibly easy. Extracting relevant labels (dates) and data (temperatures) from the parsed CSV for Chart.js. Crucial! : Before drawing a new chart, we must destroy the previous Chart.js instance ( if (myChart) { myChart.destroy(); } ). Forgetting this step leads to overlapping charts and performance issues! 💥 Creating a new Chart() instance with the updated data. Additionally, it calls a function to load and display the AI prediction for that city, seamlessly integrating it into the dashboard. function loadAndDrawData ( city ) { const csvUrl = `datos/ ${ city } .csv` ; // Note the 'datos/' folder from Part 1 const ctx = document . getElementById ( ' weatherChart ' ). getContext ( ' 2d ' ); Papa . parse ( csvUrl , { download : true , // Tells PapaParse to download the file header : true , // Treats the first row as headers skipEmptyLines : true , complete : function ( results ) { const weatherData = results . data ; // Extract labels (dates) and data (temperatures) const labels = weatherData . map ( row => row . fecha_hora . split ( ' ' )[ 0 ]); // Extract only the date const maxTemp = weatherData . map ( row => parseFloat ( row . temp_max_c )); const minTemp = weatherData . map ( row => parseFloat ( row . temp_min_c )); // Destroy the previous chart instance if it exists to prevent overlaps if ( myChart ) { myChart . destroy (); } // Create a new Chart.js instance myChart = new Chart ( ctx , { type : ' line ' , data : { labels : labels , datasets : [{ label : `Max Temp (°C) - ${ city } ` , data : maxTemp , borderColor : ' rgb(255, 99, 132) ' , tension : 0.1 }, { label : `Min Temp (°C) - ${ city } ` , data : minTemp , borderColor : ' rgb(54, 162, 235) ' , tension : 0.1 }] }, options : { // Chart options for responsiveness, title, etc. responsive : true , maintainAspectRatio : false , scales : { y : { beginAtZero : false } }, plugins : { legend : { position : ' top ' }, title : { display : true , text : `Historical Weather Data for ${ city } ` } } } }); // Load and display AI prediction loadPrediction ( city ); }, error : function ( err , file ) { console . error ( " Error parsing CSV: " , err , file ); // Optional: display a user-friendly error message on the dashboard if ( myChart ) { myChart . destroy (); } // Clear chart if loading fails } }); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 4. Displaying AI Predictions The integration of AI predictions (which we'll delve into in Part 3) is also managed from the frontend. The backend generates a predicciones.json file, and our JavaScript simply fetches this JSON, finds the prediction for the selected city, and displays it. async function loadPrediction ( city ) { const predictionElement = document . getElementById ( ' prediction ' ); try { const response = await fetch ( ' predicciones.json ' ); const predictions = await response . json (); if ( predictions && predictions [ city ]) { predictionElement . textContent = `Max Temp. Prediction for tomorrow: ${ predictions [ city ]. toFixed ( 1 )} °C` ; } else { predictionElement . textContent = ' Prediction not available. ' ; } } catch ( error ) { console . error ( ' Error loading predictions: ' , error ); predictionElement . textContent = ' Error loading prediction. ' ; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Conclusion (Part 2) We've transformed raw data into an engaging and interactive experience! By combining static hosting from GitHub Pages or Netlify, "vanilla" JavaScript for logic, PapaParse.js for CSV handling, and Chart.js for beautiful visualizations, we've built a powerful frontend that is both free and highly effective. The dashboard now provides immediate insight into the historical weather patterns of any selected city. But what about the future? In the third and final part of this series , we'll delve into the exciting world of Machine Learning to add a predictive layer to our service. We'll explore how to use historical data to forecast tomorrow's weather, turning our service into a true weather "oracle." Stay tuned! References and Links of Interest: Complete Web Service : You can see the final project in action here: https://datalaria.com/apps/weather/ Project GitHub Repository : Explore the source code and project structure in my repository: https://github.com/Dalaez/app_weather PapaParse.js : Fast in-browser CSV parser for JavaScript: https://www.papaparse.com/ Chart.js : Simple, yet flexible JavaScript charting for designers & developers: https://www.chartjs.org/ GitHub Pages : Official documentation on how to host your sites: https://docs.github.com/en/pages Netlify : Official Netlify website: https://www.netlify.com/ Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Datalaria Follow More from Datalaria Weather Service Project (Part 1): Building the Data Collector with Python and GitHub Actions or Netlify # api # automation # python # tutorial Proyecto Weather Service (Parte 1): Construyendo el Recolector de Datos con Python y GitHub Actions o Netlify # dataengineering # python # spanish # tutorial Building Datalaria: Technologies and Tools # showdev # github # tooling # webdev 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close CSS Follow Hide Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a simple language for adding style (e.g., fonts, colors, spacing) to HTML documents. It describes how HTML elements should be displayed. Create Post Older #css posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 … 75 … 801 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Ed Wantuil Posted on Jan 12 Cloud Sem Falência: O mínimo que você precisa saber de FinOps # devops # cloud # braziliandevs Imagine a cena: você trabalha em uma empresa consolidada. Vocês têm aquele rack de servidores físicos robusto, piscando luzinhas em uma sala gelada, com piso elevado e controle biométrico (o famoso On-Premise ). Tudo funciona. O banco de dados aguenta o tranco, a latência é zero na rede local. Mas a diretoria decide que é hora de "modernizar". "Vamos migrar para a Nuvem!" , dizem eles, com os olhos brilhando. A promessa no PowerPoint é sedutora: flexibilidade infinita , segurança gerenciada e o mantra mágico: "pagar só pelo que usar" . A migração acontece via Lift-and-Shift (pegar o que existe e jogar na nuvem sem refatorar). A equipe de Infra e Dev comemoram. O Deploy é um sucesso. Três meses depois, chega a fatura da AWS. O diretor financeiro (CFO) não apenas cai da cadeira; ele convoca uma reunião de emergência. O custo, que antes era uma linha fixa e previsível no balanço anual, triplicou e agora flutua violentamente. O que deu errado? Simples: A engenharia tratou a Nuvem como um Data Center físico, apenas alugado. Hoje, vamos falar sobre os riscos dessa mudança e como aplicar FinOps não como burocracia, mas como requisito de arquitetura. (Nota: Usaremos a AWS nos exemplos por ser a stack padrão de mercado, mas a lógica se aplica integralmente ao Azure, GCP e OCI). 🦄 A Ilusão da Mágica: CAPEX vs. OPEX na Engenharia Para entender a conta da AWS, você precisa entender como o dinheiro sai do cofre da empresa. A mudança da nuvem não é apenas sobre onde o servidor roda, é sobre quem assume o risco do desperdício. 1. CAPEX (Capital Expenditure): A Lógica do "PC Gamer" CAPEX é Despesa de Capital. É comprar a "caixa". Imagine que você vai montar um PC Gamer High-End. Você gasta R$ 20.000,00 na loja. Doeu no bolso na hora, certo? Mas depois que o PC está na sua mesa: Custo Marginal Zero: Se você jogar Paciência ou renderizar um vídeo em 8K a noite toda, não faz diferença financeira para o seu bolso (tirando a conta de luz, que é irrisória perto do hardware). O dinheiro já foi gasto ( Sunk Cost ). O Comportamento do Engenheiro (On-Premise): Como o processo de compra é lento (meses de cotação e aprovação), você tem medo de faltar recurso. Mentalidade: "Vou pedir um servidor com 64 Cores, mesmo precisando de 16. Se sobrar, melhor. O hardware é nosso mesmo." Código: Eficiência não é prioridade financeira. Um código mal otimizado que consome 90% da CPU não gera uma fatura extra no fim do mês. 2. OPEX (Operational Expenditure): A Lógica do Uber OPEX é Despesa Operacional. É o custo de funcionamento do dia a dia. Na nuvem, você não comprou o carro; você está rodando de Uber 24 horas por dia. Custo Marginal Real: Cada minuto parado no sinal custa dinheiro. Cada desvio de rota custa dinheiro. O Comportamento do Engenheiro (Cloud): Aqui, a ineficiência é taxada instantaneamente. Mentalidade: Aquele servidor de 64 cores e 512GB de ram parado esperando tráfego é como deixar o Uber te esperando na porta do escritório enquanto você trabalha. O taxímetro está rodando. Código: Um loop infinito ou uma query sem índice no banco de dados não deixa apenas o sistema lento; ele queima dinheiro vivo . Comparativo para Desenvolvedores (Salve isso) Feature CAPEX (On-Premise / Hardware Próprio) OPEX (Cloud / AWS / Azure) Commit Financeiro Você paga tudo antes de usar (Upfront). Você paga depois de usar (Pay-as-you-go). Latência de Aprovação Alta. Precisa de reuniões, assinaturas e compras. Zero. Um terraform apply gasta dinheiro instantaneamente. Risco de Capacidade Subutilização. Comprar um servidor monstro e usar 10%. Conta Surpresa. Esquecer algo ligado ou escalar infinitamente. Otimização de Código Melhora performance, mas não reduz a fatura do hardware. Reduz diretamente a fatura. Código limpo = Dinheiro no caixa. Por que isso afeta a sua Arquitetura? Se você desenha uma arquitetura pensando em CAPEX (Mundo Físico) e a implementa em OPEX (Nuvem), você cria um desastre financeiro. No CAPEX , a estratégia de defesa é: "Superdimensionar para garantir estabilidade". (Compre o maior servidor possível). No OPEX , a estratégia de defesa é: "Elasticidade". (Comece com o menor servidor possível e configure para crescer sozinho apenas se necessário). 💸 Os 8 Cavaleiros do Apocalipse Financeiro na AWS Na nuvem, os maiores vilões raramente são tecnologias complexas de IA ou Big Data. Quase sempre são decisões arquiteturais preguiçosas e falta de governança . 1. Instâncias "Just in Case": O Custo do Seguro Psicológico O sobredimensionamento é um vício comum: o desenvolvedor sobe uma instância m5.2xlarge (8 vCPUs, 32GB RAM) não porque a aplicação exige, mas porque ele "não quer ter dor de cabeça". É o provisionamento baseado no medo, criando uma margem de segurança gigantesca e cara para evitar qualquer risco hipotético de lentidão. A realidade nua e crua aparece no CloudWatch: na maior parte do tempo, essa supermáquina opera com apenas 12% de CPU e usa uma fração da memória. Pagar por uma 2xlarge para rodar essa carga é como fretar um ônibus de 50 lugares para levar apenas 4 pessoas ao trabalho todos os dias. Você está pagando pelo "espaço vazio" e pelo motor potente do ônibus, enquanto um carro popular ( t3.medium ) faria o mesmo trajeto com o mesmo conforto e muito mais economia. 2. Ambientes Zumbis: A Torneira Aberta Fora do Expediente "Ambientes Zumbis" são servidores de Desenvolvimento e Homologação que operam como cópias fiéis da Produção, mas sem a audiência dela. Eles permanecem ligados e faturando às 3 da manhã de um domingo, consumindo recursos de nuvem para processar absolutamente nada. Manter esses servidores ligados 24/7 é o equivalente digital de deixar o ar-condicionado de um escritório ligado no máximo durante todo o fim de semana , com o prédio completamente vazio. O impacto financeiro atua como um multiplicador de desperdício. Se você mantém três ambientes (Dev, Staging e Produção) com arquiteturas similares ligados ininterruptamente, seu custo base é 300% do necessário . A matemática é cruel: uma semana tem 168 horas, mas seus desenvolvedores trabalham apenas 40. Você está pagando por 128 horas de ociosidade pura por máquina, todas as semanas. A primeira cura para esse desperdício é o agendamento automático. Utilizando soluções como o AWS Instance Scheduler (ou Lambdas simples), configuramos os ambientes para "acordar" às 08:00 e "dormir" às 20:00, de segunda a sexta-feira. Apenas essa automação básica, sem alterar uma linha de código da aplicação, reduz a fatura desses ambientes não-produtivos em cerca de 70% . 3. O Esquecimento Crônico: O Custo do Limbo Um dos "pegadinhas" mais comuns da nuvem acontece no momento de desligar as luzes: quando você termina uma instância EC2, o senso comum diz que a cobrança para. O erro está em assumir que a máquina e o disco são uma peça única. Por padrão, ao "matar" o servidor, o volume de armazenamento (EBS) acoplado a ele muitas vezes sobrevive, entrando num estado de limbo financeiro. O resultado é o acúmulo de EBS Órfãos : centenas de discos no estado "Available" (não atrelados a ninguém), cheios de dados inúteis ou completamente vazios, pelos quais você paga o preço cheio do gigabyte provisionado. É comparável a vender seu carro, mas esquecer de cancelar o aluguel da vaga de garagem: o veículo não existe mais, mas a cobrança pelo espaço que ele ocupava continua chegando todo mês na fatura. A situação piora com os Elastic IPs (EIPs) , que possuem uma lógica de cobrança invertida e punitiva. Devido à escassez mundial de endereços IPv4, a AWS não cobra pelo IP enquanto você o utiliza, mas começa a cobrar assim que ele fica ocioso . É como uma "multa por não uso": se você reserva um endereço IP e não o atrela a uma instância em execução, você paga por estar "segurando" um recurso escasso sem necessidade. 4. O Cemitério de Dados no S3 Buckets S3 tendem a virar "cemitérios digitais" onde logs, backups e assets se acumulam indefinidamente. O erro crucial não é guardar os dados, mas a falta de estratégia: manter 100% desse volume na classe S3 Standard , pagando a tarifa mais alta da AWS por arquivos que ninguém acessa há meses. Para entender o prejuízo, imagine o S3 Standard como uma loja no corredor principal de um shopping: o aluguel é caríssimo porque o acesso é imediato e fácil ( baixa latência ). Manter logs de 2022 nessa classe é como alugar essa vitrine premium apenas para estocar caixas de papelão velhas. Dados "frios", que raramente são consultados, não precisam estar à mão em milissegundos; eles podem ficar num armazém mais distante e barato. A solução é o S3 Lifecycle , que automatiza a logística desse "estoque". Primeiro, ele atua na Transição : move automaticamente os dados que envelhecem da "vitrine" (Standard) para o "armazém" ( S3 Glacier ). No Glacier, você paga uma fração do preço, aceitando que o resgate do arquivo leve alguns minutos ou horas (maior latência), o que é aceitável para arquivos de auditoria ou backups antigos. Por fim, o Lifecycle resolve o acúmulo de lixo através da Expiração . Além de mover dados, você configura regras para deletar objetos definitivamente após um período, como remover logs temporários após 7 dias. Isso garante a higiene do ambiente, impedindo que você pague aluguel (seja no shopping ou no armazém) por dados inúteis que não deveriam mais existir. 5. Snapshots: O Colecionador de Backups Fantasmas Backups são a apólice de seguro da sua infraestrutura, mas a facilidade de criar snapshots na AWS gera um comportamento perigoso de acumulação. O erro clássico é configurar uma automação de snapshot diário e definir a retenção para "nunca" ou prazos absurdos como 5 anos. Embora os snapshots sejam incrementais (salvando apenas o que mudou), em bancos de dados transacionais com muita escrita, o volume de dados alterados cresce rápido, e a fatura acompanha. Para visualizar o desperdício, imagine que você compra o jornal do dia para ler as notícias. É útil ter os jornais da última semana na mesa para referência rápida. Mas guardar uma pilha de jornais diários de três anos atrás na sua sala ocupa espaço valioso e custa dinheiro, sendo que a chance de você precisar saber a "cotação do dólar numa terça-feira específica de 2021" é praticamente nula. Você está pagando armazenamento premium por "jornais velhos" que não têm valor de negócio. 6. Licenciamento Comercial (O Custo Invisível) Muitas empresas focam tanto em otimizar CPU e RAM que esquecem o elefante na sala: o custo de software. Ao rodar instâncias com Windows Server ou SQL Server Enterprise na AWS no modelo "License Included", você não paga apenas pela infraestrutura; você paga uma sobretaxa pesada pelo direito de uso do software proprietário. Esse custo é embutido na tarifa por hora e, em máquinas grandes, a licença pode custar mais caro que o próprio hardware. Para ilustrar a desproporção, usar o SQL Server Enterprise para uma aplicação que não utiliza funcionalidades avançadas (como Always On complexo ou compressão de dados específica) é como fretar um jato executivo apenas para ir comprar pão na padaria . O objetivo (armazenar e recuperar dados) é cumprido, mas você está pagando por um veículo de luxo quando uma bicicleta ou um Uber resolveria o problema com a mesma eficiência e uma fração do custo. A primeira camada de solução é a Otimização de Edição . É comum desenvolvedores solicitarem a versão Enterprise por "garantia" ou hábito, sem necessidade técnica real. Uma auditoria simples muitas vezes revela que a versão Standard atende a todos os requisitos da aplicação. Fazer esse downgrade reduz a fatura de licenciamento imediatamente, sem exigir mudanças drásticas na arquitetura ou no código. 7. Dilema Geográfico: Reduzindo a Fatura pela Metade Hospedar aplicações na região sa-east-1 (São Paulo) carrega um ágio pesado: o "Custo Brasil" digital faz com que a infraestrutura local custe, cerca de 50% a mais do que na us-east-1 (N. Virgínia). Migrar workloads para os EUA é, frequentemente, a manobra de FinOps com maior retorno imediato (ROI): você corta a fatura desses recursos praticamente pela metade apenas alterando o CEP do servidor, acessando o mesmo hardware por uma fração do preço. O principal bloqueador costuma ser o medo da LGPD , mas a crença de que a lei exige residência física dos dados no Brasil é um mito . O Artigo 33 permite a transferência internacional para países com proteção adequada (como os EUA), desde que coberto por contratos padrão. A legislação foca na segurança e privacidade do dado, não na sua latitude e longitude geográfica. Quanto à técnica, a latência para a Virgínia (~120ms) é imperceptível para a maioria das aplicações web, sistemas internos e dashboards. A estratégia inteligente é adotar uma região como US East como padrão para maximizar a economia, reservando São Paulo apenas para exceções que realmente exigem resposta em tempo real (como High Frequency Trading), evitando pagar preço de "primeira classe" para cargas de trabalho que rodariam perfeitamente na econômica. 8. Serverless: A Faca de Dois Gumes "Serverless" é computação sem gestão de infraestrutura (como AWS Lambda ou DynamoDB). Diferente de alugar um servidor fixo mensal, aqui você paga apenas pelos milissegundos que seu código executa ou pelo dado que você lê. É como a conta de luz: você só paga se o interruptor estiver ligado. A Estratégia: Para uso esporádico, é imbatível. Mas e para uso constante? Também pode ser uma excelente escolha! Embora a fatura de infraestrutura possa vir mais alta do que em servidores tradicionais, você elimina o trabalho pesado de manutenção. Muitas vezes, é financeiramente mais inteligente pagar um pouco mais para a AWS do que custear horas de engenharia ou contratar uma equipe dedicada apenas para gerenciar servidores, aplicar patches de segurança e configurar escalas. O segredo é olhar para o Custo Total (TCO), e não apenas para a linha de processamento na fatura. 🕵️♂️ FinOps: Engenharia Financeira na Prática FinOps não é apenas sobre "pedir desconto" ou cortar gastos; é a mudança cultural que descentraliza a responsabilidade do custo, empoderando engenheiros a tomar decisões baseadas em dados, não em palpites. Para que essa cultura saia do papel, ela precisa se apoiar em um tripé de governança robusto: a visibilidade granular garantida pelo tageamento correto (saber quem gasta), a segurança operacional monitorada pelo AWS Budgets (saber quando gasta) e a eficiência financeira obtida através dos Modelos de Compra inteligentes (saber como pagar). Sem integrar essas três frentes, a nuvem deixa de ser um acelerador de inovação para se tornar um passivo financeiro descontrolado. 1. TAGs: Sem Etiquetas, Sem Dados 🏷️ No AWS Cost Explorer, uma infraestrutura sem tags opera como uma "caixa preta" financeira: você encara uma fatura de $50.000, mas é incapaz de discernir se o rombo veio de um modelo crítico de Data Science ou de um cluster Kubernetes esquecido por um estagiário. Utiliza tags como custo:centro , app:nome , env e dono no momento dos recursos transformara números genéricos em rastreáveis, permitindo que cada centavo gasto tenha um responsável atrelado, eliminando definitivamente a cultura de que "o custo da nuvem não é problema meu". 2. AWS Budgets e Detecção de Anomalias 🚨 Não espere o fim do mês. Configure o AWS Budgets para alertar quando o custo projetado (forecasted) ultrapassar o limite. Dica: Ative o Cost Anomaly Detection . Ele usa Machine Learning para identificar picos anormais. Exemplo: Um deploy errado fez a cahamada para um Lambda entrar em loop infinito. O Anomaly Detection te avisa em horas, não no fim do mês. 3. Modelos de Compra: O Fim do On-Demand 💸 Operar 100% em On-Demand é pagar voluntariamente um "imposto sobre a falta de planejamento". A maturidade em FinOps exige abandonar o preço de varejo e adotar um mix estratégico: cubra sua carga de trabalho base (aquela que roda 24/7) com Savings Plans , que oferecem descontos de até 72% em troca de fidelidade, e mova cargas tolerantes a interrupções, como processamento de dados e pipelines de CI/CD, para Spot Instances , aproveitando a capacidade ociosa da AWS por até 10% do valor original . Ignorar essa estratégia e manter tudo no On-Demand é uma decisão consciente de desperdiçar orçamento que poderia ser reinvestido em inovação. 🧠 Dev Assina o Código e o Cheque No mundo On-Premise, um código ruim apenas deixava o sistema lento. Na Nuvem, código ineficiente gera uma fatura imediata . A barreira entre Engenharia e Financeiro desapareceu: cada linha de código é uma decisão de compra executada em tempo real. O desenvolvedor não consome apenas CPU, ele consome o orçamento da empresa. Para entender o impacto, veja o preço das más práticas: O Custo da Leitura: Uma query sem " WHERE " ou um Full Table Scan no DynamoDB não é apenas um problema de performance; você está pagando unidades de leitura para ler milhares de linhas inúteis. É como comprar a biblioteca inteira para ler uma única página. O Custo da Ineficiência: Um código com vazamento de memória engana o Auto Scaling . O sistema provisiona 10 servidores para fazer o trabalho de 2, desperdiçando dinheiro para compensar código ruim. O Custo do Ruído: Logs em modo VERBOSE esquecidos em produção são vilões. O CloudWatch cobra caro pela ingestão. Enviar gigabytes de "log de lixo" é literalmente pagar frete aéreo para transportar entulho. A Cultura de Engenharia Consciente de Custos: Estimativa no Refinamento: O custo deve ser debatido antes do código existir. Durante o Refinamento, ao definir a arquitetura, faça a pergunta: "Quais recursos vamos usar e quanto isso vai custar com a volumetria esperada?" . Se a solução técnica custa $1.000 para economizar $50 de esforço manual, ela deve ser vetada ali mesmo. Feedback Loop: O desenvolvedor precisa ver quanto o serviço dele custa. Painéis do Grafana ou Datadog devem mostrar não só a latência da API, mas o custo diário dela. Só existe responsabilidade quando existe consciência do preço. Cerimônia de Custo (FinOps Review): Estabeleça uma reunião recorrente dedicada a olhar o "Extrato da Conta" . O time analisa os custos atuais, investiga picos não planejados da semana anterior e discute ativamente: "Existe alguma oportunidade de desligar recursos ou otimizar este serviço agora?" . É a higiene financeira mantendo o projeto saudável. 🌐 O Mundo Híbrido e Multicloud: Complexidade é Custo Nem tudo precisa ir para a AWS, e nem tudo deve sair do seu Data Center local. A maturidade em nuvem não significa "desligar tudo o que é físico", mas sim saber onde cada peça do jogo custa menos. Empresas podem operam em modelos híbridos estratégicos: O Lugar do Legado (On-Premise): Aquele banco de dados gigante ou mainframe que já está quitado, não cresce mais e roda de forma previsível? Deixe onde está. Migrar esses monstros para a nuvem apenas copiando e colando ("Lift-and-Shift") costuma ser um desastre financeiro. Na nuvem, você paga caro por performance de disco (IOPS) e memória que, no seu servidor físico, já são "gratuitos". O Lugar da Inovação (Nuvem): Seu site, aplicativos móveis e APIs que precisam aguentar milhões de acessos num dia e zero no outro? Leve para a nuvem. Lá você paga pela elasticidade e pelo alcance global que o servidor físico não consegue entregar. Cuidado com a Armadilha Multicloud Muitos gestores caem na tentação de usar AWS, Azure e Google Cloud ao mesmo tempo sob o pretexto de "evitar ficar preso a um fornecedor" (Vendor Lock-in). Na prática, para a maioria das empresas, isso triplica o custo operacional . Você precisará de equipes especialistas em três plataformas diferentes, perderá descontos por volume (diluindo seu gasto) e pagará taxas altíssimas de transferência de dados (Egress) para fazer as nuvens conversarem entre si. Complexidade técnica é, invariavelmente, custo financeiro. Como gerenciar essa infraestrutura sem perder o controle? O uso de ferramentas como Terraform ou OpenTofu . Com elas, criar um servidor não é mais clicar em botões numa tela, mas sim escrever um arquivo de texto (código). Isso habilita a Revisão de Código Financeira : Um desenvolvedor propõe uma mudança no código da infraestrutura. Antes de aprovar, o time revisa num "Pull Request". A pergunta muda de "O código está certo?" para "Por que você alterou a máquina de micro para extra-large ?" . O Code Review de infraestrutura torna-se a primeira e mais barata linha de defesa do FinOps, barrando gastos desnecessários antes mesmo que eles sejam criados. Conclusão: A Nuvem não é um Destino, é um Modelo Econômico Migrar para a nuvem não é apenas trocar de servidor; é adotar um novo paradigma operacional e financeiro. Tratar a AWS como um "datacenter glorificado" é o caminho mais rápido para transformar a inovação em prejuízo: ao fazer isso, você acaba pagando a diária de um hotel cinco estrelas apenas para estocar caixas de papelão que poderiam estar num depósito simples. A virada de chave acontece na cultura. Comece pelo básico bem feito: aplique Tags rigorosamente, automatize a limpeza de recursos e traga o custo para o centro das decisões de arquitetura. Lembre-se que, neste novo mundo, a excelência técnica é inseparável da eficiência financeira: o melhor código não é apenas o que funciona, é o que entrega valor máximo consumindo o mínimo de orçamento. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close Privacy Policy Last Updated: September 01, 2023 This Privacy Policy is designed to help you understand how DEV Community Inc. (" DEV ," " we ," or " us ") collects, use, and discloses your personal information. What's With the Defined Terms? You'll notice that some words appear in quotes in this Privacy Policy. They're called "defined terms," and we use them so that we don't have to repeat the same language again and again. They mean the same thing in every instance, to help us make sure that this Privacy Policy is consistent. We've included the defined terms throughout because we want it to be easy for you to read them in context. 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION 11. OTHER PROVISIONS 12. CONTACT US 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? This Privacy Policy applies to personal information processed by us, including on our websites, mobile applications, and other online or offline offerings — basically anything we do. To make this Privacy Policy easier to read, our websites, mobile applications, and other offerings are all collectively called the " Services. " Beyond this Privacy Policy, your use of the Services is subject to our DEV Community Terms and our Forem Terms. The Services include both our own community forum at https://www.dev.to (the " DEV Community ") and the open source tool we provide called " Forem ," available at https://www.forem.com which allows our customers to create and operate their own online forums. We collect personal information from two categories of people: (1) our customers, who use Forem and our hosting services to run and host their own forums (we'll call them " Forem Operators "), and (2) the people who interact with DEV-hosted forums, including forums provided by Forem Operators utilizing Forem and separately our own DEV Community (we'll call them " Users "). An Important Note for Users Since we provide hosting services for Forem Operators, technically we also process your information on their behalf. That processing is governed by the contracts that we have in place with each Forem Operator, not this Privacy Policy. In other words, when you share your data on a DEV-hosted forum operated by a Forem Operator, we at DEV are basically just the "pipes" — we process the data on behalf of the Forem Operator, but don't do anything with it ourselves beyond what we're required to do under our contract (and by law). So, if you post your information on a DEV-powered forum provided by a Forem Operator, that Forem Operator's privacy policy applies, and any questions or requests relating to your data on that service should be directed to that Forem Operator, not us. Likewise, if you use our mobile application, you may also interact with forums that use DEV's open-source tools but do all their hosting and data collection themselves. For those forums, we at DEV have no access to your data, so be sure to read the privacy policy of any third-party hosted forum before posting. 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT The categories of personal information we collect depend on whether you're a User or Forem Operator, how you interact with us, our Services, and the requirements of applicable law. Breaking it down, we collect three types of information: (1) information that you provide to us directly, (2) information we obtain automatically when you use our Services, and (3) information we get about you from other sources (such as third-party services and organizations). More details are below. A. Information You Provide to Us Directly We may collect the following personal information that you provide to us. Account Creation (for Forem Operators): We'll require your name and email address to get started, as well as some details about the Forem you want to run, such as: whether you're running the Forem on your own behalf or as part of an organization, and details about the community you want to support (how big is it, what topics does it cover, where do members currently communicate, how/if the community earns money, whether the community is open, invite-only or paid, any existing social media accounts, etc.) You'll need to tell us a bit about your personal coding background, and you'll have the option to provide your DEV username as well, if you are a member of the DEV.to community. Account Creation (for Users) : We collect name and email address from users that create an account on DEV Community. For other forums created by Forem Operators using Forem, the Forem Operator determines what information is required for User account creation for their respective forums. Interactive Features (for Users) . Like any other social network, both we and other Users of our Services may collect personal information that you submit or make available through our interactive features (e.g., messaging and chat features, commenting functionalities, forums, blogs, posts, and other social media pages). While we do have private messages that are only between you and the person you're messaging (as well as us and the Forem Operator, as applicable), any information you provide using the public sharing features of the Services, such as the information you post to your public profile or the topics you follow is public, including to recruiters and prospective employers, and is not subject to any of the privacy protections we mention in this Privacy Policy except where legally required. Please exercise caution before revealing any information that may identify you in the real world to others. Purchases . If you buy stuff on our shop site https://shop.dev.to/ (as either a User or Forem Operator), or otherwise if you pay us in connection with your use of the Forem service, we may collect personal information and details associated with your purchases, including payment information. Any payments made via our Services are processed by third-party payment processors, such as Stripe, Shopify, and PayPal. We do not directly collect or store any payment card information entered through our Services, but may receive information associated with your payment card information (e.g., your billing details). Your Communications with Us (Users and Forem Operators) . We may collect personal information, such as email address, phone number, or mailing address when you request information about our Services, register for our newsletter or loyalty program, request customer or technical support, apply for a job, or otherwise communicate with us. Surveys . We may contact you to participate in surveys. If you decide to participate, you may be asked to provide certain information, which may include personal information (for example, your home address). Sweepstakes or Contests . We may collect personal information you provide for any sweepstakes or contests that we offer. In some jurisdictions, we are required to publicly share information of sweepstakes and contest winners. Conferences, Trade Shows, and Other Events . We may collect personal information from individuals when we attend conferences, trade shows, and other events. Business Development and Strategic Partnerships . We may collect personal information from individuals and third parties to assess and pursue potential business opportunities. Job Applications . We may post job openings and opportunities on our Services. If you reply to one of these postings by submitting your application, CV and/or cover letter to us, we will collect and use your information to assess your qualifications. B. Information Collected Automatically We may collect personal information automatically when you use our Services: Automatic Data Collection . We may collect certain information automatically when you use our Services, such as your Internet protocol (IP) address, user settings, MAC address, cookie identifiers, mobile carrier, mobile advertising and other unique identifiers, browser or device information, location information (including approximate location derived from IP address), and Internet service provider. We may also automatically collect information regarding your use of our Services, such as pages that you visit before, during and after using our Services, information about the links you click, the types of content you interact with, the frequency and duration of your activities, and other information about how you use our Services. In addition, we may collect information that other people provide about you when they use our Services, including information about you when they tag you in their posts. Cookies, Pixel Tags/Web Beacons, and Other Technologies . We, as well as third parties that provide content, advertising, or other functionality on our Services, may use cookies, pixel tags, local storage, and other technologies (" Technologies ") to automatically collect information through your use of our Services. Cookies . Cookies are small text files placed in device browsers that store preferences and facilitate and enhance your experience. Pixel Tags/Web Beacons . A pixel tag (also known as a web beacon) is a piece of code embedded in our Services that collects information about engagement on our Services. The use of a pixel tag allows us to record, for example, that a user has visited a particular web page or clicked on a particular advertisement. We may also include web beacons in e-mails to understand whether messages have been opened, acted on, or forwarded. Our uses of these Technologies fall into the following general categories: Operationally Necessary . This includes Technologies that allow you access to our Services, applications, and tools that are required to identify irregular website behavior, prevent fraudulent activity and improve security or that allow you to make use of our functionality. Performance-Related . We may use Technologies to assess the performance of our Services, including as part of our analytic practices to help us understand how individuals use our Services ( see Analytics below ). Functionality-Related . We may use Technologies that allow us to offer you enhanced functionality when accessing or using our Services. This may include identifying you when you sign into our Services or keeping track of your specified preferences, interests, or past items viewed. Analytics . We may use Technologies and other third-party tools to process analytics information on our Services. Some of our analytics partners include Google Analytics. For more information,please visit Google Analytics' Privacy Policy . To learn more about how to opt-out of Google Analytics' use of your information, please click here . Social Media Platforms . Our Services may contain social media buttons such as Twitter, Facebook, GitHub, Instagram, and Twitch (that might include widgets such as the "share this" button or other interactive mini programs). These features may collect your IP address, which page you are visiting on our Services, and may set a cookie to enable the feature to function properly. Your interactions with these platforms are governed by the privacy policy of the company providing it. See the "Your Privacy Choices and Rights" section below to understand your choices regarding these Technologies. C. Information Collected from Other Sources We may obtain information about you from other sources, including through third-party services and organizations. For example, if you access our Services through a third-party application, such as an app store, a third-party login service (e.g., through Twitter, Apple, or GitHub), or a social networking site, we may collect whatever information about you from that third-party application that you have made available via your privacy settings. 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION We use your information for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, for administrative purposes, and to market our products and Services, as described below. A. Provide Our Services We use your information to fulfill our contract with you and provide you with our Services, such as: Managing your information and accounts; Providing access to certain areas, functionalities, and features of our Services; Answering requests for customer or technical support; Communicating with you about your account, activities on our Services, and policy changes; Processing your financial information and other payment methods for products or Services purchased; Processing applications if you apply for a job we post on our Services; and Allowing you to register for events. B. Administrative Purposes We use your information for various administrative purposes, such as: Pursuing our legitimate interests such as direct marketing, research and development (including marketing research), network and information security, and fraud prevention; Detecting security incidents, protecting against malicious, deceptive, fraudulent or illegal activity, and prosecuting those responsible for that activity; Measuring interest and engagement in our Services, including for usage-based billing purposes; Short-term, transient use, such as contextual customization of ads; Improving, optimizing, upgrading, or enhancing our Services; Developing new products and Services; Ensuring internal quality control and safety; Authenticating and verifying individual identities, including requests to exercise your rights under this policy; Debugging to identify and repair errors with our Services; Auditing relating to interactions, transactions and other compliance activities; Enforcing our agreements and policies; and Complying with our legal obligations. C. Marketing and Advertising our Products and Services We may use your personal information to tailor and provide you with content and advertisements for our Services, such as via email. If you have any questions about our marketing practices, you may contact us at any time as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. D. Other Purposes We also use your information for other purposes as requested by you or as permitted by applicable law. Consent . We may use personal information for other purposes that are clearly disclosed to you at the time you provide personal information or with your consent. Automated Decision Making. We may engage in automated decision making, including profiling, such as to suggest topics or other Users for you to follow. DEV's processing of your personal information will not result in a decision based solely on automated processing that significantly affects you unless such a decision is necessary as part of a contract we have with you, we have your consent, or we are permitted by law to engage in such automated decision making. If you have questions about our automated decision making, you may contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. De-identified and Aggregated Information . We may use personal information and other information about you to create de-identified and/or aggregated information, such as de-identified demographic information, information about the device from which you access our Services, or other analyses we create. For example, we may collect system-wide information to ensure availability of the platform, or measure aggregate data trends to analyze and optimize our Services. Share Content with Friends or Colleagues. Our Services may offer various tools and functionalities. For example, we may allow you to provide information about your friends through our referral services. Our referral services may allow you to forward or share certain content with a friend or colleague, such as an email inviting your friend to use our Services. Please only share with us contact information of people with whom you have a relationship (e.g., relative, friend neighbor, or co-worker). 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION We disclose your information to third parties for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, to protect us or others, or in the event of a major business transaction such as a merger, sale, or asset transfer, as described below. A. Disclosures to Provide our Services The categories of third parties with whom we may share your information are described below. Service Providers . We may share your personal information with our third-party service providers who use that information to help us provide our Services. This includes service providers that provide us with IT support, hosting, payment processing, customer service, and related services. For example, our Shop site is run by Shopify, who handle your shipping details on our behalf. Business Partners . We may share your personal information with business partners to provide you with a product or service you have requested. We may also share your personal information to business partners with whom we jointly offer products or services. Other Users . As described above in the "Personal Information We Collect" section of this Privacy Policy, our Service allows Users to share their profiles, and any posts, chats, etc. with other Users and with the general public, including to those who do not use our Services. APIs/SDKs . We may use third-party Application Program Interfaces ("APIs") and Software Development Kits ("SDKs") as part of the functionality of our Services. For more information about our use of APIs and SDKs, please contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. B . Disclosures to Protect Us or Others We may access, preserve, and disclose any information we store associated with you to external parties if we, in good faith, believe doing so is required or appropriate to: comply with law enforcement or national security requests and legal process, such as a court order or subpoena; protect your, our, or others' rights, property, or safety; enforce our policies or contracts; collect amounts owed to us; or assist with an investigation or prosecution of suspected or actual illegal activity. C. Disclosure in the Event of Merger, Sale, or Other Asset Transfers If we are involved in a merger, acquisition, financing due diligence, reorganization, bankruptcy, receivership, purchase or sale of assets, or transition of service to another provider, your information may be sold or transferred as part of such a transaction, as permitted by law and/or contract. 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS Your Privacy Choices . The privacy choices you may have about your personal information are determined by applicable law and are described below. Email Communications . If you receive an unwanted email from us, you can use the unsubscribe link found at the bottom of the email to opt out of receiving future emails. Note that you will continue to receive transaction-related emails regarding products or Services you have requested. 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https://dev.to/aws-builders/how-i-troubleshoot-an-ec2-instance-in-the-real-world-using-instance-diagnostics-3dk8#the-first-question-i-answer | 🩺 How I Troubleshoot an EC2 Instance in the Real World (Using Instance Diagnostics) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Venkata Pavan Vishnu Rachapudi for AWS Community Builders Posted on Jan 12 🩺 How I Troubleshoot an EC2 Instance in the Real World (Using Instance Diagnostics) # aws # ec2 # linux # cloud When an EC2 instance starts misbehaving, my first reaction is not to SSH into it or reboot it. Instead, I open the EC2 console and go straight to Instance Diagnostics . Over time, I’ve realized that most EC2 issues can be understood — and often solved — just by carefully reading what AWS already shows on this page. In this blog, I’ll explain how I use each section of Instance Diagnostics to troubleshoot EC2 issues in a practical, real-world way. The First Question I Answer Before touching anything, I ask myself one simple question: Is this an AWS infrastructure issue, or is it something inside my instance? Instance Diagnostics helps answer this in seconds. Status Overview: Always the Starting Point I always begin with the Status Overview at the top. Instance State This confirms whether the instance is running, stopped, or terminated. If it is not running, there is usually nothing to troubleshoot. System Status Check This reflects the health of the underlying AWS infrastructure such as the physical host and networking. If this check fails, the issue is on the AWS side. In most cases, stopping and starting the instance resolves it by moving the instance to a healthy host. Instance Status Check This check represents the health of the operating system and internal networking. If this fails, the problem is inside the instance — typically related to OS boot issues, kernel problems, firewall rules, or resource exhaustion. EBS Status Check This confirms the health of the attached EBS volumes. If this fails, disk or storage-level issues are likely, and data protection becomes the immediate priority. CloudTrail Events: Tracking Configuration Changes If an issue appears suddenly, the CloudTrail Events tab is where I go next. I use it to confirm: Whether the instance was stopped, started, or rebooted If security groups or network settings were modified Whether IAM roles or instance profiles were changed If volumes were attached or detached This helps quickly identify human or automation-driven changes. SSM Command History: Understanding What Ran on the Instance The SSM Command History tab shows all Systems Manager Run Commands executed on the instance. This is especially useful for identifying: Patch jobs Maintenance scripts Automated remediations Configuration changes If there are no recent commands, that information itself is useful because it confirms that no SSM-driven actions caused the issue. Reachability Analyzer: When the Issue Is Network-Related If the instance is running but not reachable, I open the Reachability Analyzer directly from Instance Diagnostics. This is my go-to tool for diagnosing: Security group issues Network ACL misconfigurations Route table problems Internet gateway or NAT gateway connectivity VPC-to-VPC or on-prem connectivity issues Instead of guessing, Reachability Analyzer visually shows exactly where the network path is blocked. Instance Events: Checking AWS-Initiated Actions The Instance Events tab tells me if AWS has scheduled or performed any actions on the instance. This includes: Scheduled maintenance Host retirement Instance reboot notifications If an issue aligns with one of these events, the root cause becomes immediately clear. Instance Screenshot: When the OS Is Stuck If I cannot connect to the instance at all, I check the Instance Screenshot . This is especially helpful for: Identifying boot failures Detecting kernel panic messages Seeing whether the OS is stuck during startup Even a single screenshot can explain hours of troubleshooting. System Log: Understanding Boot and Kernel Issues The System Log provides low-level OS and kernel messages. I rely on it when: The instance fails to boot properly Services fail during startup Kernel or file system errors are suspected This is one of the best tools for diagnosing OS-level failures without logging in. [[0;32m OK [0m] Reached target [0;1;39mTimer Units[0m. [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mUser Login Management[0m. [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mUnattended Upgrades Shutdown[0m. [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mHostname Service[0m. Starting [0;1;39mAuthorization Manager[0m... [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mAuthorization Manager[0m. [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mThe PHP 8.2 FastCGI Process Manager[0m. [[0;32m OK [0m] Finished [0;1;39mEC2 Instance Connect Host Key Harvesting[0m. Starting [0;1;39mOpenBSD Secure Shell server[0m... [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mOpenBSD Secure Shell server[0m. [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mDispatcher daemon for systemd-networkd[0m. [[0;1;31mFAILED[0m] Failed to start [0;1;39mPostfix Ma… Transport Agent (instance -)[0m. See 'systemctl status postfix@-.service' for details. [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mLSB: AWS CodeDeploy Host Agent[0m. [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mVarnish HTTP accelerator log daemon[0m. [[0;32m OK [0m] Started [0;1;39mSnap Daemon[0m. Starting [0;1;39mTime & Date Service[0m... [ 13.865473] cloud-init[1136]: Cloud-init v. 25.1.4-0ubuntu0~22.04.1 running 'modules:config' at Fri, 05 Dec 2025 01:25:29 +0000. Up 13.71 seconds. Ubuntu 22.04.3 LTS ip-***** ttyS0 ip-****** login: [ 15.070290] cloud-init[1152]: Cloud-init v. 25.1.4-0ubuntu0~22.04.1 running 'modules:final' at Fri, 05 Dec 2025 01:25:30 +0000. Up 14.98 seconds. 2025/12/05 01:25:30Z: Amazon SSM Agent v3.3.2299.0 is running 2025/12/05 01:25:30Z: OsProductName: Ubuntu 2025/12/05 01:25:30Z: OsVersion: 22.04 [ 15.189197] cloud-init[1152]: Cloud-init v. 25.1.4-0ubuntu0~22.04.1 finished at Fri, 05 Dec 2025 01:25:30 +0000. Datasource DataSourceEc2Local. Up 15.16 seconds 2025/12/15 21:35:50Z: Amazon SSM Agent v3.3.3050.0 is running 2025/12/15 21:35:50Z: OsProductName: Ubuntu 2025/12/15 21:35:50Z: OsVersion: 22.04 [1091674.876805] Out of memory: Killed process 465 (java) total-vm:11360104kB, anon-rss:1200164kB, file-rss:3072kB, shmem-rss:0kB, UID:1004 pgtables:2760kB oom_score_adj:0 [1091770.835233] Out of memory: Killed process 349683 (php) total-vm:563380kB, anon-rss:430132kB, file-rss:4096kB, shmem-rss:0kB, UID:0 pgtables:1068kB oom_score_adj:0 [1092018.639252] Out of memory: Killed process 347300 (php-fpm8.2) total-vm:531624kB, anon-rss:193648kB, file-rss:3456kB, shmem-rss:106240kB, UID:33 pgtables:888kB oom_score_adj:0 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Session Manager: Secure Access Without SSH If Systems Manager is enabled, I prefer using Session Manager to access the instance. This allows me to: Inspect CPU, memory, and disk usage Restart services safely Avoid opening SSH ports or managing key pairs From both a security and operational standpoint, this is my preferred access method. What Experience Has Taught Me Troubleshooting EC2 instances is not about reacting quickly — it is about observing carefully. Instance Diagnostics already provides: Health signals Change history Network analysis OS-level visibility When used correctly, these tools eliminate guesswork and reduce downtime. Final Thoughts My approach to EC2 troubleshooting is simple: Start with Instance Diagnostics. Understand the signals. Act only after the root cause is clear. In most cases, the answer is already visible — we just need to slow down and read it. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse AWS Community Builders Follow Build On! Would you like to become an AWS Community Builder? Learn more about the program and apply to join when applications are open next. Learn more More from AWS Community Builders Explain Basic AI Concepts And Terminologies # aws # ai # aipractitioner # cloud What I Learned Using Specification-Driven Development with Kiro # aws # serverless # kiro 5 Practical Tips for the Terraform Authoring and Operations Professional Exam # terraform # aws 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . 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