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https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9728621/ | Motivation for Meditation and its Association with Meditation Practice in a National Sample of Internet Users - PMC Skip to main content An official website of the United States government Here's how you know Here's how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( Lock Locked padlock icon ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Search Log in Dashboard Publications Account settings Log out Search… Search NCBI Primary site navigation Search Logged in as: Dashboard Publications Account settings Log in Search PMC Full-Text Archive Search in PMC Journal List User Guide PERMALINK Copy As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. 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Published in final edited form as: Mindfulness (N Y). 2022 Sep 20;13(10):2641–2651. doi: 10.1007/s12671-022-01985-6 Search in PMC Search in PubMed View in NLM Catalog Add to search Motivation for Meditation and its Association with Meditation Practice in a National Sample of Internet Users Zishan Jiwani Zishan Jiwani 1 Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Madison 2 Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison Find articles by Zishan Jiwani 1, 2 , Sin U Lam Sin U Lam 1 Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Madison 2 Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison Find articles by Sin U Lam 1, 2 , J Davidson Richard J Davidson Richard 2 Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison 3 Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin – Madison Find articles by J Davidson Richard 2, 3 , Simon B Goldberg Simon B Goldberg 1 Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Madison 2 Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison Find articles by Simon B Goldberg 1, 2, * Author information Article notes Copyright and License information 1 Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Madison 2 Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison 3 Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin – Madison Author Contributions ZJ: conducted the formal analysis and wrote the original manuscript draft. SUL: collaborated on the study conceptualization and methodology and reviewed and edited manuscript draft. RJD: collaborated on the study conceptualization and methodology and reviewed and edited manuscript draft. SBG: supervised the study, led the study conceptualization and methodology, supervised the formal analysis, and reviewed and edited manuscript draft. RJD is the founder, president, and serves on the board of directors for the non-profit organization, Healthy Minds Innovations, Inc. This research was supported by grant K23AT010879 (SBG) and U24AT011289-01 (RJD) from the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Simon Goldberg was supported in part by the Hope for Depression Research Foundation ‘Defeating Depression’ Award. Additional support for this research was provided by the Graduate School, part of the Office of Vice Chancellor for Research and Graduate Education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, with funding from the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation and the UW-Madison. ZJ: conducted the formal analysis and wrote the original manuscript draft. SUL: collaborated on the study conceptualization and methodology and reviewed and edited manuscript draft. RJD: collaborated on the study conceptualization and methodology and reviewed and edited manuscript draft. SBG: supervised the study, led the study conceptualization and methodology, supervised the formal analysis, and reviewed and edited manuscript draft. All data and code used for analysis are available at the Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/djpn4/?view_only=063893e0094b4fcbbb018d1a53bea55f ). Authors would like to express gratitude to Qiang Xie and Shobhali Thapa for the conversation which inspired this study. * Corresponding Author, Correspondence can be addressed to Simon B. Goldberg, Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 335 Education Building, 1000 Bascom Mall, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States. sbgoldberg@wisc.edu Issue date 2022 Oct. PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC9728621 NIHMSID: NIHMS1835309 PMID: 36506892 The publisher's version of this article is available at Mindfulness (N Y) Abstract Objectives: There is limited understanding of what motivates people to initiate and sustain a meditation practice. This study investigates initial and current motivations for meditation, demographic variability in motivations, and associations with ongoing and lifetime meditation practice. Methods: A national sample of internet users were recruited to examine initial and current motivations for meditation practice. Results: 953 participants completed initial screening and 470 (49.3%) reported exposure to meditation practice. 434 (92.3%) completed a follow-up assessment. Participants most frequently reported mental health/stress alleviation as an initial motivation ( n = 322, 74.2%) followed by spiritual ( n = 122, 28.1%), physical health ( n = 69, 15.9%), awakening/enlightenment ( n = 64, 14.7%), cultural ( n = 51, 11.8%) and other ( n = 33, 7.6%). Participants reported a mean of 1.52 ( SD = 0.83) initial motivations. Among those currently meditating, a significant increase in the number of motivations was found between initial and current motivations (1.60 [ SD = 0.89] and 2.11 [ SD = 1.16]), for initial and current motivations, respectively, Cohen’s d = 0.45). The number of motivations was positively associated with meditation practice. Initial mental health motivation was found to be negatively associated with current and lifetime meditation practice, whereas spiritual motivation was found to be positively associated. Conclusions: While meditation started as a tool for spiritual attainment, findings suggest that it is predominantly used in the U.S. for mental health support and to manage stress. Findings suggest that both type and number of motivations may relate to the course of practice. Keywords: motivation, meditation, mindfulness, mental health, national survey Setting the right motivation or intention for meditation practice has been an important facet of Buddhist practice since the time of the Buddha and continues to be emphasized across modern schools of Buddhism ( Damdul, 2018 ; Sirimanne, 2018 ). In the Dhammapada , derived from the Pāli Canon , the sacred scriptures of the Theravada school, the Buddha encourages adherents to set their intent towards enlightenment, and negative mental states which cloud the mind, such as fear, anger, anxiety, and jealously will diminish ( Buddharakkhita, 1985 ). Similarly, in the Mahayana tradition, it is advised to begin each practice by setting the right motivation to awaken the Buddha nature within oneself, which is a path to the removal of negative mental states from the mind ( Damdul, 2018 ). However, as meditation has become popularized in the West, it has been largely disconnected from Buddhist philosophy and ethics and has been presented as a secular biomedical intervention to improve psychological and physiological well-being ( Kabat-Zinn, 2011 ; Kirmayer, 2015 ; Sirimanne, 2018 ). Research on the generally positive impact of mindfulness-and-meditation-based interventions has been well documented in clinical settings ( Goldberg et al., 2018 ; Koncz et al., 2021 ) as well as within education ( Breedvelt et al., 2019 ), the workplace ( Lomas et al., 2019 ) and military and veteran settings ( Goldberg et al., 2020 ; L.-N. Sun et al., 2021 ). Specifically, benefits documented include improvements in attention ( Sumantry & Stewart, 2021 ), emotion regulation ( Zhang et al., 2019 ), physical health ( Edwards & Loprinzi, 2018 ), and psychological well-being ( Gál et al., 2021 ; Galante et al., 2014 ; Goldberg et al., 2018 , 2020 ). Spurred in part by research, meditation has become popular in the U.S. Between 2012 and 2017, the number of U.S. adults reporting the use of meditation has grown more than threefold from 4.1% to 14.2%, according to the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS, Clarke et al., 2018 ). NHIS limits meditation practices to mindfulness meditation, mantra meditation, and spiritual meditation ( Burke et al., 2017 ) as these meditation styles represent the most commonly practiced forms of meditation ( Burke et al., 2017 ; Stussman et al., 2013 ). More recently, a national survey by the American Psychiatric Association revealed that a quarter of Americans planned a mental-health-related new year’s resolution in 2022, and within this group, 53% planned to engage in meditation practice ( American Psychiatric Association, 2021 ). Simultaneously, curiosity about meditation has also increased interest in Buddhism in the U.S., which is evidenced by the growing number of spiritual centers which teach the spiritual tenets of Buddhism and encourage the pursuit of enlightenment ( Gelles, 2019 ; H.G., 2018 ). Given the various ways one may be exposed to meditation practice, motivations for meditation practice may vary across the population, and it is possible that an individual’s motivation for meditation may influence the course and outcome of an individual’s practice ( Godlaski, 2018 ; Pepping et al., 2016 ). Research on the motivations for meditation has been fairly limited. Shapiro (1992) proposed a motivation continuum whereby those practicing meditation would gradually move from an initial motivation of self-regulation to self-exploration and finally to self-liberation. Carmody et al. (2009) attempted to empirically test this hypothesis in a sample of 309 participants who were recruited from a mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program and found that participants reported high levels for all three types of motivations with little variability. More recently, Schmidt (2014) assessed motivations across 549 meditators in an online survey in Germany and found four factors similar to what had been proposed by Shapiro (1992) with the pursuit of well-being as an additional factor. The well-being factor was found to be negatively associated with meditation experience (in number of months), whereas the self-transformation factor was positively associated ( Schmidt, 2014 ), which highlights the possibility that motivations may be associated with the course of an individual’s practice. Improving mental health and well-being were also predominant motivations found across more recent studies in addition to physical well-being, spiritual growth, and cultural motivations ( Pepping et al., 2016 ; Sedlmeier & Theumer, 2020 ). Furthermore, contrary to Shapiro (1992) , Pepping et al. (2016) , also found that the motivation for meditation changed over time. Examining initial and current motivations for practice, Pepping et al. (2016) found that psychological well-being became more prevalent and spiritual motivation became less prevalent in a sample of university students with exposure to meditation. Sedlmeier and Theumer (2020) , in their sample of experienced meditators recruited through meditation centers in Germany, found that motivations do shift from self-regulation to spirituality, but only for participants with a Buddhist or spiritual background. The aforementioned studies have laid important groundwork to understand motivations for meditation but also have important limitations. Most importantly, most of the studies recruited convenience samples of active meditators or individuals who were participating in a meditation intervention ( Carmody et al., 2009 ; Schmidt, 2014 ; Sedlmeier & Theumer, 2020 ; Shapiro, 1992 ). Importantly, these sampling approaches may exclude individuals who may have started meditating but eventually stopped. Pepping et al. (2016) recruited participants in a university setting and included individuals who had started and stopped meditation, but the sample was young (M age = 21.34, SD = 5.76) and unlikely to be representative of the general population. Given the lack of samples drawn from the general population, it remains unclear to what extent prior findings might be shaped by self-selection bias. Additionally, to our knowledge, none of the studies have reported variability in motivation across important demographic variables such as race and ethnicity, gender, income, and age. If motivation is found to be varied across demographic groups, then it can support additional efforts to culturally adapt interventions and improve access for minoritized and marginalized groups ( S. Sun et al., 2021 ). Finally, only Schmidt (2014) has examined the association between motivation and sustained practice. If motivation and practice were found to be consistently associated across several samples, it might guide efforts to improve access and sustained adherence to meditation practice. This paper has four objectives. First, we aim to assess the initial motivations for practice for all individuals exposed to meditation practice as well as current motivations for those with an ongoing practice in a national sample of internet users. Second, building on prior work on motivations ( Carmody et al., 2009 ; Pepping et al., 2016 ; Schmidt, 2014 ; Sedlmeier & Theumer, 2020 ; Shapiro, 1992 ), we aim to assess if and how motivations change over time for individuals with an ongoing practice. Third, we examine demographic correlates of initial motivations for all participants exposed to meditation and of current motivations for those with an ongoing practice. Finally, we aim to examine how initial and current motivations might be associated with the course of practice, namely current and lifetime practice amount. Method Participants The sample was recruited on the Prolific platform ( www.prolific.co, 2021 ), which allows for the recruitment of participants demographically representative of the U.S. population based on age, sex, and race. Prior research has found data collection from the Prolific platform to be more heterogenous, more research naïve, and more honest relative to other platforms such as Amazon Mechanical Turk ( Palan & Schitter, 2018 ; Peer et al., 2017 ). This study is part of a larger research effort to understand meditation practices in the U.S., and initial findings have been published elsewhere ( Goldberg et al., 2022 ). A sample of 993 participants underwent initial screening for lifetime meditation practice, and 953 passed the attention check (see Table 1 ). Relative to the U.S. population ( U.S. Census Bureau, 2021 ), the sample was found to be more educated (50.6% with a bachelor’s degree vs. 32.1%), older (median age = 44.0 vs. 38.1), more likely to be non-Hispanic White (70.6% vs. 60.1%) and with higher income (median income = $40,000 vs. $34,103). African Americans (14.1% vs. 13.4%) and Asians (8.0% vs. 5.9%) were appropriately represented, whereas Hispanics and Latinx were underrepresented (6.0% vs. 18.5%), likely due to Prolific matching based on race but not on ethnicity. Table 1. Full and follow-up survey sample demographics Full Sample ( n = 953) Follow-Up Survey Sample ( n = 434) Variables Mean / Median / % (SD / n) Mean / Median / % (SD / n) Age Mean (SD) 44.69 (16.08) 43.77 (15.53) Median 44.00 42.00 Income Mean (SD) $53,762.05 (52150.67) $54,389.56 (60126.77) Median $40,000.00 $40,000.00 Low % (n) 41.66 (397) 43.09 (187) High % (n) 58.34 (556) 56.91 (247) $50k or less % (n) 59.92 (571) 61.06 (265) $50-100k % (n) 28.54 (272) 29.03 (126) $100-150k % (n) 7.24 (69) 4.84 (21) $150k+ % (n) 4.30 (41) 5.07 (22) Race/Ethnicity White % (n) 70.62 (673) 72.58 (315) Black % (n) 12.80 (122) 11.98 (52) Hispanic % (n) 5.98 (57) 5.30 (23) Asian % (n) 6.93 (66) 6.68 (29) Native % (n) 0.42 (4) 0.46 (2) Multiracial % (n) 3.25 (31) 3.00 (13) Gender Female % (n) 50.47 (481) 54.61 (237) Male % (n) 48.27 (460) 43.55 (189) Non-binary gender % (n) 1.26 (12) 1.84 (8) Transgender No % (n) 99.37 (947) 98.62 (428) Yes % (n) 0.63 (6) 1.38 (6) College No % (n) 49.42 (471) 43.09 (187) Yes % (n) 50.58 (482) 56.91 (247) Lifetime meditation hours 0-10 % (n) 18.89 (82) 11-100 % (n) 41.24 (179) 101-500 % (n) 16.36 (71) 501-1000 % (n) 8.99 (39) 1001-5000 % (n) 7.14 (31) 5001+ % (n) 7.37 (32) Any meditation in the past 30 days Yes % (n) 65.21 (283) Weekly days of meditation in the past 30 days Mean (SD) 2.2.1 (2.38) Open in a new tab Note . Low / high income = below or above the US median household income; White = non-Hispanic White; College = bachelor’s degree or higher. A subsample of participants ( n = 434) who reported lifetime exposure to meditation completed a follow-up survey and passed attention checks were included. Details of the subsample selection process are detailed in the Procedure section below. Subsample participants reported an average age of 43.77 ( SD = 15.53), and a large proportion reported being college-educated ( n = 247, 56.9%). A significant minority also reported income at or below the national poverty line ( n = 187, 43.1%). The largest racial group was non-Hispanic White ( n = 315, 72.6%), followed by African American ( n = 56, 12.9%), Asian ( n = 29, 6.7%), Latinx ( n = 24, 5.5%) and multiracial ( n = 9, 2.1%). Most participants reported having practiced in the last 30 days ( n = 283, 65.2%) and a plurality reported having 11-100 hours of lifetime practice ( n = 179, 41.2%). See Table 1 for the demographics of the full sample and the sub-sample. Procedure As noted, participants from the overall sample who reported any exposure to meditation were invited to complete a follow-up survey. NHIS definition of meditation was used and participants who engaged in either mindfulness meditation, mantra meditation, or spiritual meditation were included ( Burke et al., 2017 ). Nearly half the participants from the overall sample ( n = 470, 49.3%) reported exposure to meditation in their lifetime, and 92.3% ( n = 434) completed the follow-up survey and passed the attention checks. Attention checks designed to detect inattentiveness and random responding were incorporated in the initial screening survey (“I have been randomly selecting responses on this survey”) and the follow-up survey (“Please select the leftmost response”). Participants who completed the follow-up survey were similar to non-completers in most demographic categories (age, gender, education income with the exception that non-Hispanic Whites were more likely to complete the survey ( r = .15, p = .001). Study procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Measures Demographics. Information on age, gender identity, education, annual income, and race/ethnicity were collected from each of the participants. Motivation for Meditation Practice. Two separate items adapted from Pepping et al. (2016) were used to assess participants’ initial and current motivation for meditation. Participants were given six possible motivations for meditation, including (1) physical health, (2) mental/emotional health, or stress reduction, (3) social, cultural, or religious identity, (4) spiritual or self-transformation goals, (5) pursuit of enlightenment, awakening, or other ultimate goal and (6) other. Participants could select as many reasons as were applicable to them for initial and current motivation. For participants who do not currently practice meditation, a separate checkbox was included in the item assessing current motivation stating, “I do not currently practice meditation.” Meditation Practice. Participant meditation practice was assessed for those participants reporting lifetime exposure to meditation practice. Participants were asked about the number of days per week they practiced meditation in the 30 days preceding the survey (response options: 0-7). Additionally, participants were asked about their total lifetime hours of practice (response options 1-10, 11-100, 101-500, 501-1000, 1001-5000, 5000+). For analysis, lifetime hours were dichotomized to high and low lifetime hours categories at the median. Categories 1-10 and 1-100 were coded as low lifetime hours (0 in our analyses) and all other categories were coded as high (1 in our analyses). Data Analysis Data were analyzed in R statistical software program (R Core Team, 2021). All data and code used for analysis are available at the Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/djpn4/?view_only=1249d4df5e8e4ba1b27158d7b5fea647 ). Demographic measures, except for age, were dichotomized to be used as covariates. Specifically, reference groups were established for each of the covariates: gender (non-male), income (above per capita median income [$34,103], U.S. Census Bureau, 2021 ), race/ethnicity (reported racial/ethnic group), and education (non-college-educated). To assess change in motivation between initial and current motivation, McNemar chi-squared tests were conducted to examine change in motivation. McNemar tests are appropriate for paired dichotomous data ( Lachenbruch, 2014 ) which is what participants provided. Paired sample t-tests (appropriate for paired continuous data) were conducted to assess change in the number of total motivations reported by participants. Correlation and point-biserial correlation coefficients were calculated to assess associations between demographic variables and initial and current motivation for meditation. We report zero-order correlation to examine associations between motivations and demographic variables to provide a straightforward sense of how each demographic variable was related to initial and current motivations. However, as a sensitivity analysis, we included all demographic variables in a multiple regression analysis predicting motivations for practice controlling for other demographic variables. Multiple regression was used to calculate the associations between initial and current motivations with current practice whereas logistic regression was used to assess the association between current and initial motivations with lifetime practice (dichotomized as low and high lifetime practice). When examining the associations between practice and motivations, we included demographic variables as covariates. Individuals who reported meditating at least once a week in the last 30 days were labeled as current meditators. All analyses involving current motivations were limited to the subsample of current meditators. Initial motivations were analyzed using the full sample which included both current meditators and non-current meditators, except when examining practice within the last 30 days which was analyzed for current meditators only. We conducted two sets of sensitivity analyses aimed at evaluating whether current meditators and non-current meditators were distinct groups in regards to their initial motivations for practice and the linkages between initial motivations for practice and other study variables. First, we examined whether there were group differences in initial motivation between individuals with practice in the last 30 days relative to those who did not practice in the last 30 days. Second, we conducted tests of moderation to assess if the association between initial motivation and other study variables (demographic and lifetime practice) varied based on whether the individual had an ongoing practice in the last 30 days or not. To control for the number of tests conducted and reduce the possibility of Type I errors, we implemented Benjamini and Hochberg’s false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment for all primary analyses ( Benjamini & Hochberg, 1995 ). Guidelines suggested by Cohen (1988 , 1992 ) were followed to interpret the magnitude of effect sizes for continuous variables and guidelines by Chen et al. (2010) for interpretation of odds ratios. Results Initial and Current Motivation The proportion of participant initial motivations are reported in Table 2 for the full sample as well as sub-sample of individuals who report having practiced in the last 30 days. On average, participants reported a mean of 1.52 ( SD = 0.83) initial motivations. The largest proportion of participants reported having mental health as an initial motivation ( n = 322, 74.2%) followed by spiritual ( n = 122, 28.1%), physical health ( n = 69, 15.9%), awakening/enlightenment ( n = 64 14.7%), cultural ( n = 51, 11.8%) and other ( n = 33, 7.6%). For the sample of participants with a current practice, there was a significant increase in the number of current motivations reported ( M = 2.11, SD = 1.16) relative to initial motivations ( M = 1.60, SD = 0.89, M diff = −0.51, t (282) = −7.58, p < .001, Cohen’s d = 0.45). Additionally, participants were more likely to report increases from initial to current motivations for all motivation categories with the exception of cultural motivation and other motivations. The largest differences between initial and current motivations were observed in physical health (19.4%, p < .001), followed by mental health (12.7%, p < .001), spiritual (11.3%, p < .001) and awakening (6.3%, p = .008). Table 2. Initial and Current Motivation for Meditation Full Sample ( n = 434) Current Meditators ( n = 283) Motivation Initial Mean (SD) Initial Mean (SD) Current Mean (SD) %Change McNemar’s χ 2 p FDR adjusted p raw Awakening 0.15 (0.35) 0.19 (0.39) 0.25 (0.43) 0.06 7.36 .008 ** .006 Cultural 0.12 (0.32) 0.12 (0.33) 0.12 (0.33) 0.00 0.04 .847 .847 Mental Health 0.74 (0.44) 0.76 (0.43) 0.89 (0.32) 0.13 20.90 <.001 *** <.001 *** Physical Health 0.16 (0.37) 0.17 (0.38) 0.37 (0.48) 0.19 39.29 <.001 *** <.001 *** Spiritual 0.28 (0.45) 0.32 (0.47) 0.43 (0.50) 0.11 13.83 <.001 *** <.001 *** Other 0.08 (0.27) 0.04 (0.19) 0.04 (0.19) 0.00 0.00 .999 .999 Open in a new tab Note. * <.05 ** <.01 *** <.001; FDR = false discovery rate. Demographics and Motivation Associations between demographic characteristics and initial and current motivation are presented in Table 3 . Most demographic variables were not associated with any of the motivations to practice. However, initial mental health motivation was found to be negatively associated with age ( r = −.28, p < .001), such that younger people were more likely to have mental health as an initial motivator to start meditating. This association was non-significant when examining current motivation for the sample with an ongoing practice ( r = −.14, p > .05). Additionally, identifying as Asian was positively associated with cultural motivation ( r = .13, p = .031) whereas identifying as non-Hispanic White was negatively associated with cultural motivation ( r = −.14, p = .015). The aforementioned associations were significant even when included in multiple regression models predicting motivations while controlling for all demographic variables. None of the demographic variables were significantly associated with current motivations for practice. Table 3. Correlations Between Demographic Variables and Motivation for Meditation Initial motivation (n = 434) Current motivation (n = 283) Demographic variables Awakening Cultural Mental health Physical health Spiritual Awakening Cultural Mental health Physical health Spiritual Age .03 .09 −.28 *** −.01 .08 .01 .08 −.14 .10 .12 Male gender .08 −.03 −.01 −.01 −.09 .08 .01 .02 .01 −.05 NH White −.06 −.14 * −.09 .01 −.06 −.06 −.09 −.01 .02 −.03 Black .11 .03 .09 .00 .08 .13 .14 .01 .00 .09 Latinx .01 .01 .05 .03 −.02 .02 −.05 .00 .01 .01 Asian −.03 .13 * −.03 −.04 .00 −.02 .03 .01 −.06 −.04 Multiracial −.06 .05 .01 .03 0.05 −.05 .00 .06 .00 −.06 College −.02 −.03 −.08 .00 0.07 −.01 .00 −.03 .09 .06 Low Income .03 .04 .05 .05 −0.04 −.01 −.01 .14 −.02 −.12 Open in a new tab Note. * p <.05 ** p <.01 *** p <.001; FDR adjustment was applied to the correlation table; NH White = non-Hispanic White. Practice and Motivation Associations between motivations and practice variables (practice in the 30 days prior to completing the survey and lifetime practice hours) were assessed using linear regression and logistic regression while covarying demographic variables including age, gender, race, income, and college education. Standardized betas ( β) , odds ratio ( OR ) and FDR-adjusted p-values are presented in Table 4 . Examining initial motivations, there was a small to moderate magnitude negative association between initial mental health motivation and practice in the last 30 days ( β = −.21, p = .003) and lifetime practice hours ( OR = .50, p = .006). A similar negative association was observed between current mental health motivation and practice in the last 30 days ( β = −.14, p = .031) but not between current mental health motivation and lifetime practice hours ( OR = .739, p = .468). Conversely, initial motivation towards spiritual aims was positively associated with greater reported practice in the last 30 days ( β = .14, p = .034) and lifetime practice hours ( OR = 2.14, p = .005) and the association extended to current motivation as well for practice in the last 30 days ( β = .28, p < .001) and lifetime practice hours ( OR = 2.54, p = .001). Initial motivation to achieve awakening or enlightenment was significantly associated with higher levels of lifetime practice hours ( OR = 2.35, p = .006), but not practice in the last 30 days ( β = .08, p = .249). Current awakening motivation was associated with practice in the last 30 days ( β = .21, p = .002) and lifetime practice hours ( β = .23, p < .001). There was a higher likelihood of engaging in greater lifetime hours of practice when expressing initial cultural motivation ( OR = 2.19, p = .017) and current cultural motivation ( OR = 6.36, p = .001). Initial physical health motivation was associated with greater likelihood of engaging in more lifetime hours ( OR = 1.95 p = .017), but not with practice in the last 30 days ( β = .07, p = .217). Current physical health motivation was positively associated with practice in the last 30 days ( β = .18, p = .008) and lifetime practice hours ( OR = 2.63, p = .001). Finally, we also assessed the association between number of motivations reported and practice and found that the total number of initial motivations was positively associated with lifetime practice hours ( OR = 1.50, p = .002) but not practice in the last 30 days ( β = .08, p = .198). On the other hand, the total number of current motivations was positively associated with practice in the last 30 days ( β = .29, p < .001) and with lifetime practice hours ( OR = 1.91, p < .001). Table 4. Association between Current and Lifetime Meditation Practice with Motivations for Meditation Practice in the last 30 days (β) p FDR adjusted p raw Lifetime Hours (OR) a p FDR adjusted p raw Initial motivation Awakening .076 .249 .204 2.350 ** .006 .004 Cultural .069 .259 .259 2.191 * .017 .016 Mental health −.205 ** .003 <.001 0.495 ** .006 .003 Physical health .072 .249 .225 1.952 ** .017 .017 Spiritual .135 * .034 .024 2.135 ** .005 .001 Current motivation Awakening .210 ** .002 <.001 2.148 ** .016 .013 Cultural .168 ** .009 .005 6.356 ** .001 <.001 Mental health −.140 * .031 .019 0.739 .468 .468 Physical health .175 ** .008 .003 2.632 ** .001 <.001 Spiritual .282 *** <.001 <.001 2.535 ** .001 <.001 Open in a new tab Note. * <.05 ** <.01 *** <.001; β = standardized Beta; OR = Odds Ratio; Results are presented standardized regression betas while controlling for demographic variables: age, gender, race/ethnicity, income and college education; FDR adjusted = False Discovery Rate adjusted. a Full sample (current and non-current meditators) was utilized when examining the association between lifetime hours and initial motivation. The sample of current meditators was used for all other analyses. Sensitivity Analyses We conducted sensitivity analyses to evaluate whether current meditators and non-current meditators were distinct groups. As stated in the Data Analysis subsection, only associations between initial motivation with demographics and lifetime practice amount used the full sample of current meditators and non-current meditators. For all other analyses, we utilized the subsample of current meditators. For the sensitivity analyses, we first examined if there were differences in initial motivations between individuals who had a practice in the last 30 days relative to those who did not. Results are reported in Table 5 . We found that being a current meditator was associated with a greater likelihood of endorsing awakening ( OR = 2.93, p = .002) and spiritual motivation ( OR = 1.84, p = .011). No differences were found for the other initial motivation types. Next, we conducted moderation tests to assess if the associations between initial motivations with demographic variables and lifetime practice amount varied by current meditator status. Only three of the 50 tests yielded significant results (6% of tests), which was similar to the proportion expected with a p -value threshold of .050 (i.e., 5% vs. 6%). Therefore, these moderators should be interpreted cautiously. We found that the associations between being low-income and endorsing an initial awakening motivation ( OR = 0.17, p = .041) or initial cultural motivation ( OR = 0.23, p = .036) were moderated by current meditator status such that low-income individuals without a current practice were more likely to endorse initial awakening and cultural motivations. We also found that the association between age and cultural motivation was moderated by current meditator status ( b = 10.54, p = .033) such that older meditators were more likely to endorse cultural motivations. The associations between initial motivation and lifetime practice were not moderated by current meditator status. Table 5. Results from Logistic Regression Examining the Association between Initial Motivations and Current Meditator Status Motivation OR p Awakening 2.933 ** .002 Cultural 1.191 .586 Mental Health 1.300 .247 Physical Health 1.372 .271 Spiritual 1.835 * .011 Open in a new tab Note. * <.05 ** <.01 *** <.001; OR = Odds Ratio Discussion The present study examined motivations for meditation in a national sample of internet users. A better understanding of initial and ongoing motivations for meditation has the potential to improve access by clarifying factors associated with sustained meditation practice. Consistent with Pepping et al. (2016) , our findings suggest that a large proportion of individuals (74.2%) are initially motivated to meditate to support their mental health and/or reduce stress. Furthermore, contrary to the continuum hypothesis proposed by Shapiro (1992) , mental health motivations in the present sample increased rather than decreased over time, which also aligns with Pepping et al. (2016) . Additionally, we observed motivations related to physical health, spirituality, and the pursuit of enlightenment also increased significantly over time. The only type of motivation that did not increase was social, cultural, or religious motivation for meditation. One potential reason may be that cultural and religious motivations are related to demographic variables (e.g., religious beliefs in the family of origin) that may therefore be less likely to change over time. Finally, we also observed that meditators with an ongoing practice reported an increase in the number of current motivations relative to their initial motivations. This supports the notion that increases in the number of motivations may be a factor in sustained practice. There are several potentially important implications related to these patterns of initial and current motivations. First, the large number of individuals pursuing meditation for mental health purposes aligns with the notion that meditation and mindfulness practice in the U.S. have been biomedicalized, that is, viewed primarily as a means to support mental health. While there are contemplative traditions that originated in the Western Judeo-Christian traditions ( Kaplan, 1985 ; Schopen & Freeman, 1991 ), a majority of the meditation practices popular in the U.S. today stem from ancient India, where they were conceptualized as methods to support the pursuit of spiritual attainment. Nonetheless, at this time in the U.S., meditation is now one of the most popular forms of mental health support and stress reduction activities ( American Psychiatric Association, 2021 ; Clarke et al., 2018 ), and most individuals may pursue meditation initially to support their mental health and well-being. Thus, our findings suggest that for most individuals exposed to meditation, framing the purpose of practice around mental health and well-being will likely align with people’s pre-existing motivation. Another potentially important finding is that for individuals with an ongoing practice, the number of reported motivations increased. This tentatively suggests that individuals who continue to practice meditation find more reasons than their initial reasons to keep practicing. This finding counters the continuum hypothesis proposed by Shapiro (1992) and suggests what might be termed an accumulative hypothesis, whereby over time, individuals add motivations in the course of their practice. As has been proposed in the literature previously ( Pepping et al., 2016 ; Sedlmeier & Theumer, 2020 ; Shapiro, 1992 ) and also observed in the current study, motivations may naturally shift over time. It may be helpful for meditation instructors and others who may be involved in referring people to meditation practice (e.g., health care providers) to be aware of this. It may be prudent to stay alert to the possibility that people may develop new reasons to practice, including spiritual motivations, and potentially be prepared to discuss these new motivations as they arise. We also examined variability in motivation across several demographic categories. A better understanding of motivations across different groups may support the development of more contextually and culturally relevant mindfulness programs which could lead to greater adoption and perhaps increased effectiveness of meditation practice, particularly among minoritized groups ( S. Sun et al., 2021 ). Our findings suggest younger people are more likely to initially pursue meditation for mental health reasons, which aligns with Pepping et al. (2016) , who, in a sample of college students ( M age = 21.34, SD = 5.76) found that 94.7% endorsed a mental health motivation. Additionally, individuals identifying as Asian were more likely to initially pursue meditation for social, cultural, or religious reasons, whereas individuals identifying as non-Hispanic White were less likely to do so. This finding may be because one-third of Buddhists in the U.S. are Asian, whereas most non-Hispanic White people are Christian and are thus less likely to have a cultural, religious, or social motivation to initiate meditation practice ( Pew Research Center, 2014 ). Although it will be necessary to examine these possibilities in future studies, variability in initial motivation across demographic groups could ultimately be used in the cultural adaptation of meditation interventions in efforts to increase intervention accessibility and acceptability. However, it should be noted that none of the demographic variables were significantly associated with current motivations for practice, which suggests that demographic variables may have more to do with motivations to start meditation than factors that support continued practice. However, future research is clearly needed to further examine these possibilities. We also examined the association between motivation and practice and found that reporting an initial motivation for spirituality was associated with a greater likelihood of ongoing practice and higher lifetime hours of meditation. Conversely, reporting an initial motivation to pursue meditation for mental health was associated with a lower likelihood of ongoing practice and lower lifetime hours of meditation. These findings align with Schmidt (2014) , who also found a negative association between length of practice (measured in number of months) and the pursuit of meditation for mental health or well-being and a positive association between length of practice and pursuit of self-transformation. One possible explanation for a negative association between mental health motivations and practice amount (current and lifetime) is that individuals pursuing meditation for mental health may stop meditating once they feel better. If this were true, it would be analogous to the good-enough level model in psychotherapy, where patients discontinue treatment once their symptoms have improved ( Barkham et al., 1996 ). Of course, longitudinal research is needed to confirm this possibility. Conversely, those with spiritual aims may be likely to continue practicing, given that spiritual attainment in Buddhism takes time, even, as suggested in Buddhist teachings, many lifetimes of consistent practice ( Bodhi, 2005 ). Finally, our study also suggests that the number of current motivations is associated with current and lifetime hours of practice. This provides tentative evidence for the accumulative hypothesis suggested earlier, whereby greater number of motivations are associated with a more enduring practice. One potential implication of these findings is that those developing or delivering meditation interventions to support mental health may consider including intervention components to support the cultivation of additional motivations. Doing so may help participants develop a more consistent practice. Of course, this possibility would need to be evaluated directly in a future study. Additionally, it is important to acknowledge that greater meditation practice is not necessarily helpful and may, at times, lead to adverse effects ( Britton, 2019 ). Limitations and Future Research There are several limitations of the current study that must be acknowledged. First, given the cross-sectional nature of the data at hand, it is not possible to establish causal linkages between motivation and practice. Although some analyses included temporal precedence (e.g., initial motivation predicting current practice), these still relied on participant retrospection, which is vulnerable to bias ( Shiffman et al., 2008 ). Future research could examine motivation and meditation practice longitudinally (e.g., examining initial motivations as predictors of persistence within a meditation-based intervention). Second, as laid out in the Participants section, the sample demographics in our survey did not match the current demographics in the U.S. in some dimensions, which limits the generalizability of the findings. Specifically, our sample was more educated, older, more likely to be non-Hispanic White, and with higher income. Furthermore, the sample was limited to internet users who may differ from the general population in a number of unmeasured ways. Third, the associations between motivations and demographic variables were relatively small in magnitude ( r < .3) and exploratory in nature. While an FDR procedure was utilized to adjust p-values for the large number of tests conducted, there is a chance that some findings are simply due to chance (i.e., Type I error). Fourth, while the study suggests the association between motivations and meditation practice may vary across motivation types, it remains unclear why certain motivations may be linked with meditation practice. Finally, we focused on only a small number of potential motivations for practice. Sedlmeier and Theumer (2020) suggested a larger number of more nuanced motivations for meditation that were not included in this study. For example, increased psychological well-being and stress reduction were considered separate motivations in their study, whereas they were part of the same category in the present study. It is possible that a more refined assessment of motivation types might yield additional associations absent in the current investigation. There are several ways in which future studies may build on this work. Longitudinal designs may better illuminate any causal relationships between initial motivations and course of practice. Experimental approaches could also be utilized to test if motivations can influence the course of practice. For example, future studies could experimentally apply nudges or micro-interventions to boost the salience of a particular type of motivation. Such manipulations may help strengthen an existing motivation or induce a new motivation and thereby support sustained practice. The potential of using micro-interventions in this way would be consistent with prior work showing that micro-interventions can increase the positive affect associated with meditation practice and thereby support continued practice ( Van Cappellen et al., 2020 ). Additionally, contrary to the continuum hypothesis proposed by Shapiro (1992) , our findings indicate meditators with a long-term practice are likely to have more motivations than when they got started. However, the directionality of the relationship –whether practicing longer produces additional motivations or whether additional motivations encourage persistent practice – remains an open question for future inquiries. Qualitative interviews may be especially valuable to elucidate why some motivations are more prevalent relative to others and how they motivate or are motivated by practice. It may be helpful to replicate the associations observed between demographics and motivation types. Samples with a larger proportion of people of color might allow a deeper and more highly powered investigation of varying motivations across demographic subgroups. Overall, a deeper understanding of motivations – initial and current – and their association with group identities and practice may help researchers and practitioners better predict the long-term course of an individual’s practice and support meditation practitioners in achieving sustained benefits. Acknowledgements Authors would like to express gratitude to Qiang Xie and Shobhali Thapa for the conversation which inspired this study. Funding Statement This research was supported by grant K23AT010879 (SBG) and U24AT011289-01 (RJD) from the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Simon Goldberg was supported in part by the Hope for Depression Research Foundation ‘Defeating Depression’ Award. Additional support for this research was provided by the Graduate School, part of the Office of Vice Chancellor for Research and Graduate Education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, with funding from the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation and the UW-Madison. Footnotes Conflict of Interest Richard J. Davidson is the founder, president, and serves on the board of directors for the non-profit organization, Healthy Minds Innovations, Inc. No donors, either anonymous or identified, have participated in the design, conduct, or reporting of research results in this manuscript. Ethics Approval The institutional review boards of the University of Wisconsin–Madison approved the research described in this article (IRB # 2020-1368) Informed Consent All participants provided written informed consent before study activities commenced. Data Availability Statement All data and code used for analysis are available at the Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/djpn4/?view_only=1249d4df5e8e4ba1b27158d7b5fea647 ). References American Psychiatric Association. (2021, December 20). One in Four Americans Plans a Mental Health New Year’s Resolution for 2022. https://www.psychiatry.org/newsroom/news-releases/one-in-four-americans-plans-a-mental-health-new-year-s-resolution-for-2022 Barkham M, Rees A, Stiles WB, Shapiro DA, Hardy GE, & Reynolds S (1996). Dose–effect relations in time-limited psychotherapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(5), 927–935. 10.1037/0022-006X.64.5.927 [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] Benjamini Y, & Hochberg Y (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 57(1), 289–300. [ Google Scholar ] Bodhi. (2005). In the Buddha’s Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon. Simon and Schuster. [ Google Scholar ] Breedvelt JJF, Amanvermez Y, Harrer M, Karyotaki E, Gilbody S, Bockting CLH, Cuijpers P, & Ebert DD (2019). The effects of meditation, yoga, and mindfulness on depression, anxiety, and stress in tertiary education students: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 193. 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00193 [ DOI ] [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] Britton WB (2019). Can mindfulness be too much of a good thing? The value of a middle way. Current Opinion in Psychology, 28, 159–165. 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.011 [ DOI ] [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] Buddharakkhita A (1985). The Dhammapada: The Buddha’s path to wisdom. Buddhist Publication Society. [ Google Scholar ] Burke A, Lam CN, Stussman B, & Yang H (2017). Prevalence and patterns of use of mantra, mindfulness and spiritual meditation among adults in the United States. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 17(1), 316. 10.1186/s12906-017-1827-8 [ DOI ] [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] Carmody J, Baer RA, Lykins | 2026-01-13T08:48:04 |
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https://lab174.com/blog/202601-yaml-norway/#cb10-13 | YAML? That’s Norway problem < Back to LAB174.com YAML? That’s Norway problem 2026-01-12 Abstract A deep dive into YAML’s Norway problem: why the country code NO gets parsed as false, its history from YAML v1.0 to v1.2, and why popular libraries still exhibit this behavior in 2026. What is yaml Yaml is a well-known data serialization language designed for human readability. It’s a popular choice for configuration files and metadata. Here’s a simple example: # project.yaml title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse countries : - DE - FR - PL - RO Let’s verify that the above example parses correctly. We’ll use Python 1 with Py Yaml 2 version 6.0.3 (the latest version as of this writing). First, let’s install it: python3 -m pip install pyyaml==6.0.3 Now let’s write a simple script to parse the yaml file: # python-pyyaml.py import json import yaml with open ( "project.yaml" , "r" , encoding = "utf-8" ) as f: data = yaml.safe_load(f) print (json.dumps(data, indent = 2 )) Running python3 python-pyyaml.py produces this output: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "PL" , "RO" ] } So far everything behaves as expected. As of January 2026 Python is the world’s 4th most popular programming language according to a 2025 Stack Overflow Survey ( archive ) ↩︎ Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and a top 20 Python library overall in the last month according to PyPI Stats ( archive ). It is also an “official” yaml library in the sense that its source code is hosted in a Github repository owned by the yaml Github account; see: Canonical source repository for Py Yaml . ↩︎ The Norway problem in yaml When we change the original yaml file and add Norway’s two letter iso country code to the existing list: countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO Using the same parsing method, the file now yields this result: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , false , "PL" , "RO" ] } Note that NO has been replaced with false . This is unexpected. Nothing about the context suggests a boolean should appear here. The NO literal sits in a list of country codes like FR or PL and appears similar in form. The problem, of course, is that “no” is also an English word with a negative meaning. This feature was originally added to allow writing booleans in a more human readable way, e.g.: platforms : iPhone : yes iPad : yes AppleWatch : no This gets parsed as: { "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false } } The idea was that configuration files should read like natural language. In practice this behavior proved problematic, becoming the notorious Norway problem in yaml . One workaround is to escape the string, like this: countries : - DE - FR - "NO" - PL - RO With quotes, the file parses as expected: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } Many articles about yaml ’s Norway problem stop here, presenting quoting as the canonical fix. There is more. Yaml ’s history To understand today’s state of the Norway problem we’ll first look at how yaml evolved. May 2001 – Yaml first pass specification At this time, yaml was more of a concept than a finished language. It looked a bit different, though somewhat recognizable. Below is a partial example from the original specification; there are more in the full document, sadly none with boolean values. buyer : % address : % city : Royal Oak line one : 458 Wittigen's Way line two : Suite 292 postal : 48046 state : MI family name : Dumars given name : Chris The document makes no mention of parsing no to false . The “Serilization Format / bnf ” section even contains a typo and a “to do” note 3 : This section contains the bnf 4 productions for the yaml syntax. Much to do… Full first pass specification – archived link ↩︎ Bnf stands for “Backus–Naur form”, a notation system for syntax definition ( Wikipedia ). ↩︎ January 2004 – Yaml v1.0 final draft This version describes various ways of presenting scalars 5 , including both quoted scalars and plain scalars with implicit typing. This is what we’re after. Version 1.0 defined only sequence , map , and string as mandatory types 6 . The rest were optional, but a reference specification existed. That reference specification for the optional boolean type included English word format. Supported words were: true/false , on/off , and also yes/no 7 . This allows the Norway problem to appear – even if following that part of reference is described as optional. – Bonus: implicit typing can be overridden with explicit tags – we’ll talk about this later. – Bonus: single sign characters, i.e. + and - should also be treated as true and false ; even more so, as they are described as the canonical form 8 ! A scalar data type, or just scalar, is any non-composite value. Generally, all basic primitive data types are considered scalar source: Wikipedia ↩︎ Following is a description of the three mandatory core tags. Yaml requires support for the seq, map and str tags. source: Yaml v1.0 specification, tag repository ↩︎ English word format: implicit english ~= true|True|TRUE |false|False|FALSE |yes|Yes|YES |no|No|NO |on|On|ON |off|Off|OFF source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ Single sign character format: implicit canonical ~= +|- source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ January 2005 – Yaml v1.1 final draft Version 1.1 maintained the same implicit typing behavior as v1.0. However, the types listed in the spec – including boolean – while still not mandatory, were now strongly recommended 9 . – Bonus: single sign characters are no longer included and the canonical form is now y/n 10 . these tags represent types that are useful across a wide range of applications and it is strongly recommended they be used whenever appropriate to promote interoperability. source: Yaml v1.1 specification, tag repository ( archive ) ↩︎ Yaml v1.1 boolean type specification , ( archive ) ↩︎ July 2009 – Yaml Revision 1.2.0 Its goal was to make yaml compliant with json , going as far as allowing json to be a subset of yaml 11 . Implicit typing rules have been removed, including the boolean English word format. – Bonus: explicit typing rules are still present. On paper, the Norway problem shouldn’t exist anymore, at least not since this yaml revision. So why are we still seeing it in 2026? The primary objective of this revision is to bring Yaml into compliance with json as an official subset. source: Yaml revision v1.2.0 ↩︎ Yaml spec version history until v1.2.0 Yaml spec version Date Type of no : Value of no first pass specification May 2001 unspecified unspecified v1.0 January 2004 boolean false v1.1 January 2005 boolean false v1.2.0 July 2009 string "no" Table 1: Summary of yaml spec changes. Note that “Type of no ” and “Value of no ” labels refer to the literal without quotes. Yaml in practice To understand why the Norway problem persists, we need to examine the scope of work involved in implementing yaml spec changes. Some clues are present in earlier text already, we see that yaml supports implicit typing, explicit typing, and various presenting formats. Also, the time between different yaml spec version releases is measured in years. What hides between the lines is that yaml and its specification are very, hugely, extremely complex. Seriously, it’s hard to overstate this. Since v1.0 yaml ’s goal was to build upon xml 12 and a number of other technologies, as listed in the final draft 13 : Yaml integrates and builds upon concepts described by C, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, rfc0822 ( mail ), rfc1866 ( html ), rfc2045 ( mime ), rfc2396 ( uri ), xml , sax and soap Yaml supports attachments, custom tags, references – the list goes on. There was even yaxml , an xml binding for yaml 14 . There are 9 ways of writing multiline strings – and some claim the number is actually 63 15 . Characters like ? , ! , !! in some cases have special meanings, with the latter allowing arbitrary code execution. Given this complexity, the Norway problem wasn’t the only language quirk in yaml v1.1. Revision v1.2 simplified boolean behavior and more (e.g. handling of null and numerical values), while other language features remained unchanged. How did libraries react to changes in such a complex specification? In fact yaml was originally intended to be a markup language and its name stood for “Yet Another Markup Language”. Six months after the first pass specification, in January 2002, it was renamed to “ Yaml Ain’t Markup Language”. ↩︎ Yaml v1.0 specification, prior art ↩︎ a subset of xml which has yaml ’s information model, but xml ’s syntax (…) a xslt Stylesheet is provided, along with the canonical invoice example in xml using this schema source: Yaxml , the (draft) xml Binding for yaml – archived link ↩︎ There are 5 6 NINE (or 63, depending how you count) different ways to write multi-line strings in yaml . (…) 2 block styles, each with 2 possible block chomping indicators (or none), and with 9 possible indentation indicators (or none), 1 plain style and 2 quoted styles: 2 x (2 + 1) x (9 + 1) + 1 + 2 = 63 source: Stack Overflow answer ( archived ) ↩︎ Yaml libraries As of January 2026 popular yaml libraries still haven’t moved from v1.1 to v1.2, and they still exhibit the Norway problem. Smaller alternative projects have appeared, but their usage hasn’t surpassed the existing v1.1 libraries. Some users have built their own alternative parsers, mixing v1.1 and v1.2 features, or focusing on a subset of yaml suited to their needs. Below are some examples. Py Yaml As mentioned before, Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and one of the most popular Python libraries overall. Py Yaml never added v1.2 support. There is an open issue from 2017 in Py Yaml ’s Github project about introducing support for v1.2 16 . There are at least two more related open issues, plus several closed ones. An unofficial library 17 exists that can be used on top of Py Yaml to provide partial v1.2 support (its documentation notes that not all v1.2 features are implemented). Another Python library, ruamel.yaml 18 , supports v1.2 by default. Py Yaml Github Issue #116 ↩︎ yamlcore PyPI project page ↩︎ ruamel.yaml PyPI project page ↩︎ Lib Yaml Lib Yaml is the long-standing C library for yaml , it is used widely as a dependency by other tools and bindings. Like Py Yaml , it’s an “official” implementation – in the sense that its canonical repository is hosted on Github and owned by the official ‘yaml’ Github account. Lib Yaml also never added v1.2 support. An open issue from 2016 in Lib Yaml ’s github project requests adding v1.2 support 19 . As mentioned earlier, Lib Yaml sits deep in dependency trees; changing its behavior is especially risky and slow. A less popular library, libfyaml 20 , supports v1.2 by default. Lib Yaml Github Issue #20 ↩︎ libfyaml Github project page ↩︎ Golang’s gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Currently unmaintained 21 , historically the most popular and still holds more Github stars then other Golang yaml libraries. It’s especially interesting because it declares support for a mix of v1.1 and 1.2 22 . The Golang’s most popular actively maintained library 23 defaults to v1.2 behavior. “This project is unmaintained” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ “The yaml package supports most of yaml 1.2, but preserves some behavior from 1.1 for backwards compatibility.” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ goccy/go-yaml Github project page ↩︎ Kyaml Kyaml is a yaml dialect built for the Kubernetes project, launched in June 2025. Its goal is to provide a safer and less ambiguous tool; it is also designed specifically for Kubernetes, trading generality for predictability. The announcement blog post references the Norway problem directly 24 . Yaml ’s significant whitespace requires careful attention to indentation and nesting, while its optional string-quoting can lead to unexpected type coercion (for example: “The Norway Bug”). source: Kubernetes v1.34 Sneak Peek ↩︎ Is the Norway problem solved? Yaml ’s ecosystem is not just libraries, it’s also the community of users. Including: strong and conflicting opinions about yaml in general and the Norway problem in particular. In some part this outcome could be expected; after all yaml is very popular, deceptively complex, and is used in different kinds of scenarios, from small personal config files to critical infrastructure setups. Many texts don’t distinguish between yaml spec versions at all 25 . Even when spec version numbers are used, they’re frequently mistyped. It’s not difficult to find documentation claiming that implicit boolean typing is a trait of yaml specification version 1.2 26 (the correct version is v1.1); mistakes get spotted 27 and eventually updated, but that takes more time and effort than making the original typo. On the other hand we see users who declare the Norway problem as solved because it doesn’t exist in the latest spec version, or because they haven’t experienced it themselves, or for other reasons 28 . To be fair, that language feature was removed over a decade ago, and it’s unexpected that popular libraries still support the older spec version. Technically, the issue is solved in the spec – but in practice, most widely adopted implementations still support implicit boolean typing, as we’ve seen. Finally, there are end users who are so unhappy with yaml that they prefer almost anything else 29 . We end up with countless use cases (hobby, pro, critical infrastructure, …), roles (spec author, library maintainer, end user debugging a failed deployment at 11pm, …), and just as many points of views. The yaml specification defines many strings that are automatically interpreted as boolean values, which often conflicts with developer expectations. When you write country: NO , the yaml parser interprets NO as the boolean false , not the string "NO" source: What is the Norway Bug? ↩︎ The most tragic aspect of this bug , however, is that it is intended behavior according to the yaml 1.2 specification. source: The Norway Problem – why Strict Yaml refuses to do implicit typing and so should you ↩︎ In this case a Github issue has been created: It was intended according to the yaml 1.1 specification, but in yaml 1.2, the only recognized booleans are true , True , TRUE , false , False , FALSE . source: strictyaml Github issue #186 ↩︎ I don’t want to link to individual messages on social platforms to err on the side of users’ privacy; I’ll paraphrase some of them below, for illustration purposes. Norway problem has been solved for 16 years. Using 1.1 at this point is just forehead palming foolishness. The Norway issue is a bit blown out of proportion. I have been using YAML for 5+ years and have never had it. We stopped having this problem over ten years ago. Just quote your strings. Another solution is to change the country name. ↩︎ Same as earlier, I’ll paraphrase a few messages below, meant for illustration. Stop using YAML YAML - just say Norway. You should stop even tolerating YAML, refuse on sight. YAML made sense before JSON became a thing. YAML made me look at XML wistfully. Why people persist with YAML in new projects is baffling to me. People from Norway couldn't sign up. Took us a while to figure out. ↩︎ What next? In yaml final draft v1.0, the document specified that, along with yes and no , + and - should also be parsed as booleans. This was removed v1.1. There was an idea to keep that functionality when plus or minus signs were preceded with a dot ( .+ and .- ), but it didn’t catch on. Despite its well known and lesser known quirks, yaml remains popular and widely used. At this scale small quirks cascade into unexpected issues. And changes – or fixes – are introduced at a glacial pace. Then again, yaml ’s charm has its place, as evidenced by its popularity. While spec change adoption is very slow, it is still ongoing. New projects will likely adopt newer libraries, where the Norway problem no longer exists. If there is a single takeaway from this article, it’s this: yaml ecosystem is fragmented; on the whole it is moving towards a slightly stricter version. Implicit boolean typing is getting removed, it’s no longer in the official specification and most new libraries adhere to that. As of January 2026 however, the older libraries are stuck on the older version of the spec, they are still more popular and updating or phasing them out may take a while. Frequently Asked Questions Why not just use json in place of yaml ? A common reply is “no comments” – because json doesn’t support comments 30 ; many other yaml features aren’t supported either. This makes json a simpler and stricter alternative. Wheter that’s a better fit for your project, that depends on the project. As always, personal preference plays a role too. Note: json has its own flavors, like jsonc 31 . It was a conscious decision; there is an explanation from Douglas Crockford, as well as a suggestion about using json for configuration files: I removed comments from json because I saw people were using them to hold parsing directives, a practice which would have destroyed interoperability. I know that the lack of comments makes some people sad, but it shouldn’t. Suppose you are using json to keep configuration files, which you would like to annotate. Go ahead and insert all the comments you like. Then pipe it through JSMin before handing it to your json parser. source: Google Plus post by Douglas Crockford – archived link ↩︎ Json with Comments – project’s homepage ↩︎ Is yaml a superset of json ? After writing this article, I’m still not entirely sure. Even though the goal of yaml revision v1.2.0 was to make that happen and revisions 1.2.0 and 1.2.1 claimed it explicitly 32 : Yaml can therefore be viewed as a natural superset of json , offering improved human readability and a more complete information model. That text has been removed from the latest yaml revision 1.2.2. A popular article 33 claims to prove that yaml is not a superset of json , but that article uses a v1.1 parser – and as we know v1.1 never claimed json compatibility. So that won’t help us. The actual reason might be that yaml requires maps to have unique keys 34 , while json only recommends it 35 . So perhaps most json (i.e. json where objects have unique keys) is a subset of yaml . Some ambiguity remains. See e.g.: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.1 ↩︎ Json treats the value 1e2 a number, of course, because it’s not in quote marks. Yaml fails to parse it as a number so silently falls back to treating it as a string. source: YAML IS NOT A SUPERSET OF JSON ↩︎ The content of a mapping node is an unordered set of key/value node pairs, with the restriction that each of the keys is unique source: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.2 ↩︎ The names within an object SHOULD be unique. source: The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation ( json ) ↩︎ What went wrong? This question is out of scope for this article – here the goal is to prioritize facts over “what if?”. If i had to answer, I’d say that nothing went wrong. When a complex technology with a stable ecosystem introduces a breaking change, sometimes the process can take ages. The main surprise here is how complicated yaml really is. Also, as we’ve seen, with yaml and related tools being free software, anyone could contribute to improving the v1.2 adoption rate – or move to a tool that suits them better, or even create one. What about toml , sexagesimal numbers, schemas, human genes, Ruby, or Perl? These topics are only loosely related to the Norway problem, and this text is already quite long. If you enjoyed reading it, leave positive feedback somewhere and a Part 2 might happen. In the meantime, visit my homepage 36 and check out my other projects – maybe you’ll find something else you’ll enjoy. LAB174 homepage ↩︎ Epilogue Implicit boolean typing has been removed, but explicit boolean typing still remains. If a uniform yaml 1.2 future actually arrives, you can still bring a little bit of nostalgia to your code by writing: title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse platforms : iPhone : !!bool yes iPad : !!bool yes # Note the explicit typing here and above. AppleWatch : !!bool no countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO When parsed with yq , a tool that supports yaml revision 1.2 by default: yq eval -o=json project.yaml It returns: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } < Back to LAB174.com | 2026-01-13T08:48:04 |
https://lab174.com/blog/202601-yaml-norway/#cb10-10 | YAML? That’s Norway problem < Back to LAB174.com YAML? That’s Norway problem 2026-01-12 Abstract A deep dive into YAML’s Norway problem: why the country code NO gets parsed as false, its history from YAML v1.0 to v1.2, and why popular libraries still exhibit this behavior in 2026. What is yaml Yaml is a well-known data serialization language designed for human readability. It’s a popular choice for configuration files and metadata. Here’s a simple example: # project.yaml title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse countries : - DE - FR - PL - RO Let’s verify that the above example parses correctly. We’ll use Python 1 with Py Yaml 2 version 6.0.3 (the latest version as of this writing). First, let’s install it: python3 -m pip install pyyaml==6.0.3 Now let’s write a simple script to parse the yaml file: # python-pyyaml.py import json import yaml with open ( "project.yaml" , "r" , encoding = "utf-8" ) as f: data = yaml.safe_load(f) print (json.dumps(data, indent = 2 )) Running python3 python-pyyaml.py produces this output: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "PL" , "RO" ] } So far everything behaves as expected. As of January 2026 Python is the world’s 4th most popular programming language according to a 2025 Stack Overflow Survey ( archive ) ↩︎ Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and a top 20 Python library overall in the last month according to PyPI Stats ( archive ). It is also an “official” yaml library in the sense that its source code is hosted in a Github repository owned by the yaml Github account; see: Canonical source repository for Py Yaml . ↩︎ The Norway problem in yaml When we change the original yaml file and add Norway’s two letter iso country code to the existing list: countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO Using the same parsing method, the file now yields this result: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , false , "PL" , "RO" ] } Note that NO has been replaced with false . This is unexpected. Nothing about the context suggests a boolean should appear here. The NO literal sits in a list of country codes like FR or PL and appears similar in form. The problem, of course, is that “no” is also an English word with a negative meaning. This feature was originally added to allow writing booleans in a more human readable way, e.g.: platforms : iPhone : yes iPad : yes AppleWatch : no This gets parsed as: { "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false } } The idea was that configuration files should read like natural language. In practice this behavior proved problematic, becoming the notorious Norway problem in yaml . One workaround is to escape the string, like this: countries : - DE - FR - "NO" - PL - RO With quotes, the file parses as expected: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } Many articles about yaml ’s Norway problem stop here, presenting quoting as the canonical fix. There is more. Yaml ’s history To understand today’s state of the Norway problem we’ll first look at how yaml evolved. May 2001 – Yaml first pass specification At this time, yaml was more of a concept than a finished language. It looked a bit different, though somewhat recognizable. Below is a partial example from the original specification; there are more in the full document, sadly none with boolean values. buyer : % address : % city : Royal Oak line one : 458 Wittigen's Way line two : Suite 292 postal : 48046 state : MI family name : Dumars given name : Chris The document makes no mention of parsing no to false . The “Serilization Format / bnf ” section even contains a typo and a “to do” note 3 : This section contains the bnf 4 productions for the yaml syntax. Much to do… Full first pass specification – archived link ↩︎ Bnf stands for “Backus–Naur form”, a notation system for syntax definition ( Wikipedia ). ↩︎ January 2004 – Yaml v1.0 final draft This version describes various ways of presenting scalars 5 , including both quoted scalars and plain scalars with implicit typing. This is what we’re after. Version 1.0 defined only sequence , map , and string as mandatory types 6 . The rest were optional, but a reference specification existed. That reference specification for the optional boolean type included English word format. Supported words were: true/false , on/off , and also yes/no 7 . This allows the Norway problem to appear – even if following that part of reference is described as optional. – Bonus: implicit typing can be overridden with explicit tags – we’ll talk about this later. – Bonus: single sign characters, i.e. + and - should also be treated as true and false ; even more so, as they are described as the canonical form 8 ! A scalar data type, or just scalar, is any non-composite value. Generally, all basic primitive data types are considered scalar source: Wikipedia ↩︎ Following is a description of the three mandatory core tags. Yaml requires support for the seq, map and str tags. source: Yaml v1.0 specification, tag repository ↩︎ English word format: implicit english ~= true|True|TRUE |false|False|FALSE |yes|Yes|YES |no|No|NO |on|On|ON |off|Off|OFF source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ Single sign character format: implicit canonical ~= +|- source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ January 2005 – Yaml v1.1 final draft Version 1.1 maintained the same implicit typing behavior as v1.0. However, the types listed in the spec – including boolean – while still not mandatory, were now strongly recommended 9 . – Bonus: single sign characters are no longer included and the canonical form is now y/n 10 . these tags represent types that are useful across a wide range of applications and it is strongly recommended they be used whenever appropriate to promote interoperability. source: Yaml v1.1 specification, tag repository ( archive ) ↩︎ Yaml v1.1 boolean type specification , ( archive ) ↩︎ July 2009 – Yaml Revision 1.2.0 Its goal was to make yaml compliant with json , going as far as allowing json to be a subset of yaml 11 . Implicit typing rules have been removed, including the boolean English word format. – Bonus: explicit typing rules are still present. On paper, the Norway problem shouldn’t exist anymore, at least not since this yaml revision. So why are we still seeing it in 2026? The primary objective of this revision is to bring Yaml into compliance with json as an official subset. source: Yaml revision v1.2.0 ↩︎ Yaml spec version history until v1.2.0 Yaml spec version Date Type of no : Value of no first pass specification May 2001 unspecified unspecified v1.0 January 2004 boolean false v1.1 January 2005 boolean false v1.2.0 July 2009 string "no" Table 1: Summary of yaml spec changes. Note that “Type of no ” and “Value of no ” labels refer to the literal without quotes. Yaml in practice To understand why the Norway problem persists, we need to examine the scope of work involved in implementing yaml spec changes. Some clues are present in earlier text already, we see that yaml supports implicit typing, explicit typing, and various presenting formats. Also, the time between different yaml spec version releases is measured in years. What hides between the lines is that yaml and its specification are very, hugely, extremely complex. Seriously, it’s hard to overstate this. Since v1.0 yaml ’s goal was to build upon xml 12 and a number of other technologies, as listed in the final draft 13 : Yaml integrates and builds upon concepts described by C, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, rfc0822 ( mail ), rfc1866 ( html ), rfc2045 ( mime ), rfc2396 ( uri ), xml , sax and soap Yaml supports attachments, custom tags, references – the list goes on. There was even yaxml , an xml binding for yaml 14 . There are 9 ways of writing multiline strings – and some claim the number is actually 63 15 . Characters like ? , ! , !! in some cases have special meanings, with the latter allowing arbitrary code execution. Given this complexity, the Norway problem wasn’t the only language quirk in yaml v1.1. Revision v1.2 simplified boolean behavior and more (e.g. handling of null and numerical values), while other language features remained unchanged. How did libraries react to changes in such a complex specification? In fact yaml was originally intended to be a markup language and its name stood for “Yet Another Markup Language”. Six months after the first pass specification, in January 2002, it was renamed to “ Yaml Ain’t Markup Language”. ↩︎ Yaml v1.0 specification, prior art ↩︎ a subset of xml which has yaml ’s information model, but xml ’s syntax (…) a xslt Stylesheet is provided, along with the canonical invoice example in xml using this schema source: Yaxml , the (draft) xml Binding for yaml – archived link ↩︎ There are 5 6 NINE (or 63, depending how you count) different ways to write multi-line strings in yaml . (…) 2 block styles, each with 2 possible block chomping indicators (or none), and with 9 possible indentation indicators (or none), 1 plain style and 2 quoted styles: 2 x (2 + 1) x (9 + 1) + 1 + 2 = 63 source: Stack Overflow answer ( archived ) ↩︎ Yaml libraries As of January 2026 popular yaml libraries still haven’t moved from v1.1 to v1.2, and they still exhibit the Norway problem. Smaller alternative projects have appeared, but their usage hasn’t surpassed the existing v1.1 libraries. Some users have built their own alternative parsers, mixing v1.1 and v1.2 features, or focusing on a subset of yaml suited to their needs. Below are some examples. Py Yaml As mentioned before, Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and one of the most popular Python libraries overall. Py Yaml never added v1.2 support. There is an open issue from 2017 in Py Yaml ’s Github project about introducing support for v1.2 16 . There are at least two more related open issues, plus several closed ones. An unofficial library 17 exists that can be used on top of Py Yaml to provide partial v1.2 support (its documentation notes that not all v1.2 features are implemented). Another Python library, ruamel.yaml 18 , supports v1.2 by default. Py Yaml Github Issue #116 ↩︎ yamlcore PyPI project page ↩︎ ruamel.yaml PyPI project page ↩︎ Lib Yaml Lib Yaml is the long-standing C library for yaml , it is used widely as a dependency by other tools and bindings. Like Py Yaml , it’s an “official” implementation – in the sense that its canonical repository is hosted on Github and owned by the official ‘yaml’ Github account. Lib Yaml also never added v1.2 support. An open issue from 2016 in Lib Yaml ’s github project requests adding v1.2 support 19 . As mentioned earlier, Lib Yaml sits deep in dependency trees; changing its behavior is especially risky and slow. A less popular library, libfyaml 20 , supports v1.2 by default. Lib Yaml Github Issue #20 ↩︎ libfyaml Github project page ↩︎ Golang’s gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Currently unmaintained 21 , historically the most popular and still holds more Github stars then other Golang yaml libraries. It’s especially interesting because it declares support for a mix of v1.1 and 1.2 22 . The Golang’s most popular actively maintained library 23 defaults to v1.2 behavior. “This project is unmaintained” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ “The yaml package supports most of yaml 1.2, but preserves some behavior from 1.1 for backwards compatibility.” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ goccy/go-yaml Github project page ↩︎ Kyaml Kyaml is a yaml dialect built for the Kubernetes project, launched in June 2025. Its goal is to provide a safer and less ambiguous tool; it is also designed specifically for Kubernetes, trading generality for predictability. The announcement blog post references the Norway problem directly 24 . Yaml ’s significant whitespace requires careful attention to indentation and nesting, while its optional string-quoting can lead to unexpected type coercion (for example: “The Norway Bug”). source: Kubernetes v1.34 Sneak Peek ↩︎ Is the Norway problem solved? Yaml ’s ecosystem is not just libraries, it’s also the community of users. Including: strong and conflicting opinions about yaml in general and the Norway problem in particular. In some part this outcome could be expected; after all yaml is very popular, deceptively complex, and is used in different kinds of scenarios, from small personal config files to critical infrastructure setups. Many texts don’t distinguish between yaml spec versions at all 25 . Even when spec version numbers are used, they’re frequently mistyped. It’s not difficult to find documentation claiming that implicit boolean typing is a trait of yaml specification version 1.2 26 (the correct version is v1.1); mistakes get spotted 27 and eventually updated, but that takes more time and effort than making the original typo. On the other hand we see users who declare the Norway problem as solved because it doesn’t exist in the latest spec version, or because they haven’t experienced it themselves, or for other reasons 28 . To be fair, that language feature was removed over a decade ago, and it’s unexpected that popular libraries still support the older spec version. Technically, the issue is solved in the spec – but in practice, most widely adopted implementations still support implicit boolean typing, as we’ve seen. Finally, there are end users who are so unhappy with yaml that they prefer almost anything else 29 . We end up with countless use cases (hobby, pro, critical infrastructure, …), roles (spec author, library maintainer, end user debugging a failed deployment at 11pm, …), and just as many points of views. The yaml specification defines many strings that are automatically interpreted as boolean values, which often conflicts with developer expectations. When you write country: NO , the yaml parser interprets NO as the boolean false , not the string "NO" source: What is the Norway Bug? ↩︎ The most tragic aspect of this bug , however, is that it is intended behavior according to the yaml 1.2 specification. source: The Norway Problem – why Strict Yaml refuses to do implicit typing and so should you ↩︎ In this case a Github issue has been created: It was intended according to the yaml 1.1 specification, but in yaml 1.2, the only recognized booleans are true , True , TRUE , false , False , FALSE . source: strictyaml Github issue #186 ↩︎ I don’t want to link to individual messages on social platforms to err on the side of users’ privacy; I’ll paraphrase some of them below, for illustration purposes. Norway problem has been solved for 16 years. Using 1.1 at this point is just forehead palming foolishness. The Norway issue is a bit blown out of proportion. I have been using YAML for 5+ years and have never had it. We stopped having this problem over ten years ago. Just quote your strings. Another solution is to change the country name. ↩︎ Same as earlier, I’ll paraphrase a few messages below, meant for illustration. Stop using YAML YAML - just say Norway. You should stop even tolerating YAML, refuse on sight. YAML made sense before JSON became a thing. YAML made me look at XML wistfully. Why people persist with YAML in new projects is baffling to me. People from Norway couldn't sign up. Took us a while to figure out. ↩︎ What next? In yaml final draft v1.0, the document specified that, along with yes and no , + and - should also be parsed as booleans. This was removed v1.1. There was an idea to keep that functionality when plus or minus signs were preceded with a dot ( .+ and .- ), but it didn’t catch on. Despite its well known and lesser known quirks, yaml remains popular and widely used. At this scale small quirks cascade into unexpected issues. And changes – or fixes – are introduced at a glacial pace. Then again, yaml ’s charm has its place, as evidenced by its popularity. While spec change adoption is very slow, it is still ongoing. New projects will likely adopt newer libraries, where the Norway problem no longer exists. If there is a single takeaway from this article, it’s this: yaml ecosystem is fragmented; on the whole it is moving towards a slightly stricter version. Implicit boolean typing is getting removed, it’s no longer in the official specification and most new libraries adhere to that. As of January 2026 however, the older libraries are stuck on the older version of the spec, they are still more popular and updating or phasing them out may take a while. Frequently Asked Questions Why not just use json in place of yaml ? A common reply is “no comments” – because json doesn’t support comments 30 ; many other yaml features aren’t supported either. This makes json a simpler and stricter alternative. Wheter that’s a better fit for your project, that depends on the project. As always, personal preference plays a role too. Note: json has its own flavors, like jsonc 31 . It was a conscious decision; there is an explanation from Douglas Crockford, as well as a suggestion about using json for configuration files: I removed comments from json because I saw people were using them to hold parsing directives, a practice which would have destroyed interoperability. I know that the lack of comments makes some people sad, but it shouldn’t. Suppose you are using json to keep configuration files, which you would like to annotate. Go ahead and insert all the comments you like. Then pipe it through JSMin before handing it to your json parser. source: Google Plus post by Douglas Crockford – archived link ↩︎ Json with Comments – project’s homepage ↩︎ Is yaml a superset of json ? After writing this article, I’m still not entirely sure. Even though the goal of yaml revision v1.2.0 was to make that happen and revisions 1.2.0 and 1.2.1 claimed it explicitly 32 : Yaml can therefore be viewed as a natural superset of json , offering improved human readability and a more complete information model. That text has been removed from the latest yaml revision 1.2.2. A popular article 33 claims to prove that yaml is not a superset of json , but that article uses a v1.1 parser – and as we know v1.1 never claimed json compatibility. So that won’t help us. The actual reason might be that yaml requires maps to have unique keys 34 , while json only recommends it 35 . So perhaps most json (i.e. json where objects have unique keys) is a subset of yaml . Some ambiguity remains. See e.g.: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.1 ↩︎ Json treats the value 1e2 a number, of course, because it’s not in quote marks. Yaml fails to parse it as a number so silently falls back to treating it as a string. source: YAML IS NOT A SUPERSET OF JSON ↩︎ The content of a mapping node is an unordered set of key/value node pairs, with the restriction that each of the keys is unique source: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.2 ↩︎ The names within an object SHOULD be unique. source: The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation ( json ) ↩︎ What went wrong? This question is out of scope for this article – here the goal is to prioritize facts over “what if?”. If i had to answer, I’d say that nothing went wrong. When a complex technology with a stable ecosystem introduces a breaking change, sometimes the process can take ages. The main surprise here is how complicated yaml really is. Also, as we’ve seen, with yaml and related tools being free software, anyone could contribute to improving the v1.2 adoption rate – or move to a tool that suits them better, or even create one. What about toml , sexagesimal numbers, schemas, human genes, Ruby, or Perl? These topics are only loosely related to the Norway problem, and this text is already quite long. If you enjoyed reading it, leave positive feedback somewhere and a Part 2 might happen. In the meantime, visit my homepage 36 and check out my other projects – maybe you’ll find something else you’ll enjoy. LAB174 homepage ↩︎ Epilogue Implicit boolean typing has been removed, but explicit boolean typing still remains. If a uniform yaml 1.2 future actually arrives, you can still bring a little bit of nostalgia to your code by writing: title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse platforms : iPhone : !!bool yes iPad : !!bool yes # Note the explicit typing here and above. AppleWatch : !!bool no countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO When parsed with yq , a tool that supports yaml revision 1.2 by default: yq eval -o=json project.yaml It returns: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } < Back to LAB174.com | 2026-01-13T08:48:04 |
http://protovalidate.com/ | Protovalidate Protovalidate Protovalidate Home Docs Playground GitHub Initializing search created by Protovalidate Protovalidate Home Getting started Getting started Go JavaScript/TypeScript Java Python C++ Migrate from protoc-gen-validate Usage Usage Standard rules Custom rules Predefined rules Integrations Integrations Connect and Go gRPC and Go gRPC and Java gRPC and Python Reference Reference Rule Reference API definition CEL extensions Advanced CEL topics Compile with protoc Further reading Contact us Schema-driven validation for your entire stack. Protovalidate is the semantic validation library for Protobuf. With standard annotations for common rules and CEL support for custom logic, every component in your stack enforces exactly the same constraints—in Go , JavaScript/TypeScript , Java , Python , or C++ . user.proto syntax = "proto3" ; package acme . user . v1 ; import "buf/validate/validate.proto" ; message User { string id = 1 [ ( buf . validate . field ) . string . uuid = true ] ; uint32 age = 2 [ ( buf . validate . field ) . uint32 . lte = 150 ] ; // We can only hope. string email = 3 [ ( buf . validate . field ) . string . email = true ] ; string first_name = 4 [ ( buf . validate . field ) . string . max_len = 64 ] ; string last_name = 5 [ ( buf . validate . field ) . string . max_len = 64 ] ; option ( buf . validate . message ) . cel = { id : "first_name_requires_last_name" message : "last_name must be present if first_name is present" expression : "!has(this.first_name) || has(this.last_name)" } ; } Start validating → Go JavaScript / TypeScript Java Python C++ Get started in minutes rocket_launch Add a dependency, annotate your schemas, and get bulletproof validation in under 10 minutes. Get started Easy integration flash_on Plug validation interceptors into your Connect /gRPC services. Choose your stack... ConnectRPC + Go gRPC + Go gRPC + Java gRPC + Python Try it online code Test validation rules, debug CEL expressions, and share code snippets with your team. Launch playground Back to top Documentation Get started Playground API Reference Community GitHub Repository Slack Community Blog Buf Ecosystem Buf CLI Buf Schema Registry Bufstream © 2025 Buf Technologies. Protovalidate is open source and free to use. | 2026-01-13T08:48:04 |
https://lab174.com/blog/202601-yaml-norway/#cb3-2 | YAML? That’s Norway problem < Back to LAB174.com YAML? That’s Norway problem 2026-01-12 Abstract A deep dive into YAML’s Norway problem: why the country code NO gets parsed as false, its history from YAML v1.0 to v1.2, and why popular libraries still exhibit this behavior in 2026. What is yaml Yaml is a well-known data serialization language designed for human readability. It’s a popular choice for configuration files and metadata. Here’s a simple example: # project.yaml title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse countries : - DE - FR - PL - RO Let’s verify that the above example parses correctly. We’ll use Python 1 with Py Yaml 2 version 6.0.3 (the latest version as of this writing). First, let’s install it: python3 -m pip install pyyaml==6.0.3 Now let’s write a simple script to parse the yaml file: # python-pyyaml.py import json import yaml with open ( "project.yaml" , "r" , encoding = "utf-8" ) as f: data = yaml.safe_load(f) print (json.dumps(data, indent = 2 )) Running python3 python-pyyaml.py produces this output: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "PL" , "RO" ] } So far everything behaves as expected. As of January 2026 Python is the world’s 4th most popular programming language according to a 2025 Stack Overflow Survey ( archive ) ↩︎ Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and a top 20 Python library overall in the last month according to PyPI Stats ( archive ). It is also an “official” yaml library in the sense that its source code is hosted in a Github repository owned by the yaml Github account; see: Canonical source repository for Py Yaml . ↩︎ The Norway problem in yaml When we change the original yaml file and add Norway’s two letter iso country code to the existing list: countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO Using the same parsing method, the file now yields this result: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , false , "PL" , "RO" ] } Note that NO has been replaced with false . This is unexpected. Nothing about the context suggests a boolean should appear here. The NO literal sits in a list of country codes like FR or PL and appears similar in form. The problem, of course, is that “no” is also an English word with a negative meaning. This feature was originally added to allow writing booleans in a more human readable way, e.g.: platforms : iPhone : yes iPad : yes AppleWatch : no This gets parsed as: { "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false } } The idea was that configuration files should read like natural language. In practice this behavior proved problematic, becoming the notorious Norway problem in yaml . One workaround is to escape the string, like this: countries : - DE - FR - "NO" - PL - RO With quotes, the file parses as expected: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } Many articles about yaml ’s Norway problem stop here, presenting quoting as the canonical fix. There is more. Yaml ’s history To understand today’s state of the Norway problem we’ll first look at how yaml evolved. May 2001 – Yaml first pass specification At this time, yaml was more of a concept than a finished language. It looked a bit different, though somewhat recognizable. Below is a partial example from the original specification; there are more in the full document, sadly none with boolean values. buyer : % address : % city : Royal Oak line one : 458 Wittigen's Way line two : Suite 292 postal : 48046 state : MI family name : Dumars given name : Chris The document makes no mention of parsing no to false . The “Serilization Format / bnf ” section even contains a typo and a “to do” note 3 : This section contains the bnf 4 productions for the yaml syntax. Much to do… Full first pass specification – archived link ↩︎ Bnf stands for “Backus–Naur form”, a notation system for syntax definition ( Wikipedia ). ↩︎ January 2004 – Yaml v1.0 final draft This version describes various ways of presenting scalars 5 , including both quoted scalars and plain scalars with implicit typing. This is what we’re after. Version 1.0 defined only sequence , map , and string as mandatory types 6 . The rest were optional, but a reference specification existed. That reference specification for the optional boolean type included English word format. Supported words were: true/false , on/off , and also yes/no 7 . This allows the Norway problem to appear – even if following that part of reference is described as optional. – Bonus: implicit typing can be overridden with explicit tags – we’ll talk about this later. – Bonus: single sign characters, i.e. + and - should also be treated as true and false ; even more so, as they are described as the canonical form 8 ! A scalar data type, or just scalar, is any non-composite value. Generally, all basic primitive data types are considered scalar source: Wikipedia ↩︎ Following is a description of the three mandatory core tags. Yaml requires support for the seq, map and str tags. source: Yaml v1.0 specification, tag repository ↩︎ English word format: implicit english ~= true|True|TRUE |false|False|FALSE |yes|Yes|YES |no|No|NO |on|On|ON |off|Off|OFF source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ Single sign character format: implicit canonical ~= +|- source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ January 2005 – Yaml v1.1 final draft Version 1.1 maintained the same implicit typing behavior as v1.0. However, the types listed in the spec – including boolean – while still not mandatory, were now strongly recommended 9 . – Bonus: single sign characters are no longer included and the canonical form is now y/n 10 . these tags represent types that are useful across a wide range of applications and it is strongly recommended they be used whenever appropriate to promote interoperability. source: Yaml v1.1 specification, tag repository ( archive ) ↩︎ Yaml v1.1 boolean type specification , ( archive ) ↩︎ July 2009 – Yaml Revision 1.2.0 Its goal was to make yaml compliant with json , going as far as allowing json to be a subset of yaml 11 . Implicit typing rules have been removed, including the boolean English word format. – Bonus: explicit typing rules are still present. On paper, the Norway problem shouldn’t exist anymore, at least not since this yaml revision. So why are we still seeing it in 2026? The primary objective of this revision is to bring Yaml into compliance with json as an official subset. source: Yaml revision v1.2.0 ↩︎ Yaml spec version history until v1.2.0 Yaml spec version Date Type of no : Value of no first pass specification May 2001 unspecified unspecified v1.0 January 2004 boolean false v1.1 January 2005 boolean false v1.2.0 July 2009 string "no" Table 1: Summary of yaml spec changes. Note that “Type of no ” and “Value of no ” labels refer to the literal without quotes. Yaml in practice To understand why the Norway problem persists, we need to examine the scope of work involved in implementing yaml spec changes. Some clues are present in earlier text already, we see that yaml supports implicit typing, explicit typing, and various presenting formats. Also, the time between different yaml spec version releases is measured in years. What hides between the lines is that yaml and its specification are very, hugely, extremely complex. Seriously, it’s hard to overstate this. Since v1.0 yaml ’s goal was to build upon xml 12 and a number of other technologies, as listed in the final draft 13 : Yaml integrates and builds upon concepts described by C, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, rfc0822 ( mail ), rfc1866 ( html ), rfc2045 ( mime ), rfc2396 ( uri ), xml , sax and soap Yaml supports attachments, custom tags, references – the list goes on. There was even yaxml , an xml binding for yaml 14 . There are 9 ways of writing multiline strings – and some claim the number is actually 63 15 . Characters like ? , ! , !! in some cases have special meanings, with the latter allowing arbitrary code execution. Given this complexity, the Norway problem wasn’t the only language quirk in yaml v1.1. Revision v1.2 simplified boolean behavior and more (e.g. handling of null and numerical values), while other language features remained unchanged. How did libraries react to changes in such a complex specification? In fact yaml was originally intended to be a markup language and its name stood for “Yet Another Markup Language”. Six months after the first pass specification, in January 2002, it was renamed to “ Yaml Ain’t Markup Language”. ↩︎ Yaml v1.0 specification, prior art ↩︎ a subset of xml which has yaml ’s information model, but xml ’s syntax (…) a xslt Stylesheet is provided, along with the canonical invoice example in xml using this schema source: Yaxml , the (draft) xml Binding for yaml – archived link ↩︎ There are 5 6 NINE (or 63, depending how you count) different ways to write multi-line strings in yaml . (…) 2 block styles, each with 2 possible block chomping indicators (or none), and with 9 possible indentation indicators (or none), 1 plain style and 2 quoted styles: 2 x (2 + 1) x (9 + 1) + 1 + 2 = 63 source: Stack Overflow answer ( archived ) ↩︎ Yaml libraries As of January 2026 popular yaml libraries still haven’t moved from v1.1 to v1.2, and they still exhibit the Norway problem. Smaller alternative projects have appeared, but their usage hasn’t surpassed the existing v1.1 libraries. Some users have built their own alternative parsers, mixing v1.1 and v1.2 features, or focusing on a subset of yaml suited to their needs. Below are some examples. Py Yaml As mentioned before, Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and one of the most popular Python libraries overall. Py Yaml never added v1.2 support. There is an open issue from 2017 in Py Yaml ’s Github project about introducing support for v1.2 16 . There are at least two more related open issues, plus several closed ones. An unofficial library 17 exists that can be used on top of Py Yaml to provide partial v1.2 support (its documentation notes that not all v1.2 features are implemented). Another Python library, ruamel.yaml 18 , supports v1.2 by default. Py Yaml Github Issue #116 ↩︎ yamlcore PyPI project page ↩︎ ruamel.yaml PyPI project page ↩︎ Lib Yaml Lib Yaml is the long-standing C library for yaml , it is used widely as a dependency by other tools and bindings. Like Py Yaml , it’s an “official” implementation – in the sense that its canonical repository is hosted on Github and owned by the official ‘yaml’ Github account. Lib Yaml also never added v1.2 support. An open issue from 2016 in Lib Yaml ’s github project requests adding v1.2 support 19 . As mentioned earlier, Lib Yaml sits deep in dependency trees; changing its behavior is especially risky and slow. A less popular library, libfyaml 20 , supports v1.2 by default. Lib Yaml Github Issue #20 ↩︎ libfyaml Github project page ↩︎ Golang’s gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Currently unmaintained 21 , historically the most popular and still holds more Github stars then other Golang yaml libraries. It’s especially interesting because it declares support for a mix of v1.1 and 1.2 22 . The Golang’s most popular actively maintained library 23 defaults to v1.2 behavior. “This project is unmaintained” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ “The yaml package supports most of yaml 1.2, but preserves some behavior from 1.1 for backwards compatibility.” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ goccy/go-yaml Github project page ↩︎ Kyaml Kyaml is a yaml dialect built for the Kubernetes project, launched in June 2025. Its goal is to provide a safer and less ambiguous tool; it is also designed specifically for Kubernetes, trading generality for predictability. The announcement blog post references the Norway problem directly 24 . Yaml ’s significant whitespace requires careful attention to indentation and nesting, while its optional string-quoting can lead to unexpected type coercion (for example: “The Norway Bug”). source: Kubernetes v1.34 Sneak Peek ↩︎ Is the Norway problem solved? Yaml ’s ecosystem is not just libraries, it’s also the community of users. Including: strong and conflicting opinions about yaml in general and the Norway problem in particular. In some part this outcome could be expected; after all yaml is very popular, deceptively complex, and is used in different kinds of scenarios, from small personal config files to critical infrastructure setups. Many texts don’t distinguish between yaml spec versions at all 25 . Even when spec version numbers are used, they’re frequently mistyped. It’s not difficult to find documentation claiming that implicit boolean typing is a trait of yaml specification version 1.2 26 (the correct version is v1.1); mistakes get spotted 27 and eventually updated, but that takes more time and effort than making the original typo. On the other hand we see users who declare the Norway problem as solved because it doesn’t exist in the latest spec version, or because they haven’t experienced it themselves, or for other reasons 28 . To be fair, that language feature was removed over a decade ago, and it’s unexpected that popular libraries still support the older spec version. Technically, the issue is solved in the spec – but in practice, most widely adopted implementations still support implicit boolean typing, as we’ve seen. Finally, there are end users who are so unhappy with yaml that they prefer almost anything else 29 . We end up with countless use cases (hobby, pro, critical infrastructure, …), roles (spec author, library maintainer, end user debugging a failed deployment at 11pm, …), and just as many points of views. The yaml specification defines many strings that are automatically interpreted as boolean values, which often conflicts with developer expectations. When you write country: NO , the yaml parser interprets NO as the boolean false , not the string "NO" source: What is the Norway Bug? ↩︎ The most tragic aspect of this bug , however, is that it is intended behavior according to the yaml 1.2 specification. source: The Norway Problem – why Strict Yaml refuses to do implicit typing and so should you ↩︎ In this case a Github issue has been created: It was intended according to the yaml 1.1 specification, but in yaml 1.2, the only recognized booleans are true , True , TRUE , false , False , FALSE . source: strictyaml Github issue #186 ↩︎ I don’t want to link to individual messages on social platforms to err on the side of users’ privacy; I’ll paraphrase some of them below, for illustration purposes. Norway problem has been solved for 16 years. Using 1.1 at this point is just forehead palming foolishness. The Norway issue is a bit blown out of proportion. I have been using YAML for 5+ years and have never had it. We stopped having this problem over ten years ago. Just quote your strings. Another solution is to change the country name. ↩︎ Same as earlier, I’ll paraphrase a few messages below, meant for illustration. Stop using YAML YAML - just say Norway. You should stop even tolerating YAML, refuse on sight. YAML made sense before JSON became a thing. YAML made me look at XML wistfully. Why people persist with YAML in new projects is baffling to me. People from Norway couldn't sign up. Took us a while to figure out. ↩︎ What next? In yaml final draft v1.0, the document specified that, along with yes and no , + and - should also be parsed as booleans. This was removed v1.1. There was an idea to keep that functionality when plus or minus signs were preceded with a dot ( .+ and .- ), but it didn’t catch on. Despite its well known and lesser known quirks, yaml remains popular and widely used. At this scale small quirks cascade into unexpected issues. And changes – or fixes – are introduced at a glacial pace. Then again, yaml ’s charm has its place, as evidenced by its popularity. While spec change adoption is very slow, it is still ongoing. New projects will likely adopt newer libraries, where the Norway problem no longer exists. If there is a single takeaway from this article, it’s this: yaml ecosystem is fragmented; on the whole it is moving towards a slightly stricter version. Implicit boolean typing is getting removed, it’s no longer in the official specification and most new libraries adhere to that. As of January 2026 however, the older libraries are stuck on the older version of the spec, they are still more popular and updating or phasing them out may take a while. Frequently Asked Questions Why not just use json in place of yaml ? A common reply is “no comments” – because json doesn’t support comments 30 ; many other yaml features aren’t supported either. This makes json a simpler and stricter alternative. Wheter that’s a better fit for your project, that depends on the project. As always, personal preference plays a role too. Note: json has its own flavors, like jsonc 31 . It was a conscious decision; there is an explanation from Douglas Crockford, as well as a suggestion about using json for configuration files: I removed comments from json because I saw people were using them to hold parsing directives, a practice which would have destroyed interoperability. I know that the lack of comments makes some people sad, but it shouldn’t. Suppose you are using json to keep configuration files, which you would like to annotate. Go ahead and insert all the comments you like. Then pipe it through JSMin before handing it to your json parser. source: Google Plus post by Douglas Crockford – archived link ↩︎ Json with Comments – project’s homepage ↩︎ Is yaml a superset of json ? After writing this article, I’m still not entirely sure. Even though the goal of yaml revision v1.2.0 was to make that happen and revisions 1.2.0 and 1.2.1 claimed it explicitly 32 : Yaml can therefore be viewed as a natural superset of json , offering improved human readability and a more complete information model. That text has been removed from the latest yaml revision 1.2.2. A popular article 33 claims to prove that yaml is not a superset of json , but that article uses a v1.1 parser – and as we know v1.1 never claimed json compatibility. So that won’t help us. The actual reason might be that yaml requires maps to have unique keys 34 , while json only recommends it 35 . So perhaps most json (i.e. json where objects have unique keys) is a subset of yaml . Some ambiguity remains. See e.g.: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.1 ↩︎ Json treats the value 1e2 a number, of course, because it’s not in quote marks. Yaml fails to parse it as a number so silently falls back to treating it as a string. source: YAML IS NOT A SUPERSET OF JSON ↩︎ The content of a mapping node is an unordered set of key/value node pairs, with the restriction that each of the keys is unique source: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.2 ↩︎ The names within an object SHOULD be unique. source: The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation ( json ) ↩︎ What went wrong? This question is out of scope for this article – here the goal is to prioritize facts over “what if?”. If i had to answer, I’d say that nothing went wrong. When a complex technology with a stable ecosystem introduces a breaking change, sometimes the process can take ages. The main surprise here is how complicated yaml really is. Also, as we’ve seen, with yaml and related tools being free software, anyone could contribute to improving the v1.2 adoption rate – or move to a tool that suits them better, or even create one. What about toml , sexagesimal numbers, schemas, human genes, Ruby, or Perl? These topics are only loosely related to the Norway problem, and this text is already quite long. If you enjoyed reading it, leave positive feedback somewhere and a Part 2 might happen. In the meantime, visit my homepage 36 and check out my other projects – maybe you’ll find something else you’ll enjoy. LAB174 homepage ↩︎ Epilogue Implicit boolean typing has been removed, but explicit boolean typing still remains. If a uniform yaml 1.2 future actually arrives, you can still bring a little bit of nostalgia to your code by writing: title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse platforms : iPhone : !!bool yes iPad : !!bool yes # Note the explicit typing here and above. AppleWatch : !!bool no countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO When parsed with yq , a tool that supports yaml revision 1.2 by default: yq eval -o=json project.yaml It returns: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } < Back to LAB174.com | 2026-01-13T08:48:04 |
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Module ): def __init__ ( self , hidden = 128 ): super (). __init__ () self . net = nn . Sequential ( nn . Flatten (), nn . Linear ( 28 * 28 , hidden ), nn . ReLU (), nn . Linear ( hidden , 10 ), ) def forward ( self , x ): return self . net ( x ) def train_model ( epochs = 1 , lr = 1e-3 , device = None): device = device or ( "cuda" if torch . cuda . is_available () else "cpu" ) model = MLP (). to ( device ) opt = torch . optim . Adam ( model . parameters (), lr = lr ) loss_fn = nn . CrossEntropyLoss () train_loader , _ = get_dataloaders () + # Seed for reproducibility + torch . manual_seed ( 42 ) + if device == "cuda" : + torch . cuda . manual_seed_all ( 42 ) + # AMP + Scheduler + scaler = torch . cuda . amp . GradScaler ( enabled =( device == "cuda" )) + scheduler = torch . optim . lr_scheduler . CosineAnnealingLR ( opt , T_max = epochs ) model . train () for epoch in range ( epochs ) : total , correct = 0 , 0 for x , y in tqdm ( train_loader , desc = f "epoch { epoch + 1 } " ) : x , y = x . to ( device ), y . to ( device ) opt . zero_grad ( set_to_none = True ) logits = model ( x ) loss = loss_fn ( logits , y ) loss . backward () opt . step () scaler . scale ( loss ). backward () scaler . unscale_ ( opt ) + torch . nn . utils . clip_grad_norm_ ( model . parameters (), max_norm = 1.0 ) scaler . step ( opt ) scaler . update () + preds = logits . argmax ( dim = 1 ) + total += y . size ( 0 ) + correct += ( preds == y ). sum (). item () + acc = correct / max ( 1 , total ) scheduler . step () + print ( f "epoch { epoch + 1 } : acc= { acc :.3f } " ) return model `, import torch import torch.nn as nn from torch.utils.data import DataLoader from torchvision import datasets def get_dataloaders ( batch_size = 64 ): transform = transforms. Compose ([transforms. ToTensor ()]) train = datasets. MNIST (root= " data " , train= True , download= True , transform=transform) test = datasets. MNIST (root= " data " , train= False , download= True , transform=transform) return DataLoader (train, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle= True ), DataLoader (test, batch_size=batch_size) class MLP (nn.Module): def __init__ ( self , hidden = 128 ): super (). __init__ () self .net = nn. Sequential ( nn. Flatten (), nn. Linear ( 28 * 28 , hidden), nn. ReLU (), nn. Linear (hidden, 10 ), ) def forward ( self , x ): return self . net (x) def train_model ( epochs = 1 , lr = 1e-3 , device = None ): device = device or ( " cuda " if torch.cuda. is_available () else " cpu " ) model = MLP (). to (device) opt = torch.optim. Adam (model. parameters (), lr=lr) loss_fn = nn. CrossEntropyLoss () train_loader, _ = get_dataloaders () + # Seed for reproducibility + torch. manual_seed ( 42 ) + if device == " cuda " : + torch.cuda. manual_seed_all ( 42 ) + # AMP + Scheduler + scaler = torch.cuda.amp. GradScaler (enabled=(device == " cuda " )) + scheduler = torch.optim.lr_scheduler. CosineAnnealingLR (opt, T_max=epochs) model. train () for epoch in range (epochs): total, correct = 0 , 0 for x, y in tqdm (train_loader, desc= f "epoch { epoch+ 1 } " ): x, y = x. to (device), y. to (device) opt. zero_grad (set_to_none= True ) logits = model (x) loss = loss_fn (logits, y) loss. backward () opt. step () scaler. scale (loss). backward () scaler. unscale_ (opt) + torch.nn.utils. clip_grad_norm_ (model. parameters (), max_norm= 1.0 ) scaler. step (opt) scaler. update () + preds = logits. argmax (dim= 1 ) + total += y. size ( 0 ) + correct += (preds == y). sum (). item () + acc = correct / max ( 1 , total) scheduler. step () + print ( f "epoch { epoch+ 1 } : acc= { acc :.3f } " ) return model ` , PyTorch MNIST Experiments Add mixed precision training, learning rate scheduling, and proper validation. Also create an experiment config system so I can easily run different hyperparameter settings. Agent GPT-5 agent Get CLI Cursor Agent ~/Repos/ml-research-notebook PyTorch MNIST Experiments Add mixed precision training, learning rate scheduling, and proper validation. Also create an experiment config system so I can easily run different hyperparameter settings. → GPT-5.2 / for commands · @ for files Trusted every day by millions of professional developers. Agent turns ideas into code A human-AI programmer, orders of magnitude more effective than any developer alone. Learn about Agent → This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users. It's a demonstration of Cursor's IDE showing AI-powered coding assistance features. The interface is displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. Cursor Get Cursor In Progress 4 Enterprise Order Management System Generating Analyze Tab vs Agent Usage Patterns Generating PyTorch MNIST Experiments Generating Fix PR Comments Fetching Issue Generating Ready for Review 2 Set up Cursor Rules for Dashboard + 37 - 0 · Set up Cursor Rules for Dashboard Bioinformatics Tools + 135 - 21 · Bioinformatics Tools Analyze Tab vs Agent Usage Patterns Help me understand how teams split their focus between the tab view and the agents panel across our workspaces. Agent GPT-5 Magically accurate autocomplete Our custom Tab model predicts your next action with striking speed and precision. Learn about Tab → This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users. It's a demonstration of Cursor's IDE showing AI-powered coding assistance features. The interface is displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. Cursor Get Cursor Dashboard.tsx SupportChat.tsx "use client" ; import React , { useState } from "react" ; import Navigation from "./Navigation" ; import SupportChat from "./SupportChat" ; export default function Dashboard () { return ( < div className = "flex h-[600px] border rounded-lg overflow-hidden" > < div className = "w-64 border-r" > </ div > < div className = "w-80 border-l" > < SupportChat /> </ div > </ div > ); } " use client " ; import React, { useState } from " react " ; import Navigation from " ./Navigation " ; import SupportChat from " ./SupportChat " ; export default function Dashboard() { return ( < div className = " flex h-[600px] border rounded-lg overflow-hidden " > < div className = " w-64 border-r " > </ div > < div className = " w-80 border-l " > < SupportChat /> </ div > </ div > ); } Everywhere software gets built Cursor is in GitHub reviewing your PRs, a teammate in Slack, and anywhere else you work. Learn about Cursor's ecosystem → This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users showing multiple Cursor interfaces: Slack integration for team communication, GitHub integration for code review and debugging. The interfaces are displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. Slack Get Cursor for Slack #ask-cursor 8 members dylan small thing but would be really good to have anchor links on the website for releases 4 replies dylan wanna be able to go to cursor.com/changelog#1.0 to see 1.0 changelog eric checks out @cursor can you take a stab? Cursor APP I implemented direct linking for changelog entries and updated Node.js version constraints across the project to improve compatibility and maintainability. View PR Open in Cursor Open in Web dylan Nice @eric can you take a look? GitHub Pull Request Get BugBot Review cursor bot reviewed 1m ago src/vs/workbench/composer/browser/components/ComposerUnifiedDropdown.tsx 3292 - {selectedMode().keybinding} 3293 + {composerOpenModeToggleKeybinding} cursor bot 1m ago Bug: Function Returns Object Instead of String (Logic bug) The composerOpenModeToggleKeybinding is a function that needs to be called to get its value. Using it directly causes the keybinding display condition to always be truthy. Fix in Cursor Fix in Web The new way to build software. It was night and day from one batch to another, adoption went from single digits to over 80%. It just spread like wildfire, all the best builders were using Cursor. Diana Hu General Partner , Y Combinator The most useful AI tool that I currently pay for, hands down, is Cursor. It's fast, autocompletes when and where you need it to, handles brackets properly, sensible keyboard shortcuts, bring-your-own-model... everything is well put together. shadcn Creator of shadcn/ui The best LLM applications have an autonomy slider: you control how much independence to give the AI. In Cursor, you can do Tab completion, Cmd+K for targeted edits, or you can let it rip with the full autonomy agentic version. Andrej Karpathy CEO , Eureka Labs Cursor quickly grew from hundreds to thousands of extremely enthusiastic Stripe employees. We spend more on R&D and software creation than any other undertaking, and there's significant economic outcomes when making that process more efficient and productive. Patrick Collison Co‑Founder & CEO , Stripe It's official. I hate vibe coding. I love Cursor tab coding. It's wild. ThePrimeagen @ThePrimeagen It's definitely becoming more fun to be a programmer. It's less about digging through pages and more about what you want to happen. We are at the 1% of what's possible, and it's in interactive experiences like Cursor where models like GPT-5 shine brightest. Greg Brockman President , OpenAI Stay on the frontier Access the best models Choose between every cutting-edge model from OpenAI, Anthropic, Gemini, and xAI. Explore models ↗ Auto Suggested Composer 1 GPT-5 High Fast Claude Sonnet 4.5 ✓ Claude Opus 4.5 Gemini 3 Pro Grok Code Complete codebase understanding Cursor learns how your codebase works, no matter the scale or complexity. Learn about codebase indexing ↗ Where are these menu label colors defined? Develop enduring software Trusted by over half of the Fortune 500 to accelerate development, securely and at scale. Explore enterprise → Changelog CLI Jan 8, 2026 New CLI Features and Improved CLI Performance 2.3 Dec 22, 2025 Layout Customization and Stability Improvements Dec 18, 2025 Enterprise Insights, Billing Groups, Service Accounts, and Improved Security Controls 2.2 Dec 10, 2025 Debug Mode, Plan Mode Improvements, Multi-Agent Judging, and Pinned Chats See what's new in Cursor → Cursor is an applied team focused on building the future of coding. Join us → Recent highlights Introducing Cursor 2.0 and Composer A new interface and our first coding model, both purpose-built for working with agents. Product · Oct 29, 2025 Improving Cursor Tab with online RL Our new Tab model makes 21% fewer suggestions while having 28% higher accept rate. Research · Sep 12, 2025 1.5x faster MoE training with custom MXFP8 kernels Achieving a 3.5x MoE layer speedup with a complete rebuild for Blackwell GPUs. Research · Aug 29, 2025 View more posts → Try Cursor now. Download for macOS ⤓ Try mobile agent → Product Features Enterprise Web Agents Bugbot CLI Pricing Resources Download Changelog Docs ↗ Learn ↗ Forum ↗ Status ↗ Company Careers Blog Community Workshops Students Brand Legal Terms of Service Privacy Policy Data Use Security Connect X ↗ LinkedIn ↗ YouTube ↗ © 2026 Cursor 🛡 SOC 2 Certified 🌐 English ↓ English ✓ 简体中文 日本語 繁體中文 Skip to content Cursor Features Enterprise Pricing Resources ↓ Changelog Blog Docs ↗ Community Learn ↗ Workshops Forum ↗ Careers Features Enterprise Pricing Resources → Sign in Download Built to make you extraordinarily productive, Cursor is the best way to code with AI. Download for macOS ⤓ Try mobile agent → This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users showing multiple Cursor interfaces: the IDE with AI-powered coding assistance, the CLI with command-line assistance. The interfaces are displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. Cursor Get Cursor In Progress 4 Enterprise Order Management System Generating Analyze Tab vs Agent Usage Patterns Generating PyTorch MNIST Experiments Generating Fix PR Comments Fetching Issue Generating Ready for Review 2 Set up Cursor Rules for Dashboard + 37 - 0 · Set up Cursor Rules for Dashboard Bioinformatics Tools + 135 - 21 · Bioinformatics Tools train_model.py run_experiment.py config.yaml import torch import torch . nn as nn from torch . utils . data import DataLoader from torchvision import datasets def get_dataloaders ( batch_size = 64 ): transform = transforms . Compose ([ transforms . ToTensor ()]) train = datasets . MNIST ( root = "data" , train = True , download = True , transform = transform ) test = datasets . MNIST ( root = "data" , train = False , download = True , transform = transform ) return DataLoader ( train , batch_size = batch_size , shuffle = True ), DataLoader ( test , batch_size = batch_size ) class MLP ( nn . Module ): def __init__ ( self , hidden = 128 ): super (). __init__ () self . net = nn . Sequential ( nn . Flatten (), nn . Linear ( 28 * 28 , hidden ), nn . ReLU (), nn . Linear ( hidden , 10 ), ) def forward ( self , x ): return self . net ( x ) def train_model ( epochs = 1 , lr = 1e-3 , device = None): device = device or ( "cuda" if torch . cuda . is_available () else "cpu" ) model = MLP (). to ( device ) opt = torch . optim . Adam ( model . parameters (), lr = lr ) loss_fn = nn . CrossEntropyLoss () train_loader , _ = get_dataloaders () + # Seed for reproducibility + torch . manual_seed ( 42 ) + if device == "cuda" : + torch . cuda . manual_seed_all ( 42 ) + # AMP + Scheduler + scaler = torch . cuda . amp . GradScaler ( enabled =( device == "cuda" )) + scheduler = torch . optim . lr_scheduler . CosineAnnealingLR ( opt , T_max = epochs ) model . train () for epoch in range ( epochs ) : total , correct = 0 , 0 for x , y in tqdm ( train_loader , desc = f "epoch { epoch + 1 } " ) : x , y = x . to ( device ), y . to ( device ) opt . zero_grad ( set_to_none = True ) logits = model ( x ) loss = loss_fn ( logits , y ) loss . backward () opt . step () scaler . scale ( loss ). backward () scaler . unscale_ ( opt ) + torch . nn . utils . clip_grad_norm_ ( model . parameters (), max_norm = 1.0 ) scaler . step ( opt ) scaler . update () + preds = logits . argmax ( dim = 1 ) + total += y . size ( 0 ) + correct += ( preds == y ). sum (). item () + acc = correct / max ( 1 , total ) scheduler . step () + print ( f "epoch { epoch + 1 } : acc= { acc :.3f } " ) return model `, import torch import torch.nn as nn from torch.utils.data import DataLoader from torchvision import datasets def get_dataloaders ( batch_size = 64 ): transform = transforms. Compose ([transforms. ToTensor ()]) train = datasets. MNIST (root= " data " , train= True , download= True , transform=transform) test = datasets. MNIST (root= " data " , train= False , download= True , transform=transform) return DataLoader (train, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle= True ), DataLoader (test, batch_size=batch_size) class MLP (nn.Module): def __init__ ( self , hidden = 128 ): super (). __init__ () self .net = nn. Sequential ( nn. Flatten (), nn. Linear ( 28 * 28 , hidden), nn. ReLU (), nn. Linear (hidden, 10 ), ) def forward ( self , x ): return self . net (x) def train_model ( epochs = 1 , lr = 1e-3 , device = None ): device = device or ( " cuda " if torch.cuda. is_available () else " cpu " ) model = MLP (). to (device) opt = torch.optim. Adam (model. parameters (), lr=lr) loss_fn = nn. CrossEntropyLoss () train_loader, _ = get_dataloaders () + # Seed for reproducibility + torch. manual_seed ( 42 ) + if device == " cuda " : + torch.cuda. manual_seed_all ( 42 ) + # AMP + Scheduler + scaler = torch.cuda.amp. GradScaler (enabled=(device == " cuda " )) + scheduler = torch.optim.lr_scheduler. CosineAnnealingLR (opt, T_max=epochs) model. train () for epoch in range (epochs): total, correct = 0 , 0 for x, y in tqdm (train_loader, desc= f "epoch { epoch+ 1 } " ): x, y = x. to (device), y. to (device) opt. zero_grad (set_to_none= True ) logits = model (x) loss = loss_fn (logits, y) loss. backward () opt. step () scaler. scale (loss). backward () scaler. unscale_ (opt) + torch.nn.utils. clip_grad_norm_ (model. parameters (), max_norm= 1.0 ) scaler. step (opt) scaler. update () + preds = logits. argmax (dim= 1 ) + total += y. size ( 0 ) + correct += (preds == y). sum (). item () + acc = correct / max ( 1 , total) scheduler. step () + print ( f "epoch { epoch+ 1 } : acc= { acc :.3f } " ) return model ` , PyTorch MNIST Experiments Add mixed precision training, learning rate scheduling, and proper validation. Also create an experiment config system so I can easily run different hyperparameter settings. Agent GPT-5 agent Get CLI Cursor Agent ~/Repos/ml-research-notebook PyTorch MNIST Experiments Add mixed precision training, learning rate scheduling, and proper validation. Also create an experiment config system so I can easily run different hyperparameter settings. → GPT-5.2 / for commands · @ for files Trusted every day by millions of professional developers. Agent turns ideas into code A human-AI programmer, orders of magnitude more effective than any developer alone. Learn about Agent → This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users. It's a demonstration of Cursor's IDE showing AI-powered coding assistance features. The interface is displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. Cursor Get Cursor In Progress 4 Enterprise Order Management System Generating Analyze Tab vs Agent Usage Patterns Generating PyTorch MNIST Experiments Generating Fix PR Comments Fetching Issue Generating Ready for Review 2 Set up Cursor Rules for Dashboard + 37 - 0 · Set up Cursor Rules for Dashboard Bioinformatics Tools + 135 - 21 · Bioinformatics Tools Analyze Tab vs Agent Usage Patterns Help me understand how teams split their focus between the tab view and the agents panel across our workspaces. Agent GPT-5 Magically accurate autocomplete Our custom Tab model predicts your next action with striking speed and precision. Learn about Tab → This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users. It's a demonstration of Cursor's IDE showing AI-powered coding assistance features. The interface is displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. Cursor Get Cursor Dashboard.tsx SupportChat.tsx "use client" ; import React , { useState } from "react" ; import Navigation from "./Navigation" ; import SupportChat from "./SupportChat" ; export default function Dashboard () { return ( < div className = "flex h-[600px] border rounded-lg overflow-hidden" > < div className = "w-64 border-r" > </ div > < div className = "w-80 border-l" > < SupportChat /> </ div > </ div > ); } " use client " ; import React, { useState } from " react " ; import Navigation from " ./Navigation " ; import SupportChat from " ./SupportChat " ; export default function Dashboard() { return ( < div className = " flex h-[600px] border rounded-lg overflow-hidden " > < div className = " w-64 border-r " > </ div > < div className = " w-80 border-l " > < SupportChat /> </ div > </ div > ); } Everywhere software gets built Cursor is in GitHub reviewing your PRs, a teammate in Slack, and anywhere else you work. Learn about Cursor's ecosystem → This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users showing multiple Cursor interfaces: Slack integration for team communication, GitHub integration for code review and debugging. The interfaces are displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. Slack Get Cursor for Slack #ask-cursor 8 members dylan small thing but would be really good to have anchor links on the website for releases 4 replies dylan wanna be able to go to cursor.com/changelog#1.0 to see 1.0 changelog eric checks out @cursor can you take a stab? Cursor APP I implemented direct linking for changelog entries and updated Node.js version constraints across the project to improve compatibility and maintainability. View PR Open in Cursor Open in Web dylan Nice @eric can you take a look? GitHub Pull Request Get BugBot Review cursor bot reviewed 1m ago src/vs/workbench/composer/browser/components/ComposerUnifiedDropdown.tsx 3292 - {selectedMode().keybinding} 3293 + {composerOpenModeToggleKeybinding} cursor bot 1m ago Bug: Function Returns Object Instead of String (Logic bug) The composerOpenModeToggleKeybinding is a function that needs to be called to get its value. Using it directly causes the keybinding display condition to always be truthy. Fix in Cursor Fix in Web The new way to build software. It was night and day from one batch to another, adoption went from single digits to over 80%. It just spread like wildfire, all the best builders were using Cursor. Diana Hu General Partner , Y Combinator The most useful AI tool that I currently pay for, hands down, is Cursor. It's fast, autocompletes when and where you need it to, handles brackets properly, sensible keyboard shortcuts, bring-your-own-model... everything is well put together. shadcn Creator of shadcn/ui The best LLM applications have an autonomy slider: you control how much independence to give the AI. In Cursor, you can do Tab completion, Cmd+K for targeted edits, or you can let it rip with the full autonomy agentic version. Andrej Karpathy CEO , Eureka Labs Cursor quickly grew from hundreds to thousands of extremely enthusiastic Stripe employees. We spend more on R&D and software creation than any other undertaking, and there's significant economic outcomes when making that process more efficient and productive. Patrick Collison Co‑Founder & CEO , Stripe It's official. I hate vibe coding. I love Cursor tab coding. It's wild. ThePrimeagen @ThePrimeagen It's definitely becoming more fun to be a programmer. It's less about digging through pages and more about what you want to happen. We are at the 1% of what's possible, and it's in interactive experiences like Cursor where models like GPT-5 shine brightest. Greg Brockman President , OpenAI Stay on the frontier Access the best models Choose between every cutting-edge model from OpenAI, Anthropic, Gemini, and xAI. Explore models ↗ Auto Suggested Composer 1 GPT-5 High Fast Claude Sonnet 4.5 ✓ Claude Opus 4.5 Gemini 3 Pro Grok Code Complete codebase understanding Cursor learns how your codebase works, no matter the scale or complexity. Learn about codebase indexing ↗ Where are these menu label colors defined? Develop enduring software Trusted by over half of the Fortune 500 to accelerate development, securely and at scale. Explore enterprise → Changelog CLI Jan 8, 2026 New CLI Features and Improved CLI Performance 2.3 Dec 22, 2025 Layout Customization and Stability Improvements Dec 18, 2025 Enterprise Insights, Billing Groups, Service Accounts, and Improved Security Controls 2.2 Dec 10, 2025 Debug Mode, Plan Mode Improvements, Multi-Agent Judging, and Pinned Chats See what's new in Cursor → Cursor is an applied team focused on building the future of coding. Join us → Recent highlights Introducing Cursor 2.0 and Composer A new interface and our first coding model, both purpose-built for working with agents. Product · Oct 29, 2025 Improving Cursor Tab with online RL Our new Tab model makes 21% fewer suggestions while having 28% higher accept rate. Research · Sep 12, 2025 1.5x faster MoE training with custom MXFP8 kernels Achieving a 3.5x MoE layer speedup with a complete rebuild for Blackwell GPUs. Research · Aug 29, 2025 View more posts → Try Cursor now. Download for macOS ⤓ Try mobile agent → Product Features Enterprise Web Agents Bugbot CLI Pricing Resources Download Changelog Docs ↗ Learn ↗ Forum ↗ Status ↗ Company Careers Blog Community Workshops Students Brand Legal Terms of Service Privacy Policy Data Use Security Connect X ↗ LinkedIn ↗ YouTube ↗ © 2026 Cursor 🛡 SOC 2 Certified 🌐 English ↓ English ✓ 简体中文 日本語 繁體中文 | 2026-01-13T08:48:04 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Ronak Jethwa To code, or not to code Location boston / seattle Joined Joined on May 6, 2020 Email address ronakjethwa@gmail.com Personal website http://ronakjethwa.com github website twitter website Education Computer Science Work Front End Engineer More info about @ronakjethwa Badges Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. Got it Close Four Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least four years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. 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https://livesuggest.ai/tr/ | Bot'suz AI toplantı asistanı | LiveSuggest LiveSuggest 1 saat ücretsiz Fiyatlandırma Giriş yap Kayıt ol Oturumu başlat Türkçe Language en English fr Français es Español de Deutsch pt Português it Italiano nl Nederlands pl Polski ja 日本語 zh 中文 ko 한국어 tr Türkçe 1 saat ücretsiz Fiyatlandırma Giriş yap Kayıt ol Oturumu başlat Language en English fr Français es Español de Deutsch pt Português it Italiano nl Nederlands pl Polski ja 日本語 zh 中文 ko 한국어 tr Türkçe 🌍 12 dil Görüşmelerinize katılmayan AI toplantı asistanı Mikrofon veya sekme paylaşımı ile gerçek zamanlı AI önerileri alın. Hiçbir bot toplantınıza katılmaz, hiçbir kayıt saklanmaz. Ücretsiz dene ✓ Kredi kartı gerekmez ✓ Kayıt gerekmez ✓ 1 saat ücretsiz 👥 Danışmanlar, serbest çalışanlar ve proje yöneticileri tarafından kullanılıyor Toplantılar sırasında AI yardımı örneği TOPLANTI TAKİBİ Alınan karar: Sarah prototipi Cuma'ya kadar tamamlıyor. YENİ FİKİR Bu sprint sonrasında öğrenilen dersleri toplamak için bir retrospektif planlasak nasıl olur? TERİM AÇIKLAMASI Bahsedilen "sprint", Agile metodolojisinde 2 haftalık bir geliştirme döngüsüne karşılık gelir. TERİM ÇEVİRİSİ "Stakeholder" (İngilizce) — paydaş, projede çıkarı olan kişi veya grup. Masaüstü Mobil Odaklanmak ve etkili katkı sağlamak için ihtiyacınız olan her şey Gerçek Zamanlı Öneriler Konuşma ilerledikçe bağlamsal öneriler alın. Cevap fikirleri, önemli nokta hatırlatmaları ve açıklamalar en çok ihtiyaç duyduğunuzda görünür. Kurulum Gerektirmez Bot'suz bir toplantı asistanı olan LiveSuggest'e doğrudan web tarayıcınızdan erişin. İndirme yok, uzantı yok, karmaşık kurulum yok. Saniyeler içinde başlayın. Gizlilik Odaklı Tasarım Onay ve şeffaflık özünde inşa edilmiştir. Konuşmalarınız kayıt yapılmadan gerçek zamanlı olarak işlenir ve otomatik olarak silinir. Oturumunuz sona erdikten sonra hiçbir veri saklanmaz. Sık Sorulan Sorular Bot olmadan nasıl çalışır? LiveSuggest sesi doğrudan cihazınızdan yakalar — mikrofon veya tarayıcı sekmesi ses paylaşımı aracılığıyla. Hiçbir bot aramanıza katılmaz veya katılımcı listesinde görünmez. Kayıt olmadan da doğru mu? Evet. Kayıt tabanlı araçlarla aynı gelişmiş AI modellerini kullanıyoruz. Sesiniz gerçek zamanlı olarak işlenir ve hemen silinir — aynı doğruluk, daha güçlü gizlilik. Öneriler dikkatimi dağıtmaz mı? Hayır. Öneriler ihtiyaç duyduğunuzda baktığınız ayrı bir pencerede görünür. Konuşmayı kesmeden katılımınızı desteklerler. Nasıl Çalışır 1 Oturum Başlatın Tarayıcınızda LiveSuggest'i açın ve tüm katılımcıların bilgilendirildiğini onaylayın. Dinlemeye hazır 2 Toplantınıza Katılın Toplantınıza çevrimiçi veya yüz yüze katılın. LiveSuggest gerçek zamanlı olarak dinler ve yazıya döker. Yazıya dökülüyor… 3 Öneriler Alın Toplantınız boyunca etkili bir şekilde katkıda bulunmanıza yardımcı olacak yararlı, bağlamsal öneriler alın. Gerçek zamanlı öneriler 4 özelleştirilebilir öneri türü Toplantı takibi Önemli kararları, yapılacakları ve sorumluları ile son tarihleri kaydeder, böylece hiçbir önemli detay gözden kaçmaz. Yeni fikir Tartışmayı zenginleştirmek ve yeni yönler açmak için ilgili fikirler ve taze bakış açıları sunar. Terim açıklaması Konuşmada geçen teknik terimleri, kısaltmaları ve karmaşık kavramları anında açıklar, böylece hiçbir zaman kaybolmazsınız. Terim çevirisi Yabancı dil ifadelerini anında çevirir ve açıklar, dil ne olursa olsun bağlı kalmanıza yardımcı olur. Toplantınıza Bot Katılmaz 📹 Zoom 💼 Teams 🎥 Meet 👥 Yüz yüze Tüm tarayıcı tabanlı toplantı platformlarıyla çalışır Diğer yapay zeka araçlarının aksine, LiveSuggest toplantınıza asla bir katılımcı eklemez. Google Meet, Zoom, Microsoft Teams veya herhangi bir tarayıcı tabanlı platformla sorunsuz çalışır — sadece sekme sesini paylaşın. Yüz yüze toplantılarda mikrofonunuzu kullanın. 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https://lab174.com/blog/202601-yaml-norway/#cb10-16 | YAML? That’s Norway problem < Back to LAB174.com YAML? That’s Norway problem 2026-01-12 Abstract A deep dive into YAML’s Norway problem: why the country code NO gets parsed as false, its history from YAML v1.0 to v1.2, and why popular libraries still exhibit this behavior in 2026. What is yaml Yaml is a well-known data serialization language designed for human readability. It’s a popular choice for configuration files and metadata. Here’s a simple example: # project.yaml title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse countries : - DE - FR - PL - RO Let’s verify that the above example parses correctly. We’ll use Python 1 with Py Yaml 2 version 6.0.3 (the latest version as of this writing). First, let’s install it: python3 -m pip install pyyaml==6.0.3 Now let’s write a simple script to parse the yaml file: # python-pyyaml.py import json import yaml with open ( "project.yaml" , "r" , encoding = "utf-8" ) as f: data = yaml.safe_load(f) print (json.dumps(data, indent = 2 )) Running python3 python-pyyaml.py produces this output: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "PL" , "RO" ] } So far everything behaves as expected. As of January 2026 Python is the world’s 4th most popular programming language according to a 2025 Stack Overflow Survey ( archive ) ↩︎ Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and a top 20 Python library overall in the last month according to PyPI Stats ( archive ). It is also an “official” yaml library in the sense that its source code is hosted in a Github repository owned by the yaml Github account; see: Canonical source repository for Py Yaml . ↩︎ The Norway problem in yaml When we change the original yaml file and add Norway’s two letter iso country code to the existing list: countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO Using the same parsing method, the file now yields this result: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , false , "PL" , "RO" ] } Note that NO has been replaced with false . This is unexpected. Nothing about the context suggests a boolean should appear here. The NO literal sits in a list of country codes like FR or PL and appears similar in form. The problem, of course, is that “no” is also an English word with a negative meaning. This feature was originally added to allow writing booleans in a more human readable way, e.g.: platforms : iPhone : yes iPad : yes AppleWatch : no This gets parsed as: { "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false } } The idea was that configuration files should read like natural language. In practice this behavior proved problematic, becoming the notorious Norway problem in yaml . One workaround is to escape the string, like this: countries : - DE - FR - "NO" - PL - RO With quotes, the file parses as expected: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } Many articles about yaml ’s Norway problem stop here, presenting quoting as the canonical fix. There is more. Yaml ’s history To understand today’s state of the Norway problem we’ll first look at how yaml evolved. May 2001 – Yaml first pass specification At this time, yaml was more of a concept than a finished language. It looked a bit different, though somewhat recognizable. Below is a partial example from the original specification; there are more in the full document, sadly none with boolean values. buyer : % address : % city : Royal Oak line one : 458 Wittigen's Way line two : Suite 292 postal : 48046 state : MI family name : Dumars given name : Chris The document makes no mention of parsing no to false . The “Serilization Format / bnf ” section even contains a typo and a “to do” note 3 : This section contains the bnf 4 productions for the yaml syntax. Much to do… Full first pass specification – archived link ↩︎ Bnf stands for “Backus–Naur form”, a notation system for syntax definition ( Wikipedia ). ↩︎ January 2004 – Yaml v1.0 final draft This version describes various ways of presenting scalars 5 , including both quoted scalars and plain scalars with implicit typing. This is what we’re after. Version 1.0 defined only sequence , map , and string as mandatory types 6 . The rest were optional, but a reference specification existed. That reference specification for the optional boolean type included English word format. Supported words were: true/false , on/off , and also yes/no 7 . This allows the Norway problem to appear – even if following that part of reference is described as optional. – Bonus: implicit typing can be overridden with explicit tags – we’ll talk about this later. – Bonus: single sign characters, i.e. + and - should also be treated as true and false ; even more so, as they are described as the canonical form 8 ! A scalar data type, or just scalar, is any non-composite value. Generally, all basic primitive data types are considered scalar source: Wikipedia ↩︎ Following is a description of the three mandatory core tags. Yaml requires support for the seq, map and str tags. source: Yaml v1.0 specification, tag repository ↩︎ English word format: implicit english ~= true|True|TRUE |false|False|FALSE |yes|Yes|YES |no|No|NO |on|On|ON |off|Off|OFF source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ Single sign character format: implicit canonical ~= +|- source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ January 2005 – Yaml v1.1 final draft Version 1.1 maintained the same implicit typing behavior as v1.0. However, the types listed in the spec – including boolean – while still not mandatory, were now strongly recommended 9 . – Bonus: single sign characters are no longer included and the canonical form is now y/n 10 . these tags represent types that are useful across a wide range of applications and it is strongly recommended they be used whenever appropriate to promote interoperability. source: Yaml v1.1 specification, tag repository ( archive ) ↩︎ Yaml v1.1 boolean type specification , ( archive ) ↩︎ July 2009 – Yaml Revision 1.2.0 Its goal was to make yaml compliant with json , going as far as allowing json to be a subset of yaml 11 . Implicit typing rules have been removed, including the boolean English word format. – Bonus: explicit typing rules are still present. On paper, the Norway problem shouldn’t exist anymore, at least not since this yaml revision. So why are we still seeing it in 2026? The primary objective of this revision is to bring Yaml into compliance with json as an official subset. source: Yaml revision v1.2.0 ↩︎ Yaml spec version history until v1.2.0 Yaml spec version Date Type of no : Value of no first pass specification May 2001 unspecified unspecified v1.0 January 2004 boolean false v1.1 January 2005 boolean false v1.2.0 July 2009 string "no" Table 1: Summary of yaml spec changes. Note that “Type of no ” and “Value of no ” labels refer to the literal without quotes. Yaml in practice To understand why the Norway problem persists, we need to examine the scope of work involved in implementing yaml spec changes. Some clues are present in earlier text already, we see that yaml supports implicit typing, explicit typing, and various presenting formats. Also, the time between different yaml spec version releases is measured in years. What hides between the lines is that yaml and its specification are very, hugely, extremely complex. Seriously, it’s hard to overstate this. Since v1.0 yaml ’s goal was to build upon xml 12 and a number of other technologies, as listed in the final draft 13 : Yaml integrates and builds upon concepts described by C, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, rfc0822 ( mail ), rfc1866 ( html ), rfc2045 ( mime ), rfc2396 ( uri ), xml , sax and soap Yaml supports attachments, custom tags, references – the list goes on. There was even yaxml , an xml binding for yaml 14 . There are 9 ways of writing multiline strings – and some claim the number is actually 63 15 . Characters like ? , ! , !! in some cases have special meanings, with the latter allowing arbitrary code execution. Given this complexity, the Norway problem wasn’t the only language quirk in yaml v1.1. Revision v1.2 simplified boolean behavior and more (e.g. handling of null and numerical values), while other language features remained unchanged. How did libraries react to changes in such a complex specification? In fact yaml was originally intended to be a markup language and its name stood for “Yet Another Markup Language”. Six months after the first pass specification, in January 2002, it was renamed to “ Yaml Ain’t Markup Language”. ↩︎ Yaml v1.0 specification, prior art ↩︎ a subset of xml which has yaml ’s information model, but xml ’s syntax (…) a xslt Stylesheet is provided, along with the canonical invoice example in xml using this schema source: Yaxml , the (draft) xml Binding for yaml – archived link ↩︎ There are 5 6 NINE (or 63, depending how you count) different ways to write multi-line strings in yaml . (…) 2 block styles, each with 2 possible block chomping indicators (or none), and with 9 possible indentation indicators (or none), 1 plain style and 2 quoted styles: 2 x (2 + 1) x (9 + 1) + 1 + 2 = 63 source: Stack Overflow answer ( archived ) ↩︎ Yaml libraries As of January 2026 popular yaml libraries still haven’t moved from v1.1 to v1.2, and they still exhibit the Norway problem. Smaller alternative projects have appeared, but their usage hasn’t surpassed the existing v1.1 libraries. Some users have built their own alternative parsers, mixing v1.1 and v1.2 features, or focusing on a subset of yaml suited to their needs. Below are some examples. Py Yaml As mentioned before, Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and one of the most popular Python libraries overall. Py Yaml never added v1.2 support. There is an open issue from 2017 in Py Yaml ’s Github project about introducing support for v1.2 16 . There are at least two more related open issues, plus several closed ones. An unofficial library 17 exists that can be used on top of Py Yaml to provide partial v1.2 support (its documentation notes that not all v1.2 features are implemented). Another Python library, ruamel.yaml 18 , supports v1.2 by default. Py Yaml Github Issue #116 ↩︎ yamlcore PyPI project page ↩︎ ruamel.yaml PyPI project page ↩︎ Lib Yaml Lib Yaml is the long-standing C library for yaml , it is used widely as a dependency by other tools and bindings. Like Py Yaml , it’s an “official” implementation – in the sense that its canonical repository is hosted on Github and owned by the official ‘yaml’ Github account. Lib Yaml also never added v1.2 support. An open issue from 2016 in Lib Yaml ’s github project requests adding v1.2 support 19 . As mentioned earlier, Lib Yaml sits deep in dependency trees; changing its behavior is especially risky and slow. A less popular library, libfyaml 20 , supports v1.2 by default. Lib Yaml Github Issue #20 ↩︎ libfyaml Github project page ↩︎ Golang’s gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Currently unmaintained 21 , historically the most popular and still holds more Github stars then other Golang yaml libraries. It’s especially interesting because it declares support for a mix of v1.1 and 1.2 22 . The Golang’s most popular actively maintained library 23 defaults to v1.2 behavior. “This project is unmaintained” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ “The yaml package supports most of yaml 1.2, but preserves some behavior from 1.1 for backwards compatibility.” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ goccy/go-yaml Github project page ↩︎ Kyaml Kyaml is a yaml dialect built for the Kubernetes project, launched in June 2025. Its goal is to provide a safer and less ambiguous tool; it is also designed specifically for Kubernetes, trading generality for predictability. The announcement blog post references the Norway problem directly 24 . Yaml ’s significant whitespace requires careful attention to indentation and nesting, while its optional string-quoting can lead to unexpected type coercion (for example: “The Norway Bug”). source: Kubernetes v1.34 Sneak Peek ↩︎ Is the Norway problem solved? Yaml ’s ecosystem is not just libraries, it’s also the community of users. Including: strong and conflicting opinions about yaml in general and the Norway problem in particular. In some part this outcome could be expected; after all yaml is very popular, deceptively complex, and is used in different kinds of scenarios, from small personal config files to critical infrastructure setups. Many texts don’t distinguish between yaml spec versions at all 25 . Even when spec version numbers are used, they’re frequently mistyped. It’s not difficult to find documentation claiming that implicit boolean typing is a trait of yaml specification version 1.2 26 (the correct version is v1.1); mistakes get spotted 27 and eventually updated, but that takes more time and effort than making the original typo. On the other hand we see users who declare the Norway problem as solved because it doesn’t exist in the latest spec version, or because they haven’t experienced it themselves, or for other reasons 28 . To be fair, that language feature was removed over a decade ago, and it’s unexpected that popular libraries still support the older spec version. Technically, the issue is solved in the spec – but in practice, most widely adopted implementations still support implicit boolean typing, as we’ve seen. Finally, there are end users who are so unhappy with yaml that they prefer almost anything else 29 . We end up with countless use cases (hobby, pro, critical infrastructure, …), roles (spec author, library maintainer, end user debugging a failed deployment at 11pm, …), and just as many points of views. The yaml specification defines many strings that are automatically interpreted as boolean values, which often conflicts with developer expectations. When you write country: NO , the yaml parser interprets NO as the boolean false , not the string "NO" source: What is the Norway Bug? ↩︎ The most tragic aspect of this bug , however, is that it is intended behavior according to the yaml 1.2 specification. source: The Norway Problem – why Strict Yaml refuses to do implicit typing and so should you ↩︎ In this case a Github issue has been created: It was intended according to the yaml 1.1 specification, but in yaml 1.2, the only recognized booleans are true , True , TRUE , false , False , FALSE . source: strictyaml Github issue #186 ↩︎ I don’t want to link to individual messages on social platforms to err on the side of users’ privacy; I’ll paraphrase some of them below, for illustration purposes. Norway problem has been solved for 16 years. Using 1.1 at this point is just forehead palming foolishness. The Norway issue is a bit blown out of proportion. I have been using YAML for 5+ years and have never had it. We stopped having this problem over ten years ago. Just quote your strings. Another solution is to change the country name. ↩︎ Same as earlier, I’ll paraphrase a few messages below, meant for illustration. Stop using YAML YAML - just say Norway. You should stop even tolerating YAML, refuse on sight. YAML made sense before JSON became a thing. YAML made me look at XML wistfully. Why people persist with YAML in new projects is baffling to me. People from Norway couldn't sign up. Took us a while to figure out. ↩︎ What next? In yaml final draft v1.0, the document specified that, along with yes and no , + and - should also be parsed as booleans. This was removed v1.1. There was an idea to keep that functionality when plus or minus signs were preceded with a dot ( .+ and .- ), but it didn’t catch on. Despite its well known and lesser known quirks, yaml remains popular and widely used. At this scale small quirks cascade into unexpected issues. And changes – or fixes – are introduced at a glacial pace. Then again, yaml ’s charm has its place, as evidenced by its popularity. While spec change adoption is very slow, it is still ongoing. New projects will likely adopt newer libraries, where the Norway problem no longer exists. If there is a single takeaway from this article, it’s this: yaml ecosystem is fragmented; on the whole it is moving towards a slightly stricter version. Implicit boolean typing is getting removed, it’s no longer in the official specification and most new libraries adhere to that. As of January 2026 however, the older libraries are stuck on the older version of the spec, they are still more popular and updating or phasing them out may take a while. Frequently Asked Questions Why not just use json in place of yaml ? A common reply is “no comments” – because json doesn’t support comments 30 ; many other yaml features aren’t supported either. This makes json a simpler and stricter alternative. Wheter that’s a better fit for your project, that depends on the project. As always, personal preference plays a role too. Note: json has its own flavors, like jsonc 31 . It was a conscious decision; there is an explanation from Douglas Crockford, as well as a suggestion about using json for configuration files: I removed comments from json because I saw people were using them to hold parsing directives, a practice which would have destroyed interoperability. I know that the lack of comments makes some people sad, but it shouldn’t. Suppose you are using json to keep configuration files, which you would like to annotate. Go ahead and insert all the comments you like. Then pipe it through JSMin before handing it to your json parser. source: Google Plus post by Douglas Crockford – archived link ↩︎ Json with Comments – project’s homepage ↩︎ Is yaml a superset of json ? After writing this article, I’m still not entirely sure. Even though the goal of yaml revision v1.2.0 was to make that happen and revisions 1.2.0 and 1.2.1 claimed it explicitly 32 : Yaml can therefore be viewed as a natural superset of json , offering improved human readability and a more complete information model. That text has been removed from the latest yaml revision 1.2.2. A popular article 33 claims to prove that yaml is not a superset of json , but that article uses a v1.1 parser – and as we know v1.1 never claimed json compatibility. So that won’t help us. The actual reason might be that yaml requires maps to have unique keys 34 , while json only recommends it 35 . So perhaps most json (i.e. json where objects have unique keys) is a subset of yaml . Some ambiguity remains. See e.g.: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.1 ↩︎ Json treats the value 1e2 a number, of course, because it’s not in quote marks. Yaml fails to parse it as a number so silently falls back to treating it as a string. source: YAML IS NOT A SUPERSET OF JSON ↩︎ The content of a mapping node is an unordered set of key/value node pairs, with the restriction that each of the keys is unique source: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.2 ↩︎ The names within an object SHOULD be unique. source: The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation ( json ) ↩︎ What went wrong? This question is out of scope for this article – here the goal is to prioritize facts over “what if?”. If i had to answer, I’d say that nothing went wrong. When a complex technology with a stable ecosystem introduces a breaking change, sometimes the process can take ages. The main surprise here is how complicated yaml really is. Also, as we’ve seen, with yaml and related tools being free software, anyone could contribute to improving the v1.2 adoption rate – or move to a tool that suits them better, or even create one. What about toml , sexagesimal numbers, schemas, human genes, Ruby, or Perl? These topics are only loosely related to the Norway problem, and this text is already quite long. If you enjoyed reading it, leave positive feedback somewhere and a Part 2 might happen. In the meantime, visit my homepage 36 and check out my other projects – maybe you’ll find something else you’ll enjoy. LAB174 homepage ↩︎ Epilogue Implicit boolean typing has been removed, but explicit boolean typing still remains. If a uniform yaml 1.2 future actually arrives, you can still bring a little bit of nostalgia to your code by writing: title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse platforms : iPhone : !!bool yes iPad : !!bool yes # Note the explicit typing here and above. AppleWatch : !!bool no countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO When parsed with yq , a tool that supports yaml revision 1.2 by default: yq eval -o=json project.yaml It returns: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } < Back to LAB174.com | 2026-01-13T08:48:04 |
https://lab174.com/blog/202601-yaml-norway/#cb10-4 | YAML? That’s Norway problem < Back to LAB174.com YAML? That’s Norway problem 2026-01-12 Abstract A deep dive into YAML’s Norway problem: why the country code NO gets parsed as false, its history from YAML v1.0 to v1.2, and why popular libraries still exhibit this behavior in 2026. What is yaml Yaml is a well-known data serialization language designed for human readability. It’s a popular choice for configuration files and metadata. Here’s a simple example: # project.yaml title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse countries : - DE - FR - PL - RO Let’s verify that the above example parses correctly. We’ll use Python 1 with Py Yaml 2 version 6.0.3 (the latest version as of this writing). First, let’s install it: python3 -m pip install pyyaml==6.0.3 Now let’s write a simple script to parse the yaml file: # python-pyyaml.py import json import yaml with open ( "project.yaml" , "r" , encoding = "utf-8" ) as f: data = yaml.safe_load(f) print (json.dumps(data, indent = 2 )) Running python3 python-pyyaml.py produces this output: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "PL" , "RO" ] } So far everything behaves as expected. As of January 2026 Python is the world’s 4th most popular programming language according to a 2025 Stack Overflow Survey ( archive ) ↩︎ Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and a top 20 Python library overall in the last month according to PyPI Stats ( archive ). It is also an “official” yaml library in the sense that its source code is hosted in a Github repository owned by the yaml Github account; see: Canonical source repository for Py Yaml . ↩︎ The Norway problem in yaml When we change the original yaml file and add Norway’s two letter iso country code to the existing list: countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO Using the same parsing method, the file now yields this result: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , false , "PL" , "RO" ] } Note that NO has been replaced with false . This is unexpected. Nothing about the context suggests a boolean should appear here. The NO literal sits in a list of country codes like FR or PL and appears similar in form. The problem, of course, is that “no” is also an English word with a negative meaning. This feature was originally added to allow writing booleans in a more human readable way, e.g.: platforms : iPhone : yes iPad : yes AppleWatch : no This gets parsed as: { "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false } } The idea was that configuration files should read like natural language. In practice this behavior proved problematic, becoming the notorious Norway problem in yaml . One workaround is to escape the string, like this: countries : - DE - FR - "NO" - PL - RO With quotes, the file parses as expected: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } Many articles about yaml ’s Norway problem stop here, presenting quoting as the canonical fix. There is more. Yaml ’s history To understand today’s state of the Norway problem we’ll first look at how yaml evolved. May 2001 – Yaml first pass specification At this time, yaml was more of a concept than a finished language. It looked a bit different, though somewhat recognizable. Below is a partial example from the original specification; there are more in the full document, sadly none with boolean values. buyer : % address : % city : Royal Oak line one : 458 Wittigen's Way line two : Suite 292 postal : 48046 state : MI family name : Dumars given name : Chris The document makes no mention of parsing no to false . The “Serilization Format / bnf ” section even contains a typo and a “to do” note 3 : This section contains the bnf 4 productions for the yaml syntax. Much to do… Full first pass specification – archived link ↩︎ Bnf stands for “Backus–Naur form”, a notation system for syntax definition ( Wikipedia ). ↩︎ January 2004 – Yaml v1.0 final draft This version describes various ways of presenting scalars 5 , including both quoted scalars and plain scalars with implicit typing. This is what we’re after. Version 1.0 defined only sequence , map , and string as mandatory types 6 . The rest were optional, but a reference specification existed. That reference specification for the optional boolean type included English word format. Supported words were: true/false , on/off , and also yes/no 7 . This allows the Norway problem to appear – even if following that part of reference is described as optional. – Bonus: implicit typing can be overridden with explicit tags – we’ll talk about this later. – Bonus: single sign characters, i.e. + and - should also be treated as true and false ; even more so, as they are described as the canonical form 8 ! A scalar data type, or just scalar, is any non-composite value. Generally, all basic primitive data types are considered scalar source: Wikipedia ↩︎ Following is a description of the three mandatory core tags. Yaml requires support for the seq, map and str tags. source: Yaml v1.0 specification, tag repository ↩︎ English word format: implicit english ~= true|True|TRUE |false|False|FALSE |yes|Yes|YES |no|No|NO |on|On|ON |off|Off|OFF source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ Single sign character format: implicit canonical ~= +|- source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ January 2005 – Yaml v1.1 final draft Version 1.1 maintained the same implicit typing behavior as v1.0. However, the types listed in the spec – including boolean – while still not mandatory, were now strongly recommended 9 . – Bonus: single sign characters are no longer included and the canonical form is now y/n 10 . these tags represent types that are useful across a wide range of applications and it is strongly recommended they be used whenever appropriate to promote interoperability. source: Yaml v1.1 specification, tag repository ( archive ) ↩︎ Yaml v1.1 boolean type specification , ( archive ) ↩︎ July 2009 – Yaml Revision 1.2.0 Its goal was to make yaml compliant with json , going as far as allowing json to be a subset of yaml 11 . Implicit typing rules have been removed, including the boolean English word format. – Bonus: explicit typing rules are still present. On paper, the Norway problem shouldn’t exist anymore, at least not since this yaml revision. So why are we still seeing it in 2026? The primary objective of this revision is to bring Yaml into compliance with json as an official subset. source: Yaml revision v1.2.0 ↩︎ Yaml spec version history until v1.2.0 Yaml spec version Date Type of no : Value of no first pass specification May 2001 unspecified unspecified v1.0 January 2004 boolean false v1.1 January 2005 boolean false v1.2.0 July 2009 string "no" Table 1: Summary of yaml spec changes. Note that “Type of no ” and “Value of no ” labels refer to the literal without quotes. Yaml in practice To understand why the Norway problem persists, we need to examine the scope of work involved in implementing yaml spec changes. Some clues are present in earlier text already, we see that yaml supports implicit typing, explicit typing, and various presenting formats. Also, the time between different yaml spec version releases is measured in years. What hides between the lines is that yaml and its specification are very, hugely, extremely complex. Seriously, it’s hard to overstate this. Since v1.0 yaml ’s goal was to build upon xml 12 and a number of other technologies, as listed in the final draft 13 : Yaml integrates and builds upon concepts described by C, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, rfc0822 ( mail ), rfc1866 ( html ), rfc2045 ( mime ), rfc2396 ( uri ), xml , sax and soap Yaml supports attachments, custom tags, references – the list goes on. There was even yaxml , an xml binding for yaml 14 . There are 9 ways of writing multiline strings – and some claim the number is actually 63 15 . Characters like ? , ! , !! in some cases have special meanings, with the latter allowing arbitrary code execution. Given this complexity, the Norway problem wasn’t the only language quirk in yaml v1.1. Revision v1.2 simplified boolean behavior and more (e.g. handling of null and numerical values), while other language features remained unchanged. How did libraries react to changes in such a complex specification? In fact yaml was originally intended to be a markup language and its name stood for “Yet Another Markup Language”. Six months after the first pass specification, in January 2002, it was renamed to “ Yaml Ain’t Markup Language”. ↩︎ Yaml v1.0 specification, prior art ↩︎ a subset of xml which has yaml ’s information model, but xml ’s syntax (…) a xslt Stylesheet is provided, along with the canonical invoice example in xml using this schema source: Yaxml , the (draft) xml Binding for yaml – archived link ↩︎ There are 5 6 NINE (or 63, depending how you count) different ways to write multi-line strings in yaml . (…) 2 block styles, each with 2 possible block chomping indicators (or none), and with 9 possible indentation indicators (or none), 1 plain style and 2 quoted styles: 2 x (2 + 1) x (9 + 1) + 1 + 2 = 63 source: Stack Overflow answer ( archived ) ↩︎ Yaml libraries As of January 2026 popular yaml libraries still haven’t moved from v1.1 to v1.2, and they still exhibit the Norway problem. Smaller alternative projects have appeared, but their usage hasn’t surpassed the existing v1.1 libraries. Some users have built their own alternative parsers, mixing v1.1 and v1.2 features, or focusing on a subset of yaml suited to their needs. Below are some examples. Py Yaml As mentioned before, Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and one of the most popular Python libraries overall. Py Yaml never added v1.2 support. There is an open issue from 2017 in Py Yaml ’s Github project about introducing support for v1.2 16 . There are at least two more related open issues, plus several closed ones. An unofficial library 17 exists that can be used on top of Py Yaml to provide partial v1.2 support (its documentation notes that not all v1.2 features are implemented). Another Python library, ruamel.yaml 18 , supports v1.2 by default. Py Yaml Github Issue #116 ↩︎ yamlcore PyPI project page ↩︎ ruamel.yaml PyPI project page ↩︎ Lib Yaml Lib Yaml is the long-standing C library for yaml , it is used widely as a dependency by other tools and bindings. Like Py Yaml , it’s an “official” implementation – in the sense that its canonical repository is hosted on Github and owned by the official ‘yaml’ Github account. Lib Yaml also never added v1.2 support. An open issue from 2016 in Lib Yaml ’s github project requests adding v1.2 support 19 . As mentioned earlier, Lib Yaml sits deep in dependency trees; changing its behavior is especially risky and slow. A less popular library, libfyaml 20 , supports v1.2 by default. Lib Yaml Github Issue #20 ↩︎ libfyaml Github project page ↩︎ Golang’s gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Currently unmaintained 21 , historically the most popular and still holds more Github stars then other Golang yaml libraries. It’s especially interesting because it declares support for a mix of v1.1 and 1.2 22 . The Golang’s most popular actively maintained library 23 defaults to v1.2 behavior. “This project is unmaintained” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ “The yaml package supports most of yaml 1.2, but preserves some behavior from 1.1 for backwards compatibility.” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ goccy/go-yaml Github project page ↩︎ Kyaml Kyaml is a yaml dialect built for the Kubernetes project, launched in June 2025. Its goal is to provide a safer and less ambiguous tool; it is also designed specifically for Kubernetes, trading generality for predictability. The announcement blog post references the Norway problem directly 24 . Yaml ’s significant whitespace requires careful attention to indentation and nesting, while its optional string-quoting can lead to unexpected type coercion (for example: “The Norway Bug”). source: Kubernetes v1.34 Sneak Peek ↩︎ Is the Norway problem solved? Yaml ’s ecosystem is not just libraries, it’s also the community of users. Including: strong and conflicting opinions about yaml in general and the Norway problem in particular. In some part this outcome could be expected; after all yaml is very popular, deceptively complex, and is used in different kinds of scenarios, from small personal config files to critical infrastructure setups. Many texts don’t distinguish between yaml spec versions at all 25 . Even when spec version numbers are used, they’re frequently mistyped. It’s not difficult to find documentation claiming that implicit boolean typing is a trait of yaml specification version 1.2 26 (the correct version is v1.1); mistakes get spotted 27 and eventually updated, but that takes more time and effort than making the original typo. On the other hand we see users who declare the Norway problem as solved because it doesn’t exist in the latest spec version, or because they haven’t experienced it themselves, or for other reasons 28 . To be fair, that language feature was removed over a decade ago, and it’s unexpected that popular libraries still support the older spec version. Technically, the issue is solved in the spec – but in practice, most widely adopted implementations still support implicit boolean typing, as we’ve seen. Finally, there are end users who are so unhappy with yaml that they prefer almost anything else 29 . We end up with countless use cases (hobby, pro, critical infrastructure, …), roles (spec author, library maintainer, end user debugging a failed deployment at 11pm, …), and just as many points of views. The yaml specification defines many strings that are automatically interpreted as boolean values, which often conflicts with developer expectations. When you write country: NO , the yaml parser interprets NO as the boolean false , not the string "NO" source: What is the Norway Bug? ↩︎ The most tragic aspect of this bug , however, is that it is intended behavior according to the yaml 1.2 specification. source: The Norway Problem – why Strict Yaml refuses to do implicit typing and so should you ↩︎ In this case a Github issue has been created: It was intended according to the yaml 1.1 specification, but in yaml 1.2, the only recognized booleans are true , True , TRUE , false , False , FALSE . source: strictyaml Github issue #186 ↩︎ I don’t want to link to individual messages on social platforms to err on the side of users’ privacy; I’ll paraphrase some of them below, for illustration purposes. Norway problem has been solved for 16 years. Using 1.1 at this point is just forehead palming foolishness. The Norway issue is a bit blown out of proportion. I have been using YAML for 5+ years and have never had it. We stopped having this problem over ten years ago. Just quote your strings. Another solution is to change the country name. ↩︎ Same as earlier, I’ll paraphrase a few messages below, meant for illustration. Stop using YAML YAML - just say Norway. You should stop even tolerating YAML, refuse on sight. YAML made sense before JSON became a thing. YAML made me look at XML wistfully. Why people persist with YAML in new projects is baffling to me. People from Norway couldn't sign up. Took us a while to figure out. ↩︎ What next? In yaml final draft v1.0, the document specified that, along with yes and no , + and - should also be parsed as booleans. This was removed v1.1. There was an idea to keep that functionality when plus or minus signs were preceded with a dot ( .+ and .- ), but it didn’t catch on. Despite its well known and lesser known quirks, yaml remains popular and widely used. At this scale small quirks cascade into unexpected issues. And changes – or fixes – are introduced at a glacial pace. Then again, yaml ’s charm has its place, as evidenced by its popularity. While spec change adoption is very slow, it is still ongoing. New projects will likely adopt newer libraries, where the Norway problem no longer exists. If there is a single takeaway from this article, it’s this: yaml ecosystem is fragmented; on the whole it is moving towards a slightly stricter version. Implicit boolean typing is getting removed, it’s no longer in the official specification and most new libraries adhere to that. As of January 2026 however, the older libraries are stuck on the older version of the spec, they are still more popular and updating or phasing them out may take a while. Frequently Asked Questions Why not just use json in place of yaml ? A common reply is “no comments” – because json doesn’t support comments 30 ; many other yaml features aren’t supported either. This makes json a simpler and stricter alternative. Wheter that’s a better fit for your project, that depends on the project. As always, personal preference plays a role too. Note: json has its own flavors, like jsonc 31 . It was a conscious decision; there is an explanation from Douglas Crockford, as well as a suggestion about using json for configuration files: I removed comments from json because I saw people were using them to hold parsing directives, a practice which would have destroyed interoperability. I know that the lack of comments makes some people sad, but it shouldn’t. Suppose you are using json to keep configuration files, which you would like to annotate. Go ahead and insert all the comments you like. Then pipe it through JSMin before handing it to your json parser. source: Google Plus post by Douglas Crockford – archived link ↩︎ Json with Comments – project’s homepage ↩︎ Is yaml a superset of json ? After writing this article, I’m still not entirely sure. Even though the goal of yaml revision v1.2.0 was to make that happen and revisions 1.2.0 and 1.2.1 claimed it explicitly 32 : Yaml can therefore be viewed as a natural superset of json , offering improved human readability and a more complete information model. That text has been removed from the latest yaml revision 1.2.2. A popular article 33 claims to prove that yaml is not a superset of json , but that article uses a v1.1 parser – and as we know v1.1 never claimed json compatibility. So that won’t help us. The actual reason might be that yaml requires maps to have unique keys 34 , while json only recommends it 35 . So perhaps most json (i.e. json where objects have unique keys) is a subset of yaml . Some ambiguity remains. See e.g.: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.1 ↩︎ Json treats the value 1e2 a number, of course, because it’s not in quote marks. Yaml fails to parse it as a number so silently falls back to treating it as a string. source: YAML IS NOT A SUPERSET OF JSON ↩︎ The content of a mapping node is an unordered set of key/value node pairs, with the restriction that each of the keys is unique source: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.2 ↩︎ The names within an object SHOULD be unique. source: The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation ( json ) ↩︎ What went wrong? This question is out of scope for this article – here the goal is to prioritize facts over “what if?”. If i had to answer, I’d say that nothing went wrong. When a complex technology with a stable ecosystem introduces a breaking change, sometimes the process can take ages. The main surprise here is how complicated yaml really is. Also, as we’ve seen, with yaml and related tools being free software, anyone could contribute to improving the v1.2 adoption rate – or move to a tool that suits them better, or even create one. What about toml , sexagesimal numbers, schemas, human genes, Ruby, or Perl? These topics are only loosely related to the Norway problem, and this text is already quite long. If you enjoyed reading it, leave positive feedback somewhere and a Part 2 might happen. In the meantime, visit my homepage 36 and check out my other projects – maybe you’ll find something else you’ll enjoy. LAB174 homepage ↩︎ Epilogue Implicit boolean typing has been removed, but explicit boolean typing still remains. If a uniform yaml 1.2 future actually arrives, you can still bring a little bit of nostalgia to your code by writing: title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse platforms : iPhone : !!bool yes iPad : !!bool yes # Note the explicit typing here and above. AppleWatch : !!bool no countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO When parsed with yq , a tool that supports yaml revision 1.2 by default: yq eval -o=json project.yaml It returns: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } < Back to LAB174.com | 2026-01-13T08:48:04 |
https://lab174.com/blog/202601-yaml-norway/#cb9-6 | YAML? That’s Norway problem < Back to LAB174.com YAML? That’s Norway problem 2026-01-12 Abstract A deep dive into YAML’s Norway problem: why the country code NO gets parsed as false, its history from YAML v1.0 to v1.2, and why popular libraries still exhibit this behavior in 2026. What is yaml Yaml is a well-known data serialization language designed for human readability. It’s a popular choice for configuration files and metadata. Here’s a simple example: # project.yaml title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse countries : - DE - FR - PL - RO Let’s verify that the above example parses correctly. We’ll use Python 1 with Py Yaml 2 version 6.0.3 (the latest version as of this writing). First, let’s install it: python3 -m pip install pyyaml==6.0.3 Now let’s write a simple script to parse the yaml file: # python-pyyaml.py import json import yaml with open ( "project.yaml" , "r" , encoding = "utf-8" ) as f: data = yaml.safe_load(f) print (json.dumps(data, indent = 2 )) Running python3 python-pyyaml.py produces this output: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "PL" , "RO" ] } So far everything behaves as expected. As of January 2026 Python is the world’s 4th most popular programming language according to a 2025 Stack Overflow Survey ( archive ) ↩︎ Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and a top 20 Python library overall in the last month according to PyPI Stats ( archive ). It is also an “official” yaml library in the sense that its source code is hosted in a Github repository owned by the yaml Github account; see: Canonical source repository for Py Yaml . ↩︎ The Norway problem in yaml When we change the original yaml file and add Norway’s two letter iso country code to the existing list: countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO Using the same parsing method, the file now yields this result: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , false , "PL" , "RO" ] } Note that NO has been replaced with false . This is unexpected. Nothing about the context suggests a boolean should appear here. The NO literal sits in a list of country codes like FR or PL and appears similar in form. The problem, of course, is that “no” is also an English word with a negative meaning. This feature was originally added to allow writing booleans in a more human readable way, e.g.: platforms : iPhone : yes iPad : yes AppleWatch : no This gets parsed as: { "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false } } The idea was that configuration files should read like natural language. In practice this behavior proved problematic, becoming the notorious Norway problem in yaml . One workaround is to escape the string, like this: countries : - DE - FR - "NO" - PL - RO With quotes, the file parses as expected: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } Many articles about yaml ’s Norway problem stop here, presenting quoting as the canonical fix. There is more. Yaml ’s history To understand today’s state of the Norway problem we’ll first look at how yaml evolved. May 2001 – Yaml first pass specification At this time, yaml was more of a concept than a finished language. It looked a bit different, though somewhat recognizable. Below is a partial example from the original specification; there are more in the full document, sadly none with boolean values. buyer : % address : % city : Royal Oak line one : 458 Wittigen's Way line two : Suite 292 postal : 48046 state : MI family name : Dumars given name : Chris The document makes no mention of parsing no to false . The “Serilization Format / bnf ” section even contains a typo and a “to do” note 3 : This section contains the bnf 4 productions for the yaml syntax. Much to do… Full first pass specification – archived link ↩︎ Bnf stands for “Backus–Naur form”, a notation system for syntax definition ( Wikipedia ). ↩︎ January 2004 – Yaml v1.0 final draft This version describes various ways of presenting scalars 5 , including both quoted scalars and plain scalars with implicit typing. This is what we’re after. Version 1.0 defined only sequence , map , and string as mandatory types 6 . The rest were optional, but a reference specification existed. That reference specification for the optional boolean type included English word format. Supported words were: true/false , on/off , and also yes/no 7 . This allows the Norway problem to appear – even if following that part of reference is described as optional. – Bonus: implicit typing can be overridden with explicit tags – we’ll talk about this later. – Bonus: single sign characters, i.e. + and - should also be treated as true and false ; even more so, as they are described as the canonical form 8 ! A scalar data type, or just scalar, is any non-composite value. Generally, all basic primitive data types are considered scalar source: Wikipedia ↩︎ Following is a description of the three mandatory core tags. Yaml requires support for the seq, map and str tags. source: Yaml v1.0 specification, tag repository ↩︎ English word format: implicit english ~= true|True|TRUE |false|False|FALSE |yes|Yes|YES |no|No|NO |on|On|ON |off|Off|OFF source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ Single sign character format: implicit canonical ~= +|- source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ January 2005 – Yaml v1.1 final draft Version 1.1 maintained the same implicit typing behavior as v1.0. However, the types listed in the spec – including boolean – while still not mandatory, were now strongly recommended 9 . – Bonus: single sign characters are no longer included and the canonical form is now y/n 10 . these tags represent types that are useful across a wide range of applications and it is strongly recommended they be used whenever appropriate to promote interoperability. source: Yaml v1.1 specification, tag repository ( archive ) ↩︎ Yaml v1.1 boolean type specification , ( archive ) ↩︎ July 2009 – Yaml Revision 1.2.0 Its goal was to make yaml compliant with json , going as far as allowing json to be a subset of yaml 11 . Implicit typing rules have been removed, including the boolean English word format. – Bonus: explicit typing rules are still present. On paper, the Norway problem shouldn’t exist anymore, at least not since this yaml revision. So why are we still seeing it in 2026? The primary objective of this revision is to bring Yaml into compliance with json as an official subset. source: Yaml revision v1.2.0 ↩︎ Yaml spec version history until v1.2.0 Yaml spec version Date Type of no : Value of no first pass specification May 2001 unspecified unspecified v1.0 January 2004 boolean false v1.1 January 2005 boolean false v1.2.0 July 2009 string "no" Table 1: Summary of yaml spec changes. Note that “Type of no ” and “Value of no ” labels refer to the literal without quotes. Yaml in practice To understand why the Norway problem persists, we need to examine the scope of work involved in implementing yaml spec changes. Some clues are present in earlier text already, we see that yaml supports implicit typing, explicit typing, and various presenting formats. Also, the time between different yaml spec version releases is measured in years. What hides between the lines is that yaml and its specification are very, hugely, extremely complex. Seriously, it’s hard to overstate this. Since v1.0 yaml ’s goal was to build upon xml 12 and a number of other technologies, as listed in the final draft 13 : Yaml integrates and builds upon concepts described by C, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, rfc0822 ( mail ), rfc1866 ( html ), rfc2045 ( mime ), rfc2396 ( uri ), xml , sax and soap Yaml supports attachments, custom tags, references – the list goes on. There was even yaxml , an xml binding for yaml 14 . There are 9 ways of writing multiline strings – and some claim the number is actually 63 15 . Characters like ? , ! , !! in some cases have special meanings, with the latter allowing arbitrary code execution. Given this complexity, the Norway problem wasn’t the only language quirk in yaml v1.1. Revision v1.2 simplified boolean behavior and more (e.g. handling of null and numerical values), while other language features remained unchanged. How did libraries react to changes in such a complex specification? In fact yaml was originally intended to be a markup language and its name stood for “Yet Another Markup Language”. Six months after the first pass specification, in January 2002, it was renamed to “ Yaml Ain’t Markup Language”. ↩︎ Yaml v1.0 specification, prior art ↩︎ a subset of xml which has yaml ’s information model, but xml ’s syntax (…) a xslt Stylesheet is provided, along with the canonical invoice example in xml using this schema source: Yaxml , the (draft) xml Binding for yaml – archived link ↩︎ There are 5 6 NINE (or 63, depending how you count) different ways to write multi-line strings in yaml . (…) 2 block styles, each with 2 possible block chomping indicators (or none), and with 9 possible indentation indicators (or none), 1 plain style and 2 quoted styles: 2 x (2 + 1) x (9 + 1) + 1 + 2 = 63 source: Stack Overflow answer ( archived ) ↩︎ Yaml libraries As of January 2026 popular yaml libraries still haven’t moved from v1.1 to v1.2, and they still exhibit the Norway problem. Smaller alternative projects have appeared, but their usage hasn’t surpassed the existing v1.1 libraries. Some users have built their own alternative parsers, mixing v1.1 and v1.2 features, or focusing on a subset of yaml suited to their needs. Below are some examples. Py Yaml As mentioned before, Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and one of the most popular Python libraries overall. Py Yaml never added v1.2 support. There is an open issue from 2017 in Py Yaml ’s Github project about introducing support for v1.2 16 . There are at least two more related open issues, plus several closed ones. An unofficial library 17 exists that can be used on top of Py Yaml to provide partial v1.2 support (its documentation notes that not all v1.2 features are implemented). Another Python library, ruamel.yaml 18 , supports v1.2 by default. Py Yaml Github Issue #116 ↩︎ yamlcore PyPI project page ↩︎ ruamel.yaml PyPI project page ↩︎ Lib Yaml Lib Yaml is the long-standing C library for yaml , it is used widely as a dependency by other tools and bindings. Like Py Yaml , it’s an “official” implementation – in the sense that its canonical repository is hosted on Github and owned by the official ‘yaml’ Github account. Lib Yaml also never added v1.2 support. An open issue from 2016 in Lib Yaml ’s github project requests adding v1.2 support 19 . As mentioned earlier, Lib Yaml sits deep in dependency trees; changing its behavior is especially risky and slow. A less popular library, libfyaml 20 , supports v1.2 by default. Lib Yaml Github Issue #20 ↩︎ libfyaml Github project page ↩︎ Golang’s gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Currently unmaintained 21 , historically the most popular and still holds more Github stars then other Golang yaml libraries. It’s especially interesting because it declares support for a mix of v1.1 and 1.2 22 . The Golang’s most popular actively maintained library 23 defaults to v1.2 behavior. “This project is unmaintained” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ “The yaml package supports most of yaml 1.2, but preserves some behavior from 1.1 for backwards compatibility.” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ goccy/go-yaml Github project page ↩︎ Kyaml Kyaml is a yaml dialect built for the Kubernetes project, launched in June 2025. Its goal is to provide a safer and less ambiguous tool; it is also designed specifically for Kubernetes, trading generality for predictability. The announcement blog post references the Norway problem directly 24 . Yaml ’s significant whitespace requires careful attention to indentation and nesting, while its optional string-quoting can lead to unexpected type coercion (for example: “The Norway Bug”). source: Kubernetes v1.34 Sneak Peek ↩︎ Is the Norway problem solved? Yaml ’s ecosystem is not just libraries, it’s also the community of users. Including: strong and conflicting opinions about yaml in general and the Norway problem in particular. In some part this outcome could be expected; after all yaml is very popular, deceptively complex, and is used in different kinds of scenarios, from small personal config files to critical infrastructure setups. Many texts don’t distinguish between yaml spec versions at all 25 . Even when spec version numbers are used, they’re frequently mistyped. It’s not difficult to find documentation claiming that implicit boolean typing is a trait of yaml specification version 1.2 26 (the correct version is v1.1); mistakes get spotted 27 and eventually updated, but that takes more time and effort than making the original typo. On the other hand we see users who declare the Norway problem as solved because it doesn’t exist in the latest spec version, or because they haven’t experienced it themselves, or for other reasons 28 . To be fair, that language feature was removed over a decade ago, and it’s unexpected that popular libraries still support the older spec version. Technically, the issue is solved in the spec – but in practice, most widely adopted implementations still support implicit boolean typing, as we’ve seen. Finally, there are end users who are so unhappy with yaml that they prefer almost anything else 29 . We end up with countless use cases (hobby, pro, critical infrastructure, …), roles (spec author, library maintainer, end user debugging a failed deployment at 11pm, …), and just as many points of views. The yaml specification defines many strings that are automatically interpreted as boolean values, which often conflicts with developer expectations. When you write country: NO , the yaml parser interprets NO as the boolean false , not the string "NO" source: What is the Norway Bug? ↩︎ The most tragic aspect of this bug , however, is that it is intended behavior according to the yaml 1.2 specification. source: The Norway Problem – why Strict Yaml refuses to do implicit typing and so should you ↩︎ In this case a Github issue has been created: It was intended according to the yaml 1.1 specification, but in yaml 1.2, the only recognized booleans are true , True , TRUE , false , False , FALSE . source: strictyaml Github issue #186 ↩︎ I don’t want to link to individual messages on social platforms to err on the side of users’ privacy; I’ll paraphrase some of them below, for illustration purposes. Norway problem has been solved for 16 years. Using 1.1 at this point is just forehead palming foolishness. The Norway issue is a bit blown out of proportion. I have been using YAML for 5+ years and have never had it. We stopped having this problem over ten years ago. Just quote your strings. Another solution is to change the country name. ↩︎ Same as earlier, I’ll paraphrase a few messages below, meant for illustration. Stop using YAML YAML - just say Norway. You should stop even tolerating YAML, refuse on sight. YAML made sense before JSON became a thing. YAML made me look at XML wistfully. Why people persist with YAML in new projects is baffling to me. People from Norway couldn't sign up. Took us a while to figure out. ↩︎ What next? In yaml final draft v1.0, the document specified that, along with yes and no , + and - should also be parsed as booleans. This was removed v1.1. There was an idea to keep that functionality when plus or minus signs were preceded with a dot ( .+ and .- ), but it didn’t catch on. Despite its well known and lesser known quirks, yaml remains popular and widely used. At this scale small quirks cascade into unexpected issues. And changes – or fixes – are introduced at a glacial pace. Then again, yaml ’s charm has its place, as evidenced by its popularity. While spec change adoption is very slow, it is still ongoing. New projects will likely adopt newer libraries, where the Norway problem no longer exists. If there is a single takeaway from this article, it’s this: yaml ecosystem is fragmented; on the whole it is moving towards a slightly stricter version. Implicit boolean typing is getting removed, it’s no longer in the official specification and most new libraries adhere to that. As of January 2026 however, the older libraries are stuck on the older version of the spec, they are still more popular and updating or phasing them out may take a while. Frequently Asked Questions Why not just use json in place of yaml ? A common reply is “no comments” – because json doesn’t support comments 30 ; many other yaml features aren’t supported either. This makes json a simpler and stricter alternative. Wheter that’s a better fit for your project, that depends on the project. As always, personal preference plays a role too. Note: json has its own flavors, like jsonc 31 . It was a conscious decision; there is an explanation from Douglas Crockford, as well as a suggestion about using json for configuration files: I removed comments from json because I saw people were using them to hold parsing directives, a practice which would have destroyed interoperability. I know that the lack of comments makes some people sad, but it shouldn’t. Suppose you are using json to keep configuration files, which you would like to annotate. Go ahead and insert all the comments you like. Then pipe it through JSMin before handing it to your json parser. source: Google Plus post by Douglas Crockford – archived link ↩︎ Json with Comments – project’s homepage ↩︎ Is yaml a superset of json ? After writing this article, I’m still not entirely sure. Even though the goal of yaml revision v1.2.0 was to make that happen and revisions 1.2.0 and 1.2.1 claimed it explicitly 32 : Yaml can therefore be viewed as a natural superset of json , offering improved human readability and a more complete information model. That text has been removed from the latest yaml revision 1.2.2. A popular article 33 claims to prove that yaml is not a superset of json , but that article uses a v1.1 parser – and as we know v1.1 never claimed json compatibility. So that won’t help us. The actual reason might be that yaml requires maps to have unique keys 34 , while json only recommends it 35 . So perhaps most json (i.e. json where objects have unique keys) is a subset of yaml . Some ambiguity remains. See e.g.: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.1 ↩︎ Json treats the value 1e2 a number, of course, because it’s not in quote marks. Yaml fails to parse it as a number so silently falls back to treating it as a string. source: YAML IS NOT A SUPERSET OF JSON ↩︎ The content of a mapping node is an unordered set of key/value node pairs, with the restriction that each of the keys is unique source: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.2 ↩︎ The names within an object SHOULD be unique. source: The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation ( json ) ↩︎ What went wrong? This question is out of scope for this article – here the goal is to prioritize facts over “what if?”. If i had to answer, I’d say that nothing went wrong. When a complex technology with a stable ecosystem introduces a breaking change, sometimes the process can take ages. The main surprise here is how complicated yaml really is. Also, as we’ve seen, with yaml and related tools being free software, anyone could contribute to improving the v1.2 adoption rate – or move to a tool that suits them better, or even create one. What about toml , sexagesimal numbers, schemas, human genes, Ruby, or Perl? These topics are only loosely related to the Norway problem, and this text is already quite long. If you enjoyed reading it, leave positive feedback somewhere and a Part 2 might happen. In the meantime, visit my homepage 36 and check out my other projects – maybe you’ll find something else you’ll enjoy. LAB174 homepage ↩︎ Epilogue Implicit boolean typing has been removed, but explicit boolean typing still remains. If a uniform yaml 1.2 future actually arrives, you can still bring a little bit of nostalgia to your code by writing: title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse platforms : iPhone : !!bool yes iPad : !!bool yes # Note the explicit typing here and above. AppleWatch : !!bool no countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO When parsed with yq , a tool that supports yaml revision 1.2 by default: yq eval -o=json project.yaml It returns: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } < Back to LAB174.com | 2026-01-13T08:48:04 |
https://lab174.com/blog/202601-yaml-norway/#cb10-14 | YAML? That’s Norway problem < Back to LAB174.com YAML? That’s Norway problem 2026-01-12 Abstract A deep dive into YAML’s Norway problem: why the country code NO gets parsed as false, its history from YAML v1.0 to v1.2, and why popular libraries still exhibit this behavior in 2026. What is yaml Yaml is a well-known data serialization language designed for human readability. It’s a popular choice for configuration files and metadata. Here’s a simple example: # project.yaml title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse countries : - DE - FR - PL - RO Let’s verify that the above example parses correctly. We’ll use Python 1 with Py Yaml 2 version 6.0.3 (the latest version as of this writing). First, let’s install it: python3 -m pip install pyyaml==6.0.3 Now let’s write a simple script to parse the yaml file: # python-pyyaml.py import json import yaml with open ( "project.yaml" , "r" , encoding = "utf-8" ) as f: data = yaml.safe_load(f) print (json.dumps(data, indent = 2 )) Running python3 python-pyyaml.py produces this output: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "PL" , "RO" ] } So far everything behaves as expected. As of January 2026 Python is the world’s 4th most popular programming language according to a 2025 Stack Overflow Survey ( archive ) ↩︎ Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and a top 20 Python library overall in the last month according to PyPI Stats ( archive ). It is also an “official” yaml library in the sense that its source code is hosted in a Github repository owned by the yaml Github account; see: Canonical source repository for Py Yaml . ↩︎ The Norway problem in yaml When we change the original yaml file and add Norway’s two letter iso country code to the existing list: countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO Using the same parsing method, the file now yields this result: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , false , "PL" , "RO" ] } Note that NO has been replaced with false . This is unexpected. Nothing about the context suggests a boolean should appear here. The NO literal sits in a list of country codes like FR or PL and appears similar in form. The problem, of course, is that “no” is also an English word with a negative meaning. This feature was originally added to allow writing booleans in a more human readable way, e.g.: platforms : iPhone : yes iPad : yes AppleWatch : no This gets parsed as: { "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false } } The idea was that configuration files should read like natural language. In practice this behavior proved problematic, becoming the notorious Norway problem in yaml . One workaround is to escape the string, like this: countries : - DE - FR - "NO" - PL - RO With quotes, the file parses as expected: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } Many articles about yaml ’s Norway problem stop here, presenting quoting as the canonical fix. There is more. Yaml ’s history To understand today’s state of the Norway problem we’ll first look at how yaml evolved. May 2001 – Yaml first pass specification At this time, yaml was more of a concept than a finished language. It looked a bit different, though somewhat recognizable. Below is a partial example from the original specification; there are more in the full document, sadly none with boolean values. buyer : % address : % city : Royal Oak line one : 458 Wittigen's Way line two : Suite 292 postal : 48046 state : MI family name : Dumars given name : Chris The document makes no mention of parsing no to false . The “Serilization Format / bnf ” section even contains a typo and a “to do” note 3 : This section contains the bnf 4 productions for the yaml syntax. Much to do… Full first pass specification – archived link ↩︎ Bnf stands for “Backus–Naur form”, a notation system for syntax definition ( Wikipedia ). ↩︎ January 2004 – Yaml v1.0 final draft This version describes various ways of presenting scalars 5 , including both quoted scalars and plain scalars with implicit typing. This is what we’re after. Version 1.0 defined only sequence , map , and string as mandatory types 6 . The rest were optional, but a reference specification existed. That reference specification for the optional boolean type included English word format. Supported words were: true/false , on/off , and also yes/no 7 . This allows the Norway problem to appear – even if following that part of reference is described as optional. – Bonus: implicit typing can be overridden with explicit tags – we’ll talk about this later. – Bonus: single sign characters, i.e. + and - should also be treated as true and false ; even more so, as they are described as the canonical form 8 ! A scalar data type, or just scalar, is any non-composite value. Generally, all basic primitive data types are considered scalar source: Wikipedia ↩︎ Following is a description of the three mandatory core tags. Yaml requires support for the seq, map and str tags. source: Yaml v1.0 specification, tag repository ↩︎ English word format: implicit english ~= true|True|TRUE |false|False|FALSE |yes|Yes|YES |no|No|NO |on|On|ON |off|Off|OFF source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ Single sign character format: implicit canonical ~= +|- source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ January 2005 – Yaml v1.1 final draft Version 1.1 maintained the same implicit typing behavior as v1.0. However, the types listed in the spec – including boolean – while still not mandatory, were now strongly recommended 9 . – Bonus: single sign characters are no longer included and the canonical form is now y/n 10 . these tags represent types that are useful across a wide range of applications and it is strongly recommended they be used whenever appropriate to promote interoperability. source: Yaml v1.1 specification, tag repository ( archive ) ↩︎ Yaml v1.1 boolean type specification , ( archive ) ↩︎ July 2009 – Yaml Revision 1.2.0 Its goal was to make yaml compliant with json , going as far as allowing json to be a subset of yaml 11 . Implicit typing rules have been removed, including the boolean English word format. – Bonus: explicit typing rules are still present. On paper, the Norway problem shouldn’t exist anymore, at least not since this yaml revision. So why are we still seeing it in 2026? The primary objective of this revision is to bring Yaml into compliance with json as an official subset. source: Yaml revision v1.2.0 ↩︎ Yaml spec version history until v1.2.0 Yaml spec version Date Type of no : Value of no first pass specification May 2001 unspecified unspecified v1.0 January 2004 boolean false v1.1 January 2005 boolean false v1.2.0 July 2009 string "no" Table 1: Summary of yaml spec changes. Note that “Type of no ” and “Value of no ” labels refer to the literal without quotes. Yaml in practice To understand why the Norway problem persists, we need to examine the scope of work involved in implementing yaml spec changes. Some clues are present in earlier text already, we see that yaml supports implicit typing, explicit typing, and various presenting formats. Also, the time between different yaml spec version releases is measured in years. What hides between the lines is that yaml and its specification are very, hugely, extremely complex. Seriously, it’s hard to overstate this. Since v1.0 yaml ’s goal was to build upon xml 12 and a number of other technologies, as listed in the final draft 13 : Yaml integrates and builds upon concepts described by C, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, rfc0822 ( mail ), rfc1866 ( html ), rfc2045 ( mime ), rfc2396 ( uri ), xml , sax and soap Yaml supports attachments, custom tags, references – the list goes on. There was even yaxml , an xml binding for yaml 14 . There are 9 ways of writing multiline strings – and some claim the number is actually 63 15 . Characters like ? , ! , !! in some cases have special meanings, with the latter allowing arbitrary code execution. Given this complexity, the Norway problem wasn’t the only language quirk in yaml v1.1. Revision v1.2 simplified boolean behavior and more (e.g. handling of null and numerical values), while other language features remained unchanged. How did libraries react to changes in such a complex specification? In fact yaml was originally intended to be a markup language and its name stood for “Yet Another Markup Language”. Six months after the first pass specification, in January 2002, it was renamed to “ Yaml Ain’t Markup Language”. ↩︎ Yaml v1.0 specification, prior art ↩︎ a subset of xml which has yaml ’s information model, but xml ’s syntax (…) a xslt Stylesheet is provided, along with the canonical invoice example in xml using this schema source: Yaxml , the (draft) xml Binding for yaml – archived link ↩︎ There are 5 6 NINE (or 63, depending how you count) different ways to write multi-line strings in yaml . (…) 2 block styles, each with 2 possible block chomping indicators (or none), and with 9 possible indentation indicators (or none), 1 plain style and 2 quoted styles: 2 x (2 + 1) x (9 + 1) + 1 + 2 = 63 source: Stack Overflow answer ( archived ) ↩︎ Yaml libraries As of January 2026 popular yaml libraries still haven’t moved from v1.1 to v1.2, and they still exhibit the Norway problem. Smaller alternative projects have appeared, but their usage hasn’t surpassed the existing v1.1 libraries. Some users have built their own alternative parsers, mixing v1.1 and v1.2 features, or focusing on a subset of yaml suited to their needs. Below are some examples. Py Yaml As mentioned before, Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and one of the most popular Python libraries overall. Py Yaml never added v1.2 support. There is an open issue from 2017 in Py Yaml ’s Github project about introducing support for v1.2 16 . There are at least two more related open issues, plus several closed ones. An unofficial library 17 exists that can be used on top of Py Yaml to provide partial v1.2 support (its documentation notes that not all v1.2 features are implemented). Another Python library, ruamel.yaml 18 , supports v1.2 by default. Py Yaml Github Issue #116 ↩︎ yamlcore PyPI project page ↩︎ ruamel.yaml PyPI project page ↩︎ Lib Yaml Lib Yaml is the long-standing C library for yaml , it is used widely as a dependency by other tools and bindings. Like Py Yaml , it’s an “official” implementation – in the sense that its canonical repository is hosted on Github and owned by the official ‘yaml’ Github account. Lib Yaml also never added v1.2 support. An open issue from 2016 in Lib Yaml ’s github project requests adding v1.2 support 19 . As mentioned earlier, Lib Yaml sits deep in dependency trees; changing its behavior is especially risky and slow. A less popular library, libfyaml 20 , supports v1.2 by default. Lib Yaml Github Issue #20 ↩︎ libfyaml Github project page ↩︎ Golang’s gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Currently unmaintained 21 , historically the most popular and still holds more Github stars then other Golang yaml libraries. It’s especially interesting because it declares support for a mix of v1.1 and 1.2 22 . The Golang’s most popular actively maintained library 23 defaults to v1.2 behavior. “This project is unmaintained” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ “The yaml package supports most of yaml 1.2, but preserves some behavior from 1.1 for backwards compatibility.” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ goccy/go-yaml Github project page ↩︎ Kyaml Kyaml is a yaml dialect built for the Kubernetes project, launched in June 2025. Its goal is to provide a safer and less ambiguous tool; it is also designed specifically for Kubernetes, trading generality for predictability. The announcement blog post references the Norway problem directly 24 . Yaml ’s significant whitespace requires careful attention to indentation and nesting, while its optional string-quoting can lead to unexpected type coercion (for example: “The Norway Bug”). source: Kubernetes v1.34 Sneak Peek ↩︎ Is the Norway problem solved? Yaml ’s ecosystem is not just libraries, it’s also the community of users. Including: strong and conflicting opinions about yaml in general and the Norway problem in particular. In some part this outcome could be expected; after all yaml is very popular, deceptively complex, and is used in different kinds of scenarios, from small personal config files to critical infrastructure setups. Many texts don’t distinguish between yaml spec versions at all 25 . Even when spec version numbers are used, they’re frequently mistyped. It’s not difficult to find documentation claiming that implicit boolean typing is a trait of yaml specification version 1.2 26 (the correct version is v1.1); mistakes get spotted 27 and eventually updated, but that takes more time and effort than making the original typo. On the other hand we see users who declare the Norway problem as solved because it doesn’t exist in the latest spec version, or because they haven’t experienced it themselves, or for other reasons 28 . To be fair, that language feature was removed over a decade ago, and it’s unexpected that popular libraries still support the older spec version. Technically, the issue is solved in the spec – but in practice, most widely adopted implementations still support implicit boolean typing, as we’ve seen. Finally, there are end users who are so unhappy with yaml that they prefer almost anything else 29 . We end up with countless use cases (hobby, pro, critical infrastructure, …), roles (spec author, library maintainer, end user debugging a failed deployment at 11pm, …), and just as many points of views. The yaml specification defines many strings that are automatically interpreted as boolean values, which often conflicts with developer expectations. When you write country: NO , the yaml parser interprets NO as the boolean false , not the string "NO" source: What is the Norway Bug? ↩︎ The most tragic aspect of this bug , however, is that it is intended behavior according to the yaml 1.2 specification. source: The Norway Problem – why Strict Yaml refuses to do implicit typing and so should you ↩︎ In this case a Github issue has been created: It was intended according to the yaml 1.1 specification, but in yaml 1.2, the only recognized booleans are true , True , TRUE , false , False , FALSE . source: strictyaml Github issue #186 ↩︎ I don’t want to link to individual messages on social platforms to err on the side of users’ privacy; I’ll paraphrase some of them below, for illustration purposes. Norway problem has been solved for 16 years. Using 1.1 at this point is just forehead palming foolishness. The Norway issue is a bit blown out of proportion. I have been using YAML for 5+ years and have never had it. We stopped having this problem over ten years ago. Just quote your strings. Another solution is to change the country name. ↩︎ Same as earlier, I’ll paraphrase a few messages below, meant for illustration. Stop using YAML YAML - just say Norway. You should stop even tolerating YAML, refuse on sight. YAML made sense before JSON became a thing. YAML made me look at XML wistfully. Why people persist with YAML in new projects is baffling to me. People from Norway couldn't sign up. Took us a while to figure out. ↩︎ What next? In yaml final draft v1.0, the document specified that, along with yes and no , + and - should also be parsed as booleans. This was removed v1.1. There was an idea to keep that functionality when plus or minus signs were preceded with a dot ( .+ and .- ), but it didn’t catch on. Despite its well known and lesser known quirks, yaml remains popular and widely used. At this scale small quirks cascade into unexpected issues. And changes – or fixes – are introduced at a glacial pace. Then again, yaml ’s charm has its place, as evidenced by its popularity. While spec change adoption is very slow, it is still ongoing. New projects will likely adopt newer libraries, where the Norway problem no longer exists. If there is a single takeaway from this article, it’s this: yaml ecosystem is fragmented; on the whole it is moving towards a slightly stricter version. Implicit boolean typing is getting removed, it’s no longer in the official specification and most new libraries adhere to that. As of January 2026 however, the older libraries are stuck on the older version of the spec, they are still more popular and updating or phasing them out may take a while. Frequently Asked Questions Why not just use json in place of yaml ? A common reply is “no comments” – because json doesn’t support comments 30 ; many other yaml features aren’t supported either. This makes json a simpler and stricter alternative. Wheter that’s a better fit for your project, that depends on the project. As always, personal preference plays a role too. Note: json has its own flavors, like jsonc 31 . It was a conscious decision; there is an explanation from Douglas Crockford, as well as a suggestion about using json for configuration files: I removed comments from json because I saw people were using them to hold parsing directives, a practice which would have destroyed interoperability. I know that the lack of comments makes some people sad, but it shouldn’t. Suppose you are using json to keep configuration files, which you would like to annotate. Go ahead and insert all the comments you like. Then pipe it through JSMin before handing it to your json parser. source: Google Plus post by Douglas Crockford – archived link ↩︎ Json with Comments – project’s homepage ↩︎ Is yaml a superset of json ? After writing this article, I’m still not entirely sure. Even though the goal of yaml revision v1.2.0 was to make that happen and revisions 1.2.0 and 1.2.1 claimed it explicitly 32 : Yaml can therefore be viewed as a natural superset of json , offering improved human readability and a more complete information model. That text has been removed from the latest yaml revision 1.2.2. A popular article 33 claims to prove that yaml is not a superset of json , but that article uses a v1.1 parser – and as we know v1.1 never claimed json compatibility. So that won’t help us. The actual reason might be that yaml requires maps to have unique keys 34 , while json only recommends it 35 . So perhaps most json (i.e. json where objects have unique keys) is a subset of yaml . Some ambiguity remains. See e.g.: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.1 ↩︎ Json treats the value 1e2 a number, of course, because it’s not in quote marks. Yaml fails to parse it as a number so silently falls back to treating it as a string. source: YAML IS NOT A SUPERSET OF JSON ↩︎ The content of a mapping node is an unordered set of key/value node pairs, with the restriction that each of the keys is unique source: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.2 ↩︎ The names within an object SHOULD be unique. source: The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation ( json ) ↩︎ What went wrong? This question is out of scope for this article – here the goal is to prioritize facts over “what if?”. If i had to answer, I’d say that nothing went wrong. When a complex technology with a stable ecosystem introduces a breaking change, sometimes the process can take ages. The main surprise here is how complicated yaml really is. Also, as we’ve seen, with yaml and related tools being free software, anyone could contribute to improving the v1.2 adoption rate – or move to a tool that suits them better, or even create one. What about toml , sexagesimal numbers, schemas, human genes, Ruby, or Perl? These topics are only loosely related to the Norway problem, and this text is already quite long. If you enjoyed reading it, leave positive feedback somewhere and a Part 2 might happen. In the meantime, visit my homepage 36 and check out my other projects – maybe you’ll find something else you’ll enjoy. LAB174 homepage ↩︎ Epilogue Implicit boolean typing has been removed, but explicit boolean typing still remains. If a uniform yaml 1.2 future actually arrives, you can still bring a little bit of nostalgia to your code by writing: title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse platforms : iPhone : !!bool yes iPad : !!bool yes # Note the explicit typing here and above. AppleWatch : !!bool no countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO When parsed with yq , a tool that supports yaml revision 1.2 by default: yq eval -o=json project.yaml It returns: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } < Back to LAB174.com | 2026-01-13T08:48:04 |
https://developers.reddit.com/apps/modqueue-tools | Modqueue Tools | Reddit for Developers Readme Provides analytics and alerting for mod queues. Analytics This app updates a wiki page (modqueue-tools/queuestats) on your subreddit once a day with statistics on queue lengths and queue action times for the last 24 hours and for the last 3 months (or the app install date, whichever is later). Note : If your sub has opted in to the new wiki experience, you will not see the wiki page update. However, you can navigate to the equivalent on Old Reddit to see statistics, even after you have opted in. Unfortunately, there is no API support for the new wiki experience and so it is not possible to update new wiki pages yet. Once support is available, it will be added. It also includes a table with data for each day for the past 28 days. All times are in UTC. Example analytics page Note: this will not render properly on the Reddit mobile app. The app will only report on queue activity after the app is installed. To get the best out of the analytics, you will need to wait a few days. The page updates once a day, shortly after midnight UTC. Alerting You can specify a threshold (number of queue items) and (optionally) a queue item age (in hours). The app will alert moderators via a Discord webhook if either the queue size is reached or a single item in the queue has been there for too long. The app checks the queue every 5 minutes and will send a message if needed. But if the queue stays too large (or has too old items), further messages won't be sent until the queue is dealt with and the length is reduced, or the older items are actioned. You can also configure a percentage threshold for when an individual post will show in the alert. A guide on how to set up a webhook can be found here . Source Code and Licence This app is open source. You can find it on GitHub here . Version History v1.3 (coming soon) Discord messages now stay updated with new queue lengths while the queue is over the threshold New option to allow the alert message to be deleted or updated when the queue is under the threshold (disabled by default to match previous behaviour) v1.2.6 Update Dev Platform version and README. No user facing changes in this release. v1.2.5 If any stats are greater than 1000, indicate that this may be over 1000 due to limits in Reddit data retrieval Improve reliability of install Update Devvit and dependencies v1.2.3 Fix problem that prevents newer Discord webhooks from being used Fix "1 item are over X hours old" wording v1.2 Update Devvit library version only, and reformat code. No functional changes. v1.1 Update Devvit library version only. No functional changes. v1.0.5 Fix 3 bugs that affected subs with large queues that were present before install. It caused alerts to show inaccurate queue item age and dominant item, and show inaccurate mod action time in wiki page. Clarify help text on settings About this app fsv Creator App identifier modqueue-tools Version 1.3.0 Send feedback Terms and conditions Privacy policy Company Reddit, Inc. Reddit for Business Careers Press Contact Blog Community Reddit.com Reddit for Community Content Policy Help Center Moderator Code of Conduct Privacy & Safety Privacy Policy User agreement Transparency Report r/redditsecurity Other Terms and Policies Copyright 2026 Reddit Inc. All rights reserved. Company Reddit, Inc. Reddit for Business Careers Press Contact Blog Community Reddit.com Reddit for Community Content Policy Help Center Moderator Code of Conduct Privacy & Safety Privacy Policy User agreement Transparency Report r/redditsecurity Other Terms and Policies Copyright 2026 Reddit Inc. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:48:04 |
https://lab174.com/blog/202601-yaml-norway/#cb8-2 | YAML? That’s Norway problem < Back to LAB174.com YAML? That’s Norway problem 2026-01-12 Abstract A deep dive into YAML’s Norway problem: why the country code NO gets parsed as false, its history from YAML v1.0 to v1.2, and why popular libraries still exhibit this behavior in 2026. What is yaml Yaml is a well-known data serialization language designed for human readability. It’s a popular choice for configuration files and metadata. Here’s a simple example: # project.yaml title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse countries : - DE - FR - PL - RO Let’s verify that the above example parses correctly. We’ll use Python 1 with Py Yaml 2 version 6.0.3 (the latest version as of this writing). First, let’s install it: python3 -m pip install pyyaml==6.0.3 Now let’s write a simple script to parse the yaml file: # python-pyyaml.py import json import yaml with open ( "project.yaml" , "r" , encoding = "utf-8" ) as f: data = yaml.safe_load(f) print (json.dumps(data, indent = 2 )) Running python3 python-pyyaml.py produces this output: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "PL" , "RO" ] } So far everything behaves as expected. As of January 2026 Python is the world’s 4th most popular programming language according to a 2025 Stack Overflow Survey ( archive ) ↩︎ Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and a top 20 Python library overall in the last month according to PyPI Stats ( archive ). It is also an “official” yaml library in the sense that its source code is hosted in a Github repository owned by the yaml Github account; see: Canonical source repository for Py Yaml . ↩︎ The Norway problem in yaml When we change the original yaml file and add Norway’s two letter iso country code to the existing list: countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO Using the same parsing method, the file now yields this result: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , false , "PL" , "RO" ] } Note that NO has been replaced with false . This is unexpected. Nothing about the context suggests a boolean should appear here. The NO literal sits in a list of country codes like FR or PL and appears similar in form. The problem, of course, is that “no” is also an English word with a negative meaning. This feature was originally added to allow writing booleans in a more human readable way, e.g.: platforms : iPhone : yes iPad : yes AppleWatch : no This gets parsed as: { "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false } } The idea was that configuration files should read like natural language. In practice this behavior proved problematic, becoming the notorious Norway problem in yaml . One workaround is to escape the string, like this: countries : - DE - FR - "NO" - PL - RO With quotes, the file parses as expected: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } Many articles about yaml ’s Norway problem stop here, presenting quoting as the canonical fix. There is more. Yaml ’s history To understand today’s state of the Norway problem we’ll first look at how yaml evolved. May 2001 – Yaml first pass specification At this time, yaml was more of a concept than a finished language. It looked a bit different, though somewhat recognizable. Below is a partial example from the original specification; there are more in the full document, sadly none with boolean values. buyer : % address : % city : Royal Oak line one : 458 Wittigen's Way line two : Suite 292 postal : 48046 state : MI family name : Dumars given name : Chris The document makes no mention of parsing no to false . The “Serilization Format / bnf ” section even contains a typo and a “to do” note 3 : This section contains the bnf 4 productions for the yaml syntax. Much to do… Full first pass specification – archived link ↩︎ Bnf stands for “Backus–Naur form”, a notation system for syntax definition ( Wikipedia ). ↩︎ January 2004 – Yaml v1.0 final draft This version describes various ways of presenting scalars 5 , including both quoted scalars and plain scalars with implicit typing. This is what we’re after. Version 1.0 defined only sequence , map , and string as mandatory types 6 . The rest were optional, but a reference specification existed. That reference specification for the optional boolean type included English word format. Supported words were: true/false , on/off , and also yes/no 7 . This allows the Norway problem to appear – even if following that part of reference is described as optional. – Bonus: implicit typing can be overridden with explicit tags – we’ll talk about this later. – Bonus: single sign characters, i.e. + and - should also be treated as true and false ; even more so, as they are described as the canonical form 8 ! A scalar data type, or just scalar, is any non-composite value. Generally, all basic primitive data types are considered scalar source: Wikipedia ↩︎ Following is a description of the three mandatory core tags. Yaml requires support for the seq, map and str tags. source: Yaml v1.0 specification, tag repository ↩︎ English word format: implicit english ~= true|True|TRUE |false|False|FALSE |yes|Yes|YES |no|No|NO |on|On|ON |off|Off|OFF source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ Single sign character format: implicit canonical ~= +|- source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ January 2005 – Yaml v1.1 final draft Version 1.1 maintained the same implicit typing behavior as v1.0. However, the types listed in the spec – including boolean – while still not mandatory, were now strongly recommended 9 . – Bonus: single sign characters are no longer included and the canonical form is now y/n 10 . these tags represent types that are useful across a wide range of applications and it is strongly recommended they be used whenever appropriate to promote interoperability. source: Yaml v1.1 specification, tag repository ( archive ) ↩︎ Yaml v1.1 boolean type specification , ( archive ) ↩︎ July 2009 – Yaml Revision 1.2.0 Its goal was to make yaml compliant with json , going as far as allowing json to be a subset of yaml 11 . Implicit typing rules have been removed, including the boolean English word format. – Bonus: explicit typing rules are still present. On paper, the Norway problem shouldn’t exist anymore, at least not since this yaml revision. So why are we still seeing it in 2026? The primary objective of this revision is to bring Yaml into compliance with json as an official subset. source: Yaml revision v1.2.0 ↩︎ Yaml spec version history until v1.2.0 Yaml spec version Date Type of no : Value of no first pass specification May 2001 unspecified unspecified v1.0 January 2004 boolean false v1.1 January 2005 boolean false v1.2.0 July 2009 string "no" Table 1: Summary of yaml spec changes. Note that “Type of no ” and “Value of no ” labels refer to the literal without quotes. Yaml in practice To understand why the Norway problem persists, we need to examine the scope of work involved in implementing yaml spec changes. Some clues are present in earlier text already, we see that yaml supports implicit typing, explicit typing, and various presenting formats. Also, the time between different yaml spec version releases is measured in years. What hides between the lines is that yaml and its specification are very, hugely, extremely complex. Seriously, it’s hard to overstate this. Since v1.0 yaml ’s goal was to build upon xml 12 and a number of other technologies, as listed in the final draft 13 : Yaml integrates and builds upon concepts described by C, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, rfc0822 ( mail ), rfc1866 ( html ), rfc2045 ( mime ), rfc2396 ( uri ), xml , sax and soap Yaml supports attachments, custom tags, references – the list goes on. There was even yaxml , an xml binding for yaml 14 . There are 9 ways of writing multiline strings – and some claim the number is actually 63 15 . Characters like ? , ! , !! in some cases have special meanings, with the latter allowing arbitrary code execution. Given this complexity, the Norway problem wasn’t the only language quirk in yaml v1.1. Revision v1.2 simplified boolean behavior and more (e.g. handling of null and numerical values), while other language features remained unchanged. How did libraries react to changes in such a complex specification? In fact yaml was originally intended to be a markup language and its name stood for “Yet Another Markup Language”. Six months after the first pass specification, in January 2002, it was renamed to “ Yaml Ain’t Markup Language”. ↩︎ Yaml v1.0 specification, prior art ↩︎ a subset of xml which has yaml ’s information model, but xml ’s syntax (…) a xslt Stylesheet is provided, along with the canonical invoice example in xml using this schema source: Yaxml , the (draft) xml Binding for yaml – archived link ↩︎ There are 5 6 NINE (or 63, depending how you count) different ways to write multi-line strings in yaml . (…) 2 block styles, each with 2 possible block chomping indicators (or none), and with 9 possible indentation indicators (or none), 1 plain style and 2 quoted styles: 2 x (2 + 1) x (9 + 1) + 1 + 2 = 63 source: Stack Overflow answer ( archived ) ↩︎ Yaml libraries As of January 2026 popular yaml libraries still haven’t moved from v1.1 to v1.2, and they still exhibit the Norway problem. Smaller alternative projects have appeared, but their usage hasn’t surpassed the existing v1.1 libraries. Some users have built their own alternative parsers, mixing v1.1 and v1.2 features, or focusing on a subset of yaml suited to their needs. Below are some examples. Py Yaml As mentioned before, Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and one of the most popular Python libraries overall. Py Yaml never added v1.2 support. There is an open issue from 2017 in Py Yaml ’s Github project about introducing support for v1.2 16 . There are at least two more related open issues, plus several closed ones. An unofficial library 17 exists that can be used on top of Py Yaml to provide partial v1.2 support (its documentation notes that not all v1.2 features are implemented). Another Python library, ruamel.yaml 18 , supports v1.2 by default. Py Yaml Github Issue #116 ↩︎ yamlcore PyPI project page ↩︎ ruamel.yaml PyPI project page ↩︎ Lib Yaml Lib Yaml is the long-standing C library for yaml , it is used widely as a dependency by other tools and bindings. Like Py Yaml , it’s an “official” implementation – in the sense that its canonical repository is hosted on Github and owned by the official ‘yaml’ Github account. Lib Yaml also never added v1.2 support. An open issue from 2016 in Lib Yaml ’s github project requests adding v1.2 support 19 . As mentioned earlier, Lib Yaml sits deep in dependency trees; changing its behavior is especially risky and slow. A less popular library, libfyaml 20 , supports v1.2 by default. Lib Yaml Github Issue #20 ↩︎ libfyaml Github project page ↩︎ Golang’s gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Currently unmaintained 21 , historically the most popular and still holds more Github stars then other Golang yaml libraries. It’s especially interesting because it declares support for a mix of v1.1 and 1.2 22 . The Golang’s most popular actively maintained library 23 defaults to v1.2 behavior. “This project is unmaintained” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ “The yaml package supports most of yaml 1.2, but preserves some behavior from 1.1 for backwards compatibility.” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ goccy/go-yaml Github project page ↩︎ Kyaml Kyaml is a yaml dialect built for the Kubernetes project, launched in June 2025. Its goal is to provide a safer and less ambiguous tool; it is also designed specifically for Kubernetes, trading generality for predictability. The announcement blog post references the Norway problem directly 24 . Yaml ’s significant whitespace requires careful attention to indentation and nesting, while its optional string-quoting can lead to unexpected type coercion (for example: “The Norway Bug”). source: Kubernetes v1.34 Sneak Peek ↩︎ Is the Norway problem solved? Yaml ’s ecosystem is not just libraries, it’s also the community of users. Including: strong and conflicting opinions about yaml in general and the Norway problem in particular. In some part this outcome could be expected; after all yaml is very popular, deceptively complex, and is used in different kinds of scenarios, from small personal config files to critical infrastructure setups. Many texts don’t distinguish between yaml spec versions at all 25 . Even when spec version numbers are used, they’re frequently mistyped. It’s not difficult to find documentation claiming that implicit boolean typing is a trait of yaml specification version 1.2 26 (the correct version is v1.1); mistakes get spotted 27 and eventually updated, but that takes more time and effort than making the original typo. On the other hand we see users who declare the Norway problem as solved because it doesn’t exist in the latest spec version, or because they haven’t experienced it themselves, or for other reasons 28 . To be fair, that language feature was removed over a decade ago, and it’s unexpected that popular libraries still support the older spec version. Technically, the issue is solved in the spec – but in practice, most widely adopted implementations still support implicit boolean typing, as we’ve seen. Finally, there are end users who are so unhappy with yaml that they prefer almost anything else 29 . We end up with countless use cases (hobby, pro, critical infrastructure, …), roles (spec author, library maintainer, end user debugging a failed deployment at 11pm, …), and just as many points of views. The yaml specification defines many strings that are automatically interpreted as boolean values, which often conflicts with developer expectations. When you write country: NO , the yaml parser interprets NO as the boolean false , not the string "NO" source: What is the Norway Bug? ↩︎ The most tragic aspect of this bug , however, is that it is intended behavior according to the yaml 1.2 specification. source: The Norway Problem – why Strict Yaml refuses to do implicit typing and so should you ↩︎ In this case a Github issue has been created: It was intended according to the yaml 1.1 specification, but in yaml 1.2, the only recognized booleans are true , True , TRUE , false , False , FALSE . source: strictyaml Github issue #186 ↩︎ I don’t want to link to individual messages on social platforms to err on the side of users’ privacy; I’ll paraphrase some of them below, for illustration purposes. Norway problem has been solved for 16 years. Using 1.1 at this point is just forehead palming foolishness. The Norway issue is a bit blown out of proportion. I have been using YAML for 5+ years and have never had it. We stopped having this problem over ten years ago. Just quote your strings. Another solution is to change the country name. ↩︎ Same as earlier, I’ll paraphrase a few messages below, meant for illustration. Stop using YAML YAML - just say Norway. You should stop even tolerating YAML, refuse on sight. YAML made sense before JSON became a thing. YAML made me look at XML wistfully. Why people persist with YAML in new projects is baffling to me. People from Norway couldn't sign up. Took us a while to figure out. ↩︎ What next? In yaml final draft v1.0, the document specified that, along with yes and no , + and - should also be parsed as booleans. This was removed v1.1. There was an idea to keep that functionality when plus or minus signs were preceded with a dot ( .+ and .- ), but it didn’t catch on. Despite its well known and lesser known quirks, yaml remains popular and widely used. At this scale small quirks cascade into unexpected issues. And changes – or fixes – are introduced at a glacial pace. Then again, yaml ’s charm has its place, as evidenced by its popularity. While spec change adoption is very slow, it is still ongoing. New projects will likely adopt newer libraries, where the Norway problem no longer exists. If there is a single takeaway from this article, it’s this: yaml ecosystem is fragmented; on the whole it is moving towards a slightly stricter version. Implicit boolean typing is getting removed, it’s no longer in the official specification and most new libraries adhere to that. As of January 2026 however, the older libraries are stuck on the older version of the spec, they are still more popular and updating or phasing them out may take a while. Frequently Asked Questions Why not just use json in place of yaml ? A common reply is “no comments” – because json doesn’t support comments 30 ; many other yaml features aren’t supported either. This makes json a simpler and stricter alternative. Wheter that’s a better fit for your project, that depends on the project. As always, personal preference plays a role too. Note: json has its own flavors, like jsonc 31 . It was a conscious decision; there is an explanation from Douglas Crockford, as well as a suggestion about using json for configuration files: I removed comments from json because I saw people were using them to hold parsing directives, a practice which would have destroyed interoperability. I know that the lack of comments makes some people sad, but it shouldn’t. Suppose you are using json to keep configuration files, which you would like to annotate. Go ahead and insert all the comments you like. Then pipe it through JSMin before handing it to your json parser. source: Google Plus post by Douglas Crockford – archived link ↩︎ Json with Comments – project’s homepage ↩︎ Is yaml a superset of json ? After writing this article, I’m still not entirely sure. Even though the goal of yaml revision v1.2.0 was to make that happen and revisions 1.2.0 and 1.2.1 claimed it explicitly 32 : Yaml can therefore be viewed as a natural superset of json , offering improved human readability and a more complete information model. That text has been removed from the latest yaml revision 1.2.2. A popular article 33 claims to prove that yaml is not a superset of json , but that article uses a v1.1 parser – and as we know v1.1 never claimed json compatibility. So that won’t help us. The actual reason might be that yaml requires maps to have unique keys 34 , while json only recommends it 35 . So perhaps most json (i.e. json where objects have unique keys) is a subset of yaml . Some ambiguity remains. See e.g.: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.1 ↩︎ Json treats the value 1e2 a number, of course, because it’s not in quote marks. Yaml fails to parse it as a number so silently falls back to treating it as a string. source: YAML IS NOT A SUPERSET OF JSON ↩︎ The content of a mapping node is an unordered set of key/value node pairs, with the restriction that each of the keys is unique source: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.2 ↩︎ The names within an object SHOULD be unique. source: The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation ( json ) ↩︎ What went wrong? This question is out of scope for this article – here the goal is to prioritize facts over “what if?”. If i had to answer, I’d say that nothing went wrong. When a complex technology with a stable ecosystem introduces a breaking change, sometimes the process can take ages. The main surprise here is how complicated yaml really is. Also, as we’ve seen, with yaml and related tools being free software, anyone could contribute to improving the v1.2 adoption rate – or move to a tool that suits them better, or even create one. What about toml , sexagesimal numbers, schemas, human genes, Ruby, or Perl? These topics are only loosely related to the Norway problem, and this text is already quite long. If you enjoyed reading it, leave positive feedback somewhere and a Part 2 might happen. In the meantime, visit my homepage 36 and check out my other projects – maybe you’ll find something else you’ll enjoy. LAB174 homepage ↩︎ Epilogue Implicit boolean typing has been removed, but explicit boolean typing still remains. If a uniform yaml 1.2 future actually arrives, you can still bring a little bit of nostalgia to your code by writing: title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse platforms : iPhone : !!bool yes iPad : !!bool yes # Note the explicit typing here and above. AppleWatch : !!bool no countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO When parsed with yq , a tool that supports yaml revision 1.2 by default: yq eval -o=json project.yaml It returns: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } < Back to LAB174.com | 2026-01-13T08:48:04 |
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https://lab174.com/blog/202601-yaml-norway/#cb4-6 | YAML? That’s Norway problem < Back to LAB174.com YAML? That’s Norway problem 2026-01-12 Abstract A deep dive into YAML’s Norway problem: why the country code NO gets parsed as false, its history from YAML v1.0 to v1.2, and why popular libraries still exhibit this behavior in 2026. What is yaml Yaml is a well-known data serialization language designed for human readability. It’s a popular choice for configuration files and metadata. Here’s a simple example: # project.yaml title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse countries : - DE - FR - PL - RO Let’s verify that the above example parses correctly. We’ll use Python 1 with Py Yaml 2 version 6.0.3 (the latest version as of this writing). First, let’s install it: python3 -m pip install pyyaml==6.0.3 Now let’s write a simple script to parse the yaml file: # python-pyyaml.py import json import yaml with open ( "project.yaml" , "r" , encoding = "utf-8" ) as f: data = yaml.safe_load(f) print (json.dumps(data, indent = 2 )) Running python3 python-pyyaml.py produces this output: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "PL" , "RO" ] } So far everything behaves as expected. As of January 2026 Python is the world’s 4th most popular programming language according to a 2025 Stack Overflow Survey ( archive ) ↩︎ Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and a top 20 Python library overall in the last month according to PyPI Stats ( archive ). It is also an “official” yaml library in the sense that its source code is hosted in a Github repository owned by the yaml Github account; see: Canonical source repository for Py Yaml . ↩︎ The Norway problem in yaml When we change the original yaml file and add Norway’s two letter iso country code to the existing list: countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO Using the same parsing method, the file now yields this result: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , false , "PL" , "RO" ] } Note that NO has been replaced with false . This is unexpected. Nothing about the context suggests a boolean should appear here. The NO literal sits in a list of country codes like FR or PL and appears similar in form. The problem, of course, is that “no” is also an English word with a negative meaning. This feature was originally added to allow writing booleans in a more human readable way, e.g.: platforms : iPhone : yes iPad : yes AppleWatch : no This gets parsed as: { "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false } } The idea was that configuration files should read like natural language. In practice this behavior proved problematic, becoming the notorious Norway problem in yaml . One workaround is to escape the string, like this: countries : - DE - FR - "NO" - PL - RO With quotes, the file parses as expected: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } Many articles about yaml ’s Norway problem stop here, presenting quoting as the canonical fix. There is more. Yaml ’s history To understand today’s state of the Norway problem we’ll first look at how yaml evolved. May 2001 – Yaml first pass specification At this time, yaml was more of a concept than a finished language. It looked a bit different, though somewhat recognizable. Below is a partial example from the original specification; there are more in the full document, sadly none with boolean values. buyer : % address : % city : Royal Oak line one : 458 Wittigen's Way line two : Suite 292 postal : 48046 state : MI family name : Dumars given name : Chris The document makes no mention of parsing no to false . The “Serilization Format / bnf ” section even contains a typo and a “to do” note 3 : This section contains the bnf 4 productions for the yaml syntax. Much to do… Full first pass specification – archived link ↩︎ Bnf stands for “Backus–Naur form”, a notation system for syntax definition ( Wikipedia ). ↩︎ January 2004 – Yaml v1.0 final draft This version describes various ways of presenting scalars 5 , including both quoted scalars and plain scalars with implicit typing. This is what we’re after. Version 1.0 defined only sequence , map , and string as mandatory types 6 . The rest were optional, but a reference specification existed. That reference specification for the optional boolean type included English word format. Supported words were: true/false , on/off , and also yes/no 7 . This allows the Norway problem to appear – even if following that part of reference is described as optional. – Bonus: implicit typing can be overridden with explicit tags – we’ll talk about this later. – Bonus: single sign characters, i.e. + and - should also be treated as true and false ; even more so, as they are described as the canonical form 8 ! A scalar data type, or just scalar, is any non-composite value. Generally, all basic primitive data types are considered scalar source: Wikipedia ↩︎ Following is a description of the three mandatory core tags. Yaml requires support for the seq, map and str tags. source: Yaml v1.0 specification, tag repository ↩︎ English word format: implicit english ~= true|True|TRUE |false|False|FALSE |yes|Yes|YES |no|No|NO |on|On|ON |off|Off|OFF source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ Single sign character format: implicit canonical ~= +|- source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ January 2005 – Yaml v1.1 final draft Version 1.1 maintained the same implicit typing behavior as v1.0. However, the types listed in the spec – including boolean – while still not mandatory, were now strongly recommended 9 . – Bonus: single sign characters are no longer included and the canonical form is now y/n 10 . these tags represent types that are useful across a wide range of applications and it is strongly recommended they be used whenever appropriate to promote interoperability. source: Yaml v1.1 specification, tag repository ( archive ) ↩︎ Yaml v1.1 boolean type specification , ( archive ) ↩︎ July 2009 – Yaml Revision 1.2.0 Its goal was to make yaml compliant with json , going as far as allowing json to be a subset of yaml 11 . Implicit typing rules have been removed, including the boolean English word format. – Bonus: explicit typing rules are still present. On paper, the Norway problem shouldn’t exist anymore, at least not since this yaml revision. So why are we still seeing it in 2026? The primary objective of this revision is to bring Yaml into compliance with json as an official subset. source: Yaml revision v1.2.0 ↩︎ Yaml spec version history until v1.2.0 Yaml spec version Date Type of no : Value of no first pass specification May 2001 unspecified unspecified v1.0 January 2004 boolean false v1.1 January 2005 boolean false v1.2.0 July 2009 string "no" Table 1: Summary of yaml spec changes. Note that “Type of no ” and “Value of no ” labels refer to the literal without quotes. Yaml in practice To understand why the Norway problem persists, we need to examine the scope of work involved in implementing yaml spec changes. Some clues are present in earlier text already, we see that yaml supports implicit typing, explicit typing, and various presenting formats. Also, the time between different yaml spec version releases is measured in years. What hides between the lines is that yaml and its specification are very, hugely, extremely complex. Seriously, it’s hard to overstate this. Since v1.0 yaml ’s goal was to build upon xml 12 and a number of other technologies, as listed in the final draft 13 : Yaml integrates and builds upon concepts described by C, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, rfc0822 ( mail ), rfc1866 ( html ), rfc2045 ( mime ), rfc2396 ( uri ), xml , sax and soap Yaml supports attachments, custom tags, references – the list goes on. There was even yaxml , an xml binding for yaml 14 . There are 9 ways of writing multiline strings – and some claim the number is actually 63 15 . Characters like ? , ! , !! in some cases have special meanings, with the latter allowing arbitrary code execution. Given this complexity, the Norway problem wasn’t the only language quirk in yaml v1.1. Revision v1.2 simplified boolean behavior and more (e.g. handling of null and numerical values), while other language features remained unchanged. How did libraries react to changes in such a complex specification? In fact yaml was originally intended to be a markup language and its name stood for “Yet Another Markup Language”. Six months after the first pass specification, in January 2002, it was renamed to “ Yaml Ain’t Markup Language”. ↩︎ Yaml v1.0 specification, prior art ↩︎ a subset of xml which has yaml ’s information model, but xml ’s syntax (…) a xslt Stylesheet is provided, along with the canonical invoice example in xml using this schema source: Yaxml , the (draft) xml Binding for yaml – archived link ↩︎ There are 5 6 NINE (or 63, depending how you count) different ways to write multi-line strings in yaml . (…) 2 block styles, each with 2 possible block chomping indicators (or none), and with 9 possible indentation indicators (or none), 1 plain style and 2 quoted styles: 2 x (2 + 1) x (9 + 1) + 1 + 2 = 63 source: Stack Overflow answer ( archived ) ↩︎ Yaml libraries As of January 2026 popular yaml libraries still haven’t moved from v1.1 to v1.2, and they still exhibit the Norway problem. Smaller alternative projects have appeared, but their usage hasn’t surpassed the existing v1.1 libraries. Some users have built their own alternative parsers, mixing v1.1 and v1.2 features, or focusing on a subset of yaml suited to their needs. Below are some examples. Py Yaml As mentioned before, Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and one of the most popular Python libraries overall. Py Yaml never added v1.2 support. There is an open issue from 2017 in Py Yaml ’s Github project about introducing support for v1.2 16 . There are at least two more related open issues, plus several closed ones. An unofficial library 17 exists that can be used on top of Py Yaml to provide partial v1.2 support (its documentation notes that not all v1.2 features are implemented). Another Python library, ruamel.yaml 18 , supports v1.2 by default. Py Yaml Github Issue #116 ↩︎ yamlcore PyPI project page ↩︎ ruamel.yaml PyPI project page ↩︎ Lib Yaml Lib Yaml is the long-standing C library for yaml , it is used widely as a dependency by other tools and bindings. Like Py Yaml , it’s an “official” implementation – in the sense that its canonical repository is hosted on Github and owned by the official ‘yaml’ Github account. Lib Yaml also never added v1.2 support. An open issue from 2016 in Lib Yaml ’s github project requests adding v1.2 support 19 . As mentioned earlier, Lib Yaml sits deep in dependency trees; changing its behavior is especially risky and slow. A less popular library, libfyaml 20 , supports v1.2 by default. Lib Yaml Github Issue #20 ↩︎ libfyaml Github project page ↩︎ Golang’s gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Currently unmaintained 21 , historically the most popular and still holds more Github stars then other Golang yaml libraries. It’s especially interesting because it declares support for a mix of v1.1 and 1.2 22 . The Golang’s most popular actively maintained library 23 defaults to v1.2 behavior. “This project is unmaintained” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ “The yaml package supports most of yaml 1.2, but preserves some behavior from 1.1 for backwards compatibility.” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ goccy/go-yaml Github project page ↩︎ Kyaml Kyaml is a yaml dialect built for the Kubernetes project, launched in June 2025. Its goal is to provide a safer and less ambiguous tool; it is also designed specifically for Kubernetes, trading generality for predictability. The announcement blog post references the Norway problem directly 24 . Yaml ’s significant whitespace requires careful attention to indentation and nesting, while its optional string-quoting can lead to unexpected type coercion (for example: “The Norway Bug”). source: Kubernetes v1.34 Sneak Peek ↩︎ Is the Norway problem solved? Yaml ’s ecosystem is not just libraries, it’s also the community of users. Including: strong and conflicting opinions about yaml in general and the Norway problem in particular. In some part this outcome could be expected; after all yaml is very popular, deceptively complex, and is used in different kinds of scenarios, from small personal config files to critical infrastructure setups. Many texts don’t distinguish between yaml spec versions at all 25 . Even when spec version numbers are used, they’re frequently mistyped. It’s not difficult to find documentation claiming that implicit boolean typing is a trait of yaml specification version 1.2 26 (the correct version is v1.1); mistakes get spotted 27 and eventually updated, but that takes more time and effort than making the original typo. On the other hand we see users who declare the Norway problem as solved because it doesn’t exist in the latest spec version, or because they haven’t experienced it themselves, or for other reasons 28 . To be fair, that language feature was removed over a decade ago, and it’s unexpected that popular libraries still support the older spec version. Technically, the issue is solved in the spec – but in practice, most widely adopted implementations still support implicit boolean typing, as we’ve seen. Finally, there are end users who are so unhappy with yaml that they prefer almost anything else 29 . We end up with countless use cases (hobby, pro, critical infrastructure, …), roles (spec author, library maintainer, end user debugging a failed deployment at 11pm, …), and just as many points of views. The yaml specification defines many strings that are automatically interpreted as boolean values, which often conflicts with developer expectations. When you write country: NO , the yaml parser interprets NO as the boolean false , not the string "NO" source: What is the Norway Bug? ↩︎ The most tragic aspect of this bug , however, is that it is intended behavior according to the yaml 1.2 specification. source: The Norway Problem – why Strict Yaml refuses to do implicit typing and so should you ↩︎ In this case a Github issue has been created: It was intended according to the yaml 1.1 specification, but in yaml 1.2, the only recognized booleans are true , True , TRUE , false , False , FALSE . source: strictyaml Github issue #186 ↩︎ I don’t want to link to individual messages on social platforms to err on the side of users’ privacy; I’ll paraphrase some of them below, for illustration purposes. Norway problem has been solved for 16 years. Using 1.1 at this point is just forehead palming foolishness. The Norway issue is a bit blown out of proportion. I have been using YAML for 5+ years and have never had it. We stopped having this problem over ten years ago. Just quote your strings. Another solution is to change the country name. ↩︎ Same as earlier, I’ll paraphrase a few messages below, meant for illustration. Stop using YAML YAML - just say Norway. You should stop even tolerating YAML, refuse on sight. YAML made sense before JSON became a thing. YAML made me look at XML wistfully. Why people persist with YAML in new projects is baffling to me. People from Norway couldn't sign up. Took us a while to figure out. ↩︎ What next? In yaml final draft v1.0, the document specified that, along with yes and no , + and - should also be parsed as booleans. This was removed v1.1. There was an idea to keep that functionality when plus or minus signs were preceded with a dot ( .+ and .- ), but it didn’t catch on. Despite its well known and lesser known quirks, yaml remains popular and widely used. At this scale small quirks cascade into unexpected issues. And changes – or fixes – are introduced at a glacial pace. Then again, yaml ’s charm has its place, as evidenced by its popularity. While spec change adoption is very slow, it is still ongoing. New projects will likely adopt newer libraries, where the Norway problem no longer exists. If there is a single takeaway from this article, it’s this: yaml ecosystem is fragmented; on the whole it is moving towards a slightly stricter version. Implicit boolean typing is getting removed, it’s no longer in the official specification and most new libraries adhere to that. As of January 2026 however, the older libraries are stuck on the older version of the spec, they are still more popular and updating or phasing them out may take a while. Frequently Asked Questions Why not just use json in place of yaml ? A common reply is “no comments” – because json doesn’t support comments 30 ; many other yaml features aren’t supported either. This makes json a simpler and stricter alternative. Wheter that’s a better fit for your project, that depends on the project. As always, personal preference plays a role too. Note: json has its own flavors, like jsonc 31 . It was a conscious decision; there is an explanation from Douglas Crockford, as well as a suggestion about using json for configuration files: I removed comments from json because I saw people were using them to hold parsing directives, a practice which would have destroyed interoperability. I know that the lack of comments makes some people sad, but it shouldn’t. Suppose you are using json to keep configuration files, which you would like to annotate. Go ahead and insert all the comments you like. Then pipe it through JSMin before handing it to your json parser. source: Google Plus post by Douglas Crockford – archived link ↩︎ Json with Comments – project’s homepage ↩︎ Is yaml a superset of json ? After writing this article, I’m still not entirely sure. Even though the goal of yaml revision v1.2.0 was to make that happen and revisions 1.2.0 and 1.2.1 claimed it explicitly 32 : Yaml can therefore be viewed as a natural superset of json , offering improved human readability and a more complete information model. That text has been removed from the latest yaml revision 1.2.2. A popular article 33 claims to prove that yaml is not a superset of json , but that article uses a v1.1 parser – and as we know v1.1 never claimed json compatibility. So that won’t help us. The actual reason might be that yaml requires maps to have unique keys 34 , while json only recommends it 35 . So perhaps most json (i.e. json where objects have unique keys) is a subset of yaml . Some ambiguity remains. See e.g.: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.1 ↩︎ Json treats the value 1e2 a number, of course, because it’s not in quote marks. Yaml fails to parse it as a number so silently falls back to treating it as a string. source: YAML IS NOT A SUPERSET OF JSON ↩︎ The content of a mapping node is an unordered set of key/value node pairs, with the restriction that each of the keys is unique source: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.2 ↩︎ The names within an object SHOULD be unique. source: The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation ( json ) ↩︎ What went wrong? This question is out of scope for this article – here the goal is to prioritize facts over “what if?”. If i had to answer, I’d say that nothing went wrong. When a complex technology with a stable ecosystem introduces a breaking change, sometimes the process can take ages. The main surprise here is how complicated yaml really is. Also, as we’ve seen, with yaml and related tools being free software, anyone could contribute to improving the v1.2 adoption rate – or move to a tool that suits them better, or even create one. What about toml , sexagesimal numbers, schemas, human genes, Ruby, or Perl? These topics are only loosely related to the Norway problem, and this text is already quite long. If you enjoyed reading it, leave positive feedback somewhere and a Part 2 might happen. In the meantime, visit my homepage 36 and check out my other projects – maybe you’ll find something else you’ll enjoy. LAB174 homepage ↩︎ Epilogue Implicit boolean typing has been removed, but explicit boolean typing still remains. If a uniform yaml 1.2 future actually arrives, you can still bring a little bit of nostalgia to your code by writing: title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse platforms : iPhone : !!bool yes iPad : !!bool yes # Note the explicit typing here and above. AppleWatch : !!bool no countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO When parsed with yq , a tool that supports yaml revision 1.2 by default: yq eval -o=json project.yaml It returns: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } < Back to LAB174.com | 2026-01-13T08:48:04 |
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Numbers above seven are counted as Up, and numbers below seven are counted as Down. Andar Bahar Andar Bahar is a popular match. One card is placed in the middle, and matching appear either on Andar or Bahar. Car Roulette Car Roulette works like roulette but uses car icons instead of numbers. Bets are placed on different car options. Roulette Roulette includes a spinning wheel with numbers and colors. Bets are placed before the spin, and the final position decides the result. Zoo Roulette Teen Paatti Boss Zoo Roulette combines animals with roulette-style In-game action. Bets are placed on animal icons shown on the wheel. Teen Patti 20-20 Teen Patti 20-20 is a faster version of 3Patti Boss. Each round finishes quickly, making the adventure more exciting and fun to participate. B. Skill Games Ludo Ludo is a board challenge played with dice. Tokens move based on dice numbers, and the first token set reaching home wins. Black Jack Black Jack is a card game where the goal is to reach a total close to 21 without crossing it. Domino Domino is played using tiles with numbers. Matching numbers are placed together to clear tiles. 10 Cards In this, each participant receives ten cards. Cards are played one by one until the hand is finished. Andar Bahar Go Andar Bahar Go is a quicker version of Andar Bahar with faster results. Rummy Rummy is a popular table where cards are arranged into valid sets and sequences. Texas Texas Hold’em is a poker play using community cards. Strategy and timing play an important role. Truco Teen Patti Boss Truco is a table play where smart moves and bluffing help win rounds. Fashing Rush Fashing Rush is a quick round with short rounds and fast results. Bingo Bingo is a number adventure where numbers are matched on a card to form winning patterns. Variation Variation includes different rule styles that add new challenges to participate. Teenpatti Teenpatti is the classic card game played with three cards and common hand rankings. C. Slot & Casual Pragmatic Play Pragmatic Play includes many rounds where icons spin on reels. Matching symbols in a line gives prizes. These also include free spins, bonus rounds, and special wild symbols. Red Tiger Red Tiger rounds are based on spinning reels with colorful symbols. Winning happens when the same icons appear together. Some also give jackpots and extra bonus spins. Direction Bounty Direction Bounty is a slot-style play where reels spin to show adventure-themed characters. Special bonus icons unlock higher rewards and extra chances. God of Fortune God of Fortune is a luck-based contest. Reels spin and matching icons give wins. Bonus symbols can unlock extra spins or higher rewards. 777 Bingo 777 Bingo mixes bingo and slot tableplay. Numbers and symbols appear on the screen, and matching patterns result in wins. Bingo Plus 2 Bingo Plus 2 is an advanced bingo round with more number patterns. Completing correct number lines gives prizes. Dynamite Wild Dynamite Wild is a contest where special dynamite characters explode to create winning matches. Bonus features increase payout chances. Fruit Line Fruit Line is a classic table with fruit signs like cherry and lemon. Matching fruits on spinning reels gives simple and quick wins. JDB Slot JDB tables use spinning reels with themed symbols. Wins depend on sign combinations and bonus rounds may appear. Jili Slot Jili offers smooth slot rounds with easy rules. Reels spin automatically, and matching symbols create winning lines. Maquina de Frutas Maquina de Frutas is a traditional fruit slot machine. The event focuses on simple spins and matching fruit signs. Mayan Dynasty Mayan Dynasty is a themed contest based on ancient treasure. Matching signs unlock treasure rewards and bonus features. Mines Mines is a choice-based event. Some boxes hide rewards, while others end the round. Each safe pick increases the prize value. Ta Da Slot Ta Da is a fun slot tournament with bright symbols and surprise bonuses. Special icons activate extra winning chances. Evo Play Evo Play includes modern slot games with creative designs. Matching symbols and bonus rounds provide entertainment and benefits. Ratting Gems Ratting Gems is a gem-matching tournament. Reels spin to align colorful gems and winning lines give payouts. Spin of Fortune Spin of Fortune uses a spinning wheel. The final position of the wheel decides the prize amount. Spribe Slot Spribe tables are fast and simple. Reels spin quickly and results appear instantly, making gameplay smooth. Sweet Bonanza Sweet Bonanza is a candy-themed slot tournament. Matching sweet signs gives wins, and multiplier bonuses increase incentives. Video Poker Video Poker uses poker pass rules with a machine-style format. Cards are dealt and arranged to form winning poker hands. Double Double is a quick result platform. Correct predictions double the reward value, while wrong choices end the round. Rock Paper Scissors Rock Paper Scissors follows the classic rules where one choice wins against another based on fixed conditions. Video Poker 2 Video Poker 2 is an upgraded version with more pass options and better incentive combinations. Wow Slot Wow is a visually rich slot round. Reels spin with bright characters and bonus features unlock higher payouts. Why Teen Patti Boss Is So Popular in Pakistan Teen Patti Boss is popular because it matches local needs and habits. The platform supports Urdu and English, accepts local payment methods, and offers tournaments that people already know. Main reasons for popularity: Easy Game interface Real cash rewards Local payment support Daily bonuses Referral income system The APK focuses on fairness, fast transactions, and smooth performance, which builds trust among users. How to Download 3Patti Boss Pakistan APK Teen Patti Boss is not available on the Play Store. It must be downloaded from the official website. Basic steps: Download the APK file Enable “Unknown Sources” Install the app Open and start Performing The process is quick and beginner-friendly. How to Create an Account in Teen Patti Boss Account creation helps secure funds and incentives. Steps include: Open the app Play as guest or register Add phone number and email Verify via OTP Set password Linking email and phone helps recover the account easily. It also helps in smooth deposits and withdrawls. Deposit Methods in Teen Patti Boss The software allows real money Game interaction. Chips purchased in the app can be used to play tournaments, and winnings can be withdrawn. Winning and Wallet System Winnings are added instantly to the in-app wallet Wallet balance can be withdrawn anytime Clear transaction history is available The software mostly focuses on fairness, fast transactions, and smooth performance, which builds trust among users. Minimum Deposit The platform allows very small deposits, usually starting from Rs.100. This makes the software accessible to everyone. How to Deposit Money in Boss 3Patti Boss Teen Patti Boss supports trusted local payment options like: JazzCash Easypaisa Bank Transfer Deposits are processed quickly and safely. The application uses secure payment systems to protect user information. To deposit money follow these steps Open the application and click on the plus icon next to cash option Select the prefered payment option like EasyPaisa or JazzCash Next, click on the ''Add Chips'' button in the bottom right Then, enter mobile number and send OTP At last, enter the OTP received and click confirm to get the deposit. Teen Patti Boss Fast Withdrawls Withdrawl process in Teen Patti Boss program is as easy as the deposit method. Following withdrawl features are: Simple withdrawal process Local payment support Fast approval time Clear instructions inside the application Withdrawals usually reach accounts within minutes to a few hours. Here is a step by step guide of how to withdraw from Boss 3 Patti APk. Open the application and click on withdrawl button in the bottom right Now, select any payment option and click on the wallet button place on the bottom right side Enter the required information and click on save button to bind your account Finally, enter the amount you want to withdraw and click on withdrawl button Withdrawl Rules Withdrawl is applicable any time within 24 hours, and no charges. If the bank handles it smoothly, credit to the account within 3-5 minutes. Confirm that the bound withdrawl account is correct. Bonuses and Rewards It offers many benefits that help participants earn more like: Welcome Bonus New users receive a signup bonus after installing the program. Daily Login Bonus Opening the application daily gives free chips or cash perks. Lucky Spin Wheel The spin wheel gives random perks such as: Cash bonuses Extra chips Special gifts VIP Rewards High-activity users unlock VIP benefits, including: Higher bonuses Better withdrawal limits Exclusive events 3Patti Boss Events and Promotions Teen Patti Boss regularly launches Events to increase excitement. Common events include: Daily challenges Weekly competitions Festival Perks (Eid, Pakistan Day) Limited-time bonus offers Participating in events increases winning chances without extra deposits. Teen Patti Boss Pakistan Referral Program The referral system is one of the biggest earning features of 3Patti Boss Pakistan. How it works: Each user gets a unique referral link Sharing the link brings new users Commission is earned from their activity Referral benefits: Up to 30% commission Lifetime earnings from active users Extra bonuses for top referrers This system allows passive income without Performing. Teen Patti Boss Safety and Security Security is very important in real money APK’s, this application focuses strongly on it. Security features: Encrypted transactions Secure wallet system Account verification via OTP Safe balance vault These features protect user funds and personal data. Language Support Available languages: Urdu English This helps users clearly understand rules, bonuses, and instructions. Pros & Cons PROS Real cash earning Local payments Fast withdrawals Referral income CONS Risk involved in real money games Android only Requires internet connection Addictive Game sessions Final Thoughts 3Patti Boss is a fun and easy program. The APK runs smoothly and the rules are simple to understand. The design is clean, and playing feels like a real game with real participants. Many rounds are available in one application, like Teen Patti, Andar Bahar, Dragon Tiger, and Roulette. This keeps the platform interesting and not boring. Daily bonuses and free spins help keep Performing without adding money every time. Deposit and withdrawal work well using JazzCash and Easypaisa. Payments are fast, which makes the app feel safe and trusted. The referral system also gives extra benefits for sharing the program. FAQ's Is 3Patti Boss Pakistan safe to use? Yes, the app uses secure systems to protect user data and transactions. Can Teen Patti Boss be performed on PC? The program is made for Android, but it can be played on PC using an Android emulator. How does the referral program work? By sharing the referral link, rewards and commissions are earned when new users join and play. Is customer support available? Yes, customer support is available inside the app to help with game or payment issues. Is Teen Patti Boss free to download? Yes, Teen Patti Boss is completely free to download and install on Android devices. Conclusion Teen Patti Boss is a well-designed card platform that mixes fun and earning in a simple way. It offers many options, smooth performance, and reliable payment methods, which makes it popular among participants. With easy rules, daily benefits, and multiple games, it is a good choice for anyone who enjoys 3Patti Boss and similar platforms. Playing with control and balance makes the experience more enjoyable and rewarding. If you have any questions or concerns, Feel free to Contact Us any time. Facebook X Instagram YouTube Blogs About Us Contact Us Disclaimer Privacy Policy | 2026-01-13T08:48:04 |
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(Driving Edition) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Aug 21 '23 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Driving Edition) # watercooler # discuss # music 14 reactions Comments 28 comments 1 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Favorite Lyricists Edition) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Aug 27 '23 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Favorite Lyricists Edition) # watercooler # music # discuss 10 reactions Comments 15 comments 1 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Heavy Edition) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Sep 4 '23 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Heavy Edition) # watercooler # music # discuss 11 reactions Comments 27 comments 1 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? 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(Our Parents' Faves Edition) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Oct 2 '23 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Our Parents' Faves Edition) # watercooler # music # discuss 6 reactions Comments 8 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Metal Edition 🤘) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Oct 9 '23 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Metal Edition 🤘) # watercooler # music # discuss 14 reactions Comments 12 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Movie Soundtrack Edition 🍿) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Oct 16 '23 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Movie Soundtrack Edition 🍿) # watercooler # discuss # music 12 reactions Comments 30 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? 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(Synth Heroes Edition 🎹) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Nov 13 '23 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Synth Heroes Edition 🎹) # discuss # music # watercooler 9 reactions Comments 60 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Sunrise Edition 🌅) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Nov 20 '23 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Sunrise Edition 🌅) # watercooler # music # discuss 12 reactions Comments 22 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Sunset Edition 🌆) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Nov 27 '23 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Sunset Edition 🌆) # watercooler # music # discuss 11 reactions Comments 22 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (How-do-you-find-your-music? Edition 🔎) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Dec 4 '23 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (How-do-you-find-your-music? Edition 🔎) # watercooler # music # discuss 15 reactions Comments 42 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Synthwave Edition) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Dec 11 '23 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Synthwave Edition) # discuss # music # watercooler 19 reactions Comments 39 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Beats Edition) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for #music discussions Dec 18 '23 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Beats Edition) # discuss # music # watercooler 15 reactions Comments 25 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Christmas Edition 🎄) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for #music discussions Dec 25 '23 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Christmas Edition 🎄) # discuss # music # watercooler 11 reactions Comments 15 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (New Year's Edition 🥳) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Jan 1 '24 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (New Year's Edition 🥳) # discuss # music # watercooler 17 reactions Comments 40 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Good Memories Edition) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Jan 8 '24 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Good Memories Edition) # discuss # music # watercooler 16 reactions Comments 27 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Dubstep Edition) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Jan 15 '24 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Dubstep Edition) # discuss # music # watercooler 20 reactions Comments 17 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Unpopular Picks Edition) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Jan 22 '24 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Unpopular Picks Edition) # watercooler # music # discuss 17 reactions Comments 24 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Country Edition) 🤠 Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Jan 29 '24 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Country Edition) 🤠 # watercooler # music # discuss 6 reactions Comments 10 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Homeland Edition II 🏠) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Feb 5 '24 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Homeland Edition II 🏠) # watercooler # music # discuss 9 reactions Comments 39 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Blues & Jazz Edition) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Feb 12 '24 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Blues & Jazz Edition) # watercooler # discuss # music 14 reactions Comments 30 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Funk, Soul, Disco, & Reggae Edition) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Feb 19 '24 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Funk, Soul, Disco, & Reggae Edition) # watercooler # discuss # music 9 reactions Comments 25 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Hip Hop and R&B Edition) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Feb 26 '24 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Hip Hop and R&B Edition) # watercooler # discuss # music 16 reactions Comments 32 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Playlist Edition) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Mar 4 '24 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Playlist Edition) # watercooler # discuss # music 17 reactions Comments 23 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Women Edition ♀) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Mar 11 '24 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Women Edition ♀) # watercooler # discuss # music 17 reactions Comments 39 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Gender-nonconforming Edition) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Mar 18 '24 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Gender-nonconforming Edition) # watercooler # discuss # music 12 reactions Comments 13 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Suno.AI Edition 🤖) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Mar 25 '24 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Suno.AI Edition 🤖) # watercooler # discuss # music 17 reactions Comments 34 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Covers Edition) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Apr 1 '24 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Covers Edition) # watercooler # discuss # music 18 reactions Comments 56 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Favorite Album Titles Edition) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Apr 8 '24 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Favorite Album Titles Edition) # watercooler # discuss # music 15 reactions Comments 27 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Album Artwork Edition) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Apr 15 '24 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Album Artwork Edition) # watercooler # discuss # music 16 reactions Comments 20 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Music Videos Edition) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Apr 22 '24 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Music Videos Edition) # watercooler # discuss # music 14 reactions Comments 28 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Year-of-your-birth Edition) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team Apr 29 '24 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Year-of-your-birth Edition) # watercooler # discuss # music 8 reactions Comments 16 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Best Interpolation Edition) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team May 6 '24 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Best Interpolation Edition) # watercooler # discuss # music 6 reactions Comments 19 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Storytelling Edition) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for The DEV Team May 13 '24 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Storytelling Edition) # watercooler # discuss # music 7 reactions Comments 33 comments 2 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Summertime Edition 🌞) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for #music discussions Jul 15 '24 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Summertime Edition 🌞) # watercooler # discuss # music 39 reactions Comments 35 comments 2 min read Music of the Month — What are you listening to? (September Edition 🍂) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for #music discussions Sep 16 '24 Music of the Month — What are you listening to? (September Edition 🍂) # watercooler # discuss # music 23 reactions Comments 24 comments 2 min read Music of the Month — What are you listening to? (Halloween Edition 🎃) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for #music discussions Oct 28 '24 Music of the Month — What are you listening to? (Halloween Edition 🎃) # watercooler # discuss # music 12 reactions Comments 31 comments 1 min read Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Anything Goes Edition 👐) Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Michael Tharrington Follow for #music discussions May 12 '25 Music Monday — What are you listening to? (Anything Goes Edition 👐) # watercooler # discuss # music 38 reactions Comments 55 comments 1 min read 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Popcorn Movies and TV Close # analysis Follow Hide Scene and theme analyses Create Post Older #analysis posts 1 2 3 4 5 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Shoujo: A Celebration of Emotion, Growth, and Storytelling in Japanese Manga and Anime wajihaseo wajihaseo wajihaseo Follow Dec 28 '25 Shoujo: A Celebration of Emotion, Growth, and Storytelling in Japanese Manga and Anime # genrestudies # filmhistory # animation # analysis Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Conformity Gate Phenomenon: Exploration of Fan Theories Following the Stranger Things Season 5 Finale Om Shree Om Shree Om Shree Follow Jan 7 The Conformity Gate Phenomenon: Exploration of Fan Theories Following the Stranger Things Season 5 Finale # streaming # movies # recommendations # analysis 26 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Mr Sunday Movies: John Carter - Caravan Of Garbage Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Nov 28 '25 Mr Sunday Movies: John Carter - Caravan Of Garbage # movies # reviews # analysis Comments Add Comment 1 min read Mr Sunday Movies: The Sorcerer's Apprentice - Caravan of Garbage Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Nov 29 '25 Mr Sunday Movies: The Sorcerer's Apprentice - Caravan of Garbage # movies # reviews # analysis Comments Add Comment 1 min read Ringer Movies: ‘Wicked: For Good’ Is No Good Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Nov 21 '25 Ringer Movies: ‘Wicked: For Good’ Is No Good # movies # reviews # analysis Comments Add Comment 1 min read Mr Sunday Movies: Biggest Disney Bombs: The Sorcerer's Apprentice - Caravan of Garbage Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Nov 21 '25 Mr Sunday Movies: Biggest Disney Bombs: The Sorcerer's Apprentice - Caravan of Garbage # movies # reviews # analysis Comments Add Comment 1 min read Ringer Movies: Best Picture Power Rankings & the Super-Sincerity of ‘Sentimental Value' Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Nov 24 '25 Ringer Movies: Best Picture Power Rankings & the Super-Sincerity of ‘Sentimental Value' # movies # reviews # streaming # analysis Comments 1 comment 1 min read Ringer Movies: What Happened With the Fall Movie Slate? Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Nov 15 '25 Ringer Movies: What Happened With the Fall Movie Slate? # movies # reviews # analysis # action Comments Add Comment 1 min read Ringer Movies: The 25 Best Movies of the Century: No. 5 - 'Lady Bird’ Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Nov 13 '25 Ringer Movies: The 25 Best Movies of the Century: No. 5 - 'Lady Bird’ # movies # recommendations # reviews # analysis Comments Add Comment 1 min read El dilema del Sombrero Seleccionador: ¿Realmente somos quienes creemos ser? Francelys Silva Francelys Silva Francelys Silva Follow Dec 14 '25 El dilema del Sombrero Seleccionador: ¿Realmente somos quienes creemos ser? # analysis # fantasy # movies 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Three Days of Happiness : A Quiet, Devastating Reflection on the Value of a Life Makinur Rahman Makinur Rahman Makinur Rahman Follow Nov 9 '25 Three Days of Happiness : A Quiet, Devastating Reflection on the Value of a Life # analysis # drama # reviews Comments Add Comment 3 min read भारतीय सिनेमा पर साहित्यिक कृतियों का प्रभाव: एक विस्तृत अध्ययन Anil Anil Anil Follow Dec 2 '25 भारतीय सिनेमा पर साहित्यिक कृतियों का प्रभाव: एक विस्तृत अध्ययन # analysis # filmhistory # filmtheory Comments Add Comment 1 min read Ringer Movies: The 25 Best Movies of the Century: No. 7 - 'In The Mood for Love’ Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Oct 29 '25 Ringer Movies: The 25 Best Movies of the Century: No. 7 - 'In The Mood for Love’ # movies # reviews # analysis # recommendations Comments Add Comment 1 min read Ringer Movies: ‘A House of Dynamite’ Is Ready to Explode Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Oct 28 '25 Ringer Movies: ‘A House of Dynamite’ Is Ready to Explode # movies # reviews # analysis Comments Add Comment 1 min read Mr Sunday Movies: Why is Tron: Ares bombing? Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Oct 20 '25 Mr Sunday Movies: Why is Tron: Ares bombing? # movies # reviews # analysis Comments Add Comment 1 min read Ringer Movies: The “Should I See It in a Movie Theater?” Test Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Oct 18 '25 Ringer Movies: The “Should I See It in a Movie Theater?” Test # movies # reviews # analysis # recommendations Comments Add Comment 1 min read Ringer Movies: The Daniel Day-Lewis Hall of Fame Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Oct 11 '25 Ringer Movies: The Daniel Day-Lewis Hall of Fame # movies # reviews # analysis # streaming Comments Add Comment 1 min read Ringer Movies: ‘One Battle After Another’: A Second Opinion With Van Lathan Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Oct 9 '25 Ringer Movies: ‘One Battle After Another’: A Second Opinion With Van Lathan # movies # reviews # analysis Comments Add Comment 1 min read Ringer Movies: The 25 Best Movies of the Century: No. 10 - 'Marie Antoinette’ Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Oct 1 '25 Ringer Movies: The 25 Best Movies of the Century: No. 10 - 'Marie Antoinette’ # movies # reviews # streaming # analysis Comments Add Comment 1 min read Ringer Movies: ‘Springsteen: Deliver Me From Nowhere’ and the ‘Music Biopic’ Mount Rushmore Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Oct 24 '25 Ringer Movies: ‘Springsteen: Deliver Me From Nowhere’ and the ‘Music Biopic’ Mount Rushmore # movies # reviews # analysis 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Ringer Movies: The 25 Best Movies of the Century: No. 11 - 'The Wolf of Wall Street’ Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Sep 24 '25 Ringer Movies: The 25 Best Movies of the Century: No. 11 - 'The Wolf of Wall Street’ # movies # reviews # analysis Comments Add Comment 1 min read CinemaSins: Everything Wrong With Every Saw Movie EVER (That We've Sinned So Far) Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Oct 27 '25 CinemaSins: Everything Wrong With Every Saw Movie EVER (That We've Sinned So Far) # movies # reviews # analysis 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read CinemaSins: Everything Wrong With Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me In 18 Minutes Or Less Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Sep 18 '25 CinemaSins: Everything Wrong With Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me In 18 Minutes Or Less # movies # analysis # reviews # streaming Comments Add Comment 1 min read Ringer Movies: ‘Weapons’ is a Classic. Is It an Oscar Contender? Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Sep 16 '25 Ringer Movies: ‘Weapons’ is a Classic. Is It an Oscar Contender? # movies # reviews # analysis Comments Add Comment 1 min read CinemaSins: Everything Wrong With Gladiator II In 15 Minutes Or Less Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Oct 15 '25 CinemaSins: Everything Wrong With Gladiator II In 15 Minutes Or Less # movies # reviews # analysis # streaming 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... trending guides/resources Three Days of Happiness : A Quiet, Devastating Reflection on the Value of a Life Shoujo: A Celebration of Emotion, Growth, and Storytelling in Japanese Manga and Anime Ringer Movies: What Happened With the Fall Movie Slate? Ringer Movies: Best Picture Power Rankings & the Super-Sincerity of ‘Sentimental Value' भारतीय सिनेमा पर साहित्यिक कृतियों का प्रभाव: एक विस्तृत अध्ययन Ringer Movies: ‘Wicked: For Good’ Is No Good Mr Sunday Movies: John Carter - Caravan Of Garbage Ringer Movies: The 25 Best Movies of the Century: No. 5 - 'Lady Bird’ The Conformity Gate Phenomenon: Exploration of Fan Theories Following the Stranger Things Season ... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Popcorn Movies and TV — Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Popcorn Movies and TV © 2016 - 2026. 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https://lab174.com/blog/202601-yaml-norway/#cb10-6 | YAML? That’s Norway problem < Back to LAB174.com YAML? That’s Norway problem 2026-01-12 Abstract A deep dive into YAML’s Norway problem: why the country code NO gets parsed as false, its history from YAML v1.0 to v1.2, and why popular libraries still exhibit this behavior in 2026. What is yaml Yaml is a well-known data serialization language designed for human readability. It’s a popular choice for configuration files and metadata. Here’s a simple example: # project.yaml title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse countries : - DE - FR - PL - RO Let’s verify that the above example parses correctly. We’ll use Python 1 with Py Yaml 2 version 6.0.3 (the latest version as of this writing). First, let’s install it: python3 -m pip install pyyaml==6.0.3 Now let’s write a simple script to parse the yaml file: # python-pyyaml.py import json import yaml with open ( "project.yaml" , "r" , encoding = "utf-8" ) as f: data = yaml.safe_load(f) print (json.dumps(data, indent = 2 )) Running python3 python-pyyaml.py produces this output: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "PL" , "RO" ] } So far everything behaves as expected. As of January 2026 Python is the world’s 4th most popular programming language according to a 2025 Stack Overflow Survey ( archive ) ↩︎ Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and a top 20 Python library overall in the last month according to PyPI Stats ( archive ). It is also an “official” yaml library in the sense that its source code is hosted in a Github repository owned by the yaml Github account; see: Canonical source repository for Py Yaml . ↩︎ The Norway problem in yaml When we change the original yaml file and add Norway’s two letter iso country code to the existing list: countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO Using the same parsing method, the file now yields this result: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , false , "PL" , "RO" ] } Note that NO has been replaced with false . This is unexpected. Nothing about the context suggests a boolean should appear here. The NO literal sits in a list of country codes like FR or PL and appears similar in form. The problem, of course, is that “no” is also an English word with a negative meaning. This feature was originally added to allow writing booleans in a more human readable way, e.g.: platforms : iPhone : yes iPad : yes AppleWatch : no This gets parsed as: { "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false } } The idea was that configuration files should read like natural language. In practice this behavior proved problematic, becoming the notorious Norway problem in yaml . One workaround is to escape the string, like this: countries : - DE - FR - "NO" - PL - RO With quotes, the file parses as expected: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } Many articles about yaml ’s Norway problem stop here, presenting quoting as the canonical fix. There is more. Yaml ’s history To understand today’s state of the Norway problem we’ll first look at how yaml evolved. May 2001 – Yaml first pass specification At this time, yaml was more of a concept than a finished language. It looked a bit different, though somewhat recognizable. Below is a partial example from the original specification; there are more in the full document, sadly none with boolean values. buyer : % address : % city : Royal Oak line one : 458 Wittigen's Way line two : Suite 292 postal : 48046 state : MI family name : Dumars given name : Chris The document makes no mention of parsing no to false . The “Serilization Format / bnf ” section even contains a typo and a “to do” note 3 : This section contains the bnf 4 productions for the yaml syntax. Much to do… Full first pass specification – archived link ↩︎ Bnf stands for “Backus–Naur form”, a notation system for syntax definition ( Wikipedia ). ↩︎ January 2004 – Yaml v1.0 final draft This version describes various ways of presenting scalars 5 , including both quoted scalars and plain scalars with implicit typing. This is what we’re after. Version 1.0 defined only sequence , map , and string as mandatory types 6 . The rest were optional, but a reference specification existed. That reference specification for the optional boolean type included English word format. Supported words were: true/false , on/off , and also yes/no 7 . This allows the Norway problem to appear – even if following that part of reference is described as optional. – Bonus: implicit typing can be overridden with explicit tags – we’ll talk about this later. – Bonus: single sign characters, i.e. + and - should also be treated as true and false ; even more so, as they are described as the canonical form 8 ! A scalar data type, or just scalar, is any non-composite value. Generally, all basic primitive data types are considered scalar source: Wikipedia ↩︎ Following is a description of the three mandatory core tags. Yaml requires support for the seq, map and str tags. source: Yaml v1.0 specification, tag repository ↩︎ English word format: implicit english ~= true|True|TRUE |false|False|FALSE |yes|Yes|YES |no|No|NO |on|On|ON |off|Off|OFF source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ Single sign character format: implicit canonical ~= +|- source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ January 2005 – Yaml v1.1 final draft Version 1.1 maintained the same implicit typing behavior as v1.0. However, the types listed in the spec – including boolean – while still not mandatory, were now strongly recommended 9 . – Bonus: single sign characters are no longer included and the canonical form is now y/n 10 . these tags represent types that are useful across a wide range of applications and it is strongly recommended they be used whenever appropriate to promote interoperability. source: Yaml v1.1 specification, tag repository ( archive ) ↩︎ Yaml v1.1 boolean type specification , ( archive ) ↩︎ July 2009 – Yaml Revision 1.2.0 Its goal was to make yaml compliant with json , going as far as allowing json to be a subset of yaml 11 . Implicit typing rules have been removed, including the boolean English word format. – Bonus: explicit typing rules are still present. On paper, the Norway problem shouldn’t exist anymore, at least not since this yaml revision. So why are we still seeing it in 2026? The primary objective of this revision is to bring Yaml into compliance with json as an official subset. source: Yaml revision v1.2.0 ↩︎ Yaml spec version history until v1.2.0 Yaml spec version Date Type of no : Value of no first pass specification May 2001 unspecified unspecified v1.0 January 2004 boolean false v1.1 January 2005 boolean false v1.2.0 July 2009 string "no" Table 1: Summary of yaml spec changes. Note that “Type of no ” and “Value of no ” labels refer to the literal without quotes. Yaml in practice To understand why the Norway problem persists, we need to examine the scope of work involved in implementing yaml spec changes. Some clues are present in earlier text already, we see that yaml supports implicit typing, explicit typing, and various presenting formats. Also, the time between different yaml spec version releases is measured in years. What hides between the lines is that yaml and its specification are very, hugely, extremely complex. Seriously, it’s hard to overstate this. Since v1.0 yaml ’s goal was to build upon xml 12 and a number of other technologies, as listed in the final draft 13 : Yaml integrates and builds upon concepts described by C, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, rfc0822 ( mail ), rfc1866 ( html ), rfc2045 ( mime ), rfc2396 ( uri ), xml , sax and soap Yaml supports attachments, custom tags, references – the list goes on. There was even yaxml , an xml binding for yaml 14 . There are 9 ways of writing multiline strings – and some claim the number is actually 63 15 . Characters like ? , ! , !! in some cases have special meanings, with the latter allowing arbitrary code execution. Given this complexity, the Norway problem wasn’t the only language quirk in yaml v1.1. Revision v1.2 simplified boolean behavior and more (e.g. handling of null and numerical values), while other language features remained unchanged. How did libraries react to changes in such a complex specification? In fact yaml was originally intended to be a markup language and its name stood for “Yet Another Markup Language”. Six months after the first pass specification, in January 2002, it was renamed to “ Yaml Ain’t Markup Language”. ↩︎ Yaml v1.0 specification, prior art ↩︎ a subset of xml which has yaml ’s information model, but xml ’s syntax (…) a xslt Stylesheet is provided, along with the canonical invoice example in xml using this schema source: Yaxml , the (draft) xml Binding for yaml – archived link ↩︎ There are 5 6 NINE (or 63, depending how you count) different ways to write multi-line strings in yaml . (…) 2 block styles, each with 2 possible block chomping indicators (or none), and with 9 possible indentation indicators (or none), 1 plain style and 2 quoted styles: 2 x (2 + 1) x (9 + 1) + 1 + 2 = 63 source: Stack Overflow answer ( archived ) ↩︎ Yaml libraries As of January 2026 popular yaml libraries still haven’t moved from v1.1 to v1.2, and they still exhibit the Norway problem. Smaller alternative projects have appeared, but their usage hasn’t surpassed the existing v1.1 libraries. Some users have built their own alternative parsers, mixing v1.1 and v1.2 features, or focusing on a subset of yaml suited to their needs. Below are some examples. Py Yaml As mentioned before, Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and one of the most popular Python libraries overall. Py Yaml never added v1.2 support. There is an open issue from 2017 in Py Yaml ’s Github project about introducing support for v1.2 16 . There are at least two more related open issues, plus several closed ones. An unofficial library 17 exists that can be used on top of Py Yaml to provide partial v1.2 support (its documentation notes that not all v1.2 features are implemented). Another Python library, ruamel.yaml 18 , supports v1.2 by default. Py Yaml Github Issue #116 ↩︎ yamlcore PyPI project page ↩︎ ruamel.yaml PyPI project page ↩︎ Lib Yaml Lib Yaml is the long-standing C library for yaml , it is used widely as a dependency by other tools and bindings. Like Py Yaml , it’s an “official” implementation – in the sense that its canonical repository is hosted on Github and owned by the official ‘yaml’ Github account. Lib Yaml also never added v1.2 support. An open issue from 2016 in Lib Yaml ’s github project requests adding v1.2 support 19 . As mentioned earlier, Lib Yaml sits deep in dependency trees; changing its behavior is especially risky and slow. A less popular library, libfyaml 20 , supports v1.2 by default. Lib Yaml Github Issue #20 ↩︎ libfyaml Github project page ↩︎ Golang’s gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Currently unmaintained 21 , historically the most popular and still holds more Github stars then other Golang yaml libraries. It’s especially interesting because it declares support for a mix of v1.1 and 1.2 22 . The Golang’s most popular actively maintained library 23 defaults to v1.2 behavior. “This project is unmaintained” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ “The yaml package supports most of yaml 1.2, but preserves some behavior from 1.1 for backwards compatibility.” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ goccy/go-yaml Github project page ↩︎ Kyaml Kyaml is a yaml dialect built for the Kubernetes project, launched in June 2025. Its goal is to provide a safer and less ambiguous tool; it is also designed specifically for Kubernetes, trading generality for predictability. The announcement blog post references the Norway problem directly 24 . Yaml ’s significant whitespace requires careful attention to indentation and nesting, while its optional string-quoting can lead to unexpected type coercion (for example: “The Norway Bug”). source: Kubernetes v1.34 Sneak Peek ↩︎ Is the Norway problem solved? Yaml ’s ecosystem is not just libraries, it’s also the community of users. Including: strong and conflicting opinions about yaml in general and the Norway problem in particular. In some part this outcome could be expected; after all yaml is very popular, deceptively complex, and is used in different kinds of scenarios, from small personal config files to critical infrastructure setups. Many texts don’t distinguish between yaml spec versions at all 25 . Even when spec version numbers are used, they’re frequently mistyped. It’s not difficult to find documentation claiming that implicit boolean typing is a trait of yaml specification version 1.2 26 (the correct version is v1.1); mistakes get spotted 27 and eventually updated, but that takes more time and effort than making the original typo. On the other hand we see users who declare the Norway problem as solved because it doesn’t exist in the latest spec version, or because they haven’t experienced it themselves, or for other reasons 28 . To be fair, that language feature was removed over a decade ago, and it’s unexpected that popular libraries still support the older spec version. Technically, the issue is solved in the spec – but in practice, most widely adopted implementations still support implicit boolean typing, as we’ve seen. Finally, there are end users who are so unhappy with yaml that they prefer almost anything else 29 . We end up with countless use cases (hobby, pro, critical infrastructure, …), roles (spec author, library maintainer, end user debugging a failed deployment at 11pm, …), and just as many points of views. The yaml specification defines many strings that are automatically interpreted as boolean values, which often conflicts with developer expectations. When you write country: NO , the yaml parser interprets NO as the boolean false , not the string "NO" source: What is the Norway Bug? ↩︎ The most tragic aspect of this bug , however, is that it is intended behavior according to the yaml 1.2 specification. source: The Norway Problem – why Strict Yaml refuses to do implicit typing and so should you ↩︎ In this case a Github issue has been created: It was intended according to the yaml 1.1 specification, but in yaml 1.2, the only recognized booleans are true , True , TRUE , false , False , FALSE . source: strictyaml Github issue #186 ↩︎ I don’t want to link to individual messages on social platforms to err on the side of users’ privacy; I’ll paraphrase some of them below, for illustration purposes. Norway problem has been solved for 16 years. Using 1.1 at this point is just forehead palming foolishness. The Norway issue is a bit blown out of proportion. I have been using YAML for 5+ years and have never had it. We stopped having this problem over ten years ago. Just quote your strings. Another solution is to change the country name. ↩︎ Same as earlier, I’ll paraphrase a few messages below, meant for illustration. Stop using YAML YAML - just say Norway. You should stop even tolerating YAML, refuse on sight. YAML made sense before JSON became a thing. YAML made me look at XML wistfully. Why people persist with YAML in new projects is baffling to me. People from Norway couldn't sign up. Took us a while to figure out. ↩︎ What next? In yaml final draft v1.0, the document specified that, along with yes and no , + and - should also be parsed as booleans. This was removed v1.1. There was an idea to keep that functionality when plus or minus signs were preceded with a dot ( .+ and .- ), but it didn’t catch on. Despite its well known and lesser known quirks, yaml remains popular and widely used. At this scale small quirks cascade into unexpected issues. And changes – or fixes – are introduced at a glacial pace. Then again, yaml ’s charm has its place, as evidenced by its popularity. While spec change adoption is very slow, it is still ongoing. New projects will likely adopt newer libraries, where the Norway problem no longer exists. If there is a single takeaway from this article, it’s this: yaml ecosystem is fragmented; on the whole it is moving towards a slightly stricter version. Implicit boolean typing is getting removed, it’s no longer in the official specification and most new libraries adhere to that. As of January 2026 however, the older libraries are stuck on the older version of the spec, they are still more popular and updating or phasing them out may take a while. Frequently Asked Questions Why not just use json in place of yaml ? A common reply is “no comments” – because json doesn’t support comments 30 ; many other yaml features aren’t supported either. This makes json a simpler and stricter alternative. Wheter that’s a better fit for your project, that depends on the project. As always, personal preference plays a role too. Note: json has its own flavors, like jsonc 31 . It was a conscious decision; there is an explanation from Douglas Crockford, as well as a suggestion about using json for configuration files: I removed comments from json because I saw people were using them to hold parsing directives, a practice which would have destroyed interoperability. I know that the lack of comments makes some people sad, but it shouldn’t. Suppose you are using json to keep configuration files, which you would like to annotate. Go ahead and insert all the comments you like. Then pipe it through JSMin before handing it to your json parser. source: Google Plus post by Douglas Crockford – archived link ↩︎ Json with Comments – project’s homepage ↩︎ Is yaml a superset of json ? After writing this article, I’m still not entirely sure. Even though the goal of yaml revision v1.2.0 was to make that happen and revisions 1.2.0 and 1.2.1 claimed it explicitly 32 : Yaml can therefore be viewed as a natural superset of json , offering improved human readability and a more complete information model. That text has been removed from the latest yaml revision 1.2.2. A popular article 33 claims to prove that yaml is not a superset of json , but that article uses a v1.1 parser – and as we know v1.1 never claimed json compatibility. So that won’t help us. The actual reason might be that yaml requires maps to have unique keys 34 , while json only recommends it 35 . So perhaps most json (i.e. json where objects have unique keys) is a subset of yaml . Some ambiguity remains. See e.g.: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.1 ↩︎ Json treats the value 1e2 a number, of course, because it’s not in quote marks. Yaml fails to parse it as a number so silently falls back to treating it as a string. source: YAML IS NOT A SUPERSET OF JSON ↩︎ The content of a mapping node is an unordered set of key/value node pairs, with the restriction that each of the keys is unique source: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.2 ↩︎ The names within an object SHOULD be unique. source: The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation ( json ) ↩︎ What went wrong? This question is out of scope for this article – here the goal is to prioritize facts over “what if?”. If i had to answer, I’d say that nothing went wrong. When a complex technology with a stable ecosystem introduces a breaking change, sometimes the process can take ages. The main surprise here is how complicated yaml really is. Also, as we’ve seen, with yaml and related tools being free software, anyone could contribute to improving the v1.2 adoption rate – or move to a tool that suits them better, or even create one. What about toml , sexagesimal numbers, schemas, human genes, Ruby, or Perl? These topics are only loosely related to the Norway problem, and this text is already quite long. If you enjoyed reading it, leave positive feedback somewhere and a Part 2 might happen. In the meantime, visit my homepage 36 and check out my other projects – maybe you’ll find something else you’ll enjoy. LAB174 homepage ↩︎ Epilogue Implicit boolean typing has been removed, but explicit boolean typing still remains. If a uniform yaml 1.2 future actually arrives, you can still bring a little bit of nostalgia to your code by writing: title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse platforms : iPhone : !!bool yes iPad : !!bool yes # Note the explicit typing here and above. AppleWatch : !!bool no countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO When parsed with yq , a tool that supports yaml revision 1.2 by default: yq eval -o=json project.yaml It returns: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } < Back to LAB174.com | 2026-01-13T08:48:04 |
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https://lab174.com/blog/202601-yaml-norway/#cb7-1 | YAML? That’s Norway problem < Back to LAB174.com YAML? That’s Norway problem 2026-01-12 Abstract A deep dive into YAML’s Norway problem: why the country code NO gets parsed as false, its history from YAML v1.0 to v1.2, and why popular libraries still exhibit this behavior in 2026. What is yaml Yaml is a well-known data serialization language designed for human readability. It’s a popular choice for configuration files and metadata. Here’s a simple example: # project.yaml title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse countries : - DE - FR - PL - RO Let’s verify that the above example parses correctly. We’ll use Python 1 with Py Yaml 2 version 6.0.3 (the latest version as of this writing). First, let’s install it: python3 -m pip install pyyaml==6.0.3 Now let’s write a simple script to parse the yaml file: # python-pyyaml.py import json import yaml with open ( "project.yaml" , "r" , encoding = "utf-8" ) as f: data = yaml.safe_load(f) print (json.dumps(data, indent = 2 )) Running python3 python-pyyaml.py produces this output: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "PL" , "RO" ] } So far everything behaves as expected. As of January 2026 Python is the world’s 4th most popular programming language according to a 2025 Stack Overflow Survey ( archive ) ↩︎ Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and a top 20 Python library overall in the last month according to PyPI Stats ( archive ). It is also an “official” yaml library in the sense that its source code is hosted in a Github repository owned by the yaml Github account; see: Canonical source repository for Py Yaml . ↩︎ The Norway problem in yaml When we change the original yaml file and add Norway’s two letter iso country code to the existing list: countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO Using the same parsing method, the file now yields this result: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , false , "PL" , "RO" ] } Note that NO has been replaced with false . This is unexpected. Nothing about the context suggests a boolean should appear here. The NO literal sits in a list of country codes like FR or PL and appears similar in form. The problem, of course, is that “no” is also an English word with a negative meaning. This feature was originally added to allow writing booleans in a more human readable way, e.g.: platforms : iPhone : yes iPad : yes AppleWatch : no This gets parsed as: { "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false } } The idea was that configuration files should read like natural language. In practice this behavior proved problematic, becoming the notorious Norway problem in yaml . One workaround is to escape the string, like this: countries : - DE - FR - "NO" - PL - RO With quotes, the file parses as expected: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } Many articles about yaml ’s Norway problem stop here, presenting quoting as the canonical fix. There is more. Yaml ’s history To understand today’s state of the Norway problem we’ll first look at how yaml evolved. May 2001 – Yaml first pass specification At this time, yaml was more of a concept than a finished language. It looked a bit different, though somewhat recognizable. Below is a partial example from the original specification; there are more in the full document, sadly none with boolean values. buyer : % address : % city : Royal Oak line one : 458 Wittigen's Way line two : Suite 292 postal : 48046 state : MI family name : Dumars given name : Chris The document makes no mention of parsing no to false . The “Serilization Format / bnf ” section even contains a typo and a “to do” note 3 : This section contains the bnf 4 productions for the yaml syntax. Much to do… Full first pass specification – archived link ↩︎ Bnf stands for “Backus–Naur form”, a notation system for syntax definition ( Wikipedia ). ↩︎ January 2004 – Yaml v1.0 final draft This version describes various ways of presenting scalars 5 , including both quoted scalars and plain scalars with implicit typing. This is what we’re after. Version 1.0 defined only sequence , map , and string as mandatory types 6 . The rest were optional, but a reference specification existed. That reference specification for the optional boolean type included English word format. Supported words were: true/false , on/off , and also yes/no 7 . This allows the Norway problem to appear – even if following that part of reference is described as optional. – Bonus: implicit typing can be overridden with explicit tags – we’ll talk about this later. – Bonus: single sign characters, i.e. + and - should also be treated as true and false ; even more so, as they are described as the canonical form 8 ! A scalar data type, or just scalar, is any non-composite value. Generally, all basic primitive data types are considered scalar source: Wikipedia ↩︎ Following is a description of the three mandatory core tags. Yaml requires support for the seq, map and str tags. source: Yaml v1.0 specification, tag repository ↩︎ English word format: implicit english ~= true|True|TRUE |false|False|FALSE |yes|Yes|YES |no|No|NO |on|On|ON |off|Off|OFF source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ Single sign character format: implicit canonical ~= +|- source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ January 2005 – Yaml v1.1 final draft Version 1.1 maintained the same implicit typing behavior as v1.0. However, the types listed in the spec – including boolean – while still not mandatory, were now strongly recommended 9 . – Bonus: single sign characters are no longer included and the canonical form is now y/n 10 . these tags represent types that are useful across a wide range of applications and it is strongly recommended they be used whenever appropriate to promote interoperability. source: Yaml v1.1 specification, tag repository ( archive ) ↩︎ Yaml v1.1 boolean type specification , ( archive ) ↩︎ July 2009 – Yaml Revision 1.2.0 Its goal was to make yaml compliant with json , going as far as allowing json to be a subset of yaml 11 . Implicit typing rules have been removed, including the boolean English word format. – Bonus: explicit typing rules are still present. On paper, the Norway problem shouldn’t exist anymore, at least not since this yaml revision. So why are we still seeing it in 2026? The primary objective of this revision is to bring Yaml into compliance with json as an official subset. source: Yaml revision v1.2.0 ↩︎ Yaml spec version history until v1.2.0 Yaml spec version Date Type of no : Value of no first pass specification May 2001 unspecified unspecified v1.0 January 2004 boolean false v1.1 January 2005 boolean false v1.2.0 July 2009 string "no" Table 1: Summary of yaml spec changes. Note that “Type of no ” and “Value of no ” labels refer to the literal without quotes. Yaml in practice To understand why the Norway problem persists, we need to examine the scope of work involved in implementing yaml spec changes. Some clues are present in earlier text already, we see that yaml supports implicit typing, explicit typing, and various presenting formats. Also, the time between different yaml spec version releases is measured in years. What hides between the lines is that yaml and its specification are very, hugely, extremely complex. Seriously, it’s hard to overstate this. Since v1.0 yaml ’s goal was to build upon xml 12 and a number of other technologies, as listed in the final draft 13 : Yaml integrates and builds upon concepts described by C, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, rfc0822 ( mail ), rfc1866 ( html ), rfc2045 ( mime ), rfc2396 ( uri ), xml , sax and soap Yaml supports attachments, custom tags, references – the list goes on. There was even yaxml , an xml binding for yaml 14 . There are 9 ways of writing multiline strings – and some claim the number is actually 63 15 . Characters like ? , ! , !! in some cases have special meanings, with the latter allowing arbitrary code execution. Given this complexity, the Norway problem wasn’t the only language quirk in yaml v1.1. Revision v1.2 simplified boolean behavior and more (e.g. handling of null and numerical values), while other language features remained unchanged. How did libraries react to changes in such a complex specification? In fact yaml was originally intended to be a markup language and its name stood for “Yet Another Markup Language”. Six months after the first pass specification, in January 2002, it was renamed to “ Yaml Ain’t Markup Language”. ↩︎ Yaml v1.0 specification, prior art ↩︎ a subset of xml which has yaml ’s information model, but xml ’s syntax (…) a xslt Stylesheet is provided, along with the canonical invoice example in xml using this schema source: Yaxml , the (draft) xml Binding for yaml – archived link ↩︎ There are 5 6 NINE (or 63, depending how you count) different ways to write multi-line strings in yaml . (…) 2 block styles, each with 2 possible block chomping indicators (or none), and with 9 possible indentation indicators (or none), 1 plain style and 2 quoted styles: 2 x (2 + 1) x (9 + 1) + 1 + 2 = 63 source: Stack Overflow answer ( archived ) ↩︎ Yaml libraries As of January 2026 popular yaml libraries still haven’t moved from v1.1 to v1.2, and they still exhibit the Norway problem. Smaller alternative projects have appeared, but their usage hasn’t surpassed the existing v1.1 libraries. Some users have built their own alternative parsers, mixing v1.1 and v1.2 features, or focusing on a subset of yaml suited to their needs. Below are some examples. Py Yaml As mentioned before, Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and one of the most popular Python libraries overall. Py Yaml never added v1.2 support. There is an open issue from 2017 in Py Yaml ’s Github project about introducing support for v1.2 16 . There are at least two more related open issues, plus several closed ones. An unofficial library 17 exists that can be used on top of Py Yaml to provide partial v1.2 support (its documentation notes that not all v1.2 features are implemented). Another Python library, ruamel.yaml 18 , supports v1.2 by default. Py Yaml Github Issue #116 ↩︎ yamlcore PyPI project page ↩︎ ruamel.yaml PyPI project page ↩︎ Lib Yaml Lib Yaml is the long-standing C library for yaml , it is used widely as a dependency by other tools and bindings. Like Py Yaml , it’s an “official” implementation – in the sense that its canonical repository is hosted on Github and owned by the official ‘yaml’ Github account. Lib Yaml also never added v1.2 support. An open issue from 2016 in Lib Yaml ’s github project requests adding v1.2 support 19 . As mentioned earlier, Lib Yaml sits deep in dependency trees; changing its behavior is especially risky and slow. A less popular library, libfyaml 20 , supports v1.2 by default. Lib Yaml Github Issue #20 ↩︎ libfyaml Github project page ↩︎ Golang’s gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Currently unmaintained 21 , historically the most popular and still holds more Github stars then other Golang yaml libraries. It’s especially interesting because it declares support for a mix of v1.1 and 1.2 22 . The Golang’s most popular actively maintained library 23 defaults to v1.2 behavior. “This project is unmaintained” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ “The yaml package supports most of yaml 1.2, but preserves some behavior from 1.1 for backwards compatibility.” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ goccy/go-yaml Github project page ↩︎ Kyaml Kyaml is a yaml dialect built for the Kubernetes project, launched in June 2025. Its goal is to provide a safer and less ambiguous tool; it is also designed specifically for Kubernetes, trading generality for predictability. The announcement blog post references the Norway problem directly 24 . Yaml ’s significant whitespace requires careful attention to indentation and nesting, while its optional string-quoting can lead to unexpected type coercion (for example: “The Norway Bug”). source: Kubernetes v1.34 Sneak Peek ↩︎ Is the Norway problem solved? Yaml ’s ecosystem is not just libraries, it’s also the community of users. Including: strong and conflicting opinions about yaml in general and the Norway problem in particular. In some part this outcome could be expected; after all yaml is very popular, deceptively complex, and is used in different kinds of scenarios, from small personal config files to critical infrastructure setups. Many texts don’t distinguish between yaml spec versions at all 25 . Even when spec version numbers are used, they’re frequently mistyped. It’s not difficult to find documentation claiming that implicit boolean typing is a trait of yaml specification version 1.2 26 (the correct version is v1.1); mistakes get spotted 27 and eventually updated, but that takes more time and effort than making the original typo. On the other hand we see users who declare the Norway problem as solved because it doesn’t exist in the latest spec version, or because they haven’t experienced it themselves, or for other reasons 28 . To be fair, that language feature was removed over a decade ago, and it’s unexpected that popular libraries still support the older spec version. Technically, the issue is solved in the spec – but in practice, most widely adopted implementations still support implicit boolean typing, as we’ve seen. Finally, there are end users who are so unhappy with yaml that they prefer almost anything else 29 . We end up with countless use cases (hobby, pro, critical infrastructure, …), roles (spec author, library maintainer, end user debugging a failed deployment at 11pm, …), and just as many points of views. The yaml specification defines many strings that are automatically interpreted as boolean values, which often conflicts with developer expectations. When you write country: NO , the yaml parser interprets NO as the boolean false , not the string "NO" source: What is the Norway Bug? ↩︎ The most tragic aspect of this bug , however, is that it is intended behavior according to the yaml 1.2 specification. source: The Norway Problem – why Strict Yaml refuses to do implicit typing and so should you ↩︎ In this case a Github issue has been created: It was intended according to the yaml 1.1 specification, but in yaml 1.2, the only recognized booleans are true , True , TRUE , false , False , FALSE . source: strictyaml Github issue #186 ↩︎ I don’t want to link to individual messages on social platforms to err on the side of users’ privacy; I’ll paraphrase some of them below, for illustration purposes. Norway problem has been solved for 16 years. Using 1.1 at this point is just forehead palming foolishness. The Norway issue is a bit blown out of proportion. I have been using YAML for 5+ years and have never had it. We stopped having this problem over ten years ago. Just quote your strings. Another solution is to change the country name. ↩︎ Same as earlier, I’ll paraphrase a few messages below, meant for illustration. Stop using YAML YAML - just say Norway. You should stop even tolerating YAML, refuse on sight. YAML made sense before JSON became a thing. YAML made me look at XML wistfully. Why people persist with YAML in new projects is baffling to me. People from Norway couldn't sign up. Took us a while to figure out. ↩︎ What next? In yaml final draft v1.0, the document specified that, along with yes and no , + and - should also be parsed as booleans. This was removed v1.1. There was an idea to keep that functionality when plus or minus signs were preceded with a dot ( .+ and .- ), but it didn’t catch on. Despite its well known and lesser known quirks, yaml remains popular and widely used. At this scale small quirks cascade into unexpected issues. And changes – or fixes – are introduced at a glacial pace. Then again, yaml ’s charm has its place, as evidenced by its popularity. While spec change adoption is very slow, it is still ongoing. New projects will likely adopt newer libraries, where the Norway problem no longer exists. If there is a single takeaway from this article, it’s this: yaml ecosystem is fragmented; on the whole it is moving towards a slightly stricter version. Implicit boolean typing is getting removed, it’s no longer in the official specification and most new libraries adhere to that. As of January 2026 however, the older libraries are stuck on the older version of the spec, they are still more popular and updating or phasing them out may take a while. Frequently Asked Questions Why not just use json in place of yaml ? A common reply is “no comments” – because json doesn’t support comments 30 ; many other yaml features aren’t supported either. This makes json a simpler and stricter alternative. Wheter that’s a better fit for your project, that depends on the project. As always, personal preference plays a role too. Note: json has its own flavors, like jsonc 31 . It was a conscious decision; there is an explanation from Douglas Crockford, as well as a suggestion about using json for configuration files: I removed comments from json because I saw people were using them to hold parsing directives, a practice which would have destroyed interoperability. I know that the lack of comments makes some people sad, but it shouldn’t. Suppose you are using json to keep configuration files, which you would like to annotate. Go ahead and insert all the comments you like. Then pipe it through JSMin before handing it to your json parser. source: Google Plus post by Douglas Crockford – archived link ↩︎ Json with Comments – project’s homepage ↩︎ Is yaml a superset of json ? After writing this article, I’m still not entirely sure. Even though the goal of yaml revision v1.2.0 was to make that happen and revisions 1.2.0 and 1.2.1 claimed it explicitly 32 : Yaml can therefore be viewed as a natural superset of json , offering improved human readability and a more complete information model. That text has been removed from the latest yaml revision 1.2.2. A popular article 33 claims to prove that yaml is not a superset of json , but that article uses a v1.1 parser – and as we know v1.1 never claimed json compatibility. So that won’t help us. The actual reason might be that yaml requires maps to have unique keys 34 , while json only recommends it 35 . So perhaps most json (i.e. json where objects have unique keys) is a subset of yaml . Some ambiguity remains. See e.g.: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.1 ↩︎ Json treats the value 1e2 a number, of course, because it’s not in quote marks. Yaml fails to parse it as a number so silently falls back to treating it as a string. source: YAML IS NOT A SUPERSET OF JSON ↩︎ The content of a mapping node is an unordered set of key/value node pairs, with the restriction that each of the keys is unique source: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.2 ↩︎ The names within an object SHOULD be unique. source: The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation ( json ) ↩︎ What went wrong? This question is out of scope for this article – here the goal is to prioritize facts over “what if?”. If i had to answer, I’d say that nothing went wrong. When a complex technology with a stable ecosystem introduces a breaking change, sometimes the process can take ages. The main surprise here is how complicated yaml really is. Also, as we’ve seen, with yaml and related tools being free software, anyone could contribute to improving the v1.2 adoption rate – or move to a tool that suits them better, or even create one. What about toml , sexagesimal numbers, schemas, human genes, Ruby, or Perl? These topics are only loosely related to the Norway problem, and this text is already quite long. If you enjoyed reading it, leave positive feedback somewhere and a Part 2 might happen. In the meantime, visit my homepage 36 and check out my other projects – maybe you’ll find something else you’ll enjoy. LAB174 homepage ↩︎ Epilogue Implicit boolean typing has been removed, but explicit boolean typing still remains. If a uniform yaml 1.2 future actually arrives, you can still bring a little bit of nostalgia to your code by writing: title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse platforms : iPhone : !!bool yes iPad : !!bool yes # Note the explicit typing here and above. AppleWatch : !!bool no countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO When parsed with yq , a tool that supports yaml revision 1.2 by default: yq eval -o=json project.yaml It returns: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } < Back to LAB174.com | 2026-01-13T08:48:04 |
https://plus.google.com/113116812547402050884 | Google Workspace Updates: New community features for Google Chat and an update on Currents Products For Admins Help Center Release Calendar Subscribe email This official feed from the Google Workspace team provides essential information about new features and improvements for Google Workspace customers. Comms & Meetings ▾ Gmail Google Chat Google Calendar Google Tasks Google Groups Google Meet Google Meet hardware Google Voice Content & Collaboration ▾ Google Drive Google Docs Google Sheets Google Slides Google Forms Google Keep Google Sites Google Vids Gemini ▾ Gemini Gemini App NotebookLM Admin & Security ▾ Admin console Security and Compliance Directory Sync Google Workspace Migrate Google Vault Identity MDM SSO Education ▾ Google Workspace for Education Google Classroom More ▾ Google Workspace Marketplace API Google Apps Script AppSheet Mobile iOS Android Beta Additional Google services Weekly Recap Other Google Workspace Add-ons rss_feed search --> arrow_back Back April 12, 2023 New community features for Google Chat and an update on Currents Currents Google Chat Other Note: This blog post outlines upcoming changes to Google Currents for Workspace users. For information on the previous deprecation of Google+ for users with personal Google accounts, please see this post . What's Changing Last year, we announced plans to wind down Currents , to focus efforts on community experiences that are better integrated with the rest of Google Workspace. To help our customers manage this transition, we published detailed guidance for Workspace administrators and enabled customers to opt-in for automated migration of Currents data to spaces in Google Chat. We are nearing the end of this transition. Beginning July 5, 2023, Currents will no longer be available. Workspace administrators can export Currents data using Takeout before August 8, 2023. Beginning August 8th, Currents data will no longer be available for download. Although we are saying goodbye to Currents, we continue to invest in new features for Google Chat , so teams can connect and collaborate with a shared sense of belonging. Over the last year, we've delivered features designed to support community engagement at scale, and will continue to deliver more. Here is a summary of the features with additional details below: This month, we’re enabling new ways for organizations to share information across the enterprise with announcements in Google Chat . This gives admin controls to limit permissions for posting in a space, while enabling all members to read and react, helping ensure that important updates stay visible and relevant. Later this year, we plan to simplify membership management by integrating Google Groups with spaces in Chat, enable post-level metrics for announcements, and provide tools for Workspace administrators to manage spaces across their domain. Announcements in Google Chat Managing space membership with Google Groups We’ve already rolled out new ways to make conversations more expressive and engaging such as in-line threading to enable rich exploration of a specific topic without overtaking the main conversation and custom emojis to enable fun, personal expression. In-line threaded conversations Discover and join communities with up to 8,000 members We’ve also made it easier for individuals to discover and join communities of shared interest . By searching in Gmail , users can explore a directory of available spaces covering topics of personal or professional interest such as gardening, pets, career development, fitness, cultural identity, and more, with the ability to invite others to join via link. Last year, we increased the size of communities supported by spaces in Chat to 8,000 members , and we are working to scale this in a meaningful way later this year. A directory of spaces in Google Chat for users to join. As communities grow, it’s essential to provide tools for content moderation and data management . Last year, we introduced space managers , a community lead with abilities to moderate conversation and manage membership , and last year at NEXT, we rolled out data loss prevention (DLP) for Chat. We will continue to enhance community health and data security for Google Chat. Our partner community is extending the power of Chat through integrations with essential third-party apps such as Jira, GitHub, Asana, PagerDuty , Zendesk and Salesforce . Many organizations have built custom workflow apps using low-code and no-code tools , and we anticipate that this number will continue to grow with the GA releases of the Chat API and AppSheet’s Chat app building capabilities later this year. For teams to thrive in this rapidly changing era of hybrid work, it’s essential to build authentic personal connections and a strong sense of belonging, no matter when or where individuals work. We will continue to make Google Chat the best option for Workspace customers seeking to build a community and culture for hybrid teams, with much more to come later this year. Who's impacted Admins and end users Why it’s important The transition from Currents to spaces in Google Chat removes a separate, siloed destination and provides organizations with a modern, enterprise-grade experience that reflects how the world is working today. Google Workspace customers use Google Chat to communicate about projects, share organizational updates, and build community. Recommended action Admins: Review the Change Management Guide . Use Takeout to explore your organization’s Currents data before August 8, 2023. End users: Read more about how to get started using spaces in Google Chat . Availability Spaces in Google Chat are available to all Google Workspace customers and users with personal Google Accounts. Resources Google Admin Help: Transition from Google Currents to Google Chat Google Admin Help: Export your organization’s Google Currents data 1 Space manager role (Feb 22) 2 Invite others to join via link (Mar 22) 3 Create & manage spaces via API (May 2022) 4 Larger spaces (July 22) 5 Discoverable spaces (Aug 22) 6 In-line threaded conversations (Oct 22) 7 Custom emojis (Oct 22) 8 Data loss prevention (DLP) (Oct 22) 9 Create low-code/no-code Chat apps (Dec 2022) 10 Improved membership management (Jan 23) 11 New capabilities for space managers (Mar 23) 12 Admin installation of Chat apps (Mar 2023) 13 Announcements (Apr 2023) Useful Links Join the official community for Google Workspace administrators In the Google Cloud Community, discuss the latest features with Googlers and other Google Workspace admins like you. Learn tips and tricks that will make your work and life easier. Be the first to know what's happening with Google Workspace. 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https://dev.to/kawano_aiyuki/i-debug-code-like-i-debug-life-spoiler-both-throw-exceptions-e69#comment-33hb8 | I Debug Code Like I Debug Life (Spoiler: Both Throw Exceptions) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Alyssa Posted on Jan 13 I Debug Code Like I Debug Life (Spoiler: Both Throw Exceptions) # discuss # career # programming # beginners Being a software developer is a lot like being human. Being a woman software developer is like being human with extra edge cases. I write code for a living. Sometimes I write bugs professionally. And occasionally, I write code that works on the first run — which is deeply suspicious and should be reviewed by science. The Compiler Is Honest. People Are Not. One thing I love about code: If it doesn’t like you, it tells you immediately. If you’re wrong, it throws an error. If you forget a semicolon, it remembers forever. Life, on the other hand, waits three years and then says: “Hey… remember that decision you made? Yeah. About that.” Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In programming, we call this technical debt. In life, we call it experience. As a Woman in Tech, I Learned Early About “Undefined Behavior” There are two kinds of bugs: The ones you expect. The ones that happen because the environment is… creative. Sometimes I walk into a meeting and: I’m the only woman. I’m also the backend. And somehow still expected to fix frontend CSS. This is not imposter syndrome. This is runtime context awareness. My Brain Runs on TODO Comments My mind is basically: // TODO: fix sleep schedule // TODO: refactor life choices // TODO: stop overthinking edge cases Every time I say “I’ll do it later,” a TODO comment is silently added to my soul. And just like in real projects: Some TODOs become features. Some become bugs. Some live forever and scare new contributors. Debugging Is Just Asking Better Questions People think debugging is about being smart. It’s not. It’s about asking questions like: “What did I assume?” “What did I change?” “Why does this work only on my machine?” “Why does it stop working when someone is watching?” Honestly, debugging taught me emotional intelligence: Don’t panic. Observe. Reduce the problem. Remove assumptions. Take breaks before you delete everything. Humor Is My Favorite Framework Tech moves fast. Trends change. Frameworks come and go. But humor? Zero dependencies. Backward compatible. Works across teams. Excellent for handling production incidents at 3 AM. When the server is down and everyone is stressed, sometimes the most senior move is saying: “Okay. This is bad. But also… kinda funny.” Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Then you fix it. Obviously. Confidence Is a Skill, Not a Setting I didn’t wake up confident. I compiled it over time. Confidence came from: Breaking things. Fixing them. Asking “stupid” questions. Shipping anyway. Learning that perfection doesn’t deploy. The best developers I know aren’t fearless. They just commit despite the warnings. Final Build: Still Experimental I’m still learning. Still refactoring. Still discovering bugs in old logic. But I ship. I learn. I laugh. I write code. And I’m very comfortable saying: “I don’t know yet — but I will.” Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If you’re a developer reading this: Your bugs don’t define you. Your errors are data. Your weird brain is probably a feature. And if today feels broken… Try restarting. With coffee ☕ And maybe fewer assumptions. Thanks for reading. If this resonated, you’re probably running the same version of reality as me. Top comments (8) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Art light Art light Art light Follow Trust yourself🌞your capabilities are your true power. ❤Telegram - ✔lighthouse4661 ❤Discord - ✔lighthouse4661 Email art.miclight@gmail.com Pronouns He/him Work CTO Joined Nov 21, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is such a sharp, thoughtful piece — witty, honest, and deeply relatable, especially the way you blend debugging with real-life growth. Your humor and clarity turn real experience into insight, and it’s genuinely inspiring to read.😉 Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks💛I'm really glad it resonated with you and made you smile. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Art light Art light Art light Follow Trust yourself🌞your capabilities are your true power. ❤Telegram - ✔lighthouse4661 ❤Discord - ✔lighthouse4661 Email art.miclight@gmail.com Pronouns He/him Work CTO Joined Nov 21, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Good!😎 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Thread Thread Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand darkbranchcore darkbranchcore darkbranchcore Follow Joined Dec 28, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Such a great read—smart, funny, and painfully relatable in the best way. I love how you turned real dev struggles into something empowering and human. That takes real confidence 👏 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Hi there! I am Alyssa. ❤I can see success in my mind's eye🌞 Email Location UK Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you so much! 💙 That really means a lot to me—turning those struggles into something empowering was exactly the goal. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Hadil Ben Abdallah Hadil Ben Abdallah Hadil Ben Abdallah Follow Software Engineer • Technical Content Writer • LinkedIn Content Creator Email hadilbenabdallah111@gmail.com Location Tunisia Education ENET'COM Pronouns she/her Work Content Writer & Social Media Manager Joined Nov 13, 2023 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This was such a refreshing read. The way you map debugging principles to real life is not just funny, it’s surprisingly insightful 😄 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you! I love how you picked up on that—turning coding chaos into life lessons is exactly the kind of perspective that makes tech both fun and relatable 😄 Keep sharing these gems! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Popcorn Movies and TV Close # tv Follow Hide Discussion about television series and episodes Create Post Older #tv posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu 2025년 기대되는 K-드라마 신작 TOP 5 채혁기 채혁기 채혁기 Follow Dec 5 '25 2025년 기대되는 K-드라마 신작 TOP 5 # kdrama # korean # entertainment # tv Comments Add Comment 1 min read As Stephen Colbert Signs Off For 'Late Show' Summer Hiatus, He Says: “Netflix, Call Me I'm Available In June” TV News TV News TV News Follow Aug 12 '25 As Stephen Colbert Signs Off For 'Late Show' Summer Hiatus, He Says: “Netflix, Call Me I'm Available In June” # talkshows # tv # netflix # streaming Comments Add Comment 1 min read 'One Piece' Renewed for Season 3 on Netflix TV News TV News TV News Follow Aug 12 '25 'One Piece' Renewed for Season 3 on Netflix # netflix # streaming # tv # anime Comments Add Comment 1 min read Miranda Cosgrove shares 'exciting' update on iCarly movie: 'It looks like it's happening' TV News TV News TV News Follow Aug 12 '25 Miranda Cosgrove shares 'exciting' update on iCarly movie: 'It looks like it's happening' # tv # streaming # paramountplus # celebrityinterviews Comments Add Comment 1 min read Seth MacFarlane Wishes TV Was Less “Dystopian” And “Pessimistic”: “Give People Hope” TV News TV News TV News Follow Aug 12 '25 Seth MacFarlane Wishes TV Was Less “Dystopian” And “Pessimistic”: “Give People Hope” # 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Popcorn Movies and TV Close # distribution Follow Hide getting music out there Create Post Older #distribution posts 1 2 3 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu James Gunn to Direct ‘Next Movie in the Super-Family' at DC Studios After ‘Superman' Success Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Aug 8 '25 James Gunn to Direct ‘Next Movie in the Super-Family' at DC Studios After ‘Superman' Success # filmindustry # distribution # marketing # studios Comments Add Comment 1 min read AMC Theatres Looks To Shorten Ad Preshow Following Studios' Ire Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Aug 8 '25 AMC Theatres Looks To Shorten Ad Preshow Following Studios' Ire # studios # distribution # filmindustry # cinema Comments Add Comment 1 min read ‘Star Wars: A New Hope' Will Get 50th Anniversary Theatrical Re-Release on April 30, 2027 Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Aug 8 '25 ‘Star Wars: A New Hope' Will Get 50th Anniversary Theatrical Re-Release on April 30, 2027 # marketing # analysis # distribution # filmindustry Comments Add Comment 1 min read Stephen Colbert To Guest Star As a Late-Night Host In An Upcoming Episode of ‘Elsbeth' TV News TV News TV News Follow Aug 8 '25 Stephen Colbert To Guest Star As a Late-Night Host In An Upcoming Episode of ‘Elsbeth' # 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https://dev.to/kawano_aiyuki/i-debug-code-like-i-debug-life-spoiler-both-throw-exceptions-e69#final-build-still-experimental | I Debug Code Like I Debug Life (Spoiler: Both Throw Exceptions) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Alyssa Posted on Jan 13 I Debug Code Like I Debug Life (Spoiler: Both Throw Exceptions) # discuss # career # programming # beginners Being a software developer is a lot like being human. Being a woman software developer is like being human with extra edge cases. I write code for a living. Sometimes I write bugs professionally. And occasionally, I write code that works on the first run — which is deeply suspicious and should be reviewed by science. The Compiler Is Honest. People Are Not. One thing I love about code: If it doesn’t like you, it tells you immediately. If you’re wrong, it throws an error. If you forget a semicolon, it remembers forever. Life, on the other hand, waits three years and then says: “Hey… remember that decision you made? Yeah. About that.” Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In programming, we call this technical debt. In life, we call it experience. As a Woman in Tech, I Learned Early About “Undefined Behavior” There are two kinds of bugs: The ones you expect. The ones that happen because the environment is… creative. Sometimes I walk into a meeting and: I’m the only woman. I’m also the backend. And somehow still expected to fix frontend CSS. This is not imposter syndrome. This is runtime context awareness. My Brain Runs on TODO Comments My mind is basically: // TODO: fix sleep schedule // TODO: refactor life choices // TODO: stop overthinking edge cases Every time I say “I’ll do it later,” a TODO comment is silently added to my soul. And just like in real projects: Some TODOs become features. Some become bugs. Some live forever and scare new contributors. Debugging Is Just Asking Better Questions People think debugging is about being smart. It’s not. It’s about asking questions like: “What did I assume?” “What did I change?” “Why does this work only on my machine?” “Why does it stop working when someone is watching?” Honestly, debugging taught me emotional intelligence: Don’t panic. Observe. Reduce the problem. Remove assumptions. Take breaks before you delete everything. Humor Is My Favorite Framework Tech moves fast. Trends change. Frameworks come and go. But humor? Zero dependencies. Backward compatible. Works across teams. Excellent for handling production incidents at 3 AM. When the server is down and everyone is stressed, sometimes the most senior move is saying: “Okay. This is bad. But also… kinda funny.” Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Then you fix it. Obviously. Confidence Is a Skill, Not a Setting I didn’t wake up confident. I compiled it over time. Confidence came from: Breaking things. Fixing them. Asking “stupid” questions. Shipping anyway. Learning that perfection doesn’t deploy. The best developers I know aren’t fearless. They just commit despite the warnings. Final Build: Still Experimental I’m still learning. Still refactoring. Still discovering bugs in old logic. But I ship. I learn. I laugh. I write code. And I’m very comfortable saying: “I don’t know yet — but I will.” Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If you’re a developer reading this: Your bugs don’t define you. Your errors are data. Your weird brain is probably a feature. And if today feels broken… Try restarting. With coffee ☕ And maybe fewer assumptions. Thanks for reading. If this resonated, you’re probably running the same version of reality as me. Top comments (8) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Art light Art light Art light Follow Trust yourself🌞your capabilities are your true power. ❤Telegram - ✔lighthouse4661 ❤Discord - ✔lighthouse4661 Email art.miclight@gmail.com Pronouns He/him Work CTO Joined Nov 21, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is such a sharp, thoughtful piece — witty, honest, and deeply relatable, especially the way you blend debugging with real-life growth. Your humor and clarity turn real experience into insight, and it’s genuinely inspiring to read.😉 Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks💛I'm really glad it resonated with you and made you smile. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Art light Art light Art light Follow Trust yourself🌞your capabilities are your true power. ❤Telegram - ✔lighthouse4661 ❤Discord - ✔lighthouse4661 Email art.miclight@gmail.com Pronouns He/him Work CTO Joined Nov 21, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Good!😎 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Thread Thread Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand darkbranchcore darkbranchcore darkbranchcore Follow Joined Dec 28, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Such a great read—smart, funny, and painfully relatable in the best way. I love how you turned real dev struggles into something empowering and human. That takes real confidence 👏 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Hi there! I am Alyssa. ❤I can see success in my mind's eye🌞 Email Location UK Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you so much! 💙 That really means a lot to me—turning those struggles into something empowering was exactly the goal. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Hadil Ben Abdallah Hadil Ben Abdallah Hadil Ben Abdallah Follow Software Engineer • Technical Content Writer • LinkedIn Content Creator Email hadilbenabdallah111@gmail.com Location Tunisia Education ENET'COM Pronouns she/her Work Content Writer & Social Media Manager Joined Nov 13, 2023 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This was such a refreshing read. The way you map debugging principles to real life is not just funny, it’s surprisingly insightful 😄 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you! I love how you picked up on that—turning coding chaos into life lessons is exactly the kind of perspective that makes tech both fun and relatable 😄 Keep sharing these gems! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. 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https://share.transistor.fm/s/bca43ae5#goodpods-path-1 | APIs You Won't Hate | An API for APIs with Gil Feig from Merge APIs You Won't Hate 40 ? 30 : 10)" @keyup.document.left="seekBySeconds(-10)" @keyup.document.m="toggleMute" @keyup.document.s="toggleSpeed" @play="play(false, true)" @loadedmetadata="handleLoadedMetadata" @pause="pause(true)" preload="none" @timejump.window="seekToSeconds($event.detail.timestamp); shareTimeFormatted = formatTime($event.detail.timestamp)" > Trailer Bonus 10 40 ? 30 : 10)" class="seek-seconds-button" > 40 ? 30 : 10"> Subscribe Share More Info Download More episodes Subscribe newValue ? setTimeout(() => copied = false, 2500) : null)" @click="copied = copyFeedUrl()" class="form-input-group" > Copied to clipboard Apple Podcasts Spotify Pocket Casts Overcast Castro YouTube Goodpods Goodpods Metacast Amazon Music Pandora CastBox Anghami Anghami Fountain JioSaavn Gaana iHeartRadio TuneIn TuneIn Player FM SoundCloud SoundCloud Deezer Podcast Addict Share newValue ? setTimeout(() => copied = false, 2500) : null)" @click="copied = copyShareUrl()" class="form-input-group" > Share Copied to clipboard newValue ? setTimeout(() => copied = false, 2500) : null)" @click="copied = copyEmbedHtml()" class="form-input-group" > Embed Copied to clipboard Start at Trailer Bonus Full Transcript View the website updateDescriptionLinks($el))" class="episode-description" > Chapters June 1, 2022 by APIs You Won't Hate View the website Listen On Apple Podcasts Listen On Spotify Listen On YouTube RSS Feed Subscribe RSS Feed RSS Feed URL Copied! Follow Episode Details / Transcript On this episode, Mike talks to cofounder of Merge, Gil Feig, about building a service that integrates with many APIs. Show Notes On this episode, Mike talks to cofounder of Merge, Gil Feig, about building a service that integrates with many APIs. Find Merge at https://merge.dev Gil Feig @GilFeig Merge is Hiring! Thank you so much to our sponsors: Lob: https://lob.com/careers Treblle : https://treblle.com/apisyoulove Creators and Guests Host Mike Bifulco Cofounder and host of APIs You Won't Hate. Blogs at https://mikebifulco.com Into 🚴♀️, espresso ☕, looking after 🌍. ex @Stripe @Google @Microsoft What is APIs You Won't Hate? A no-nonsense (well, some-nonsense) podcast about API design & development, new features in the world of HTTP, service-orientated architecture, microservices, and probably bikes. Mike Bifulco: Hi friends. Welcome back to API. As you won't hate, this is Mike, your co. For this episode, I'm chatting with Gil , who is the co-founder of merge. Him and I had a great time talking about what he's been building with his team at merge, what it's like to grow an API centric product to the challenges inherent in that some of the really cool learnings that his team has come across when they've been building their product and what it's like to grow an API centric product especially one that was born during the pandemic. I know it was a great discussion. I hope you enjoy it. Please check out the interview, send me any feedback you've got at Reverend Mike on Twitter or at API and you won't hate. For our next episode, I believe we'll be back with Phil and Matt and myself, chatting about APIs and catching up on some of the news and latest goings on in the world in the meantime, I hope you enjoy this interview with Gil. It was a fantastic discussion and really think he's on something exciting there. Love to see people in the API universe, building interesting products and sort of pushing the limits of what's been done before. And especially when it makes all of our lives easier products like that, really trying to sing their own tune. Yeah. And so before we get off to the interview here's a quick message from our sponsors. Thanks so much for listening and I hope you enjoyed the interview. All right. And I'm here with Gil five from merge, Gail. How are you doing today? Gil Feig: I'm great. How are you doing? Mike Bifulco: I'm doing really good. Thanks. Yeah. So I appreciate you taking the time to chat with us or wanted to talk a little bit about you and merging your story and how all that applies to API APIs and the, the world you're kind of living in. And so maybe we can start with, a bit about yourself your background, perhaps, and how you got to where you are today. Gil Feig: Yeah, absolutely. So I'm Gil. I am a software engineer through and through. I've been been, so since I was pretty young, I had a computer in my room and started coding, but got serious about it in college, made her majored in computer science and graduated and went straight into software. So I worked at LinkedIn for a few years. Then Wealthfront. And then finally I joined a startup called canvas now called untapped, which is recruiting. And while I was there had to build a ton of integrations with different applicant tracking systems. And it was one after the next, it was an insane amount of work. We first built greenhouse then lever. Then we had to build Workday and in order to close new customers, we had to build the ATS is that they were using because we needed to be able to interact with whatever data they had on their end. And my co-founder who I, who I actually met way back in college. At the same time she had gone into finance for a while, ended up at a startup as chief of staff. And there, she was building out a lot of different integrations with ticketing systems and they ran into the exact same problem. They had to build it every single integration with every single ticketing system, depending on what their customer was on. So we noticed this, this very joint problem. B2B companies when they want to integrate with other platforms, they have to integrate with all the competitors that that space. And that's ultimately how we came upon the idea of merge, where we build unified API APIs or one API to integrate with all the competitors in, in each vertical. Mike Bifulco: Yeah, Got it. Okay. So it sounds like you were living through the pain of something like many startup founders do and kind of saw that pain as an opportunity. So how long ago was that? When, when did you found merge? Gil Feig: Yeah, we started murders right at the beginning of the pandemic. So it was around June of 2020. Wow. Yeah, dove right into the deep end. Huh? Mike Bifulco: We did we, I mean, what better time? The opportunity costs of starting a company then was you either sit there in your room and do nothing or you start a company. So. Gil Feig: Yeah. Okay. So. That, that's how you got to merge. And you kind of said it already, but what's maybe the value proposition or the elevator pitch for why someone would want to use merge. Mike Bifulco: Yeah, absolutely. So when, when you're starting a company and you know, you, you know that you need to be data rich, I would say most startups, these days have some sort of data that they need to interact with. And, and even existing companies, large companies we sell to as. Basically come up with these product ideas. Like we want to build X, Y, and Z, but we need to pull in our customer's data from their HR system. Let's say we need to pull up all of their employees and we need to pull in all of their job titles. For example, the, the current approach is all right, well, we need to go ask our customers, which HR platforms. We're going to stack rank them based on maybe contract value, maybe which one the most customers are using. And we'll just start tackling them one by one in that order. But building them out is not just a simple fee, right? It could take three to six months to build out one integration. Then you have three to six months of long tail follow-ups and fixes, as your devs are finding edge cases or things you just couldn't have predicted because you have customers who have set up their HR system in some custom way that affects how the API returns data. So you're basically assigning, you know, multiple. Six months or more, plus you have your support teams involved. It's just a whole company, problem, partnerships, everything. So instead you can either do that go one by one or instead you can choose marriage integrate just once with us, we offer for one of our categories, HR and payroll, we offer 35 integrations and we're constantly adding new ones. Once you build that out, once you don't have to do any extra work, ask, merge to build one out, if one's missing and we'll do it. And it's just available to your. Gil Feig: Sure. Yeah. So that, that seems like a pretty easy call, right? When the alternative is go ask one of your developers to become an expert on someone else's product for a little while or long enough to be dangerous, or maybe not even an expert, but to just go try their best to figure it out. And then maybe not have the time later on to go keep up with changes. Oh, when things break to go and update the, the implementation and have to worry about those details. So you mentioned one of your, your. verticals and it sounds like you've got a few verticals that merged focuses on. Can you, can you talk a little bit about those and maybe how you chose them? Mike Bifulco: Yeah. Sure. So we first started with recruiting, which is ATS or applicant tracking systems and HR and payroll. Those were our two categories that, that kind of launched HR and payroll kind of being one joint one. So it's HR payroll, and then ATS, the reason we chose those. We were familiar with ATS. It's something I had built out extensively before ATS also comes with a lot of customizability and a lot of variation between platforms. So it was a good way for us to just start out building a really robust system that we knew would extend to simpler verticals in the future. So it was I would say it was a bit bold to start with, but ultimately it's proven to be really great because we've been able to expand very quickly after that. So after that we launched accounting. So those are ERP systems, things like. NetSuite and QuickBooks. And then after that we did ticketing. So JIRA sauna, that's a mix of ticketing system. So JIRA, sauna, Trello, those sorts of things, but then also help desk. And then we also have a new one. We just launched was just CRM. So Salesforce hubs. Gil Feig: Yeah. Wow. All things that are in their own way, very, very customizable and a pretty significant problem to approach from a development standpoint. I think maybe the only way you could have taken a harder route in would have been to start with something like electric health records. But it sounds like you went with a good challenge to start, and it's cool to see that you've found some traction and whatnot. So for the API, you won't hate audience. One of the questions that I like to ask, because people invariably want to know is can you tell us a little bit about what you built and merge with? Maybe languages, architecture approaches, things like that. Mike Bifulco: Yeah, absolutely. So I think for us choice of stack was, was more about speed to market. How quickly can we move? What is something that a lot of people are going to know coming in or something that people can easily learn as opposed to going for something that is the most optimized, fast language? So naturally we chose Python, which I think as we grow now, it is a bit of a slow language, but again, it lets us move incredibly quickly. We've adapted, we use a Django backend and we've added typing since. So, you know, we, we run into fewer issues there. Then on the front end, we're we're fully react. We have a pretty complex front end. I would say it's actually surprisingly for an API based startup, we probably have a more complex front end than most even non API based startups. So yeah, that's, that's sort of our most common. Gil Feig: Yeah. Got it. And So on the other side of that, for your customers who are consuming services through merge, it looks like you ship a few different client libraries and, and a couple of different languages. Which of those do you support them? Mike Bifulco: Yeah. So what we did early on was was basically, we need to be able to move incredibly quickly. Everything we've done is about how much we can automate. And so we're using open API for our APIs to document them. I'm sure most listeners here know this, but a sort of similar to swagger or any model Jen that you have at had a lot of bigger companies where they build in house. But we use open API. Our open API spec itself is auto-generated using something called Django spectacular. So it looks at our end points themselves, and then it generates our spec. And then our spec is used by we, we sponsor and we use open API general. Which can generate the client libraries or the SDKs. They're not perfect. Always, I would say. And so we we've started to fork those templates a bit to customize them and support some of the things that we need, but overall it's helped us move incredibly. Gil Feig: Sure. Yeah. That's probably the sign of a growing organization that has, has you know, multi-variable requirements to fulfill. But also one of those things where suddenly you don't have to go hire a Python developer and a Ruby developer and a Java guy and somebody who can do C plus plus and all these other things for people who want to consume in every flavor under the sun open API is a good way to scale that stuff out. That's really cool. Mike Bifulco: Yeah, it's been great. And I think, you know, there's, there's obviously some, some elements of it. Like when, when you stretch open API to its max, or when you stretch in general, like the rest spec to its max, for example, we support the expand parameter, which is a common rest, you know, sort of thing where, where we have certain foreign keys relations that come back as. But if in the request to our API, you say expand, and then that field name, it comes back as a fully unwrapped object, as opposed to the ID the generators being able to in the SDK say the type of this is either a string or an object, depending on how that request went out. They're not so great for that. So those are some of the things we've had to adapt. We run into a lot of issues as you get more advanced. Gil Feig: sure. Yeah. I'd imagine as you get clients using your tools that are running more sophisticated organizations, they want more of those things too. And you kind of stress test those those, you know, little edge cases of the API to. Mike Bifulco: Yeah, exactly. But when you have, you know, when you have 12 different languages across five different API APIs, that 60 repos, it can be pretty hard to stay on top of with a lean dev team. So. Gil Feig: Yeah, Yeah. To that end. How, how big is your team right now? Mike Bifulco: Yeah. So we are currently a total of 40 people. We have about 12 engineers full time, and then we have five people focused fully on building new integrations, using sort of a lot of the internal tooling that we've built. Gil Feig: Yeah, got it. Got it. so okay. That's, that's actually a pretty sizable team and it makes sense. Given the number of integrations you've got, like, I'd imagine you'd have to have a pretty, pretty solid standing army to just to build out new integrations, let alone keeping up with the old ones. When we're talking about the services that you integrate with, I know you mentioned that you started with sort of the applicant tracking stuff first. How did you prioritize the, even the first API that you chose to integrate with Mike Bifulco: Yeah, so we, we totally focus on market share here. We, we can obviously try to build ones that we want to build, but the most important is what people want. So with ATS, there's. Certain, I would say like looking at different market sectors, there's there's dominant platform. So in ATS you have greenhouse and lever that are really common among tech companies. But then we start selling to tech companies, right? So we might sell to a company that helps you analyze that the diversity of your recruitment funnel and that company is selling to companies we've never heard of, you know, so maybe some oil company in Texas, or maybe they're selling to taco bell of kid of Ohio. Right, right. You're now integrating with, with, you know, greenhouse and lever are relevant to those people. It's, it's Oracle Taleo, it's SAP's recruitment platforms. And so we've really had to sort of focus on what our customers are asking for that being said, building new integrations doesn't slow us down because we spent our first six to eight months building out that infrastructure to be able to build new integrations. So it's more actually the sort of maintenance or dealing with edge cases, as opposed to the initial build out. That takes much time. Gil Feig: Yeah. Okay. Okay. You said something earlier that, that I kind of grazed over pretty quickly, but it's, it may be very interesting thing about the way it sounds like you run the company. How are you discovering what your customer is? How, how are you picking those next integrations? Like, is there a strategy for asking for feedback on those things or is it something you're discovering through maybe the sales process or, or I don't know, help desk ticketing, something like that. Mike Bifulco: Yeah, absolutely. So essentially with all of our, all over our marketing pages, our landing page. We show which integrations we support. And whenever we do, there's always a button next to them that says request new integration on top of that on our two premium plans or two plans that people are committing to annually, we include building new integrations at no extra cost. So we just say, get us an API key from a customer or a, you know, a sandbox key from a customer. We're happy to go build that out on your behalf. And so people can sign with merge knowing that any platform that they need, as long as that bot form has an API, it's going to be supported and basically say mergers. Now our integrations team offloaded. Gil Feig: Yeah, that's ambitious. That is quite the strategy. That's very cool. Do you ever find, you're asked to integrate with something that is just not ready for the kind of integration you're looking for? Mike Bifulco: Yeah. So there's, there's a few different cases that happens in number one is they don't have an API there there's a lot of value in that. And we do have some ways of like, all right, we can try to integrate with reports as a service. And we, we do support doing that, but some really don't have an API. And if there's something that no one's really requesting, we're just not gonna, we're not gonna do it. Other ones we've been asked to actually help customers or help companies design their APIs. So we'll have, we'll have a customer who's pioneering, let's say some new HR platform or some. Relatively new HR platform. And they're hounding that HR platform saying, get, we need an API. We want to pull our data out. That HR platform, sometimes they'll connect them to us and we'll help them design and figure out what it should look like. And then lastly, you do have ones that are missing core functionality. So we also work with platforms on that. We integrated with an ATS. Not to name names, but we, we didn't agree with one recently that exposed a lot of data, but was missing just key candidate and application data and pulling jobs is interesting, but most companies need to know who's actually applying for the jobs. So working with them to add that from. Gil Feig: Yeah, I don't really cool. Do you provide a backlog of, of integrators that you're hoping to implement next? Mike Bifulco: We do, but it's really funny. I know, I know it sounds a little hard to believe, but in general, our backlog is not new integrations. It's functionality. We are, we have 12 engineers and they're not even building integrations, right? That's our, that's our platform team. And they're just incredibly fast. We've gotten to the point where we can build most new integrations unless we're heading something crazy. Most new integrations in a matter of a couple of hours, a record of my, my co-founder actually built three integrations in a day once. The biggest part for us is, is passing them off to our QA team. They take a couple of weeks to really, really test them out. Gil Feig: Sure that for off the cuff, having never really done this myself, that sounds pretty mindblowing. I would expect a scale of, I don't know, at least a month, a two to a couple of months for the integration in QA and then release kind of thing. So it sounds like you're moving really fast and able to work with, I mean, loads and loads of providers for good reason. You, you must have a really good process for doing that. That's that's very cool. That's super impressive. Mike Bifulco: Yeah, absolutely. I mean, we like to say we've seen it all at this point. I eat like 15 different types of auth. We've seen people implement ooff, you know, oh, up to like 12 different ways we found security vulnerabilities and how people implement it. So our tooling is basically. If the company, you know, we have, we have a pretty guided, I would say process to help people on board. And it's like, what is the name of the field that the access token comes in? If the company does not abide by the spec and they call it something else, enter that field name here. So it's really guided. It's really adaptable and kind of just helps us move really fast. Gil Feig: Sure. Yeah. Built from all the little scars and pain points you've experienced in the past. No doubt. Mike Bifulco: Yep. Gil Feig: Yeah. Cool. So let's talk a little bit about API APIs. In general, I'm interested in your thoughts on since you, your company has integrated with and consume so many API APIs what to you makes up a good API one. That's good for developers to work with. Mike Bifulco: Yeah. I think thinking about. First of all just being consumer first, thinking about what applications there are people going to use your API for and creating good access patterns around that data is, is really critical. Anything to avoid people having to make a ton of API requests you make end queries. And of course, obviously I think, I think before any of this actually comes just really great documentation. Yeah. You know, there are preferences around using coauthor versus using other offers is security of, of those. And there, there are merits each of them, but if it's not documented. I, yeah. And, and I can tell you from our team, who's built hundreds of integrations. At this point. We don't really have a preference for what type of author you're using. One might be a bit more of a pain to implement, but if we can't figure it out by immediately looking at your dogs, that's, what's the really annoying part having to get in touch with your team and try to have, have that team, you know, figure it all out. So yeah. Documentations number one. Gil Feig: Sure. Yeah, Often the special sauce when you're implementing with anything is kind of being able to read and understand what you're looking at. And honestly, frankly, kind of an overlooked career path too, right? Like really, really good technical writers who understand the problems that are being solved and can eloquently describe what's going on. And also accurately is it really, really special when you're working with an API. Mike Bifulco: Yeah, it's true. And it's so it's like great technical writing is really important. The other one is just the story or the journey of your docs. You know, it's, it's really underrated and people aren't thinking about the path that developer's taking there, but if, how you, if, if the method of authentication is the last thing in your. You know, you're, you're kind of guiding someone of path pathway having to click all around and go all over. So for us, we actually have our designer and, you know, I would say our product team really dedicated to understanding the journey of our customers within our documentation. We treat that as a product really intensely now to the point where, you know, we, we think of user stories and we say, all right, well, they can do this. It's a really complicated action. So we need them to be able to find this, this detailed doc along their journey at the right time. But only if they need it, otherwise we don't. Slam to which information wants. So we think really deeply about that journey that the developers. Gil Feig: sure. Yeah. I, I lack of sufficient term to describe this, but almost the user experience. Learning how to build with something is underappreciated in the industry in general. There's definitely companies, organizations with huge budgets who can go And spin up a UX researcher just to work on docs, but that's often not the case. And so you really just need engineers or technical writers with a lot of love and care and patience for going and rewriting and, you know, experiencing the journey and watching other people do it. Mike Bifulco: Yeah. And it's funny because companies are willing to invest big bucks in optimizing copy on their landing page. Just not people from, from bouncing. But what about stopping developers from bouncing as they go through your docs? Gil Feig: Right. Yeah. Yeah, definitely. Yeah. We, we sometimes fund the wrong things at the wrong time, I think. So okay. I'm interested in any challenges that you've faced in sort of building this unifying API service. Is there something that stands out to you along the way that you, that you've taken away? Um, Mike Bifulco: Yeah. So I think you can, of course look at all the differences in authentication and pagination and, you know, rate limits and all of that. They're solvable, right? You just build things around them. I think what is hard is what we describe as the mixed functionality problem, which is that ultimately we can't define one, the functionality of the platforms that we integrate with and two, what their API is exposed. And so, and a lot of ways when you're building a unified API, or when you're saying we want to build integrations with, let's say HR platforms, and it's important to us to pull in everyone's title so that we can show that in this spot, on our site, You know, ultimately our customers are like, we want that for all platforms, but if a platform doesn't support it, we have to be able to tell our customer like, Hey, that that's not possible. And I would say that's been a really big challenge for us. It's actually becoming better as we be, as we grow in the market, we have a bit more sway with API providers asking them to add more data. But ultimately again, if a doesn't support it, they don't support it. And so building a unified API that perfectly claims to normalize all data is tough. When some firms just don't have certain data and some platforms have way more. Gil Feig: Sure. Yeah. Are you finding that you need to demonstrate to people who end up buying your services that they're getting ROI, or is it something that is kind of proving itself once they get into implementation? Mike Bifulco: Yeah. I mean, I think first of all, for us, we only add value. What merged does is revenue generating. First of all right, you, you need certain integrations. You don't have the capacity to develop them out. You need those because you need to support customers who are on them. So by having merged, you're able to close those new customers. And then on top of that, you're saving developer time. So it's revenue generating and it's costing. It's, two-fold people come into our sales calls and they're, they, they get it. They know what they're buying into before they even get on that call. It's, it's pretty exciting. I would say our AEs, our, our, our salespeople who have been at multiple companies before ours that are, that are doing not similar things, but other, you know, sort of like maybe API bays or other tech companies have described marriage as just the easiest product to sell when they get on a call with someone, because everybody just understands it and viscerally, grasps the pain. So. Gil Feig: Yeah. That's a perfectly into my next question of how do you know in general, if you're building something that people want. Mike Bifulco: Yeah. I mean, I think for us, it was a bit easier because Shamsi, my co-founder and I both came from backgrounds. We would have used those. Right. And so, so there was a little bit of bias of us coming into this being like, all right, well, we both needed this and we both wanted this. And so we, we also spent about six months before we started the company talking to, we talked to over a hundred different startups in, in a bunch of different verticals. So we were like, all right, well, we don't want to just be biased because we know this is a problem in recruiting and tickets. We want to tackle everything. So let's, let's ask. So we talked to companies that needed HR integrations. We talked to companies that needed marketing automation and CRM and ticketing, just so many different things. And with that every single time we got on a call, we were just like, if something like this existed, would you use it? Absolutely. How much would you be willing to pay? Honestly, anything we pay a team of five developers. It costs us a million dollars a year, anything to take away the pain. We even, even sometimes would flip it and we would just say like, how are you doing it internally? And they'd be like, well, essentially we have this one service that integrates with all the different platforms and translates it to a common language. And we're like, okay, well you've essentially built merge internally. So it was either, they said they needed it or they had done it. Gil Feig: yeah, sure. Along those lines then when you're when you were first starting out, so you talked to a hundred customers, you spent six months kind of researching things. Did those 100 startups? Sorry. Did they end up being your sort of first customers or was there something else you had to do to kind of get the word out there? That merge was open for business? Mike Bifulco: Yeah, they, they definitely, I would say a good number of them did for sure. And we actually still have close them. I think we, we fully remember it. My co-founder tweeted about this recently, but there were three out of those hundred that were, were very discouraging. That's always going to happen, but we're like, this is a terrible idea. Don't do it. And I think it was as of like two months ago, all three are now signed customers emerged. So very, very validating. And then that felt. Gil Feig: Yeah, that's amazing. I hope you pop the champagne or had a nice lunch that day. Something like that. That's really. Mike Bifulco: Yeah, it was really exciting. Gil Feig: For a follow on to that is how has your strategy for acquisition of new customers changed since your initial launch? Mike Bifulco: Yeah. So, so we still continue to do a bit of outbound. We're more inbound and outbound though. Word of mouth is a big one. I would say we're hearing about, you know, a lot of our customers are coming in now saying, oh, we heard that, that, you know, this company is using. We have to a lot of competitors thinking about how their competitors are building and, and, you know, wanting to get a leg up or wanting to at least have the same advantage that they have. Those, those are a couple, we are really big on SEO. So you do things like search for, you know, any platform that we integrate with search for that name, plus API on Google, we tend to rank. So we're, we're really trying to follow the developer's journey, which in that case is, you know, their CEO is going to them saying, Hey, all of our customers are asking for Workday API integration. But in general, if you, if you need a work day integration, you need just works in bamboo HR and, you know, Gusto and namely and all the other ones. And so when you, when you click on it, you land on marriage. It says, get a, get a Workday integration, but also get all of these other ones sign up now. And that's sorta how we're acquiring. Gil Feig: Yeah, Cool. That's really cool. It's it's you've built a lot of momentum inherently in the process here. Let's say tomorrow you were starting from scratch again and you were gonna build a new API first company, whether it was merged or something else that was sort of APIs at its core what are the things you would do first? Mike Bifulco: Yeah, it's interesting. I want to say, like, I would choose a more, more performant language, but I actually don't cause, cause the fact of the matter is we constantly had to just pivot and change how we were building and you know, doing Django and Python at Elta enabled us to move incredibly quick. We've been able to really scale with that. So I wouldn't change, you know, choice of language or any technologies. I think one thing that we might might've done is just do a bigger sort of survey of the landscape, more research across APIs and understand what the variability looks like, because along the way, we've enforced it just tack on things like, you know, I kind of mentioned that earlier, but if they don't call this field the correct thing, then what, what, you know, do they get. But if we had just really gone and looked at a hundred API APIs and spent the time we could have, we could have really planned out, like, all right, here's a robust system, rather than having all these flags that we have to deprecate and be like, does the platform do this? Doesn't apart from, and now the flags are kind of confusing. We've we've done some work to clean that up, but you know, again, I think doing a bigger survey, the landscape would have gone on. Gil Feig: Sure. Yeah, For whatever it's worth from where I'm sitting, that sounds like a great optimistic task and also something that would require you to become an expert on a hundred new APIs which takes a lot of time. And you may never have been able to get things off the ground, you know? Mike Bifulco: Yeah, it's true. It's a balance. And yeah, I say that now, going back when we were sitting there with no product, just sit there and spend potentially two months going through a hundred APS and deeply understanding our off. Probably not. So maybe getting an expert, someone who's built a hundred integrations, but that's also tough. Right? Who's done that. I mean, I had, I had already built several and I think we still, we still just constantly see new things that we haven't seen before. Gil Feig: Sure. Sure. Yeah. Oh, that's all very interesting. You you've had quite the journey kind of from gosh, 2020. I mean it's two and a half years or whatever, something like that to this 0.2 years, roughly. That's. That's a lot of first of all, a lot of implementation, but also a lot of lessons learned that it sounds like you're speaking from some really good experience and have built a really fascinating product. What, what haven't I asked you about merge that I should have asked. Mike Bifulco: Yeah. I mean, I think, I think one thing that we find really interesting is just how people actually use versus what the customer use cases are. They've been, they've been really exciting for us. I'm happy to dive into that a little bit, but I would say they they're very varied and I'm glad we went in with this mindset of, you know, we want to provide the data. We don't want to provide any. Information on top of it. Like let's say you're building a diversity recruiting platform and you want to help people analyze the diversity of the candidates throughout your recruiting funnel. We didn't, we didn't focus on that use case necessarily when we were building, we more said, let's give companies the data there. Maximize the amount of data that's normalized and return from our API APIs and all the tools that developers need to be able to pull it efficiently and do what they want with it. Let's not try to be experts in data analytics or insights or anything on top of it. And so because of that, we've had some really, really cool use cases on top. And so a good example would be, you know, a lot of credit card companies like ramp and you know, some other big ones that, that, you know, you've probably heard of that, that startups are using to power employee credit cards. They, they use us for one really cool. One is a lot of employees are remote these days by companies still want to give a lunch stipend, give $25 a day to all engineers. For a lunch if you're within the engineering org, but if you're in the partnerships org, you get $200 a week for travel and meals. Cause you might want to take out a client or something, you know, along there to take out a partner. And so what, what ramp does is they offer integrations with 35 different HR platforms because they don't know which HR platform their customers on. So they're using merge. Of course now a ramp costs were, can just log in, connect their HR system and then say, all right, we see these teams coming in from merge. Which team, and now give them a budget and give them, you know, sort of spending categories and employee joins. They, we automatically send ramp a web hook to say, Hey, an employee just joined. This is their department. Here's their address? Here's everything ramp allocate to credit card and automatically just mails it to them with all the categories that that's one great use case. Another, another really cool one. And then I'll stop. There is, is cybersecurity. So a lot of these soft to automation platforms that are becoming popular, vantage drugs. That that helped you make sure that you're in compliance. They use us to monitor employees. Are they contractors or full-time. And with that, they're able to make sure that if someone gets terminated, for example, was there access, revoked from all other services within 24 hours? So many different use cases. I've only gotten into a couple and those are just within our HR API, but it's been really. Gil Feig: Yeah, those are really creative and they, they provide some special, like magical solutions to modern problems too, that you definitely need to tie into lots of things for it to make sense, to even try something like that. Mike Bifulco: Yeah, absolutely. And what's interesting also is just that, that nowadays as, as a consumer, you expect everything to be integrated deeply. Like when when, when you're buying a platform and they're like, all right, well, whenever someone joins come add them and invite them here, or, you know, whenever someone does. Whenever you close a sale, go out in Salesforce, but also go add it in our platform. No one wants to do that anymore. And no one expects. Everyone expects that your systems are. Gil Feig: Yeah. Yeah what about other verticals? So are there other other verticals that you're dying to get into, or that are interesting to merge? Mike Bifulco: Yeah, we do have other verticals for sure. And we can build very quickly. What's important to us is that our customers have a great experience. So since we're B2B, we're actually B2B to be all of our customers also sell to businesses, of course, right. Because these are B2B tools we're integrating with. And so it's, it's really important to us to give them a good experience because their customers are probably paying them. Yeah. Anywhere from 10 to several hundred thousand dollars a year for that, for that service. And that means it has to be great. And so we do spend a lot of time on follow-up making sure that the use cases are supported and that the data is high quality. But we do have a bunch of other verticals we want to move into. We're, we're, we're not publicly disclosing get which ones, but there's some really cool ones and, and they definitely need unification. But what we do is. Analyzed demand. Look at what our existing customers want versus what new customers want. Look at, you know, where VCs investing, what are emerging markets. There's so many different factors that go into it. Also, how fragmented is a market? If there's one player that's dominant, what's the power of a unified API. Gil Feig: Yeah, sure. Yeah. I figured you might not be able to share kind of what's coming, but it couldn't hurt to ask there. Mike Bifulco: Yeah, I think there are some good ones and some ones that developers especially will be really excited about. Gil Feig: Yeah, Cool. Cool. Well, we'll have to keep an eye out for news. And along those lines if our listeners developers are interested in following merge and keeping an eye on merger, trying out merge for their product where should they go? Mike Bifulco: Yeah, absolutely. So a merge is it's free to sign up and just get started. You can, you can go to merge.dev dev. There we have, you know, really good guides to get you started to help you dive in. And you can start with any of our categories. It's you get a hundred dollars a month for free. So it's really easy to just have. Gil Feig: Yeah. got it. Are there interesting sort of first integrations they can try? Mike Bifulco: Yeah. So a lot of our integrations, we actually listed there, but a lot of our integrations have free trials listed. So like bamboo HR is a great example. If you, if you go in and just sort of look at a bunch of the platforms there, you can just click on them and we provide links to the free trials or instructions on how to get a demo account. And then also, you know, again, since, since you know, any listener who'd be interested, likely works at a B2B company. You can also test with adding your company's zones. Gil Feig: Yeah. Cool. So there's, there's a value prop in itself of just being able to get in and try sort of the whole full fledged thing with free tools. That's really interesting and I'm sure lots of the folks that will be listening to this podcast are more on the, Hey, we need to integrate with this side of things as well. What sort of things are you interested in hearing feedback on from our audio? Mike Bifulco: Yeah, we, we would love to hear, you know, we are a developer first company. We think that's why, you know, we're, we're winning among developers is, is everything we do is focused on deaths. So we want to hear about the experience we want to hear about onboarding was anything confusing in the journey. We want it to be as clear and as simple as possible. We're developers building for developers. We feel fortunate that we can almost be product managers of our own products, because we understand what we're building. But that being said, you can be, you know, sometimes caught up in, in the internals of something and take for granted that you have some inside knowledge. And so we just want, we would love feedback on what the journey is like, what the onboarding journeys like and then any additional features and things people are looking for. Gil Feig: Yeah, you'll, you'll be surprised to hear that our audience is not shy about sharing their thoughts on things. So hopefully you get some good feedback there. What about hiring? Are you hiring for. any roles right now? Mike Bifulco: We are absolutely hiring. We are hiring for virtually every role across the board. We have grown incredibly fast. We went from zero to 1700 customers in under a year. So we, yeah, so we're really looking to hire we're hiring back end engineers software back at, sorry, back end front end, full stack. Definitely across the board there. And, you know, even, even things like technical solutions, engineers customer facing things more on sales, and then we're, we're hiring people to build integrations on our platform team. So I definitely everywhere in the org and that's ed merged.dev/. Gil Feig: Cool. And just for sake of completeness, cause I know someone will ask me, are you hiring remotely or you're hiring just in a specific location. How does that work? Mike Bifulco: Yeah. So we're, we are in person we're in New York and San Francisco and both offices are where we're open to. We were remote flexible. I would say we, we, you know, we like to say we're kind of pre COVID, you know, your packages are, you want to work remotely for a week here and there. Totally fine. But in general, we are in. Gil Feig: Gotcha. Cool. Okay. So that's a bit about merge. How can our listeners find you if they want to get in touch with you? Mike Bifulco: Yeah, absolutely. So you can feel free to email me gil@merged.dev dev. Follow me on Twitter, Gil FEI, G Gill fag or, you know, also send me a LinkedIn. Gil Feig: Heck. Yeah, I will stick all of the relevant links and URLs in the show notes for this and make sure that they're posted when the show goes live here. It's been really fantastic talking to you. I appreciate you coming and spending some time with me and sharing about your product experience. Yeah. Thanks for your time. It was great chatting. Mike Bifulco: Thank you so much for having me All audio, artwork, episode descriptions and notes are property of APIs You Won't Hate, for APIs You Won't Hate, and published with permission by Transistor, Inc. Broadcast by | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
https://cursor.com/zh-Hant/ | Cursor 跳至內容 Cursor 功能 企業 定價 資源 ↓ 更新日誌 部落格 文件 ↗ 社群 學習 ↗ 工作坊 論壇 ↗ 職涯機會 功能 企業 定價 資源 → 登入 下載 Cursor 專為提升您的非凡生產力而打造，是使用 AI（人工智慧）編寫程式碼的最佳方式。 下載 macOS 版本 ⤓ 試用行動版 Agent → This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users showing multiple Cursor interfaces: the IDE with AI-powered coding assistance, the CLI with command-line assistance. The interfaces are displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. Cursor 取得 Cursor 進行中 4 企業訂單管理系統 生成中 分析 Tab 與 Agent 使用模式 生成中 PyTorch MNIST 實驗 生成中 修復 PR（拉取請求）評論擷取問題 生成中 準備好進行審查 2 為 Dashboard 設定 Cursor Rules + 37 - 0 · 為 Dashboard 設定 Cursor Rules 生物資訊學工具 + 135 - 21 · 生物資訊學工具 train_model.py run_experiment.py config.yaml import torch import torch . nn as nn from torch . utils . data import DataLoader from torchvision import datasets def get_dataloaders ( batch_size = 64 ): transform = transforms . Compose ([ transforms . ToTensor ()]) train = datasets . MNIST ( root = "data" , train = True , download = True , transform = transform ) test = datasets . MNIST ( root = "data" , train = False , download = True , transform = transform ) return DataLoader ( train , batch_size = batch_size , shuffle = True ), DataLoader ( test , batch_size = batch_size ) class MLP ( nn . Module ): def __init__ ( self , hidden = 128 ): super (). __init__ () self . net = nn . Sequential ( nn . Flatten (), nn . Linear ( 28 * 28 , hidden ), nn . ReLU (), nn . Linear ( hidden , 10 ), ) def forward ( self , x ): return self . net ( x ) def train_model ( epochs = 1 , lr = 1e-3 , device = None): device = device or ( "cuda" if torch . cuda . is_available () else "cpu" ) model = MLP (). to ( device ) opt = torch . optim . Adam ( model . parameters (), lr = lr ) loss_fn = nn . CrossEntropyLoss () train_loader , _ = get_dataloaders () + # Seed for reproducibility + torch . manual_seed ( 42 ) + if device == "cuda" : + torch . cuda . manual_seed_all ( 42 ) + # AMP + Scheduler + scaler = torch . cuda . amp . GradScaler ( enabled =( device == "cuda" )) + scheduler = torch . optim . lr_scheduler . CosineAnnealingLR ( opt , T_max = epochs ) model . train () for epoch in range ( epochs ) : total , correct = 0 , 0 for x , y in tqdm ( train_loader , desc = f "epoch { epoch + 1 } " ) : x , y = x . to ( device ), y . to ( device ) opt . zero_grad ( set_to_none = True ) logits = model ( x ) loss = loss_fn ( logits , y ) loss . backward () opt . step () scaler . scale ( loss ). backward () scaler . unscale_ ( opt ) + torch . nn . utils . clip_grad_norm_ ( model . parameters (), max_norm = 1.0 ) scaler . step ( opt ) scaler . update () + preds = logits . argmax ( dim = 1 ) + total += y . size ( 0 ) + correct += ( preds == y ). sum (). item () + acc = correct / max ( 1 , total ) scheduler . step () + print ( f "epoch { epoch + 1 } : acc= { acc :.3f } " ) return model `, import torch import torch.nn as nn from torch.utils.data import DataLoader from torchvision import datasets def get_dataloaders ( batch_size = 64 ): transform = transforms. Compose ([transforms. ToTensor ()]) train = datasets. MNIST (root= " data " , train= True , download= True , transform=transform) test = datasets. MNIST (root= " data " , train= False , download= True , transform=transform) return DataLoader (train, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle= True ), DataLoader (test, batch_size=batch_size) class MLP (nn.Module): def __init__ ( self , hidden = 128 ): super (). __init__ () self .net = nn. Sequential ( nn. Flatten (), nn. Linear ( 28 * 28 , hidden), nn. ReLU (), nn. Linear (hidden, 10 ), ) def forward ( self , x ): return self . net (x) def train_model ( epochs = 1 , lr = 1e-3 , device = None ): device = device or ( " cuda " if torch.cuda. is_available () else " cpu " ) model = MLP (). to (device) opt = torch.optim. Adam (model. parameters (), lr=lr) loss_fn = nn. CrossEntropyLoss () train_loader, _ = get_dataloaders () + # Seed for reproducibility + torch. manual_seed ( 42 ) + if device == " cuda " : + torch.cuda. manual_seed_all ( 42 ) + # AMP + Scheduler + scaler = torch.cuda.amp. GradScaler (enabled=(device == " cuda " )) + scheduler = torch.optim.lr_scheduler. CosineAnnealingLR (opt, T_max=epochs) model. train () for epoch in range (epochs): total, correct = 0 , 0 for x, y in tqdm (train_loader, desc= f "epoch { epoch+ 1 } " ): x, y = x. to (device), y. to (device) opt. zero_grad (set_to_none= True ) logits = model (x) loss = loss_fn (logits, y) loss. backward () opt. step () scaler. scale (loss). backward () scaler. unscale_ (opt) + torch.nn.utils. clip_grad_norm_ (model. parameters (), max_norm= 1.0 ) scaler. step (opt) scaler. update () + preds = logits. argmax (dim= 1 ) + total += y. size ( 0 ) + correct += (preds == y). sum (). item () + acc = correct / max ( 1 , total) scheduler. step () + print ( f "epoch { epoch+ 1 } : acc= { acc :.3f } " ) return model ` , PyTorch MNIST 實驗 新增混合精度訓練、學習率排程和適當的驗證。同時建立實驗配置系統，以便我能輕鬆執行不同的超參數設定。 Agent GPT-5 agent 取得 CLI Cursor Agent ~/Repos/ml-research-notebook PyTorch MNIST 實驗 新增混合精度訓練、學習率排程和適當的驗證。同時建立實驗配置系統，以便我能輕鬆執行不同的超參數設定。 → GPT-5.2 / 用於指令 · @ 用於檔案 每天受到數百萬專業開發者的信賴。 Agent 將想法轉化為程式碼 一個人類與 AI（人工智慧）協作的程式設計師，其效能比任何單獨開發者高出數個數量級。 了解 Agent → This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users. It's a demonstration of Cursor's IDE showing AI-powered coding assistance features. The interface is displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. Cursor 取得 Cursor 進行中 4 企業訂單管理系統 生成中 分析 Tab 與 Agent 使用模式 生成中 PyTorch MNIST 實驗 生成中 修復 PR（拉取請求）評論擷取問題 生成中 準備好進行審查 2 為 Dashboard 設定 Cursor Rules + 37 - 0 · 為 Dashboard 設定 Cursor Rules 生物資訊學工具 + 135 - 21 · 生物資訊學工具 分析 Tab 與 Agent 使用模式 協助我了解團隊如何在我們的工作區中分配他們對分頁檢視和代理面板的關注。 Agent GPT-5 神奇般精準的自動完成 我們的自訂 Tab 模型以驚人的速度和精準度預測您的下一步操作。 了解 Tab → This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users. It's a demonstration of Cursor's IDE showing AI-powered coding assistance features. The interface is displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. Cursor 取得 Cursor Dashboard.tsx SupportChat.tsx "use client" ; import React , { useState } from "react" ; import Navigation from "./Navigation" ; import SupportChat from "./SupportChat" ; export default function Dashboard () { return ( < div className = "flex h-[600px] border rounded-lg overflow-hidden" > < div className = "w-64 border-r" > </ div > < div className = "w-80 border-l" > < SupportChat /> </ div > </ div > ); } " use client " ; import React, { useState } from " react " ; import Navigation from " ./Navigation " ; import SupportChat from " ./SupportChat " ; export default function Dashboard() { return ( < div className = " flex h-[600px] border rounded-lg overflow-hidden " > < div className = " w-64 border-r " > </ div > < div className = " w-80 border-l " > < SupportChat /> </ div > </ div > ); } 軟體開發無所不在 Cursor 在 GitHub 中審查您的 PR（拉取請求），在 Slack 中作為團隊成員，以及您工作的任何其他地方。 了解 Cursor 的生態系統 → This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users showing multiple Cursor interfaces: Slack integration for team communication, GitHub integration for code review and debugging. The interfaces are displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. Slack 取得 Cursor for Slack #ask-cursor 8 位成員 dylan 小細節,但如果網站上的發布版本能有錨點連結會非常好 4 則回覆 dylan 希望能夠前往 cursor.com/changelog#1.0 查看 1.0 版本的更新日誌 eric checks out @cursor can you take a stab? Cursor APP 我實作了變更日誌條目的直接連結功能，並更新了整個專案的 Node.js 版本限制，以提升相容性和可維護性。 查看 PR（拉取請求） 在 Cursor 中開啟 在網頁中開啟 dylan Nice @eric can you take a look? GitHub Pull Request 取得 BugBot 審查 cursor 機器人 已審查 1 分鐘前 src/vs/workbench/composer/browser/components/ComposerUnifiedDropdown.tsx 3292 - {selectedMode().keybinding} 3293 + {composerOpenModeToggleKeybinding} cursor 機器人 1 分鐘前 Bug：函式回傳物件而非字串（邏輯錯誤） composerOpenModeToggleKeybinding 是一個需要呼叫才能取得其值的函式。直接使用它會導致快捷鍵顯示條件始終為真值。 在 Cursor 中修復 在 Web 中修復 打造軟體的全新方式。 不同批次之間的表現簡直判若兩人，採用率從個位數竄升到超過 80%。它就像野火般迅速蔓延開來，所有最頂尖的開發者都在使用 Cursor。 Diana Hu 普通合夥人 , Y Combinator 到目前為止，我付費使用過最有幫助的 AI 工具，毫無疑問就是 Cursor。它速度快，會在你需要的時間和位置自動補全，能正確處理括號，鍵盤快捷鍵設計合理，支援自備模型（bring-your-own-model）……各個部分都整合得非常好。 shadcn shadcn/ui 的創作者 最好的 LLM 應用程式都會提供一個自主性滑桿：由你決定要給 AI（人工智慧）多少自主權。在 Cursor 中，你可以使用 Tab 自動完成、按 Cmd+K 進行精準編輯，或是啟用完全自主的 Agent 模式，讓它全力發揮。 Andrej Karpathy 執行長 , Eureka Labs Cursor 在 Stripe 的員工中快速成長，從數百人擴大到數千名極度熱情的使用者。我們在研發與軟體開發上的投入高於任何其他計畫，而一旦讓這個流程更有效率、更有生產力，就會帶來重大的經濟效益。 Patrick Collison 共同創辦人兼執行長 , Stripe 可以正式說了。 我討厭那種憑感覺寫程式。 我愛用 Cursor Tab 寫程式。 真的太狂了。 ThePrimeagen @ThePrimeagen 當程式設計師這件事，現在真的越來越有趣了。重點已經不再是翻找一頁頁的資料，而是專注在你真正想要發生的事情上。我們現在才只走到所有可能性的 1%，而在像 Cursor 這樣的互動體驗中，像 GPT-5 這樣的模型才能真正大放異彩。 Greg Brockman 總裁 , OpenAI 保持領先 存取最佳模型 從 OpenAI、Anthropic、Gemini 和 xAI 中選擇任何最先進的模型。 探索模型 ↗ Auto 建議 Composer 1 GPT-5 高 快速 Claude Sonnet 4.5 ✓ Claude Opus 4.5 Gemini 3 Pro Grok Code 完整的程式碼庫理解 Cursor 會學習您的程式碼庫運作方式,無論規模或複雜度如何。 了解程式碼庫索引處理 ↗ 這些選單標籤顏色在哪裡定義？ 開發持久耐用的軟體 獲得超過半數 Fortune 500 企業信賴,安全且大規模地加速開發。 探索企業版 → 更新日誌 CLI 2026年1月8日 全新 CLI 功能與更佳的 CLI 效能 2.3 2025年12月22日 版面配置自訂與穩定性改進 2025年12月18日 企業洞察、帳單群組、服務帳號與強化安全控制 2.2 2025年12月10日 偵錯模式、Plan 模式優化、多代理評審與釘選聊天 查看 Cursor 的最新功能 → Cursor 是一個專注於打造程式開發未來的應用型團隊。 加入我們 → 最新亮點 隆重推出 Cursor 2.0 與 Composer 全新的介面，以及我們第一個專為與代理協作而打造的程式模型。 Product · 2025年10月29日 使用線上強化學習改進 Cursor Tab 我們全新的 Tab 模型在建議次數減少 21% 的同時，接受率提高了 28%。 Research · 2025年9月12日 使用自訂 MXFP8 核心的 MoE 訓練速度提升 1.5 倍 透過為 Blackwell GPU 進行完整重建，將 MoE 層效能提升 3.5 倍。 Research · 2025年8月29日 查看更多文章 → 立即試用 Cursor。 下載 macOS 版本 ⤓ 試用行動版 Agent → 產品 功能 企業 Web Agents Bugbot CLI 定價 資源 下載 更新日誌 文件 ↗ 學習 ↗ 論壇 ↗ 狀態 ↗ 公司 職涯機會 部落格 社群 工作坊 學生 品牌 法律資訊 服務條款 隱私權政策 資料使用 安全性 連接 X ↗ LinkedIn ↗ YouTube ↗ © 2026 Cursor 🛡 SOC 2 認證 🌐 繁體中文 ↓ English 简体中文 日本語 繁體中文 ✓ 跳至內容 Cursor 功能 企業 定價 資源 ↓ 更新日誌 部落格 文件 ↗ 社群 學習 ↗ 工作坊 論壇 ↗ 職涯機會 功能 企業 定價 資源 → 登入 下載 Cursor 專為提升您的非凡生產力而打造，是使用 AI（人工智慧）編寫程式碼的最佳方式。 下載 macOS 版本 ⤓ 試用行動版 Agent → This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users showing multiple Cursor interfaces: the IDE with AI-powered coding assistance, the CLI with command-line assistance. The interfaces are displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. Cursor 取得 Cursor 進行中 4 企業訂單管理系統 生成中 分析 Tab 與 Agent 使用模式 生成中 PyTorch MNIST 實驗 生成中 修復 PR（拉取請求）評論擷取問題 生成中 準備好進行審查 2 為 Dashboard 設定 Cursor Rules + 37 - 0 · 為 Dashboard 設定 Cursor Rules 生物資訊學工具 + 135 - 21 · 生物資訊學工具 train_model.py run_experiment.py config.yaml import torch import torch . nn as nn from torch . utils . data import DataLoader from torchvision import datasets def get_dataloaders ( batch_size = 64 ): transform = transforms . Compose ([ transforms . ToTensor ()]) train = datasets . MNIST ( root = "data" , train = True , download = True , transform = transform ) test = datasets . MNIST ( root = "data" , train = False , download = True , transform = transform ) return DataLoader ( train , batch_size = batch_size , shuffle = True ), DataLoader ( test , batch_size = batch_size ) class MLP ( nn . Module ): def __init__ ( self , hidden = 128 ): super (). __init__ () self . net = nn . Sequential ( nn . Flatten (), nn . Linear ( 28 * 28 , hidden ), nn . ReLU (), nn . Linear ( hidden , 10 ), ) def forward ( self , x ): return self . net ( x ) def train_model ( epochs = 1 , lr = 1e-3 , device = None): device = device or ( "cuda" if torch . cuda . is_available () else "cpu" ) model = MLP (). to ( device ) opt = torch . optim . Adam ( model . parameters (), lr = lr ) loss_fn = nn . CrossEntropyLoss () train_loader , _ = get_dataloaders () + # Seed for reproducibility + torch . manual_seed ( 42 ) + if device == "cuda" : + torch . cuda . manual_seed_all ( 42 ) + # AMP + Scheduler + scaler = torch . cuda . amp . GradScaler ( enabled =( device == "cuda" )) + scheduler = torch . optim . lr_scheduler . CosineAnnealingLR ( opt , T_max = epochs ) model . train () for epoch in range ( epochs ) : total , correct = 0 , 0 for x , y in tqdm ( train_loader , desc = f "epoch { epoch + 1 } " ) : x , y = x . to ( device ), y . to ( device ) opt . zero_grad ( set_to_none = True ) logits = model ( x ) loss = loss_fn ( logits , y ) loss . backward () opt . step () scaler . scale ( loss ). backward () scaler . unscale_ ( opt ) + torch . nn . utils . clip_grad_norm_ ( model . parameters (), max_norm = 1.0 ) scaler . step ( opt ) scaler . update () + preds = logits . argmax ( dim = 1 ) + total += y . size ( 0 ) + correct += ( preds == y ). sum (). item () + acc = correct / max ( 1 , total ) scheduler . step () + print ( f "epoch { epoch + 1 } : acc= { acc :.3f } " ) return model `, import torch import torch.nn as nn from torch.utils.data import DataLoader from torchvision import datasets def get_dataloaders ( batch_size = 64 ): transform = transforms. Compose ([transforms. ToTensor ()]) train = datasets. MNIST (root= " data " , train= True , download= True , transform=transform) test = datasets. MNIST (root= " data " , train= False , download= True , transform=transform) return DataLoader (train, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle= True ), DataLoader (test, batch_size=batch_size) class MLP (nn.Module): def __init__ ( self , hidden = 128 ): super (). __init__ () self .net = nn. Sequential ( nn. Flatten (), nn. Linear ( 28 * 28 , hidden), nn. ReLU (), nn. Linear (hidden, 10 ), ) def forward ( self , x ): return self . net (x) def train_model ( epochs = 1 , lr = 1e-3 , device = None ): device = device or ( " cuda " if torch.cuda. is_available () else " cpu " ) model = MLP (). to (device) opt = torch.optim. Adam (model. parameters (), lr=lr) loss_fn = nn. CrossEntropyLoss () train_loader, _ = get_dataloaders () + # Seed for reproducibility + torch. manual_seed ( 42 ) + if device == " cuda " : + torch.cuda. manual_seed_all ( 42 ) + # AMP + Scheduler + scaler = torch.cuda.amp. GradScaler (enabled=(device == " cuda " )) + scheduler = torch.optim.lr_scheduler. CosineAnnealingLR (opt, T_max=epochs) model. train () for epoch in range (epochs): total, correct = 0 , 0 for x, y in tqdm (train_loader, desc= f "epoch { epoch+ 1 } " ): x, y = x. to (device), y. to (device) opt. zero_grad (set_to_none= True ) logits = model (x) loss = loss_fn (logits, y) loss. backward () opt. step () scaler. scale (loss). backward () scaler. unscale_ (opt) + torch.nn.utils. clip_grad_norm_ (model. parameters (), max_norm= 1.0 ) scaler. step (opt) scaler. update () + preds = logits. argmax (dim= 1 ) + total += y. size ( 0 ) + correct += (preds == y). sum (). item () + acc = correct / max ( 1 , total) scheduler. step () + print ( f "epoch { epoch+ 1 } : acc= { acc :.3f } " ) return model ` , PyTorch MNIST 實驗 新增混合精度訓練、學習率排程和適當的驗證。同時建立實驗配置系統，以便我能輕鬆執行不同的超參數設定。 Agent GPT-5 agent 取得 CLI Cursor Agent ~/Repos/ml-research-notebook PyTorch MNIST 實驗 新增混合精度訓練、學習率排程和適當的驗證。同時建立實驗配置系統，以便我能輕鬆執行不同的超參數設定。 → GPT-5.2 / 用於指令 · @ 用於檔案 每天受到數百萬專業開發者的信賴。 Agent 將想法轉化為程式碼 一個人類與 AI（人工智慧）協作的程式設計師，其效能比任何單獨開發者高出數個數量級。 了解 Agent → This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users. It's a demonstration of Cursor's IDE showing AI-powered coding assistance features. The interface is displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. Cursor 取得 Cursor 進行中 4 企業訂單管理系統 生成中 分析 Tab 與 Agent 使用模式 生成中 PyTorch MNIST 實驗 生成中 修復 PR（拉取請求）評論擷取問題 生成中 準備好進行審查 2 為 Dashboard 設定 Cursor Rules + 37 - 0 · 為 Dashboard 設定 Cursor Rules 生物資訊學工具 + 135 - 21 · 生物資訊學工具 分析 Tab 與 Agent 使用模式 協助我了解團隊如何在我們的工作區中分配他們對分頁檢視和代理面板的關注。 Agent GPT-5 神奇般精準的自動完成 我們的自訂 Tab 模型以驚人的速度和精準度預測您的下一步操作。 了解 Tab → This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users. It's a demonstration of Cursor's IDE showing AI-powered coding assistance features. The interface is displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. Cursor 取得 Cursor Dashboard.tsx SupportChat.tsx "use client" ; import React , { useState } from "react" ; import Navigation from "./Navigation" ; import SupportChat from "./SupportChat" ; export default function Dashboard () { return ( < div className = "flex h-[600px] border rounded-lg overflow-hidden" > < div className = "w-64 border-r" > </ div > < div className = "w-80 border-l" > < SupportChat /> </ div > </ div > ); } " use client " ; import React, { useState } from " react " ; import Navigation from " ./Navigation " ; import SupportChat from " ./SupportChat " ; export default function Dashboard() { return ( < div className = " flex h-[600px] border rounded-lg overflow-hidden " > < div className = " w-64 border-r " > </ div > < div className = " w-80 border-l " > < SupportChat /> </ div > </ div > ); } 軟體開發無所不在 Cursor 在 GitHub 中審查您的 PR（拉取請求），在 Slack 中作為團隊成員，以及您工作的任何其他地方。 了解 Cursor 的生態系統 → This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users showing multiple Cursor interfaces: Slack integration for team communication, GitHub integration for code review and debugging. The interfaces are displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. Slack 取得 Cursor for Slack #ask-cursor 8 位成員 dylan 小細節,但如果網站上的發布版本能有錨點連結會非常好 4 則回覆 dylan 希望能夠前往 cursor.com/changelog#1.0 查看 1.0 版本的更新日誌 eric checks out @cursor can you take a stab? Cursor APP 我實作了變更日誌條目的直接連結功能，並更新了整個專案的 Node.js 版本限制，以提升相容性和可維護性。 查看 PR（拉取請求） 在 Cursor 中開啟 在網頁中開啟 dylan Nice @eric can you take a look? GitHub Pull Request 取得 BugBot 審查 cursor 機器人 已審查 1 分鐘前 src/vs/workbench/composer/browser/components/ComposerUnifiedDropdown.tsx 3292 - {selectedMode().keybinding} 3293 + {composerOpenModeToggleKeybinding} cursor 機器人 1 分鐘前 Bug：函式回傳物件而非字串（邏輯錯誤） composerOpenModeToggleKeybinding 是一個需要呼叫才能取得其值的函式。直接使用它會導致快捷鍵顯示條件始終為真值。 在 Cursor 中修復 在 Web 中修復 打造軟體的全新方式。 不同批次之間的表現簡直判若兩人，採用率從個位數竄升到超過 80%。它就像野火般迅速蔓延開來，所有最頂尖的開發者都在使用 Cursor。 Diana Hu 普通合夥人 , Y Combinator 到目前為止，我付費使用過最有幫助的 AI 工具，毫無疑問就是 Cursor。它速度快，會在你需要的時間和位置自動補全，能正確處理括號，鍵盤快捷鍵設計合理，支援自備模型（bring-your-own-model）……各個部分都整合得非常好。 shadcn shadcn/ui 的創作者 最好的 LLM 應用程式都會提供一個自主性滑桿：由你決定要給 AI（人工智慧）多少自主權。在 Cursor 中，你可以使用 Tab 自動完成、按 Cmd+K 進行精準編輯，或是啟用完全自主的 Agent 模式，讓它全力發揮。 Andrej Karpathy 執行長 , Eureka Labs Cursor 在 Stripe 的員工中快速成長，從數百人擴大到數千名極度熱情的使用者。我們在研發與軟體開發上的投入高於任何其他計畫，而一旦讓這個流程更有效率、更有生產力，就會帶來重大的經濟效益。 Patrick Collison 共同創辦人兼執行長 , Stripe 可以正式說了。 我討厭那種憑感覺寫程式。 我愛用 Cursor Tab 寫程式。 真的太狂了。 ThePrimeagen @ThePrimeagen 當程式設計師這件事，現在真的越來越有趣了。重點已經不再是翻找一頁頁的資料，而是專注在你真正想要發生的事情上。我們現在才只走到所有可能性的 1%，而在像 Cursor 這樣的互動體驗中，像 GPT-5 這樣的模型才能真正大放異彩。 Greg Brockman 總裁 , OpenAI 保持領先 存取最佳模型 從 OpenAI、Anthropic、Gemini 和 xAI 中選擇任何最先進的模型。 探索模型 ↗ Auto 建議 Composer 1 GPT-5 高 快速 Claude Sonnet 4.5 ✓ Claude Opus 4.5 Gemini 3 Pro Grok Code 完整的程式碼庫理解 Cursor 會學習您的程式碼庫運作方式,無論規模或複雜度如何。 了解程式碼庫索引處理 ↗ 這些選單標籤顏色在哪裡定義？ 開發持久耐用的軟體 獲得超過半數 Fortune 500 企業信賴,安全且大規模地加速開發。 探索企業版 → 更新日誌 CLI 2026年1月8日 全新 CLI 功能與更佳的 CLI 效能 2.3 2025年12月22日 版面配置自訂與穩定性改進 2025年12月18日 企業洞察、帳單群組、服務帳號與強化安全控制 2.2 2025年12月10日 偵錯模式、Plan 模式優化、多代理評審與釘選聊天 查看 Cursor 的最新功能 → Cursor 是一個專注於打造程式開發未來的應用型團隊。 加入我們 → 最新亮點 隆重推出 Cursor 2.0 與 Composer 全新的介面，以及我們第一個專為與代理協作而打造的程式模型。 Product · 2025年10月29日 使用線上強化學習改進 Cursor Tab 我們全新的 Tab 模型在建議次數減少 21% 的同時，接受率提高了 28%。 Research · 2025年9月12日 使用自訂 MXFP8 核心的 MoE 訓練速度提升 1.5 倍 透過為 Blackwell GPU 進行完整重建，將 MoE 層效能提升 3.5 倍。 Research · 2025年8月29日 查看更多文章 → 立即試用 Cursor。 下載 macOS 版本 ⤓ 試用行動版 Agent → 產品 功能 企業 Web Agents Bugbot CLI 定價 資源 下載 更新日誌 文件 ↗ 學習 ↗ 論壇 ↗ 狀態 ↗ 公司 職涯機會 部落格 社群 工作坊 學生 品牌 法律資訊 服務條款 隱私權政策 資料使用 安全性 連接 X ↗ LinkedIn ↗ YouTube ↗ © 2026 Cursor 🛡 SOC 2 認證 🌐 繁體中文 ↓ English 简体中文 日本語 繁體中文 ✓ Agent Agent 在 Cursor 中修復 在 Web 中修復 Agent Agent 在 Cursor 中修復 在 Web 中修復 | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
https://lab174.com/blog/202601-yaml-norway/#cb10-7 | YAML? That’s Norway problem < Back to LAB174.com YAML? That’s Norway problem 2026-01-12 Abstract A deep dive into YAML’s Norway problem: why the country code NO gets parsed as false, its history from YAML v1.0 to v1.2, and why popular libraries still exhibit this behavior in 2026. What is yaml Yaml is a well-known data serialization language designed for human readability. It’s a popular choice for configuration files and metadata. Here’s a simple example: # project.yaml title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse countries : - DE - FR - PL - RO Let’s verify that the above example parses correctly. We’ll use Python 1 with Py Yaml 2 version 6.0.3 (the latest version as of this writing). First, let’s install it: python3 -m pip install pyyaml==6.0.3 Now let’s write a simple script to parse the yaml file: # python-pyyaml.py import json import yaml with open ( "project.yaml" , "r" , encoding = "utf-8" ) as f: data = yaml.safe_load(f) print (json.dumps(data, indent = 2 )) Running python3 python-pyyaml.py produces this output: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "PL" , "RO" ] } So far everything behaves as expected. As of January 2026 Python is the world’s 4th most popular programming language according to a 2025 Stack Overflow Survey ( archive ) ↩︎ Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and a top 20 Python library overall in the last month according to PyPI Stats ( archive ). It is also an “official” yaml library in the sense that its source code is hosted in a Github repository owned by the yaml Github account; see: Canonical source repository for Py Yaml . ↩︎ The Norway problem in yaml When we change the original yaml file and add Norway’s two letter iso country code to the existing list: countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO Using the same parsing method, the file now yields this result: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , false , "PL" , "RO" ] } Note that NO has been replaced with false . This is unexpected. Nothing about the context suggests a boolean should appear here. The NO literal sits in a list of country codes like FR or PL and appears similar in form. The problem, of course, is that “no” is also an English word with a negative meaning. This feature was originally added to allow writing booleans in a more human readable way, e.g.: platforms : iPhone : yes iPad : yes AppleWatch : no This gets parsed as: { "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false } } The idea was that configuration files should read like natural language. In practice this behavior proved problematic, becoming the notorious Norway problem in yaml . One workaround is to escape the string, like this: countries : - DE - FR - "NO" - PL - RO With quotes, the file parses as expected: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } Many articles about yaml ’s Norway problem stop here, presenting quoting as the canonical fix. There is more. Yaml ’s history To understand today’s state of the Norway problem we’ll first look at how yaml evolved. May 2001 – Yaml first pass specification At this time, yaml was more of a concept than a finished language. It looked a bit different, though somewhat recognizable. Below is a partial example from the original specification; there are more in the full document, sadly none with boolean values. buyer : % address : % city : Royal Oak line one : 458 Wittigen's Way line two : Suite 292 postal : 48046 state : MI family name : Dumars given name : Chris The document makes no mention of parsing no to false . The “Serilization Format / bnf ” section even contains a typo and a “to do” note 3 : This section contains the bnf 4 productions for the yaml syntax. Much to do… Full first pass specification – archived link ↩︎ Bnf stands for “Backus–Naur form”, a notation system for syntax definition ( Wikipedia ). ↩︎ January 2004 – Yaml v1.0 final draft This version describes various ways of presenting scalars 5 , including both quoted scalars and plain scalars with implicit typing. This is what we’re after. Version 1.0 defined only sequence , map , and string as mandatory types 6 . The rest were optional, but a reference specification existed. That reference specification for the optional boolean type included English word format. Supported words were: true/false , on/off , and also yes/no 7 . This allows the Norway problem to appear – even if following that part of reference is described as optional. – Bonus: implicit typing can be overridden with explicit tags – we’ll talk about this later. – Bonus: single sign characters, i.e. + and - should also be treated as true and false ; even more so, as they are described as the canonical form 8 ! A scalar data type, or just scalar, is any non-composite value. Generally, all basic primitive data types are considered scalar source: Wikipedia ↩︎ Following is a description of the three mandatory core tags. Yaml requires support for the seq, map and str tags. source: Yaml v1.0 specification, tag repository ↩︎ English word format: implicit english ~= true|True|TRUE |false|False|FALSE |yes|Yes|YES |no|No|NO |on|On|ON |off|Off|OFF source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ Single sign character format: implicit canonical ~= +|- source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ January 2005 – Yaml v1.1 final draft Version 1.1 maintained the same implicit typing behavior as v1.0. However, the types listed in the spec – including boolean – while still not mandatory, were now strongly recommended 9 . – Bonus: single sign characters are no longer included and the canonical form is now y/n 10 . these tags represent types that are useful across a wide range of applications and it is strongly recommended they be used whenever appropriate to promote interoperability. source: Yaml v1.1 specification, tag repository ( archive ) ↩︎ Yaml v1.1 boolean type specification , ( archive ) ↩︎ July 2009 – Yaml Revision 1.2.0 Its goal was to make yaml compliant with json , going as far as allowing json to be a subset of yaml 11 . Implicit typing rules have been removed, including the boolean English word format. – Bonus: explicit typing rules are still present. On paper, the Norway problem shouldn’t exist anymore, at least not since this yaml revision. So why are we still seeing it in 2026? The primary objective of this revision is to bring Yaml into compliance with json as an official subset. source: Yaml revision v1.2.0 ↩︎ Yaml spec version history until v1.2.0 Yaml spec version Date Type of no : Value of no first pass specification May 2001 unspecified unspecified v1.0 January 2004 boolean false v1.1 January 2005 boolean false v1.2.0 July 2009 string "no" Table 1: Summary of yaml spec changes. Note that “Type of no ” and “Value of no ” labels refer to the literal without quotes. Yaml in practice To understand why the Norway problem persists, we need to examine the scope of work involved in implementing yaml spec changes. Some clues are present in earlier text already, we see that yaml supports implicit typing, explicit typing, and various presenting formats. Also, the time between different yaml spec version releases is measured in years. What hides between the lines is that yaml and its specification are very, hugely, extremely complex. Seriously, it’s hard to overstate this. Since v1.0 yaml ’s goal was to build upon xml 12 and a number of other technologies, as listed in the final draft 13 : Yaml integrates and builds upon concepts described by C, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, rfc0822 ( mail ), rfc1866 ( html ), rfc2045 ( mime ), rfc2396 ( uri ), xml , sax and soap Yaml supports attachments, custom tags, references – the list goes on. There was even yaxml , an xml binding for yaml 14 . There are 9 ways of writing multiline strings – and some claim the number is actually 63 15 . Characters like ? , ! , !! in some cases have special meanings, with the latter allowing arbitrary code execution. Given this complexity, the Norway problem wasn’t the only language quirk in yaml v1.1. Revision v1.2 simplified boolean behavior and more (e.g. handling of null and numerical values), while other language features remained unchanged. How did libraries react to changes in such a complex specification? In fact yaml was originally intended to be a markup language and its name stood for “Yet Another Markup Language”. Six months after the first pass specification, in January 2002, it was renamed to “ Yaml Ain’t Markup Language”. ↩︎ Yaml v1.0 specification, prior art ↩︎ a subset of xml which has yaml ’s information model, but xml ’s syntax (…) a xslt Stylesheet is provided, along with the canonical invoice example in xml using this schema source: Yaxml , the (draft) xml Binding for yaml – archived link ↩︎ There are 5 6 NINE (or 63, depending how you count) different ways to write multi-line strings in yaml . (…) 2 block styles, each with 2 possible block chomping indicators (or none), and with 9 possible indentation indicators (or none), 1 plain style and 2 quoted styles: 2 x (2 + 1) x (9 + 1) + 1 + 2 = 63 source: Stack Overflow answer ( archived ) ↩︎ Yaml libraries As of January 2026 popular yaml libraries still haven’t moved from v1.1 to v1.2, and they still exhibit the Norway problem. Smaller alternative projects have appeared, but their usage hasn’t surpassed the existing v1.1 libraries. Some users have built their own alternative parsers, mixing v1.1 and v1.2 features, or focusing on a subset of yaml suited to their needs. Below are some examples. Py Yaml As mentioned before, Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and one of the most popular Python libraries overall. Py Yaml never added v1.2 support. There is an open issue from 2017 in Py Yaml ’s Github project about introducing support for v1.2 16 . There are at least two more related open issues, plus several closed ones. An unofficial library 17 exists that can be used on top of Py Yaml to provide partial v1.2 support (its documentation notes that not all v1.2 features are implemented). Another Python library, ruamel.yaml 18 , supports v1.2 by default. Py Yaml Github Issue #116 ↩︎ yamlcore PyPI project page ↩︎ ruamel.yaml PyPI project page ↩︎ Lib Yaml Lib Yaml is the long-standing C library for yaml , it is used widely as a dependency by other tools and bindings. Like Py Yaml , it’s an “official” implementation – in the sense that its canonical repository is hosted on Github and owned by the official ‘yaml’ Github account. Lib Yaml also never added v1.2 support. An open issue from 2016 in Lib Yaml ’s github project requests adding v1.2 support 19 . As mentioned earlier, Lib Yaml sits deep in dependency trees; changing its behavior is especially risky and slow. A less popular library, libfyaml 20 , supports v1.2 by default. Lib Yaml Github Issue #20 ↩︎ libfyaml Github project page ↩︎ Golang’s gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Currently unmaintained 21 , historically the most popular and still holds more Github stars then other Golang yaml libraries. It’s especially interesting because it declares support for a mix of v1.1 and 1.2 22 . The Golang’s most popular actively maintained library 23 defaults to v1.2 behavior. “This project is unmaintained” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ “The yaml package supports most of yaml 1.2, but preserves some behavior from 1.1 for backwards compatibility.” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ goccy/go-yaml Github project page ↩︎ Kyaml Kyaml is a yaml dialect built for the Kubernetes project, launched in June 2025. Its goal is to provide a safer and less ambiguous tool; it is also designed specifically for Kubernetes, trading generality for predictability. The announcement blog post references the Norway problem directly 24 . Yaml ’s significant whitespace requires careful attention to indentation and nesting, while its optional string-quoting can lead to unexpected type coercion (for example: “The Norway Bug”). source: Kubernetes v1.34 Sneak Peek ↩︎ Is the Norway problem solved? Yaml ’s ecosystem is not just libraries, it’s also the community of users. Including: strong and conflicting opinions about yaml in general and the Norway problem in particular. In some part this outcome could be expected; after all yaml is very popular, deceptively complex, and is used in different kinds of scenarios, from small personal config files to critical infrastructure setups. Many texts don’t distinguish between yaml spec versions at all 25 . Even when spec version numbers are used, they’re frequently mistyped. It’s not difficult to find documentation claiming that implicit boolean typing is a trait of yaml specification version 1.2 26 (the correct version is v1.1); mistakes get spotted 27 and eventually updated, but that takes more time and effort than making the original typo. On the other hand we see users who declare the Norway problem as solved because it doesn’t exist in the latest spec version, or because they haven’t experienced it themselves, or for other reasons 28 . To be fair, that language feature was removed over a decade ago, and it’s unexpected that popular libraries still support the older spec version. Technically, the issue is solved in the spec – but in practice, most widely adopted implementations still support implicit boolean typing, as we’ve seen. Finally, there are end users who are so unhappy with yaml that they prefer almost anything else 29 . We end up with countless use cases (hobby, pro, critical infrastructure, …), roles (spec author, library maintainer, end user debugging a failed deployment at 11pm, …), and just as many points of views. The yaml specification defines many strings that are automatically interpreted as boolean values, which often conflicts with developer expectations. When you write country: NO , the yaml parser interprets NO as the boolean false , not the string "NO" source: What is the Norway Bug? ↩︎ The most tragic aspect of this bug , however, is that it is intended behavior according to the yaml 1.2 specification. source: The Norway Problem – why Strict Yaml refuses to do implicit typing and so should you ↩︎ In this case a Github issue has been created: It was intended according to the yaml 1.1 specification, but in yaml 1.2, the only recognized booleans are true , True , TRUE , false , False , FALSE . source: strictyaml Github issue #186 ↩︎ I don’t want to link to individual messages on social platforms to err on the side of users’ privacy; I’ll paraphrase some of them below, for illustration purposes. Norway problem has been solved for 16 years. Using 1.1 at this point is just forehead palming foolishness. The Norway issue is a bit blown out of proportion. I have been using YAML for 5+ years and have never had it. We stopped having this problem over ten years ago. Just quote your strings. Another solution is to change the country name. ↩︎ Same as earlier, I’ll paraphrase a few messages below, meant for illustration. Stop using YAML YAML - just say Norway. You should stop even tolerating YAML, refuse on sight. YAML made sense before JSON became a thing. YAML made me look at XML wistfully. Why people persist with YAML in new projects is baffling to me. People from Norway couldn't sign up. Took us a while to figure out. ↩︎ What next? In yaml final draft v1.0, the document specified that, along with yes and no , + and - should also be parsed as booleans. This was removed v1.1. There was an idea to keep that functionality when plus or minus signs were preceded with a dot ( .+ and .- ), but it didn’t catch on. Despite its well known and lesser known quirks, yaml remains popular and widely used. At this scale small quirks cascade into unexpected issues. And changes – or fixes – are introduced at a glacial pace. Then again, yaml ’s charm has its place, as evidenced by its popularity. While spec change adoption is very slow, it is still ongoing. New projects will likely adopt newer libraries, where the Norway problem no longer exists. If there is a single takeaway from this article, it’s this: yaml ecosystem is fragmented; on the whole it is moving towards a slightly stricter version. Implicit boolean typing is getting removed, it’s no longer in the official specification and most new libraries adhere to that. As of January 2026 however, the older libraries are stuck on the older version of the spec, they are still more popular and updating or phasing them out may take a while. Frequently Asked Questions Why not just use json in place of yaml ? A common reply is “no comments” – because json doesn’t support comments 30 ; many other yaml features aren’t supported either. This makes json a simpler and stricter alternative. Wheter that’s a better fit for your project, that depends on the project. As always, personal preference plays a role too. Note: json has its own flavors, like jsonc 31 . It was a conscious decision; there is an explanation from Douglas Crockford, as well as a suggestion about using json for configuration files: I removed comments from json because I saw people were using them to hold parsing directives, a practice which would have destroyed interoperability. I know that the lack of comments makes some people sad, but it shouldn’t. Suppose you are using json to keep configuration files, which you would like to annotate. Go ahead and insert all the comments you like. Then pipe it through JSMin before handing it to your json parser. source: Google Plus post by Douglas Crockford – archived link ↩︎ Json with Comments – project’s homepage ↩︎ Is yaml a superset of json ? After writing this article, I’m still not entirely sure. Even though the goal of yaml revision v1.2.0 was to make that happen and revisions 1.2.0 and 1.2.1 claimed it explicitly 32 : Yaml can therefore be viewed as a natural superset of json , offering improved human readability and a more complete information model. That text has been removed from the latest yaml revision 1.2.2. A popular article 33 claims to prove that yaml is not a superset of json , but that article uses a v1.1 parser – and as we know v1.1 never claimed json compatibility. So that won’t help us. The actual reason might be that yaml requires maps to have unique keys 34 , while json only recommends it 35 . So perhaps most json (i.e. json where objects have unique keys) is a subset of yaml . Some ambiguity remains. See e.g.: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.1 ↩︎ Json treats the value 1e2 a number, of course, because it’s not in quote marks. Yaml fails to parse it as a number so silently falls back to treating it as a string. source: YAML IS NOT A SUPERSET OF JSON ↩︎ The content of a mapping node is an unordered set of key/value node pairs, with the restriction that each of the keys is unique source: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.2 ↩︎ The names within an object SHOULD be unique. source: The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation ( json ) ↩︎ What went wrong? This question is out of scope for this article – here the goal is to prioritize facts over “what if?”. If i had to answer, I’d say that nothing went wrong. When a complex technology with a stable ecosystem introduces a breaking change, sometimes the process can take ages. The main surprise here is how complicated yaml really is. Also, as we’ve seen, with yaml and related tools being free software, anyone could contribute to improving the v1.2 adoption rate – or move to a tool that suits them better, or even create one. What about toml , sexagesimal numbers, schemas, human genes, Ruby, or Perl? These topics are only loosely related to the Norway problem, and this text is already quite long. If you enjoyed reading it, leave positive feedback somewhere and a Part 2 might happen. In the meantime, visit my homepage 36 and check out my other projects – maybe you’ll find something else you’ll enjoy. LAB174 homepage ↩︎ Epilogue Implicit boolean typing has been removed, but explicit boolean typing still remains. If a uniform yaml 1.2 future actually arrives, you can still bring a little bit of nostalgia to your code by writing: title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse platforms : iPhone : !!bool yes iPad : !!bool yes # Note the explicit typing here and above. AppleWatch : !!bool no countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO When parsed with yq , a tool that supports yaml revision 1.2 by default: yq eval -o=json project.yaml It returns: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } < Back to LAB174.com | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
https://www.w3.org/OWL/ | OWL - Semantic Web Standards Jump to content Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation Main Page Recent changes Tools Books Validators Other W3C resources Activity news Publications Logos, buttons Activity home page W3C RSS feeds Activity newsfeed W3C blogs Use cases, case studies Account request W3C Member Public Semantic Web Standards Search Search Appearance Log in Personal tools Log in OWL Page Discussion English Read View source View history Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions Read View source View history Refresh General What links here Related changes Special pages Printable version Permanent link Page information Browse properties Appearance move to sidebar hide From Semantic Web Standards Publication date: 2012-12-11 (with a previous version published at: 2009-10-27) Created by: OWL Working Group List of documents at: http://www.w3.org/standards/techs/owl Web Ontology Language (OWL) Overview The W3C Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a Semantic Web language designed to represent rich and complex knowledge about things, groups of things, and relations between things. OWL is a computational logic-based language such that knowledge expressed in OWL can be exploited by computer programs, e.g., to verify the consistency of that knowledge or to make implicit knowledge explicit. OWL documents, known as ontologies, can be published in the World Wide Web and may refer to or be referred from other OWL ontologies. OWL is part of the W3C’s Semantic Web technology stack, which includes RDF , RDFS , SPARQL , etc. The current version of OWL, also referred to as “OWL 2”, was developed by the [ W3C OWL Working Group ] (now closed) and published in 2009, with a Second Edition published in 2012. OWL 2 is an extension and revision of the 2004 version of OWL developed by the [ W3C Web Ontology Working Group ] (now closed) and published in 2004. The deliverables that make up the OWL 2 specification include a Document Overview , which serves as an introduction to OWL 2, describes the relationship between OWL 1 and OWL 2, and provides an entry point to the remaining deliverables via a Documentation Roadmap . Recommended Reading As can be seen from the above mentioned Documentation Roadmap , OWL 2 is normatively defined by five core specification documents describing its conceptual structure, primary exchange syntax (RDF/XML), two alternative semantics (Direct and RDF-Based), and conformance requirements. Three additional specification documents describe optional features that may be supported by some implementations: the language profiles, and two alternative concrete syntaxes (OWL/XML and Manchester). These documents are, however, all rather technical and mainly aimed at OWL 2 implementers and tool developers. Those looking for a more approachable guide to the features and usage of OWL 2 may prefer to consult one of the user documents, which include a Primer and a Quick Reference Guide . A number of textbooks have been published on OWL, and on Semantic Web in general. Please, refer to a separate page listing some of those, as maintained by the community. That list also includes references to conference proceedings and article collections that might be of general interest. Tools that are listed as relevant to OWL (Note that you can browse tools per tool categories or programming languages , too.) Last modified and/or added The description of the following tools have been added and/or modified most recently. Ontop (last modified: 23 June 2022) Ontopic Studio (last modified: 23 June 2022) Cowl (last modified: 3 May 2022) RDFox (last modified: 11 February 2021) Oracle Spatial and Graph 19c (last modified: 18 February 2020) All relevant tools This is a list of all tools listed on this wiki, and that are marked as relevant to OWL. AllegroGraph RDF Store (programming environment, reasoner, triple store, development environment, rdfs reasoner). Directly usable from Java, LISP, Python, Prolog, C, Ruby, Perl Apache Jena (programming environment, reasoner, triple store, rdfs reasoner, rule reasoner, owl reasoner, parser). Directly usable from Java Cowl (programming environment, parser). Directly usable from C, C++ FRED (rdf generator, tagging, knowledge graph extractor). Mobi (programming environment, development environment). Directly usable from Java, Javascript OntoStudio (editor, development environment). Ontop (reasoner, rdfs reasoner, owl reasoner, rdf generator, sparql endpoint, rdb2rdf, converter). Directly usable from Java Ontopic Studio (reasoner, rdfs reasoner, owl reasoner, rdf generator, sparql endpoint, rdb2rdf, converter). OpenLink Virtuoso (reasoner, triple store, rdfs reasoner, owl reasoner, rdf generator, sparql endpoint, rdb2rdf). Directly usable from Java, Python, C, Ruby, Perl, PHP, Javascript, C++, ActionScript, Tcl, Obj-C Oracle Spatial and Graph 19c (reasoner, triple store, owl reasoner). Directly usable from Java GraphDB (reasoner, triple store, rdfs reasoner, owl reasoner, sparql endpoint). Directly usable from Java, C RDFox (reasoner, triple store, rdfs reasoner, rule reasoner, owl reasoner). Directly usable from Java, C++ Altova's SemanticWorks (editor, development environment). Spyder (sparql endpoint, rdb2rdf). Retrieved from " https://www.w3.org/2001/sw/wiki/index.php?title=OWL&oldid=4118 " Categories : Work Recommendation Facts ... more about " OWL " RDF feed Creator http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/#owl + Description The W3C Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a Semantic Web language designed to represent rich and complex knowledge about things, groups of things, and relations between things. + SameAs http://www.w3.org/2002/01/tr-automation/techs#owl + SeeAlso http://www.w3.org/standards/techs/owl + Date "Date" is a type and predefined property provided by Semantic MediaWiki to represent date values. December 11, 2012 + This page was last edited on 12 January 2026, at 18:59. Privacy policy About Semantic Web Standards Disclaimers | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
https://frontendmasters.com/teachers/david-khourshid/ | Learn from David Khourshid's courses | Frontend Masters Skip to main content FrontendMasters Paths Courses Tutorials Blog Features Overview For Teams For Enterprise Pricing Search Join Now Login Contact: support@frontendmasters.com Close All Teachers / David Khourshid David Khourshid Microsoft David Khourshid is a Florida-based web developer for Microsoft, a tech author, and speaker. Also a fervent open-source contributor, he is passionate about JavaScript, CSS, animation, innovative user interfaces, and cutting-edge front-end technologies. When not behind a computer keyboard, he’s behind a piano keyboard or traveling. Twitter / X LinkedIn GitHub Blog David Khourshid's Courses State Management at Scale in React & Next.js David Khourshid Microsoft CSS Animations and Transitions David Khourshid Microsoft State Machines in JavaScript with XState, v2 David Khourshid Microsoft State Modeling in React with XState David Khourshid Microsoft What They're Saying After 10 years building UIs, this was the rare course that truly leveled me up. Chelladurai Pandian The course is very interesting and helpful. It helped me understand the major pitfalls in state management, hooks, and the ways to solve them. Oleg Luzenin This is complex stuff but I think the course is really good. In many ways it explains state-management better than the javascript.-xstate course. Anders Clark Thanks to David I was able to improve my concept on state management and how to improve performance and scalability Paola Poggini Feels like I just leveled up. Great course with a lot of useful information. Kira Menshov Great course! I learned a lot of about how can I minimized all states and useEffect and how to improved code to be more readable and easy to maintain. polikus oka Excellent workshop and straight to the point. The techniques for data normalization were a key takeaway in this course. Andres Montero Extremely valuable instruction and exercises! This is what I needed to level up my React skills. Grzegorz Paprzycki I learned so much about handling states in React projects. I almost applied every principle discussed here in my actual project at my company. Thanks so much, David, for creating this course. Muhammad Hamza This course is amazing! I learned about derived state, state machines, and data normalization. I am definitely going to adapt these principles in my day-to-day work. Sardendu Bharti There is an excellent XState course on Frontend Masters Baptiste Devessier BDevessier Awesome course! Lots of stuff I have not tried before. I hope there will be a follow-up course to this one with David, I need more 🤩 Andrea Abrahamsen AndreaBGoodWill Show More Our courses are taught by experts from these top companies (and more) Microsoft Netflix Stripe Spotify Get Full Access FrontendMasters Paths Courses Tutorials Workshops Topics Teachers Reviews Blog FAQ Login Join Now X/Twitter LinkedIn Facebook Instagram Apple App Store Google App Store Contact: support@frontendmasters.com Frontend Masters is proudly made in Minneapolis, MN © 2026 Frontend Masters · Terms of Service · Privacy Policy | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
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https://lab174.com/blog/202601-yaml-norway/#cb9-5 | YAML? That’s Norway problem < Back to LAB174.com YAML? That’s Norway problem 2026-01-12 Abstract A deep dive into YAML’s Norway problem: why the country code NO gets parsed as false, its history from YAML v1.0 to v1.2, and why popular libraries still exhibit this behavior in 2026. What is yaml Yaml is a well-known data serialization language designed for human readability. It’s a popular choice for configuration files and metadata. Here’s a simple example: # project.yaml title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse countries : - DE - FR - PL - RO Let’s verify that the above example parses correctly. We’ll use Python 1 with Py Yaml 2 version 6.0.3 (the latest version as of this writing). First, let’s install it: python3 -m pip install pyyaml==6.0.3 Now let’s write a simple script to parse the yaml file: # python-pyyaml.py import json import yaml with open ( "project.yaml" , "r" , encoding = "utf-8" ) as f: data = yaml.safe_load(f) print (json.dumps(data, indent = 2 )) Running python3 python-pyyaml.py produces this output: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "PL" , "RO" ] } So far everything behaves as expected. As of January 2026 Python is the world’s 4th most popular programming language according to a 2025 Stack Overflow Survey ( archive ) ↩︎ Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and a top 20 Python library overall in the last month according to PyPI Stats ( archive ). It is also an “official” yaml library in the sense that its source code is hosted in a Github repository owned by the yaml Github account; see: Canonical source repository for Py Yaml . ↩︎ The Norway problem in yaml When we change the original yaml file and add Norway’s two letter iso country code to the existing list: countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO Using the same parsing method, the file now yields this result: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , false , "PL" , "RO" ] } Note that NO has been replaced with false . This is unexpected. Nothing about the context suggests a boolean should appear here. The NO literal sits in a list of country codes like FR or PL and appears similar in form. The problem, of course, is that “no” is also an English word with a negative meaning. This feature was originally added to allow writing booleans in a more human readable way, e.g.: platforms : iPhone : yes iPad : yes AppleWatch : no This gets parsed as: { "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false } } The idea was that configuration files should read like natural language. In practice this behavior proved problematic, becoming the notorious Norway problem in yaml . One workaround is to escape the string, like this: countries : - DE - FR - "NO" - PL - RO With quotes, the file parses as expected: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } Many articles about yaml ’s Norway problem stop here, presenting quoting as the canonical fix. There is more. Yaml ’s history To understand today’s state of the Norway problem we’ll first look at how yaml evolved. May 2001 – Yaml first pass specification At this time, yaml was more of a concept than a finished language. It looked a bit different, though somewhat recognizable. Below is a partial example from the original specification; there are more in the full document, sadly none with boolean values. buyer : % address : % city : Royal Oak line one : 458 Wittigen's Way line two : Suite 292 postal : 48046 state : MI family name : Dumars given name : Chris The document makes no mention of parsing no to false . The “Serilization Format / bnf ” section even contains a typo and a “to do” note 3 : This section contains the bnf 4 productions for the yaml syntax. Much to do… Full first pass specification – archived link ↩︎ Bnf stands for “Backus–Naur form”, a notation system for syntax definition ( Wikipedia ). ↩︎ January 2004 – Yaml v1.0 final draft This version describes various ways of presenting scalars 5 , including both quoted scalars and plain scalars with implicit typing. This is what we’re after. Version 1.0 defined only sequence , map , and string as mandatory types 6 . The rest were optional, but a reference specification existed. That reference specification for the optional boolean type included English word format. Supported words were: true/false , on/off , and also yes/no 7 . This allows the Norway problem to appear – even if following that part of reference is described as optional. – Bonus: implicit typing can be overridden with explicit tags – we’ll talk about this later. – Bonus: single sign characters, i.e. + and - should also be treated as true and false ; even more so, as they are described as the canonical form 8 ! A scalar data type, or just scalar, is any non-composite value. Generally, all basic primitive data types are considered scalar source: Wikipedia ↩︎ Following is a description of the three mandatory core tags. Yaml requires support for the seq, map and str tags. source: Yaml v1.0 specification, tag repository ↩︎ English word format: implicit english ~= true|True|TRUE |false|False|FALSE |yes|Yes|YES |no|No|NO |on|On|ON |off|Off|OFF source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ Single sign character format: implicit canonical ~= +|- source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ January 2005 – Yaml v1.1 final draft Version 1.1 maintained the same implicit typing behavior as v1.0. However, the types listed in the spec – including boolean – while still not mandatory, were now strongly recommended 9 . – Bonus: single sign characters are no longer included and the canonical form is now y/n 10 . these tags represent types that are useful across a wide range of applications and it is strongly recommended they be used whenever appropriate to promote interoperability. source: Yaml v1.1 specification, tag repository ( archive ) ↩︎ Yaml v1.1 boolean type specification , ( archive ) ↩︎ July 2009 – Yaml Revision 1.2.0 Its goal was to make yaml compliant with json , going as far as allowing json to be a subset of yaml 11 . Implicit typing rules have been removed, including the boolean English word format. – Bonus: explicit typing rules are still present. On paper, the Norway problem shouldn’t exist anymore, at least not since this yaml revision. So why are we still seeing it in 2026? The primary objective of this revision is to bring Yaml into compliance with json as an official subset. source: Yaml revision v1.2.0 ↩︎ Yaml spec version history until v1.2.0 Yaml spec version Date Type of no : Value of no first pass specification May 2001 unspecified unspecified v1.0 January 2004 boolean false v1.1 January 2005 boolean false v1.2.0 July 2009 string "no" Table 1: Summary of yaml spec changes. Note that “Type of no ” and “Value of no ” labels refer to the literal without quotes. Yaml in practice To understand why the Norway problem persists, we need to examine the scope of work involved in implementing yaml spec changes. Some clues are present in earlier text already, we see that yaml supports implicit typing, explicit typing, and various presenting formats. Also, the time between different yaml spec version releases is measured in years. What hides between the lines is that yaml and its specification are very, hugely, extremely complex. Seriously, it’s hard to overstate this. Since v1.0 yaml ’s goal was to build upon xml 12 and a number of other technologies, as listed in the final draft 13 : Yaml integrates and builds upon concepts described by C, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, rfc0822 ( mail ), rfc1866 ( html ), rfc2045 ( mime ), rfc2396 ( uri ), xml , sax and soap Yaml supports attachments, custom tags, references – the list goes on. There was even yaxml , an xml binding for yaml 14 . There are 9 ways of writing multiline strings – and some claim the number is actually 63 15 . Characters like ? , ! , !! in some cases have special meanings, with the latter allowing arbitrary code execution. Given this complexity, the Norway problem wasn’t the only language quirk in yaml v1.1. Revision v1.2 simplified boolean behavior and more (e.g. handling of null and numerical values), while other language features remained unchanged. How did libraries react to changes in such a complex specification? In fact yaml was originally intended to be a markup language and its name stood for “Yet Another Markup Language”. Six months after the first pass specification, in January 2002, it was renamed to “ Yaml Ain’t Markup Language”. ↩︎ Yaml v1.0 specification, prior art ↩︎ a subset of xml which has yaml ’s information model, but xml ’s syntax (…) a xslt Stylesheet is provided, along with the canonical invoice example in xml using this schema source: Yaxml , the (draft) xml Binding for yaml – archived link ↩︎ There are 5 6 NINE (or 63, depending how you count) different ways to write multi-line strings in yaml . (…) 2 block styles, each with 2 possible block chomping indicators (or none), and with 9 possible indentation indicators (or none), 1 plain style and 2 quoted styles: 2 x (2 + 1) x (9 + 1) + 1 + 2 = 63 source: Stack Overflow answer ( archived ) ↩︎ Yaml libraries As of January 2026 popular yaml libraries still haven’t moved from v1.1 to v1.2, and they still exhibit the Norway problem. Smaller alternative projects have appeared, but their usage hasn’t surpassed the existing v1.1 libraries. Some users have built their own alternative parsers, mixing v1.1 and v1.2 features, or focusing on a subset of yaml suited to their needs. Below are some examples. Py Yaml As mentioned before, Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and one of the most popular Python libraries overall. Py Yaml never added v1.2 support. There is an open issue from 2017 in Py Yaml ’s Github project about introducing support for v1.2 16 . There are at least two more related open issues, plus several closed ones. An unofficial library 17 exists that can be used on top of Py Yaml to provide partial v1.2 support (its documentation notes that not all v1.2 features are implemented). Another Python library, ruamel.yaml 18 , supports v1.2 by default. Py Yaml Github Issue #116 ↩︎ yamlcore PyPI project page ↩︎ ruamel.yaml PyPI project page ↩︎ Lib Yaml Lib Yaml is the long-standing C library for yaml , it is used widely as a dependency by other tools and bindings. Like Py Yaml , it’s an “official” implementation – in the sense that its canonical repository is hosted on Github and owned by the official ‘yaml’ Github account. Lib Yaml also never added v1.2 support. An open issue from 2016 in Lib Yaml ’s github project requests adding v1.2 support 19 . As mentioned earlier, Lib Yaml sits deep in dependency trees; changing its behavior is especially risky and slow. A less popular library, libfyaml 20 , supports v1.2 by default. Lib Yaml Github Issue #20 ↩︎ libfyaml Github project page ↩︎ Golang’s gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Currently unmaintained 21 , historically the most popular and still holds more Github stars then other Golang yaml libraries. It’s especially interesting because it declares support for a mix of v1.1 and 1.2 22 . The Golang’s most popular actively maintained library 23 defaults to v1.2 behavior. “This project is unmaintained” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ “The yaml package supports most of yaml 1.2, but preserves some behavior from 1.1 for backwards compatibility.” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ goccy/go-yaml Github project page ↩︎ Kyaml Kyaml is a yaml dialect built for the Kubernetes project, launched in June 2025. Its goal is to provide a safer and less ambiguous tool; it is also designed specifically for Kubernetes, trading generality for predictability. The announcement blog post references the Norway problem directly 24 . Yaml ’s significant whitespace requires careful attention to indentation and nesting, while its optional string-quoting can lead to unexpected type coercion (for example: “The Norway Bug”). source: Kubernetes v1.34 Sneak Peek ↩︎ Is the Norway problem solved? Yaml ’s ecosystem is not just libraries, it’s also the community of users. Including: strong and conflicting opinions about yaml in general and the Norway problem in particular. In some part this outcome could be expected; after all yaml is very popular, deceptively complex, and is used in different kinds of scenarios, from small personal config files to critical infrastructure setups. Many texts don’t distinguish between yaml spec versions at all 25 . Even when spec version numbers are used, they’re frequently mistyped. It’s not difficult to find documentation claiming that implicit boolean typing is a trait of yaml specification version 1.2 26 (the correct version is v1.1); mistakes get spotted 27 and eventually updated, but that takes more time and effort than making the original typo. On the other hand we see users who declare the Norway problem as solved because it doesn’t exist in the latest spec version, or because they haven’t experienced it themselves, or for other reasons 28 . To be fair, that language feature was removed over a decade ago, and it’s unexpected that popular libraries still support the older spec version. Technically, the issue is solved in the spec – but in practice, most widely adopted implementations still support implicit boolean typing, as we’ve seen. Finally, there are end users who are so unhappy with yaml that they prefer almost anything else 29 . We end up with countless use cases (hobby, pro, critical infrastructure, …), roles (spec author, library maintainer, end user debugging a failed deployment at 11pm, …), and just as many points of views. The yaml specification defines many strings that are automatically interpreted as boolean values, which often conflicts with developer expectations. When you write country: NO , the yaml parser interprets NO as the boolean false , not the string "NO" source: What is the Norway Bug? ↩︎ The most tragic aspect of this bug , however, is that it is intended behavior according to the yaml 1.2 specification. source: The Norway Problem – why Strict Yaml refuses to do implicit typing and so should you ↩︎ In this case a Github issue has been created: It was intended according to the yaml 1.1 specification, but in yaml 1.2, the only recognized booleans are true , True , TRUE , false , False , FALSE . source: strictyaml Github issue #186 ↩︎ I don’t want to link to individual messages on social platforms to err on the side of users’ privacy; I’ll paraphrase some of them below, for illustration purposes. Norway problem has been solved for 16 years. Using 1.1 at this point is just forehead palming foolishness. The Norway issue is a bit blown out of proportion. I have been using YAML for 5+ years and have never had it. We stopped having this problem over ten years ago. Just quote your strings. Another solution is to change the country name. ↩︎ Same as earlier, I’ll paraphrase a few messages below, meant for illustration. Stop using YAML YAML - just say Norway. You should stop even tolerating YAML, refuse on sight. YAML made sense before JSON became a thing. YAML made me look at XML wistfully. Why people persist with YAML in new projects is baffling to me. People from Norway couldn't sign up. Took us a while to figure out. ↩︎ What next? In yaml final draft v1.0, the document specified that, along with yes and no , + and - should also be parsed as booleans. This was removed v1.1. There was an idea to keep that functionality when plus or minus signs were preceded with a dot ( .+ and .- ), but it didn’t catch on. Despite its well known and lesser known quirks, yaml remains popular and widely used. At this scale small quirks cascade into unexpected issues. And changes – or fixes – are introduced at a glacial pace. Then again, yaml ’s charm has its place, as evidenced by its popularity. While spec change adoption is very slow, it is still ongoing. New projects will likely adopt newer libraries, where the Norway problem no longer exists. If there is a single takeaway from this article, it’s this: yaml ecosystem is fragmented; on the whole it is moving towards a slightly stricter version. Implicit boolean typing is getting removed, it’s no longer in the official specification and most new libraries adhere to that. As of January 2026 however, the older libraries are stuck on the older version of the spec, they are still more popular and updating or phasing them out may take a while. Frequently Asked Questions Why not just use json in place of yaml ? A common reply is “no comments” – because json doesn’t support comments 30 ; many other yaml features aren’t supported either. This makes json a simpler and stricter alternative. Wheter that’s a better fit for your project, that depends on the project. As always, personal preference plays a role too. Note: json has its own flavors, like jsonc 31 . It was a conscious decision; there is an explanation from Douglas Crockford, as well as a suggestion about using json for configuration files: I removed comments from json because I saw people were using them to hold parsing directives, a practice which would have destroyed interoperability. I know that the lack of comments makes some people sad, but it shouldn’t. Suppose you are using json to keep configuration files, which you would like to annotate. Go ahead and insert all the comments you like. Then pipe it through JSMin before handing it to your json parser. source: Google Plus post by Douglas Crockford – archived link ↩︎ Json with Comments – project’s homepage ↩︎ Is yaml a superset of json ? After writing this article, I’m still not entirely sure. Even though the goal of yaml revision v1.2.0 was to make that happen and revisions 1.2.0 and 1.2.1 claimed it explicitly 32 : Yaml can therefore be viewed as a natural superset of json , offering improved human readability and a more complete information model. That text has been removed from the latest yaml revision 1.2.2. A popular article 33 claims to prove that yaml is not a superset of json , but that article uses a v1.1 parser – and as we know v1.1 never claimed json compatibility. So that won’t help us. The actual reason might be that yaml requires maps to have unique keys 34 , while json only recommends it 35 . So perhaps most json (i.e. json where objects have unique keys) is a subset of yaml . Some ambiguity remains. See e.g.: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.1 ↩︎ Json treats the value 1e2 a number, of course, because it’s not in quote marks. Yaml fails to parse it as a number so silently falls back to treating it as a string. source: YAML IS NOT A SUPERSET OF JSON ↩︎ The content of a mapping node is an unordered set of key/value node pairs, with the restriction that each of the keys is unique source: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.2 ↩︎ The names within an object SHOULD be unique. source: The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation ( json ) ↩︎ What went wrong? This question is out of scope for this article – here the goal is to prioritize facts over “what if?”. If i had to answer, I’d say that nothing went wrong. When a complex technology with a stable ecosystem introduces a breaking change, sometimes the process can take ages. The main surprise here is how complicated yaml really is. Also, as we’ve seen, with yaml and related tools being free software, anyone could contribute to improving the v1.2 adoption rate – or move to a tool that suits them better, or even create one. What about toml , sexagesimal numbers, schemas, human genes, Ruby, or Perl? These topics are only loosely related to the Norway problem, and this text is already quite long. If you enjoyed reading it, leave positive feedback somewhere and a Part 2 might happen. In the meantime, visit my homepage 36 and check out my other projects – maybe you’ll find something else you’ll enjoy. LAB174 homepage ↩︎ Epilogue Implicit boolean typing has been removed, but explicit boolean typing still remains. If a uniform yaml 1.2 future actually arrives, you can still bring a little bit of nostalgia to your code by writing: title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse platforms : iPhone : !!bool yes iPad : !!bool yes # Note the explicit typing here and above. AppleWatch : !!bool no countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO When parsed with yq , a tool that supports yaml revision 1.2 by default: yq eval -o=json project.yaml It returns: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } < Back to LAB174.com | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
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Right menu COLORS: Silvana Estrada - Un Rayo De Luz | A COLORS SHOW Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Dec 8 '25 COLORS: Silvana Estrada - Un Rayo De Luz | A COLORS SHOW # indie # livestreaming # streaming # digital Comments Add Comment 1 min read NPR Music: Annie DiRusso: Tiny Desk Concert Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Dec 8 '25 NPR Music: Annie DiRusso: Tiny Desk Concert # indie # livestreaming # streaming 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read COLORS: SSIO - Ich Bin Raus | A COLORS SHOW Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 29 '25 COLORS: SSIO - Ich Bin Raus | A COLORS SHOW # hiphop # livestreaming # streaming # digital Comments Add Comment 1 min read KEXP: Jembaa Groove - Dabia / Namo (Live on KEXP) Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 29 '25 KEXP: Jembaa Groove - Dabia / Namo (Live on KEXP) # indie # livestreaming # production # streaming Comments Add Comment 1 min read COLORS: Gabriel Jacoby - be careful | A COLORS SHOW Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 28 '25 COLORS: Gabriel Jacoby - be careful | A COLORS SHOW # indie # livestreaming # streaming # digital Comments Add Comment 1 min read NPR Music: SEVENTEEN: Tiny Desk Concert Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 28 '25 NPR Music: SEVENTEEN: Tiny Desk Concert # livestreaming # hiphop # production Comments Add Comment 1 min read Mix with the Masters: Mixing Night with Ken Lewis - 100TH SHOW - 12/3/25 Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 27 '25 Mix with the Masters: Mixing Night with Ken Lewis - 100TH SHOW - 12/3/25 # livestreaming # production Comments Add Comment 1 min read KEXP: Jembaa Groove - Full Performance (Live on KEXP) Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 28 '25 KEXP: Jembaa Groove - Full Performance (Live on KEXP) # livestreaming # production Comments Add Comment 1 min read KEXP: Jembaa Groove - Dabia / Namo (Live on KEXP) Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 28 '25 KEXP: Jembaa Groove - Dabia / Namo (Live on KEXP) # livestreaming # production # indie Comments Add Comment 1 min read KEXP: Nate Smith - UNDEFEATED (Live on KEXP) Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 29 '25 KEXP: Nate Smith - UNDEFEATED (Live on KEXP) # livestreaming # production Comments Add Comment 1 min read NPR Music: Robert Plant: Tiny Desk Concert Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 21 '25 NPR Music: Robert Plant: Tiny Desk Concert # livestreaming # monitors # production 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read KEXP: Frankie Rose - Moon In My Mind (Live on KEXP) Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 28 '25 KEXP: Frankie Rose - Moon In My Mind (Live on KEXP) # indie # livestreaming # production # streaming Comments Add Comment 1 min read COLORS: MARO - SO MUCH HAS CHANGED | A COLORS SHOW Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 27 '25 COLORS: MARO - SO MUCH HAS CHANGED | A COLORS SHOW # indie # livestreaming # streaming # digital Comments Add Comment 1 min read NPR Music: Ghost-Note: Tiny Desk Concert Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 22 '25 NPR Music: Ghost-Note: Tiny Desk Concert # indie # livestreaming # production # streaming Comments Add Comment 1 min read COLORS: Teedra Moses - Be Your Girl | A COLORS SHOW Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 22 '25 COLORS: Teedra Moses - Be Your Girl | A COLORS SHOW # indie # streaming # livestreaming Comments Add Comment 1 min read NPR Music: Goo Goo Dolls: Tiny Desk Concert Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 21 '25 NPR Music: Goo Goo Dolls: Tiny Desk Concert # indie # livestreaming # streaming Comments Add Comment 1 min read NPR Music: Pulp: Tiny Desk Concert Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 17 '25 NPR Music: Pulp: Tiny Desk Concert # indie # livestreaming # streaming Comments Add Comment 1 min read KEXP: SE SO NEON - Twit Winter (Live on KEXP) Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 18 '25 KEXP: SE SO NEON - Twit Winter (Live on KEXP) # indie # livestreaming # production # streaming Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🎵 Free Music Publish & Distribution Guide (Using RouteNote) Ravir Scott Ravir Scott Ravir Scott Follow Dec 18 '25 🎵 Free Music Publish & Distribution Guide (Using RouteNote) # indie # production # livestreaming # digital 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Rick Beato: My European Tour Recap! Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 14 '25 Rick Beato: My European Tour Recap! # livestreaming # production # digital Comments Add Comment 1 min read KEXP: HARU NEMURI - Full Performance (Live on KEXP) Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 13 '25 KEXP: HARU NEMURI - Full Performance (Live on KEXP) # indie # livestreaming # production Comments Add Comment 1 min read COLORS: Rogér Fakhr - Fine Anyway | A COLORS SHOW Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 14 '25 COLORS: Rogér Fakhr - Fine Anyway | A COLORS SHOW # indie # livestreaming # streaming Comments Add Comment 1 min read KEXP: Dominique Fils Aimé - Full Performance (Live on KEXP) Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 13 '25 KEXP: Dominique Fils Aimé - Full Performance (Live on KEXP) # indie # livestreaming # production Comments Add Comment 1 min read NPR Music: The Beaches: Tiny Desk Concert Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 5 '25 NPR Music: The Beaches: Tiny Desk Concert # indie # streaming # livestreaming Comments Add Comment 1 min read COLORS: Aya Nakamura - Kouma | A COLORS SHOW Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 6 '25 COLORS: Aya Nakamura - Kouma | A COLORS SHOW # streaming # livestreaming # digital Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... trending guides/resources NPR Music: The Beaches: Tiny Desk Concert NPR Music: Pulp: Tiny Desk Concert KEXP: SE SO NEON - Twit Winter (Live on KEXP) NPR Music: Goo Goo Dolls: Tiny Desk Concert COLORS: Teedra Moses - Be Your Girl | A COLORS SHOW NPR Music: Ghost-Note: Tiny Desk Concert Mix with the Masters: Mixing Night with Ken Lewis - 100TH SHOW - 12/3/25 COLORS: MARO - SO MUCH HAS CHANGED | A COLORS SHOW NPR Music: SEVENTEEN: Tiny Desk Concert KEXP: Frankie Rose - Moon In My Mind (Live on KEXP) KEXP: Jembaa Groove - Dabia / Namo (Live on KEXP) KEXP: Jembaa Groove - Full Performance (Live on KEXP) COLORS: Gabriel Jacoby - be careful | A COLORS SHOW KEXP: Jembaa Groove - Dabia / Namo (Live on KEXP) KEXP: Nate Smith - UNDEFEATED (Live on KEXP) COLORS: SSIO - Ich Bin Raus | A COLORS SHOW COLORS: Silvana Estrada - Un Rayo De Luz | A COLORS SHOW Rick Beato: Live Tour Update from Norway KEXP: Orcutt Shelley Miller - An L.A Funeral (Live on KEXP) KEXP: Die Spitz - Full Performance (Live on KEXP) 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Music Forem — From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Vibe Coding Forem Close OpenAI Follow Hide OpenAI is an artificial intelligence (AI) research laboratory consisting of the for-profit corporation OpenAI LP and its parent company, the non-profit OpenAI Inc. Create Post submission guidelines We welcome all posts around the topic of OpenAI - technical articles, personal stories, and discussions around GPT-3, ChatGPT, DALL-E, and Whisper! Older #openai posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Use AWS Bedrock & AI Services (Claude, Nova, Polly, Transcribe) with Your Existing OpenAI Code J.Goutin J.Goutin J.Goutin Follow Dec 19 '25 Use AWS Bedrock & AI Services (Claude, Nova, Polly, Transcribe) with Your Existing OpenAI Code # ai # devops # aws # openai Comments 1 comment 4 min read Configure CrewAI with Groq: Alternative LLM Setup Guide fanioz fanioz fanioz Follow Dec 5 '25 Configure CrewAI with Groq: Alternative LLM Setup Guide # crewai # groq # llm # openai 39 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Generate Complete HTML Pages Directly from the Frontend (No Backend Needed ⚡️) Alex Alex Alex Follow Oct 22 '25 Generate Complete HTML Pages Directly from the Frontend (No Backend Needed ⚡️) # ai # opensource # openai # gemini Comments Add Comment 1 min read Build your tribe - why building with others changes everything Karina Egle Karina Egle Karina Egle Follow Nov 6 '25 Build your tribe - why building with others changes everything # ai # devops # chatgpt # openai Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Vibe Code an App in 4 Easy Steps Karina Egle Karina Egle Karina Egle Follow Oct 30 '25 How to Vibe Code an App in 4 Easy Steps # ai # devops # opensource # openai 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read Programmers I Need Your Help! 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(GenJob) # vscode # openai # cursorai # ai Comments 5 comments 2 min read I Built Clueoai Because Every AI App Is a Security Nightmare Waiting to Happen BlackOcra BlackOcra BlackOcra Follow Oct 14 '25 I Built Clueoai Because Every AI App Is a Security Nightmare Waiting to Happen # ai # api # openai # claude 7 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read JSON prompts bring more control to vibe coding Toja Toja Toja Follow Sep 16 '25 JSON prompts bring more control to vibe coding # ai # devops # opensource # openai 5 reactions Comments 3 comments 2 min read Transcript of Greg Brockman's podcast on OpenAI's Road to AGI Amelia Pond Amelia Pond Amelia Pond Follow Sep 4 '25 Transcript of Greg Brockman's podcast on OpenAI's Road to AGI # api # openai # vibecoding 4 reactions Comments 3 comments 1 min read loading... trending guides/resources Build your tribe - why building with others changes everything How to Vibe Code an App in 4 Easy Steps Use AWS Bedrock & AI Services (Claude, Nova, Polly, Transcribe) with Your Existing OpenAI Code Configure CrewAI with Groq: Alternative LLM Setup Guide 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Vibe Coding Forem — Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. 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https://github.com/pricing | Pricing · Plans for every developer · GitHub Skip to content Navigation Menu Toggle navigation Sign in Platform AI CODE CREATION GitHub Copilot Write better code with AI GitHub Spark Build and deploy intelligent apps GitHub Models Manage and compare prompts MCP Registry New Integrate external tools DEVELOPER WORKFLOWS Actions Automate any workflow Codespaces Instant dev environments Issues Plan and track work Code Review Manage code changes APPLICATION SECURITY GitHub Advanced Security Find and fix vulnerabilities Code security Secure your code as you build Secret protection Stop leaks before they start EXPLORE Why GitHub Documentation Blog Changelog Marketplace View all features Solutions BY COMPANY SIZE Enterprises Small and medium teams Startups Nonprofits BY USE CASE App Modernization DevSecOps DevOps CI/CD View all use cases BY INDUSTRY Healthcare Financial services Manufacturing Government View all industries View all solutions Resources EXPLORE BY TOPIC AI Software Development DevOps Security View all topics EXPLORE BY TYPE Customer stories Events & webinars Ebooks & reports Business insights GitHub Skills SUPPORT & SERVICES Documentation Customer support Community forum Trust center Partners Open Source COMMUNITY GitHub Sponsors Fund open source developers PROGRAMS Security Lab Maintainer Community Accelerator Archive Program REPOSITORIES Topics Trending Collections Enterprise ENTERPRISE SOLUTIONS Enterprise platform AI-powered developer platform AVAILABLE ADD-ONS GitHub Advanced Security Enterprise-grade security features Copilot for Business Enterprise-grade AI features Premium Support Enterprise-grade 24/7 support Pricing Search or jump to... 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Start free for 30 days Free The basics for individuals and organizations $ 0 USD per month $ 0 USD per month forever Join for free Unlimited public/private repositories Host open source projects in public GitHub repositories, accessible via web or command line. Public repositories are accessible to anyone at GitHub.com. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Dependabot security and version updates Keep projects secure by automatically opening pull requests to update vulnerable dependencies and keep them up to date. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . 2,000 CI/CD minutes/month Free for public repositories Use execution minutes with GitHub Actions to automate your software development workflows. Write tasks and combine them to build, test, and deploy any code project on GitHub. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . 500MB of Packages storage Free for public repositories Host your own software packages or use them as dependencies in other projects. Both private and public hosting available. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Issues & Projects Give your developers flexible features for project management that adapts to any team, project, and workflow — all alongside your code. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Community support Get help with most of your GitHub questions and issues in our Community Forum. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Featured add-ons GitHub Copilot Access With GitHub Copilot , get suggestions for whole lines or entire functions—right inside your editor. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . GitHub Codespaces Access With GitHub Codespaces , get an instant dev environment in the cloud, so you can code anywhere on any device. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Show features Most popular Team Advanced collaboration for individuals and organizations $ 4 USD per user/month $ 4 USD per user/month for the first 12 months * Continue with Team Everything included in Free, plus... Access to GitHub Codespaces Blazing fast cloud developer environments with flexible compute and pre-configured containers, developers can code, collaborate, and debug from any browser. Pay only for what you use with compute fees starting at $0.18/hr and storage fees at $0.07/GB per month. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Repository rules Enforce restrictions on how code branches and tags are merged across your organization, including requiring reviews by selected collaborators, or allowing only specific contributors to work on a particular branch. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Multiple reviewers in pull requests Assign multiple users or a team to review a pull request. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Draft pull requests Easily discuss and collaborate on pull requests before submitting to formal review. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Code owners Automatically request reviews—or require approval—by selected contributors when changes are made to sections of code that they own. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Required reviewers Ensure that pull requests have a specific number of approving reviews before collaborators can make changes to a protected branch. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Pages and Wikis Host documentation and simple websites for your project in a wiki format that contributors can easily edit either on the web or command line. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Environment deployment branches and secrets A job cannot access secrets that are defined in an environment unless it is running on the specified branch. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . 3,000 CI/CD minutes/month Free for public repositories Use execution minutes with GitHub Actions to automate your software development workflows. Write tasks and combine them to build, test, and deploy any code project on GitHub. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . 2GB of Packages storage Free for public repositories Host your own software packages or use them as dependencies in other projects. Both private and public hosting available. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Web-based support GitHub Support can help you troubleshoot issues you run into while using GitHub. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Featured add-ons GitHub Secret Protection Ensure your secrets stay secure. Mitigate risk associated with exposed secrets in your repositories, while preventing new leaks before they happen with push protection. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . GitHub Code Security Find and fix vulnerabilities in your code before they reach production. Prioritize your Dependabot alerts with automated triage rules. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Show features Recommended Enterprise Security, compliance, and flexible deployment Starting at $ 21 USD per user/month $ 21 USD per user/month for the first 12 months * Start a free trial Contact Sales Everything included in Team, plus... Data residency GitHub Enterprise Cloud offers a multi-tenant enterprise SaaS solution on Microsoft Azure, allowing you to choose a regional cloud deployment for data residency, so your in-scope data is stored at rest in a designated location. Start a free 30 day trial today or contact our sales team for more information. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Enterprise Managed Users Own and control the user accounts of your enterprise members through your identity provider (IdP). Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . User provisioning through SCIM Automatically invite members to join your organization when you grant access on your IdP. If you remove a member's access to your GitHub organization on your SAML IdP, the member will be automatically removed from the GitHub organization. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Enterprise Account to centrally manage multiple organizations GitHub Enterprise Cloud includes the option to create an enterprise account, which enables collaboration between multiple organizations, gives administrators a single point of visibility and management and brings license cost savings for identical users in multiple organizations. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Environment protection rules When a workflow job references an environment, the job won't start until all of the environment's protection rules pass. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Repository rules Enforce branch and tag protections, as well as push rules across your enterprise. Rule insights allow you to assess impact of rules before and during enforcement. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Audit Log API As a GitHub Enterprise Cloud organization administrator, you can now access log events using our GraphQL API and monitor the activity in your organization. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . SOC1, SOC2, type 2 reports annually GitHub offers AICPA System and Organization Controls (SOC) 1 Type 2 and SOC 2 Type 2 reports with IAASB International Standards on Assurance Engagements, ISAE 3000, and ISAE 3402. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . FedRAMP Tailored Authority to Operate (ATO) Government users can host projects on GitHub Enterprise Cloud with the confidence that our platform meets the low impact software-as-a-service (SaaS) baseline of security standards set by our U.S. federal government partners. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . SAML single sign-on Use an identity provider to manage the identities of GitHub users and applications. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Advanced auditing Quickly review the actions performed by members of your organization. Keep copies of audit log data to ensure secure IP and maintain compliance for your organization. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . GitHub Connect Share features and workflows between your GitHub Enterprise Server instance and GitHub Enterprise Cloud. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . 50,000 CI/CD minutes/month Free for public repositories Use execution minutes with GitHub Actions to automate your software development workflows. Write tasks and combine them to build, test, and deploy any code project on GitHub. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . 50GB of Packages storage Free for public repositories Host your own software packages or use them as dependencies in other projects. Both private and public hosting available. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Exclusive add-on Premium support With Premium, get a 30-minute SLA on Urgent tickets and 24/7 web and phone support via callback request. With Premium Plus, get everything in Premium, assigned Customer Reliability Engineer and more. Learn more about Premium Support Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Show features Additional add-ons GitHub Copilot Get started for free with up to 2,000 completions and 50 chat requests per month. Compare plans New GitHub Models Bring industry-leading AI into your workflow, securely, scalably, and with full developer control. Learn more GitHub Advanced Security Gain peace of mind with our security, privacy, and responsible AI policies. Learn more GitHub Codespaces Starting at $0.18 per hour of compute and $0.07 per GB of storage. Learn more Premium support Get expert help for Enterprise Cloud and Enterprise—any hour your team needs it. Learn more Git Large File Storage $5 per month for 50 GB bandwidth and 50 GB of storage. Learn more Compare all features “ GitHub is the world’s mono repository, so sharing our open source there is natural.” — Martin Andersen, VP of Engineering, Trustpilot Read the case study “ GitHub Advanced Security is there for every pull request and excels compared to other static analysis tools we have used.” — Dimosthenis Kaponis, CTO, Netdata Read the case study “ GitHub keeps us up to speed with the industry’s best tools. We want new hires to know GitHub is in our toolchain—it makes them excited to join us.” — Spencer Kaiser, Principal Architect of Emerging Tech, American Airlines Read the case study “ This collaborative way of building software is unstoppable. It isn’t going away—and GitHub has its place in that. We can make the whole company rethink how they build software.” — Ingo Sauerzapf, SAP Cloud Development Tools Manager Read the case study “ People know what a pull request is because it’s how they contribute to open source projects. We have many developers who are well-versed with GitHub, either for personal development or previous roles. With GitHub Enterprise, no one has to relearn the wheel.” — Laurent Ploix, Product Manager, Spotify Read the case study “ I have seen some truly revolutionary actions happen in communities on GitHub. People are collaborating on code but they’re also having foundational conversations on best practices and how software, as a whole, is built. More and more, GitHub is an internet archive. It’s a deeply social and critical piece of our infrastructure.” — Michael Glukhovsky, Developer, Stripe Read the case study “ When we started talking about code reuse, we felt like we already had the perfect platform in place: GitHub.” — Timothy Carmean, Software Processes and Tools Supervisor, Ford Read the case study “ Using GitHub Enterprise Cloud removes the burden of managing infrastructure, and we don’t need to worry about the availability of our versioning code, source code and versioning tools. It lets us focus on what’s important for our business, and that’s our customers.” — Victor Gomes, Infosec Tech Manager, Nubank Read the case study Compare features Features on team Switch plans Select a plan to review its features Free Team Enterprise Features Free Team Enterprise Pricing $ 0 USD per month $ 0 USD per month forever $ 4 USD per user/month $ 4 USD per user/month for the first 12 months * $ 21 USD per user/month $ 21 USD per user/month for the first 12 months * How to get started Join for free Continue with Team Start a free trial Contact Sales Code management Public repositories Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Host open source projects in public GitHub repositories, accessible via web or command line. Public repositories are accessible to anyone at GitHub.com. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Private repositories Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Host code in private GitHub repositories, accessible via appliance, web, and command line. Private repositories are only accessible to you and people you share them with. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Code workflow GitHub Codespaces $0 spend limit With policies and controls Ability to increase spend limit Ability to increase spend limit Spin up fully configured dev environments in the cloud with the power of your favorite editor. A "core hour" denotes compute usage. On a 2-core machine, you would get 60 hours free. On a 4-core machine, you would get 30 hours free, etc. Free hours are assigned to personal accounts, rather than free organizations. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . $0 spend limit With policies and controls Ability to increase spend limit Ability to increase spend limit GitHub Actions 2,000 minutes/month Free for public repositories 3,000 minutes/month Free for public repositories 50,000 minutes/month Free for public repositories Use execution minutes with GitHub Actions to automate your software development workflows. Write tasks and combine them to build, test, and deploy any code project on GitHub. Minutes are free for public repositories. Learn more about billing Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . 2,000 minutes/month Free for public repositories 3,000 minutes/month Free for public repositories 50,000 minutes/month Free for public repositories GitHub Packages 500 MB Free for public repositories 2GB Free for public repositories 50GB Free for public repositories Host your own software packages or use them as dependencies in other projects. Both private and public hosting available. Packages are free for public repositories. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . 500 MB Free for public repositories 2GB Free for public repositories 50GB Free for public repositories Code reviews Review new code, see visual code changes, and confidently merge code changes with automated status checks. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Pull requests Allow contributors to easily notify you of changes they've pushed to a repository – with access limited to the contributors you specify. Easily merge changes you accept. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Repository rules Public repositories Enforce restrictions on how code branches are merged, including requiring reviews by selected collaborators, or allowing only specific contributors to work on a particular branch. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Public repositories Code owners Public repositories Automatically request reviews – or require approval – by selected contributors when changes are made to sections of code that they own. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Public repositories Draft pull requests Public repositories Easily discuss and collaborate on pull requests before submitting to formal review. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Public repositories Multiple pull request assignees Public repositories Assign more than one person to a pull request. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Public repositories Repository insights Public repositories See data about activity and contributions within your repositories, including trends. You can use this data to improve collaboration and make development faster and more effective. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Public repositories Scheduled reminders Public repositories Send scheduled messages to you or your team listing open pull requests. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Public repositories Automatic code review assignment Public repositories Automatically assign code reviews to members of your team based on one of two algorithms. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Public repositories Environment protection rules Public repositories Public repositories When a workflow job references an environment, the job won't start until all of the environment's protection rules pass. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Public repositories Public repositories Environment deployment branches and secrets Public repositories A job cannot access secrets that are defined in an environment unless it is running on the specified branch. Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . 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https://www.finalroundai.com/es/ai-mock-interview | Get Started Loading... AI Mock Interview Pricing Simulacro de Entrevista con IA Practica entrevistas en cualquier momento con un entrevistador de IA que hace preguntas realistas y proporciona retroalimentación instantánea. Se adapta a la descripción de tu trabajo y nivel de experiencia para ayudarte a mejorar tus respuestas y generar confianza. El Simulacro de Entrevista con IA funciona 24/7 sin necesidad de programar o tiempo de preparación. Prueba Final Round AI - Es Gratis Práctica Realista Feedback Accionable Impacto Máximo Ingeniero de IA Prepárate para tu entrevista de IA en Microsoft con preguntas de simulacro para aumentar la confianza. Iniciar Entrevista Ingeniero de Plataforma Prepárate para tu entrevista de Ingeniero de Plataforma en Netflix con preguntas de simulacro para aumentar la confianza. Iniciar Entrevista Ingeniero de Investigación Prepárate para tu entrevista de Ingeniero de Investigación en OpenAI con preguntas de simulacro para aumentar la confianza. Iniciar Entrevista Ingeniero de IA Prepárate para tu entrevista de Ingeniero de IA en McKinsey con preguntas de simulacro para aumentar la confianza. Iniciar Entrevista ¿Por Qué Elegir Final Round AI para Simulacros de Entrevista? Una Preparación para Entrevistas Más Inteligente que Realmente Funciona: Genera Confianza Real Practica con una IA que hace preguntas difíciles y te ayuda a mantener la calma bajo presión, como en entrevistas reales. Ahorra Tiempo Valioso Sin complicaciones de programación o espera de coaches. Practica al instante cuando quieras. Prepárate para el Trabajo Rápidamente Preguntas personalizadas para tu rol y sector específicos te aseguran estar preparado para cualquier cosa. Qué Nos Hace Diferentes Prueba Final Round AI - Es Gratis Experiencia Personalizada Preguntas adaptadas a tu currículum y a la descripción del puesto objetivo. Siempre Disponible Practica 24/7 sin citas o tiempo de preparación. Alcance Global Soporte para 29+ idiomas, perfecto para oportunidades internacionales. Feedback Instantáneo Obtén consejos accionables después de cada respuesta - sabe exactamente qué mejorar. Gratis para Empezar Obtén tu primer simulacro de entrevista gratis, sin costos ocultos o compromisos. Cómo Usar Simulacros de Entrevista con IA en Menos de 2 Minutos Nuestra herramienta de preparación para entrevistas facilita la preparación y te ayuda a tener éxito en entrevistas reales. Crea Tu Cuenta Gratuita Ahora 1 Regístrate Crea una cuenta gratuita en la plataforma de Final Round AI. 2 Sube Detalles Agrega tu currículum y descripción del trabajo para obtener preguntas personalizadas. 3 Elige Tu Rol Desbloquea preguntas de entrevista con IA personalizadas según tu industria o puesto. 4 Practica Inicia un simulacro de entrevista con IA, responde preguntas y obtén feedback instantáneo. 5 Mejora Revisa los insights de la IA para refinar tus respuestas y optimizar el rendimiento. Todo lo que Necesitas para Triunfar en tu Próxima Entrevista Nuestra herramienta de preparación para entrevistas facilita la preparación y te ayuda a tener éxito en entrevistas reales. Crea Tu Cuenta Gratuita Ahora Practica en Tu Horario No más esperas por coaches o reservas de citas. Nuestra herramienta de simulacro de entrevista con IA funciona 24/7, para que puedas practicar cuando quieras: temprano en la mañana, en la hora del almuerzo o tarde en la noche. Preguntas Creadas para Tu Trabajo Obtén preguntas de entrevista diseñadas específicamente para tu rol. Ya sea que te postules para puestos de ingeniería de software, marketing o finanzas, nuestra IA crea escenarios relevantes que realmente enfrentarás. Convierte Debilidades en Fortalezas Incluso pequeños defectos en tus respuestas pueden dañar tus posibilidades. Nuestro entrevistador de IA te ayuda a: Corregir puntos débiles en tus respuestas para evitar pausas incómodas Mejorar la narración con historias convincentes que destaquen Generar confianza mediante la práctica y el entrenamiento de la compostura Ayuda con Entrevistas con IA para Ingenieros, Graduados y Freelancers Desbloquea una preparación para entrevistas más inteligente con integraciones seamless de IA personalizadas para tu trayectoria profesional. Final Round AI Ingeniería & Tecnología Final Round AI Banca & Finanzas Final Round AI Freelancers & Contratistas Final Round AI Freelancers & Contratistas Ya sea que estés entrevistando en marketing, consultoría, finanzas o healthcare, Interview Copilot se adapta a tu industria. Su IA avanzada para entrevistas ayuda a adaptar tus respuestas y guiarte en tiempo real, para que puedas desempeñarte con confianza. Estoy Listo para Entrevistar de Forma Más Inteligente Final Round AI Vs Traditional Tools Curious how we really compare? Here's how Final Round AI stacks up against traditional coaches and other AI tools on the market. Ready to ditch outdated prep and try the smarter way? Try Final Round AI – It's Free Traditional Coaching Final Round AI Other AI Tools Personalized to Your Job Role Often generic across industries Personalized to Your Job Role Tailored to your resume + role Personalized to Your Job Role Limited customization Real-Time Feedback Delayed or after session ends Real-Time Feedback Real-time, actionable insights Real-Time Feedback Often vague or delayed Behavioral & Technical Questions But may require multiple sessions Behavioral & Technical Questions Covers both with specific formats Behavioral & Technical Questions May focus on one, not both Language Support (29+ Languages) Typically only English Language Support (29+ Languages) Global accessibility Language Support (29+ Languages) Limited language support Practice Anytime (24/7 Access) Must coordinate times Practice Anytime (24/7 Access) No scheduling required Practice Anytime (24/7 Access) Some limited access Visual Feedback & Analytics No analytics Visual Feedback & Analytics Performance insights after every round Visual Feedback & Analytics Basic or no performance data Affordability $100+ per session Affordability Free plan + optional upgrades Affordability Subscription only Lo que Dicen los Buscadores de Empleo sobre Final Round AI Ver Más Testimonios Senior Software Engineer Inourie How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Emily How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Joe How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Technical Program Manager Nizar How AI Helped Land a Dream Job product manager Yoon How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Anubhav How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Inourie How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Emily How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Joe How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Technical Program Manager Nizar How AI Helped Land a Dream Job product manager Yoon How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Anubhav How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Inourie How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Emily How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Joe How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Technical Program Manager Nizar How AI Helped Land a Dream Job product manager Yoon How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Anubhav How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Preguntas Frecuentes ¿Qué es un simulacro de entrevista con IA y cómo funciona Final Round AI? Un simulacro de entrevista es una sesión de práctica que simula una experiencia real de entrevista de trabajo. Te ayuda a ensayar respuestas a preguntas comunes de entrevistas, entender lo que buscan los empleadores e identificar áreas que necesitan trabajo. Piensa en ello como un espacio seguro para cometer errores, aprender de ellos y perfeccionar tus respuestas sin consecuencias reales. Final Round AI lleva este concepto más allá con una práctica con tecnología de IA que simula escenarios de entrevistas reales para tu puesto de trabajo específico. No solo hace preguntas; da retroalimentación en tiempo real sobre tus respuestas, tono, ritmo y entrega. Es como tener un entrenador inteligente e imparcial que te ayuda a mejorar en cada sesión. ¿Quién debería usar los simulacros de entrevista con IA de Final Round AI? Es ideal para Estudiantes y recién graduados preparándose para sus primeras entrevistas, Personas que cambian de trabajo y entran en nuevas industrias, Profesionales de nivel medio y senior preparándose para entrevistas de alto riesgo, Cualquier persona que se sienta nerviosa o insegura sobre cómo estructurar sus respuestas. ¿Cómo usar los simulacros de entrevista con IA? Inicia sesión en tu cuenta de Final Round AI, Selecciona la herramienta Simulacro de Entrevista, Elige tu título de trabajo o sube una descripción del puesto, Comienza a responder preguntas generadas por IA en voz alta, Obtén feedback instantáneamente después de cada pregunta y un informe resumido al final. ¿Qué plataforma ofrece la experiencia de simulacro de entrevista más realista? Final Round AI se destaca por el realismo porque simula entrevistas de trabajo reales basadas en tu rol e industria. Evalúa no solo lo que dices, sino cómo lo dices, ayudándote a sonar más natural, confiado y estructurado. ¿Cuál es el propósito de un simulacro de entrevista? El propósito principal es practicar bajo presión en un entorno seguro. Te ayuda a refinar tu narrativa, eliminar muletillas (como 'eh', 'o sea') y manejar preguntas inesperadas con facilidad, todo lo cual aumenta tus posibilidades de éxito en entrevistas reales. ¿Qué puedes aprender de un simulacro de entrevista? Aprenderás Cómo estructurar respuestas usando frameworks como STAR u otros, Qué partes de tus respuestas no son claras o son demasiado largas, Si tu tono y ritmo coinciden con el rol, Cómo mejorar tu presencia y articulación. ¿Cuáles son los beneficios de un simulacro de entrevista? Aumenta la confianza, Reduce la ansiedad, Mejora la entrega y claridad, Te ayuda a auto-evaluarte y hacer mejoras específicas, Te hace consciente de puntos ciegos antes de la entrevista real. ¿Cómo puedo obtener comentarios sobre mi desempeño en el simulacro de entrevista? Con Final Round AI, obtendrás un informe de desempeño detallado immediately después de tu sesión. Incluye comentarios sobre la calidad de la respuesta, el tono, las muletillas y la claridad, para que puedas rastrear el progreso y practicar de manera más efectiva. ¿Cómo simula el simulacro de entrevista de Final Round AI las entrevistas de trabajo reales? El simulacro de entrevista de Final Round AI utiliza IA avanzada para generar preguntas realistas específicas del trabajo, analizar respuestas y proporcionar retroalimentación instantánea para ayudar a los usuarios a prepararse para entrevistas del mundo real. ¿Qué tipos de preguntas hace el simulacro de entrevista con IA? El simulacro de entrevista con IA cubre una amplia gama de preguntas, incluyendo preguntas conductuales (p. ej., método STAR), preguntas técnicas, preguntas específicas de la industria y preguntas comunes de entrevistas de RR.HH. ¿El simulacro de entrevista con IA proporciona puntuación y consejos de mejora? Sí, el simulacro de entrevista con IA asigna una puntuación basada en claridad, confianza y relevancia. También proporciona consejos de mejora accionables para ayudar a los usuarios a mejorar sus habilidades para entrevistas. ¿En qué se diferencia el simulacro de entrevista de Final Round AI de otras herramientas de entrevista en línea? Final Round AI ofrece puntuación y análisis en tiempo real, retroalimentación en tiempo real, preguntas de entrevista específicas del trabajo y ideas de coaching personalizadas para mejorar la preparación para entrevistas de trabajo. ¿Puedo practicar preguntas de entrevista conductuales y técnicas con Final Round AI? Sí, Final Round AI ofrece preguntas de entrevista conductuales (RR.HH., liderazgo, trabajo en equipo) y técnicas (codificación, específicas de la industria) para garantizar una preparación integral. ¿El simulacro de entrevista con IA de Final Round AI es gratuito o de pago? Final Round AI ofrece simulacros de entrevista gratuitos y premium. La versión gratuita proporciona práctica básica de entrevistas, mientras que la versión premium incluye análisis en profundidad y coaching personalizado. 100k+ reviews Land Your Dream Job with Final Round AI Today Transform your interview skills with Final Round AI's AI interview practice. Start now and land your dream job with confidence. You've done the prep—now it's time to practice smarter. Get started for Free Company About Contact Us Referral Program More Products Interview Copilot AI Mock Interview AI Resume Builder More AI Tools Coding Interview Copilot AI Career Coach Resume Checker More Resources Blog Hirevue Interviews Phone Interviews More Refund Policy Privacy Policy Terms & Conditions Disclaimer: This platform provides guidance, resources, and support to enhance your job search. However, securing employment within 30 days depends on various factors beyond our control, including market conditions, individual effort, and employer decisions. We do not guarantee job placement within any specific timeframe. © 2025 Final Round AI, 188 King St, Unit 402 San Francisco, CA, 94107 Simulador de Entrevistas con IA Gratuito - Practica Entrevistas con IA | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
https://maker.forem.com/t/cplusplus | C++ - Maker Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close C++ Follow Hide Official tag for the C++ programming language. Create Post submission guidelines Articles and discussions should be directly related to the C++ programming language. (Not to be confused with C (#c) , Objective C (#objectivec) , or C# (#csharp) ) Questions are encouraged! (See the #help tag) Be careful when criticizing C++ as a language or platform; most such complaints are old news. Criticisms are permitted, but please keep such discussions polite and objective. about #cpp C++ is a compiled programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1985. It offers features of imperative, object-oriented, and generic programming. The current language standard is C++20 . Documentation cppreference.com CPlusPlus.com Compilers Clang/LLVM GCC Microsoft Visual C++ Complete list... Older #cpp posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 … 75 … 144 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Maker Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a space where makers create, share, and bring ideas to life. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
https://soundcloud.com/moesifhq/kin-lane-the-api-evangelist | Stream episode 3. Kin Lane, the API Evangelist by Moesif podcast | Listen online for free on SoundCloud SoundCloud JavaScript is disabled You need to enable JavaScript to use SoundCloud Show me how to enable it 3. Kin Lane, the API Evangelist by Moesif published on 2020-11-12T04:33:15Z Kin Lane, the Chief Evangelist of Postman, has spent the last decade helping organizations think through their API lifecycles and optimize their business processes. He continues to be a prolific writer on his famous blog site, the API Evangelist. Kin shares his perspectives on API governance, guidelines for deprecating & versioning, and interesting implementations he’s seen with Postman Collections. Specifically, he covers: • Kin's path into APIs and what led him to Postman • How prevalent are APIs • Standardizing APIs across your entire company • Ensuring API governance in larger companies vs. startups • DevEx is more than documentation • Measuring developer activation and success • How to evaluate DevRel • What is APIOps • Versioning guidelines • HTTP headers are very important • Know your customer so you can communicate change • Tired of supporting multiple client libraries • Stabilizing your API lifecycle • Is there a market for GraphQL • Are there any good resources for APIs Genre Technology Users who like 3. Kin Lane, the API Evangelist Users who reposted 3. Kin Lane, the API Evangelist Playlists containing 3. Kin Lane, the API Evangelist More tracks like 3. Kin Lane, the API Evangelist License: all-rights-reserved Your current browser isn't compatible with SoundCloud. Please download one of our supported browsers. Need help? Chrome | Firefox | Safari | Edge Sorry! Something went wrong Is your network connection unstable or browser outdated? I need help Popular searches | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Music Forem Close # streaming Follow Hide instant track overload Create Post Older #streaming posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu How do I discover new music that actually fits my taste? Luca Luca Luca Follow Jan 8 How do I discover new music that actually fits my taste? # newmusic2026 # risingartists # rnb # streaming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read COLORS: Silvana Estrada - Un Rayo De Luz | A COLORS SHOW Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Dec 8 '25 COLORS: Silvana Estrada - Un Rayo De Luz | A COLORS SHOW # indie # livestreaming # streaming # digital Comments Add Comment 1 min read NPR Music: Annie DiRusso: Tiny Desk Concert Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Dec 8 '25 NPR Music: Annie DiRusso: Tiny Desk Concert # indie # livestreaming # streaming 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read COLORS: SSIO - Ich Bin Raus | A COLORS SHOW Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 29 '25 COLORS: SSIO - Ich Bin Raus | A COLORS SHOW # hiphop # livestreaming # streaming # digital Comments Add Comment 1 min read KEXP: Jembaa Groove - Dabia / Namo (Live on KEXP) Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 29 '25 KEXP: Jembaa Groove - 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NPR Music: Annie DiRusso: Tiny Desk Concert Independent musicians are leaving Spotify in droves How streaming platforms engineered their own piracy problem: a data story 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Music Forem — From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Music Forem © 2025 - 2026. We're a place dedicated to discussing all things music - composing, producing, performing, and all the fun and not-fun things in-between. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Alyssa Posted on Jan 13 I Debug Code Like I Debug Life (Spoiler: Both Throw Exceptions) # discuss # career # programming # beginners Being a software developer is a lot like being human. Being a woman software developer is like being human with extra edge cases. I write code for a living. Sometimes I write bugs professionally. And occasionally, I write code that works on the first run — which is deeply suspicious and should be reviewed by science. The Compiler Is Honest. People Are Not. One thing I love about code: If it doesn’t like you, it tells you immediately. If you’re wrong, it throws an error. If you forget a semicolon, it remembers forever. Life, on the other hand, waits three years and then says: “Hey… remember that decision you made? Yeah. About that.” Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In programming, we call this technical debt. In life, we call it experience. As a Woman in Tech, I Learned Early About “Undefined Behavior” There are two kinds of bugs: The ones you expect. The ones that happen because the environment is… creative. Sometimes I walk into a meeting and: I’m the only woman. I’m also the backend. And somehow still expected to fix frontend CSS. This is not imposter syndrome. This is runtime context awareness. My Brain Runs on TODO Comments My mind is basically: // TODO: fix sleep schedule // TODO: refactor life choices // TODO: stop overthinking edge cases Every time I say “I’ll do it later,” a TODO comment is silently added to my soul. And just like in real projects: Some TODOs become features. Some become bugs. Some live forever and scare new contributors. Debugging Is Just Asking Better Questions People think debugging is about being smart. It’s not. It’s about asking questions like: “What did I assume?” “What did I change?” “Why does this work only on my machine?” “Why does it stop working when someone is watching?” Honestly, debugging taught me emotional intelligence: Don’t panic. Observe. Reduce the problem. Remove assumptions. Take breaks before you delete everything. Humor Is My Favorite Framework Tech moves fast. Trends change. Frameworks come and go. But humor? Zero dependencies. Backward compatible. Works across teams. Excellent for handling production incidents at 3 AM. When the server is down and everyone is stressed, sometimes the most senior move is saying: “Okay. This is bad. But also… kinda funny.” Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Then you fix it. Obviously. Confidence Is a Skill, Not a Setting I didn’t wake up confident. I compiled it over time. Confidence came from: Breaking things. Fixing them. Asking “stupid” questions. Shipping anyway. Learning that perfection doesn’t deploy. The best developers I know aren’t fearless. They just commit despite the warnings. Final Build: Still Experimental I’m still learning. Still refactoring. Still discovering bugs in old logic. But I ship. I learn. I laugh. I write code. And I’m very comfortable saying: “I don’t know yet — but I will.” Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If you’re a developer reading this: Your bugs don’t define you. Your errors are data. Your weird brain is probably a feature. And if today feels broken… Try restarting. With coffee ☕ And maybe fewer assumptions. Thanks for reading. If this resonated, you’re probably running the same version of reality as me. Top comments (8) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Art light Art light Art light Follow Trust yourself🌞your capabilities are your true power. ❤Telegram - ✔lighthouse4661 ❤Discord - ✔lighthouse4661 Email art.miclight@gmail.com Pronouns He/him Work CTO Joined Nov 21, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is such a sharp, thoughtful piece — witty, honest, and deeply relatable, especially the way you blend debugging with real-life growth. Your humor and clarity turn real experience into insight, and it’s genuinely inspiring to read.😉 Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks💛I'm really glad it resonated with you and made you smile. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Art light Art light Art light Follow Trust yourself🌞your capabilities are your true power. ❤Telegram - ✔lighthouse4661 ❤Discord - ✔lighthouse4661 Email art.miclight@gmail.com Pronouns He/him Work CTO Joined Nov 21, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Good!😎 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Thread Thread Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand darkbranchcore darkbranchcore darkbranchcore Follow Joined Dec 28, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Such a great read—smart, funny, and painfully relatable in the best way. I love how you turned real dev struggles into something empowering and human. That takes real confidence 👏 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Hi there! I am Alyssa. ❤I can see success in my mind's eye🌞 Email Location UK Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you so much! 💙 That really means a lot to me—turning those struggles into something empowering was exactly the goal. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Hadil Ben Abdallah Hadil Ben Abdallah Hadil Ben Abdallah Follow Software Engineer • Technical Content Writer • LinkedIn Content Creator Email hadilbenabdallah111@gmail.com Location Tunisia Education ENET'COM Pronouns she/her Work Content Writer & Social Media Manager Joined Nov 13, 2023 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This was such a refreshing read. The way you map debugging principles to real life is not just funny, it’s surprisingly insightful 😄 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you! I love how you picked up on that—turning coding chaos into life lessons is exactly the kind of perspective that makes tech both fun and relatable 😄 Keep sharing these gems! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 Trending on DEV Community Hot What makes a good tech Meet-up? # discuss # community # a11y # meet What was your win this week??? # weeklyretro # discuss 🧗♂️Beginner-Friendly Guide 'Max Dot Product of Two Subsequences' – LeetCode 1458 (C++, Python, JavaScript) # programming # cpp # python # javascript 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Vibe Coding Forem Close # devops Follow Hide Content centering around the shifting left of responsibility, deconstruction of responsibility silos, and the automation of repetitive work tasks. Create Post submission guidelines Be nice. Be respectful. Assume best intentions. Be kind, rewind. Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu PLI 7.10 - Bypassing AI Knowledge Cutoffs with Auto-Data Synthesis seridarivus 13 seridarivus 13 seridarivus 13 Follow Jan 10 PLI 7.10 - Bypassing AI Knowledge Cutoffs with Auto-Data Synthesis # ai # devops # api # tdd 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read 20 Plus AI Coding Tools for Dev Workflows in 2026 Devin Rosario Devin Rosario Devin Rosario Follow Jan 7 20 Plus AI Coding Tools for Dev Workflows in 2026 # ai # devops # opensource # programming Comments Add Comment 6 min read I’m Not Technical But I’m Rebuilding Random Video Chat by Fixing the Parts Code Never Touched mark gjura mark gjura mark gjura Follow Jan 2 I’m Not Technical But I’m Rebuilding Random Video Chat by Fixing the Parts Code Never Touched # ai # devops # games Comments Add Comment 3 min read Solved: Understanding PPC Management — What Are the Most Important Factors Today? Darian Vance Darian Vance Darian Vance Follow Dec 28 '25 Solved: Understanding PPC Management — What Are the Most Important Factors Today? # devops # programming # tutorial # cloud Comments Add Comment 8 min read How to Build AI-Based Recommendation Systems in Mobile Apps (2026 Guide) Eira Wexford Eira Wexford Eira Wexford Follow Dec 26 '25 How to Build AI-Based Recommendation Systems in Mobile Apps (2026 Guide) # ai # appdevelopment # devops Comments Add Comment 8 min read From Scripts to Systems: Agent-Driven Shell Automation in 2026 Del Rosario Del Rosario Del Rosario Follow Jan 8 From Scripts to Systems: Agent-Driven Shell Automation in 2026 # bash # automation # ai # devops Comments Add Comment 4 min read Why I built a search engine that limits results to exactly 4 items seridarivus 13 seridarivus 13 seridarivus 13 Follow Jan 7 Why I built a search engine that limits results to exactly 4 items # ai # devops # api 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Why My AI Tool Got Worse When I Made It Smarter v. Splicer v. Splicer v. Splicer Follow Dec 23 '25 Why My AI Tool Got Worse When I Made It Smarter # ai # chatgpt # debugging # devops 4 reactions Comments 3 comments 5 min read Optimizing PostgreSQL Queries for Large-Scale Data Applications Bakhat Yar|SEO Specialist Bakhat Yar|SEO Specialist Bakhat Yar|SEO Specialist Follow Dec 27 '25 Optimizing PostgreSQL Queries for Large-Scale Data Applications # postgres # database # devops Comments Add Comment 7 min read Use AWS Bedrock & AI Services (Claude, Nova, Polly, Transcribe) with Your Existing OpenAI Code J.Goutin J.Goutin J.Goutin Follow Dec 19 '25 Use AWS Bedrock & AI Services (Claude, Nova, Polly, Transcribe) with Your Existing OpenAI Code # ai # devops # aws # openai Comments 1 comment 4 min read Vibe Coded a Hardware Tester in a Weekend. (Spoiler: The UI took 10 mins, the Physics took 2 days) jack jack jack Follow Dec 17 '25 Vibe Coded a Hardware Tester in a Weekend. (Spoiler: The UI took 10 mins, the Physics took 2 days) # ai # devops 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Blackbox Testing Techniques Every QA Engineer Should Know Sophie Lane Sophie Lane Sophie Lane Follow Dec 11 '25 Blackbox Testing Techniques Every QA Engineer Should Know # devops # softwaretesting # blackboxtesting 25 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Krish Naik: Now Running MCP Server Is Easy With Docker MCP Toolkit Vibe YouTube Vibe YouTube Vibe YouTube Follow Oct 30 '25 Krish Naik: Now Running MCP Server Is Easy With Docker MCP Toolkit # docker # devops # opensource 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Using NVIDIA NeMo Agent Toolkit to improve data sync processes Andrii Siryi Andrii Siryi Andrii Siryi Follow Oct 28 '25 Using NVIDIA NeMo Agent Toolkit to improve data sync processes # ai # api # devops Comments Add Comment 2 min read Help Me Build the Future: Test My AI Developer Kit (Free Product Inside) yassine bout yassine bout yassine bout Follow Nov 13 '25 Help Me Build the Future: Test My AI Developer Kit (Free Product Inside) # ai # devops # api # chatgpt 10 reactions Comments 6 comments 2 min read I Built 25 AI Tools for Python Devs—Here's What I Learned yassine bout yassine bout yassine bout Follow Nov 13 '25 I Built 25 AI Tools for Python Devs—Here's What I Learned # ai # devops # opensource # api 7 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read Build your tribe - why building with others changes everything Karina Egle Karina Egle Karina Egle Follow Nov 6 '25 Build your tribe - why building with others changes everything # ai # devops # chatgpt # openai Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Vibe Code an App in 4 Easy Steps Karina Egle Karina Egle Karina Egle Follow Oct 30 '25 How to Vibe Code an App in 4 Easy Steps # ai # devops # opensource # openai 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read Next-Gen AI for Developers: Assistant Engine Assistant Engine Assistant Engine Assistant Engine Follow Oct 23 '25 Next-Gen AI for Developers: Assistant Engine # ai # devops # opensource # dotnet Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Creative Flow: Vibe Coding Tools and the Human Element on October 13, 2025 Om Shree Om Shree Om Shree Follow Oct 13 '25 The Creative Flow: Vibe Coding Tools and the Human Element on October 13, 2025 # ai # cloud # devops # opensource 16 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Mid-October 2025 AI Software Development News Roundup: Tools, Trends, and Breakthroughs Om Shree Om Shree Om Shree Follow Oct 12 '25 Mid-October 2025 AI Software Development News Roundup: Tools, Trends, and Breakthroughs # ai # cloud # devops # opensource 21 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Top Common AI Integration Errors in Android Apps and How to Fix Them Shubham Joshi Shubham Joshi Shubham Joshi Follow Oct 12 '25 Top Common AI Integration Errors in Android Apps and How to Fix Them # ai # devops # api Comments Add Comment 5 min read # Building CodeGenie: A Local AI Coding Agent (100% Offline & Private). Check it out Sherin Joseph Roy Sherin Joseph Roy Sherin Joseph Roy Follow Oct 6 '25 # Building CodeGenie: A Local AI Coding Agent (100% Offline & Private). Check it out # ai # devops # claude # opensource 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Launching this month LM Vino LM Vino LM Vino Follow Oct 6 '25 Launching this month # ai # devops # opensource # git Comments Add Comment 1 min read Built an all in one 🤖AI tool to turn software development chaos into structure - need your feedback! [Use it for FREE] LM Vino LM Vino LM Vino Follow Sep 16 '25 Built an all in one 🤖AI tool to turn software development chaos into structure - need your feedback! [Use it for FREE] # ai # devops # opensource # claude 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... trending guides/resources Optimizing PostgreSQL Queries for Large-Scale Data Applications I’m Not Technical But I’m Rebuilding Random Video Chat by Fixing the Parts Code Never Touched Help Me Build the Future: Test My AI Developer Kit (Free Product Inside) How to Build AI-Based Recommendation Systems in Mobile Apps (2026 Guide) Why I built a search engine that limits results to exactly 4 items From Scripts to Systems: Agent-Driven Shell Automation in 2026 Build your tribe - why building with others changes everything Blackbox Testing Techniques Every QA Engineer Should Know I Built 25 AI Tools for Python Devs—Here's What I Learned Krish Naik: Now Running MCP Server Is Easy With Docker MCP Toolkit Solved: Understanding PPC Management — What Are the Most Important Factors Today? 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https://share.transistor.fm/s/c6ad2ee1#goodpods-path-1 | APIs You Won't Hate | Jazzed about API client library codegen, with Danny Sheridan from Fern APIs You Won't Hate 40 ? 30 : 10)" @keyup.document.left="seekBySeconds(-10)" @keyup.document.m="toggleMute" @keyup.document.s="toggleSpeed" @play="play(false, true)" @loadedmetadata="handleLoadedMetadata" @pause="pause(true)" preload="none" @timejump.window="seekToSeconds($event.detail.timestamp); shareTimeFormatted = formatTime($event.detail.timestamp)" > Trailer Bonus 10 40 ? 30 : 10)" class="seek-seconds-button" > 40 ? 30 : 10"> Subscribe Share More Info Download More episodes Subscribe newValue ? setTimeout(() => copied = false, 2500) : null)" @click="copied = copyFeedUrl()" class="form-input-group" > Copied to clipboard Apple Podcasts Spotify Pocket Casts Overcast Castro YouTube Goodpods Goodpods Metacast Amazon Music Pandora CastBox Anghami Anghami Fountain JioSaavn Gaana iHeartRadio TuneIn TuneIn Player FM SoundCloud SoundCloud Deezer Podcast Addict Share newValue ? setTimeout(() => copied = false, 2500) : null)" @click="copied = copyShareUrl()" class="form-input-group" > Share Copied to clipboard newValue ? setTimeout(() => copied = false, 2500) : null)" @click="copied = copyEmbedHtml()" class="form-input-group" > Embed Copied to clipboard Start at Trailer Bonus Full Transcript View the website updateDescriptionLinks($el))" class="episode-description" > Chapters March 22, 2023 by APIs You Won't Hate View the website Listen On Apple Podcasts Listen On Spotify Listen On YouTube RSS Feed Subscribe RSS Feed RSS Feed URL Copied! Follow Episode Details / Transcript Fern - Build APIs Twice as fast - https://buildwithfern.com/ Fern on GitHub - https://github.com/fern-api/fern Fern's Profile with YCombinator - https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/fern Danny Sheridan - CEO and cofounder of Fern danny@buildwithfern.com buf.build - protobuf codegen utility - https://buf.build/ Creators and Guests Host Mike Bifulco Cofounder and host of APIs You Won't Hate. Blogs at https://mikebifulco.com Into 🚴♀️, espresso ☕, looking after 🌍. ex @Stripe @Google @Microsoft Guest Danny Sheridan CEO and co-founder of Fern What is APIs You Won't Hate? A no-nonsense (well, some-nonsense) podcast about API design & development, new features in the world of HTTP, service-orientated architecture, microservices, and probably bikes. Mike: Hello everyone and welcome back to APIs you won't hate. My name is Mike Fulco. Your APIs you won't hate guide on this mystery tour we're on. Today I have the distinct pleasure of sitting down and chatting with Danny Sheridan from Fern. Danny, it's nice to meet you. How are you doing today? Danny: I am jazzed Mike. I find myself about halfway through the Y Combinator Winter 2023 program, and I'm just full of energy right now, so I'm looking forward to the conversation ahead. Mike: Spot on. Yeah, that's great. You, you are in the winter of your full on contentment from the sounds of it, so that's super dope. I'm really interested in talking to you and hearing about what you're building at Fern. I am a fellow startup co-founder, and I have limitless questions for you about the startup world and especially why Combinator. But let's start here. Tell me a little bit about yourself. Tell me your working history before Fern. How you got to the fern part of life and any of the other interesting details that, that might have come along the way. Danny: Fantastic. So my name is Danny Sheridan. I am the co-founder and CEO of Fern. and my background started at the University of Michigan. Got to study undergraduate degree focused on business and technology and actually started a business during my university days selling products on Amazon. Got to grow that business and. Actually led me to be recruited by the Amazon Marketplace team. And so went over to work for them as a product manager. I really didn't know what that title meant when they said, great, how about you come in here and do product management? And over my couple of years working at the Amazon business, I moved over to a w s and that's where I spent most of my time. And in aws I got the privilege of seeing how software's built specifically. can build APIs at scale, lots of services operating, and a very consistent developer experience consuming those APIs. So that was pretty formative for me in my understanding about the API ecosystem. Mike: Yeah, I can imagine. And it's not your first defense building a business either. So I think you've probably had you know, a, a typical founder story, but maybe an atypical sort of dev story and builder's story. So working at AW, Obviously a giant company, mega corporation. Amazon might be the biggest company in the world, maybe. And now you are running a very small company. Comparatively I'm, I'm sure, unless there's a few hundred thousand people hiding out in the wings that I don't know about. So tell me about Fern. How did you get started with Fern? Danny: I'll start with talking about my team. Which is to me the most important part of Fern and one of my co-founders. I had the privilege of meeting during my first business that I ran. So we met at the University of Michigan while running this business. I brought him in as the computer scientist to help us move off of Google Sheets and get to a real relational database. And so it's always nice for folks that are thinking about how they find a co-founding team. To rely on someone you've already worked with and trust. That's definitely a trend that I've seen amongst the co-founding teams at Y Combinator in the current program, there are over 250 teams in this batch, and a very popular pattern is. Previous coworker relationships so that you've both seen them in a professional setting, probably in a social setting to some degree. And there are a few teams that are kind of going in blind with our co-founder. So that was really important to me. We had a chance to work together for years. And then I went to AWS and my co-founder deep went over to Palantir and worked on some US government focused projects there, building APIs and integrating data. And then after a couple years in the bigger corporate environments, we agreed that it was time to go work together again, starting something anew. And as he was telling his team goodbye at Palantir, one of his teammates pulled him aside and said, Hey, I really have enjoyed working together. Would you be open to a third co-founder on your team? Mike: Wow, that's really interesting. Tell me more about Danny: Mike, how Mike, how do you vet a third co-founder that you don't know? To me, that's a lot of risk from, from my seat. It's like, Hey, we both have a good mutual connection friend that we've had the opportunity to work with. They worked together for the last 12 months at Palantir before they decided to leave to co-found Fern with me. But there's a lot of risk there. I mean, not John just dilution, but like an early stage of a startup. The biggest risk is team and team cohesion. Mike: yeah, Danny: so Mike, we, we were trying to figure out how do we. De-risk this for ourselves. And our answer was, let's go to Montana. Mike: of Danny: of us are from Mon Montana , right? Of course none of us are from Montana. It was very neutral territory. And we said, let's go get a house in the woods for a week and share a bathroom and cook together and talk about the culture we wanna build. And we didn't even have the business idea. And that was a very effective approach for us. And at the end of the week, we said, great, we're all equal partners. Let's go start a business. Mike: Sure. Yeah. Almost like a, a co-founder peyote quest, you know, off into the, the desert and see what, what visions come to you. That's really interesting. So you spent a week together kind of getting to know each other and from the sounds of it, it probably worked out. Sounds like you jived pretty well with one another. Danny: We were intentional about speaking a lot about the company we intended to build. How big of a company do you wanna build? What type of people do you wanna work at that company and what do you want the culture to be? Of the people that describe it to their family and friends over Thanksgiving, that's kinda the framing we had. And so we were very intentional of working backwards from the company we wanted to build. And then now there, right now there are three of us who work at Fern, but we anticipate that growing later this year. Mike: Yeah. Wow, that's very interesting. I so I'm a startup founder myself, a repeat offender. I'm, I'm building my third company right now. And definitely all of the people who I've worked with building companies are people who I've known beforehand to a large extent, right. Some of the early employees and companies I've worked with and some of. Third ish co-founder sort of first seats have been people who I didn't know as well. And the chemistry thing is a big part of the picture there. And you know, I think for a lot of the folks who listen to this show building products with a team is definitely something that you can imagine. But if you haven't gotten into the shoes of starting a company from scratch, it's hard to imagine what it's like building a culture from scratch. Like starting with the culture, starting with the dream, starting with the journey, and creating something that you have a shared vision for, that you can then all, you know, drive in the right direction. With that being Danny: Mike. Mike: yeah, Danny: one of the things that's on my mind is actually about complimentary skills. Is that something that you spend time thinking about when picking your most recent team at K Craftwork? Mike: Yeah. Complimentary skills complimentary personality types is really interesting too. I'm, I am really interested in working with people who can challenge me and also have a, a breadth of background and experiences and for example, like deal with conflict differently than I do, right? In a way that is healthy, you know someone who can work through a problem openly and, and honestly is going to be much more useful for a startup team than it would be someone who you know, burs emotion, things like that or doesn't communicate. Skillset is, is massive, right? Like I'm, I'm really interested in hearing the way you've structured your founding team, but having a technical founder and someone who might be more business minded or more sales minded kind of depends on the sort of business you're building. But you need to complete the, the beginning parts of that puzzle to be able to, to start assembling a business. Certainly Danny: Mike, first time founders focus on product, repeat founders focus on distribution. And that's one of the things that we've done right at the beginning of Fern, is that I spend my entire time focusing on distribution and customer success. And it allows my co-founder, Zach and Deep to spend their time building great product. And that's been very effective for us. Mike: All right, so what's the product then? Gimme the pitch for Fern. Danny: I'd love to. So Fern helps engineering teams build APIs twice as. My team has spent a lot of time doing repetitive tedious tasks. When writing APIs specifically, we would write the types and the networking on the backend, and then we would do it again in type script on the front end. We'd do it again when writing our client libraries and a fourth time when updating our documentation and Postman collection writing code. The same code repeatedly and keeping it all in sync is time consuming, it's error prone, and it's just not fun engineering work that engineering teams want to do. So firm lets engineering teams build APIs twice as fast. You start by defining your API or importing your open API spec if you're a user of it. And then Fern generates server code, SDKs documentation, and a postman. Mike: Okay. Now you're speaking our language. Open API is something that, as you might imagine, comes up an awful lot when we're, we're talking about building APIs. So it sounds like then your target end users or the, maybe the companies, the people who are, will become users of Fern are ones who need to build APIs that are largely consumed by third parties. Is that right? Danny: That's what we thought initially, and one of the learnings for us is how many folks are coming to us saying actually we want paved roads or standards for how we build APIs internally. So some of the server frameworks that we have built integration with are, I'll just name some of the popular ones. Types, types, type script express, python, fast, api, Java, spring. We've had folks that say, I actually want to be Schema first in my API development process. But it's hard and they've found that Open API is not right for them because of the quality of the code generators, which we can get into some of the challenges with the open API generators project. But what they come to us is, is saying is that I would like idiomatic. Cogen, Mike: Yeah. Danny: I definitely want some clients and actually. The first client library that they want tends to be a TypeScript SDK that they can use for building their front end. So it's actually they want an internal TypeScript SDK as the very first step that we see most of our customers take. Mike: Sure. Yeah, that makes a lot of sense. I think the discourse over the past couple years has really shifted too from let's build an API that works and figure out how the standards work and make sure we're, you know, putting up the right H C T P verb and right to the right endpoint and designing these things at. Follow sort of like the, the standards that we're used to from rest and open API and people are suddenly upleveling that discussion and it's more about how do we provide type safety ferment and how do I make sure it's secure ferment and how can I idiomatic is a great term. How can I deploy this in a few languages so that the Java developers feel like they're writing Java code and not like interfacing with a completely foreign bit of tooling. Yeah, I think that's really interesting. And I think that Design First APIs is something that people are really like starting to embrace lately too. The cogen tooling maybe leaves a bit to be desired, but I, I've seen quite a bit of people talking about using open API tools like postman and Stoplight and all those to build out what their API looks like before they write a line of code. And that is wholly different from where we were, I don't know, 10 years ago, maybe even less than that. Danny: The, the place where I would say I'm not sure that, that makes sense. Like the, the gap in that story for me is that postman is not schema aware. And so it's really not the first place to go to define the api. I get that. It makes examples and a collection is nice to have. But that's kind of gap in my mind of that's not why I would not use it as a API definition Mike: Yeah. Danny: to then build off of. And then stoplight is not as collaborative. There's, there's no like, concept of branching or suggesting a change. And so we run into companies that. Basically to generate an open API spec. So it's kinda like a front end UI to get them to open api and then they use that to feed into, I'm thinking of one company that fed that into the Rust server code generator. And that was their workflow and they're kind of just duct taping and using some bailing wire to get these tools together. And I look forward to a much more all-in-one experience, which I think is going to be the future of a API development as we look down. Mike: Yeah, I think the developer experience is starting to level up, right? It's the, the collaboration experience is much easier. And designing something that you can have confidence in is, is becoming something that doesn't require, 25 years of, of experience building things to do. I also think along with type safety, one of the things that comes up quite a bit for, I'd imagine internal teams, those who are using Fern, who their first project might be that type script thing to build their own site. Probably talking about mobile apps too, right? They, they also need to consume their API to build a mobile app, and that's kind of a different story than the web because caching is different and API keys are different and things like that. When you're downloading, you know, something that executes on a local device too. Danny: And that reminds me, Mike, of there are thin wrappers around an API for SDKs, and then there are smart SDKs. And I'll give one example of just talking to the team at Post Ho, who's a product an an open source self hostable product analytics solution. They have a very smart sdk and so while co-generation can get them maybe 10, 20% of the way, they have a lot of work to do when still building out their SDKs. And so I'm excited to see how much of that smart logic over time can be code genned today. It's about. Mike: I think the expectations there are getting higher too. As an API consumer, oftentimes I feel like people are getting used to seeing documentation that has. Generated examples right in your documentation Stripe maybe set the standard there for, for putting API keys in your docs that are functional for the user that's consuming it. So this is where I put in my disclaimer that I worked for Stripe in the past, but I'm no longer affiliated with that squad. But if you have a Stripe account and you go to Stripes you'll get code samples that you can copy and paste into your environment and they'll run because it uses your, your test keys, your api. Which is super cool and an expectation that's starting to level itself across the industry too, right? Danny: And Mike, we've asked companies who, who say that they intend to do that, how they plan to do it, and you know what their answer is. Mike: What's that? Danny: They say that the way that they're going to get copy and pastable code examples for every endpoint. Use the SDK is to hand write it and put it in markdown on their docs. That's the answer today. And that sucks. That will not be the world in five years from now. Mike: Yeah, Danny: exciting place where you really need someone to own the code generation of the SDKs and the docs experience, if you want that to be easy and seamless. And so I'll give two examples to you, Mike, of companies that have decided to own that experience. Mike: sure. Danny: One of them was my former employer at aw. And they did it by building a tool called Smithy that was initially an internal tool. It's a domain specific language for defining APIs. You would define your schema and then you'd click generate, and one of the things you'd get is docs. And because they would generate SDKs and docs, they would be able to put SDKs snippets. In the docs and they built all that themselves. They then open sourced it. But if you look at the community, it's, it's not very existent because there are a lot of like heavy dependencies on AWS packages and libraries that are not the things that I'd want my customers consuming if I was giving them an sdk. So that's one. AW Ws. They did this and they built it internally by funding a dev team. Not everyone can near, not every business can do that. Mike: Yeah. Danny: company is very near and dear to your past, which is, Stripe calls their internal tooling sorbet. And sorbet is a Ruby domain specific language, which allows you to define an API schema first. And this is how Stripe builds their APIs. They don't start with writing code on the backend. They start with their schema and then they go and generate. And one of the things they're able to do because they own their SDK generation and they own their docs generation, is they put example snippet. For each endpoint in their docs that are copy and pastable. And it's very clear to me that we are going to take inspiration for that at Fern with what we build over the next 12 months. Mike: Yeah. Well, you've, you've definitely done your homework if that's the case. And so, so let me spit it back at you then. It sounds like from what you're describing, at least some of the value proposition as a team that needs to build APIs of kind of any description, whether it's internal or external, is something that helps you define the shape of your API and the sort of requirements of the API itself co-generation from there to get you client libraries. Well actually I don't think we've talked about languages, but some amount of languages that you can, you can work through. And then theoretically the great documentation that should follow from that, that is human understandable and useful and has code snippets and things like that, that are useful as well. Is, is that a fair description of kind of what you're after with Fern? Danny: And we'll, we'll leave you with the Postman collection as well. Cause a lot of teams enjoy the postman being a destination of their api. That's exactly what we're after. We're going to enable engineering teams to design schema first, and we're gonna do the undifferentiated heavy lifting associated with con libraries and talks. Mike: Yeah. Okay. So that leaves me with the question of, I could imagine many engineering teams that are existent in the world today probably have some sort of api that exists right now. Right? So is there a process for adopting Fern as a tool to use or I don't know, backing into schema that that Fern can consume and then generate from? Danny: Yeah, so we, we have invented our own specification, and I think of the XKCD about another standard. You know, all the standards don't work. Let's invent another. We very much acknowledge that we're introducing another standard into the world, and so to ease that transit. You are able to bring in an open API spec and you can either import that and then continue building it out in Fern, or we actually have a mode where you can just use open API into Fern. And behind the scenes we turn it into this specification that we call the Fern definition, which is a yammel specification that is simpler to write than what I'll call verbose open api. and happy to talk more about that if you're interested in Mike. Mike: Yeah, sure, sure. I that, that's a bold undertaking. I know the scope of an API definition can be quite a bit to begin with, but then all the other things that Open API can, you know do and provide for co-generation, all those other things, there's a lot of surface area to cover there. Apart from my own disdain for Yammel which we can get into on another podcast. I, I suppose yeah, I think that's really interesting. I'm I'm curious maybe. So let's take a step back actually. So how long has Fern been in the world? How long has it been available to use? Danny: We've been working on Fern for 11 months now, and we are now in production with 10 customers. Mike: Cool. Right on. Oh, that's really exciting. So what is your, well, so 10 customers is a decent size sample set. Have you seen a pattern in the size of those companies or maybe the appetite for certain types of companies or engineering teams or whatever to jump into adopting a new standard or a new process? Danny: Yeah, I think it'd be best to speak about one company specifically, and so I'll pick one of our customers to talk about, which is the team at Flat File. They do CSV importing is their business. Mike: Oh yeah. Okay. Danny: are you familiar with them, Mike? Mike: I am. Yeah. Danny: All right. They've gotten the API to use the flat file product. And they came to us because they tried using the open API generators and what they found was that some of the code didn't compile after they would use the generator, and they weren't happy with the idiomatic nature of the code. Like it was very clear that all of the languages were not of equal quality. And so they came to us and said, Hey, I heard that you guys can produce production-ready SDKs. We wanna see it. And so we took their open API spec, brought it into Fern, and then were able to generate SDKs and we guarantee that the SDK will compile some of, some of my gripes with the Open API generators is like when they don't compile after generating. And so it requires me to start playing around with mustache. So with Fern, there's none of that. We are open source. You can see our code generators and we even take contributions from the community. But this flat file company, they were able to, now they just launched their node JS sdk. We'll be working on a Python and a Java. Mike, before you mentioned, what languages do you support Danny? And the answers that we've started with the, the big three languages, which are type script, which also is JavaScript, Python, and Java. And then beyond that, if, if some of our customers want other languages, what we'll do is we will use the Open API generators and we will manage those on customer's behalf. And Fern takes care of publishing to GitHub so you can have your source code in its own repo, and we take care of publishing to the appropriate registry like N P M Maven or Pi P. Mike: Yeah. Okay. Oh, that's really interesting. I mean, the, the three languages that you've chosen, I think make a lot of sense to cover, you know, the 80 20 problem of what the industry's up to right now. And other ones to come, I think are pretty easy to imagine. Putting on my, like head of engineering hat if I'm trusting someone else to generate the APIs. For, or there's the client libraries for my api. One of the things that I'm going to be really keen, keenly aware of is the state of testing. So how, how am I certain that the APIs that are being generated, compiled, but then also work what does that look like? Danny: Yeah, so we, we make sure to test our code generators. That's the point that we view, that's important for us to quality control and because of the testing that we do on our code generators. We can give you certainty that your code will compile after the SDK is generated. So we have, we've had no customers that have had an issue with having to test out their sdk. Some do choose to write test themselves but we have not run into a single issue to date. Mike: Sure. Okay. So let's say I'm sitting here listening to the, the podcast and it sounds like Fern might be something that I'm interested in using. What's onboarding look like right now? Danny: Yeah, right now the best way to get in touch is to go to our website and schedule a call. We have focused on going deep with our customers instead of focusing on self-service. Most of our customers are engineering teams who actually wanna understand how does this impact my work? And kind of how can I minimally impact my workflow? Mike, earlier you asked the question of what if I already have an API or multiple APIs, and the answer is that you can bring your open API spec that you have and then use Fern for your end plus one endpoint so you can use it for the next endpoint and have kind of, it reminds me of the transition from JavaScript to TypeScript that companies went through where you keep all your JavaScript code, you just build TypeScript over time, and eventually it becomes the way that you do. Mike: right? Yeah. Incremental adoption is, is an interesting feature there. That's really cool. Okay. Yeah. Wow. So you support the, the big three languages. You can, we can kind of get into incremental adoption. What are the hard problems that you're facing right now? Like, what are the things that are, that you're thinking of that are keeping you up at night? Danny: One of the things that keeps me upward up at night is backwards compatibility. A lot of our customers want to ensure that their APIs are back compat. And that is going to take engineering and a little bit of r and d on our end to make sure that we can support that in a very first class way. So that's one of the things that I've, I, I kind of wake up thinking through how do we ensure that? Don't allow a developer to break their API accidentally. Mike: right? I see. Yeah. And so by that you, you literally mean let's say I have version 1.0 of my API out in the wild and my TypeScript API that I built myself in-house using whatever, you know, open API spec and tools and teams and engineering that I wanted I guess is what you're saying there that uh, if tomorrow I adopted Fern and Fern is generating version 1.0 0.1 of my api, and you, you wanna make sure that that's backwards compatible, is that. Danny: It is actually a, a good way to speak about this might actually be to go to talk to Stripe . So what Stripe does is every time that they release a new version of their api, they do not break their previous consumers. And so I have a friend who's been using Stripe for six years now and they have not updated their. Code to submit basically a payment to call the Stripe APIs. And that's amazing to me that someone can do that. And the way that Stripe does it is that they have their V1 of the API actually call the V2 of the api. Behind the scenes they have like a translator that they've written and then that V2 of the API actually sends the request to the server, gets a response, and then they translate it back to the v1. And they've done that for multiple versions over. And they built automation to build those translators between their versions. And I think that, I believe that they're called gates. That technology is going to be very exciting if we can democratize it and give that to everyone in the world. Right now it just exists in a, the very small walled gardens of the big tech companies. Mike: Yeah. Got it. completely understand that. And having experienced it from the inside of Stripe, it's, it's pretty incredible to see. I, I also have built companies on Stripes, APIs in the past, which is like, as a consumer, not having to worry about that. Super, super helpful and like that's the kind of thing that, that afford. Sleep and you know, not no hair pulling when you're especially working with, dealing with taking people's money Danny: Mike. Mike, this reminds me of a quote from William Gibson that the future is already here. It's just not evenly distributed, and I think you got to experience that at Stripe. I got to experience that at aws, and if furnace successful, we will democratize some of the innovations that occurred within and were invented within those organizations. Mike: Sure. Yeah. I appreciate the open source angle that you're taking too with your code generators. So what's, what is I guess what's the strategy there? Like how are you engaging the community in, in helping to build open source tooling? Is there a an adoption curve that comes along with that as an organization? What does that look like? Danny: A absolutely. We've been able to create a pricing model where we have a free open source tier, and then a paid professional plant tier, and I'll speak about those for a second. In the free open source, you can use all of our code generators and. We output the files that are generated and compiled. So for example, if you have a type script sdk or you have FAST API code that comes to your local file system, but you can use all of firm's generators in the paid version, we will publish the generated code for you. So typically we see GitHub and the registries like npm, Maven, pi, PI as the destinations. We also see Postman as a common destination, and then you get support from our. And so we've seen that be a successful way to, there's kind of a bimodal distribution with folks that wanna try it and kind of hack around with it. And the common pattern that we've seen is that developers actually build before they buy. They wanna bring able to bring it to their team and show it to them how it works before even getting into contracting and procurement. And so we are very And have that context around anyone that wants to come to you as use us. It's like you should be able to try this before you're convinced you should be spending money with us. Mike: Yeah, that's a common pattern. For, for large companies especially. It's sort of build me a proof of concept. Show me why we would do this. Give us the value prop in a, you know, micro atomic level. Show it to the team, shop it around to, you know, whoever needs to sign the dotted line to, to adopt new tools. And that can be a really effective way for people to both prove to themselves that they need it, but then to prove to their organization that it's something that provides value too. Danny: And we don't have to reinvent the wheel here, Mike. We have seen examples of Code Gen four APIs, and so I'll walk through a couple of 'em. We've had the privilege of seeing Apollo with GraphQL build a business around code gen. Then in a more recent company that's been built is buff around protocol buffers, and that's buff.build. And they have been able to build a business around cogen in the G R P C and Protocol Buffers world. Mike: Yeah. Danny: aspiration is that rest APIs are much more than 90% of all APIs that have been built today. And so we aspire to be Fern the Cogen company for rest APIs. Mike: Sure. Yeah. Wow. That's a massive undertaking. And definitely a lot of mountain to lift there. It seems to me that one, one of the, the advantages of using open source under underlying tooling to build co-generation for your APIs is particularly being able to have community adoption and sort of approval from a robust set of people testing out your tools and using it. And I feel like that's also maybe one of the values that Open api, the, the specification provides as well. So is that something that you're thinking about, maybe contributing back to open API itself or trying to influence the tooling or the structure or the organization or the people, whatever parts of that might make sense for you? Danny: At this point, I am really laser focused on serving our customers. And deploying Fern successfully with them. And so that takes up all of my time right now. I am not spending time focused on the open api either the technical steering community or some of those meetings. I'm spending all of my time with our customers. Mike: Yeah. Cool. Right on. So what's, what's next? What are the things that you're working on delivering right now? Danny: Yeah, I'll give you one of the problem statements that a customer came to us with that is just fun for anyone who likes to think about API challenges. This company is building in the microservices architecture world. And they've got a microservice, that's Python Fast api. They've got another one that's TypeScript Express and they have another one and go. So they have three microservices. Each is a different engineering team within their organization, but they want one SDK for each of their major languages that they support, and they want one Postman collection and they want one API docs experience. So they came to us and said, Hey Danny, how do we take a bunch of different backends and abstract that. our API consumers. And so that's just a fun challenge. And the right answer there is build schema first. And so we actually got access to their GitHub repo, went in and wrote them up a firm definition so that they could be using our specification, and then we're able to generate a single kind of developer experience to be the interface into multiple microservices. And so the, the consumers of their API don't even know that that's their architecture internally. And I think that's exactly the way it should. Mike: Sure. It's almost like a unifying agent at that point. Danny: That's exactly right. Companies shouldn't be building this internally. I talked to another prospect recently who they built that unifying technology internally and they said, it's not that great. It's got some bugs. We kind of get an open API spec that's not great, but we try to unify into that format. And I am very excited to offer that to more organizations in the coming year of if you have a microservices architecture fern can work really well for being that un. Mike: Yeah. There's a lot of complexity that will come along with microservices, and I think people get to that level of complexity despite the promise of microservices being like, oh, you really just need to worry about your, your little. You know segment of the world, your sliver of the code, it's a microservice. You can make a billion of 'em and they all work together. But then suddenly you, you find yourself, you know, sitting in a room with red yarn tied from place to place to place and not really understanding the larger picture there. Having a a zoomed out view of that, and especially something that can sort of orchestrate that across the organization, even across teams, like you mentioned. That's super. Yeah. So if, if devs are interested in working with Fern what, what's the best way to get started today? Danny: The best way to get started is to head to our website, build with fern.com. Mike: Cool. Danny: Check it out, read the docs. There's a getting started. But I'm happy to help as well. So my email is Danny build with verne.com and you can send me a link to your existing docs or attach your open API spec. Our most successful customers have actually gotten that white glove onboarding. And as much as I love the idea of self-service adoption and bottoms up we've experienced that these engineering organizations want someone to come in and really deeply understand their workflow before they. Editing that to try to enhance and make things easier. Cuz a lot of times you run into more trouble than it's worth. And so we take a very hands-on approach in showing kind of the before and after of using Fern. Mike: Yeah, especially when bringing something new into the world, I think it's helpful to go through that experience yourself too, right? Probably as a founder, you're validating the onboarding experience and seeing the things that you can be doing better and feeling some of their pain is, is likely a valuable thing for you too. Danny: Very much Mike, it very much aligns with some of the Why Combinator advice that I've gotten from their, they call them group partners, which are like the advisors that each company gets, and they have been very clear that there are two ways that we should be spending our time these days. One, talking to customers and two coding. Mike: Sure. Danny: And if you're not doing either of those two, like reevaluate how you're spending your time. And so that's really stuck with me. I'll count this time right now as talking to customers. Mike: Yeah, I think that's fair. I think that's totally fair. What if our listeners want to check out your open source stuff? What's your uh, GitHub organization called? Danny: Our GitHub organization is Fern api and our repo is called Fern. Mike: Got it. Okay. I should say as well that I will of course include links to a lot of this stuff in the show notes. Yeah. So we'll, we'll have notes for that, for folks to check out. Yeah, from there, I guess so I don't know. Any other questions or any other things you wanted to cover? Danny: I think the last thing on my mind is that if there's one takeaway, it's that Fern makes building rest APIs easier and faster for engineering teams. Mike: Yeah, that seems like a, a solid pitch there without a doubt. And Danny, so I'll include your email in the show notes as well. Do you find yourself traipsing across Twitter or LinkedIn or Macedon, any of those places these days? Danny: I'm a LinkedIn person, so it'll be I, I'll include the link in the show notes for folks who wanna connect and reach out. Mike: Yeah, perfect. I'll have that in there as well. Danny Sheridan, it has been wonderful chatting with you. It's been really cool to hear about Fern. If, if you're listening to the show check out the show notes. Lots of good stuff in there. Danny, thanks so much for coming along. It's been a pleasure chatting with you. Danny: I look forward to creating more APIs that people won't hate. Mike: Here's to that. Take care, Denny. All audio, artwork, episode descriptions and notes are property of APIs You Won't Hate, for APIs You Won't Hate, and published with permission by Transistor, Inc. Broadcast by | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
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https://cursor.com/features#tab | Features · Cursor Skip to content Cursor Features Enterprise Pricing Resources ↓ Changelog Blog Docs ↗ Community Learn ↗ Workshops Forum ↗ Careers Features Enterprise Pricing Resources → Sign in Download Features The best way to build software. Download for macOS ⤓ Try mobile agent → Agent Delegate coding tasks so you can focus on higher-level direction. This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users. It's a demonstration of Cursor's IDE showing AI-powered coding assistance features. The interface is displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. Cursor Get Cursor In Progress 4 Enterprise Order Management System Generating Analyze Tab vs Agent Usage Patterns Generating PyTorch MNIST Experiments Generating Fix PR Comments Fetching Issue Generating Ready for Review 2 Set up Cursor Rules for Dashboard + 37 - 0 · Set up Cursor Rules for Dashboard Bioinformatics Tools + 135 - 21 · Bioinformatics Tools Analyze Tab vs Agent Usage Patterns Help me understand how teams split their focus between the tab view and the agents panel across our workspaces. Agent GPT-5 Codebase understanding Cursor's codebase embedding model gives Agent deep understanding and recall. Where are these menu label colors defined? Top model access Choose freely between frontier models from OpenAI, Anthropic, Gemini, and xAI. Auto Suggested Composer 1 GPT-5 High Fast ✓ Claude Sonnet 4.5 Claude Opus 4.5 Gemini 3 Pro Grok Code Scoped changes Make targeted edits or run terminal commands with natural language. Interactive demo with multiple windows showing Cursor's AI-powered features. Get Cursor sequence_alignment.py test_alignment.py from typing import Tuple MATCH_SCORE = 2 MISMATCH_SCORE = -1 GAP_PENALTY = -2 def nw_align(s: str, t: str) -> int: """Basic Needleman-Wunsch global alignment.""" n, m = len(s), len(t) dp = [[0] * (m + 1) for _ in range(n + 1)] # Initialize gap penalties for i in range(1, n + 1): dp[i][0] = i * GAP_PENALTY for j in range(1, m + 1): dp[0][j] = j * GAP_PENALTY for i in range(1, n + 1): for j in range(1, m + 1): match = dp[i-1][j-1] + (MATCH_SCORE if s[i-1] == t[j-1] else MISMATCH_SCORE) delete = dp[i-1][j] + GAP_PENALTY insert = dp[i][j-1] + GAP_PENALTY dp[i][j] = max(match, delete, insert) return dp[n][m] Tab Our custom autocomplete model predicts your next actions. This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users. It's a demonstration of Cursor's IDE showing AI-powered coding assistance features. The interface is displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. Cursor Get Cursor Dashboard.tsx SupportChat.tsx "use client"; import React, { useState } from "react"; import Navigation from "./Navigation"; import SupportChat from "./SupportChat"; export default function Dashboard() { return ( <div className="flex h-[600px] border rounded-lg overflow-hidden"> <div className="w-64 border-r"> </div> <div className="w-80 border-l"> <SupportChat /> </div> </div> ); } Multi-line edits Get suggested edits across multiple lines. Interactive demo with multiple windows showing Cursor's AI-powered features. Get Cursor ChangeManagement.tsx const VERSION = "8.2.3" const RELEASE_TAG = "release-8.2.3" export function ChangeManagement() { const metadata = { version: VERSION, tag: RELEASE_TAG, } return ( <main className="change-management"> <header> <h1>What's New in Version {VERSION}</h1> </header> </main> ) } Smart rewrites Type naturally, Cursor will finish your thought. Interactive demo with multiple windows showing Cursor's AI-powered features. Get Cursor phoneNumberUtils.ts export function normalizeNANPDigits(input: string): string { const onlyDigits = input.replace(/D/g, ""); return onlyDigits.length === 11 && onlyDigits.startsWith("1") ? onlyDigits.slice(1) : onlyDigits; } export function formatUSPhone(input: string): string { // format (000) 000-0000 const digits = input.replace(/D/g, ""); const core = digits.length === 11 && digits.startsWith("1") ? digits.slice(1) : digits; if (core.length !== 10) return input.trim(); const area = core.slice(0, 3); const prefix = core.slice(3, 6); const line = core.slice(6); return "(" + area + ") " + prefix + "-" + line; } Tab, Tab, Tab Fly through edits at your cursor and across files. Interactive demo with multiple windows showing Cursor's AI-powered features. Get Cursor ChangeManagement.tsx const VERSION = "8.2.3" const RELEASE_TAG = "release-8.2.3" export function ChangeManagement() { const metadata = { version: VERSION, tag: RELEASE_TAG, } return ( <main className="change-management"> <header> <h1>What's New in Version {VERSION}</h1> </header> </main> ) } Tab to Changelog.tsx Across the entire development process Start tasks from Slack, issue tracker, mobile and more. Finish off in the IDE. Try agents on web and mobile ↗ This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users. It's a demonstration of Cursor integrated within Slack, showing AI-powered assistance inside team communication. The interface is displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. Slack #ask-cursor 8 members dylan small thing but would be really good to have anchor links on the website for releases 4 replies dylan wanna be able to go to cursor.com/changelog#1.0 to see 1.0 changelog eric checks out @cursor can you take a stab? Cursor APP I implemented direct linking for changelog entries and updated Node.js version constraints across the project to improve compatibility and maintainability. View PR Open in Cursor Open in Web dylan Nice @eric can you take a look? cursor.com/agents Agent GPT-5 ryos main In Progress 4 Enterprise Order Management System Generating Analyze Tab vs Agent Usage Patterns Generating PyTorch MNIST Experiments Generating Fix PR Comments Fetching Issue Generating Ready for Review 2 Bioinformatics Tools + 135 - 21 · Bioinformatics Tools Set up Cursor Rules for Dashboard + 37 - 0 · Set up Cursor Rules for Dashboard IDE Manual to agentic coding, in one familiar editor. Download → Interactive demo with multiple windows showing Cursor's AI-powered features. summary.py report.py test_usage.py import logging from typing import Dict import pandas as pd logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) def focus_share( events: pd.DataFrame, feature_col: str = "interaction_type", user_col: str = "user_id", ) -> pd.DataFrame: if events.empty: return pd.DataFrame( columns=[feature_col, "events", "unique_users", "share_of_events", "share_of_users"], ) missing = {feature_col, user_col} - set(events.columns) if missing: raise ValueError(f"Missing required columns: {sorted(missing)}") grouped = ( events.groupby(feature_col) .agg(events=(feature_col, "size"), unique_users=(user_col, "nunique")) .reset_index() ) total_events = grouped["events"].sum() total_users = grouped["unique_users"].sum() grouped["share_of_events"] = grouped["events"] / total_events if total_events else 0.0 grouped["share_of_users"] = grouped["unique_users"] / total_users if total_users else 0.0 return grouped.sort_values("events", ascending=False).reset_index(drop=True) def switch_summary( events: pd.DataFrame, feature_col: str = "interaction_type", user_col: str = "user_id", ts_col: str = "timestamp", ) -> Dict[str, float]: defaults = { "total_switches": 0, "agent_entry_rate": 0.0, "tab_return_rate": 0.0, "avg_seconds_between_switches": 0.0, } if events.empty: return defaults required = {feature_col, user_col, ts_col} missing = required - set(events.columns) if missing: raise ValueError(f"Missing required columns: {sorted(missing)}") df = events.copy() df[ts_col] = pd.to_datetime(df[ts_col], utc=True, errors="coerce") df = df.dropna(subset=[ts_col]).sort_values([user_col, ts_col]) if df.empty: return defaults df["prev_feature"] = df.groupby(user_col)[feature_col].shift(1) df["prev_timestamp"] = df.groupby(user_col)[ts_col].shift(1) switches = df[df["prev_feature"].notna() & (df[feature_col] != df["prev_feature"])] total = int(switches.shape[0]) if total == 0: return defaults agent_entries = switches[switches[feature_col] == "agent"] tab_returns = switches[(switches[feature_col] == "tab") & (switches["prev_feature"] != "tab")] durations = (switches[ts_col] - switches["prev_timestamp"]).dt.total_seconds() return { "total_switches": total, "agent_entry_rate": float(agent_entries.shape[0] / total), "tab_return_rate": float(tab_returns.shape[0] / total), "avg_seconds_between_switches": float(durations.mean()) if not durations.empty else 0.0, } def rolling_focus_share( events: pd.DataFrame, ts_col: str = "timestamp", feature_col: str = "interaction_type", freq: str = "1D", window: int = 7, ) -> pd.DataFrame: if events.empty: return pd.DataFrame() required = {ts_col, feature_col} missing = required - set(events.columns) if missing: raise ValueError(f"Missing required columns: {sorted(missing)}") df = events.copy() df[ts_col] = pd.to_datetime(df[ts_col], utc=True, errors="coerce") df = df.dropna(subset=[ts_col]) if df.empty: return pd.DataFrame() daily = ( df.groupby([pd.Grouper(key=ts_col, freq=freq), feature_col]) .size() .unstack(fill_value=0) .sort_index() ) if daily.empty: return pd.DataFrame() totals = daily.sum(axis=1).replace(0, pd.NA) shares = daily.div(totals, axis=0).fillna(0.0) return shares.rolling(window, min_periods=1).mean() CLI Run agents in any terminal or script. Learn more → Interactive demo with multiple windows showing Cursor's AI-powered features. Cursor Agent ~/Repos/cursor-usage-research Analyze Tab vs Agent Usage Patterns Help me understand how teams split their focus between the tab view and the agents panel across our workspaces. ⬢ T h o u g h t 7 s ⬢ R e v i e w e d w o r k s p a c e u s a g e e x p o r t s a n d h i s t o r i c a l e n g a g e m e n t n o t e s I'll build an analytics toolkit that highlights tab versus agent adoption and switching behavior: summary.py + 150 - 0 Next I'll normalize the interaction labels and add session tagging so product can filter specific cohorts: segmentation.py + 94 - 0 Time to stitch everything together with a report helper that combines the key metrics: report.py + 40 - 0 I'll add tests to lock in the behaviour using a representative sample from last week's export: test_usage.py + 90 All set! We now track focus share, switching rates, and rolling engagement so PMs can compare tab-first and agent-first workflows in seconds. → GPT-5.2 / for commands · @ for files Review with Bugbot Identify issues, fix in one click. Learn more → This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users. It's a demonstration of Cursor integrated within GitHub, showing AI-powered code review and debugging assistance. The interface is displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. GitHub Pull Request Get Bugbot Review cursor bot reviewed 1m ago src/vs/workbench/composer/browser/components/ComposerUnifiedDropdown.tsx 3292 - {selectedMode().keybinding} 3293 + {composerOpenModeToggleKeybinding} cursor bot 1m ago Bug: Function Returns Object Instead of String (Logic bug) The composerOpenModeToggleKeybinding is a function that needs to be called to get its value. Using it directly causes the keybinding display condition to always be truthy. Fix in Cursor Fix in Web Powerful, yet flexible Configure Cursor so you can do your best work. 1-click import Import extensions, themes, and keybindings directly from VS Code. MCP servers Connect external tools and data sources directly to Cursor. Rules & memories Customize how the models behave with reusable, scoped instructions. next.mdc --- Description: Rules for the dashboard application Globs: apps/dashboard/**/* --- # Dashboard Application Rules ## Instructions: Follow Next.js App Router best practices Use React Server Components by default Implement type-safe server actions Follow mobile-first responsive design with Tailwind CSS Use shadcn/ui components with Radix UI primitives Implement proper error boundaries and loading states Optimize for Core Web Vitals ## Component Structure: 1. Exports 2. Types/Interfaces 3. Server actions (if any) 4. Component logic 5. Helper functions 6. Static content ## Naming: Use kebab-case for directories PascalCase for components camelCase for functions and variables Use descriptive names with auxiliary verbs (isLoading, hasError) @file apps/dashboard/tsconfig.json @file apps/dashboard/.env Custom commands Use and manage reusable prompts within your team. Agent GPT-5 check-compiler-errors and / | check-compiler-errors code-review commit fix-merge-conflicts plan pr weekly-review Changelog CLI Jan 8, 2026 New CLI Features and Improved CLI Performance 2.3 Dec 22, 2025 Layout Customization and Stability Improvements Dec 18, 2025 Enterprise Insights, Billing Groups, Service Accounts, and Improved Security Controls 2.2 Dec 10, 2025 Debug Mode, Plan Mode Improvements, Multi-Agent Judging, and Pinned Chats See what's new in Cursor → Try Cursor now. Download for macOS ⤓ Try mobile agent → Product Features Enterprise Web Agents Bugbot CLI Pricing Resources Download Changelog Docs ↗ Learn ↗ Forum ↗ Status ↗ Company Careers Blog Community Workshops Students Brand Legal Terms of Service Privacy Policy Data Use Security Connect X ↗ LinkedIn ↗ YouTube ↗ © 2026 Cursor 🛡 SOC 2 Certified 🌐 English ↓ English ✓ 简体中文 日本語 繁體中文 Skip to content Cursor Features Enterprise Pricing Resources ↓ Changelog Blog Docs ↗ Community Learn ↗ Workshops Forum ↗ Careers Features Enterprise Pricing Resources → Sign in Download Features The best way to build software. Download for macOS ⤓ Try mobile agent → Agent Delegate coding tasks so you can focus on higher-level direction. This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users. It's a demonstration of Cursor's IDE showing AI-powered coding assistance features. The interface is displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. Cursor Get Cursor In Progress 4 Enterprise Order Management System Generating Analyze Tab vs Agent Usage Patterns Generating PyTorch MNIST Experiments Generating Fix PR Comments Fetching Issue Generating Ready for Review 2 Set up Cursor Rules for Dashboard + 37 - 0 · Set up Cursor Rules for Dashboard Bioinformatics Tools + 135 - 21 · Bioinformatics Tools Analyze Tab vs Agent Usage Patterns Help me understand how teams split their focus between the tab view and the agents panel across our workspaces. Agent GPT-5 Codebase understanding Cursor's codebase embedding model gives Agent deep understanding and recall. Where are these menu label colors defined? Top model access Choose freely between frontier models from OpenAI, Anthropic, Gemini, and xAI. Auto Suggested Composer 1 GPT-5 High Fast ✓ Claude Sonnet 4.5 Claude Opus 4.5 Gemini 3 Pro Grok Code Scoped changes Make targeted edits or run terminal commands with natural language. Interactive demo with multiple windows showing Cursor's AI-powered features. Get Cursor sequence_alignment.py test_alignment.py from typing import Tuple MATCH_SCORE = 2 MISMATCH_SCORE = -1 GAP_PENALTY = -2 def nw_align(s: str, t: str) -> int: """Basic Needleman-Wunsch global alignment.""" n, m = len(s), len(t) dp = [[0] * (m + 1) for _ in range(n + 1)] # Initialize gap penalties for i in range(1, n + 1): dp[i][0] = i * GAP_PENALTY for j in range(1, m + 1): dp[0][j] = j * GAP_PENALTY for i in range(1, n + 1): for j in range(1, m + 1): match = dp[i-1][j-1] + (MATCH_SCORE if s[i-1] == t[j-1] else MISMATCH_SCORE) delete = dp[i-1][j] + GAP_PENALTY insert = dp[i][j-1] + GAP_PENALTY dp[i][j] = max(match, delete, insert) return dp[n][m] Tab Our custom autocomplete model predicts your next actions. This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users. It's a demonstration of Cursor's IDE showing AI-powered coding assistance features. The interface is displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. Cursor Get Cursor Dashboard.tsx SupportChat.tsx "use client"; import React, { useState } from "react"; import Navigation from "./Navigation"; import SupportChat from "./SupportChat"; export default function Dashboard() { return ( <div className="flex h-[600px] border rounded-lg overflow-hidden"> <div className="w-64 border-r"> </div> <div className="w-80 border-l"> <SupportChat /> </div> </div> ); } Multi-line edits Get suggested edits across multiple lines. Interactive demo with multiple windows showing Cursor's AI-powered features. Get Cursor ChangeManagement.tsx const VERSION = "8.2.3" const RELEASE_TAG = "release-8.2.3" export function ChangeManagement() { const metadata = { version: VERSION, tag: RELEASE_TAG, } return ( <main className="change-management"> <header> <h1>What's New in Version {VERSION}</h1> </header> </main> ) } Smart rewrites Type naturally, Cursor will finish your thought. Interactive demo with multiple windows showing Cursor's AI-powered features. Get Cursor phoneNumberUtils.ts export function normalizeNANPDigits(input: string): string { const onlyDigits = input.replace(/D/g, ""); return onlyDigits.length === 11 && onlyDigits.startsWith("1") ? onlyDigits.slice(1) : onlyDigits; } export function formatUSPhone(input: string): string { // format (000) 000-0000 const digits = input.replace(/D/g, ""); const core = digits.length === 11 && digits.startsWith("1") ? digits.slice(1) : digits; if (core.length !== 10) return input.trim(); const area = core.slice(0, 3); const prefix = core.slice(3, 6); const line = core.slice(6); return "(" + area + ") " + prefix + "-" + line; } Tab, Tab, Tab Fly through edits at your cursor and across files. Interactive demo with multiple windows showing Cursor's AI-powered features. Get Cursor ChangeManagement.tsx const VERSION = "8.2.3" const RELEASE_TAG = "release-8.2.3" export function ChangeManagement() { const metadata = { version: VERSION, tag: RELEASE_TAG, } return ( <main className="change-management"> <header> <h1>What's New in Version {VERSION}</h1> </header> </main> ) } Tab to Changelog.tsx Across the entire development process Start tasks from Slack, issue tracker, mobile and more. Finish off in the IDE. Try agents on web and mobile ↗ This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users. It's a demonstration of Cursor integrated within Slack, showing AI-powered assistance inside team communication. The interface is displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. Slack #ask-cursor 8 members dylan small thing but would be really good to have anchor links on the website for releases 4 replies dylan wanna be able to go to cursor.com/changelog#1.0 to see 1.0 changelog eric checks out @cursor can you take a stab? Cursor APP I implemented direct linking for changelog entries and updated Node.js version constraints across the project to improve compatibility and maintainability. View PR Open in Cursor Open in Web dylan Nice @eric can you take a look? cursor.com/agents Agent GPT-5 ryos main In Progress 4 Enterprise Order Management System Generating Analyze Tab vs Agent Usage Patterns Generating PyTorch MNIST Experiments Generating Fix PR Comments Fetching Issue Generating Ready for Review 2 Bioinformatics Tools + 135 - 21 · Bioinformatics Tools Set up Cursor Rules for Dashboard + 37 - 0 · Set up Cursor Rules for Dashboard IDE Manual to agentic coding, in one familiar editor. Download → Interactive demo with multiple windows showing Cursor's AI-powered features. summary.py report.py test_usage.py import logging from typing import Dict import pandas as pd logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) def focus_share( events: pd.DataFrame, feature_col: str = "interaction_type", user_col: str = "user_id", ) -> pd.DataFrame: if events.empty: return pd.DataFrame( columns=[feature_col, "events", "unique_users", "share_of_events", "share_of_users"], ) missing = {feature_col, user_col} - set(events.columns) if missing: raise ValueError(f"Missing required columns: {sorted(missing)}") grouped = ( events.groupby(feature_col) .agg(events=(feature_col, "size"), unique_users=(user_col, "nunique")) .reset_index() ) total_events = grouped["events"].sum() total_users = grouped["unique_users"].sum() grouped["share_of_events"] = grouped["events"] / total_events if total_events else 0.0 grouped["share_of_users"] = grouped["unique_users"] / total_users if total_users else 0.0 return grouped.sort_values("events", ascending=False).reset_index(drop=True) def switch_summary( events: pd.DataFrame, feature_col: str = "interaction_type", user_col: str = "user_id", ts_col: str = "timestamp", ) -> Dict[str, float]: defaults = { "total_switches": 0, "agent_entry_rate": 0.0, "tab_return_rate": 0.0, "avg_seconds_between_switches": 0.0, } if events.empty: return defaults required = {feature_col, user_col, ts_col} missing = required - set(events.columns) if missing: raise ValueError(f"Missing required columns: {sorted(missing)}") df = events.copy() df[ts_col] = pd.to_datetime(df[ts_col], utc=True, errors="coerce") df = df.dropna(subset=[ts_col]).sort_values([user_col, ts_col]) if df.empty: return defaults df["prev_feature"] = df.groupby(user_col)[feature_col].shift(1) df["prev_timestamp"] = df.groupby(user_col)[ts_col].shift(1) switches = df[df["prev_feature"].notna() & (df[feature_col] != df["prev_feature"])] total = int(switches.shape[0]) if total == 0: return defaults agent_entries = switches[switches[feature_col] == "agent"] tab_returns = switches[(switches[feature_col] == "tab") & (switches["prev_feature"] != "tab")] durations = (switches[ts_col] - switches["prev_timestamp"]).dt.total_seconds() return { "total_switches": total, "agent_entry_rate": float(agent_entries.shape[0] / total), "tab_return_rate": float(tab_returns.shape[0] / total), "avg_seconds_between_switches": float(durations.mean()) if not durations.empty else 0.0, } def rolling_focus_share( events: pd.DataFrame, ts_col: str = "timestamp", feature_col: str = "interaction_type", freq: str = "1D", window: int = 7, ) -> pd.DataFrame: if events.empty: return pd.DataFrame() required = {ts_col, feature_col} missing = required - set(events.columns) if missing: raise ValueError(f"Missing required columns: {sorted(missing)}") df = events.copy() df[ts_col] = pd.to_datetime(df[ts_col], utc=True, errors="coerce") df = df.dropna(subset=[ts_col]) if df.empty: return pd.DataFrame() daily = ( df.groupby([pd.Grouper(key=ts_col, freq=freq), feature_col]) .size() .unstack(fill_value=0) .sort_index() ) if daily.empty: return pd.DataFrame() totals = daily.sum(axis=1).replace(0, pd.NA) shares = daily.div(totals, axis=0).fillna(0.0) return shares.rolling(window, min_periods=1).mean() CLI Run agents in any terminal or script. Learn more → Interactive demo with multiple windows showing Cursor's AI-powered features. Cursor Agent ~/Repos/cursor-usage-research Analyze Tab vs Agent Usage Patterns Help me understand how teams split their focus between the tab view and the agents panel across our workspaces. ⬢ T h o u g h t 7 s ⬢ R e v i e w e d w o r k s p a c e u s a g e e x p o r t s a n d h i s t o r i c a l e n g a g e m e n t n o t e s I'll build an analytics toolkit that highlights tab versus agent adoption and switching behavior: summary.py + 150 - 0 Next I'll normalize the interaction labels and add session tagging so product can filter specific cohorts: segmentation.py + 94 - 0 Time to stitch everything together with a report helper that combines the key metrics: report.py + 40 - 0 I'll add tests to lock in the behaviour using a representative sample from last week's export: test_usage.py + 90 All set! We now track focus share, switching rates, and rolling engagement so PMs can compare tab-first and agent-first workflows in seconds. → GPT-5.2 / for commands · @ for files Review with Bugbot Identify issues, fix in one click. Learn more → This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users. It's a demonstration of Cursor integrated within GitHub, showing AI-powered code review and debugging assistance. The interface is displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. GitHub Pull Request Get Bugbot Review cursor bot reviewed 1m ago src/vs/workbench/composer/browser/components/ComposerUnifiedDropdown.tsx 3292 - {selectedMode().keybinding} 3293 + {composerOpenModeToggleKeybinding} cursor bot 1m ago Bug: Function Returns Object Instead of String (Logic bug) The composerOpenModeToggleKeybinding is a function that needs to be called to get its value. Using it directly causes the keybinding display condition to always be truthy. Fix in Cursor Fix in Web Powerful, yet flexible Configure Cursor so you can do your best work. 1-click import Import extensions, themes, and keybindings directly from VS Code. MCP servers Connect external tools and data sources directly to Cursor. Rules & memories Customize how the models behave with reusable, scoped instructions. next.mdc --- Description: Rules for the dashboard application Globs: apps/dashboard/**/* --- # Dashboard Application Rules ## Instructions: Follow Next.js App Router best practices Use React Server Components by default Implement type-safe server actions Follow mobile-first responsive design with Tailwind CSS Use shadcn/ui components with Radix UI primitives Implement proper error boundaries and loading states Optimize for Core Web Vitals ## Component Structure: 1. Exports 2. Types/Interfaces 3. Server actions (if any) 4. Component logic 5. Helper functions 6. Static content ## Naming: Use kebab-case for directories PascalCase for components camelCase for functions and variables Use descriptive names with auxiliary verbs (isLoading, hasError) @file apps/dashboard/tsconfig.json @file apps/dashboard/.env Custom commands Use and manage reusable prompts within your team. Agent GPT-5 check-compiler-errors and / | check-compiler-errors code-review commit fix-merge-conflicts plan pr weekly-review Changelog CLI Jan 8, 2026 New CLI Features and Improved CLI Performance 2.3 Dec 22, 2025 Layout Customization and Stability Improvements Dec 18, 2025 Enterprise Insights, Billing Groups, Service Accounts, and Improved Security Controls 2.2 Dec 10, 2025 Debug Mode, Plan Mode Improvements, Multi-Agent Judging, and Pinned Chats See what's new in Cursor → Try Cursor now. Download for macOS ⤓ Try mobile agent → Product Features Enterprise Web Agents Bugbot CLI Pricing Resources Download Changelog Docs ↗ Learn ↗ Forum ↗ Status ↗ Company Careers Blog Community Workshops Students Brand Legal Terms of Service Privacy Policy Data Use Security Connect X ↗ LinkedIn ↗ YouTube ↗ © 2026 Cursor 🛡 SOC 2 Certified 🌐 English ↓ English ✓ 简体中文 日本語 繁體中文 | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
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AI Mock Interview Pricing AI模拟面试 随时与AI面试官进行练习，它提出现实问题并提供即时反馈。它会根据您的职位描述和经验水平进行调整，帮助您改进答案并建立信心。AI模拟面试全天候工作，无需预约或准备时间。 免费试用 Final Round AI 真实练习 可操作的反馈 最大影响力 AI工程师 通过模拟问题为您的微软AI面试做准备，增强信心。 开始面试 平台工程师 通过模拟问题为您的Netflix平台工程师面试做准备，增强信心。 开始面试 研究工程师 通过模拟问题为您的OpenAI研究工程师面试做准备，增强信心。 开始面试 AI工程师 通过模拟问题为您的麦肯锡AI工程师面试做准备，增强信心。 开始面试 为什么选择Final Round AI进行模拟面试？ 真正有效的更智能面试准备： 建立真正的信心 与提出难题并帮助您在压力下保持冷静的AI一起练习，就像真实面试一样。 节省宝贵时间 无需安排麻烦或等待教练，随时可以立即练习。 快速做好求职准备 针对您特定职位和行业的定制问题确保您为任何情况做好准备。 我们的与众不同之处 免费试用 Final Round AI 个性化体验 根据您的简历和目标职位描述量身定制问题。 始终可用 全天候练习，无需预约或准备时间。 全球覆盖 支持29种以上语言，非常适合国际机会。 即时反馈 每次回答后获得可操作的建议，确切知道需要改进的地方。 免费开始 免费获得您的第一次模拟面试，没有隐藏费用或承诺。 如何在2分钟内使用AI模拟面试 我们的面试准备工具让您轻松为面试做好准备，并帮助您在真实面试中取得成功。 立即创建免费账户 1 注册 在Final Round AI的平台上创建一个免费账户。 2 上传详细信息 添加您的简历和职位描述以获得个性化问题。 3 选择您的角色 根据您的行业或职位解锁量身定制的AI面试问题。 4 练习 开始AI模拟面试，回答问题并获得即时反馈。 5 提升 查看AI见解以完善您的回答并优化表现。 搞定下一次面试所需的一切 我们的面试准备工具让您轻松为面试做好准备，并帮助您在真实面试中取得成功。 立即创建免费账户 按您的日程安排练习 无需再等待教练或预约。我们的AI模拟面试工具全天候工作，因此您可以在任何想要的时候练习——清晨、午休或深夜。 为您的工作量身打造的问题 获得专为您角色设计的面试问题。无论您申请的是软件工程、市场营销还是金融职位，我们的AI都会创建您将实际面对的相关场景。 将弱点转化为优势 即使您回答中的小瑕疵也可能损害您的机会。我们的AI面试官帮助您： 修复回答中的弱点，避免尴尬的停顿 通过引人入胜的叙述来增强讲故事的能力，脱颖而出 通过练习和沉着训练建立信心 为工程师、毕业生和自由职业者提供的AI面试帮助 通过为您的职业道路量身定制的无缝AI集成，解锁更智能的面试准备。 Final Round AI 工程与技术 Final Round AI 银行与金融 Final Round AI 自由职业者与承包商 Final Round AI 自由职业者与承包商 无论您是在市场营销、咨询、金融还是医疗保健领域面试，Interview Copilot都能适应您的行业。 其先进的面试AI有助于调整您的回答并实时指导您，让您自信地表现。 我准备好更聪明地面试了 Final Round AI Vs Traditional Tools Curious how we really compare? Here's how Final Round AI stacks up against traditional coaches and other AI tools on the market. Ready to ditch outdated prep and try the smarter way? Try Final Round AI – It's Free Traditional Coaching Final Round AI Other AI Tools Personalized to Your Job Role Often generic across industries Personalized to Your Job Role Tailored to your resume + role Personalized to Your Job Role Limited customization Real-Time Feedback Delayed or after session ends Real-Time Feedback Real-time, actionable insights Real-Time Feedback Often vague or delayed Behavioral & Technical Questions But may require multiple sessions Behavioral & Technical Questions Covers both with specific formats Behavioral & Technical Questions May focus on one, not both Language Support (29+ Languages) Typically only English Language Support (29+ Languages) Global accessibility Language Support (29+ Languages) Limited language support Practice Anytime (24/7 Access) Must coordinate times Practice Anytime (24/7 Access) No scheduling required Practice Anytime (24/7 Access) Some limited access Visual Feedback & Analytics No analytics Visual Feedback & Analytics Performance insights after every round Visual Feedback & Analytics Basic or no performance data Affordability $100+ per session Affordability Free plan + optional upgrades Affordability Subscription only 求职者对Final Round AI的评价 观看更多评价 Senior Software Engineer Inourie How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Emily How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Joe How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Technical Program Manager Nizar How AI Helped Land a Dream Job product manager Yoon How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Anubhav How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Inourie How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Emily How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Joe How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Technical Program Manager Nizar How AI Helped Land a Dream Job product manager Yoon How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Anubhav How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Inourie How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Emily How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Joe How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Technical Program Manager Nizar How AI Helped Land a Dream Job product manager Yoon How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Anubhav How AI Helped Land a Dream Job 常见问题 什么是AI模拟面试，Final Round AI是如何工作的？ 模拟面试是一种模拟真实工作面试体验的练习环节。它帮助您练习回答常见的面试问题，了解雇主的需求，并找出需要改进的地方。将其视为一个安全的空间，可以在其中犯错、从中学习并在没有任何实际后果的情况下完善您的回答。Final Round AI通过AI驱动的练习进一步推进了这一概念，该练习模拟您特定职位的真实面试场景。它不仅仅是提问；还会对您的回答、语气、节奏和表达提供实时反馈。这就像有一位聪明、公正的教练帮助您在每次练习中变得更好。 谁应该使用Final Round AI的AI模拟面试？ 它非常适合：准备第一次面试的学生和应届毕业生、进入新行业的跳槽者、准备高风险面试的中高级专业人士、任何对如何组织回答感到紧张或不确定的人。 如何使用AI模拟面试？ 登录您的Final Round AI账户，选择模拟面试工具，选择您的职位或上传职位描述，开始大声回答AI生成的问题，每个问题后获得即时反馈，并在最后获得总结报告。 哪个平台提供最真实的模拟面试体验？ Final Round AI在真实性方面脱颖而出，因为它根据您的角色和行业模拟实际的工作面试。它不仅评估您说什么，还评估您如何说，帮助您听起来更自然、自信和有结构。 模拟面试的目的是什么？ 主要目的是在安全的环境中进行压力练习。它帮助您完善讲故事的能力，消除填充词，并顺利处理意外问题，所有这些都增加了您在真实面试中成功的机会。 您可以从模拟面试中学到什么？ 您将学习：如何使用STAR或其他框架组织回答，您的回答哪些部分不清楚或太长，您的语气和节奏是否与角色匹配，如何改善您的表现和发音。 模拟面试的好处是什么？ 增强信心，减少焦虑，改善表达和清晰度，帮助您自我评估并进行有针对性的改进，让您在真实面试前意识到盲点。 如何获得关于我模拟面试表现的反馈？ 使用Final Round AI，您将在会话结束后立即获得详细的绩效报告。它包括对回答质量、语气、填充词和清晰度的反馈，因此您可以跟踪进度并更有效地练习。 Final Round AI的模拟面试如何模拟真实的工作面试？ Final Round AI的模拟面试使用先进的AI生成逼真的特定工作问题，分析回答，并提供即时反馈，帮助用户为现实世界的面试做准备。 AI模拟面试会问哪些类型的问题？ AI模拟面试涵盖广泛的问题，包括行为问题（例如，STAR方法）、技术问题、行业特定问题和常见的HR面试问题。 AI模拟面试是否提供评分和改进技巧？ 是的，AI模拟面试根据清晰度、信心和相关性进行评分。它还提供可操作的改进技巧，帮助用户提高面试技巧。 Final Round AI的模拟面试与其他在线面试工具有何不同？ Final Round AI提供实时评分和分析、实时反馈、特定工作的面试问题以及个性化的辅导见解，以提高工作面试准备度。 我可以用Final Round AI练习行为和技术的面试问题吗？ 是的，Final Round AI提供行为（HR、领导力、团队合作）和技术（编码、行业特定）面试问题，以确保全面准备。 Final Round AI的AI模拟面试是免费还是付费的？ Final Round AI提供免费和高级模拟面试。免费版本提供基本的面试练习，而高级版本包括深入分析和个性化辅导。 100k+ reviews Land Your Dream Job with Final Round AI Today Transform your interview skills with Final Round AI's AI interview practice. Start now and land your dream job with confidence. You've done the prep—now it's time to practice smarter. Get started for Free Company About Contact Us Referral Program More Products Interview Copilot AI Mock Interview AI Resume Builder More AI Tools Coding Interview Copilot AI Career Coach Resume Checker More Resources Blog Hirevue Interviews Phone Interviews More Refund Policy Privacy Policy Terms & Conditions Disclaimer: This platform provides guidance, resources, and support to enhance your job search. However, securing employment within 30 days depends on various factors beyond our control, including market conditions, individual effort, and employer decisions. We do not guarantee job placement within any specific timeframe. © 2025 Final Round AI, 188 King St, Unit 402 San Francisco, CA, 94107 免费AI模拟面试 - 与AI进行面试练习 | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
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https://www.finalroundai.com/ai-tools/cover-letter-generator | Get Started Loading... Cover Letter Generator Pricing Cover Letter Generator Generate a Personalized, Job-Winning Cover Letter In Seconds Build a custom, ATS-optimized cover letter tailored to your role — with help from our AI Career Coach. Highlight your strengths and land more interviews. Start Your Cover Letter Now AS SEEN IN Trustpilot Trusted by 100,000+ job seekers worldwide. Why Use an AI Cover Letter Generator? To make your application stand out, you need more than just a resume. Here's how Final Round AI helps you build a cover letter that actually works: Cover Letter in Minutes Quickly generate a professional, ATS-friendly cover letter tailored to your target role, company, and industry — no writing required. Stand Out Content Customize each section with role-specific language, highlight your key achievements, and match your tone to the job — all with AI. Boost Your Job Application Elevate your application with a polished, recruiter-ready cover letter that pairs perfectly with your resume. Cover Letter in Minutes Quickly generate a professional, ATS-friendly cover letter tailored to your target role, company, and industry — no writing required. Stand Out Content Customize each section with role-specific language, highlight your key achievements, and match your tone to the job — all with AI. Boost Your Job Application Elevate your application with a polished, recruiter-ready cover letter that pairs perfectly with your resume. nail your next inteview How Our AI Cover Letter Generator Works Here's how Final Round AI helps you write a great cover letter — fast. 1 Input Your Details Enter your job title, experience level, and the role you're applying for. 2 Get ATS-Optimized Suggestions Receive personalized AI suggestions written to pass resume screeners and showcase your strengths. 3 Refine & Download Edit your letter if needed, then download and use it for your job applications instantly. Build More Than a Cover Letter — Unlock Your Entire AI Job Toolkit Access AI tools for cover letters, resumes, and interviews — all built to help you land your next role faster. Get Started Free use cases Powerful AI Tools for Recruiting Season Leverage a suite of advanced AI tools designed to streamline your job search and enhance your recruiting experience this season Get Started for Free 10+ 100k+ reviews Interview Copilot AI Resume Builder Mock Interview Auto Apply Interview Copilot AI Resume Builder Mock Interview Auto Apply Trustpilot Don't just take our word for it Real feedback from job seekers who've used Final Round AI to land more interviews and offers. Good Tool but only be alert that the language ai generate doesn't match our daily routine language. Interviewer may catch you while discussing. It's so hard to read and answer to another person. Satish Kathar Love the mock interview. Helps prepare with difficult technical questions and build confidence before a big interview Kasun de Costa Best AI copilot tool for acing interview it gives proper answers within a response time Shyam Sudhakar Great tool. The live suggestions during a live interview helped me cracking atalassian interview for a principal engineer role. I recommend this tool to everyone. Sunil Parihar AI-Powered Job Tools for Every Career Stage No matter where you are in your career — from first job to senior role — Final Round AI helps you craft the perfect cover letter, resume, and interview answers tailored to your path. Final Round AI Engineering & Tech Final Round AI Banking & Finance Final Round AI Freelancer & Contractor Final Round AI Career Changers If you still have questions. Here are the answers Still curious? Reach out anytime at hi@finalroundai.com Email Us What is the Final Round AI Cover Letter Generator? Final Round AI's Cover Letter Generator is an AI-powered tool that creates professional, job-specific cover letters in minutes. It analyzes your resume and the target job description to generate personalized content that matches recruiter expectations and passes ATS systems. No more staring at blank pages or using generic templates. Who should use the AI Cover Letter Generator? It's perfect for: Students and freshers writing their first cover letters, Professionals switching industries who need to highlight transferable skills, Busy job seekers applying to multiple roles, Anyone struggling with writing compelling, persuasive cover letters that actually get noticed. How to use the AI Cover Letter Generator? Log into Final Round AI, Choose the Cover Letter Generator, Upload your resume or input your key details, Paste the job description you're targeting, Let the AI generate a customized cover letter with role-specific language, Edit, download, and submit with confidence. How does the AI Cover Letter Generator work? Our AI analyzes both your background and the specific job requirements to create a tailored cover letter. It identifies key skills to highlight, matches your experience to job requirements, uses industry-appropriate language, and structures everything in a professional format that recruiters love. Can I customize my AI-generated cover letter? Absolutely! The AI generates a strong foundation, but you have full control to edit paragraphs, adjust tone, add personal touches, and modify any section. Think of it as your smart writing assistant that gets you 80% there, so you can focus on the final polish. Will my cover letter look generic or AI-generated? Not at all. Each cover letter is uniquely crafted based on your specific background and the target role. The AI uses natural language, varies sentence structure, and incorporates details that make it sound authentically yours, not robotic. How does the Cover Letter Generator help me stand out? The AI identifies what makes you unique for each role, highlights achievements that matter most to that employer, uses keywords that resonate with hiring managers, and structures your story in a compelling way that goes beyond just repeating your resume. Is the Cover Letter Generator ATS-friendly? Yes! Our AI ensures your cover letter uses proper formatting, includes relevant keywords from the job description, maintains clean structure that ATS systems can read, and follows best practices that get past automated screening tools. Can I use the Cover Letter Generator for different industries? Definitely. The AI adapts its writing style and language for different sectors, whether you're applying for tech, finance, healthcare, marketing, or any other field. It understands industry-specific terminology and expectations. How is this different from cover letter templates? Templates give you a static format to fill in. Our AI Cover Letter Generator creates dynamic, job-specific content that's already tailored to your background and the role. It's like having a professional writer who knows your resume and the job description. Is the Cover Letter Generator free to use? Yes, We offer a free trial that lets you generate a complete cover letter to see the quality. For unlimited cover letters and advanced customization features, you can upgrade to our premium plan. How long does it take to generate a cover letter? Just minutes! Once you upload your details and job description, the AI generates a professional cover letter in under 30 seconds. You can then spend a few more minutes personalizing it if needed. Your dream role is just one session away. Ready to Ace Your Next Interview? Transform your interview skills with Final Round AI's AI interview practice. Start now and land your dream job with confidence. You've done the prep—now it's time to practice smarter. Start Practicing – It's Free Company About Contact Us Referral Program More Products Interview Copilot AI Mock Interview AI Resume Builder More AI Tools Coding Interview Copilot AI Career Coach Resume Checker More Resources Blog Hirevue Interviews Phone Interviews More Refund Policy Privacy Policy Terms & Conditions Disclaimer: This platform provides guidance, resources, and support to enhance your job search. However, securing employment within 30 days depends on various factors beyond our control, including market conditions, individual effort, and employer decisions. We do not guarantee job placement within any specific timeframe. © 2025 Final Round AI, 188 King St, Unit 402 San Francisco, CA, 94107 AI Cover Letter Generator – Create Job-Ready Letters in Minutes | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
https://www.ycombinator.com/blog | Y Combinator About What Happens at YC? Apply YC Interview Guide FAQ People YC Blog Companies Startup Directory Founder Directory Launch YC Startup Jobs All Jobs ◦ Engineering ◦ Operations ◦ Marketing ◦ Sales Internships Startup Job Guide YC Startup Jobs Blog Find a Co-Founder Library SAFE Resources Startup School Newsletter Requests for Startups For Investors Verify Founders Hacker News Bookface Open main menu Apply for X2026 batch. Apply Select a tab All Posts Startup Jobs Startup School All Posts Startup Jobs Startup School Search Blog Posts 2026 Demo Day Dates We’re excited to share the Demo Day dates for 2026 so founders, investors, and our broader community can plan ahead. Read More Recent Posts Meesho Goes Public Meesho goes public today. From S16 to IPO, they’ve built one of India’s largest e-commerce platforms—empowering millions of small merchants to grow their businesses. Congrats to Vidit and Sanjeev on a decade of relentless building and listening to users! YC News Tim Brady Tim Brady 12/10/2025 Congratulations to Groww Today, Groww, India's leading digital investing platform, goes public. Tens of millions use Groww to invest simply and confidently in stocks, mutual funds, and ETFs. As YC's first company to list in India, we couldn't be more proud. YC News Jon Levy Jon Levy 11/12/2025 BillionToOne Goes Public — The Startup That Made Genetic Testing Universal Today, BillionToOne goes public, becoming YC's fourth publicly traded biotech company. More importantly, they have built one of the most important genetic tests in the U.S. Today, 1 in 11 babies born in the US are tested with BillionToOne's fetal genetic test. YC News Jared Friedman Jared Friedman 11/6/2025 All Posts Meet YC's Newest Visiting Partners by Harj Taggar 10/14/2025 We're excited to announce that nine exceptional founders are joining us as Visiting Partners at YC: Matt Riley, Harshita Arora, Grey Baker, Christopher Golda, Raphael Schaad, Christina Gilbert, Francois Chaubard, Vivian Shen, and James Evans. Read More YC x Coinbase RFS: Build Onchain by Harj Taggar , Jesse Pollak 9/23/2025 We are entering the era of Fintech 3.0. Regulatory clarity, growing consumer adoption, and low-cost chains have paved the way for a golden age of building in crypto — and at YC, Base, and Coinbase, we want to fund builders to seize this moment. Read More Ankit Gupta Joins YC as General Partner, Bringing Deep ML Expertise by Garry Tan 9/12/2025 We’re thrilled to announce that Ankit Gupta is joining YC as our newest General Partner. Read More Dalton Caldwell’s Move to Partner Emeritus by Garry Tan 6/12/2025 After 12+ years, 25 batches, and working with more than a thousand startups, Dalton Caldwell is transitioning to Partner Emeritus at YC. Read More Welcoming Jon Xu and Andrew Miklas as YC’s Newest General Partners by Garry Tan 5/21/2025 Over the last few batches, visiting partners Jon Xu and Andrew Miklas have become two of the most trusted voices in the YC community. They were both founders in YC’s Summer 2010 batch, and now, 15 years and two industry-shaping companies later, they’re back in a new role: General Partners at YC. Read More Tyler Bosmeny built Clever into a $500M company–now he’s helping YC founders do the same as General Partner by Garry Tan 4/1/2025 We’re thrilled to welcome Tyler Bosmeny back to YC, this time as a General Partner. Read More Showing 1 to 10 of 2675 total posts Next Categories Admissions Advice Biotech Blockchain Essay Female Founders Founder Stories Interviews Startup School Work at a Startup YC Events Sign up for weekly updates from Y Combinator Subscribe Footer Y Combinator Programs YC Program Startup School Work at a Startup Co-Founder Matching Company YC Blog Contact Press People Careers Privacy Policy Notice at Collection Security Terms of Use Resources Startup Directory Startup Library Investors SAFE Hacker News Launch YC YC Deals Make something people want. Apply Twitter Twitter Facebook Facebook Instagram Instagram LinkedIn LinkedIn Youtube YouTube © 2026 Y Combinator | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
https://cursor.com/features#agent | Features · Cursor Skip to content Cursor Features Enterprise Pricing Resources ↓ Changelog Blog Docs ↗ Community Learn ↗ Workshops Forum ↗ Careers Features Enterprise Pricing Resources → Sign in Download Features The best way to build software. Download for macOS ⤓ Try mobile agent → Agent Delegate coding tasks so you can focus on higher-level direction. This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users. It's a demonstration of Cursor's IDE showing AI-powered coding assistance features. The interface is displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. Cursor Get Cursor In Progress 4 Enterprise Order Management System Generating Analyze Tab vs Agent Usage Patterns Generating PyTorch MNIST Experiments Generating Fix PR Comments Fetching Issue Generating Ready for Review 2 Set up Cursor Rules for Dashboard + 37 - 0 · Set up Cursor Rules for Dashboard Bioinformatics Tools + 135 - 21 · Bioinformatics Tools Analyze Tab vs Agent Usage Patterns Help me understand how teams split their focus between the tab view and the agents panel across our workspaces. Agent GPT-5 Codebase understanding Cursor's codebase embedding model gives Agent deep understanding and recall. Where are these menu label colors defined? Top model access Choose freely between frontier models from OpenAI, Anthropic, Gemini, and xAI. Auto Suggested Composer 1 GPT-5 High Fast ✓ Claude Sonnet 4.5 Claude Opus 4.5 Gemini 3 Pro Grok Code Scoped changes Make targeted edits or run terminal commands with natural language. Interactive demo with multiple windows showing Cursor's AI-powered features. Get Cursor sequence_alignment.py test_alignment.py from typing import Tuple MATCH_SCORE = 2 MISMATCH_SCORE = -1 GAP_PENALTY = -2 def nw_align(s: str, t: str) -> int: """Basic Needleman-Wunsch global alignment.""" n, m = len(s), len(t) dp = [[0] * (m + 1) for _ in range(n + 1)] # Initialize gap penalties for i in range(1, n + 1): dp[i][0] = i * GAP_PENALTY for j in range(1, m + 1): dp[0][j] = j * GAP_PENALTY for i in range(1, n + 1): for j in range(1, m + 1): match = dp[i-1][j-1] + (MATCH_SCORE if s[i-1] == t[j-1] else MISMATCH_SCORE) delete = dp[i-1][j] + GAP_PENALTY insert = dp[i][j-1] + GAP_PENALTY dp[i][j] = max(match, delete, insert) return dp[n][m] Tab Our custom autocomplete model predicts your next actions. This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users. It's a demonstration of Cursor's IDE showing AI-powered coding assistance features. The interface is displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. Cursor Get Cursor Dashboard.tsx SupportChat.tsx "use client"; import React, { useState } from "react"; import Navigation from "./Navigation"; import SupportChat from "./SupportChat"; export default function Dashboard() { return ( <div className="flex h-[600px] border rounded-lg overflow-hidden"> <div className="w-64 border-r"> </div> <div className="w-80 border-l"> <SupportChat /> </div> </div> ); } Multi-line edits Get suggested edits across multiple lines. Interactive demo with multiple windows showing Cursor's AI-powered features. Get Cursor ChangeManagement.tsx const VERSION = "8.2.3" const RELEASE_TAG = "release-8.2.3" export function ChangeManagement() { const metadata = { version: VERSION, tag: RELEASE_TAG, } return ( <main className="change-management"> <header> <h1>What's New in Version {VERSION}</h1> </header> </main> ) } Smart rewrites Type naturally, Cursor will finish your thought. Interactive demo with multiple windows showing Cursor's AI-powered features. Get Cursor phoneNumberUtils.ts export function normalizeNANPDigits(input: string): string { const onlyDigits = input.replace(/D/g, ""); return onlyDigits.length === 11 && onlyDigits.startsWith("1") ? onlyDigits.slice(1) : onlyDigits; } export function formatUSPhone(input: string): string { // format (000) 000-0000 const digits = input.replace(/D/g, ""); const core = digits.length === 11 && digits.startsWith("1") ? digits.slice(1) : digits; if (core.length !== 10) return input.trim(); const area = core.slice(0, 3); const prefix = core.slice(3, 6); const line = core.slice(6); return "(" + area + ") " + prefix + "-" + line; } Tab, Tab, Tab Fly through edits at your cursor and across files. Interactive demo with multiple windows showing Cursor's AI-powered features. Get Cursor ChangeManagement.tsx const VERSION = "8.2.3" const RELEASE_TAG = "release-8.2.3" export function ChangeManagement() { const metadata = { version: VERSION, tag: RELEASE_TAG, } return ( <main className="change-management"> <header> <h1>What's New in Version {VERSION}</h1> </header> </main> ) } Tab to Changelog.tsx Across the entire development process Start tasks from Slack, issue tracker, mobile and more. Finish off in the IDE. Try agents on web and mobile ↗ This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users. It's a demonstration of Cursor integrated within Slack, showing AI-powered assistance inside team communication. The interface is displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. Slack #ask-cursor 8 members dylan small thing but would be really good to have anchor links on the website for releases 4 replies dylan wanna be able to go to cursor.com/changelog#1.0 to see 1.0 changelog eric checks out @cursor can you take a stab? Cursor APP I implemented direct linking for changelog entries and updated Node.js version constraints across the project to improve compatibility and maintainability. View PR Open in Cursor Open in Web dylan Nice @eric can you take a look? cursor.com/agents Agent GPT-5 ryos main In Progress 4 Enterprise Order Management System Generating Analyze Tab vs Agent Usage Patterns Generating PyTorch MNIST Experiments Generating Fix PR Comments Fetching Issue Generating Ready for Review 2 Bioinformatics Tools + 135 - 21 · Bioinformatics Tools Set up Cursor Rules for Dashboard + 37 - 0 · Set up Cursor Rules for Dashboard IDE Manual to agentic coding, in one familiar editor. Download → Interactive demo with multiple windows showing Cursor's AI-powered features. summary.py report.py test_usage.py import logging from typing import Dict import pandas as pd logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) def focus_share( events: pd.DataFrame, feature_col: str = "interaction_type", user_col: str = "user_id", ) -> pd.DataFrame: if events.empty: return pd.DataFrame( columns=[feature_col, "events", "unique_users", "share_of_events", "share_of_users"], ) missing = {feature_col, user_col} - set(events.columns) if missing: raise ValueError(f"Missing required columns: {sorted(missing)}") grouped = ( events.groupby(feature_col) .agg(events=(feature_col, "size"), unique_users=(user_col, "nunique")) .reset_index() ) total_events = grouped["events"].sum() total_users = grouped["unique_users"].sum() grouped["share_of_events"] = grouped["events"] / total_events if total_events else 0.0 grouped["share_of_users"] = grouped["unique_users"] / total_users if total_users else 0.0 return grouped.sort_values("events", ascending=False).reset_index(drop=True) def switch_summary( events: pd.DataFrame, feature_col: str = "interaction_type", user_col: str = "user_id", ts_col: str = "timestamp", ) -> Dict[str, float]: defaults = { "total_switches": 0, "agent_entry_rate": 0.0, "tab_return_rate": 0.0, "avg_seconds_between_switches": 0.0, } if events.empty: return defaults required = {feature_col, user_col, ts_col} missing = required - set(events.columns) if missing: raise ValueError(f"Missing required columns: {sorted(missing)}") df = events.copy() df[ts_col] = pd.to_datetime(df[ts_col], utc=True, errors="coerce") df = df.dropna(subset=[ts_col]).sort_values([user_col, ts_col]) if df.empty: return defaults df["prev_feature"] = df.groupby(user_col)[feature_col].shift(1) df["prev_timestamp"] = df.groupby(user_col)[ts_col].shift(1) switches = df[df["prev_feature"].notna() & (df[feature_col] != df["prev_feature"])] total = int(switches.shape[0]) if total == 0: return defaults agent_entries = switches[switches[feature_col] == "agent"] tab_returns = switches[(switches[feature_col] == "tab") & (switches["prev_feature"] != "tab")] durations = (switches[ts_col] - switches["prev_timestamp"]).dt.total_seconds() return { "total_switches": total, "agent_entry_rate": float(agent_entries.shape[0] / total), "tab_return_rate": float(tab_returns.shape[0] / total), "avg_seconds_between_switches": float(durations.mean()) if not durations.empty else 0.0, } def rolling_focus_share( events: pd.DataFrame, ts_col: str = "timestamp", feature_col: str = "interaction_type", freq: str = "1D", window: int = 7, ) -> pd.DataFrame: if events.empty: return pd.DataFrame() required = {ts_col, feature_col} missing = required - set(events.columns) if missing: raise ValueError(f"Missing required columns: {sorted(missing)}") df = events.copy() df[ts_col] = pd.to_datetime(df[ts_col], utc=True, errors="coerce") df = df.dropna(subset=[ts_col]) if df.empty: return pd.DataFrame() daily = ( df.groupby([pd.Grouper(key=ts_col, freq=freq), feature_col]) .size() .unstack(fill_value=0) .sort_index() ) if daily.empty: return pd.DataFrame() totals = daily.sum(axis=1).replace(0, pd.NA) shares = daily.div(totals, axis=0).fillna(0.0) return shares.rolling(window, min_periods=1).mean() CLI Run agents in any terminal or script. Learn more → Interactive demo with multiple windows showing Cursor's AI-powered features. Cursor Agent ~/Repos/cursor-usage-research Analyze Tab vs Agent Usage Patterns Help me understand how teams split their focus between the tab view and the agents panel across our workspaces. ⬢ T h o u g h t 7 s ⬢ R e v i e w e d w o r k s p a c e u s a g e e x p o r t s a n d h i s t o r i c a l e n g a g e m e n t n o t e s I'll build an analytics toolkit that highlights tab versus agent adoption and switching behavior: summary.py + 150 - 0 Next I'll normalize the interaction labels and add session tagging so product can filter specific cohorts: segmentation.py + 94 - 0 Time to stitch everything together with a report helper that combines the key metrics: report.py + 40 - 0 I'll add tests to lock in the behaviour using a representative sample from last week's export: test_usage.py + 90 All set! We now track focus share, switching rates, and rolling engagement so PMs can compare tab-first and agent-first workflows in seconds. → GPT-5.2 / for commands · @ for files Review with Bugbot Identify issues, fix in one click. Learn more → This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users. It's a demonstration of Cursor integrated within GitHub, showing AI-powered code review and debugging assistance. The interface is displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. GitHub Pull Request Get Bugbot Review cursor bot reviewed 1m ago src/vs/workbench/composer/browser/components/ComposerUnifiedDropdown.tsx 3292 - {selectedMode().keybinding} 3293 + {composerOpenModeToggleKeybinding} cursor bot 1m ago Bug: Function Returns Object Instead of String (Logic bug) The composerOpenModeToggleKeybinding is a function that needs to be called to get its value. Using it directly causes the keybinding display condition to always be truthy. Fix in Cursor Fix in Web Powerful, yet flexible Configure Cursor so you can do your best work. 1-click import Import extensions, themes, and keybindings directly from VS Code. MCP servers Connect external tools and data sources directly to Cursor. Rules & memories Customize how the models behave with reusable, scoped instructions. next.mdc --- Description: Rules for the dashboard application Globs: apps/dashboard/**/* --- # Dashboard Application Rules ## Instructions: Follow Next.js App Router best practices Use React Server Components by default Implement type-safe server actions Follow mobile-first responsive design with Tailwind CSS Use shadcn/ui components with Radix UI primitives Implement proper error boundaries and loading states Optimize for Core Web Vitals ## Component Structure: 1. Exports 2. Types/Interfaces 3. Server actions (if any) 4. Component logic 5. Helper functions 6. Static content ## Naming: Use kebab-case for directories PascalCase for components camelCase for functions and variables Use descriptive names with auxiliary verbs (isLoading, hasError) @file apps/dashboard/tsconfig.json @file apps/dashboard/.env Custom commands Use and manage reusable prompts within your team. Agent GPT-5 check-compiler-errors and / | check-compiler-errors code-review commit fix-merge-conflicts plan pr weekly-review Changelog CLI Jan 8, 2026 New CLI Features and Improved CLI Performance 2.3 Dec 22, 2025 Layout Customization and Stability Improvements Dec 18, 2025 Enterprise Insights, Billing Groups, Service Accounts, and Improved Security Controls 2.2 Dec 10, 2025 Debug Mode, Plan Mode Improvements, Multi-Agent Judging, and Pinned Chats See what's new in Cursor → Try Cursor now. Download for macOS ⤓ Try mobile agent → Product Features Enterprise Web Agents Bugbot CLI Pricing Resources Download Changelog Docs ↗ Learn ↗ Forum ↗ Status ↗ Company Careers Blog Community Workshops Students Brand Legal Terms of Service Privacy Policy Data Use Security Connect X ↗ LinkedIn ↗ YouTube ↗ © 2026 Cursor 🛡 SOC 2 Certified 🌐 English ↓ English ✓ 简体中文 日本語 繁體中文 Skip to content Cursor Features Enterprise Pricing Resources ↓ Changelog Blog Docs ↗ Community Learn ↗ Workshops Forum ↗ Careers Features Enterprise Pricing Resources → Sign in Download Features The best way to build software. Download for macOS ⤓ Try mobile agent → Agent Delegate coding tasks so you can focus on higher-level direction. This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users. It's a demonstration of Cursor's IDE showing AI-powered coding assistance features. The interface is displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. Cursor Get Cursor In Progress 4 Enterprise Order Management System Generating Analyze Tab vs Agent Usage Patterns Generating PyTorch MNIST Experiments Generating Fix PR Comments Fetching Issue Generating Ready for Review 2 Set up Cursor Rules for Dashboard + 37 - 0 · Set up Cursor Rules for Dashboard Bioinformatics Tools + 135 - 21 · Bioinformatics Tools Analyze Tab vs Agent Usage Patterns Help me understand how teams split their focus between the tab view and the agents panel across our workspaces. Agent GPT-5 Codebase understanding Cursor's codebase embedding model gives Agent deep understanding and recall. Where are these menu label colors defined? Top model access Choose freely between frontier models from OpenAI, Anthropic, Gemini, and xAI. Auto Suggested Composer 1 GPT-5 High Fast ✓ Claude Sonnet 4.5 Claude Opus 4.5 Gemini 3 Pro Grok Code Scoped changes Make targeted edits or run terminal commands with natural language. Interactive demo with multiple windows showing Cursor's AI-powered features. Get Cursor sequence_alignment.py test_alignment.py from typing import Tuple MATCH_SCORE = 2 MISMATCH_SCORE = -1 GAP_PENALTY = -2 def nw_align(s: str, t: str) -> int: """Basic Needleman-Wunsch global alignment.""" n, m = len(s), len(t) dp = [[0] * (m + 1) for _ in range(n + 1)] # Initialize gap penalties for i in range(1, n + 1): dp[i][0] = i * GAP_PENALTY for j in range(1, m + 1): dp[0][j] = j * GAP_PENALTY for i in range(1, n + 1): for j in range(1, m + 1): match = dp[i-1][j-1] + (MATCH_SCORE if s[i-1] == t[j-1] else MISMATCH_SCORE) delete = dp[i-1][j] + GAP_PENALTY insert = dp[i][j-1] + GAP_PENALTY dp[i][j] = max(match, delete, insert) return dp[n][m] Tab Our custom autocomplete model predicts your next actions. This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users. It's a demonstration of Cursor's IDE showing AI-powered coding assistance features. The interface is displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. Cursor Get Cursor Dashboard.tsx SupportChat.tsx "use client"; import React, { useState } from "react"; import Navigation from "./Navigation"; import SupportChat from "./SupportChat"; export default function Dashboard() { return ( <div className="flex h-[600px] border rounded-lg overflow-hidden"> <div className="w-64 border-r"> </div> <div className="w-80 border-l"> <SupportChat /> </div> </div> ); } Multi-line edits Get suggested edits across multiple lines. Interactive demo with multiple windows showing Cursor's AI-powered features. Get Cursor ChangeManagement.tsx const VERSION = "8.2.3" const RELEASE_TAG = "release-8.2.3" export function ChangeManagement() { const metadata = { version: VERSION, tag: RELEASE_TAG, } return ( <main className="change-management"> <header> <h1>What's New in Version {VERSION}</h1> </header> </main> ) } Smart rewrites Type naturally, Cursor will finish your thought. Interactive demo with multiple windows showing Cursor's AI-powered features. Get Cursor phoneNumberUtils.ts export function normalizeNANPDigits(input: string): string { const onlyDigits = input.replace(/D/g, ""); return onlyDigits.length === 11 && onlyDigits.startsWith("1") ? onlyDigits.slice(1) : onlyDigits; } export function formatUSPhone(input: string): string { // format (000) 000-0000 const digits = input.replace(/D/g, ""); const core = digits.length === 11 && digits.startsWith("1") ? digits.slice(1) : digits; if (core.length !== 10) return input.trim(); const area = core.slice(0, 3); const prefix = core.slice(3, 6); const line = core.slice(6); return "(" + area + ") " + prefix + "-" + line; } Tab, Tab, Tab Fly through edits at your cursor and across files. Interactive demo with multiple windows showing Cursor's AI-powered features. Get Cursor ChangeManagement.tsx const VERSION = "8.2.3" const RELEASE_TAG = "release-8.2.3" export function ChangeManagement() { const metadata = { version: VERSION, tag: RELEASE_TAG, } return ( <main className="change-management"> <header> <h1>What's New in Version {VERSION}</h1> </header> </main> ) } Tab to Changelog.tsx Across the entire development process Start tasks from Slack, issue tracker, mobile and more. Finish off in the IDE. Try agents on web and mobile ↗ This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users. It's a demonstration of Cursor integrated within Slack, showing AI-powered assistance inside team communication. The interface is displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. Slack #ask-cursor 8 members dylan small thing but would be really good to have anchor links on the website for releases 4 replies dylan wanna be able to go to cursor.com/changelog#1.0 to see 1.0 changelog eric checks out @cursor can you take a stab? Cursor APP I implemented direct linking for changelog entries and updated Node.js version constraints across the project to improve compatibility and maintainability. View PR Open in Cursor Open in Web dylan Nice @eric can you take a look? cursor.com/agents Agent GPT-5 ryos main In Progress 4 Enterprise Order Management System Generating Analyze Tab vs Agent Usage Patterns Generating PyTorch MNIST Experiments Generating Fix PR Comments Fetching Issue Generating Ready for Review 2 Bioinformatics Tools + 135 - 21 · Bioinformatics Tools Set up Cursor Rules for Dashboard + 37 - 0 · Set up Cursor Rules for Dashboard IDE Manual to agentic coding, in one familiar editor. Download → Interactive demo with multiple windows showing Cursor's AI-powered features. summary.py report.py test_usage.py import logging from typing import Dict import pandas as pd logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) def focus_share( events: pd.DataFrame, feature_col: str = "interaction_type", user_col: str = "user_id", ) -> pd.DataFrame: if events.empty: return pd.DataFrame( columns=[feature_col, "events", "unique_users", "share_of_events", "share_of_users"], ) missing = {feature_col, user_col} - set(events.columns) if missing: raise ValueError(f"Missing required columns: {sorted(missing)}") grouped = ( events.groupby(feature_col) .agg(events=(feature_col, "size"), unique_users=(user_col, "nunique")) .reset_index() ) total_events = grouped["events"].sum() total_users = grouped["unique_users"].sum() grouped["share_of_events"] = grouped["events"] / total_events if total_events else 0.0 grouped["share_of_users"] = grouped["unique_users"] / total_users if total_users else 0.0 return grouped.sort_values("events", ascending=False).reset_index(drop=True) def switch_summary( events: pd.DataFrame, feature_col: str = "interaction_type", user_col: str = "user_id", ts_col: str = "timestamp", ) -> Dict[str, float]: defaults = { "total_switches": 0, "agent_entry_rate": 0.0, "tab_return_rate": 0.0, "avg_seconds_between_switches": 0.0, } if events.empty: return defaults required = {feature_col, user_col, ts_col} missing = required - set(events.columns) if missing: raise ValueError(f"Missing required columns: {sorted(missing)}") df = events.copy() df[ts_col] = pd.to_datetime(df[ts_col], utc=True, errors="coerce") df = df.dropna(subset=[ts_col]).sort_values([user_col, ts_col]) if df.empty: return defaults df["prev_feature"] = df.groupby(user_col)[feature_col].shift(1) df["prev_timestamp"] = df.groupby(user_col)[ts_col].shift(1) switches = df[df["prev_feature"].notna() & (df[feature_col] != df["prev_feature"])] total = int(switches.shape[0]) if total == 0: return defaults agent_entries = switches[switches[feature_col] == "agent"] tab_returns = switches[(switches[feature_col] == "tab") & (switches["prev_feature"] != "tab")] durations = (switches[ts_col] - switches["prev_timestamp"]).dt.total_seconds() return { "total_switches": total, "agent_entry_rate": float(agent_entries.shape[0] / total), "tab_return_rate": float(tab_returns.shape[0] / total), "avg_seconds_between_switches": float(durations.mean()) if not durations.empty else 0.0, } def rolling_focus_share( events: pd.DataFrame, ts_col: str = "timestamp", feature_col: str = "interaction_type", freq: str = "1D", window: int = 7, ) -> pd.DataFrame: if events.empty: return pd.DataFrame() required = {ts_col, feature_col} missing = required - set(events.columns) if missing: raise ValueError(f"Missing required columns: {sorted(missing)}") df = events.copy() df[ts_col] = pd.to_datetime(df[ts_col], utc=True, errors="coerce") df = df.dropna(subset=[ts_col]) if df.empty: return pd.DataFrame() daily = ( df.groupby([pd.Grouper(key=ts_col, freq=freq), feature_col]) .size() .unstack(fill_value=0) .sort_index() ) if daily.empty: return pd.DataFrame() totals = daily.sum(axis=1).replace(0, pd.NA) shares = daily.div(totals, axis=0).fillna(0.0) return shares.rolling(window, min_periods=1).mean() CLI Run agents in any terminal or script. Learn more → Interactive demo with multiple windows showing Cursor's AI-powered features. Cursor Agent ~/Repos/cursor-usage-research Analyze Tab vs Agent Usage Patterns Help me understand how teams split their focus between the tab view and the agents panel across our workspaces. ⬢ T h o u g h t 7 s ⬢ R e v i e w e d w o r k s p a c e u s a g e e x p o r t s a n d h i s t o r i c a l e n g a g e m e n t n o t e s I'll build an analytics toolkit that highlights tab versus agent adoption and switching behavior: summary.py + 150 - 0 Next I'll normalize the interaction labels and add session tagging so product can filter specific cohorts: segmentation.py + 94 - 0 Time to stitch everything together with a report helper that combines the key metrics: report.py + 40 - 0 I'll add tests to lock in the behaviour using a representative sample from last week's export: test_usage.py + 90 All set! We now track focus share, switching rates, and rolling engagement so PMs can compare tab-first and agent-first workflows in seconds. → GPT-5.2 / for commands · @ for files Review with Bugbot Identify issues, fix in one click. Learn more → This element contains an interactive demo for sighted users. It's a demonstration of Cursor integrated within GitHub, showing AI-powered code review and debugging assistance. The interface is displayed over a scenic painted landscape wallpaper, giving the demo an artistic backdrop. GitHub Pull Request Get Bugbot Review cursor bot reviewed 1m ago src/vs/workbench/composer/browser/components/ComposerUnifiedDropdown.tsx 3292 - {selectedMode().keybinding} 3293 + {composerOpenModeToggleKeybinding} cursor bot 1m ago Bug: Function Returns Object Instead of String (Logic bug) The composerOpenModeToggleKeybinding is a function that needs to be called to get its value. Using it directly causes the keybinding display condition to always be truthy. Fix in Cursor Fix in Web Powerful, yet flexible Configure Cursor so you can do your best work. 1-click import Import extensions, themes, and keybindings directly from VS Code. MCP servers Connect external tools and data sources directly to Cursor. Rules & memories Customize how the models behave with reusable, scoped instructions. next.mdc --- Description: Rules for the dashboard application Globs: apps/dashboard/**/* --- # Dashboard Application Rules ## Instructions: Follow Next.js App Router best practices Use React Server Components by default Implement type-safe server actions Follow mobile-first responsive design with Tailwind CSS Use shadcn/ui components with Radix UI primitives Implement proper error boundaries and loading states Optimize for Core Web Vitals ## Component Structure: 1. Exports 2. Types/Interfaces 3. Server actions (if any) 4. Component logic 5. Helper functions 6. Static content ## Naming: Use kebab-case for directories PascalCase for components camelCase for functions and variables Use descriptive names with auxiliary verbs (isLoading, hasError) @file apps/dashboard/tsconfig.json @file apps/dashboard/.env Custom commands Use and manage reusable prompts within your team. Agent GPT-5 check-compiler-errors and / | check-compiler-errors code-review commit fix-merge-conflicts plan pr weekly-review Changelog CLI Jan 8, 2026 New CLI Features and Improved CLI Performance 2.3 Dec 22, 2025 Layout Customization and Stability Improvements Dec 18, 2025 Enterprise Insights, Billing Groups, Service Accounts, and Improved Security Controls 2.2 Dec 10, 2025 Debug Mode, Plan Mode Improvements, Multi-Agent Judging, and Pinned Chats See what's new in Cursor → Try Cursor now. Download for macOS ⤓ Try mobile agent → Product Features Enterprise Web Agents Bugbot CLI Pricing Resources Download Changelog Docs ↗ Learn ↗ Forum ↗ Status ↗ Company Careers Blog Community Workshops Students Brand Legal Terms of Service Privacy Policy Data Use Security Connect X ↗ LinkedIn ↗ YouTube ↗ © 2026 Cursor 🛡 SOC 2 Certified 🌐 English ↓ English ✓ 简体中文 日本語 繁體中文 | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
https://launchdarkly.com/pricing/ | Pricing | LaunchDarkly For full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable JavaScript. Here are the instructions how to enable JavaScript in your web browser. LaunchDarkly Get a demo LaunchDarkly Platform LaunchDarkly Platform Guarded Releases Monitor and de-risk. Experimentation Make data-driven decisions. Feature Flags Scale great release processes. Product Analytics Measure feature impact. AI Configs Make innovative AI products. The AI Control Gap Report Feature control in the age of coding with AI. Learn more Overview Platform overview Feature lifecycle management Integrations Governance Automation Platform architecture Launchdarkly vs in-house Solutions By Team Developers DevOps & SRE Mobile apps Product managers By Industry Financial services Retail & eCommerce Healthcare Manufacturing & logistics U.S. government Media & entertainment High tech Travel & hospitality Resources Learn Blog Guides & ebooks Events & webinars Videos Success Academy Customer stories Professional services Partners Get Help Help center Request support The AI Control Gap Report Feature control in the age of coding with AI. Learn more Developers Docs Docs home Feature flags quickstart AI Configs quickstart API docs Resources Product Updates Power analysis calculator Flagship engineering blog Community Pricing Sign In Demo Project Get a demo Pricing Flexible pricing for every stage and team. Developer Feature flagging and experimentation for your project. Free forever Pay only when you exceed Developer tier limits. Get started free Unlimited Seats Includes Unlimited feature flags 30 idiomatic SDKs 5K Session Replays and Errors Need more? Calculate your usage needs Observability Usage Calculator 10M Logs and Traces Need more? Calculate your usage needs Observability Usage Calculator A/B Tests and Experiments Foundation Feature management and experimentation for growing teams. $ 12 per Service Connection / mo Service connections are the number of microservices, replicas, and environments connected to LaunchDarkly for 1 month. and $10 per 1k client-side MAU / mo Each client side user or device creates a client-side MAU . Billed Monthly Billed Yearly Start free trial Unlimited Seats Everything in Developer plus + Unlimited projects User, account, device targeting Scalable Observability usage Explore extended access to Session Replays, Error Monitoring, Logs,
and Traces Observability Usage Calculator Scalable Experimentation usage MAU is used to measure targeting for experiments. Single sign on Enterprise Advanced feature management and experimentation at scale. Custom Contact us for more information Contact us Unlimited Seats Everything in Foundation plus + Advanced user targeting Release automation Workflows, scheduling, & approvals SAML / SCIM Release Assistant Custom roles & teams Guardian Monitor and guard your releases at scale. Custom Contact us for more information Contact us Unlimited Seats Everything in Enterprise plus: Release Monitoring Guardrail Metrics Proactive Failure Notifications Automatic Pause or Rollback Advanced Observability Exposure Insights Insights on which users/contexts were exposed to the failed change. Trusted by 5,500+ customers, from startups to enterprise Compare all features Developer Get started free Foundation Get started free Enterprise Contact us Guardian Contact us Platform — Service Connections Service connections are the number of microservices, replicas, and environments connected to LaunchDarkly for 1 month. 5 $12/mo per service connection Contact Us Contact Us Client-side MAU Client-side MAU are the client-side users, devices, organizations, or other defined entity that encounter feature flags in your product in 1 month. 1k $10/mo per 1K Contact Us Contact Us Experimentation MAU The number of users available to be targeted in experiments each month. 100k $3/mo per 1k Contact Us Contact Us Data Export Events — Contact Us Contact Us Contact Us Session Replays 5,000/mo Starts at $3.50/1k sessions Contact us Contact us Errors 5,000/mo Starts at $0.30/1k per month Contact us Contact us Traces 10,000,000/mo Starts at $1.50/1M per month Contact us Contact us Logs 10,000,000/mo Starts at $1.50/1M per month Contact us Contact us Feature management + Targeting Client-side MAU types Create targeting rules that use any client-side MAU kind such as: user, device, or environment. Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited Targeting users by attribute Create targeting rules based on any client-side MAU attribute. Segments Segments allow you to target groups of client-side MAU individually or by attribute, so that you can quickly turn features on or off for certain groups. Segment overview Percentage rollouts Advanced targeting Custom client-side MAU Custom client-side MAU allows you to define any number of new "client-side MAU kinds" for targeting. Bulk user management (edit and export) — — Flag prerequisites Build dependencies into your feature flags and control granular features from a global level. — — Synced segments Sync audience data from external sources with an unlimited number of targets for targetted feature delivery. — — Big segments Big segments are segments that are either synced from external tools or list-based segments with more than 15,000 entries. — — Flag types Boolean Multivariate flags Multivariate flags allows you to define two or more custom variations of flag states. Flag templates Killswitch flags Release flags Experiment flags Migration flags Custom flags Flag and release management Multi-environment flag dashboard Archive flags Flag statuses Flag history Flag reviews Compare flags Clone flags Code references Code References simplifies removal of tech debt by finding references to feature flags in your code — — Copy flag settings Compare and copy a flag's settings between two environments — — Experimentation + Detailed features Full-stack experimentation A/B/n testing (multiple treatments) Mutual exclusion support (and layers) Funnel optimization experiments Funnel optimization experiments allow you to track the performance of each of the steps in your funnel over time Mutually exclusive experiments Configure multiple experiments while preventing client-side MAU from being included in more than one of them at a time Experiment results reports & visualizations Results filtering by audience attributes Flexible metric design: click, pageview, numeric, conversion Metrics import: API, integrations, SDK-level Release automation, collaboration and observability + Release observability Release Level Monitoring — — Sentry errors and OpenTelemetry metric import — — — Guarded Progressive Releases — — — Configurable Performance Thresholds — — — Release Auto-remediation — — — Release Health Metrics — — — Regression Notifications — — — Organization workflow collaboration Multi-environment release dashboard Customize your flag list view by combining filters with multiple environments (e.g. Dev, Test, Production). — — Flag scheduling Plan and automate progressive rollouts and other flag updates in advance. — — Required approvals Require approvals for flag changes from another team member or decision maker. — — Reusable workflow templates Save your workflows and reuse them with any other flags to expediate your rollouts. — — Required comments and confirmation Require members to leave comments when they change flags or segments. — — Release assistant # of release pipelines — — Unlimited Unlimited Targeting rules by environment Configure targeting rules for each environment, with customizable time durations before being prompted to progress to the next phase. — — Add Release Guardian to critical phases Incorporate Release Guardian in your release pipelines to monitor critical flag changes. — — Available Upon Request Available Upon Request Mobile lifecycle assistant Mobile Lifecycle Assistant enables you to deliver personalized experiences and mitigate bugs without waiting for app store review cycles. Mobile SDKs with automatic mobile attributes App lifecycle management First-class mobile targeting Mobile flag cleanup Migration assistant Migration Assistant allows you to safely manage migrations with controlled cohort progression and consistency checks. Migration cohorts Target specific cohorts for a particular migration that can independently move through stages of a migration. Metrics & consistency checks Detect migration issues faster by monitoring error, latency, and consistency metrics in aggregate, or broken out by cohort. Guardrails LaunchDarkly will warn you when actions are taken that could jeopardize your migration project. Other Features Launch Insights Security & compliance + 2FA SSO SCIM Create, update, and deactivate members in LaunchDarkly using your IdP of choice. — — Audit log for flag & segment changes Team sync with SCIM (available for Okta only) — — API access Define access levels to flags, projects, environments, metrics, or teams to enforce your policies. Custom roles & teams Define access levels to flags, projects, environments, metrics, or teams to enforce your policies. — — Bulk editing members — — Account history Review your account history across all projects and environments. 30-day 30-day Unlimited Unlimited Service tokens Create long term integrations with the LaunchDarkly API, that are not tied to a single seat (personal token). — — Teams Teams are groups of your organization's members. You can assign permissions to teams using custom roles. — — Relay proxy enterprise Streamline setup and management of Relay Proxy with auto-configuration and offline mode. — — HIPAA and FedRamp HIPAA — — Contact us Contact us FedRamp — — Contact us Contact us Integrations & API + Slack, Microsoft Teams, & Trello Integrations Integrate with leading DevOps platforms, observability tools, and customer data platforms. Most Most All All API controls Programmatic management of users, flags, targeting rules, and segments, and everything else you can do within the LaunchDarkly UI. Support and SLAs + Support Response Discord Community (1 business day outage) Discord Community (1 business day outage) 1 business day (8 hours outage) 1 business day (8 hours outage) Support Level Bronze Bronze Silver (Gold/Platinum Available) Silver (Gold/Platinum Available) Upgrade Available Paid support plans for mission critical support and guaranteed service uptime. — — Available Available Product Uptime — — Gold/Platinum (99.99%) Gold/Platinum (99.99%) Customer Experience Customer Success Managers — — Professional Services — Available Recommended Recommended Advisory Sessions — Available LaunchDarkly Academy Guided Onboarding Program — Available LaunchDarkly Certifications FAQ Pricing How do you calculate a month? + Months are calculated based on when you start your plan. If you start a plan on September 18th, you'll be charged on the 18th of every month. If you start on the 31st, you'll be charged on the last day of every month. If you upgrade your plan, you'll be charged a prorated amount for the partial month, and your next month's bill will include the upgrade as part of your monthly charge. How do you calculate Client-Side Monthly Active Users? + Client-side MAU is the number of unique monthly active users used in LaunchDarkly client-side SDKs. Typically, customers will send user contexts and we count unique end users that evaluate a flag, so even if a single user evaluates flags from multiple device types or over multiple sessions, we only count that user as 1 client-side context over the calendar month . How many Client-Side MAU do I need? + You can count the number of unique monthly active users that would use your application(s) where the LaunchDarkly client-side SDKs are installed. If you aim to target contexts which are not users (e.g. devices, accounts), then that context will be counted towards your MAU. In addition to your primary context, you can also include any other contexts you want (devices, accounts, etc.), but your estimate needs to only count the context with the highest volume (often users). Do you offer annual pricing plans? + Yes. All Enterprise plans are based on annual contracts. For the Foundation plan, you can select a yearly option when you sign up or at any time from the billing page in our app. There is an automatic discount on all plans set up with annual billing. Usage metrics What are service connections? + Service connections are used to measure back-end feature management. Service connections are the number of microservices, replicas, and environments connected to LaunchDarkly for 1 month. Only server-side SDKs count toward measuring service connections. Read the docs to learn more. What are client-side MAU? + Each client-side user or device creates one client-side MAU. Read the docs to learn more. What are experimentation MAU? + Experimentation MAU is number of users available to be targeted in experiments each month. Read the docs to learn more. How do I get visibility into my usage? + We provide visibility on all of your usage metrics. You can learn more about usage metrics in our documentation . Foundation & Developer When do I start getting charged on the Developer tier of the Foundation plan? + You only get charged when you exceed the Developer tier limits for environments (3), service connections (5), or client-side MAU (1k). When do I get charged? + We offer monthly and annual billing options for credit card purchases. Monthly billing will be charged in arrears at the end of each month. Annual billing will be paid up front, and any monthly overages will be billed at the end of each month. Account management What happens if I go over my licensed events or MAUs? + Usage metrics are visible in the account settings section of the application. If your team exceeds one of the licensed limits there will be a notification in the application and an email sent to all team Administrators. Professional plans are able to add more events or MAUs as needed up to the specified limits. Enterprise plans will receive the same notifications and our customer success team will work with them to correctly size their licensed limits. Will I have visibility of my usage? + Yes. We provide visibility on all of your usage metrics. You can learn more about usage metrics in our documentation. What are custom roles? + LaunchDarkly's basic role-based permission system provides global access control levels for team members based on a set of built-in roles (reader, writer, or admin/owner). Customers on enterprise plans also have access to LaunchDarkly's custom roles system. Custom roles allow you to create flexible policies that provide fine-grained access control to everything in LaunchDarkly—from feature flags and metrics to environments and teams. With custom roles, it's possible to enforce access policies that meet your exact workflow needs. Data Can I trial experimentation? + Yes. Experimentation can be added as an unlimited 30-day trial by contacting sales . Can I use both the experimentation add-on and the data export add-on? + Yes, you pay per event that is sent for experimentation and/or to the data export add-on. Other Do you offer discounts for non-profit, academic, or open-source projects? + Yes. Please contact us to see if your organization is eligible. Case study Paramount improves developer productivity 100X. / / The ability to ship and merge code to environments safely without wincing every time we hit the ‘deploy’ button has been huge for us. Dan Skaggs Technical Director, Content Engineering, Paramount Read case study Case study CCP Games creates self-serve experimentation. / / LaunchDarkly has enabled self-serve experimentation. You don’t have to be a data scientist to run valid, actionable experiments. This is unbelievably powerful. Nick Herring Technical Director of Infrastructure, CCP Games Read case study Case study Christian Dior shortens time to market from 15 minutes to instant updates / / LaunchDarkly allowed us to progressively deliver key features with confidence, creating a safety net for developers. Fabien Gasser Retail Lead System Architect, Christian Dior Couture Read case study Case study Bayer’s digital farming arm improves reliability for critical apps. / / I can change a flag status in LaunchDarkly and see it reflected in our mobile apps instantly. I’ll pay for that any day. Artie Lee Director of Engineering, Climate LLC, Bayer Read case study Case study HP standardizes and scales releases with LaunchDarkly. / / The team can switch back to a feature behavior without doing code changes. Brent Foley Software Engineer - Platform Infrastructure Team, HP Read case study Take a tour. Get a demo Free trial Inboxes love LaunchDarkly. Make sure you get all the content, tips, and news you can use. Work email Yes, send me emails. twitter YouTube LinkedIn Discord Instagram © 2026 Catamorphic Co. Support Support home Request Support Professional Services Documentation Status Do not Sell or Share my Personal Information Why Us Economic Impact of LaunchDarkly How LaunchDarkly works Trust & Security Trust Center LaunchDarkly vs. Competitors LaunchDarkly on AWS Company About Us Careers Media & Analysts Partner Program Terms & Policies Contact Us Community Inboxes love LaunchDarkly. Make sure you get all the content, tips, and news you can use. | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
https://neon.tech/use-cases/serverless-apps | Postgres for serverless apps — Neon This 250+ engineer team replaced shared staging with isolated database branches for safer deploys Neon Product Database Autoscaling Automatic instance sizing Branching Faster Postgres workflows Bottomless storage With copy-on-write Instant restores Recover TBs in seconds Connection pooler Built-in with pgBouncer Ecosystem Neon API Manage infra, billing, quotas Auth Add authentication Data API PostgREST-compatible Instagres No-signup flow Migration guides Step-by-step What is Neon? Serverless Postgres, by Databricks Solutions Use cases Serverless Apps Autoscale with traffic Multi-TB Scale & restore instantly Database per Tenant Data isolation without overhead Platforms Offer Postgres to your users Dev/Test Production-like environments Agents Build full-stack AI agents For teams Startups Build with Neon Security Compliance & privacy Case studies Explore customer stories Docs Pricing Company Blog About us Careers Contact Discord 20.7k Log In Sign Up Postgres for serverless apps With thousands of connections, real-time autoscaling, and usage-based pricing Why use Neon for serverless architectures: CPU, memory, and storage scale automatically with your workload. Usage-based pricing eliminates overprovisioning. Supports up to 10,000 connections via its built-in connection pooler. It’s 100% Postgres, without the server management. Sign up to get the Free Plan, plus $100 in credits ...or talk to our team if you have any questions. Sign up Thousands of connections and real-time autoscaling Neon autoscales CPU and memory in real time based on your workload. Our autoscaling algorithm dynamically allocates compute resources, reducing your bill — you no longer need to provision for peak — while ensuring good performance. Neon integrates a pooler built on PgBouncer directly into its architecture: every endpoint has connection pooling enabled. Supports up to 10,000 concurrent connections. Neon worked out of the box, handling hundreds of Lambdas without any of the connection issues we saw in Aurora v2. On top of that, it costs us 1/6 of what we were paying with AWS. Cody Jenkins Head of Engineering at Invenco True serverless Postgres Separation of compute and storage Neon’s architecture decouples compute and storage layers. Compute nodes handle query execution, while the storage layer persists data on distributed, highly durable object storage. Elastic scaling Durable storage Optimized performance Instant provisioning You can spin up Postgres databases in seconds, a big win when integrating Neon into database-per-user platforms and AI agents. Fast deployment Ready in seconds AI & SaaS-friendly No server management In Neon there’s no provisioning or manual resizing of servers. The platform automatically scales resources based on workload demands, not only up but also down. Hands-free scaling Auto-scaling Zero maintenance Typical CPU utilization pattern in a production database in RDS. Traffic peaks once per day up to 60% capacity, going down to 10% capacity for the rest of the day. Based on a real use case. Pay for what you use Your costs are directly tied to the resources your workload consumes — both compute and storage. There's no need to over-provision or pay for idle capacity. Cost efficiency Peak-aware scaling Optimized compute Instead of having to overprovision our servers to handle peak loads, which leads to inefficiencies and higher costs, Neon’s autoscaling handles it. We get more performance when we need it. Julian Benegas CEO of BaseHub Sign up and get $100 credits Start saving with Neon. Sign up Neon A Databricks Company Neon status loading... Made in SF and the World Copyright Ⓒ 2022 – 2026 Neon, LLC Company About Blog Careers Contact Sales Partners Security Legal Privacy Policy Terms of Service DPA Subprocessors List Privacy Guide Cookie Policy Business Information Resources Docs Changelog Support Community Guides PostgreSQL Tutorial Startups Creators Social Discord GitHub x.com LinkedIn YouTube Compliance CCPA Compliant GDPR Compliant ISO 27001 Certified ISO 27701 Certified SOC 2 Certified HIPAA Compliant Compliance Guide Neon’s Sub Contractors Sensitive Data Terms Trust Center | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
https://www.linkedin.com/company/unvoidweb | Unvoid | LinkedIn Skip to main content LinkedIn Top Content People Learning Jobs Games Sign in Join now for free Unvoid Software Development We Extend Tech Teams & Automate Business Operations • Design, Development, and Automation Follow Discover all 19 employees Report this company About us ⛔️ We know that for SME businesses, manual operations often block profitability and growth. ⛔️ And for tech startups, finding the right talent to scale their design and engineering teams is what slows them down. ✅ Unvoid solves both Our Offerings: 👉 Tech Startups: Scale Your Team Without the Hiring Headache - Extend your design and development capacity with our remote developers and designers. - Seamlessly integrate experienced talent to your existing teams—when you need them, how you need them. - We work with you under a client-friendly model where our success is tied to yours. 👉 SME Businesses: Automate to Grow - We help businesses break free from manual tasks. Apply our technical expertise to automate processes, systemize operations, and focus on what truly drives profit. - The result? Increased efficiency, reduced costs, and more freedom for you as the owner. You could hire a traditional agency or build an in-house team, costing months of effort and $300,000+. Or, you could work with Unvoid—on a results-driven pricing structure designed for real, tangible growth. But we don’t work with everyone. If you’re: - A tech startup needing the extra engineering and design capacity to grow efficiently - An SME business owner looking to reduce operational costs and make your business self-sustaining - Looking for a partner that will work alongside you for growth, not just as another contractor... ...then we should talk. We’re selective about who we take on, because our model works best when we’re just as committed as you are. Ready to explore if there’s a fit? Book a Discovery Call today at https://unvoid.com Website unvoid.com External link for Unvoid Industry Software Development Company size 11-50 employees Type Privately Held Founded 2020 Specialties Web Development, UI/UX Design, and Front-end Development Employees at Unvoid Cinthia Coulter d'Haese Bruna Lima Lethicya de Freitas Mateus Sarmento See all employees Similar pages Unvoid Tech Studio Private Ltd. 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https://topenddevs.com/podcasts/adventures-in-devops/episodes/devops-everything-you-need-to-know-with-mirco-hering-devops-166 | DevOps: Everything You Need to Know with Mirco Hering - DevOps 166 - Adventures in DevOps - Top End Devs Top End Devs Home Podcasts Screencasts Courses Blogs Summits Meetups search-modal#open" aria-label="Search"> Sign In Sign Up search-modal#close"> Search search-modal#close"> search-modal#search" data-turbo-frame="search-results" data-turbo="true" class="space-y-4" action="/search" method="get"> Content Type All Episodes Podcasts Screencasts Lessons Courses Blog Authors Meetups Use semantic search (recommended) Search Trending Now What’s New in React 19.2: Compiler, Activity, and the Future of Async React - JSJ 670 JavaScript Jabber Can You Really Trust AI-Generated Code? - JSJ 699 JavaScript Jabber Autogenetic AI Agents and the Future of Ruby Development - RUBY 682 Ruby Rogues Popular Searches search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="podcast"> Podcast search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="episode"> Episode search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="author"> Author search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="meetup"> Meetup search-modal#fillSearch" data-search-term="series"> Series Back to Adventures in DevOps RSS Feed Spotify Apple Podcasts YouTube Amazon Music DevOps: Everything You Need to Know with Mirco Hering - DevOps 166 Published: June 22, 2023 Download DevOps: Everything You Need to Know with Mirco Hering - DevOps 166 0:00 audio-player#clickProgressBar touchstart->audio-player#clickProgressBar touchmove->audio-player#clickProgressBar" data-audio-player-target="progressBar"> 0:00 audio-player#skipBackward"> audio-player#togglePlayPause" data-audio-player-target="playPauseButton"> audio-player#skipForward"> audio-player#changeVolume" type="range" min="0" max="1" step="0.01" value="1" /> Playback Speed: audio-player#changePlaybackSpeed"> 0.5x 0.75x 1x 1.25x 1.5x 2x Created by: Jillian Rowe • Jonathan Hall • Mirco Hering Show Notes Mirco Hering is a Global DevOps Practice Lead, IT Transformation & Delivery Lead, CIO Advisor, Blogger, Author, and Public Speaker. He is the author of " DevOps for the Modern Enterprise ". He starts off by deriving his own definition of DevOps. He also dives into some approaches used for DevOps, managing a DevOps team, challenges he faces and possible solutions, and many more! Sponsors Chuck's Resume Template Raygun - Application Monitoring For Web & Mobile Apps Become a Top 1% Dev with a Top End Devs Membership Links DevOps for the Modern Enterprise Socials LinkedIn: Mirco Hering Picks Jonathan - Stealing the Corner Office Mirco - New Dark Age © 2026 2022 Intentional Excellence Productions, LLC. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
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Today, we’re excited to announce that the Container registry is generally available as part of GitHub Packages! Nilofer Rajpurkar · @nilofer June 21, 2021 | Updated December 19, 2021 | 3 minutes Share: Last year, we introduced the Container registry to GitHub Packages and saw developers utilize it as a way to publish, manage, and consume containers on GitHub. In fact, since its release there have been many millions of downloads occurring each day. Throughout the beta, we added features to improve the experience of using the Container registry. Today, we’re excited to announce that the Container registry is generally available as part of GitHub Packages! Creating a great container experience The Container registry adds capabilities to GitHub Packages for you and your organizations to work with containers effectively in your development. Since introducing the beta, we incrementally released and shared some additional features for Container registry. Here’s your full wrap-up of all you can take advantage of: Anonymous access for public containers Organizational level ownership of containers Fine-grained permissions control for containers Container-specific landing pages full of useful information Container visibility independent from repository visibility Internal visibility settings for containers within organizations Secure and seamless access to containers from Actions workflows via the GITHUB_TOKEN Clean starter workflows to publish directly to Container registry at ghcr.io A new home for your Docker containers As a part of Container registry becoming generally available, we are consolidating the Docker registry into Container registry. If you have previously published Docker containers to docker.pkg.github.com , you will see them automatically migrated to the Container registry in the coming weeks. Your existing containers now have access to all the additional features listed above! Fear not — existing pull links and references to docker.pkg.github.com will continue to work without any hiccups. At this time, usage of the Container registry will continue to be free. Billing for Container registry usage will begin in the coming months with ample notice as to when that change will occur. Container registry pricing for storage and bandwidth will follow the standard GitHub Packages pricing structure . Don’t just take our word for it Many developers and organizations have started using the Container registry as a part of key workloads. We’re excited to highlight a few stories of how developers are turning to the Container registry to solve their needs. Homebrew now hosts all of their bottles on the Container registry. This was made possible because the Container registry supports OCI images . Homebrew can now distribute over a half a petabyte of binary packages to their users every month while surfacing them in GitHub search for improved discoverability. Shaun Jackman, a Homebrew maintainer, found the OCI support particularly useful and said, “GHCR’s implementation of ORAS/OCI provides a standard API to query, upload, and download binary artifacts, so that Homebrew could use off-the-shelf compatible tools, easing our migration of bottle storage to GHCR.” Home Assistant has moved all of their worldwide installations to the Container registry. Their latest image has been downloaded over 500 million times and service stability was a critical consideration. Per Pascal Vizeli, Home Assistant Operating System maintainer, “For Home Assistant, the new Container registry is a perfect fit for our DevOps landscape. It reduces maintenance by keeping it all together: source-code, build, and distribution. It’s now easier than ever before. Everything is in one place and can be administered via the Github organization as an all-in-one solution.” The ease of publishing and managing container images so closely with other GitHub workflows is echoed amongst developers, including those at The Helm Project working on Tiller . Per Matt Farina, Helm maintainer, “When the Helm project was looking for a new container registry for Tiller, GHCR quickly became the top choice. It enabled us to manage our container images right alongside our source code. Moving to GHCR simplified our management setup and infrastructure sprawl.” Check out Container registry We’re excited to see how developers take full control of their containers by using the Container registry. You can learn more about GitHub Container registry in our documentation. For any questions, please visit the GitHub Packages community . To see what’s next for GitHub Packages, visit our public roadmap . Tags: Container registry features GitHub Packages Written by Nilofer Rajpurkar @nilofer Container registry features GitHub Packages More on Container registry Introducing GitHub Container Registry GitHub Container Registry introduces easy sharing across organizations, fine-grained permissions, and free, anonymous access for public container images Kayla Ngan Related posts News & insights The future of AI-powered software optimization (and how it can help your team) We envision the future of AI-enabled tooling to look like near-effortless engineering for sustainability. We call it Continuous Efficiency. Paull Young News & insights Let’s talk about GitHub Actions A look at how we rebuilt GitHub Actions’ core architecture and shipped long-requested upgrades to improve performance, workflow flexibility, reliability, and everyday developer experience. 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https://dev.to/kawano_aiyuki/i-debug-code-like-i-debug-life-spoiler-both-throw-exceptions-e69#as-a-woman-in-tech-i-learned-early-about-undefined-behavior | I Debug Code Like I Debug Life (Spoiler: Both Throw Exceptions) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Alyssa Posted on Jan 13 I Debug Code Like I Debug Life (Spoiler: Both Throw Exceptions) # discuss # career # programming # beginners Being a software developer is a lot like being human. Being a woman software developer is like being human with extra edge cases. I write code for a living. Sometimes I write bugs professionally. And occasionally, I write code that works on the first run — which is deeply suspicious and should be reviewed by science. The Compiler Is Honest. People Are Not. One thing I love about code: If it doesn’t like you, it tells you immediately. If you’re wrong, it throws an error. If you forget a semicolon, it remembers forever. Life, on the other hand, waits three years and then says: “Hey… remember that decision you made? Yeah. About that.” Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In programming, we call this technical debt. In life, we call it experience. As a Woman in Tech, I Learned Early About “Undefined Behavior” There are two kinds of bugs: The ones you expect. The ones that happen because the environment is… creative. Sometimes I walk into a meeting and: I’m the only woman. I’m also the backend. And somehow still expected to fix frontend CSS. This is not imposter syndrome. This is runtime context awareness. My Brain Runs on TODO Comments My mind is basically: // TODO: fix sleep schedule // TODO: refactor life choices // TODO: stop overthinking edge cases Every time I say “I’ll do it later,” a TODO comment is silently added to my soul. And just like in real projects: Some TODOs become features. Some become bugs. Some live forever and scare new contributors. Debugging Is Just Asking Better Questions People think debugging is about being smart. It’s not. It’s about asking questions like: “What did I assume?” “What did I change?” “Why does this work only on my machine?” “Why does it stop working when someone is watching?” Honestly, debugging taught me emotional intelligence: Don’t panic. Observe. Reduce the problem. Remove assumptions. Take breaks before you delete everything. Humor Is My Favorite Framework Tech moves fast. Trends change. Frameworks come and go. But humor? Zero dependencies. Backward compatible. Works across teams. Excellent for handling production incidents at 3 AM. When the server is down and everyone is stressed, sometimes the most senior move is saying: “Okay. This is bad. But also… kinda funny.” Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Then you fix it. Obviously. Confidence Is a Skill, Not a Setting I didn’t wake up confident. I compiled it over time. Confidence came from: Breaking things. Fixing them. Asking “stupid” questions. Shipping anyway. Learning that perfection doesn’t deploy. The best developers I know aren’t fearless. They just commit despite the warnings. Final Build: Still Experimental I’m still learning. Still refactoring. Still discovering bugs in old logic. But I ship. I learn. I laugh. I write code. And I’m very comfortable saying: “I don’t know yet — but I will.” Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If you’re a developer reading this: Your bugs don’t define you. Your errors are data. Your weird brain is probably a feature. And if today feels broken… Try restarting. With coffee ☕ And maybe fewer assumptions. Thanks for reading. If this resonated, you’re probably running the same version of reality as me. Top comments (8) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Art light Art light Art light Follow Trust yourself🌞your capabilities are your true power. ❤Telegram - ✔lighthouse4661 ❤Discord - ✔lighthouse4661 Email art.miclight@gmail.com Pronouns He/him Work CTO Joined Nov 21, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is such a sharp, thoughtful piece — witty, honest, and deeply relatable, especially the way you blend debugging with real-life growth. Your humor and clarity turn real experience into insight, and it’s genuinely inspiring to read.😉 Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks💛I'm really glad it resonated with you and made you smile. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Art light Art light Art light Follow Trust yourself🌞your capabilities are your true power. ❤Telegram - ✔lighthouse4661 ❤Discord - ✔lighthouse4661 Email art.miclight@gmail.com Pronouns He/him Work CTO Joined Nov 21, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Good!😎 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Thread Thread Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand darkbranchcore darkbranchcore darkbranchcore Follow Joined Dec 28, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Such a great read—smart, funny, and painfully relatable in the best way. I love how you turned real dev struggles into something empowering and human. That takes real confidence 👏 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Hi there! I am Alyssa. ❤I can see success in my mind's eye🌞 Email Location UK Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you so much! 💙 That really means a lot to me—turning those struggles into something empowering was exactly the goal. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Hadil Ben Abdallah Hadil Ben Abdallah Hadil Ben Abdallah Follow Software Engineer • Technical Content Writer • LinkedIn Content Creator Email hadilbenabdallah111@gmail.com Location Tunisia Education ENET'COM Pronouns she/her Work Content Writer & Social Media Manager Joined Nov 13, 2023 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This was such a refreshing read. The way you map debugging principles to real life is not just funny, it’s surprisingly insightful 😄 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you! I love how you picked up on that—turning coding chaos into life lessons is exactly the kind of perspective that makes tech both fun and relatable 😄 Keep sharing these gems! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Popcorn Movies and TV Close Welcome to Popcorn Movies and TV — part of the Forem network! Let's watch something great! Create account Log in Home About Contact Other Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Twitter Facebook Github Instagram Twitch Mastodon Popular Tags #marketing #streaming #recommendations #movies #animation #analysis #reviews #distribution #netflix #offtopic #tv #3d #memes #cinema #truecrime #recap #genrestudies #diversity #characterarcs #spoilerfree #filmtheory #tropes #plotholes #representation #worstscenes #lgbtqrepresentation #womeninfilm #kidstv #bestscenes #spoilers Popcorn Movies and TV Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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Posts Relevant Latest Top How I Cut the Cord: Watching TV Without Cable or Internet Sidra Jefferi Sidra Jefferi Sidra Jefferi Follow Dec 31 '25 How I Cut the Cord: Watching TV Without Cable or Internet # discuss # watchtvwithoutcable # tvwithoutinternet # network 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Shoujo: A Celebration of Emotion, Growth, and Storytelling in Japanese Manga and Anime wajihaseo wajihaseo wajihaseo Follow Dec 28 '25 Shoujo: A Celebration of Emotion, Growth, and Storytelling in Japanese Manga and Anime # genrestudies # filmhistory # animation # analysis Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Conformity Gate Phenomenon: Exploration of Fan Theories Following the Stranger Things Season 5 Finale Om Shree Om Shree Om Shree Follow Jan 7 The Conformity Gate Phenomenon: Exploration of Fan Theories Following the Stranger Things Season 5 Finale # streaming # movies # recommendations # analysis 26 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Ringer Movies: A Holiday Surprise for the Unboxing Boy Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Dec 6 '25 Ringer Movies: A Holiday Surprise for the Unboxing Boy # reviews # offtopic Comments Add Comment 1 min read Ringer Movies: The Robert Redford Hall of Fame Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Nov 28 '25 Ringer Movies: The Robert Redford Hall of Fame # movies # streaming # recommendations Comments Add Comment 1 min read Mr Sunday Movies: John Carter - Caravan Of Garbage Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Nov 28 '25 Mr Sunday Movies: John Carter - Caravan Of Garbage # movies # reviews # analysis Comments Add Comment 1 min read Mr Sunday Movies: The Sorcerer's Apprentice - Caravan of Garbage Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Nov 29 '25 Mr Sunday Movies: The Sorcerer's Apprentice - Caravan of Garbage # movies # reviews # analysis Comments Add Comment 1 min read CinemaSins: Everything Wrong With Mission: Impossible - The Final Reckoning In 27 Minutes Or Less Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Nov 28 '25 CinemaSins: Everything Wrong With Mission: Impossible - The Final Reckoning In 27 Minutes Or Less # movies # reviews # action # marketing Comments Add Comment 1 min read Ringer Movies: ‘Wicked: For Good’ Is No Good Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Nov 21 '25 Ringer Movies: ‘Wicked: For Good’ Is No Good # movies # reviews # analysis Comments Add Comment 1 min read Yellowstone’s 1944 and the virtue of endings Jason Guo Jason Guo Jason Guo Follow Dec 25 '25 Yellowstone’s 1944 and the virtue of endings # western # miniseries # historical # screenwriting 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Mr Sunday Movies: Biggest Disney Bombs: The Sorcerer's Apprentice - Caravan of Garbage Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Nov 21 '25 Mr Sunday Movies: Biggest Disney Bombs: The Sorcerer's Apprentice - Caravan of Garbage # movies # reviews # analysis Comments Add Comment 1 min read Ringer Movies: Best Picture Power Rankings & the Super-Sincerity of ‘Sentimental Value' Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Nov 24 '25 Ringer Movies: Best Picture Power Rankings & the Super-Sincerity of ‘Sentimental Value' # movies # reviews # streaming # analysis Comments 1 comment 1 min read Ringer Movies: ‘Snake Eyes’ With Bill Simmons, Sean Fennessey, and Van Lathan | Ringer Movies Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Nov 17 '25 Ringer Movies: ‘Snake Eyes’ With Bill Simmons, Sean Fennessey, and Van Lathan | Ringer Movies # movies # marketing # recommendations Comments Add Comment 1 min read How Movie Posters Reflect Cultural Shifts Through Decades Patrick Norton Patrick Norton Patrick Norton Follow Nov 16 '25 How Movie Posters Reflect Cultural Shifts Through Decades # discuss Comments Add Comment 6 min read CinemaSins: Everything Wrong With Jurassic World Rebirth In 17 Minutes Or Less Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Nov 17 '25 CinemaSins: Everything Wrong With Jurassic World Rebirth In 17 Minutes Or Less # movies # reviews Comments Add Comment 1 min read Ringer Movies: What Happened With the Fall Movie Slate? Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Nov 15 '25 Ringer Movies: What Happened With the Fall Movie Slate? # movies # reviews # analysis # action Comments Add Comment 1 min read Ringer Movies: The 25 Best Movies of the Century: No. 5 - 'Lady Bird’ Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Nov 13 '25 Ringer Movies: The 25 Best Movies of the Century: No. 5 - 'Lady Bird’ # movies # recommendations # reviews # analysis Comments Add Comment 1 min read CinemaSins: Everything Wrong With Thunderbolts* (The New Avengers) In 20 Minutes Or Less Movie News Movie News Movie News Follow Nov 14 '25 CinemaSins: Everything Wrong With Thunderbolts* (The New Avengers) In 20 Minutes Or Less # movies # reviews # marketing Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... #discuss Discussion threads targeting the whole community #watercooler Light, and off-topic conversation. 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Popcorn Movies and TV — Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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https://public-api.wordpress.com | REST API - Build Apps with WordPress.com Data Skip to content Search Search Menu Search Search At a glance WordPress and WordPress.com Tech stack Glossary Interface styles Support Get started Step 1: Create a site Step 2: Set up your local environment Step 3: Set up GitHub Step 4: Develop locally Step 5: Deploy to your production or staging site WordPress Studio Studio sites Blueprints Open in WordPress Studio button How to create custom Blueprints Preview Sites Studio Sync Studio Assistant Studio CLI Import & export SSL in Studio Frequently asked questions Changelog Roadmap Beta features MCP MCP tools reference MCP prompt examples Developer tools WP-CLI WP-CLI overview Platform-specific commands Common commands Troubleshooting REST API Getting started with the REST API REST API reference Namespaces & versions OAuth2 authentication WordPress.com Connect Using the REST API from JavaScript & the browser (CORS) Guidelines for responsible use of Automattic’s APIs Site Accelerator API Platform features Site performance Domain management User management Real time backup Storage Sitemaps Jetpack Scan Account security Guides Add HTTP headers Block patterns Manage user, file, and folder permissions Manually restore your site from a Jetpack Backup Symlinked files and folders WordPress.com oEmbed provider Troubleshooting Enabling WP_DEBUG Jetpack Activity Log At a glance WordPress and WordPress.com Tech stack Glossary Interface styles Support Get started Step 1: Create a site Step 2: Set up your local environment Step 3: Set up GitHub Step 4: Develop locally Step 5: Deploy to your production or staging site WordPress Studio Studio sites Blueprints Open in WordPress Studio button How to create custom Blueprints Preview Sites Studio Sync Studio Assistant Studio CLI Import & export SSL in Studio Frequently asked questions Changelog Roadmap Beta features MCP MCP tools reference MCP prompt examples Developer tools WP-CLI WP-CLI overview Platform-specific commands Common commands Troubleshooting REST API Getting started with the REST API REST API reference Namespaces & versions OAuth2 authentication WordPress.com Connect Using the REST API from JavaScript & the browser (CORS) Guidelines for responsible use of Automattic’s APIs Site Accelerator API Platform features Site performance Domain management User management Real time backup Storage Sitemaps Jetpack Scan Account security Guides Add HTTP headers Block patterns Manage user, file, and folder permissions Manually restore your site from a Jetpack Backup Symlinked files and folders WordPress.com oEmbed provider Troubleshooting Enabling WP_DEBUG Jetpack Activity Log REST API Welcome to the WordPress.com REST API documentation. You can find a list of available endpoints in the REST API Reference . To explore and test them interactively, head over to the Developer Console . If you’re not sure how to make calls to the API check the following links to locate the topic you’re interested in. If you have never worked with the WordPress.com REST API before, consider reading through the following resources in the order listed: Getting Started : Check this guide to learn what the WordPress.com REST API is it and how to use it. Reference : Browse a comprehensive catalog of available REST API endpoints organized by functionality. Each endpoint includes links to detailed documentation with input parameters, output formats, and example requests in both curl and PHP. Categories include Users, Sites, Posts, Comments, Taxonomy, Media, Stats, and more. Namespaces : A guide to the three WordPress.com REST API namespaces — /rest/ , /wp/ , and /wpcom/ — as shown in the Developer Console , to help developers pick the right endpoints for their compatibility and feature needs. OAuth2 Authentication : Learn more about how WordPress.com and Jetpack leverage OAuth2 to enable secure application access to their APIs without storing sensitive credentials, while giving users control over their connections. WordPress.com connect : Implement the “Login with WordPress.com” functionality for user authentication. This specialized OAuth2 implementation allows millions of WordPress.com users to securely sign in to your application using their existing credentials, providing access to basic profile information while maintaining user privacy and control. Using the REST API from JS and the Browser : Learn how to make REST API calls directly from JavaScript in web browsers. This guide covers both authenticated and unauthenticated requests using the Fetch API, explains CORS configuration requirements, and shows how to whitelist your domains to prevent cross-origin errors when building client-side applications. Before using the WordPress.com REST API in your applications, please review our guidelines for responsible use: Guidelines for Responsible Use of Automattic’s APIs : Understand the terms of use, best practices, and ethical guidelines for using WordPress.com REST APIs. This resource covers user privacy requirements, data refresh policies, rate limiting guidelines, and the complete API Terms of Use to ensure your application meets Automattic’s standards for integrity, performance, and user protection. If you’re looking for the WordPress REST API that shipped as part of WordPress core in version 4.7, see its documentation . Note that this API is also enabled on WordPress.com, but the URL structure on WordPress.com is slightly different than for self-hosted sites. See this post for more details. Last updated: October 07, 2025 Ready to get started with WordPress.com? Get started Documentation is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License An Automattic Creation | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
https://music.forem.com/ | Music Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Music Forem Close Welcome to Music Forem — part of the Forem network! We're a place dedicated to discussing all things music - composing, producing, performing, and all the fun and not-fun things in-between. Create account Log in Home About Contact Other Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Twitter Facebook Github Instagram Twitch Mastodon Popular Tags #indie #indie #production #livestreaming #streaming #digital #hiphop #diy #distribution #theory #rnb #classical #ambientmusic #ambientmusic #alternative #soul #synthpop #trance #electronic #drumandbass #techno #blues #jazz #house #disco #dubstep #funk #ambient #pop #country Music Forem From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Music Forem © 2025 - 2026. Posts Relevant Latest Top Music Monday (Happy New Year!!! 🥳) Mikey Dorje Mikey Dorje Mikey Dorje Follow for Music Forem Team Jan 5 Music Monday (Happy New Year!!! 🥳) # musicmonday # playlist # community # newmusic 17 reactions Comments 6 comments 1 min read Music Monday - Winter Music ❄️ Mikey Dorje Mikey Dorje Mikey Dorje Follow for Music Forem Team Jan 12 Music Monday - Winter Music ❄️ # musicmonday # community # playlist # newmusic 12 reactions Comments 3 comments 1 min read How do I discover new music that actually fits my taste? Luca Luca Luca Follow Jan 8 How do I discover new music that actually fits my taste? # newmusic2026 # risingartists # rnb # streaming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why do some songs only make sense after you’ve lived more? Luca Luca Luca Follow Jan 12 Why do some songs only make sense after you’ve lived more? # musicdiscovery # alternativernb # emotionalmusic # newmusic 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why *Dhurandhar* Movie Songs Feel So Awesome 🎶 Prasoon Jadon Prasoon Jadon Prasoon Jadon Follow Jan 6 Why *Dhurandhar* Movie Songs Feel So Awesome 🎶 # indie # ambientmusic # digital # classical 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read COLORS: Silvana Estrada - Un Rayo De Luz | A COLORS SHOW Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Dec 8 '25 COLORS: Silvana Estrada - Un Rayo De Luz | A COLORS SHOW # indie # livestreaming # streaming # digital Comments Add Comment 1 min read NPR Music: Annie DiRusso: Tiny Desk Concert Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Dec 8 '25 NPR Music: Annie DiRusso: Tiny Desk Concert # indie # livestreaming # streaming 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Music Monday (Community Playlist!) Mikey Dorje Mikey Dorje Mikey Dorje Follow for Music Forem Team Dec 29 '25 Music Monday (Community Playlist!) # musicmonday # playlist # community # newmusic 16 reactions Comments 3 comments 1 min read Music Monday (Seed the playlist) Mikey Dorje Mikey Dorje Mikey Dorje Follow for Music Forem Team Dec 22 '25 Music Monday (Seed the playlist) # discuss # musicmonday # playlist # newmusic 15 reactions Comments 9 comments 1 min read Andrew Huang: If you're not using envelope followers, you're missing out Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 30 '25 Andrew Huang: If you're not using envelope followers, you're missing out # production # digital # diy Comments Add Comment 1 min read COLORS: SSIO - Ich Bin Raus | A COLORS SHOW Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 29 '25 COLORS: SSIO - Ich Bin Raus | A COLORS SHOW # hiphop # livestreaming # streaming # digital Comments Add Comment 1 min read KEXP: Jembaa Groove - Dabia / Namo (Live on KEXP) Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 29 '25 KEXP: Jembaa Groove - Dabia / Namo (Live on KEXP) # indie # livestreaming # production # streaming Comments Add Comment 1 min read COLORS: Gabriel Jacoby - be careful | A COLORS SHOW Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 28 '25 COLORS: Gabriel Jacoby - be careful | A COLORS SHOW # indie # livestreaming # streaming # digital Comments Add Comment 1 min read NPR Music: SEVENTEEN: Tiny Desk Concert Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 28 '25 NPR Music: SEVENTEEN: Tiny Desk Concert # livestreaming # hiphop # production Comments Add Comment 1 min read Mix with the Masters: Mixing Night with Ken Lewis - 100TH SHOW - 12/3/25 Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 27 '25 Mix with the Masters: Mixing Night with Ken Lewis - 100TH SHOW - 12/3/25 # livestreaming # production Comments Add Comment 1 min read Andrew Huang: Don't sleep on envelope followers! 8 creative uses Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 28 '25 Andrew Huang: Don't sleep on envelope followers! 8 creative uses # production # diy # digital 4 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read KEXP: Jembaa Groove - Full Performance (Live on KEXP) Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 28 '25 KEXP: Jembaa Groove - Full Performance (Live on KEXP) # livestreaming # production Comments Add Comment 1 min read KEXP: Jembaa Groove - Dabia / Namo (Live on KEXP) Music YouTube Music YouTube Music YouTube Follow Nov 28 '25 KEXP: Jembaa Groove - Dabia / Namo (Live on KEXP) # livestreaming # production # indie Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Music Forem — From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Music Forem © 2025 - 2026. We're a place dedicated to discussing all things music - composing, producing, performing, and all the fun and not-fun things in-between. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
https://gg.forem.com/gg_news/gogs-freedom-to-buy-campaign-gives-away-controversial-games-for-free-to-protest-censorship-8e1 | GOG's Freedom To Buy Campaign Gives Away Controversial Games For Free To Protest Censorship - Gamers Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Gamers Forem Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Gaming News Posted on Aug 8, 2025 GOG's Freedom To Buy Campaign Gives Away Controversial Games For Free To Protest Censorship # pcgaming # gamedeals # indiegames # singleplayer GOG’s Freedom To Buy Campaign Gives Away Controversial Games For Free To Protest Censorship GOG has launched the Freedom to Buy initiative, offering delisted or controversial games for free to protest silent censorship and promote access to legal, responsibly made titles. noisypixel.net GOG just kicked off its cheekily named “Freedom to Buy” campaign, plastering 13 once-controversial games on a special site (FreedomToBuy.games) and handing them out free for 48 hours. The stunt’s all about shining a spotlight on what they call “quiet” censorship—titles getting quietly delisted not for breaking laws but for making someone, somewhere, uncomfortable. Among the freebies you’ll find everything from POSTAL 2 and Agony to HuniePop and House Party. GOG’s big point? If a game’s legal and responsibly made, you shouldn’t need a secret handshake to grab it—yesterday, today or decades from now. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Gaming News Follow Joined Apr 30, 2025 More from Gaming News The Game Theorists: Game Theory: Poké Balls Are KILLING Pokémon?! # boardgames # nintendo # pcgaming GameSpot: Battlefield 6: Full Review # pcgaming # steam GameSpot: Vampire: The Masquerade - Bloodlines 2 Aged, But Still A Fine Wine - Review # pcgaming # retrogaming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Gamers Forem — An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Gamers Forem © 2025 - 2026. We're a place where gamers unite, level up, and share epic adventures. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
https://neon.tech/docs/get-started/why-neon | Why Neon? - Neon Docs This 250+ engineer team replaced shared staging with isolated database branches for safer deploys Neon Docs Search ... Ask AI Log In Sign Up Get started About Connect Connect to Neon Clients & tools Troubleshooting Develop Frontend & Frameworks Frameworks Languages ORMs Backend Data API Neon Auth Postgres RLS AI AI for Agents AI App Starter Kit Tools & Workflows API, CLI & SDKs Local development Integrations (3rd party) Workflows & CI/CD Templates Examples repo Manage Neon platform Plans and billing Neon on Azure Security & compliance Postgres Extensions Postgres guides Compatibility Version support Upgrade PostgreSQL Tutorial Resources Status Support Changelog Roadmap Early access Community Glossary RSS feeds Platform integration Search ... Ask AI Neon Docs Why Neon? Our mission Developer experience Production ready Use cases Start with Neon 1 - Basics 2 - Connect 3 - Branching 4 - Ready for production Migrate to Neon Overview Utilities Import Data Assistant pg_dump / pg_restore pgcopydb Migrate from RDS AlloyDB Azure Cloud SQL Digital Ocean Firebase Heroku MSSQL SQLite MySQL Render Supabase Migrate from a Neon project Schema-only Logical replication Postgres Neon to Neon Supabase RDS AlloyDB Azure Cloud SQL Migration services AWS DMS CSV Sample data / Our mission Why Neon? Neon is Serverless Postgres built for the cloud Looking back at Neon's debut blog post, SELECT ’Hello, World’ , the fundamental reasons for Why Neon remain the same: To build the best Postgres experience in the cloud This is still our core mission today. It was clear to us then, as it is now, that database workloads are shifting to the cloud — and no one wants to manage a database themselves. In an ever-changing technology stack, we believe Postgres is here to stay Just like the Linux operating system or Git version control, we believe Postgres is the default choice for a relational database system. That’s why all of the major platforms like AWS, Azure, Google Cloud, Digital Ocean, and many newcomers to this space offer Postgres as a service. An idea that a modern Postgres cloud service can be designed differently We call this approach separation of storage and compute , which lets us architect the service around performance, reliability, manageability, and cost-efficiency. The belief that our architecture can provide a better Developer Experience (DevX) Features such as autoscaling, branching, time travel, instant provisioning, and instant restore improve the developer experience by allowing quick environment setup, efficient developer workflows, and immediate database availability. These are Neon's reasons, but given the many database-as-a-service options available today, let's take a look at the reasons why you should choose Neon: Neon is Postgres Postgres is the world's most popular open-source database. From its beginning as a DARPA-sponsored project at Berkeley , Postgres has fostered an ever-growing community and is a preferred database among developers because of its performance, reliability, extensibility, and support for features like ACID transactions, advanced SQL, and NoSQL/JSON. Neon supports all of the latest Postgres versions and numerous Postgres extensions . If your application runs on Postgres, it runs on Neon . If it doesn't run on Postgres, sign up for a Free plan account, join our Discord server , and start the journey with us. Neon is serverless A serverless architecture built for performance, reliability, manageability, and cost efficiency Neon's architecture separates compute from storage, which enables serverless features like instant provisioning, autoscaling , scale to zero , and more. Separating compute from storage refers to an architecture where the database computation processes (queries, transactions, etc.) are handled by one set of resources (compute), while the data itself is stored on a separate set of resources (storage). This design contrasts with traditional architectures where compute and storage are tightly coupled on the same server. In Neon, Postgres runs on a compute, and data (except for what's cached in local compute memory) resides on Neon's storage layer. Separation of compute and storage allows these resources to be scaled independently. You can adjust for processing power or storage capacity as needed without affecting the other. This approach is also cost-efficient. The ability to scale resources independently means you can benefit from the lower cost of storage compared to compute or avoid paying for additional storage when you only require extra processing power. Decoupling compute and storage also improves availability and durability, as data remains accessible and safe, even if a compute fails. Read more about the benefits of Neon's serverless architecture and how it supports database-per-user architectures, variable workloads, database branching workflows, and AI agents . Did you know? Neon's autoscaling feature instantly scales your compute and memory resources. No manual intervention or restarts are required. Neon is fully managed Leave the database administrative, maintenance, and scaling burdens to us. Being a fully managed service means that Neon provides high availability without requiring users to handle administrative, maintenance, or scaling burdens associated with managing a database system. This approach allows developers to focus more on developing applications and less on the operational aspects of database management. Neon takes care of the complexities of scaling, backups, maintenance, and ensuring availability, enabling developers to manage their data without worrying about the underlying infrastructure. Neon is open source Neon is developed under an Apache 2.0 license. Neon offers separation of storage and compute for Postgres, providing a modern, cloud-native approach to database architecture. We believe we have an opportunity to define the standard for cloud Postgres. We carefully designed our storage, focusing on cloud independence, performance, manageability, DevX, and cost. We chose the most permissive open-source license, Apache 2.0, and invited the world to participate. You can already build and run your own self-hosted instance of Neon. Check out our neon GitHub repository and the #self-hosted channel on our Discord server. Neon doesn't lock you in As a true Postgres platform, there's no lock-in with Neon. Building on Neon is building on Postgres. If you are already running Postgres, getting started is easy. Import your data and connect . Migrating from other databases like MySQL or MongoDB is just as easy. If you need to move data, you won't have to tear apart your application to remove proprietary application layers. Neon is pro-ecosystem and pro-integration. We encourage you to build with the frameworks, platforms, and services that best fit your requirements. Neon works to enable that. Check out our ever-expanding collection of framework , language , and integration guides. Who should use Neon? You. And we're ready to help you get started. Neon is designed for a wide range of users, from individual developers to enterprises, seeking modern, serverless Postgres capabilities. It caters to those who need a fully managed, scalable, and cost-effective database solution. Key users include: Individual developers looking for a fast and easy way to set up a Postgres database without the hassle of installation or configuration. Neon's Free plan makes it easy to get started. Free plan users get access to all regions and features like connection pooling and branching. When you are ready to scale, you can easily upgrade your account to a paid plan for more computing power, storage, and advanced features. Neon's Free plan is here to stay Neon's Free plan is a fundamental part of our commitment to users. Our architecture, which separates storage and compute, enables a sustainable Free plan. You can build your personal project or PoC with confidence, knowing that our Free plan is here to stay. Learn more about our Free plan from Neon's CEO . Teams and organizations that aim to enhance their development workflows with the ability to create database branches for testing new features or updates, mirroring the branching process used in code version control. Enterprises requiring scalable, high-performance database solutions with advanced features like autoscaling, scale to zero, instant restore, and logical replication. Enterprises can benefit from custom pricing, higher resource allowances, and enterprise-level support to meet their specific requirements. AI agents that need to rapidly provision Postgres databases, execute SQL queries, and efficiently manage Neon infrastructure. With one-second provision times, scale-to-zero compute, and agent-friendly client interfaces, Neon enables AI agents to manage database fleets at scale while keeping costs low. AI agents are on track to surpass humans in the number of databases created on the Neon platform. Learn more about this use case . In summary, Neon is built for anyone who requires a Postgres database and wants to benefit from the scalability, ease of use, cost savings, and advanced DevX capabilities provided by Neon's serverless architecture. Neon makes it easy to get started with Postgres Set up your Postgres database in seconds. Log in with an email address, Google, or GitHub account. Provide a project name and database name, and select a region. Click Create Project . Neon's architecture allows us to spin up a Postgres database almost instantly and provide you with a database URL, which you can plug into your application or database client. postgresql: // alex:AbC123dEf@ep - cool - darkness - 123456 .us - east - 2 .aws.neon.tech / dbname?sslmode = require&channel_binding = require Additionally, after signing up, we land you on your project dashboard, where you'll find connection snippets for various frameworks, languages, and platforms. If you are not quite ready to hook up an application, you can explore Neon from the console. Create the playing_with_neon table using the Neon SQL Editor , run some queries, or create a database branch. Initially, you'll be signed up for Neon's Free plan , but you can easily upgrade to one of our paid plans when you're ready. Are you ready? After signing up, remember to join our active Discord community, where you'll find Neon users and team members ready to help. Sign up Previous Neon Docs Next Developer experience Last updated on December 22, 2025 Was this page helpful? Yes No Thank you for your feedback! On this page Neon is Postgres Neon is serverless Neon is fully managed Neon is open source Neon doesn't lock you in Who should use Neon? Neon makes it easy to get started with Postgres Copy page as markdown Edit this page on GitHub Open in ChatGPT Neon Docs Neon A Databricks Company Neon status loading... 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https://www.finalroundai.com/ja/ai-mock-interview | Get Started Loading... AI Mock Interview Pricing AI模擬面接 現実的な質問を投げかけ、即座にフィードバックを提供するAI面接官と、いつでも面接練習が可能です。職務内容と経験レベルに合わせて調整され、回答の改善と自信の構築を支援します。AI模擬面接は24時間365日、スケジュール調整や準備時間なしで機能します。 Final Round AIを無料で試す 現実的な練習 実践的なフィードバック 最大限の効果 AIエンジニア マイクロソフトのAI面接に向けて、模擬質問で自信を高めましょう。 面接を開始 プラットフォームエンジニア Netflixのプラットフォームエンジニア面接に向けて、模擬質問で自信を高めましょう。 面接を開始 研究エンジニア OpenAIの研究エンジニア面接に向けて、模擬質問で自信を高めましょう。 面接を開始 AIエンジニア マッキンゼーのAIエンジニア面接に向けて、模擬質問で自信を高めましょう。 面接を開始 なぜ模擬面接にFinal Round AIを選ぶのか？ 実際に効果的なスマートな面接準備： 本当の自信を築く 難しい質問を投げかけ、プレッシャーの中でも冷静さを保つのを助けるAIで練習。本物の面接のように。 貴重な時間を節約 スケジュール調整の煩わしさやコーチ待ちなしで、いつでも即座に練習可能。 迅速な就職準備 特定の役職と業界に合わせたカスタマイズされた質問で、あらゆる状況に備えられます。 他との違い Final Round AIを無料で試す パーソナライズされた体験 あなたの履歴書と目標職務内容に合わせて調整された質問。 常に利用可能 予約や準備時間なしで24時間365日練習可能。 グローバル対応 29以上の言語をサポート。国際的な機会に最適。 即時フィードバック 各回答後に実践的なヒントを提供。改善点を正確に把握。 無料で開始 最初の模擬面接は無料。隠れた費用や契約はありません。 2分以内でAI模擬面接を使用する方法 当社の面接準備ツールは、面接の準備を簡単にし、実際の面接で成功するのに役立ちます。 今すぐ無料アカウントを作成 1 サインアップ Final Round AIのプラットフォームで無料アカウントを作成します。 2 詳細をアップロード 履歴書と職務記述書を追加して、個別の質問を取得します。 3 役職を選択 業界または職位に基づいて調整されたAI面接質問のロックを解除します。 4 練習 AI模擬面接を開始し、質問に答え、即時フィードバックを得ます。 5 強化 AIの洞察を確認して回答を洗練し、パフォーマンスを最適化します。 次の面接を成功させるために必要なすべて 当社の面接準備ツールは、面接の準備を簡単にし、実際の面接で成功するのに役立ちます。 今すぐ無料アカウントを作成 自分のスケジュールで練習 コーチ待ちや予約はもう不要。当社のAI模擬面接ツールは24時間365日動作するため、早朝、昼休み、深夜など、いつでも練習できます。 あなたの仕事に合わせて構築された質問 あなたの役職に特化して設計された面接質問を取得。ソフトウェアエンジニアリング、マーケティング、金融のポジションに応募する場合でも、当社のAIは実際に直面する関連するシナリオを作成します。 弱点を強みに変える 回答の小さな欠点でさえも機会を損なう可能性があります。当社のAI面接官は以下を支援します： 回答の弱点を修正して気まずい間を避ける 際立つ説得力のある物語でストーリーテリングを強化 練習と冷静さのトレーニングを通じて自信を構築 エンジニア、新卒、フリーランサーのためのAI面接支援 キャリアパスに合わせたシームレスなAI統合により、よりスマートな面接準備を実現。 Final Round AI エンジニアリング＆テクノロジー Final Round AI 銀行・金融 Final Round AI フリーランサー＆請負業者 Final Round AI フリーランサー＆請負業者 マーケティング、コンサルティング、金融、医療など、あらゆる業界の面接に対応するInterview Copilot。 高度な面接AIが回答を調整しリアルタイムで指導するため、自信を持ってパフォーマンスを発揮できます。 スマートな面接を始める Final Round AI Vs Traditional Tools Curious how we really compare? Here's how Final Round AI stacks up against traditional coaches and other AI tools on the market. Ready to ditch outdated prep and try the smarter way? Try Final Round AI – It's Free Traditional Coaching Final Round AI Other AI Tools Personalized to Your Job Role Often generic across industries Personalized to Your Job Role Tailored to your resume + role Personalized to Your Job Role Limited customization Real-Time Feedback Delayed or after session ends Real-Time Feedback Real-time, actionable insights Real-Time Feedback Often vague or delayed Behavioral & Technical Questions But may require multiple sessions Behavioral & Technical Questions Covers both with specific formats Behavioral & Technical Questions May focus on one, not both Language Support (29+ Languages) Typically only English Language Support (29+ Languages) Global accessibility Language Support (29+ Languages) Limited language support Practice Anytime (24/7 Access) Must coordinate times Practice Anytime (24/7 Access) No scheduling required Practice Anytime (24/7 Access) Some limited access Visual Feedback & Analytics No analytics Visual Feedback & Analytics Performance insights after every round Visual Feedback & Analytics Basic or no performance data Affordability $100+ per session Affordability Free plan + optional upgrades Affordability Subscription only 求職者が語るFinal Round AIの評価 さらに testimonials を見る Senior Software Engineer Inourie How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Emily How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Joe How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Technical Program Manager Nizar How AI Helped Land a Dream Job product manager Yoon How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Anubhav How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Inourie How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Emily How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Joe How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Technical Program Manager Nizar How AI Helped Land a Dream Job product manager Yoon How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Anubhav How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Inourie How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Emily How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Joe How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Technical Program Manager Nizar How AI Helped Land a Dream Job product manager Yoon How AI Helped Land a Dream Job Senior Software Engineer Anubhav How AI Helped Land a Dream Job よくある質問 AI模擬面接とは何ですか？Final Round AIはどのように機能しますか？ 模擬面接は、実際の仕事の面接体験をシミュレートする練習セッションです。一般的な面接質問への回答を練習し、雇用主が何を求めているかを理解し、改善が必要な領域を特定するのに役立ちます。実際の結果を伴わずにミスを犯し、そこから学び、回答を完璧にする安全な空間と考えてください。Final Round AIは、特定の職種に合わせた実際の面接シナリオをシミュレートするAIを活用した練習でこの概念をさらに推し進めます。単に質問するだけでなく、回答、トーン、ペーシング、デリバリーについてリアルタイムでフィードバックを提供します。すべてのセッションで上達するのを助けるスマートで偏りのないコーチがいるようなものです。 Final Round AIのAI模擬面接は誰に向いていますか？ 以下の方に最適です：初めての面接を準備している学生や新卒者、新しい業界に参入する転職者、ハイステークスの面接を準備している中堅・上級専門職、回答の構成方法について緊張したり不安を感じる方。 AI模擬面接の使用方法は？ Final Round AIアカウントにログインし、模擬面接ツールを選択し、職種を選択するか職務記述書をアップロードし、AIが生成した質問に声に出して答え始め、各質問後に即座にフィードバックを得て、最後に要約レポートを受け取ります。 最も現実的な模擬面接体験を提供するプラットフォームはどこですか？ Final Round AIは、役職と業界に基づいて実際の仕事の面接をシミュレートするため、リアリズムで際立っています。単にあなたが何を言うかだけでなく、どのように言うかも評価し、より自然で自信に満ち、構造化されて聞こえるように支援します。 模擬面接の目的は何ですか？ 主な目的は、安全な環境でプレッシャーの下で練習することです。ストーリーテリングを洗練させ、フィラー言葉を排除し、予期しない質問をスムーズに処理するのに役立ち、これらすべてが実際の面接での成功の可能性を高めます。 模擬面接から何を学べますか？ 以下のことを学びます：STARやその他のフレームワークを使用して回答を構成する方法、回答のどの部分が不明確または長すぎるか、トーンとペーシングが役職に合っているかどうか、プレゼンスと発音を改善する方法。 模擬面接の利点は何ですか？ 自信を高め、不安を軽減し、デリバリーと明確さを改善し、自己評価とターゲットを絞った改善を支援し、本番前に盲点を認識させます。 模擬面接のパフォーマンスについてフィードバックを得る方法は？ Final Round AIを使用すると、セッション後すぐに詳細なパフォーマンスレポートを受け取ります。回答の質、トーン、フィラー言葉、明確さに関するフィードバックが含まれるため、進捗状況を追跡し、より効果的に練習できます。 Final Round AIの模擬面接は実際の仕事の面接をどのようにシミュレートしますか？ Final Round AIの模擬面接は、高度なAIを使用して現実的な職種特有の質問を生成し、回答を分析し、即時フィードバックを提供して、ユーザーが実世界の面接に備えるのを支援します。 AI模擬面接はどのような種類の質問をしますか？ AI模擬面接は、行動質問（例：STARメソッド）、技術質問、業界特有の質問、一般的なHR面接質問など、幅広い質問をカバーします。 AI模擬面接は採点と改善のヒントを提供しますか？ はい、AI模擬面接は明確さ、自信、関連性に基づいてスコアを付けます。また、ユーザーが面接スキルを向上させるための実践的な改善のヒントも提供します。 Final Round AIの模擬面接は他のオンライン面接ツールとどう違いますか？ Final Round AIは、リアルタイムの採点と分析、リアルタイムフィードバック、職種特有の面接質問、個別コーチングの洞察を提供し、仕事の面接準備度を高めます。 Final Round AIで行動面接と技術面接の質問を練習できますか？ はい、Final Round AIは行動（HR、リーダーシップ、チームワーク）と技術（コーディング、業界特有）の両方の面接質問を提供し、包括的な準備を保証します。 Final Round AIのAI模擬面接は無料ですか、有料ですか？ Final Round AIは無料と有料の両方の模擬面接を提供します。無料版は基本的な面接練習を提供し、有料版は詳細な分析と個別コーチングを含みます。 100k+ reviews Land Your Dream Job with Final Round AI Today Transform your interview skills with Final Round AI's AI interview practice. 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https://www.internet-czas-dzialac.pl/weekend-25 | Facebook podsłuchuje Snapchata • nowe sposoby na oszukiwanie AI – ICD Weekend #25 O nas Podcast Forum Dokumenty Kontakt Facebook podsłuchuje Snapchata • nowe sposoby na oszukiwanie AI – ICD Weekend #25 image/svg+xml image/svg+xml > image/svg+xml --> Rentgen Wspieraj ICD podcast weekend Facebook podsłuchuje Snapchata • nowe sposoby na oszukiwanie AI – ICD Weekend #25 W ostatnim odcinku pierwszego sezonu ICD Weekend Arek i Kuba opowiadają o newsach dotyczacych Facebooka, Apple i AI oraz dzielą się nowymi rekomendacjami aplikacji z F-Droida. Kuba Orlik Zobacz więcej postów tego autora. Arkadiusz Wieczorek Zobacz więcej postów tego autora. Kuba Orlik , Arkadiusz Wieczorek 17 maj 2024 • 3 min read Przekaż darowiznę na wsparcie naszej pracy Linki i źródła Poruszone tematy Torrenty już nie królują w Internecie Telefony z łatwousuwalnym systemem od Google dostępne w Polsce Obrazy ze znaków ASCII generują szkodliwe odpowiedzi u chatbotów AI Mozilla trafiła na trolli patentowych więc zamyka swoje usługi lokalizacyjne Facebook oskarżony o podsłuchiwanie użytkowników Snapchata Nowa strategia marketingowa Apple Alternatywne systemy dla smartfonów z Androidem Najczęściej rekomendowane przez nas alternatywne systemy operacyjne kompatybilne z Androidem: GrapheneOS – otwarty, prywatny i bezpieczny system operacyjny przeznaczony dla urządzeń Google Pixel LineageOS – darmowy system operacyjny o otwartym kodzie źródłowym dla różnych urządzeń, oparty na platformie mobilnej Android LineageOS for microG – LineageOS z wbudowaną otwartą reimplementacją Google Play Services pod nazwą microG Aplikacje z F-Droida F-Droid Basic – odchudzona wersja klienta F-Droid Image Toolbox – zaawansowana obróbka grafik i zdjęć Trail Sense – podręczny przybornik wykorzystujący moduły i sensory wbudowane w smartfon ConnectBot – połączenia SSH Termux / Termux:Widget – terminalowy kombajn dla Androida / dodatek umożliwiający podpinanie skryptów na ekran domowy Home Assistant – automatyzcja domowego zacisza Materiały o F-Droidzie Dwa duże materiały o F-Droidzie przybliżające jak działa alternatywny „sklep” z aplikacjami dla Androida: Jak „laik” może funkcjonować bez Google Play? Nie tylko programiści czy odklejeni geecy mogą sobie pozwolić na komfort korzystania z Androida bez usług Google, czy trackerów zaszytych w aplikacjach. Przybliżamy od podstaw temat F-Droida – alternatywnego sklepu z darmowymi aplikacjami, które są pozbawione reklam i skryptów śledzących. Fundacja Internet. Czas działać! Agnieszka Rapcewicz F-droid: Aplikacje które robią jedną rzecz, za to dobrze. 40 naszych faworytów Ekosystem aplikacji na Androida nie kończy się na Google Play Store. W tym odcinku omawiamy nasze ulubione aplikacje z alternatywnego, nastawionego na prywatność „sklepu” z aplikacjami, gdzie wszystkie aplikacje są darmowe i pozbawione reklam. Fundacja Internet. Czas działać! Arkadiusz Wieczorek Przekaż darowiznę na wsparcie naszej pracy More in podcast [Petycja] Lasy Facebookowe - Instytucje publiczne nie powinny napędzać klientów korporacjom 8 wrz 2025 – 5 min read Bełkot SEO: strony WWW pisane nie dla ludzi 5 cze 2025 – 8 min read [1 IV 🤡] Czy liczba numerologiczna stanowi dane osobowe? Komentarz prawny 1 kwi 2025 – 5 min read See all 73 posts → prasówka ICD News #1 Zestawienie wieści ze świata prywatności, kontroli nad technologią i bezpieczeństwa Mateusz Jarczyński Mateusz Jarczyński 24 maj 2024 • 8 min read podcast Pay Or OK? Wytyczne EROD – ICD Weekend #24 Powstały nowe wytyczne dotyczące modelu „Wyraź zgodę albo płać”. Co to zmieni dla dużych rynkowych graczy, a co dla małych przedsiębiorstw? Agnieszka Rapcewicz Aleksandra Nazimek-Kurpios Agnieszka Rapcewicz , Aleksandra Nazimek-Kurpios 10 maj 2024 • 2 min read Fundacja Internet. Czas działać! © 2026 Najnowsze posty RSS Gitea Materiały prasowe Kontakt Polityka prywatności | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
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https://www.cipd.co.uk/knowledge/culture/well-being/health-well-being-work#gref | Health and wellbeing at work | CIPD Skip navigation All CIPD websites Close For your role For people professionals For people managers For students For independent consultants About us Purpose and impact CIPD Trust Latest news Annual report Our leadership and governance Media centre Contact us Help Login / Register Search Search site: Close Search Search site: Popular searches Knowledge hub The people profession Learning and development with the CIPD Joining the CIPD Equality, diversity and inclusion Suggestions Title Close Overlay Join the CIPD Join the CIPD Login / Register The people profession Close Back The people profession Learn more about the people profession – its wide-ranging roles and expertise, the standards we uphold, and the impact our profession makes. 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Find out how Join our online community Join our online community Find your local branch Find your local branch CIPD events CIPD events CIPD Annual Conference and Exhibition CIPD Annual Conference and Exhibition Help us shape public policy Help us shape public policy Explore our events For your role Close Back For your role For your role For people professionals For people managers For students For independent consultants About us Close Back About us About us Purpose and impact CIPD Trust Latest news Annual report Our leadership and governance Media centre Contact us Help Close Back Help Help Home Knowledge hub Reports Health and wellbeing at work Health and wellbeing at work The CIPD’s biennial report exploring health, wellbeing and absence management provides invaluable trend analysis and practice insight to help employers and people professionals develop and maintain supportive, productive workplaces to stay on a single line on mobile --> Report 09 Sept, 2025 UK Wellbeing Employee experience Workforce trends Now in its 24th edition, the CIPD’s Health and wellbeing at work report, supported by Simplyhealth , provides employers and people professionals with essential benchmarking data and analysis on current and emerging health and wellbeing trends and practices in the workplace. The findings and recommendations will help organisations develop and maintain supportive, productive workplaces. Member tool: CIPD Buddy BETA Use AI to find answers on this topic with our prototype. Login to explore CIPD Buddy On this page Key findings Employee views on health and wellbeing Video summary Survey archive Health and wellbeing at work 2025 | Report Download the report 1.7 MB Key findings A sharp increase in sickness absence Average* level of employee absence, per employee per annum The average number of absence days per employee per year has risen to 9.4 days, the highest in a more than 15 years. Minor illness and mental ill health common causes of absence Most common causes of absence (% of respondents who include in their top three causes) Mental ill health is the leading cause of long-term absence and the second most common cause of short-term absence. Stress also contributes significantly to both short- and long-term sickness absence. 64% of organisations are taking steps to identify and/or reduce stress in the workplace but only 50% believe their efforts are effective. Most organisations are taking a holistic approach to wellbeing To what extent, if any, is your employee health and wellbeing activity designed to promote...? As in previous years, mental health remains a key focus of organisations’ employee health and wellbeing activity (89%). Compared with 2023, more organisations in 2025 are also focusing their activity on values and principles (88%, up from 74%). Organisations aiming to offer support related to life-stage To what extent does your organisation’s health and wellbeing activity include provision (for example, policies, guidance, awareness-raising or line manager training) for any of the following? (% reporting to a large or moderate extent) Organisations are supporting wellbeing related to employees’ life-stage, particularly for those with young children (75%), those experiencing bereavement (67%), or those who are managing chronic health conditions and disabilities (67%). Line manager training has significant impact Mental health training for managers and their skills and competencies The percentage of HR professionals and managers reporting that line managers buy in to the importance of wellbeing has also continued to rise (75%, up from 58% five years ago) and more believe that senior leaders have employee wellbeing on their agenda (74%, up from 61% five years ago). But only 29% train line managers in mental health, though 73% of those that do say managers are confident in having sensitive discussions and signposting support. Working from home can lower absence and boost productivity Have you seen changes to any of the following as a consequence of employees within your organisation working from home? (%) 36% of organisations with employees working from home say that sickness absence rates have decreased as a consequence, compared with just 16% reporting an increase. Respondents are twice as likely to report that productivity has increased than decreased as a result of homeworking, while 35% of organisations report that ‘presenteeism’ (working when unwell) has risen because of employees working from home. Organisations committed to invest in wellbeing, but budget challenges remain Do you expect your health and wellbeing budget to change over the next 12 months? (%) 29% expect their organisation’s wellbeing budget to increase over the next 12 months, compared with just 9% predicting a decrease. But finding the budget on top of rising business costs is the top challenge (39%) while cost-effectiveness is considered by most (56%) organisations when selecting health-related benefits. Most employers offer occupational health service arrangements Occupational health service arrangements (%) Occupational health (OH) services are offered by 69% of employers, rising to 86% in larger organisations (250+ employees). Few organisations use OH to manage health risks (31%) or develop a health and wellbeing strategy/policies (29%). Employee views on health and wellbeing Alongside our employer survey, we have also asked employees their perspective about health and wellbeing at work in our CIPD Good Work Index 2025 . How do employees feel about health and wellbeing at work? Around two-thirds of employees rate their mental and physical health as good or very good, though a sizable minority report poor health. A notable minority report feeling exhausted (23%) or under excessive pressure (21%). A quarter of employees believe work has a negative impact on both their mental and physical health. Less than half of employees feel work positively affects their mental health, and only a third say the same for physical health. Work’s impact on employee health and wellbeing More than two-thirds of employees experienced a health condition in the past year. Most common were, backache or musculoskeletal issues (51%), anxiety (43%), sleep problems (43%) and depression (24%). Work was found to be a contributing factor to health conditions like RSI (84%) and was also found to be a contributing factor to mental conditions such as anxiety (62%) and depression (53%). Drivers of negative impacts on employee mental and physical health Employees said that the key drivers of negative impact for mental health were: poor relationships with colleagues (75%) high workload (69%) line managers not helping staff to perform well in their job (63%). Employees said that the key drivers of negative impact for physical health were: poor relations with colleagues (63%) high workload (51%) exhaustion (45%). Health and wellbeing impact on employees’ work-related outcomes Employees who feel work negatively affects their mental health were: less likely to be satisfied in their role (37% vs 93%) more likely to quit (34% vs 14%) less likely to recommend their employer (29% vs 77%) less willing to go above and beyond (39% vs 69%) less likely to make innovative suggestions (54% vs 72%). Hybrid working and homeworking's impact on employee health and wellbeing Hybrid working correlating significantly more strongly with positive perceptions of mental health (66% rate their mental health as good), compared with those with no availability of homeworking or those who only work from home (both 59%). For physical health, there is only a minor difference between positive physical health for employees who do not work from home and hybrid workers (62% vs 66%), but access to hybrid working is more strongly correlated with good physical health compared with those who only work from home (66% vs 53%). Employees’ views of efforts to address health and wellbeing issues Just over half of employees feel their organisation is supportive of mental health though many feel underserved. Over two-thirds say their line manager is open and approachable on mental health issues. Health and wellbeing at work 2025: Views of employees | Report Download the report 324.1 KB Watch Rachel Suff, Senior Policy Adviser at the CIPD, and Paul Schreier, CEO at Simplyhealth, discuss the key findings and recommendations of this year's report Play About Simplyhealth Simplyhealth is committed to improving healthcare access for all, with a particular focus on providing affordable, targeted workplace healthcare. This helps address the key drivers of sickness absence – helping people stay healthy, remain in work, and recover faster if they fall ill. It simplifies access to healthcare by removing barriers and reducing costs, providing fast, 24/7 GP and mental health support, health cash plans, and a range of pay-as-you-go services. No GP referral or pre-approval is required, and the majority of plans cover pre-existing conditions. With over 150 years of experience and status as a B Corp, Simplyhealth reinvests profits to make healthcare more accessible for everyone. Find out more about our solutions: https://www.simplyhealth.co.uk/businesses Survey archive PDFs to previous reports can be found below. CIPD members can access earlier reports via the HR and L&D archive database . Health and wellbeing at work 2023 Survey report Case study: Macmillan Cancer Support Case study: Southern Health and Social Care Trust Views of employees Health and wellbeing at work 2022 Survey report Practitioner guide Case studies The view from employees Health and wellbeing at work 2021 Survey report How the findings varied by sector: Summary Guide: Implications and recommendations for practitioners Case studies Health and wellbeing at work 2020 Survey report Private sector summary Public sector summary Infographic Health and wellbeing at work 2019 Survey report Private sector summary Public sector summary I nfographic Health and wellbeing at work 2018 Survey report Private sector summary Public sector summary Are you an independent consultant? Explore the member benefits and support available to you. Find out more Share LinkedIn Facebook More on this topic Case study Leading Voices | Nicola Ryan on supporting employees with the cost-of-living crisis Leading Voices is a series of short audio essays in which senior people professionals reflect on how they have tackled some of the profession's most pressing challenges. Tools How to harness the benefits of health and wellbeing at work Use our infographic to learn more about the key challenges faced by employers and employees and gain the knowledge needed to create and support healthy workplaces Employment law Stress and wellbeing: UK employment law CIPD's resource on employers' legal obligations to reduce work-related stress and increase employee wellbeing. This resource includes legislation and case law, demonstrating how this issue is seen in the courts. For Members Guide Menstruation and menstrual health in the workplace Practical advice to help employers provide support around menstruation and menstrual health in the workplace For Members More reports Report Labour Market Outlook Read our latest Labour Market Outlook report for analysis on employers’ recruitment, redundancy and pay intentions Report Future of workforce reporting Based on an assessment of FTSE 100 annual reports and focus groups with investors and HR leaders, this report gives benchmarking data, insights and practical recommendations for improving workforce reporting practices Report UK industrial relations: A future with trade unions Survey findings on employer and employee perspectives on trade union representation and relations, giving expert insight. The report makes recommendations on how to prepare for the key Employment Rights Bill reforms around trade union rights and strengthen employer and trade union partnership for mutual gain Report Analysis of the public sector workforce Research in this report suggests that improving leadership and people management can help raise the motivation and productivity of the public sector workforce See all reports TOP CIPD websites Visit our websites for the latest information and development. Learning hub Explore our professional development learning platform. People Management Keep up with the latest HR and L&D news. Learning shop Find the right course for you. Bookshop A shop provided by Kogan Page for CIPD students. Join the CIPD Enjoy exclusive access to resources, connections, events and support to further develop yourself professionally. 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Does Blazor stack up? Blazor WebAssembly (or Blazor Wasm, as all the cool kids are calling it!) has arrived, but how does it stack up compared to the other, more established options for building "modern" web applications? Let's start with a comparison to React JS. Note: Interested in how Blazor stacks up against Angular or Vue instead? Check out a comparison of Blazor and Angular here and a comparison of Blazor and Vue here . Specifically we'll explore how the following aspects work (for both frameworks): Getting started Building the UI Passing data between components Handling Forms Routing Fetching data from an API Pros and cons of each Before we dig in, it's worth noting this article focuses on Blazor Wasm, which runs in the browser using WebAssembly. That said, many of the points are equally valid if you're looking at using Blazor Server instead. React—The Two-Minute Overview React is a UI library which helps you build responsive, interactive user interfaces for your web-based applications. Unlike frameworks such as Angular, React focuses purely on the component-building aspects of your app and doesn't tackle other concerns (like routing), preferring instead to leave it up to you to choose the best tool for your specific use case. When you create a new React app, it will automatically bring in various packages it needs to work (using npm or its alternative, Yarn) and you can then bring in additional packages to handle things like routing, handling forms, making network requests. You write your application using HTML (well, actually JSX but we'll get to that), CSS, and JavaScript. To publish your app, you can run a command to bundle it up (using a bundler such as webpack), take the static bundled files (HTML, JavaScript, etc.) and deploy them to a web server. When someone visits the deployed site, the browser JavaScript engine kicks in and runs your application code, rendering elements via the browser's DOM and handling various browser events (users clicking buttons, entering text in an input, etc.). If you need to fetch data from a database or similar, you can make HTTP requests from your application to a server, which will return the data for your app to display. How Does Blazor Compare? Blazor is a framework which also enables you to build client web applications that run in the browser, but using C# instead of JavaScript. When you create a new Blazor app, it arrives with a few carefully selected packages (the essentials needed to make everything work) and you can install additional packages using NuGet. From here, you build your app as a series of components, using the Razor markup language, with your UI logic written using C#. To publish your app, you can use .NET's built-in publish command, which bundles up your application into a number of files (HTML, CSS, JavaScript and DLLs) which can then be published to any web server that can serves static files. When a user accesses your Blazor Wasm application, a Blazor JavaScript file takes over which downloads the .NET runtime, your application and its dependencies, before running your app using WebAssembly. Blazor then takes care of updating the DOM, rendering elements and forwarding events (such as button clicks) to your application code. Blazor: A Beginner’s Guide eBook A quick start guide to productivity with Blazor. Free Explore Blazor Creating a New React App By far the simplest way to spin up a new React application is to use "Create React App." You need these commands: npx create-react-app my-app cd my-app npm start CRA also gives you easily accessed commands for bundling up your app ready for deployment. Creating a New Blazor App For Blazor, you can use Visual Studio or spin up a new project via the command prompt. dotnet new blazorwasm cd blazorwasm dotnet run You have a few other options, like the ability to include infrastructure for authenticating users, and whether to host your Blazor app in an ASP.NET web application, but the command above is the simplest option to get started. Building Your UI with React With React you build your applications as a series of components, using a declarative approach. Here's an example: import React, { useState} from 'react'; export default function Greeting() { const [name, setName] = useState(); const nameChanged = (e) => { setName(e.target.value) } return (<> <label>What's your name?</label> <input type="text" onChange={nameChanged} placeholder="Bob"/> <span>Hello {name}</span> </>) } If you're not familiar with React, there's a little to unpack here. React components are written using JavaScript. Here we export a JavaScript function called Greeting . This Greeting function represents a React component, and exporting it means we can easily reference this elsewhere in our app (so we can render it wherever we want). Our Greeting function returns something which looks suspiciously like HTML but is actually JSX. JSX is really JavaScript. For example, when we declare span as JSX in a component, React will turn this into JavaScript which will be invoked to render the relevant HTML markup in the browser. In practice, you can usually just write your JSX as if it were HTML and everything "just works!" If you look at the input element, you'll notice we've declared an event handler for the onChange event. When you type something into this input, it will invoke our nameChanged function. This will update the state of our component using something called hooks. Specifically we're using the UseState hook to update the value of name to whatever the user typed in. Finally, in our span element we render the value of name resulting in a friendly personalized greeting for our user. As we change the value in the input, the greeting instantly updates to reflect the new value. Generally speaking, everything you build in React revolves around components, which you can then render wherever you want, like this: <h1> A brief introduction to React... </h1> <Greeting /> In summary, a React UI: Comprises one or more components Is written using JSX (which takes your markup and data, and combines them together) Runs as JavaScript in the browser Building Your UI with Blazor Blazor adopts a very similar approach to React in that you build your UI using components. Where it differs is that you use Razor and C# (instead of JSX and JavaScript) to write your markup and UI logic. <label>What's your name?</label> <input type="text" @bind-value="Name" @bind-value:event="oninput" placeholder="Bob"/> <span>Hello @Name</span> @code { public string Name { get; set; } } This operates exactly the same way as the React example when you run it in the browser. We've got roughly the same markup, but this time we have used Blazor's @bind syntax to bind our input to a property called Name . When the user enters their name, the Name property will be updated with the value they enter. By default, Blazor would update the value of Name on blur (when we clicked out of the text input) so we've added @bind-value:event="oninput" to make it update the property as soon as we start typing. As with React you're now free to render this component wherever (and as often as) you like. <h1> A brief introduction to Blazor... </h1> <Greeting /> In summary, a Blazor UI: Comprises one or more components Is written using Razor and C# (which takes your markup and data, and combines them together) Runs on WebAssembly in the browser Passing Data Around—React There are two main "out of the box" approaches to handling state in your React components. They can either interact with their own state (as we saw when we stored Name in our example), or they can accept data via props: export default function Greeting(props) { const [name, setName] = useState(); const nameChanged = (e) => { setName(e.target.value) } return (<> <h2>{props.headline}</h2> <label>What's your name?</label> <input type="text" onChange={nameChanged} placeholder="Bob"/> <span>Hello {name}</span> </>) } Here we've added a props argument to our Greeting function, and then rendered its value in our component via {props.headline} . Now when we render this component, we can pass in a value for the headline. <Greeting headline="Welcome, it's great to see you again"/> As you use React for real applications, these options for storing state can become a little unwieldy, with more and more state to pass around and/or store. This is where alternatives like Redux come into play, giving you a centralized data store for your entire application. But it's worth noting Redux is not directly tied to React, and is not something you would necessarily use from day one when you start building React applications. Passing Data Around—Blazor Broadly speaking, Blazor has the same two primary options for managing state. You can store data in the component itself using properties (as with Name in our example) or take data in via parameters. <h2>@Headline</h2> <label>What's your name?</label> <input type="text" @bind-value="Name" @bind-value:event="oninput" placeholder="Bob"/> <span>Hello @Name</span> @code { [Parameter] public string Headline { get; set; } public string Name { get; set; } } As with the React example, when you render Greeting you can pass in a headline and it will be rendered accordingly. <Greeting Headline="Welcome, it's still great to see you..."/> Handling Forms in React React doesn't ship with anything to specifically help you with forms. This means you need to either "roll your own" or use a third-party npm package for the job. Here's the markup for a simple contact form. return ( <form onSubmit={handleSubmit}> <label> Name: <input type="text" value={name} onChange={handleNameChange} /> </label> <label> Thoughts?: <input type="text" value={comments} onChange={handleCommentsChange} /> </label> <input type="submit" value="Submit"/> </form> ) Note how we're setting the value of our inputs from state in our component ( name and comments ) and forwarding the onChange events to our own functions ( handleNameChange and handleCommentsChange ). Here's what the JavaScript for this function looks like: const [name, setName] = useState(); const [comments, setComments] = useState(); function handleNameChange(event){ setName(event.target.value); } function handleCommentsChange(event){ setComments(event.target.value); } function handleSubmit(event){ // submit data to your server alert(`${name}: ${comments}`) event.preventDefault(); } So we are effectively intercepting the normal behavior for the form to both read and update our own component state. For validation you can either roll your own, writing logic to check the values set in the form and alerting the user if they are invalid, or lean on third-party libraries (typically brought in via npm). Handling Forms with Blazor By contrast, Blazor has built-in functionality to handle your form data and validation using something called EditForm . Here's the markup for an equivalent form to our React example. @using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations <EditForm Model="FormModel" OnValidSubmit="HandleValidSubmit"> <DataAnnotationsValidator /> <label for="name"> Name: <InputText id="name" @bind-Value="FormModel.Name"/> </label> <label for="slug"> Thoughts?: <InputText id="comments" @bind-Value="FormModel.Comments"/> </label> <input type="submit" value="Submit"/> <ValidationSummary /> </EditForm> In many ways this is similar to React, except we're using Blazor's InputText component for our input fields. Technically it's entirely possible to use standard HTML elements and forms with Blazor, but using the built-in controls make certain things a lot easier (validation being one, as we'll see in a moment). @bind-Value takes care of both reading the value from a field and updating it when a user types in a new value. The form itself is based on a model of our choosing (where the form values will live) and we've told it which method to invoke when the form is submitted (and is valid). Note how we've included a DataAnnotationsValidator and ValidationSummary ; these components wire up the form to automatically respect any validation rules we set up on our model. Here's the rest of the code: @code { protected ContactUsModel FormModel { get; set; } = new ContactUsModel(); async Task HandleValidSubmit() { // post to your API Console.WriteLine($"{FormModel.Name}: {FormModel.Comments}"); } protected class ContactUsModel { [Required] public string Name { get; set; } public string Comments { get; set; } } } The ContactUsModel class could live anywhere in our project. We have a FormModel property and HandleValidSubmit method. When someone fills in the form, if they've met the validation rules (a Name has been entered) then HandleValidSubmit will be invoked. Otherwise, the ValidationSummary will be used to show which fields have validation errors. Routing in React As with forms, React (deliberately) doesn't ship with any built-in routing engine, leaving you free to choose which of various third-party routing options you want to use. Notable options include "Reach Router" and "React Router." Routing in Blazor Blazor does include routing and leans on ASP.NET's existing routing engine. If you want to make a component "routable" you can add a directive: @page "/GreetMe" <h1> Welcome! </h1> Now any request to http://<your-web-site-here>/GreetMe will render this component. You can also pass data in via the route, like this: @page "/GreetMe/{Name}" <h1> Welcome @Name! </h1> @code { [Parameter] public string Name { get; set; } } Now any request to http://<your-web-site-here>/GreetMe/Jon will render a more personalized greeting (well, if your name's Jon according to this example!) Fetching Data from an API Using React React leaves data fetching to your discretion. You can use the native fetch API: let response = await fetch(url); if(response.ok){ let json = await response.json; } Or you can employ one of many third-party libraries, such as "Axios" which offers more features and flexibility. Typically you'd fetch data using something like React's useEffect hook, then update your component state with the results. useEffect(()=> { async loadData(){ let response = await fetch('api/Tickets'); setTickets(await response.json); } loadData(); }, []); UseEffect hooks are intended to allow your component to handle "side effects", in this case, fetching data. From here you'd typically use JavaScript's map function to loop over your data and render something for each item. {tickets.map(ticket=> <div> {ticket.Title} </div>} Fetching Data from an API Using Blazor With Blazor, you can use HttpClient for all your data-fetching needs! Under the hood, this defers to the native fetch API, but you can generally just ignore that and use the abstraction. Here's an example: @using System.Net.Http @inject HttpClient Http @foreach(var ticket in _tickets){ <div> @ticket.Title </div> } @code { private Tickets[] _tickets; protected override async Task OnInitializedAsync(){ _tickets = await Http.GetFromJsonAsync<TicketSummary>("api/Tickets"); } } Shared Models—Blazor's Super Power? Blazor has a useful trick up its sleeve (compared to React, or any other existing frontend framework) when it comes to the interaction between your UI and API. Because you're writing your web app in C#, you can use the same data models in your frontend and backend (API) code. Let's say for example you need to retrieve a list of people... The Person model lives in a shared class library. Both your Web API and Blazor Client projects reference this shared library. Now your API can be strongly typed, returning (and accepting) data using the Person model. The data is still serialized and sent "over the wire" as JSON data, but your Blazor application can deserialize the JSON data using the exact same Person model that was used to serialize it in the first place. Now if you make breaking changes to your Person model, you'll immediately see compilation errors if you've introduced any breaking changes which affect either the client or server use of the model. Telerik UI for Blazor Native components for building web apps with C# Free Trial Pros and Cons So all this brings us to the obvious question: which one should you choose? Well, naturally, this will depend on your own background, skills and preferences. We've seen how there are a number of similarities between the two, but also a few key differences. React React is generally unopinionated when it comes to the things that aren't its primary focus, like routing, form handling, etc. This could count as either a pro or a con depending on your perspective. Also, if you're writing React components, you have little choice but to use JavaScript, and adopt everything that comes along for the ride (the ecosystem, npm, bundling, etc.). Create React App offers a handy abstraction for some of the thornier details (like webpack), so you can focus on building your application. React Pros Well-established and battle-tested component model "Create React App" simplifies the JS build process "Light Touch" library—no "extras" like routers included (freedom to choose your own path!) JSX—keeps the parts of the UI that change together in one place Freedom to plug in other JS libraries A large existing JS library ecosystem to lean on Can be deployed as static files to hosting like Netlify, GitHub Pages, etc. React Cons JSX (if you don't like it!) No built-in router, form handling, etc. (can slow things down as you have to plug the gaps with packages or your own solutions) JavaScript (again, if you don't like it) You have to use it You have to learn it (difficult and time-consuming if you spend most of your time using another language like C#) The JS "ecosystem" can get complicated (build tools, package managers, compilation for different browsers, etc.) Blazor Blazor offers a few advantages, especially if you're coming from a C# background. You can bring your existing C# skills, experience and knowledge to the modern web application party! You can stick to the ecosystem you already know (NuGet, the dotnet tooling, Visual Studio or VS Code). Shared models between client and backend API. This is a big deal and makes it much harder to inadvertently break your application. Routing, form handling and validation are baked in. You can still call out to JavaScript if you need to. Blazor Pros Write modern web apps using C# Built-in form handling, validation, routing and data-fetching client Ability to bring in third-party code via NuGet packages You can use the tools you already know (Visual Studio, VS Code, Rider, etc.) Can be deployed as static files Shared models significantly reduce the chances of accidentally breaking the client You can use the same component model in the browser (using WebAssembly) or on the server (using Blazor Server) Support to use the same Blazor component model on windows and for mobile development is coming Blazor Cons New framework, will take time to bed in and gain adoption Sizeable initial download of .NET framework to browser on first load Tooling also young and will evolve over time Fewer resources available on the internet (tutorials, etc.) compared to React Does depend on WebAssembly support in the browser (although this is now widely supported) One thing to call out here is the initial download time. When someone accesses your Blazor Wasm app for the first time, their browser will download a version of the .NET framework as well as your application's files. Once they have these files they don't need to download them again, but it does mean you're likely to see a "loading..." indicator first time round. The team at Microsoft has done a lot of work to get this initial download size down, but naturally this means Blazor is better suited to some web applications than others. You probably wouldn't want to use it for things like product landing pages where there's little to no business logic and it's imperative that the page loads as quickly as possible. But, for any Line of Business apps this initial download is unlikely to pose a major issue. Over to You! So, are you thinking of using Blazor? Is it a contender or your next project, or will you be sticking with React for now? The choice is yours! .NET , App Dev , Blazor , JavaScript , Razor , React , Web , Web Development About the Author Jon Hilton Jon spends his days building applications using Microsoft technologies (plus, whisper it quietly, a little bit of JavaScript) and his spare time helping developers level up their skills and knowledge via his blog, courses and books. He's especially passionate about enabling developers to build better web applications by mastering the tools available to them. Follow him on Twitter here . Related Posts Release Web Mobile Desktop Productivity The Telerik and Kendo UI R2 2023 Release Is Here—See What’s New! Mobile Desktop Web Blazor .NET MAUI/Hybrid .NET MAUI/Blazor Hybrid Going Native with Blazor Web React React Basics: How to Add Bootstrap to React Applications Comments Comments are disabled in preview mode. Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus. 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https://dev.to/adventures_in_dotnet/streamlining-measurement-representations-in-apis-using-unisnet-library-for-net-net-182 | Streamlining Measurement Representations in APIs Using UnisNet Library for .NET - .NET 182 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Adventures in .NET Follow Streamlining Measurement Representations in APIs Using UnisNet Library for .NET - .NET 182 Mar 26 '24 play Haim Kastner is a Senior Software Developer. They delve into the world of .NET and development, as they share their experiences and insights. They discuss the complexities of working with units of measurement, sparking a conversation about the need for proper solutions to represent units effectively in software development. They also explore the implementation of a library to seamlessly handle unit representation and calculations, making it easier for developers to work with units directly. Additionally, they touch on updates in the tech world, including software releases, hardware recommendations, and entertainment suggestions. Sponsors Chuck's Resume Template Developer Book Club Become a Top 1% Dev with a Top End Devs Membership Socials LinkedIn: Haim Kastner Links UnitsNet Picks Adam - Bluetooth Adapter for Keyboard & Mouse (BT-500) Christian - Evergreen Shawn - Damsel Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/adventures-in-net--6102015/support . Episode source Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Your browser does not support the audio element. 1x initializing... × 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
https://ruul.io/blog/benefits-of-coworking-spaces-and-how-to-make-the-best-of-them | Benefits of coworking spaces and how to make the best of them - Ruul Product Payment Requests Get paid anywhere. Sell Services Make your services buyable Sell Products Create once sell forever Subscriptions Get paid on repeat Ruul Space Your personel storefront. One link for everything you offer. Learn more Pricing Resources Partner Programs Referral Program Get 1% for life. Seriously. Affiliate Program Bring users, get paid Partners Let’s grow together. More Blog About us Support Brand Kit For Customers Log in Sign up For Businesses Login Sign up work Benefits of coworking spaces and how to make the best of them Unlock the benefits of coworking spaces and maximize your productivity. Discover how to thrive in collaborative environments! Ceylin Güven 5 min read RUUL FOR INDEPENDENCE You chose independence.We make sure you keep it. Sell your time, your talent, whatever you create or build always on your terms. Get started See Example This is also a heading This is a heading Key Points If you’re a remote worker, one of the biggest benefits is that you don’t always need to work from home. In fact, according to “State of Remote Work” survey conducted by Buffer in 2019, over 20% of remote workers find working from home distracting and counterproductive. If you’re one of these people, you should consider joining a coworking space to improve your business.There are many benefits of coworking spaces that might not have crossed your mind before. Read this article to find out more about the many benefits of coworking spaces, how joining one can help you, and how to make the best of your use of them. 6 benefits of coworking spaces Opportunities to socialize and collaborate Perhaps among the most important benefits of coworking spaces is that they provide a unique opportunity to connect with different people .The power of networking is undeniable when it comes to doing solo work, and being part of a collaborative working space can be the perfect chance to grow your community. You can expand your circle, figure out how to make better connections with people, collaborate with remote workers in many different areas, and exchange experiences without much effort. Boost in productivity Using a shared workspace can also help increase your productivity . Besides providing a new environment and a breath of fresh air, being part of a community of like-minded individuals is a sure way to easily exchange ideas with other remote workers . This way, you can easily gain new perspectives and become inspired in brand new ways.Being surrounded by other working professionals is a great way to motivate yourself in the face of procrastination. It might be a great way to eliminate remote work burnout and help you get started on the right foot. Cost-efficiency Being part of a shared space, as the name implies, also creates a financial convenience for the coworking community. Compared to buying or renting an entire office for yourself, a shared office is much more cost-efficient. Along with its cost-efficiency in terms of rent, the added costs of electricity and internet bills, snacks, coffee, etc. will be easier and cheaper to split.Having a communal working space can eliminate some of the financial anxiety that comes with being a remote worker. It also means that you can invest in other things that can be so much more beneficial for your business, such as online courses, digital nomad networking events, and more. Access to various spaces and tools One of the top benefits of using coworking spaces is the range of amenities, technologies and spaces you can access according to your needs . For focus sessions you can opt for small rooms and silent spaces, for your collaborative work needs you can benefit from meeting and conference rooms. Most coworking spaces also offer different amenities from whiteboards, phone booths, TVs, to conferencing tools and printers.In short, a communal work space can supply you with a larger selection of amenities and tools that you might not reach otherwise. More flexibility One of the lesser known benefits of coworking spaces is the added flexibility they provide. Compared to a regular office, most community coworking spaces operate on a membership/subscription basis with customizable options . This gives you the chance to choose a plan that best fits your working conditions and business model, along with the ability to cancel or freeze your renting subscription as you wish.The option of flexibility can also make you feel less ‘stuck’ in your environment, and ultimately affect your feelings of creative freedom as well. Who knows, maybe it’s exactly what you need to boost your productivity! Better work-life balance Focusing on your job-related tasks can easily turn into a challenge if you work from home. In opposition, remote work spaces can be the perfect opportunity to separate your work life from your home life .Among the top benefits of coworking spaces is the environment it provides you to complete your work. Even if you choose to utilize a coffee shop as your working space, you’ll still be physically detaching yourself from your responsibilities at home. Having a dedicated workspace might get you in the right mindset quicker. Tips to make the best of shared workspaces Now that you know the top benefits of coworking spaces, it’s time to learn how you can use them to your advantage! Here are our tips to make the best of shared workspaces: Choose your shared space wisely Before you make the commitment, you should first figure out what type of shared space best fits your business model . The coworking space design should accommodate you as best as possible. Identify your wants and needs, and tour the space beforehand if you can.There are a wide range of choices available, and it’s up to you to decide on the ideal shared workspace for yourself. This might be a conventional shared office, one with professional and full-service assistance, or even simply a coworking cafe. Be respectful towards others If you’re considering becoming part of a collaboration office space, you should be able to navigate a diverse environment .You’ll be working together with people of different identities , beliefs, backgrounds, jobs, etc. in remote working spaces. It’s extremely important that you treat everyone with respect and work towards achieving an environment of equality in not only your work life, but everyday life as well. This is an important step towards truly becoming a member of your coworking community. Set a structure and routine Going to an office everyday might seem productive, but it won’t amount to anything unless you actually put in the work. Setting a clear structure and sustaining a routine are the key points to maintaining your productivity in a shared office. No matter how much fun you’re having socializing with other workers, you should still try to keep yourself in the business mindset . Attend coworking community events As we mentioned above, being part of a coworking community has many unique advantages, one of which is that you’ll meet a lot of people with similar interests to yours. Expanding your circle in this way can instigate you to attend networking events .Coworking space events can be extremely helpful to further your career. You can strengthen your bonds with your newly-formed community, share industry tips and tricks, broaden your horizons, increase your communication in collaboration efforts, gain potential coworkers/clients; and most importantly, have fun while doing all of these! Seize the power of networking A major contender of coworking spaces’ benefits is, undoubtedly, the ability to network. You should utilize this in any way that you can. Reaching out in a friendly way is a great start towards getting your business booming. Don’t be shy to pitch your services to people who you think might be interested. Even if they don’t personally need to work with you, they might recommend you to others, which can eventually lead you to gain more clients. Invest in the right equipment There are many tools that can amplify the already-existing benefits of coworking spaces. Since you’ll be saving tons of money on rent and amenities, it will be much easier to increase your budget for the right equipment.Choosing the right equipment is up to you and your office space. These can be for individual use (such as noise-canceling headphones, extra charging cables, monitors), or bought to share with your coworkers (speaker, coffee machine, etc.). Don’t hesitate to seek and offer help It’s right there in the name: co- work – You don’t always have to do everything alone!Once you truly become a part of a coworking community, you should be able to both offer and expect help from other remote working professionals in your circle. It might be hard to request aid at first, but once you get used to it, you’ll be amazed at the power teamwork can bring.Similarly, you should be an active part of the community and offer help whenever you can. This means that you also need to familiarize yourself with your coworkers and take interest in their business. Explore what the space has to offer And finally, try to reap the benefits of coworking spaces as much as you can. There must be some upsides that stand out to you among the other ones we listed. While enjoying them, try to explore what other things the space has to offer. You might encounter some things that didn’t cross your mind before. It’s time to review your options! Since you’ve considered some of the many benefits of coworking spaces, and reviewed our tips on how to make the best of them, you can begin the journey of deciding for yourself. Compared to a regular office space, the added benefits of networking, collaboration, and sharing costs are a huge selling point. If you believe you can find a place that fits your work needs, start reviewing your options as soon as possible – you won’t regret it. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Ceylin Güven Ceylin Güven likes reading anything she can get her hands on, writing poetry that’s way too personal, and watching Studio Ghibli movies. More Toptal vs Freelancer.com Learn the differences between Toptal and Freelancer.com, make the best choice for your freelance career! Click to read. Read more Rimuut has rebranded as Ruul and here is why Rimuut has rebooted and is proud to announce that it will continue its journey with new features and by the name of Ruul. Read more 12 Top Freelance Skills to Learn Play to increase both your effectiveness and your rates with these 12 top freelance skills! Read more MORE THAN 120,000 Independents Over 120,000 independents trust Ruul to sell their services, digital products, and securely manage their payments. FROM 190 Countries Truly global coverage: trusted across 190 countries with seamless payouts available in 140 currencies. PROCESSED $200m+ of Transactions Over $200M successfully processed, backed by an 8-year legacy of secure, reliable transactions trusted by independents worldwide. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Everything you need to know. Get clear, straightforward answers to the most common questions about using Ruul. hey@ruul.io What is Ruul? Ruul is a merchant-of-record platform helping freelancers and creators globally sell services, digital products, subscriptions, and easily get paid. Who is Ruul for? Ruul is designed for freelancers, creators, and independent professionals who want a simple way to sell online and get paid globally. How does Ruul work? Open an account, complete a quick verification (KYC), and link your payout account. Then, start selling through your store or send payment requests to customers instantly. How does pricing work? Signing up is free. There are no subscription or hidden fees. Ruul charges a small commission only when you sell or get paid through the platform. What is a Merchant of Record? A merchant of record is the legal seller responsible for processing payments, handling taxes, and managing compliance for each transaction. What can I sell on Ruul? You can sell services, digital products, license keys, online courses, subscriptions, and digital memberships. How do I get paid on Ruul? Add your preferred bank account, digital wallet, or receive payouts in stablecoins as crypto. Funds arrive within 24 hours after a payout is triggered. OPEN AN ACCOUNT START MAKING MONEY TODAY ruul.space/ Thank you! Your submission has been received! Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form. 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https://gg.forem.com/t/gamedesign | Gamedesign - Gamers Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Gamers Forem Close # gamedesign Follow Hide Create Post Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Sea of Stars: Pixelated Compassion in an Age of Exhaustion Juno Threadborne Juno Threadborne Juno Threadborne Follow Nov 11 '25 Sea of Stars: Pixelated Compassion in an Age of Exhaustion # gamedesign # gamedev # kindness # indiegames 4 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Theater Alpha - The Rewind Update Terrillo Walls Terrillo Walls Terrillo Walls Follow Nov 9 '25 Theater Alpha - The Rewind Update # gamedev # gamedesign # strategy # indie 9 reactions Comments 3 comments 2 min read The Unwritten Language of Video Games Jim Hill Jim Hill Jim Hill Follow Oct 23 '25 The Unwritten Language of Video Games # gamedesign # a11y # ui # ux 14 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read This Is What Fandom Feels Like Juno Threadborne Juno Threadborne Juno Threadborne Follow Oct 23 '25 This Is What Fandom Feels Like # gamedev # ux # gamedesign 18 reactions Comments 3 comments 2 min read loading... trending guides/resources Sea of Stars: Pixelated Compassion in an Age of Exhaustion Theater Alpha - The Rewind Update 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Gamers Forem — An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Gamers Forem © 2025 - 2026. We're a place where gamers unite, level up, and share epic adventures. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
https://dev.to/codenewbie/s27e1-nurturing-relationships-for-ai-excellence-shawn-charles | S27:E1 - Nurturing Relationships for AI Excellence (Shawn Charles) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close CodeNewbie Follow S27:E1 - Nurturing Relationships for AI Excellence (Shawn Charles) Mar 13 '24 play Meet Shawn Charles, Developer Advocate & Community Manager at The Hunt. Shawn shares with Saron how he got into tech solely by building and maintaining websites for local businesses, what inspired him to level up by enrolling in a bootcamp, and his advice on those who might feel overwhelmed in identifying their career path in this new world revolving around AI. Show Links Partner with Dev & CodeNewbie! (sponsor) Resilient Coders AWS Services Udemy Shawn's GitHub Shawn's Twitter Shawn Charles Previously an Amazon (Audible) Software Engineer and now building tech communities as a Developer Advocate. Episode source Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Your browser does not support the audio element. 1x initializing... × 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
https://gg.forem.com/gg_news/ign-absolum-review-1n2g#comments | IGN: Absolum Review - Gamers Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Gamers Forem Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Gaming News Posted on Oct 9, 2025 IGN: Absolum Review # indie # pcgaming # nintendoswitch # playstation Absolum Review TL;DR Absolum’s got gorgeous art, a banging soundtrack, and rock-solid beat ’em up combat across a handful of unique characters, but its roguelite trappings feel like a needless chokehold at first—forcing you into repetitive runs that lean more on stats than skill. Stick with it, though, and the story kicks in, the upgrades feel meaningful, and the game finally starts to shine as the compelling brawler it set out to be—just wish it got there faster. Watch on YouTube Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Gaming News Follow Joined Apr 30, 2025 More from Gaming News The Game Theorists: Game Theory: Poké Balls Are KILLING Pokémon?! # boardgames # nintendo # pcgaming GameSpot: Battlefield 6: Full Review # pcgaming # steam GameSpot: Vampire: The Masquerade - Bloodlines 2 Aged, But Still A Fine Wine - Review # pcgaming # retrogaming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Gamers Forem — An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Gamers Forem © 2025 - 2026. We're a place where gamers unite, level up, and share epic adventures. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
https://dev.to/codenewbie/s26e8-being-open-to-the-unexpected-katherine-evans | S26:E8 - Being Open to the Unexpected (Katherine Evans) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close CodeNewbie Follow S26:E8 - Being Open to the Unexpected (Katherine Evans) Dec 20 '23 play Meet Katherine Evans, Lead Engineering Instructor at Actualize Coding Bootcamp and Senior Software Engineer at Neon One. Katherine walks us through her journey from bootcamp student to bootcamp teacher, sharing tips for recent grads looking to land their first role. Saron and Katherine also talk about whether Katherine thinks it’s still worth learning to code given the economic climate and what she would tell others who might be interested in learning to code. Show Links Code Comments (sponsor) IRL (sponsor) Actualize Coding Bootcamp Podium Education CAD PHP Katherine's GitHub Katherine's Website Katherine's Instagram Katherine Evans Katherine Evans is a software engineer, tech educator, and (amateur) potter living in Chicago. With a background in nonprofit work, she’s focused on how technology can tackle real-world problems, improve peoples’ lives, and do good in the world. A perennial student, she finds joy in learning new things and sharing these discoveries with others. Episode source Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Your browser does not support the audio element. 1x initializing... × 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:05 |
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