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https://lab174.com/blog/202601-yaml-norway/#cb11-2 | YAML? That’s Norway problem < Back to LAB174.com YAML? That’s Norway problem 2026-01-12 Abstract A deep dive into YAML’s Norway problem: why the country code NO gets parsed as false, its history from YAML v1.0 to v1.2, and why popular libraries still exhibit this behavior in 2026. What is yaml Yaml is a well-known data serialization language designed for human readability. It’s a popular choice for configuration files and metadata. Here’s a simple example: # project.yaml title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse countries : - DE - FR - PL - RO Let’s verify that the above example parses correctly. We’ll use Python 1 with Py Yaml 2 version 6.0.3 (the latest version as of this writing). First, let’s install it: python3 -m pip install pyyaml==6.0.3 Now let’s write a simple script to parse the yaml file: # python-pyyaml.py import json import yaml with open ( "project.yaml" , "r" , encoding = "utf-8" ) as f: data = yaml.safe_load(f) print (json.dumps(data, indent = 2 )) Running python3 python-pyyaml.py produces this output: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "PL" , "RO" ] } So far everything behaves as expected. As of January 2026 Python is the world’s 4th most popular programming language according to a 2025 Stack Overflow Survey ( archive ) ↩︎ Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and a top 20 Python library overall in the last month according to PyPI Stats ( archive ). It is also an “official” yaml library in the sense that its source code is hosted in a Github repository owned by the yaml Github account; see: Canonical source repository for Py Yaml . ↩︎ The Norway problem in yaml When we change the original yaml file and add Norway’s two letter iso country code to the existing list: countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO Using the same parsing method, the file now yields this result: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , false , "PL" , "RO" ] } Note that NO has been replaced with false . This is unexpected. Nothing about the context suggests a boolean should appear here. The NO literal sits in a list of country codes like FR or PL and appears similar in form. The problem, of course, is that “no” is also an English word with a negative meaning. This feature was originally added to allow writing booleans in a more human readable way, e.g.: platforms : iPhone : yes iPad : yes AppleWatch : no This gets parsed as: { "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false } } The idea was that configuration files should read like natural language. In practice this behavior proved problematic, becoming the notorious Norway problem in yaml . One workaround is to escape the string, like this: countries : - DE - FR - "NO" - PL - RO With quotes, the file parses as expected: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } Many articles about yaml ’s Norway problem stop here, presenting quoting as the canonical fix. There is more. Yaml ’s history To understand today’s state of the Norway problem we’ll first look at how yaml evolved. May 2001 – Yaml first pass specification At this time, yaml was more of a concept than a finished language. It looked a bit different, though somewhat recognizable. Below is a partial example from the original specification; there are more in the full document, sadly none with boolean values. buyer : % address : % city : Royal Oak line one : 458 Wittigen's Way line two : Suite 292 postal : 48046 state : MI family name : Dumars given name : Chris The document makes no mention of parsing no to false . The “Serilization Format / bnf ” section even contains a typo and a “to do” note 3 : This section contains the bnf 4 productions for the yaml syntax. Much to do… Full first pass specification – archived link ↩︎ Bnf stands for “Backus–Naur form”, a notation system for syntax definition ( Wikipedia ). ↩︎ January 2004 – Yaml v1.0 final draft This version describes various ways of presenting scalars 5 , including both quoted scalars and plain scalars with implicit typing. This is what we’re after. Version 1.0 defined only sequence , map , and string as mandatory types 6 . The rest were optional, but a reference specification existed. That reference specification for the optional boolean type included English word format. Supported words were: true/false , on/off , and also yes/no 7 . This allows the Norway problem to appear – even if following that part of reference is described as optional. – Bonus: implicit typing can be overridden with explicit tags – we’ll talk about this later. – Bonus: single sign characters, i.e. + and - should also be treated as true and false ; even more so, as they are described as the canonical form 8 ! A scalar data type, or just scalar, is any non-composite value. Generally, all basic primitive data types are considered scalar source: Wikipedia ↩︎ Following is a description of the three mandatory core tags. Yaml requires support for the seq, map and str tags. source: Yaml v1.0 specification, tag repository ↩︎ English word format: implicit english ~= true|True|TRUE |false|False|FALSE |yes|Yes|YES |no|No|NO |on|On|ON |off|Off|OFF source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ Single sign character format: implicit canonical ~= +|- source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ January 2005 – Yaml v1.1 final draft Version 1.1 maintained the same implicit typing behavior as v1.0. However, the types listed in the spec – including boolean – while still not mandatory, were now strongly recommended 9 . – Bonus: single sign characters are no longer included and the canonical form is now y/n 10 . these tags represent types that are useful across a wide range of applications and it is strongly recommended they be used whenever appropriate to promote interoperability. source: Yaml v1.1 specification, tag repository ( archive ) ↩︎ Yaml v1.1 boolean type specification , ( archive ) ↩︎ July 2009 – Yaml Revision 1.2.0 Its goal was to make yaml compliant with json , going as far as allowing json to be a subset of yaml 11 . Implicit typing rules have been removed, including the boolean English word format. – Bonus: explicit typing rules are still present. On paper, the Norway problem shouldn’t exist anymore, at least not since this yaml revision. So why are we still seeing it in 2026? The primary objective of this revision is to bring Yaml into compliance with json as an official subset. source: Yaml revision v1.2.0 ↩︎ Yaml spec version history until v1.2.0 Yaml spec version Date Type of no : Value of no first pass specification May 2001 unspecified unspecified v1.0 January 2004 boolean false v1.1 January 2005 boolean false v1.2.0 July 2009 string "no" Table 1: Summary of yaml spec changes. Note that “Type of no ” and “Value of no ” labels refer to the literal without quotes. Yaml in practice To understand why the Norway problem persists, we need to examine the scope of work involved in implementing yaml spec changes. Some clues are present in earlier text already, we see that yaml supports implicit typing, explicit typing, and various presenting formats. Also, the time between different yaml spec version releases is measured in years. What hides between the lines is that yaml and its specification are very, hugely, extremely complex. Seriously, it’s hard to overstate this. Since v1.0 yaml ’s goal was to build upon xml 12 and a number of other technologies, as listed in the final draft 13 : Yaml integrates and builds upon concepts described by C, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, rfc0822 ( mail ), rfc1866 ( html ), rfc2045 ( mime ), rfc2396 ( uri ), xml , sax and soap Yaml supports attachments, custom tags, references – the list goes on. There was even yaxml , an xml binding for yaml 14 . There are 9 ways of writing multiline strings – and some claim the number is actually 63 15 . Characters like ? , ! , !! in some cases have special meanings, with the latter allowing arbitrary code execution. Given this complexity, the Norway problem wasn’t the only language quirk in yaml v1.1. Revision v1.2 simplified boolean behavior and more (e.g. handling of null and numerical values), while other language features remained unchanged. How did libraries react to changes in such a complex specification? In fact yaml was originally intended to be a markup language and its name stood for “Yet Another Markup Language”. Six months after the first pass specification, in January 2002, it was renamed to “ Yaml Ain’t Markup Language”. ↩︎ Yaml v1.0 specification, prior art ↩︎ a subset of xml which has yaml ’s information model, but xml ’s syntax (…) a xslt Stylesheet is provided, along with the canonical invoice example in xml using this schema source: Yaxml , the (draft) xml Binding for yaml – archived link ↩︎ There are 5 6 NINE (or 63, depending how you count) different ways to write multi-line strings in yaml . (…) 2 block styles, each with 2 possible block chomping indicators (or none), and with 9 possible indentation indicators (or none), 1 plain style and 2 quoted styles: 2 x (2 + 1) x (9 + 1) + 1 + 2 = 63 source: Stack Overflow answer ( archived ) ↩︎ Yaml libraries As of January 2026 popular yaml libraries still haven’t moved from v1.1 to v1.2, and they still exhibit the Norway problem. Smaller alternative projects have appeared, but their usage hasn’t surpassed the existing v1.1 libraries. Some users have built their own alternative parsers, mixing v1.1 and v1.2 features, or focusing on a subset of yaml suited to their needs. Below are some examples. Py Yaml As mentioned before, Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and one of the most popular Python libraries overall. Py Yaml never added v1.2 support. There is an open issue from 2017 in Py Yaml ’s Github project about introducing support for v1.2 16 . There are at least two more related open issues, plus several closed ones. An unofficial library 17 exists that can be used on top of Py Yaml to provide partial v1.2 support (its documentation notes that not all v1.2 features are implemented). Another Python library, ruamel.yaml 18 , supports v1.2 by default. Py Yaml Github Issue #116 ↩︎ yamlcore PyPI project page ↩︎ ruamel.yaml PyPI project page ↩︎ Lib Yaml Lib Yaml is the long-standing C library for yaml , it is used widely as a dependency by other tools and bindings. Like Py Yaml , it’s an “official” implementation – in the sense that its canonical repository is hosted on Github and owned by the official ‘yaml’ Github account. Lib Yaml also never added v1.2 support. An open issue from 2016 in Lib Yaml ’s github project requests adding v1.2 support 19 . As mentioned earlier, Lib Yaml sits deep in dependency trees; changing its behavior is especially risky and slow. A less popular library, libfyaml 20 , supports v1.2 by default. Lib Yaml Github Issue #20 ↩︎ libfyaml Github project page ↩︎ Golang’s gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Currently unmaintained 21 , historically the most popular and still holds more Github stars then other Golang yaml libraries. It’s especially interesting because it declares support for a mix of v1.1 and 1.2 22 . The Golang’s most popular actively maintained library 23 defaults to v1.2 behavior. “This project is unmaintained” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ “The yaml package supports most of yaml 1.2, but preserves some behavior from 1.1 for backwards compatibility.” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ goccy/go-yaml Github project page ↩︎ Kyaml Kyaml is a yaml dialect built for the Kubernetes project, launched in June 2025. Its goal is to provide a safer and less ambiguous tool; it is also designed specifically for Kubernetes, trading generality for predictability. The announcement blog post references the Norway problem directly 24 . Yaml ’s significant whitespace requires careful attention to indentation and nesting, while its optional string-quoting can lead to unexpected type coercion (for example: “The Norway Bug”). source: Kubernetes v1.34 Sneak Peek ↩︎ Is the Norway problem solved? Yaml ’s ecosystem is not just libraries, it’s also the community of users. Including: strong and conflicting opinions about yaml in general and the Norway problem in particular. In some part this outcome could be expected; after all yaml is very popular, deceptively complex, and is used in different kinds of scenarios, from small personal config files to critical infrastructure setups. Many texts don’t distinguish between yaml spec versions at all 25 . Even when spec version numbers are used, they’re frequently mistyped. It’s not difficult to find documentation claiming that implicit boolean typing is a trait of yaml specification version 1.2 26 (the correct version is v1.1); mistakes get spotted 27 and eventually updated, but that takes more time and effort than making the original typo. On the other hand we see users who declare the Norway problem as solved because it doesn’t exist in the latest spec version, or because they haven’t experienced it themselves, or for other reasons 28 . To be fair, that language feature was removed over a decade ago, and it’s unexpected that popular libraries still support the older spec version. Technically, the issue is solved in the spec – but in practice, most widely adopted implementations still support implicit boolean typing, as we’ve seen. Finally, there are end users who are so unhappy with yaml that they prefer almost anything else 29 . We end up with countless use cases (hobby, pro, critical infrastructure, …), roles (spec author, library maintainer, end user debugging a failed deployment at 11pm, …), and just as many points of views. The yaml specification defines many strings that are automatically interpreted as boolean values, which often conflicts with developer expectations. When you write country: NO , the yaml parser interprets NO as the boolean false , not the string "NO" source: What is the Norway Bug? ↩︎ The most tragic aspect of this bug , however, is that it is intended behavior according to the yaml 1.2 specification. source: The Norway Problem – why Strict Yaml refuses to do implicit typing and so should you ↩︎ In this case a Github issue has been created: It was intended according to the yaml 1.1 specification, but in yaml 1.2, the only recognized booleans are true , True , TRUE , false , False , FALSE . source: strictyaml Github issue #186 ↩︎ I don’t want to link to individual messages on social platforms to err on the side of users’ privacy; I’ll paraphrase some of them below, for illustration purposes. Norway problem has been solved for 16 years. Using 1.1 at this point is just forehead palming foolishness. The Norway issue is a bit blown out of proportion. I have been using YAML for 5+ years and have never had it. We stopped having this problem over ten years ago. Just quote your strings. Another solution is to change the country name. ↩︎ Same as earlier, I’ll paraphrase a few messages below, meant for illustration. Stop using YAML YAML - just say Norway. You should stop even tolerating YAML, refuse on sight. YAML made sense before JSON became a thing. YAML made me look at XML wistfully. Why people persist with YAML in new projects is baffling to me. People from Norway couldn't sign up. Took us a while to figure out. ↩︎ What next? In yaml final draft v1.0, the document specified that, along with yes and no , + and - should also be parsed as booleans. This was removed v1.1. There was an idea to keep that functionality when plus or minus signs were preceded with a dot ( .+ and .- ), but it didn’t catch on. Despite its well known and lesser known quirks, yaml remains popular and widely used. At this scale small quirks cascade into unexpected issues. And changes – or fixes – are introduced at a glacial pace. Then again, yaml ’s charm has its place, as evidenced by its popularity. While spec change adoption is very slow, it is still ongoing. New projects will likely adopt newer libraries, where the Norway problem no longer exists. If there is a single takeaway from this article, it’s this: yaml ecosystem is fragmented; on the whole it is moving towards a slightly stricter version. Implicit boolean typing is getting removed, it’s no longer in the official specification and most new libraries adhere to that. As of January 2026 however, the older libraries are stuck on the older version of the spec, they are still more popular and updating or phasing them out may take a while. Frequently Asked Questions Why not just use json in place of yaml ? A common reply is “no comments” – because json doesn’t support comments 30 ; many other yaml features aren’t supported either. This makes json a simpler and stricter alternative. Wheter that’s a better fit for your project, that depends on the project. As always, personal preference plays a role too. Note: json has its own flavors, like jsonc 31 . It was a conscious decision; there is an explanation from Douglas Crockford, as well as a suggestion about using json for configuration files: I removed comments from json because I saw people were using them to hold parsing directives, a practice which would have destroyed interoperability. I know that the lack of comments makes some people sad, but it shouldn’t. Suppose you are using json to keep configuration files, which you would like to annotate. Go ahead and insert all the comments you like. Then pipe it through JSMin before handing it to your json parser. source: Google Plus post by Douglas Crockford – archived link ↩︎ Json with Comments – project’s homepage ↩︎ Is yaml a superset of json ? After writing this article, I’m still not entirely sure. Even though the goal of yaml revision v1.2.0 was to make that happen and revisions 1.2.0 and 1.2.1 claimed it explicitly 32 : Yaml can therefore be viewed as a natural superset of json , offering improved human readability and a more complete information model. That text has been removed from the latest yaml revision 1.2.2. A popular article 33 claims to prove that yaml is not a superset of json , but that article uses a v1.1 parser – and as we know v1.1 never claimed json compatibility. So that won’t help us. The actual reason might be that yaml requires maps to have unique keys 34 , while json only recommends it 35 . So perhaps most json (i.e. json where objects have unique keys) is a subset of yaml . Some ambiguity remains. See e.g.: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.1 ↩︎ Json treats the value 1e2 a number, of course, because it’s not in quote marks. Yaml fails to parse it as a number so silently falls back to treating it as a string. source: YAML IS NOT A SUPERSET OF JSON ↩︎ The content of a mapping node is an unordered set of key/value node pairs, with the restriction that each of the keys is unique source: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.2 ↩︎ The names within an object SHOULD be unique. source: The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation ( json ) ↩︎ What went wrong? This question is out of scope for this article – here the goal is to prioritize facts over “what if?”. If i had to answer, I’d say that nothing went wrong. When a complex technology with a stable ecosystem introduces a breaking change, sometimes the process can take ages. The main surprise here is how complicated yaml really is. Also, as we’ve seen, with yaml and related tools being free software, anyone could contribute to improving the v1.2 adoption rate – or move to a tool that suits them better, or even create one. What about toml , sexagesimal numbers, schemas, human genes, Ruby, or Perl? These topics are only loosely related to the Norway problem, and this text is already quite long. If you enjoyed reading it, leave positive feedback somewhere and a Part 2 might happen. In the meantime, visit my homepage 36 and check out my other projects – maybe you’ll find something else you’ll enjoy. LAB174 homepage ↩︎ Epilogue Implicit boolean typing has been removed, but explicit boolean typing still remains. If a uniform yaml 1.2 future actually arrives, you can still bring a little bit of nostalgia to your code by writing: title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse platforms : iPhone : !!bool yes iPad : !!bool yes # Note the explicit typing here and above. AppleWatch : !!bool no countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO When parsed with yq , a tool that supports yaml revision 1.2 by default: yq eval -o=json project.yaml It returns: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } < Back to LAB174.com | 2026-01-13T08:48:06 |
https://lab174.com/blog/202601-yaml-norway/#cb1-9 | YAML? That’s Norway problem < Back to LAB174.com YAML? That’s Norway problem 2026-01-12 Abstract A deep dive into YAML’s Norway problem: why the country code NO gets parsed as false, its history from YAML v1.0 to v1.2, and why popular libraries still exhibit this behavior in 2026. What is yaml Yaml is a well-known data serialization language designed for human readability. It’s a popular choice for configuration files and metadata. Here’s a simple example: # project.yaml title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse countries : - DE - FR - PL - RO Let’s verify that the above example parses correctly. We’ll use Python 1 with Py Yaml 2 version 6.0.3 (the latest version as of this writing). First, let’s install it: python3 -m pip install pyyaml==6.0.3 Now let’s write a simple script to parse the yaml file: # python-pyyaml.py import json import yaml with open ( "project.yaml" , "r" , encoding = "utf-8" ) as f: data = yaml.safe_load(f) print (json.dumps(data, indent = 2 )) Running python3 python-pyyaml.py produces this output: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "PL" , "RO" ] } So far everything behaves as expected. As of January 2026 Python is the world’s 4th most popular programming language according to a 2025 Stack Overflow Survey ( archive ) ↩︎ Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and a top 20 Python library overall in the last month according to PyPI Stats ( archive ). It is also an “official” yaml library in the sense that its source code is hosted in a Github repository owned by the yaml Github account; see: Canonical source repository for Py Yaml . ↩︎ The Norway problem in yaml When we change the original yaml file and add Norway’s two letter iso country code to the existing list: countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO Using the same parsing method, the file now yields this result: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , false , "PL" , "RO" ] } Note that NO has been replaced with false . This is unexpected. Nothing about the context suggests a boolean should appear here. The NO literal sits in a list of country codes like FR or PL and appears similar in form. The problem, of course, is that “no” is also an English word with a negative meaning. This feature was originally added to allow writing booleans in a more human readable way, e.g.: platforms : iPhone : yes iPad : yes AppleWatch : no This gets parsed as: { "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false } } The idea was that configuration files should read like natural language. In practice this behavior proved problematic, becoming the notorious Norway problem in yaml . One workaround is to escape the string, like this: countries : - DE - FR - "NO" - PL - RO With quotes, the file parses as expected: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } Many articles about yaml ’s Norway problem stop here, presenting quoting as the canonical fix. There is more. Yaml ’s history To understand today’s state of the Norway problem we’ll first look at how yaml evolved. May 2001 – Yaml first pass specification At this time, yaml was more of a concept than a finished language. It looked a bit different, though somewhat recognizable. Below is a partial example from the original specification; there are more in the full document, sadly none with boolean values. buyer : % address : % city : Royal Oak line one : 458 Wittigen's Way line two : Suite 292 postal : 48046 state : MI family name : Dumars given name : Chris The document makes no mention of parsing no to false . The “Serilization Format / bnf ” section even contains a typo and a “to do” note 3 : This section contains the bnf 4 productions for the yaml syntax. Much to do… Full first pass specification – archived link ↩︎ Bnf stands for “Backus–Naur form”, a notation system for syntax definition ( Wikipedia ). ↩︎ January 2004 – Yaml v1.0 final draft This version describes various ways of presenting scalars 5 , including both quoted scalars and plain scalars with implicit typing. This is what we’re after. Version 1.0 defined only sequence , map , and string as mandatory types 6 . The rest were optional, but a reference specification existed. That reference specification for the optional boolean type included English word format. Supported words were: true/false , on/off , and also yes/no 7 . This allows the Norway problem to appear – even if following that part of reference is described as optional. – Bonus: implicit typing can be overridden with explicit tags – we’ll talk about this later. – Bonus: single sign characters, i.e. + and - should also be treated as true and false ; even more so, as they are described as the canonical form 8 ! A scalar data type, or just scalar, is any non-composite value. Generally, all basic primitive data types are considered scalar source: Wikipedia ↩︎ Following is a description of the three mandatory core tags. Yaml requires support for the seq, map and str tags. source: Yaml v1.0 specification, tag repository ↩︎ English word format: implicit english ~= true|True|TRUE |false|False|FALSE |yes|Yes|YES |no|No|NO |on|On|ON |off|Off|OFF source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ Single sign character format: implicit canonical ~= +|- source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ January 2005 – Yaml v1.1 final draft Version 1.1 maintained the same implicit typing behavior as v1.0. However, the types listed in the spec – including boolean – while still not mandatory, were now strongly recommended 9 . – Bonus: single sign characters are no longer included and the canonical form is now y/n 10 . these tags represent types that are useful across a wide range of applications and it is strongly recommended they be used whenever appropriate to promote interoperability. source: Yaml v1.1 specification, tag repository ( archive ) ↩︎ Yaml v1.1 boolean type specification , ( archive ) ↩︎ July 2009 – Yaml Revision 1.2.0 Its goal was to make yaml compliant with json , going as far as allowing json to be a subset of yaml 11 . Implicit typing rules have been removed, including the boolean English word format. – Bonus: explicit typing rules are still present. On paper, the Norway problem shouldn’t exist anymore, at least not since this yaml revision. So why are we still seeing it in 2026? The primary objective of this revision is to bring Yaml into compliance with json as an official subset. source: Yaml revision v1.2.0 ↩︎ Yaml spec version history until v1.2.0 Yaml spec version Date Type of no : Value of no first pass specification May 2001 unspecified unspecified v1.0 January 2004 boolean false v1.1 January 2005 boolean false v1.2.0 July 2009 string "no" Table 1: Summary of yaml spec changes. Note that “Type of no ” and “Value of no ” labels refer to the literal without quotes. Yaml in practice To understand why the Norway problem persists, we need to examine the scope of work involved in implementing yaml spec changes. Some clues are present in earlier text already, we see that yaml supports implicit typing, explicit typing, and various presenting formats. Also, the time between different yaml spec version releases is measured in years. What hides between the lines is that yaml and its specification are very, hugely, extremely complex. Seriously, it’s hard to overstate this. Since v1.0 yaml ’s goal was to build upon xml 12 and a number of other technologies, as listed in the final draft 13 : Yaml integrates and builds upon concepts described by C, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, rfc0822 ( mail ), rfc1866 ( html ), rfc2045 ( mime ), rfc2396 ( uri ), xml , sax and soap Yaml supports attachments, custom tags, references – the list goes on. There was even yaxml , an xml binding for yaml 14 . There are 9 ways of writing multiline strings – and some claim the number is actually 63 15 . Characters like ? , ! , !! in some cases have special meanings, with the latter allowing arbitrary code execution. Given this complexity, the Norway problem wasn’t the only language quirk in yaml v1.1. Revision v1.2 simplified boolean behavior and more (e.g. handling of null and numerical values), while other language features remained unchanged. How did libraries react to changes in such a complex specification? In fact yaml was originally intended to be a markup language and its name stood for “Yet Another Markup Language”. Six months after the first pass specification, in January 2002, it was renamed to “ Yaml Ain’t Markup Language”. ↩︎ Yaml v1.0 specification, prior art ↩︎ a subset of xml which has yaml ’s information model, but xml ’s syntax (…) a xslt Stylesheet is provided, along with the canonical invoice example in xml using this schema source: Yaxml , the (draft) xml Binding for yaml – archived link ↩︎ There are 5 6 NINE (or 63, depending how you count) different ways to write multi-line strings in yaml . (…) 2 block styles, each with 2 possible block chomping indicators (or none), and with 9 possible indentation indicators (or none), 1 plain style and 2 quoted styles: 2 x (2 + 1) x (9 + 1) + 1 + 2 = 63 source: Stack Overflow answer ( archived ) ↩︎ Yaml libraries As of January 2026 popular yaml libraries still haven’t moved from v1.1 to v1.2, and they still exhibit the Norway problem. Smaller alternative projects have appeared, but their usage hasn’t surpassed the existing v1.1 libraries. Some users have built their own alternative parsers, mixing v1.1 and v1.2 features, or focusing on a subset of yaml suited to their needs. Below are some examples. Py Yaml As mentioned before, Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and one of the most popular Python libraries overall. Py Yaml never added v1.2 support. There is an open issue from 2017 in Py Yaml ’s Github project about introducing support for v1.2 16 . There are at least two more related open issues, plus several closed ones. An unofficial library 17 exists that can be used on top of Py Yaml to provide partial v1.2 support (its documentation notes that not all v1.2 features are implemented). Another Python library, ruamel.yaml 18 , supports v1.2 by default. Py Yaml Github Issue #116 ↩︎ yamlcore PyPI project page ↩︎ ruamel.yaml PyPI project page ↩︎ Lib Yaml Lib Yaml is the long-standing C library for yaml , it is used widely as a dependency by other tools and bindings. Like Py Yaml , it’s an “official” implementation – in the sense that its canonical repository is hosted on Github and owned by the official ‘yaml’ Github account. Lib Yaml also never added v1.2 support. An open issue from 2016 in Lib Yaml ’s github project requests adding v1.2 support 19 . As mentioned earlier, Lib Yaml sits deep in dependency trees; changing its behavior is especially risky and slow. A less popular library, libfyaml 20 , supports v1.2 by default. Lib Yaml Github Issue #20 ↩︎ libfyaml Github project page ↩︎ Golang’s gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Currently unmaintained 21 , historically the most popular and still holds more Github stars then other Golang yaml libraries. It’s especially interesting because it declares support for a mix of v1.1 and 1.2 22 . The Golang’s most popular actively maintained library 23 defaults to v1.2 behavior. “This project is unmaintained” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ “The yaml package supports most of yaml 1.2, but preserves some behavior from 1.1 for backwards compatibility.” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ goccy/go-yaml Github project page ↩︎ Kyaml Kyaml is a yaml dialect built for the Kubernetes project, launched in June 2025. Its goal is to provide a safer and less ambiguous tool; it is also designed specifically for Kubernetes, trading generality for predictability. The announcement blog post references the Norway problem directly 24 . Yaml ’s significant whitespace requires careful attention to indentation and nesting, while its optional string-quoting can lead to unexpected type coercion (for example: “The Norway Bug”). source: Kubernetes v1.34 Sneak Peek ↩︎ Is the Norway problem solved? Yaml ’s ecosystem is not just libraries, it’s also the community of users. Including: strong and conflicting opinions about yaml in general and the Norway problem in particular. In some part this outcome could be expected; after all yaml is very popular, deceptively complex, and is used in different kinds of scenarios, from small personal config files to critical infrastructure setups. Many texts don’t distinguish between yaml spec versions at all 25 . Even when spec version numbers are used, they’re frequently mistyped. It’s not difficult to find documentation claiming that implicit boolean typing is a trait of yaml specification version 1.2 26 (the correct version is v1.1); mistakes get spotted 27 and eventually updated, but that takes more time and effort than making the original typo. On the other hand we see users who declare the Norway problem as solved because it doesn’t exist in the latest spec version, or because they haven’t experienced it themselves, or for other reasons 28 . To be fair, that language feature was removed over a decade ago, and it’s unexpected that popular libraries still support the older spec version. Technically, the issue is solved in the spec – but in practice, most widely adopted implementations still support implicit boolean typing, as we’ve seen. Finally, there are end users who are so unhappy with yaml that they prefer almost anything else 29 . We end up with countless use cases (hobby, pro, critical infrastructure, …), roles (spec author, library maintainer, end user debugging a failed deployment at 11pm, …), and just as many points of views. The yaml specification defines many strings that are automatically interpreted as boolean values, which often conflicts with developer expectations. When you write country: NO , the yaml parser interprets NO as the boolean false , not the string "NO" source: What is the Norway Bug? ↩︎ The most tragic aspect of this bug , however, is that it is intended behavior according to the yaml 1.2 specification. source: The Norway Problem – why Strict Yaml refuses to do implicit typing and so should you ↩︎ In this case a Github issue has been created: It was intended according to the yaml 1.1 specification, but in yaml 1.2, the only recognized booleans are true , True , TRUE , false , False , FALSE . source: strictyaml Github issue #186 ↩︎ I don’t want to link to individual messages on social platforms to err on the side of users’ privacy; I’ll paraphrase some of them below, for illustration purposes. Norway problem has been solved for 16 years. Using 1.1 at this point is just forehead palming foolishness. The Norway issue is a bit blown out of proportion. I have been using YAML for 5+ years and have never had it. We stopped having this problem over ten years ago. Just quote your strings. Another solution is to change the country name. ↩︎ Same as earlier, I’ll paraphrase a few messages below, meant for illustration. Stop using YAML YAML - just say Norway. You should stop even tolerating YAML, refuse on sight. YAML made sense before JSON became a thing. YAML made me look at XML wistfully. Why people persist with YAML in new projects is baffling to me. People from Norway couldn't sign up. Took us a while to figure out. ↩︎ What next? In yaml final draft v1.0, the document specified that, along with yes and no , + and - should also be parsed as booleans. This was removed v1.1. There was an idea to keep that functionality when plus or minus signs were preceded with a dot ( .+ and .- ), but it didn’t catch on. Despite its well known and lesser known quirks, yaml remains popular and widely used. At this scale small quirks cascade into unexpected issues. And changes – or fixes – are introduced at a glacial pace. Then again, yaml ’s charm has its place, as evidenced by its popularity. While spec change adoption is very slow, it is still ongoing. New projects will likely adopt newer libraries, where the Norway problem no longer exists. If there is a single takeaway from this article, it’s this: yaml ecosystem is fragmented; on the whole it is moving towards a slightly stricter version. Implicit boolean typing is getting removed, it’s no longer in the official specification and most new libraries adhere to that. As of January 2026 however, the older libraries are stuck on the older version of the spec, they are still more popular and updating or phasing them out may take a while. Frequently Asked Questions Why not just use json in place of yaml ? A common reply is “no comments” – because json doesn’t support comments 30 ; many other yaml features aren’t supported either. This makes json a simpler and stricter alternative. Wheter that’s a better fit for your project, that depends on the project. As always, personal preference plays a role too. Note: json has its own flavors, like jsonc 31 . It was a conscious decision; there is an explanation from Douglas Crockford, as well as a suggestion about using json for configuration files: I removed comments from json because I saw people were using them to hold parsing directives, a practice which would have destroyed interoperability. I know that the lack of comments makes some people sad, but it shouldn’t. Suppose you are using json to keep configuration files, which you would like to annotate. Go ahead and insert all the comments you like. Then pipe it through JSMin before handing it to your json parser. source: Google Plus post by Douglas Crockford – archived link ↩︎ Json with Comments – project’s homepage ↩︎ Is yaml a superset of json ? After writing this article, I’m still not entirely sure. Even though the goal of yaml revision v1.2.0 was to make that happen and revisions 1.2.0 and 1.2.1 claimed it explicitly 32 : Yaml can therefore be viewed as a natural superset of json , offering improved human readability and a more complete information model. That text has been removed from the latest yaml revision 1.2.2. A popular article 33 claims to prove that yaml is not a superset of json , but that article uses a v1.1 parser – and as we know v1.1 never claimed json compatibility. So that won’t help us. The actual reason might be that yaml requires maps to have unique keys 34 , while json only recommends it 35 . So perhaps most json (i.e. json where objects have unique keys) is a subset of yaml . Some ambiguity remains. See e.g.: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.1 ↩︎ Json treats the value 1e2 a number, of course, because it’s not in quote marks. Yaml fails to parse it as a number so silently falls back to treating it as a string. source: YAML IS NOT A SUPERSET OF JSON ↩︎ The content of a mapping node is an unordered set of key/value node pairs, with the restriction that each of the keys is unique source: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.2 ↩︎ The names within an object SHOULD be unique. source: The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation ( json ) ↩︎ What went wrong? This question is out of scope for this article – here the goal is to prioritize facts over “what if?”. If i had to answer, I’d say that nothing went wrong. When a complex technology with a stable ecosystem introduces a breaking change, sometimes the process can take ages. The main surprise here is how complicated yaml really is. Also, as we’ve seen, with yaml and related tools being free software, anyone could contribute to improving the v1.2 adoption rate – or move to a tool that suits them better, or even create one. What about toml , sexagesimal numbers, schemas, human genes, Ruby, or Perl? These topics are only loosely related to the Norway problem, and this text is already quite long. If you enjoyed reading it, leave positive feedback somewhere and a Part 2 might happen. In the meantime, visit my homepage 36 and check out my other projects – maybe you’ll find something else you’ll enjoy. LAB174 homepage ↩︎ Epilogue Implicit boolean typing has been removed, but explicit boolean typing still remains. If a uniform yaml 1.2 future actually arrives, you can still bring a little bit of nostalgia to your code by writing: title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse platforms : iPhone : !!bool yes iPad : !!bool yes # Note the explicit typing here and above. AppleWatch : !!bool no countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO When parsed with yq , a tool that supports yaml revision 1.2 by default: yq eval -o=json project.yaml It returns: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } < Back to LAB174.com | 2026-01-13T08:48:06 |
https://devblogs.microsoft.com/dotnet/announcing-net-maui-preview-5/ | Announcing .NET MAUI Preview 5 - .NET Blog Skip to main content Microsoft Dev Blogs Dev Blogs Dev Blogs Home Developer Microsoft for Developers Visual Studio Visual Studio Code Develop from the cloud All things Azure Xcode DevOps Windows Developer ISE Developer Azure SDK Command Line Aspire Technology DirectX Semantic Kernel Languages C++ C# F# TypeScript PowerShell Team Python Java Java Blog in Chinese Go .NET All .NET posts .NET Aspire .NET MAUI AI ASP.NET Core Blazor Entity Framework NuGet Servicing .NET Blog in Chinese Platform Development #ifdef Windows Microsoft Foundry Azure Government Azure VM Runtime Team Bing Dev Center Microsoft Edge Dev Microsoft Azure Microsoft 365 Developer Microsoft Entra Identity Developer Old New Thing Power Platform Data Development Azure Cosmos DB Azure Data Studio Azure SQL OData Revolutions R Unified Data Model (IDEAs) Microsoft Entra PowerShell More Search Search No results Cancel Dev Blogs .NET Blog Announcing .NET MAUI Preview 5 .NET 10 is here! .NET 10 is now available: the most productive, modern, secure, intelligent, and performant release of .NET yet. Learn More Download Now June 17th, 2021 0 reactions Announcing .NET MAUI Preview 5 David Ortinau Principal Product Manager Show more While we are still recovering from Microsoft Build and .NET 6 Preview 4 , we are here to share our continued progress with .NET Multi-platform App UI (.NET MAUI) with .NET 6 Preview 5 . In this release we have enabled animations and view transformations, completed the porting of several UI components, and introduced improvements to the single project templates. We have also published our first batch of preview documentation covering introductory and foundational aspects of .NET MAUI: https://docs.microsoft.com/dotnet/maui/ . Animations There are a few ways to perform animation in .NET MAUI, the easiest of which is using view extension methods such as FadeTo , RotateTo , ScaleTo , TranslateTo , and more. In the following example I grab a reference to each view bound to the layout (see bindable layouts ) using the new HandlerAttached event: <DataTemplate x:Key="FavouriteTemplate"> <Frame AttachedHandler="OnAttached" Opacity="0"> ... </Frame> </DataTemplate> <FlexLayout BindableLayout.ItemTemplate="{StaticResource FavouriteTemplate}" BindableLayout.ItemsSource="{Binding Favorites}" > ... </FlexLayout> When the page appears I then animate the views in with a slight stagger to create the beautiful cascade effect. public partial class FavoritesPage : ContentPage { List<Frame> tiles = new List<Frame>(); void OnAttached(object sender, EventArgs e) { Frame f = (Frame)sender; tiles.Add(f); } protected override async void OnAppearing() { base.OnAppearing(); await Task.Delay(300); TransitionIn(); } async void TransitionIn() { foreach (var item in tiles) { item.FadeTo(1, 800); await Task.Delay(50); } } } For more complete orchestration of view animations, check out the Custom Animation documentation which demonstrates adding multiple child animations that can run parallel. You can view and run the source for this example from the WeatherTwentyOne project on GitHub . UI Components In this release several controls now have all properties and events ported to handlers from the renderer architecture of Xamarin.Forms, including ActivityIndicator , CheckBox , Image , and Stepper . In previous previews you would need to check if a control was ported and register renderers from the compatibility package for those unavailable. In .NET MAUI Preview 5 we have made this much easier by updating the UseMauiApp extension (see the Startup wiki ) to wire up all the controls for you, whether they are based on handlers or renderers. Also new in preview 5 is the first introduction of Shell , an application container that provides URI navigation and a quick way to implement flyout menus and tabs. To get started add Shell as the root element to your window in the App.xaml.cs . The typical pattern I follow is naming it “AppShell”, though you can name it as you wish. protected override IWindow CreateWindow(IActivationState activationState) { return new Microsoft.Maui.Controls.Window( new AppShell() ); } Now in your AppShell class start populating the menu with content using the type that represents the navigation you wish to display, either FlyoutItem or Tab . These are not UI controls, but rather represent the types that will create those UI controls. You can later style the controls with content templates which we’ll introduce in preview 6. <Shell xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/dotnet/2021/maui" xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2009/xaml" xmlns:pages="clr-namespace:ControlGallery.Pages" Title="ControlGallery" x:Class="ControlGallery.AppShell"> <FlyoutItem Title="Margin and Padding"> <ShellContent Route="marginpadding" ContentTemplate="{DataTemplate pages:ControlsPage}" /> </FlyoutItem> <FlyoutItem Title="ActivityIndicator"> <ShellContent Route="activityindicator" ContentTemplate="{DataTemplate pages:ActivityIndicatorPage}" /> </FlyoutItem> ... </Shell> Get the very latest information about controls, layouts, and features on our .NET MAUI status page . Single Project Templates Updates We have made progress in this release consolidating the multiple WinUI projects into one. Now when you dotnet new maui a project you’ll see two projects: the multi-targeted .NET MAUI project, and the WinUI project. Now to run the WinUI project you’ll have no confusion about which project to choose. This is one step closer to the final vision of having just one project that can build and deploy to all supported platforms. In order to support this, you’ll need to install these Project Reunion 0.8 (Preview) extensions for Visual Studio 16.11 Preview 2. Project Reunion (Preview) Extension Single-project MSIX Packaging Tools (Preview) Getting Started with .NET MAUI Preview 5 In this release we’ve enabled restoring your project without adding a custom NuGet source. Just create a new project and run it! To get all the latest pieces, we continue to recommend running the maui-check dotnet tool. To install: $ dotnet tool install -g redth.net.maui.check Now run and follow the updates to get .NET 6 Preview 5, platform SDKs, .NET MAUI, project templates, and even check your environment for 3rd party dependencies. $ maui-check If you wish to go step-by-step yourself, you can install everything individually with these instructions . Once installed, you’re ready to create a new app based on the preview 5 template. $ dotnet new maui -n MauiFive Open your new MauiFive.sln in Visual Studio 16.11 Preview 1 and run the platform of your choice! Note: If you installed .NET 6 Preview 4 previously (either directly or by installing .NET MAUI), then you may run into issues installing and running .NET 6 Preview 5. See the .NET 6 Known Issues for instructions on how to fix up your installation. Eager to try Visual Studio 2022 Preview 1 ? Start exploring with the mobile platforms using the Android emulator and iOS with a remote iOS device, or connected Mac host. Be sure to disable XAML Hot Reload to avoid a type error, or stick with Visual Studio 2019 version 16.11 Preview 2. In the future, Project Reunion extensions will support Visual Studio 2022 and you’ll be able to use all the platforms on Windows. If you have existing .NET MAUI projects you wish to migrate to Preview 5, I recommend creating a new project like above and copying your files over to the multi-targeted project so you can avoid the trouble of reconciling the WinUI projects. For additional information about getting started with .NET MAUI, refer to our new documentation website . Feedback Welcome Please let us know about your experiences using .NET MAUI Preview 5 to create new applications by engaging with us on GitHub at dotnet/maui . For a look at what is coming in future releases, visit our product roadmap . 0 48 0 Share on Facebook Share on X Share on Linkedin Copy Link --> Category .NET .NET MAUI Share Author David Ortinau Principal Product Manager David is a Principal Product Manager for .NET at Microsoft, focused on .NET MAUI. A .NET developer since 2002, and versed in a range of programming languages, David has developed web, environmental, and mobile experiences for a wide variety of industries. After several successes with tech startups and running his own software company, David joined Microsoft to follow his passion: crafting tools that help developers create better app experiences. When not at a computer or with his family, David ... More about author 48 comments Discussion is closed. Login to edit/delete existing comments. Code of Conduct Sort by : Newest Newest Popular Oldest Linh Le --> Linh Le --> July 5, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> How does MAUI Blazor App load javascript? I tried to build MAUI Blazor App with some javascript libraries but it didn’t work Meriton Bytyqi --> Meriton Bytyqi --> July 2, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> I am having trouble with deploying the application on an Android Emulator. About 5 seconds after deploying the application on the emulator, it crashes. “[] * Assertion at /__w/1/s/src/mono/mono/mini/debugger-engine.c:1088, condition `found_sp’ not met [libc] Fatal signal 6 (SIGABRT), code -6 (SI_TKILL) in tid 10594 (.NET ThreadPool), pid 10509 (eatherTwentyOne)” How do I solve this? Asad Mehmood --> Asad Mehmood --> July 1, 2021 · Edited 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Hi David, thank you for all of the good stuff. I am interested to know if you people have plans to improve startup time on Android? or is it going to be few percent gain as compared to Xamarin forms that comes with dotnet core? any radical improvements expected? this is really a show stopper for consumer Apps. Enrique Ledesma --> Enrique Ledesma --> June 30, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Hi, How do you access mobile devices, such as the camera, from .NET MAUI?. jack esque --> jack esque --> June 30, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Hi I´m new so I have some question Can I use mvu style for desing all my projects in C# and then have ability that my code work with mac, ios, android and windows when I use vs code instead of vs community? there any source where can I check some projects write in MVU with c# for windows? when will it arrive this new mvu pattern to the previews version of maui? …..Thanks Nuri YILMAZ --> Nuri YILMAZ --> June 21, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Every day I watch a new fall story and news. Happy news -preview anounces- comes one after another, but for some reason we are not happy. Can anyone actually run “Hello World” with MAUI? Install 5 no no no install preview 6.11 no VS 2022 but check maui. Maui should be there! Terrible. jia liang --> jia liang --> June 22, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> just for this you are not happy? please keep happy. if you are not happy you can eat hamburger and coke jia liang --> jia liang --> June 21, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Hi David. you are doing great job. please IGNORE some one who wants a lot like WASM AOT JIT and think it not as good as flutter. I see there is one who wants linux and so on. Ignore them and keep going. they only wants to ASK。only to disappointed. Jason Rosenthal --> Jason Rosenthal --> June 28, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> We have a fair amount of Silverlight to port over as it is going out of support soon. If not WASM what do you suggest for minimal time and cost? Peter Drier --> Peter Drier --> June 19, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Maui sounds promising. A problem I've had with all .net Core though is distribution of a plugin based WPF application. In 4.7.2, I can zip each plugin project's output, and unzip the appropriate plugins based on user entitlements in their install directory. (I have an installer/distribution process already) Trying to do this in core 3.1 or 5, I've had loads of troubles. Seems that the optimizations to slim down build/publish output don't understand the concept of plugins. It's honestly held up my migration for a year+ now. Ideally I'd be able to build the "Core" app which is the... Read more Maui sounds promising. A problem I’ve had with all .net Core though is distribution of a plugin based WPF application. In 4.7.2, I can zip each plugin project’s output, and unzip the appropriate plugins based on user entitlements in their install directory. (I have an installer/distribution process already) Trying to do this in core 3.1 or 5, I’ve had loads of troubles. Seems that the optimizations to slim down build/publish output don’t understand the concept of plugins. It’s honestly held up my migration for a year+ now. Ideally I’d be able to build the “Core” app which is the shell and required bits to get running. And then each plugin would be zipped containing just the incremental files needed for that plugin vs. what’s already in Core. The 4.7.2 version I have now works, but the plugin zips contain much of the “Core” binaries as well, bloating their distribution. If it’s not too late, maybe the build process could still get some love in Maui covering this case? Read less Charles Roddie --> Charles Roddie --> June 19, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> David you mentioned that in this preview you hoped to be able to say whether the performance goals of MAUI vs Xamarin.Forms were being met. Is that the case yet? This blog post worries me a little because the Xamarin Org was always adding features, without removing or fixing old features, and that's why Forms became unmaintainable. Hence the need to start over with MAUI. But if you are going to bring all the same things over then what is the point? Are handlers by themselves enough to give all the benefits promised? The features mentioned here (Animations, Shell, single project)... Read more David you mentioned that in this preview you hoped to be able to say whether the performance goals of MAUI vs Xamarin.Forms were being met. Is that the case yet? This blog post worries me a little because the Xamarin Org was always adding features, without removing or fixing old features, and that’s why Forms became unmaintainable. Hence the need to start over with MAUI. But if you are going to bring all the same things over then what is the point? Are handlers by themselves enough to give all the benefits promised? The features mentioned here (Animations, Shell, single project) are inessential compared with making the base controls work reliably and performantly and without platform discrepancies. Read less Nicolò Carandini --> Nicolò Carandini --> June 19, 2021 · Edited 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> On the WinUI side, with Visual studio Version 16.11.0 Preview 2.0, I've successfully run the app created by the template, but I've noticed three strange things and I'm curious to know if it happens "only on my PC": 1) On the WinUI project the Dependencies node in the Solution Explorer shows a warning sign of missing SDK but I've double checked and the SDK is installed. Moreover, the projects builds and the app run fine. 2) When the app starts, the window has only the background color and nothing else is shown. The text, the "click me" button and... Read more On the WinUI side, with Visual studio Version 16.11.0 Preview 2.0, I’ve successfully run the app created by the template, but I’ve noticed three strange things and I’m curious to know if it happens “only on my PC”: 1) On the WinUI project the Dependencies node in the Solution Explorer shows a warning sign of missing SDK but I’ve double checked and the SDK is installed. Moreover, the projects builds and the app run fine. 2) When the app starts, the window has only the background color and nothing else is shown. The text, the “click me” button and the image are shown only when I resize the window. 3) When I click on the “click me” button, the layout of the page changes showing a wider margin. Read less George Mariakis --> George Mariakis --> June 25, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> For bullet #2 – You may need the latest Edge WebView2 runtime installed. https://stackoverflow.com/questions/68137583/net-maui-preview-5-winui-nothing-is-displayed-blank-indigo-screen Rod Macdonald --> Rod Macdonald --> June 22, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> I was pursuing a Blazor MAUI app using the 'out of the box' template which has similar behaviour to what you mention: 1) missing SDK which I definitely wasted cycles on, gave up trying to fix but the WinUI project ran regardless; 2) solid indigo background - no Blazor app gets loaded (the usual counter/weather code is within the solution files but it doesn't load) which is a bit frustrating; 3) no pretty picture on re-size but if the Blazor code loaded I'd be happy!; 4) there's no 3rd project as per preview 4 (which incidentally rendered the same indigo... Read more I was pursuing a Blazor MAUI app using the ‘out of the box’ template which has similar behaviour to what you mention: 1) missing SDK which I definitely wasted cycles on, gave up trying to fix but the WinUI project ran regardless; 2) solid indigo background – no Blazor app gets loaded (the usual counter/weather code is within the solution files but it doesn’t load) which is a bit frustrating; 3) no pretty picture on re-size but if the Blazor code loaded I’d be happy!; 4) there’s no 3rd project as per preview 4 (which incidentally rendered the same indigo screen and caused manifest issues when I upgraded to preview 5 and VS P2); 5) haven’t observed the margin resize issue though haven’t specifically looked into that. Read less Load more comments Read next June 22, 2021 ML.NET June Updates Bri Achtman June 22, 2021 Package Validation Anirudh Agnihotry Stay informed Get notified when new posts are published. Email * Country/Region * Select... 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https://dev.to/sloan | Sloan the DEV Moderator - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Sloan the DEV Moderator I help moderate content and welcome new users to this platform. I also ask questions on behalf of members looking for advice from the community. Joined Joined on Aug 25, 2017 Email address sloan@dev.to Personal website https://dev.to/t/anonymous github website twitter website Work The Practical Sloth 5,000 Thumbs Up Milestone Awarded for giving 5,000 thumbs ups (👍) to a variety of posts across DEV. This is a mod-exclusive badge. Got it Close 1,000 Thumbs Up Milestone Awarded for giving 1,000 thumbs ups (👍) to a variety of posts across DEV. This is a mod-exclusive badge. Got it Close Eight Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least eight years. 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https://dev.to/kawano_aiyuki/i-debug-code-like-i-debug-life-spoiler-both-throw-exceptions-e69#comment-33hb8 | I Debug Code Like I Debug Life (Spoiler: Both Throw Exceptions) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Alyssa Posted on Jan 13 I Debug Code Like I Debug Life (Spoiler: Both Throw Exceptions) # discuss # career # programming # beginners Being a software developer is a lot like being human. Being a woman software developer is like being human with extra edge cases. I write code for a living. Sometimes I write bugs professionally. And occasionally, I write code that works on the first run — which is deeply suspicious and should be reviewed by science. The Compiler Is Honest. People Are Not. One thing I love about code: If it doesn’t like you, it tells you immediately. If you’re wrong, it throws an error. If you forget a semicolon, it remembers forever. Life, on the other hand, waits three years and then says: “Hey… remember that decision you made? Yeah. About that.” Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In programming, we call this technical debt. In life, we call it experience. As a Woman in Tech, I Learned Early About “Undefined Behavior” There are two kinds of bugs: The ones you expect. The ones that happen because the environment is… creative. Sometimes I walk into a meeting and: I’m the only woman. I’m also the backend. And somehow still expected to fix frontend CSS. This is not imposter syndrome. This is runtime context awareness. My Brain Runs on TODO Comments My mind is basically: // TODO: fix sleep schedule // TODO: refactor life choices // TODO: stop overthinking edge cases Every time I say “I’ll do it later,” a TODO comment is silently added to my soul. And just like in real projects: Some TODOs become features. Some become bugs. Some live forever and scare new contributors. Debugging Is Just Asking Better Questions People think debugging is about being smart. It’s not. It’s about asking questions like: “What did I assume?” “What did I change?” “Why does this work only on my machine?” “Why does it stop working when someone is watching?” Honestly, debugging taught me emotional intelligence: Don’t panic. Observe. Reduce the problem. Remove assumptions. Take breaks before you delete everything. Humor Is My Favorite Framework Tech moves fast. Trends change. Frameworks come and go. But humor? Zero dependencies. Backward compatible. Works across teams. Excellent for handling production incidents at 3 AM. When the server is down and everyone is stressed, sometimes the most senior move is saying: “Okay. This is bad. But also… kinda funny.” Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Then you fix it. Obviously. Confidence Is a Skill, Not a Setting I didn’t wake up confident. I compiled it over time. Confidence came from: Breaking things. Fixing them. Asking “stupid” questions. Shipping anyway. Learning that perfection doesn’t deploy. The best developers I know aren’t fearless. They just commit despite the warnings. Final Build: Still Experimental I’m still learning. Still refactoring. Still discovering bugs in old logic. But I ship. I learn. I laugh. I write code. And I’m very comfortable saying: “I don’t know yet — but I will.” Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If you’re a developer reading this: Your bugs don’t define you. Your errors are data. Your weird brain is probably a feature. And if today feels broken… Try restarting. With coffee ☕ And maybe fewer assumptions. Thanks for reading. If this resonated, you’re probably running the same version of reality as me. Top comments (8) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Art light Art light Art light Follow Trust yourself🌞your capabilities are your true power. ❤Telegram - ✔lighthouse4661 ❤Discord - ✔lighthouse4661 Email art.miclight@gmail.com Pronouns He/him Work CTO Joined Nov 21, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is such a sharp, thoughtful piece — witty, honest, and deeply relatable, especially the way you blend debugging with real-life growth. Your humor and clarity turn real experience into insight, and it’s genuinely inspiring to read.😉 Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks💛I'm really glad it resonated with you and made you smile. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Art light Art light Art light Follow Trust yourself🌞your capabilities are your true power. ❤Telegram - ✔lighthouse4661 ❤Discord - ✔lighthouse4661 Email art.miclight@gmail.com Pronouns He/him Work CTO Joined Nov 21, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Good!😎 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Thread Thread Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand darkbranchcore darkbranchcore darkbranchcore Follow Joined Dec 28, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Such a great read—smart, funny, and painfully relatable in the best way. I love how you turned real dev struggles into something empowering and human. That takes real confidence 👏 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Hi there! I am Alyssa. ❤I can see success in my mind's eye🌞 Email Location UK Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you so much! 💙 That really means a lot to me—turning those struggles into something empowering was exactly the goal. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Hadil Ben Abdallah Hadil Ben Abdallah Hadil Ben Abdallah Follow Software Engineer • Technical Content Writer • LinkedIn Content Creator Email hadilbenabdallah111@gmail.com Location Tunisia Education ENET'COM Pronouns she/her Work Content Writer & Social Media Manager Joined Nov 13, 2023 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This was such a refreshing read. The way you map debugging principles to real life is not just funny, it’s surprisingly insightful 😄 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you! I love how you picked up on that—turning coding chaos into life lessons is exactly the kind of perspective that makes tech both fun and relatable 😄 Keep sharing these gems! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. 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https://lab174.com/blog/202601-yaml-norway/#cb3-4 | YAML? That’s Norway problem < Back to LAB174.com YAML? That’s Norway problem 2026-01-12 Abstract A deep dive into YAML’s Norway problem: why the country code NO gets parsed as false, its history from YAML v1.0 to v1.2, and why popular libraries still exhibit this behavior in 2026. What is yaml Yaml is a well-known data serialization language designed for human readability. It’s a popular choice for configuration files and metadata. Here’s a simple example: # project.yaml title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse countries : - DE - FR - PL - RO Let’s verify that the above example parses correctly. We’ll use Python 1 with Py Yaml 2 version 6.0.3 (the latest version as of this writing). First, let’s install it: python3 -m pip install pyyaml==6.0.3 Now let’s write a simple script to parse the yaml file: # python-pyyaml.py import json import yaml with open ( "project.yaml" , "r" , encoding = "utf-8" ) as f: data = yaml.safe_load(f) print (json.dumps(data, indent = 2 )) Running python3 python-pyyaml.py produces this output: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "PL" , "RO" ] } So far everything behaves as expected. As of January 2026 Python is the world’s 4th most popular programming language according to a 2025 Stack Overflow Survey ( archive ) ↩︎ Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and a top 20 Python library overall in the last month according to PyPI Stats ( archive ). It is also an “official” yaml library in the sense that its source code is hosted in a Github repository owned by the yaml Github account; see: Canonical source repository for Py Yaml . ↩︎ The Norway problem in yaml When we change the original yaml file and add Norway’s two letter iso country code to the existing list: countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO Using the same parsing method, the file now yields this result: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , false , "PL" , "RO" ] } Note that NO has been replaced with false . This is unexpected. Nothing about the context suggests a boolean should appear here. The NO literal sits in a list of country codes like FR or PL and appears similar in form. The problem, of course, is that “no” is also an English word with a negative meaning. This feature was originally added to allow writing booleans in a more human readable way, e.g.: platforms : iPhone : yes iPad : yes AppleWatch : no This gets parsed as: { "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false } } The idea was that configuration files should read like natural language. In practice this behavior proved problematic, becoming the notorious Norway problem in yaml . One workaround is to escape the string, like this: countries : - DE - FR - "NO" - PL - RO With quotes, the file parses as expected: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } Many articles about yaml ’s Norway problem stop here, presenting quoting as the canonical fix. There is more. Yaml ’s history To understand today’s state of the Norway problem we’ll first look at how yaml evolved. May 2001 – Yaml first pass specification At this time, yaml was more of a concept than a finished language. It looked a bit different, though somewhat recognizable. Below is a partial example from the original specification; there are more in the full document, sadly none with boolean values. buyer : % address : % city : Royal Oak line one : 458 Wittigen's Way line two : Suite 292 postal : 48046 state : MI family name : Dumars given name : Chris The document makes no mention of parsing no to false . The “Serilization Format / bnf ” section even contains a typo and a “to do” note 3 : This section contains the bnf 4 productions for the yaml syntax. Much to do… Full first pass specification – archived link ↩︎ Bnf stands for “Backus–Naur form”, a notation system for syntax definition ( Wikipedia ). ↩︎ January 2004 – Yaml v1.0 final draft This version describes various ways of presenting scalars 5 , including both quoted scalars and plain scalars with implicit typing. This is what we’re after. Version 1.0 defined only sequence , map , and string as mandatory types 6 . The rest were optional, but a reference specification existed. That reference specification for the optional boolean type included English word format. Supported words were: true/false , on/off , and also yes/no 7 . This allows the Norway problem to appear – even if following that part of reference is described as optional. – Bonus: implicit typing can be overridden with explicit tags – we’ll talk about this later. – Bonus: single sign characters, i.e. + and - should also be treated as true and false ; even more so, as they are described as the canonical form 8 ! A scalar data type, or just scalar, is any non-composite value. Generally, all basic primitive data types are considered scalar source: Wikipedia ↩︎ Following is a description of the three mandatory core tags. Yaml requires support for the seq, map and str tags. source: Yaml v1.0 specification, tag repository ↩︎ English word format: implicit english ~= true|True|TRUE |false|False|FALSE |yes|Yes|YES |no|No|NO |on|On|ON |off|Off|OFF source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ Single sign character format: implicit canonical ~= +|- source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ January 2005 – Yaml v1.1 final draft Version 1.1 maintained the same implicit typing behavior as v1.0. However, the types listed in the spec – including boolean – while still not mandatory, were now strongly recommended 9 . – Bonus: single sign characters are no longer included and the canonical form is now y/n 10 . these tags represent types that are useful across a wide range of applications and it is strongly recommended they be used whenever appropriate to promote interoperability. source: Yaml v1.1 specification, tag repository ( archive ) ↩︎ Yaml v1.1 boolean type specification , ( archive ) ↩︎ July 2009 – Yaml Revision 1.2.0 Its goal was to make yaml compliant with json , going as far as allowing json to be a subset of yaml 11 . Implicit typing rules have been removed, including the boolean English word format. – Bonus: explicit typing rules are still present. On paper, the Norway problem shouldn’t exist anymore, at least not since this yaml revision. So why are we still seeing it in 2026? The primary objective of this revision is to bring Yaml into compliance with json as an official subset. source: Yaml revision v1.2.0 ↩︎ Yaml spec version history until v1.2.0 Yaml spec version Date Type of no : Value of no first pass specification May 2001 unspecified unspecified v1.0 January 2004 boolean false v1.1 January 2005 boolean false v1.2.0 July 2009 string "no" Table 1: Summary of yaml spec changes. Note that “Type of no ” and “Value of no ” labels refer to the literal without quotes. Yaml in practice To understand why the Norway problem persists, we need to examine the scope of work involved in implementing yaml spec changes. Some clues are present in earlier text already, we see that yaml supports implicit typing, explicit typing, and various presenting formats. Also, the time between different yaml spec version releases is measured in years. What hides between the lines is that yaml and its specification are very, hugely, extremely complex. Seriously, it’s hard to overstate this. Since v1.0 yaml ’s goal was to build upon xml 12 and a number of other technologies, as listed in the final draft 13 : Yaml integrates and builds upon concepts described by C, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, rfc0822 ( mail ), rfc1866 ( html ), rfc2045 ( mime ), rfc2396 ( uri ), xml , sax and soap Yaml supports attachments, custom tags, references – the list goes on. There was even yaxml , an xml binding for yaml 14 . There are 9 ways of writing multiline strings – and some claim the number is actually 63 15 . Characters like ? , ! , !! in some cases have special meanings, with the latter allowing arbitrary code execution. Given this complexity, the Norway problem wasn’t the only language quirk in yaml v1.1. Revision v1.2 simplified boolean behavior and more (e.g. handling of null and numerical values), while other language features remained unchanged. How did libraries react to changes in such a complex specification? In fact yaml was originally intended to be a markup language and its name stood for “Yet Another Markup Language”. Six months after the first pass specification, in January 2002, it was renamed to “ Yaml Ain’t Markup Language”. ↩︎ Yaml v1.0 specification, prior art ↩︎ a subset of xml which has yaml ’s information model, but xml ’s syntax (…) a xslt Stylesheet is provided, along with the canonical invoice example in xml using this schema source: Yaxml , the (draft) xml Binding for yaml – archived link ↩︎ There are 5 6 NINE (or 63, depending how you count) different ways to write multi-line strings in yaml . (…) 2 block styles, each with 2 possible block chomping indicators (or none), and with 9 possible indentation indicators (or none), 1 plain style and 2 quoted styles: 2 x (2 + 1) x (9 + 1) + 1 + 2 = 63 source: Stack Overflow answer ( archived ) ↩︎ Yaml libraries As of January 2026 popular yaml libraries still haven’t moved from v1.1 to v1.2, and they still exhibit the Norway problem. Smaller alternative projects have appeared, but their usage hasn’t surpassed the existing v1.1 libraries. Some users have built their own alternative parsers, mixing v1.1 and v1.2 features, or focusing on a subset of yaml suited to their needs. Below are some examples. Py Yaml As mentioned before, Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and one of the most popular Python libraries overall. Py Yaml never added v1.2 support. There is an open issue from 2017 in Py Yaml ’s Github project about introducing support for v1.2 16 . There are at least two more related open issues, plus several closed ones. An unofficial library 17 exists that can be used on top of Py Yaml to provide partial v1.2 support (its documentation notes that not all v1.2 features are implemented). Another Python library, ruamel.yaml 18 , supports v1.2 by default. Py Yaml Github Issue #116 ↩︎ yamlcore PyPI project page ↩︎ ruamel.yaml PyPI project page ↩︎ Lib Yaml Lib Yaml is the long-standing C library for yaml , it is used widely as a dependency by other tools and bindings. Like Py Yaml , it’s an “official” implementation – in the sense that its canonical repository is hosted on Github and owned by the official ‘yaml’ Github account. Lib Yaml also never added v1.2 support. An open issue from 2016 in Lib Yaml ’s github project requests adding v1.2 support 19 . As mentioned earlier, Lib Yaml sits deep in dependency trees; changing its behavior is especially risky and slow. A less popular library, libfyaml 20 , supports v1.2 by default. Lib Yaml Github Issue #20 ↩︎ libfyaml Github project page ↩︎ Golang’s gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Currently unmaintained 21 , historically the most popular and still holds more Github stars then other Golang yaml libraries. It’s especially interesting because it declares support for a mix of v1.1 and 1.2 22 . The Golang’s most popular actively maintained library 23 defaults to v1.2 behavior. “This project is unmaintained” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ “The yaml package supports most of yaml 1.2, but preserves some behavior from 1.1 for backwards compatibility.” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ goccy/go-yaml Github project page ↩︎ Kyaml Kyaml is a yaml dialect built for the Kubernetes project, launched in June 2025. Its goal is to provide a safer and less ambiguous tool; it is also designed specifically for Kubernetes, trading generality for predictability. The announcement blog post references the Norway problem directly 24 . Yaml ’s significant whitespace requires careful attention to indentation and nesting, while its optional string-quoting can lead to unexpected type coercion (for example: “The Norway Bug”). source: Kubernetes v1.34 Sneak Peek ↩︎ Is the Norway problem solved? Yaml ’s ecosystem is not just libraries, it’s also the community of users. Including: strong and conflicting opinions about yaml in general and the Norway problem in particular. In some part this outcome could be expected; after all yaml is very popular, deceptively complex, and is used in different kinds of scenarios, from small personal config files to critical infrastructure setups. Many texts don’t distinguish between yaml spec versions at all 25 . Even when spec version numbers are used, they’re frequently mistyped. It’s not difficult to find documentation claiming that implicit boolean typing is a trait of yaml specification version 1.2 26 (the correct version is v1.1); mistakes get spotted 27 and eventually updated, but that takes more time and effort than making the original typo. On the other hand we see users who declare the Norway problem as solved because it doesn’t exist in the latest spec version, or because they haven’t experienced it themselves, or for other reasons 28 . To be fair, that language feature was removed over a decade ago, and it’s unexpected that popular libraries still support the older spec version. Technically, the issue is solved in the spec – but in practice, most widely adopted implementations still support implicit boolean typing, as we’ve seen. Finally, there are end users who are so unhappy with yaml that they prefer almost anything else 29 . We end up with countless use cases (hobby, pro, critical infrastructure, …), roles (spec author, library maintainer, end user debugging a failed deployment at 11pm, …), and just as many points of views. The yaml specification defines many strings that are automatically interpreted as boolean values, which often conflicts with developer expectations. When you write country: NO , the yaml parser interprets NO as the boolean false , not the string "NO" source: What is the Norway Bug? ↩︎ The most tragic aspect of this bug , however, is that it is intended behavior according to the yaml 1.2 specification. source: The Norway Problem – why Strict Yaml refuses to do implicit typing and so should you ↩︎ In this case a Github issue has been created: It was intended according to the yaml 1.1 specification, but in yaml 1.2, the only recognized booleans are true , True , TRUE , false , False , FALSE . source: strictyaml Github issue #186 ↩︎ I don’t want to link to individual messages on social platforms to err on the side of users’ privacy; I’ll paraphrase some of them below, for illustration purposes. Norway problem has been solved for 16 years. Using 1.1 at this point is just forehead palming foolishness. The Norway issue is a bit blown out of proportion. I have been using YAML for 5+ years and have never had it. We stopped having this problem over ten years ago. Just quote your strings. Another solution is to change the country name. ↩︎ Same as earlier, I’ll paraphrase a few messages below, meant for illustration. Stop using YAML YAML - just say Norway. You should stop even tolerating YAML, refuse on sight. YAML made sense before JSON became a thing. YAML made me look at XML wistfully. Why people persist with YAML in new projects is baffling to me. People from Norway couldn't sign up. Took us a while to figure out. ↩︎ What next? In yaml final draft v1.0, the document specified that, along with yes and no , + and - should also be parsed as booleans. This was removed v1.1. There was an idea to keep that functionality when plus or minus signs were preceded with a dot ( .+ and .- ), but it didn’t catch on. Despite its well known and lesser known quirks, yaml remains popular and widely used. At this scale small quirks cascade into unexpected issues. And changes – or fixes – are introduced at a glacial pace. Then again, yaml ’s charm has its place, as evidenced by its popularity. While spec change adoption is very slow, it is still ongoing. New projects will likely adopt newer libraries, where the Norway problem no longer exists. If there is a single takeaway from this article, it’s this: yaml ecosystem is fragmented; on the whole it is moving towards a slightly stricter version. Implicit boolean typing is getting removed, it’s no longer in the official specification and most new libraries adhere to that. As of January 2026 however, the older libraries are stuck on the older version of the spec, they are still more popular and updating or phasing them out may take a while. Frequently Asked Questions Why not just use json in place of yaml ? A common reply is “no comments” – because json doesn’t support comments 30 ; many other yaml features aren’t supported either. This makes json a simpler and stricter alternative. Wheter that’s a better fit for your project, that depends on the project. As always, personal preference plays a role too. Note: json has its own flavors, like jsonc 31 . It was a conscious decision; there is an explanation from Douglas Crockford, as well as a suggestion about using json for configuration files: I removed comments from json because I saw people were using them to hold parsing directives, a practice which would have destroyed interoperability. I know that the lack of comments makes some people sad, but it shouldn’t. Suppose you are using json to keep configuration files, which you would like to annotate. Go ahead and insert all the comments you like. Then pipe it through JSMin before handing it to your json parser. source: Google Plus post by Douglas Crockford – archived link ↩︎ Json with Comments – project’s homepage ↩︎ Is yaml a superset of json ? After writing this article, I’m still not entirely sure. Even though the goal of yaml revision v1.2.0 was to make that happen and revisions 1.2.0 and 1.2.1 claimed it explicitly 32 : Yaml can therefore be viewed as a natural superset of json , offering improved human readability and a more complete information model. That text has been removed from the latest yaml revision 1.2.2. A popular article 33 claims to prove that yaml is not a superset of json , but that article uses a v1.1 parser – and as we know v1.1 never claimed json compatibility. So that won’t help us. The actual reason might be that yaml requires maps to have unique keys 34 , while json only recommends it 35 . So perhaps most json (i.e. json where objects have unique keys) is a subset of yaml . Some ambiguity remains. See e.g.: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.1 ↩︎ Json treats the value 1e2 a number, of course, because it’s not in quote marks. Yaml fails to parse it as a number so silently falls back to treating it as a string. source: YAML IS NOT A SUPERSET OF JSON ↩︎ The content of a mapping node is an unordered set of key/value node pairs, with the restriction that each of the keys is unique source: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.2 ↩︎ The names within an object SHOULD be unique. source: The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation ( json ) ↩︎ What went wrong? This question is out of scope for this article – here the goal is to prioritize facts over “what if?”. If i had to answer, I’d say that nothing went wrong. When a complex technology with a stable ecosystem introduces a breaking change, sometimes the process can take ages. The main surprise here is how complicated yaml really is. Also, as we’ve seen, with yaml and related tools being free software, anyone could contribute to improving the v1.2 adoption rate – or move to a tool that suits them better, or even create one. What about toml , sexagesimal numbers, schemas, human genes, Ruby, or Perl? These topics are only loosely related to the Norway problem, and this text is already quite long. If you enjoyed reading it, leave positive feedback somewhere and a Part 2 might happen. In the meantime, visit my homepage 36 and check out my other projects – maybe you’ll find something else you’ll enjoy. LAB174 homepage ↩︎ Epilogue Implicit boolean typing has been removed, but explicit boolean typing still remains. If a uniform yaml 1.2 future actually arrives, you can still bring a little bit of nostalgia to your code by writing: title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse platforms : iPhone : !!bool yes iPad : !!bool yes # Note the explicit typing here and above. AppleWatch : !!bool no countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO When parsed with yq , a tool that supports yaml revision 1.2 by default: yq eval -o=json project.yaml It returns: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } < Back to LAB174.com | 2026-01-13T08:48:06 |
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https://devblogs.microsoft.com/dotnet/whats-new-in-windows-forms-in-net-6-0-preview-5/ | What's new in Windows Forms in .NET 6.0 Preview 5 - .NET Blog Skip to main content Microsoft Dev Blogs Dev Blogs Dev Blogs Home Developer Microsoft for Developers Visual Studio Visual Studio Code Develop from the cloud All things Azure Xcode DevOps Windows Developer ISE Developer Azure SDK Command Line Aspire Technology DirectX Semantic Kernel Languages C++ C# F# TypeScript PowerShell Team Python Java Java Blog in Chinese Go .NET All .NET posts .NET Aspire .NET MAUI AI ASP.NET Core Blazor Entity Framework NuGet Servicing .NET Blog in Chinese Platform Development #ifdef Windows Microsoft Foundry Azure Government Azure VM Runtime Team Bing Dev Center Microsoft Edge Dev Microsoft Azure Microsoft 365 Developer Microsoft Entra Identity Developer Old New Thing Power Platform Data Development Azure Cosmos DB Azure Data Studio Azure SQL OData Revolutions R Unified Data Model (IDEAs) Microsoft Entra PowerShell More Search Search No results Cancel Dev Blogs .NET Blog What’s new in Windows Forms in .NET 6.0 Preview 5 .NET 10 is here! .NET 10 is now available: the most productive, modern, secure, intelligent, and performant release of .NET yet. Learn More Download Now June 23rd, 2021 0 reactions What’s new in Windows Forms in .NET 6.0 Preview 5 Igor Velikorossov Software Engineer Show more In this post we are going to talk about what’s new in Windows Forms runtime in .NET 6.0 Preview 5. Application-wide default font .NET Framework and Windows Forms were designed and built in a completely different world from today – back when CRT monitors still largely maxed out at 1024×768, and “Microsoft Sans Serif” was the default font on Windows. However, nothing is ever set in stone, and even fundamental properties like default font change once in a while. Windows Vista received a fair share of UI updates, including the default font, which was changed to Segoe UI. But this wasn’t something that could be changed in .NET Framework, and it continued using Microsoft Sans Serif as the default font. Fast forward to 2018 and .NET Core 3.0, where we were finally able to start modernizing Windows Forms. We changed the font to Segoe UI in dotnet/winforms#656 , and quickly learned that a great number of things depended on this default font metrics. For example, the designer was no longer a true WYSIWYG, because Visual Studio process is run under .NET Framework 4.7.2 and uses the old default font, whereas a .NET application at runtime uses the new font. (Before you ask, we are working on a feature that will address this discrepancy.) We also learned that the change of font made it harder for some customers to migrate their large applications with pixel-perfect layouts. Whilst we had provided migration strategies , applying those across hundreds of forms and controls could be a significant undertaking. To make it easier to migrate those pixel-perfect apps in dotnet/winforms#4911 we added a new API to our toolkit: void Application.SetDefaultFont(Font font) Like many other Application API, this API can only be used before the first window is created, which generally is in the Main() method of the application. class Program { [STAThread] static void Main() { Application.EnableVisualStyles(); Application.SetHighDpiMode(HighDpiMode.PerMonitorV2); Application.SetDefaultFont(new Font(new FontFamily("Microsoft Sans Serif"), 8f)); Application.Run(new Form1()); } } An attempt to set the default font after the first window is created will result in an InvalidOperationException . As a side note, it is easy to go wild with this API, and set the application default font to ‘ Chiller, 20pt, style=bold,italic,underline ‘, but please be mindful of your end-user experience. More runtime designers The Windows Forms SDK consist of two distinct parts: the runtime, i.e. the code that executes, open sourced at dotnet/winforms , and the designer, which consists of “general designer” (i.e. a designer that developers can embed in their application) and “Visual Studio specific” components, close sourced. In .NET Framework these two parts lived closely together, and that allowed developers to invoke and use VS-specific functionality in their apps. In .NET Core these two components were split, and now for the most part they evolve independently of each other. With this split, the Visual Studio Designer specific functionality will not be made publicly available because it makes no sense outside Visual Studio. On the other hand, the general designer functionality can be used and useful outside Visual Studio, and in response to our customers’ requests in Preview 5 we have ported a number of API that should enable building a general purpose designer (e.g. a report designer). With dotnet/winforms#4860 the following designers are now available: System.ComponentModel.Design.ComponentDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.ButtonBaseDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.ComboBoxDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.ControlDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.DocumentDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.DocumentDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.FormDocumentDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.GroupBoxDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.LabelDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.ListBoxDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.ListViewDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.MaskedTextBoxDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.PanelDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.ParentControlDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.ParentControlDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.PictureBoxDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.RadioButtonDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.RichTextBoxDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.ScrollableControlDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.ScrollableControlDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.TextBoxBaseDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.TextBoxDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.ToolStripDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.ToolStripDropDownDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.ToolStripItemDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.ToolStripMenuItemDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.TreeViewDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.UpDownBaseDesigner System.Windows.Forms.Design.UserControlDocumentDesigner If you think we missed a designer that your application depends on please let us know at our GitHub repository . As our test bed we’ve used an awesome sample authored by Paolo Foti . Why these API weren’t ported initially? When we were opening sourcing the Windows Forms SDK we needed to prioritize our work based on usage per our telemetry. Now we are porting designer-related API based on customer feedback, and each API request requires a use case that will warrant the work. Reporting bugs and suggesting features If you have any comments, suggestions or faced some issues, please let us know! Submit Visual Studio and Designer related issues via Visual Studio Feedback (look for a button in the top right corner in Visual Studio), and Windows Forms runtime related issues at our GitHub repository . Happy coding! 0 19 0 Share on Facebook Share on X Share on Linkedin Copy Link --> Category .NET .NET Core WinForms Topics windows forms winforms Share Author Igor Velikorossov Software Engineer Engineer on Windows Forms team 19 comments Discussion is closed. Login to edit/delete existing comments. Code of Conduct Sort by : Newest Newest Popular Oldest Maximilien Noal --> Maximilien Noal --> July 4, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> I’m glad to see such posts, but I’m curious to see “What’s new in WPF” since… well since moving to .NET Core and up to now ?! 🙂 noseratio --> noseratio --> July 26, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> I’m curious about that too. It looks like WPF development is currently in the maintenance mode, for whatever reason. As my team needs to decide whether to use use WPF for a new project or not, I’ve done a bit of a research on where WPF stands today . Based on it, I’d rather pick WinForms (the WinUI option is not currently on the table). Vincent Thorn --> Vincent Thorn --> June 28, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> In other words all you did is.... CHANGED FONT?!?! Not so much for the salary you take home! What you REALLY could help is to "backport" WPF's LAYOUTS to the WinForms. It's easy - I ported two of 'em. Layout system of WinForms is CLUMSY. And you(MS) never even tried to improve it (despite existense of HTML+CSS - clear example HOW it could be made). WPF made big step forward, but AS USUAL realized horrible way - it's DAMN SLOW. That's why I prefer to work with SIMPLE AND UNDERSTANDABLE WinForms, but have flexible layouts like Grid, StackPanel, DockPanel, etc. Yes,... Read more In other words all you did is…. CHANGED FONT?!?! Not so much for the salary you take home! What you REALLY could help is to “backport” WPF’s LAYOUTS to the WinForms. It’s easy – I ported two of ’em. Layout system of WinForms is CLUMSY. And you(MS) never even tried to improve it (despite existense of HTML+CSS – clear example HOW it could be made). WPF made big step forward, but AS USUAL realized horrible way – it’s DAMN SLOW. That’s why I prefer to work with SIMPLE AND UNDERSTANDABLE WinForms, but have flexible layouts like Grid, StackPanel, DockPanel, etc. Yes, WinForms HAVE a grid, but that grid made by monkey and terribly slow(!!!) – how could you make it?!?! I personally implemented grid and it works perfect! Well, you got idea – stop scratching balls, you have MUCH MORE IMPORTANT things to do. Read less Maximilien Noal --> Maximilien Noal --> July 4, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> WPF isn’t slow at all, unless badly misused. Wilfrans Millan --> Wilfrans Millan --> July 4, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Talk is cheap. Show me the code. switchdesktopwithfade@hotmail.com --> switchdesktopwithfade@hotmail.com --> June 29, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> WPF isn’t slow. The people who refuse to update it are slow. Igor Velikorossov --> Igor Velikorossov Author --> June 28, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> If it is easy – send a PR to https://github.com/dotnet/winforms/ Guido Geurts --> Guido Geurts --> June 28, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> I hope Visual Inheritance will be finally fixed. The designer just cant deal with it now ( and even puts code in the designer.cs that breaks the rules of OOP), the code has no problems. I learned to live with restarting VS 5 times a day, I even learned to live with it crashing once a day, but it would be nice if they finally fixed that. Igor Velikorossov --> Igor Velikorossov Author --> June 28, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> We’re aware of this long standing issue, and expecting to address it at some point. Vincent Thorn --> Vincent Thorn --> June 28, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> I debate in my head about “inheritance of Forms” many times, but still got no solution to make it consistent. You always find scenario where inherited/added controls conflict. I realised that better to make separate control and put it in every “similar” form, than inherit many forms from one. Just advice. john clark --> john clark --> June 28, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Someone decided that the webBrowser Tool was not required in this new modern world of windows forms. By applying the tool over the form, a windows form developer was able to produce an unlimited form UI. Reusable, Rapid and effective. The page UI was codable in html5 A simple mechanism in the code behind bought into code reuse. Infinitely faster as a dev tool, unlimited scope for appearance… Yes in a world of c# rant and chant training courses it was surplus to requirements Igor Velikorossov --> Igor Velikorossov Author --> June 28, 2021 · Edited 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> There is WebView2 control , which replaced the dated WebBrowser control. Paul Cohen --> Paul Cohen --> July 4, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Without easy access to document that was available in WebBrowser, it is of limited use. All the crazy workarounds still don’t work with frames. Igor Velikorossov --> Igor Velikorossov Author --> July 4, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Please direct your questions and issues to https://github.com/MicrosoftEdge/WebView2Feedback/ Vincent Thorn --> Vincent Thorn --> June 28, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> HTML suxx, Desktop controls are more rich and powerful. Hardly you’ll succeed pulling “hypertext” over controls. JinShil --> JinShil --> June 24, 2021 · Edited 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Wake me up when this runs on Linux. Irakli Lomidze --> Irakli Lomidze --> June 23, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Dear WinForm Team, WinForm Core designer has a long way to finalize it is still unstable. (especially 100% scale mode of VS 2019 in 4K monitor). I suggest One quick workaround before the code will be finalized. Build a separate application for WinForm designer such as a blend, and run it when clicked to WinForm is VS. It will allow developers to port code and will buy some time for you. Daniel Smith --> Daniel Smith --> June 23, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Great to see things progressing nicely! Is there any news about support for the Data Sources window in the .NET 6 timeframe? Being able to drag and drop from the Data Sources window is a huge productivity boost, as it does all the tedious and time consuming work of creating the controls and hooking up the bindings. This appears to be one of the last major areas that needs to be addressed in order to reach parity with the old .NET Framework experience. Joe Goodall --> Joe Goodall --> June 23, 2021 0 --> Collapse this comment --> Copy link --> --> --> --> Is there any more news when the new designer is likely to be out of preview? It seems like a very long time since there was an update on this. Read next June 24, 2021 .NET Framework June 2021 Cumulative Update Preview Tara Overfield July 13, 2021 .NET July 2021 Updates – 5.0.8 and 3.1.17 Rahul Bhandari (MSFT) Stay informed Get notified when new posts are published. Email * Country/Region * Select... 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https://www.atia.org/home/at-resources/what-is-at/ | What is AT? - Assistive Technology Industry Association Skip to content Get Our Emails Home Learning Center Learning Center Catalog Register for the Accessible Cooking Webinar AT Demo Days Course Registration and Pricing Learning Center Subscriptions Learning Center CEUs ASHA CEUs for SLPs CEUs for Certified Rehabilitation Counselors Conference Register ATIA Attendees Register ATIA Navigator – Create a Personalized Schedule Schedule Pre-Conference Seminars Prentke Lecture CEUs (In Person) Registration Information Session Directory Hotel and Travel Joy Zabala Spirit Award Strands & Strand Advisors Virtual Event Register Full Virtual Event Free Virtual Event Exhibitors Exhibit at ATIA 2027 Register Exhibit at ATIA 2026 Sponsorship Opportunities Floor Plan Purchase a Booth Be a Sponsor Speakers Register Strands & Strand Advisors Hotel and Travel AT Resources What is AT? AT Research ATOB Research Articles & Tools ATIA Policy Briefs About ATIA Membership ATIA Membership Application Member Login Membership Directory Alliance Partners Become an Alliance Partner Board of Directors Meet the Team News & Media Submit Member Directory Menu What is AT? Assistive technology (AT): products, equipment, and systems that enhance learning, working, and daily living for persons with disabilities. Get started learning about assistive technology and the ATIA: What is assistive technology? How do you choose the right assistive technology? Who pays for assistive technology? What is the ATIA, and how can it help you find out about assistive technology? Can you attend an ATIA conference and what will you learn? Can you attend an online ATIA webinar? What is assistive technology? Assistive technology (AT) is any item, piece of equipment, software program, or product system that is used to increase, maintain, or improve the functional capabilities of persons with disabilities. AT can be low-tech: communication boards made of cardboard or fuzzy felt. AT can be high-tech: special-purpose computers. AT can be hardware: prosthetics, mounting systems, and positioning devices. AT can be computer hardware: special switches, keyboards, and pointing devices. AT can be computer software: screen readers and communication programs. AT can be inclusive or specialized learning materials and curriculum aids. AT can be specialized curricular software. AT can be much more—electronic devices, wheelchairs, walkers, braces, educational software, power lifts, pencil holders, eye-gaze and head trackers, and much more. Assistive technology helps people who have difficulty speaking, typing, writing, remembering, pointing, seeing, hearing, learning, walking, and many other things. Different disabilities require different assistive technologies. Find more about specific assistive technologies at the websites of ATIA members and ATIA Alliance Partners . Professional organizations in the field also have helpful websites. For more links, see AT Resources . How do you choose the right assistive technology? Most often, the choice is a decision you make with a team of professionals and consultants trained to match particular assistive technologies to specific needs. An AT team may include family doctors, regular and special education teachers, speech-language pathologists, rehabilitation engineers, occupational therapists, and other specialists including consulting representatives from companies that manufacture assistive technology. Find out more about how various professionals can help you at the websites of their professional organizations: AOTA, American Occupational Therapy Association ASHA, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association CEC, Council for Exceptional Children LDA, Learning Disability Association of America RESNA, Rehabilitation Engineering & Assistive Technology Society of North America Service organizations and manufacturers offer important information as well. Start with the list of ATIA Alliance Partners . Who pays for assistive technology? The answer depends on the technology, the use, and the user. Many kinds of AT may cost you little or nothing, even for some very expensive items. Some examples: School systems pay for general special education learning materials as well as technology specified in an IEP. Government programs (Social Security, veteran’s benefits, or state Medicaid agencies) pay for certain assistive technology if a doctor prescribes it as a necessary medical device. Private health insurance pays for certain assistive technology if a doctor prescribes it as a necessary medical or rehabilitative device. Rehabilitation and job training programs , whether funded by government or private agencies, may pay for assistive technology and training to help people get jobs. Employers may pay for assistive technology that is a reasonable accommodation to enable an employee to perform essential job tasks. Other sources of funds in states or communities include private foundations, charities, and civic organizations. The ATIA’s Funding Resources Guide provides sources and resources to investigate as prospective options. What is the ATIA, and how can it help you find out about assistive technology? The ATIA is a not-for profit membership organization of manufacturers, sellers, and providers of technology-based assistive devices and services. ATIA members are active in providing assistive technology for the gamut of disabilities: Autism spectrum disorders Blindness and low vision Deafness and hard of hearing Computer access problems Communication disorders Mobility impairment Mounting systems Learning disabilities Cognitive disabilities Web accessibility Augmentative and alternative communication devices (AAC) ATIA members are not primarily focused on architectural products (specialized elevators, lifts, ramps or grab bars), transport products (wheelchairs and motor vehicle adaptations), prosthetic devices (artificial limbs and eyes), and hearing aids. Find out more about the assistive technology products and services provided by ATIA members by looking at their websites, listed in the ATIA Membership Directory . ATIA members possess an exceptional storehouse of experience and knowledge valuable to meeting the unique needs of persons requiring assistive technology. They have broad experience adapting their products to individual situations and helping local practitioners find one-of-a-kind solutions for consumers with disabilities. The ATIA Conference, held annually since 1999, showcases products and services for the assistive technology community—from users to educators to industry and government professionals. In addition, the ATIA sponsors working groups through which its members work to advance industry standards as technology changes, and to find new ways to disseminate information about those advances to professionals and the public. The ATIA and its members develop online webinars that provide continuing education about assistive technology for practitioners and interested members of the public. Can you attend an ATIA Conference and what will you learn? Everyone is invited to attend the ATIA Conference , to take advantage of the same broad range of learning opportunities that practicing therapists, teachers, and other industry professionals receive. You can learn how to choose from the best existing technologies and get a first look at new ones as well as cutting-edge academic research. Teachers can learn proven ways to use AT in the classroom. Hands-on workshops teach more advanced ways to use specific products. In community forums, practitioners, persons who use assistive technology, and their families can discuss issues with manufacturers and professionals. For some, the most exciting part is the Exhibit Hall, where you can try a full range of products, including new and developing technology. For others, the best part is meeting other people who are facing the same difficulties, sharing stories and helping each other. Can you attend an Online AT Education webinar? ATIA members and Alliance Partners provide a wealth of valuable information through the Assistive Technology Online Professional Development Program, both live and recorded. In Live Broadcast webinars, the audience can interact with the presenter. Webinars are also recorded and archived so people who cannot attend a Live Broadcast can access the information. Webinars are primarily geared toward teachers and practitioners, who can use them for continuing education credits. But they can also be helpful for users, parents, and other members of the public who have learned the basics of assistive technology and want to learn more. Explore upcoming live webinars as well as archives of recorded webinars here . Learn more about AT Explore the ATIA Learning Center for on-demand professional development opportunities Attend the ATIA Conference Get to know our ATIA member companies leading the development of new assistive technology AT Resources What Is Assistive Technology? Assistive Technology Outcomes and Benefits (ATOB) Journal Assistive Technology Research Research Articles & Tools ATIA Policy Briefs Learn More About AT Explore the ATIA Learning Center Attend the ATIA Conference Get to Know Our Member Companies Facebook Instagram LinkedIn YouTube Contact Us Assistive Technology Industry Association (ATIA) 1061 American Lane Schaumburg, IL 60173-4973 USA Toll-Free: 877-OUR-ATIA (687-2842) E-mail: info@ATIA.org Twitter Facebook --> Quick Links Learning Center Catalog Learning Center Subscriptions Online Course CEUs Conference Education Program Assistive Technology Resources ATIA Calendar of News & Events Alliance Partners Media Get Our Emails © 2026 Assistive Technology Industry Association (ATIA) Accessibility Legal Website Design Home Learning Center Learning Center Catalog Register for the Accessible Cooking Webinar AT Demo Days Course Registration and Pricing Learning Center Subscriptions Learning Center CEUs ASHA CEUs for SLPs CEUs for Certified Rehabilitation Counselors Conference Register ATIA Attendees Register ATIA Navigator – Create a Personalized Schedule Schedule Pre-Conference Seminars Prentke Lecture CEUs (In Person) Registration Information Session Directory Hotel and Travel Joy Zabala Spirit Award Strands & Strand Advisors Virtual Event Register Full Virtual Event Free Virtual Event Exhibitors Exhibit at ATIA 2027 Register Exhibit at ATIA 2026 Sponsorship Opportunities Floor Plan Purchase a Booth Be a Sponsor Speakers Register Strands & Strand Advisors Hotel and Travel AT Resources What is AT? 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https://lab174.com/blog/202601-yaml-norway/#cb9-4 | YAML? That’s Norway problem < Back to LAB174.com YAML? That’s Norway problem 2026-01-12 Abstract A deep dive into YAML’s Norway problem: why the country code NO gets parsed as false, its history from YAML v1.0 to v1.2, and why popular libraries still exhibit this behavior in 2026. What is yaml Yaml is a well-known data serialization language designed for human readability. It’s a popular choice for configuration files and metadata. Here’s a simple example: # project.yaml title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse countries : - DE - FR - PL - RO Let’s verify that the above example parses correctly. We’ll use Python 1 with Py Yaml 2 version 6.0.3 (the latest version as of this writing). First, let’s install it: python3 -m pip install pyyaml==6.0.3 Now let’s write a simple script to parse the yaml file: # python-pyyaml.py import json import yaml with open ( "project.yaml" , "r" , encoding = "utf-8" ) as f: data = yaml.safe_load(f) print (json.dumps(data, indent = 2 )) Running python3 python-pyyaml.py produces this output: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "PL" , "RO" ] } So far everything behaves as expected. As of January 2026 Python is the world’s 4th most popular programming language according to a 2025 Stack Overflow Survey ( archive ) ↩︎ Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and a top 20 Python library overall in the last month according to PyPI Stats ( archive ). It is also an “official” yaml library in the sense that its source code is hosted in a Github repository owned by the yaml Github account; see: Canonical source repository for Py Yaml . ↩︎ The Norway problem in yaml When we change the original yaml file and add Norway’s two letter iso country code to the existing list: countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO Using the same parsing method, the file now yields this result: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , false , "PL" , "RO" ] } Note that NO has been replaced with false . This is unexpected. Nothing about the context suggests a boolean should appear here. The NO literal sits in a list of country codes like FR or PL and appears similar in form. The problem, of course, is that “no” is also an English word with a negative meaning. This feature was originally added to allow writing booleans in a more human readable way, e.g.: platforms : iPhone : yes iPad : yes AppleWatch : no This gets parsed as: { "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false } } The idea was that configuration files should read like natural language. In practice this behavior proved problematic, becoming the notorious Norway problem in yaml . One workaround is to escape the string, like this: countries : - DE - FR - "NO" - PL - RO With quotes, the file parses as expected: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } Many articles about yaml ’s Norway problem stop here, presenting quoting as the canonical fix. There is more. Yaml ’s history To understand today’s state of the Norway problem we’ll first look at how yaml evolved. May 2001 – Yaml first pass specification At this time, yaml was more of a concept than a finished language. It looked a bit different, though somewhat recognizable. Below is a partial example from the original specification; there are more in the full document, sadly none with boolean values. buyer : % address : % city : Royal Oak line one : 458 Wittigen's Way line two : Suite 292 postal : 48046 state : MI family name : Dumars given name : Chris The document makes no mention of parsing no to false . The “Serilization Format / bnf ” section even contains a typo and a “to do” note 3 : This section contains the bnf 4 productions for the yaml syntax. Much to do… Full first pass specification – archived link ↩︎ Bnf stands for “Backus–Naur form”, a notation system for syntax definition ( Wikipedia ). ↩︎ January 2004 – Yaml v1.0 final draft This version describes various ways of presenting scalars 5 , including both quoted scalars and plain scalars with implicit typing. This is what we’re after. Version 1.0 defined only sequence , map , and string as mandatory types 6 . The rest were optional, but a reference specification existed. That reference specification for the optional boolean type included English word format. Supported words were: true/false , on/off , and also yes/no 7 . This allows the Norway problem to appear – even if following that part of reference is described as optional. – Bonus: implicit typing can be overridden with explicit tags – we’ll talk about this later. – Bonus: single sign characters, i.e. + and - should also be treated as true and false ; even more so, as they are described as the canonical form 8 ! A scalar data type, or just scalar, is any non-composite value. Generally, all basic primitive data types are considered scalar source: Wikipedia ↩︎ Following is a description of the three mandatory core tags. Yaml requires support for the seq, map and str tags. source: Yaml v1.0 specification, tag repository ↩︎ English word format: implicit english ~= true|True|TRUE |false|False|FALSE |yes|Yes|YES |no|No|NO |on|On|ON |off|Off|OFF source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ Single sign character format: implicit canonical ~= +|- source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ January 2005 – Yaml v1.1 final draft Version 1.1 maintained the same implicit typing behavior as v1.0. However, the types listed in the spec – including boolean – while still not mandatory, were now strongly recommended 9 . – Bonus: single sign characters are no longer included and the canonical form is now y/n 10 . these tags represent types that are useful across a wide range of applications and it is strongly recommended they be used whenever appropriate to promote interoperability. source: Yaml v1.1 specification, tag repository ( archive ) ↩︎ Yaml v1.1 boolean type specification , ( archive ) ↩︎ July 2009 – Yaml Revision 1.2.0 Its goal was to make yaml compliant with json , going as far as allowing json to be a subset of yaml 11 . Implicit typing rules have been removed, including the boolean English word format. – Bonus: explicit typing rules are still present. On paper, the Norway problem shouldn’t exist anymore, at least not since this yaml revision. So why are we still seeing it in 2026? The primary objective of this revision is to bring Yaml into compliance with json as an official subset. source: Yaml revision v1.2.0 ↩︎ Yaml spec version history until v1.2.0 Yaml spec version Date Type of no : Value of no first pass specification May 2001 unspecified unspecified v1.0 January 2004 boolean false v1.1 January 2005 boolean false v1.2.0 July 2009 string "no" Table 1: Summary of yaml spec changes. Note that “Type of no ” and “Value of no ” labels refer to the literal without quotes. Yaml in practice To understand why the Norway problem persists, we need to examine the scope of work involved in implementing yaml spec changes. Some clues are present in earlier text already, we see that yaml supports implicit typing, explicit typing, and various presenting formats. Also, the time between different yaml spec version releases is measured in years. What hides between the lines is that yaml and its specification are very, hugely, extremely complex. Seriously, it’s hard to overstate this. Since v1.0 yaml ’s goal was to build upon xml 12 and a number of other technologies, as listed in the final draft 13 : Yaml integrates and builds upon concepts described by C, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, rfc0822 ( mail ), rfc1866 ( html ), rfc2045 ( mime ), rfc2396 ( uri ), xml , sax and soap Yaml supports attachments, custom tags, references – the list goes on. There was even yaxml , an xml binding for yaml 14 . There are 9 ways of writing multiline strings – and some claim the number is actually 63 15 . Characters like ? , ! , !! in some cases have special meanings, with the latter allowing arbitrary code execution. Given this complexity, the Norway problem wasn’t the only language quirk in yaml v1.1. Revision v1.2 simplified boolean behavior and more (e.g. handling of null and numerical values), while other language features remained unchanged. How did libraries react to changes in such a complex specification? In fact yaml was originally intended to be a markup language and its name stood for “Yet Another Markup Language”. Six months after the first pass specification, in January 2002, it was renamed to “ Yaml Ain’t Markup Language”. ↩︎ Yaml v1.0 specification, prior art ↩︎ a subset of xml which has yaml ’s information model, but xml ’s syntax (…) a xslt Stylesheet is provided, along with the canonical invoice example in xml using this schema source: Yaxml , the (draft) xml Binding for yaml – archived link ↩︎ There are 5 6 NINE (or 63, depending how you count) different ways to write multi-line strings in yaml . (…) 2 block styles, each with 2 possible block chomping indicators (or none), and with 9 possible indentation indicators (or none), 1 plain style and 2 quoted styles: 2 x (2 + 1) x (9 + 1) + 1 + 2 = 63 source: Stack Overflow answer ( archived ) ↩︎ Yaml libraries As of January 2026 popular yaml libraries still haven’t moved from v1.1 to v1.2, and they still exhibit the Norway problem. Smaller alternative projects have appeared, but their usage hasn’t surpassed the existing v1.1 libraries. Some users have built their own alternative parsers, mixing v1.1 and v1.2 features, or focusing on a subset of yaml suited to their needs. Below are some examples. Py Yaml As mentioned before, Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and one of the most popular Python libraries overall. Py Yaml never added v1.2 support. There is an open issue from 2017 in Py Yaml ’s Github project about introducing support for v1.2 16 . There are at least two more related open issues, plus several closed ones. An unofficial library 17 exists that can be used on top of Py Yaml to provide partial v1.2 support (its documentation notes that not all v1.2 features are implemented). Another Python library, ruamel.yaml 18 , supports v1.2 by default. Py Yaml Github Issue #116 ↩︎ yamlcore PyPI project page ↩︎ ruamel.yaml PyPI project page ↩︎ Lib Yaml Lib Yaml is the long-standing C library for yaml , it is used widely as a dependency by other tools and bindings. Like Py Yaml , it’s an “official” implementation – in the sense that its canonical repository is hosted on Github and owned by the official ‘yaml’ Github account. Lib Yaml also never added v1.2 support. An open issue from 2016 in Lib Yaml ’s github project requests adding v1.2 support 19 . As mentioned earlier, Lib Yaml sits deep in dependency trees; changing its behavior is especially risky and slow. A less popular library, libfyaml 20 , supports v1.2 by default. Lib Yaml Github Issue #20 ↩︎ libfyaml Github project page ↩︎ Golang’s gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Currently unmaintained 21 , historically the most popular and still holds more Github stars then other Golang yaml libraries. It’s especially interesting because it declares support for a mix of v1.1 and 1.2 22 . The Golang’s most popular actively maintained library 23 defaults to v1.2 behavior. “This project is unmaintained” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ “The yaml package supports most of yaml 1.2, but preserves some behavior from 1.1 for backwards compatibility.” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ goccy/go-yaml Github project page ↩︎ Kyaml Kyaml is a yaml dialect built for the Kubernetes project, launched in June 2025. Its goal is to provide a safer and less ambiguous tool; it is also designed specifically for Kubernetes, trading generality for predictability. The announcement blog post references the Norway problem directly 24 . Yaml ’s significant whitespace requires careful attention to indentation and nesting, while its optional string-quoting can lead to unexpected type coercion (for example: “The Norway Bug”). source: Kubernetes v1.34 Sneak Peek ↩︎ Is the Norway problem solved? Yaml ’s ecosystem is not just libraries, it’s also the community of users. Including: strong and conflicting opinions about yaml in general and the Norway problem in particular. In some part this outcome could be expected; after all yaml is very popular, deceptively complex, and is used in different kinds of scenarios, from small personal config files to critical infrastructure setups. Many texts don’t distinguish between yaml spec versions at all 25 . Even when spec version numbers are used, they’re frequently mistyped. It’s not difficult to find documentation claiming that implicit boolean typing is a trait of yaml specification version 1.2 26 (the correct version is v1.1); mistakes get spotted 27 and eventually updated, but that takes more time and effort than making the original typo. On the other hand we see users who declare the Norway problem as solved because it doesn’t exist in the latest spec version, or because they haven’t experienced it themselves, or for other reasons 28 . To be fair, that language feature was removed over a decade ago, and it’s unexpected that popular libraries still support the older spec version. Technically, the issue is solved in the spec – but in practice, most widely adopted implementations still support implicit boolean typing, as we’ve seen. Finally, there are end users who are so unhappy with yaml that they prefer almost anything else 29 . We end up with countless use cases (hobby, pro, critical infrastructure, …), roles (spec author, library maintainer, end user debugging a failed deployment at 11pm, …), and just as many points of views. The yaml specification defines many strings that are automatically interpreted as boolean values, which often conflicts with developer expectations. When you write country: NO , the yaml parser interprets NO as the boolean false , not the string "NO" source: What is the Norway Bug? ↩︎ The most tragic aspect of this bug , however, is that it is intended behavior according to the yaml 1.2 specification. source: The Norway Problem – why Strict Yaml refuses to do implicit typing and so should you ↩︎ In this case a Github issue has been created: It was intended according to the yaml 1.1 specification, but in yaml 1.2, the only recognized booleans are true , True , TRUE , false , False , FALSE . source: strictyaml Github issue #186 ↩︎ I don’t want to link to individual messages on social platforms to err on the side of users’ privacy; I’ll paraphrase some of them below, for illustration purposes. Norway problem has been solved for 16 years. Using 1.1 at this point is just forehead palming foolishness. The Norway issue is a bit blown out of proportion. I have been using YAML for 5+ years and have never had it. We stopped having this problem over ten years ago. Just quote your strings. Another solution is to change the country name. ↩︎ Same as earlier, I’ll paraphrase a few messages below, meant for illustration. Stop using YAML YAML - just say Norway. You should stop even tolerating YAML, refuse on sight. YAML made sense before JSON became a thing. YAML made me look at XML wistfully. Why people persist with YAML in new projects is baffling to me. People from Norway couldn't sign up. Took us a while to figure out. ↩︎ What next? In yaml final draft v1.0, the document specified that, along with yes and no , + and - should also be parsed as booleans. This was removed v1.1. There was an idea to keep that functionality when plus or minus signs were preceded with a dot ( .+ and .- ), but it didn’t catch on. Despite its well known and lesser known quirks, yaml remains popular and widely used. At this scale small quirks cascade into unexpected issues. And changes – or fixes – are introduced at a glacial pace. Then again, yaml ’s charm has its place, as evidenced by its popularity. While spec change adoption is very slow, it is still ongoing. New projects will likely adopt newer libraries, where the Norway problem no longer exists. If there is a single takeaway from this article, it’s this: yaml ecosystem is fragmented; on the whole it is moving towards a slightly stricter version. Implicit boolean typing is getting removed, it’s no longer in the official specification and most new libraries adhere to that. As of January 2026 however, the older libraries are stuck on the older version of the spec, they are still more popular and updating or phasing them out may take a while. Frequently Asked Questions Why not just use json in place of yaml ? A common reply is “no comments” – because json doesn’t support comments 30 ; many other yaml features aren’t supported either. This makes json a simpler and stricter alternative. Wheter that’s a better fit for your project, that depends on the project. As always, personal preference plays a role too. Note: json has its own flavors, like jsonc 31 . It was a conscious decision; there is an explanation from Douglas Crockford, as well as a suggestion about using json for configuration files: I removed comments from json because I saw people were using them to hold parsing directives, a practice which would have destroyed interoperability. I know that the lack of comments makes some people sad, but it shouldn’t. Suppose you are using json to keep configuration files, which you would like to annotate. Go ahead and insert all the comments you like. Then pipe it through JSMin before handing it to your json parser. source: Google Plus post by Douglas Crockford – archived link ↩︎ Json with Comments – project’s homepage ↩︎ Is yaml a superset of json ? After writing this article, I’m still not entirely sure. Even though the goal of yaml revision v1.2.0 was to make that happen and revisions 1.2.0 and 1.2.1 claimed it explicitly 32 : Yaml can therefore be viewed as a natural superset of json , offering improved human readability and a more complete information model. That text has been removed from the latest yaml revision 1.2.2. A popular article 33 claims to prove that yaml is not a superset of json , but that article uses a v1.1 parser – and as we know v1.1 never claimed json compatibility. So that won’t help us. The actual reason might be that yaml requires maps to have unique keys 34 , while json only recommends it 35 . So perhaps most json (i.e. json where objects have unique keys) is a subset of yaml . Some ambiguity remains. See e.g.: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.1 ↩︎ Json treats the value 1e2 a number, of course, because it’s not in quote marks. Yaml fails to parse it as a number so silently falls back to treating it as a string. source: YAML IS NOT A SUPERSET OF JSON ↩︎ The content of a mapping node is an unordered set of key/value node pairs, with the restriction that each of the keys is unique source: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.2 ↩︎ The names within an object SHOULD be unique. source: The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation ( json ) ↩︎ What went wrong? This question is out of scope for this article – here the goal is to prioritize facts over “what if?”. If i had to answer, I’d say that nothing went wrong. When a complex technology with a stable ecosystem introduces a breaking change, sometimes the process can take ages. The main surprise here is how complicated yaml really is. Also, as we’ve seen, with yaml and related tools being free software, anyone could contribute to improving the v1.2 adoption rate – or move to a tool that suits them better, or even create one. What about toml , sexagesimal numbers, schemas, human genes, Ruby, or Perl? These topics are only loosely related to the Norway problem, and this text is already quite long. If you enjoyed reading it, leave positive feedback somewhere and a Part 2 might happen. In the meantime, visit my homepage 36 and check out my other projects – maybe you’ll find something else you’ll enjoy. LAB174 homepage ↩︎ Epilogue Implicit boolean typing has been removed, but explicit boolean typing still remains. If a uniform yaml 1.2 future actually arrives, you can still bring a little bit of nostalgia to your code by writing: title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse platforms : iPhone : !!bool yes iPad : !!bool yes # Note the explicit typing here and above. AppleWatch : !!bool no countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO When parsed with yq , a tool that supports yaml revision 1.2 by default: yq eval -o=json project.yaml It returns: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } < Back to LAB174.com | 2026-01-13T08:48:06 |
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https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2025/technology#most-popular-technologies | Technology | 2025 Stack Overflow Developer Survey Products Stack Overflow Where developers and technologists go to gain and share knowledge. Stack Overflow for Teams Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers Advertising Reach devs & technologists worldwide about your product, service or employer brand Knowledge Solutions Data licensing offering for businesses to build and improve AI tools and models Labs The future of collective knowledge sharing About the company Visit the blog Developers Technology AI Work Stack Overflow Methodology 2 Technology Each year we explore the tools and technologies developers are currently using and the ones they want to use. This year, we included new questions about embedded technology tools and industry-sourced, community-vetted technology options. 2.1. Most popular technologies → 2.2. Admired and Desired → 2.3. Worked with vs. want to work with → 2.1 Most popular technologies Programming, scripting, and markup languages After more than a decade of steady growth, Python's adoption has accelerated significantly. It saw a 7 percentage point increase from 2024 to 2025; this speaks to its ability to be the go-to language for AI, data science, and back-end development. Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.) All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Professionals that Use AI Learners that Use AI Write-Ins All Respondents JavaScript 66% HTML/CSS 61.9% SQL 58.6% Python 57.9% Bash/Shell 48.7% TypeScript 43.6% Java 29.4% C# 27.8% C++ 23.5% PowerShell 23.2% C 22% PHP 18.9% Go 16.4% Rust 14.8% Kotlin 10.8% Lua 9.2% Assembly 7.1% Ruby 6.4% Dart 5.9% Swift 5.4% R 4.9% Groovy 4.8% Visual Basic (.Net) 4.4% VBA 4.2% MATLAB 3.9% Perl 3.8% GDScript 3.3% Elixir 2.7% Scala 2.6% Delphi 2.5% Lisp 2.4% MicroPython 2.3% Zig 2.1% Erlang 1.5% Fortran 1.4% Ada 1.4% F# 1.3% OCaml 1.2% Gleam 1.1% Prolog 1.1% COBOL 1% Mojo 0.4% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 31,771 ( 64.8% ) Professional Developers JavaScript 68.8% HTML/CSS 63% SQL 61.3% Python 54.8% Bash/Shell 48.8% TypeScript 48.8% C# 29.9% Java 29.6% PowerShell 23.1% C++ 21.8% C 19.1% PHP 19.1% Go 17.4% Rust 14.5% Kotlin 11.5% Lua 8.6% Ruby 6.9% Dart 6.1% Assembly 5.7% Swift 5.7% Groovy 5.3% Visual Basic (.Net) 4.1% Perl 3.4% R 3.3% VBA 3.3% GDScript 2.9% Scala 2.8% Elixir 2.8% MATLAB 2.7% Delphi 2.5% Lisp 2% Zig 1.9% MicroPython 1.7% Erlang 1.5% F# 1.2% Ada 1% Gleam 1% Fortran 0.9% OCaml 0.9% Prolog 0.8% COBOL 0.8% Mojo 0.3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 24,759 ( 50.5% ) Learning to Code Python 71.8% HTML/CSS 66.6% JavaScript 62.8% C 48% Bash/Shell 47% SQL 45.4% C++ 44.6% Java 40.8% TypeScript 31.9% C# 23.1% Rust 23.1% Assembly 19.4% PowerShell 19.1% Lua 15% PHP 14.5% Go 13.1% Kotlin 10.8% MATLAB 10.2% R 8.5% GDScript 8.2% Dart 7.8% Zig 4.9% Visual Basic (.Net) 4.6% MicroPython 4.5% Lisp 4.1% Swift 3.9% Ruby 3.7% VBA 3.4% OCaml 3.3% Prolog 3% Ada 3% Elixir 2.5% Scala 2.4% Gleam 2.1% Groovy 2% Fortran 2% F# 1.9% Perl 1.9% Delphi 1.7% Erlang 1.6% COBOL 1.4% Mojo 1.1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,564 ( 5.2% ) Professionals that Use AI JavaScript 70.5% HTML/CSS 64.2% SQL 62.1% Python 56.1% TypeScript 51.4% Bash/Shell 48.3% Java 30.2% C# 29.8% PowerShell 23.8% C++ 20.4% PHP 19.2% Go 18.1% C 17.6% Rust 13.9% Kotlin 12% Lua 8% Ruby 7% Dart 6.7% Swift 5.9% Groovy 5.3% Assembly 5.1% Visual Basic (.Net) 4.2% R 3.5% VBA 3.1% Perl 3% Scala 2.9% Elixir 2.8% GDScript 2.8% MATLAB 2.7% Delphi 2.4% Zig 1.8% Lisp 1.7% MicroPython 1.7% Erlang 1.4% F# 1.2% Ada 0.9% Gleam 0.9% Prolog 0.9% Fortran 0.8% OCaml 0.8% COBOL 0.8% Mojo 0.4% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 20,810 ( 42.5% ) Learners that Use AI Python 73.8% HTML/CSS 69.9% JavaScript 65.9% SQL 49.4% C 46.7% Bash/Shell 46% C++ 45.7% Java 42.5% TypeScript 35.1% C# 24.1% PowerShell 21.3% Rust 20.7% Assembly 18.2% PHP 15% Lua 13.5% Go 12.3% Kotlin 11.6% MATLAB 11.2% R 9.2% Dart 8.5% GDScript 7.2% Visual Basic (.Net) 5% MicroPython 4.6% Swift 4.3% Zig 4.2% Ruby 3.8% VBA 3.6% Lisp 3.3% Ada 3.1% OCaml 2.9% Prolog 2.8% Scala 2.4% Elixir 2.2% Groovy 2% Gleam 1.8% F# 1.7% Fortran 1.7% Perl 1.7% Delphi 1.7% COBOL 1.3% Erlang 1.3% Mojo 1.1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 1,945 ( 4% ) Response Use Type Percent haskell Have Used 0.1% julia Have Used 0% clojure Have Used 0% objectivec Have Used 0% nix Have Used 0% haskell Want to Use 0.1% julia Want to Use 0.1% clojure Want to Use 0.1% nix Want to Use 0% odin Want to Use 0% Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Databases The significant growth in usage for Redis (+8%) highlights its growing importance. As applications become more complex, the need for high-speed, in-memory caching and data structures has made Redis an essential part of the modern tech stack. Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.) All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Professionals that Use AI Learners that Use AI Write-Ins All Respondents PostgreSQL 55.6% MySQL 40.5% SQLite 37.5% Microsoft SQL Server 30.1% Redis 28% MongoDB 24% MariaDB 22.5% Elasticsearch 16.7% Oracle 10.6% Dynamodb 9.8% BigQuery 6.5% Supabase 6% Cloud Firestore 5.7% H2 5% Firebase Realtime Database 5% Microsoft Access 4.8% Cosmos DB 4.6% Snowflake 4.1% InfluxDB 3.7% Databricks SQL 3.4% DuckDB 3.3% Cassandra 2.9% Neo4J 2.6% Valkey 2.4% Clickhouse 2.4% IBM DB2 2.4% Amazon Redshift 2.3% Cockroachdb 1% Pocketbase 1% Datomic 0.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 26,083 ( 53.2% ) Professional Developers PostgreSQL 58.2% MySQL 39.6% SQLite 36.9% Microsoft SQL Server 30.9% Redis 30.7% MongoDB 24.3% MariaDB 21.7% Elasticsearch 17.8% Dynamodb 10.8% Oracle 10.4% BigQuery 6.5% Supabase 6.1% Cloud Firestore 5.7% H2 5.3% Cosmos DB 4.9% Firebase Realtime Database 4.7% Snowflake 4.2% Microsoft Access 3.6% InfluxDB 3.5% DuckDB 3.2% Databricks SQL 3.2% Cassandra 2.9% Neo4J 2.5% Clickhouse 2.5% Valkey 2.5% Amazon Redshift 2.2% IBM DB2 2.1% Cockroachdb 0.9% Pocketbase 0.8% Datomic 0.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 21,126 ( 43.1% ) Learning to Code MySQL 47.7% SQLite 39.4% PostgreSQL 39.2% MongoDB 28.5% MariaDB 20.3% Microsoft SQL Server 16.2% Redis 12.1% Firebase Realtime Database 9% Cloud Firestore 8.9% Oracle 8.8% Microsoft Access 8.7% Supabase 8.3% H2 4.3% BigQuery 4.1% Elasticsearch 3.9% Neo4J 3.7% Dynamodb 3.2% DuckDB 2.8% Cassandra 2.5% Databricks SQL 2.5% Pocketbase 2.4% IBM DB2 2.2% InfluxDB 2% Valkey 2% Cosmos DB 1.8% Amazon Redshift 1.7% Cockroachdb 1.7% Snowflake 1.5% Clickhouse 1.4% Datomic 1.2% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 1,690 ( 3.4% ) Professionals that Use AI PostgreSQL 59.5% MySQL 40.6% SQLite 37.2% Redis 32.5% Microsoft SQL Server 30.6% MongoDB 25.7% MariaDB 21.6% Elasticsearch 18.6% Dynamodb 11.6% Oracle 10.2% BigQuery 7% Supabase 6.7% Cloud Firestore 6.2% H2 5.5% Cosmos DB 5.2% Firebase Realtime Database 5.2% Snowflake 4.4% InfluxDB 3.6% Microsoft Access 3.5% Databricks SQL 3.5% DuckDB 3.4% Cassandra 3.1% Neo4J 2.7% Clickhouse 2.6% Valkey 2.5% Amazon Redshift 2.3% IBM DB2 2.1% Cockroachdb 1% Pocketbase 0.9% Datomic 0.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 18,020 ( 36.8% ) Learners that Use AI MySQL 51% PostgreSQL 39.5% SQLite 38.6% MongoDB 30.5% MariaDB 20% Microsoft SQL Server 17.1% Redis 12.6% Firebase Realtime Database 9.6% Cloud Firestore 9.5% Oracle 9.3% Supabase 8.9% Microsoft Access 8.6% H2 4.8% BigQuery 4% Elasticsearch 4% Neo4J 3.5% Dynamodb 3.5% DuckDB 2.8% Cassandra 2.7% Databricks SQL 2.5% Pocketbase 2.4% IBM DB2 2.2% InfluxDB 2.1% Cosmos DB 1.9% Valkey 1.8% Amazon Redshift 1.8% Cockroachdb 1.7% Snowflake 1.6% Clickhouse 1.4% Datomic 1.2% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 1,356 ( 2.8% ) Response Use Type Percent firebird Have Used 0% couchdb Have Used 0% opensearch Have Used 0% couchbase Have Used 0% postgresql Have Used 0% surrealdb Want to Use 0% firebird Want to Use 0% couchdb Want to Use 0% spacetimedb Want to Use 0% timescaledb Want to Use 0% Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Cloud development Docker has moved from a popular tool to a near-universal one. After years of growth, it experienced a +17 point jump in usage from 2024 to 2025, the largest single-year increase of any technology surveyed. This is partially due to consolidating some technology sectors in this year's survey. Which cloud platforms, containerization/orchestration tools, package managers, build tools, and infrastructure as code solutions have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.) All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Professionals that Use AI Learners that Use AI All Respondents Docker 71.1% npm 56.8% Amazon Web Services (AWS) 43.3% Pip 40.9% Kubernetes 28.5% Microsoft Azure 26.3% Homebrew 25.7% Vite 25.4% Google Cloud 24.6% Make 23.2% Yarn 21.1% Cloudflare 20.1% NuGet 18.9% APT 18.4% Webpack 18.4% Terraform 17.8% Maven (build tool) 16.4% Cargo 14.4% Gradle 14.4% pnpm 13.4% Firebase 13.1% Prometheus 11.8% Ansible 11.7% Podman 11.1% Chocolatey 11% Composer 11% MSBuild 11% Digital Ocean 10.7% Vercel 10.6% Poetry 9% Datadog 8.9% Pacman 8.7% Netlify 5.9% Bun 5.5% Supabase 5.4% Heroku 5.4% Ninja 5.2% Splunk 4.5% New Relic 3.8% Railway 1.5% IBM Cloud 1.2% Yandex Cloud 0.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 24,473 ( 49.9% ) Professional Developers Docker 73.8% npm 59.3% Amazon Web Services (AWS) 45.9% Pip 39.4% Kubernetes 30.1% Microsoft Azure 27.2% Vite 27.2% Homebrew 26.9% Google Cloud 24.3% Yarn 23.1% Make 22.5% NuGet 20.4% Webpack 20.3% Cloudflare 19.7% Terraform 18.7% APT 17.3% Maven (build tool) 16.9% Gradle 14.8% pnpm 14.2% Cargo 13.7% Firebase 13.3% Prometheus 12.1% MSBuild 11.9% Composer 11.4% Ansible 11.2% Digital Ocean 11.1% Podman 10.9% Chocolatey 10.8% Vercel 10.8% Datadog 9.7% Poetry 9.2% Pacman 7.5% Netlify 5.7% Heroku 5.6% Bun 5.6% Supabase 5.4% Ninja 4.9% Splunk 4.5% New Relic 4% Railway 1.4% IBM Cloud 0.9% Yandex Cloud 0.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 20,070 ( 40.9% ) Learning to Code npm 53.3% Docker 52.5% Pip 49.4% Make 30.4% Cargo 28.2% Vite 28% APT 25.9% Pacman 22.5% Cloudflare 21.8% Google Cloud 21.6% Amazon Web Services (AWS) 20.2% Gradle 17.9% Vercel 17.8% Maven (build tool) 16.8% Firebase 16.2% pnpm 15.8% Homebrew 13.7% Chocolatey 12.3% Microsoft Azure 12.1% Yarn 12.1% NuGet 11.1% Webpack 10.4% Netlify 10% Bun 9.7% Kubernetes 9.5% Ninja 9% Podman 8.7% Poetry 7.6% Supabase 7.5% Digital Ocean 6.9% Composer 6.7% MSBuild 5.8% Ansible 5.7% Heroku 4.7% Terraform 4.4% Prometheus 4.3% IBM Cloud 2.9% Railway 2.8% Yandex Cloud 1.9% Datadog 1.8% Splunk 1.4% New Relic 1.1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 1,558 ( 3.2% ) Professionals that Use AI Docker 75% npm 61% Amazon Web Services (AWS) 47% Pip 40.5% Kubernetes 30.7% Vite 28.5% Homebrew 28.3% Microsoft Azure 27.8% Google Cloud 25.8% Yarn 24.2% Make 21.6% Webpack 21.1% NuGet 20.6% Cloudflare 20.4% Terraform 19.2% Maven (build tool) 17.2% APT 16.9% pnpm 15.2% Gradle 14.9% Firebase 14.5% Cargo 13.1% Prometheus 12.5% Vercel 11.9% Composer 11.8% MSBuild 11.7% Digital Ocean 11.6% Chocolatey 11.3% Ansible 10.8% Podman 10.7% Datadog 10.1% Poetry 9.5% Pacman 7.1% Netlify 6.2% Heroku 6% Supabase 6% Bun 5.9% Splunk 4.7% Ninja 4.4% New Relic 4.3% Railway 1.6% IBM Cloud 1% Yandex Cloud 0.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 17,258 ( 35.2% ) Learners that Use AI npm 55.6% Docker 53.1% Pip 48.8% Vite 30% Make 26.3% Cargo 24.7% APT 23.8% Google Cloud 23.8% Cloudflare 22.7% Amazon Web Services (AWS) 21.6% Pacman 20.7% Vercel 20.1% Firebase 18.1% Gradle 17.1% pnpm 17% Maven (build tool) 16.7% Homebrew 13.9% Microsoft Azure 13.1% Chocolatey 13% Yarn 12.5% Netlify 11.6% NuGet 11.4% Webpack 10.9% Bun 10.3% Kubernetes 9.4% Supabase 8.3% Ninja 8% Podman 7.9% Poetry 7.6% Composer 7% Digital Ocean 6.7% Ansible 5.4% MSBuild 5.4% Heroku 4.9% Terraform 4.4% Prometheus 4.2% IBM Cloud 3.2% Railway 2.8% Yandex Cloud 2% Datadog 1.5% Splunk 1.1% New Relic 1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 1,249 ( 2.5% ) Web frameworks and technologies The +5 point increase for FastAPI is one of the most significant shifts in the web framework space. This signals a strong trend towards using Python for building performant APIs and reflects the overall strength of the Python ecosystem. Which web frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.) All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Professionals that Use AI Learners that Use AI Write-Ins All Respondents Node.js 48.7% React 44.7% jQuery 23.4% Next.js 20.8% Express 19.9% ASP.NET Core 19.7% Angular 18.2% Vue.js 17.6% FastAPI 14.8% Spring Boot 14.7% Flask 14.4% ASP.NET 14.2% WordPress 13.6% Django 12.6% Laravel 8.9% AngularJS 7.2% Svelte 7.2% Blazor 7% NestJS 6.7% Ruby on Rails 5.9% Astro 4.5% Deno 4% Symfony 4% Nuxt.js 4% Fastify 2.9% Axum 2.8% Phoenix 2.4% Drupal 2.2% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 23,678 ( 48.3% ) Professional Developers Node.js 49.1% React 46.9% jQuery 24.1% Next.js 21.5% ASP.NET Core 21.3% Express 20.3% Angular 19.8% Vue.js 18.4% Spring Boot 15.6% FastAPI 15.1% ASP.NET 15% Flask 13.2% WordPress 12.4% Django 11.7% Laravel 9.3% Blazor 7.6% AngularJS 7.5% NestJS 7.4% Svelte 6.9% Ruby on Rails 6.2% Astro 4.3% Symfony 4.3% Nuxt.js 4.1% Deno 3.9% Fastify 3.1% Axum 2.7% Phoenix 2.5% Drupal 2.1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 19,460 ( 39.7% ) Learning to Code Node.js 53.3% React 43.5% Express 25.9% Next.js 21.3% Flask 21.1% Django 17.2% FastAPI 15% Vue.js 14.1% jQuery 13.8% WordPress 13.2% Svelte 11.8% Spring Boot 10.7% Angular 9.5% ASP.NET Core 9% Astro 7.7% ASP.NET 7.5% Deno 6.7% Laravel 5.9% AngularJS 4.8% Axum 4.7% Nuxt.js 3.8% NestJS 3.8% Blazor 3.4% Ruby on Rails 3% Fastify 2.3% Phoenix 1.6% Symfony 1.6% Drupal 1.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 1,722 ( 3.5% ) Professionals that Use AI Node.js 50.4% React 48.7% jQuery 23.5% Next.js 23.2% Express 21.6% ASP.NET Core 21.5% Angular 20.1% Vue.js 18.9% FastAPI 16.3% Spring Boot 16% ASP.NET 14.8% Flask 13.7% WordPress 12.7% Django 12.1% Laravel 9.7% NestJS 8.1% Blazor 7.8% AngularJS 7.5% Svelte 7% Ruby on Rails 6.3% Astro 4.5% Nuxt.js 4.4% Symfony 4.4% Deno 4% Fastify 3.3% Axum 2.6% Phoenix 2.5% Drupal 2% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 16,853 ( 34.4% ) Learners that Use AI Node.js 54.6% React 46.5% Express 27.5% Next.js 23.8% Flask 22.3% Django 18.4% FastAPI 16.4% Vue.js 13.8% jQuery 13.8% WordPress 13.6% Spring Boot 11.7% Svelte 11.6% Angular 10.2% ASP.NET Core 9.8% ASP.NET 8.1% Astro 7.4% Deno 6.1% Laravel 5.5% AngularJS 5% Nuxt.js 4.3% Axum 4.1% NestJS 4% Blazor 3.6% Ruby on Rails 2.9% Fastify 2.3% Drupal 1.6% Symfony 1.6% Phoenix 1.4% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 1,410 ( 2.9% ) Response Use Type Percent htmx Have Used 0% solidjs Have Used 0% flutter Have Used 0% quarkus Have Used 0% hugo Have Used 0% htmx Want to Use 0.1% solidjs Want to Use 0% flutter Want to Use 0% leptos Want to Use 0% quarkus Want to Use 0% Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Dev IDEs Subscription-based, AI-enabled IDEs weren't able to topple the dominance of Visual Studio and Visual Studio Code this year. Both maintained their top spots for the fourth year while relying on extensions as optional, paid AI services. Which development environments and AI-enabled code editing tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply. All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Professionals that Use AI Learners that Use AI Write-Ins All Respondents Visual Studio Code 75.9% Visual Studio 29% Notepad++ 27.4% IntelliJ IDEA 27.1% Vim 24.3% Cursor 17.9% PyCharm 15% Android Studio 15% Jupyter Nb/JupyterLab 14.1% Neovim 14% Nano 12.2% Sublime Text 10.5% Xcode 10% Claude Code 9.7% WebStorm 7.6% Zed 7.3% Rider 7.1% Eclipse 7.1% VSCodium 6.2% PhpStorm 5.8% Windsurf 4.9% RustRover 3.2% Lovable.dev 2.4% Bolt 2.3% Cline and/or Roo 2.2% Aider 1.9% Trae 0.8% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 26,143 ( 53.3% ) Professional Developers Visual Studio Code 76.2% Visual Studio 29.7% IntelliJ IDEA 28.4% Notepad++ 26.9% Vim 24% Cursor 19.3% Android Studio 14.8% PyCharm 14.2% Neovim 13.6% Jupyter Nb/JupyterLab 12% Nano 11.3% Xcode 10.6% Sublime Text 10.5% Claude Code 10% WebStorm 8.3% Rider 7.8% Zed 7.5% Eclipse 6.7% PhpStorm 6.4% VSCodium 5.5% Windsurf 5% RustRover 3.3% Lovable.dev 2.4% Bolt 2.3% Cline and/or Roo 2.2% Aider 2% Trae 0.8% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 20,954 ( 42.7% ) Learning to Code Visual Studio Code 78% IntelliJ IDEA 31.9% Visual Studio 31.3% Vim 24% Neovim 23.7% Jupyter Nb/JupyterLab 22.9% Android Studio 21.9% PyCharm 21.8% Notepad++ 21.1% Nano 18% VSCodium 11.7% Cursor 11.3% Eclipse 9.9% Sublime Text 8.9% Zed 8.5% WebStorm 7.2% Xcode 6.7% Claude Code 6.6% Rider 6.5% RustRover 4.2% Windsurf 4% Bolt 3.6% PhpStorm 3.5% Lovable.dev 2.9% Aider 1.9% Cline and/or Roo 1.7% Trae 1.5% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 1,960 ( 4% ) Professionals that Use AI Visual Studio Code 77.7% IntelliJ IDEA 29.1% Visual Studio 29% Notepad++ 26% Vim 23.3% Cursor 21.7% Android Studio 15.2% PyCharm 14.7% Neovim 13.5% Jupyter Nb/JupyterLab 12.7% Claude Code 11.3% Nano 11% Xcode 11% Sublime Text 10.8% WebStorm 8.8% Rider 8.1% Zed 7.9% PhpStorm 6.5% Eclipse 6.3% Windsurf 5.7% VSCodium 5.3% RustRover 3.4% Lovable.dev 2.7% Bolt 2.5% Cline and/or Roo 2.5% Aider 2.2% Trae 0.9% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 18,521 ( 37.8% ) Learners that Use AI Visual Studio Code 80.4% IntelliJ IDEA 33.6% Visual Studio 32.5% Jupyter Nb/JupyterLab 24.5% Vim 23.5% Android Studio 23.2% PyCharm 22.6% Neovim 21.8% Notepad++ 21.5% Nano 17.1% Cursor 13.2% VSCodium 10.9% Eclipse 10.2% Sublime Text 9.1% Zed 8.6% WebStorm 7.7% Claude Code 7.6% Xcode 6.8% Rider 6.3% Windsurf 4.5% Bolt 4.1% RustRover 4.1% PhpStorm 3.4% Lovable.dev 3.3% Aider 2% Cline and/or Roo 1.8% Trae 1.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 1,626 ( 3.3% ) Response Use Type Percent emacs Have Used 0.1% helix Have Used 0.1% clion Have Used 0.1% goland Have Used 0.1% rubymine Have Used 0% emacs Want to Use 0.2% helix Want to Use 0.1% clion Want to Use 0.1% goland Want to Use 0.1% rstudio Want to Use 0% Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Stack Overflow tags Our new category for technology this year showcases some recently added (last 3 years) tags on Stack Overflow that have grown more than others in their weight class. AI tech tops the list with Google Gemini and large language models. Which rising technology of the added as new tag or tag subject area on Stack Overflow in the last three years have you used regularly in the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply. All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Professionals that Use AI Learners that Use AI All Respondents Google Gemini 29.2% Large language model 27.6% Tailwind CSS 4 21.8% .NET 8+ 19.2% Ollama 15.3% RAG 10.6% Pydantic 10.1% uv 9.5% Shadcn/ui 8.7% c++23 7.3% Amazon Bedrock 4.7% Polars 3.8% LangGraph 3% hostinger 2.8% Microsoft Fabric 2.4% Odoo 2.1% Delphi 12+ Athens 1.9% SwiftData 1.7% Ultralytics 1.2% visionOS 0.9% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 21,329 ( 43.5% ) Professional Developers Google Gemini 28% Large language model 27.2% Tailwind CSS 4 23.1% .NET 8+ 20.7% Ollama 15% RAG 11% Pydantic 10.9% uv 9.7% Shadcn/ui 9.3% c++23 6.6% Amazon Bedrock 4.8% Polars 3.6% LangGraph 3% hostinger 2.6% Microsoft Fabric 2% Odoo 2% Delphi 12+ Athens 1.9% SwiftData 1.5% Ultralytics 1% visionOS 0.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 16,965 ( 34.6% ) Learning to Code Google Gemini 34.8% Large language model 26.1% Tailwind CSS 4 23.1% c++23 16.7% Ollama 14.4% .NET 8+ 13.4% Shadcn/ui 10.7% uv 8.9% Pydantic 6.2% RAG 5.6% hostinger 4.1% Polars 3.3% LangGraph 2.9% Microsoft Fabric 2.6% Ultralytics 2.6% SwiftData 2.3% Amazon Bedrock 1.9% Odoo 1.9% visionOS 1.6% Delphi 12+ Athens 1.1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 1,691 ( 3.4% ) Professionals that Use AI Google Gemini 31% Large language model 30.2% Tailwind CSS 4 24.3% .NET 8+ 20.2% Ollama 16.7% RAG 12.3% Pydantic 11.3% Shadcn/ui 10.2% uv 10% c++23 5.8% Amazon Bedrock 5.1% Polars 3.7% LangGraph 3.4% hostinger 2.7% Microsoft Fabric 2.1% Odoo 2% Delphi 12+ Athens 1.7% SwiftData 1.6% Ultralytics 1.1% visionOS 0.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 14,973 ( 30.5% ) Learners that Use AI Google Gemini 39.5% Large language model 29% Tailwind CSS 4 26% Ollama 16% c++23 14.7% .NET 8+ 13.1% Shadcn/ui 12.1% uv 8.9% RAG 6.3% Pydantic 6.3% hostinger 4.5% LangGraph 3.2% Polars 3.2% Ultralytics 2.8% Microsoft Fabric 2.4% SwiftData 2.2% Amazon Bedrock 1.9% Odoo 1.9% visionOS 1.4% Delphi 12+ Athens 0.9% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 1,391 ( 2.8% ) Community platforms Respondents learning to code use Youtube for community more than professional developers (70% vs. 60%). Which community platforms have you utilized considerably or consistently in the past year, and which would you like to use next year? Select all that apply. All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Professionals that Use AI Learners that Use AI Write-Ins All Respondents Stack Overflow 84.2% GitHub (public) 66.9% YouTube 60.5% Reddit 53.7% Stack Exchange 46.5% Discord 38.9% LinkedIn 37.2% Medium 29.3% Hacker News 19.6% X 17.1% Slack (public) 15.7% Dev.to 11.5% Bluesky 10.8% Twitch 8.9% Substack 7.1% Company forum 6.2% Kaggle 4.3% Hashnode 1.2% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 30,190 ( 61.6% ) Professional Developers Stack Overflow 85.5% GitHub (public) 67.5% YouTube 60.3% Reddit 53.6% Stack Exchange 45.8% LinkedIn 38.1% Discord 37.3% Medium 30.6% Hacker News 20.4% X 17% Slack (public) 16.8% Dev.to 12.3% Bluesky 10.8% Twitch 8.8% Substack 7.1% Company forum 6% Kaggle 3.4% Hashnode 1.1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 23,529 ( 48% ) Learning to Code Stack Overflow 75.4% YouTube 70.1% GitHub (public) 69.6% Reddit 62.4% Discord 61.7% Stack Exchange 44.9% LinkedIn 30.2% Medium 26.5% X 20.3% Hacker News 15.5% Twitch 13.5% Kaggle 10.8% Dev.to 9.2% Bluesky 8.8% Slack (public) 8.2% Substack 5.6% Company forum 5.2% Hashnode 1.6% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,423 ( 4.9% ) Professionals that Use AI Stack Overflow 85.4% GitHub (public) 68.4% YouTube 63% Reddit 55% Stack Exchange 44.9% LinkedIn 40.9% Discord 37.9% Medium 33.1% Hacker News 21% X 18.5% Slack (public) 17.6% Dev.to 13.5% Bluesky 10.7% Twitch 9% Substack 7.5% Company forum 6% Kaggle 3.9% Hashnode 1.3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 19,818 ( 40.4% ) Learners that Use AI Stack Overflow 76.3% YouTube 73.5% GitHub (public) 71.2% Reddit 64% Discord 62.5% Stack Exchange 43% LinkedIn 35.2% Medium 29.1% X 22.9% Hacker News 15.9% Twitch 14.5% Kaggle 13% Dev.to 10.1% Slack (public) 9.2% Bluesky 7.7% Substack 6.1% Company forum 5.1% Hashnode 1.8% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 1,863 ( 3.8% ) Response Use Type Percent mastodon Have Used 0.2% lobste.rs Have Used 0% matrix Have Used 0% lemmy Have Used 0% discourse Have Used 0% mastodon Want to Use 0.2% matrix Want to Use 0% lobste.rs Want to Use 0% lemmy Want to Use 0% fediverse Want to Use 0% Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Large language models OpenAI's GPT models top the large language model list with 82% of developers indicating they used them for development work in the past year. Anthropic's Claude Sonnet models are used more by professional developers (45%) than by those learning to code (30%). Which LLM models for AI tools have you used for development work in the past year, and which would you like to use next year? Select all that apply. All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Professionals that Use AI Learners that Use AI Write-Ins All Respondents OpenAI GPT 81.4% Claude Sonnet 42.8% Gemini Flash 35.3% OpenAI Reasoning 34.6% OpenAI Image 26.6% Gemini Reasoning 25.6% DeepSeek Reasoning 23.3% Meta Llama 17.8% DeepSeek General 14.3% X Grok 11.1% Mistral 10.4% Perplexity Sonar 7.6% Alibaba Qwen 5.2% Microsoft Phi-4 models 5% Amazon Titan models 1.7% Cohere: Command A 0.8% Reka (Flash 3 or other Reka models) 0.4% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 16,474 ( 33.6% ) Professional Developers OpenAI GPT 81.9% Claude Sonnet 44.9% Gemini Flash 34.4% OpenAI Reasoning 34.1% OpenAI Image 26.1% Gemini Reasoning 25.4% DeepSeek Reasoning 21.9% Meta Llama 17.5% DeepSeek General 13.1% X Grok 10.3% Mistral 10.1% Perplexity Sonar 6.9% Alibaba Qwen 4.9% Microsoft Phi-4 models 4.9% Amazon Titan models 1.5% Cohere: Command A 0.7% Reka (Flash 3 or other Reka models) 0.3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 13,271 ( 27.1% ) Learning to Code OpenAI GPT 81.8% Gemini Flash 42.6% OpenAI Reasoning 41.1% DeepSeek Reasoning 37.6% Claude Sonnet 29.8% OpenAI Image 29.7% Gemini Reasoning 29.3% DeepSeek General 25.5% X Grok 18.5% Meta Llama 17.3% Perplexity Sonar 11.4% Mistral 9.9% Alibaba Qwen 7.1% Microsoft Phi-4 models 4.5% Amazon Titan models 2.1% Cohere: Command A 1.7% Reka (Flash 3 or other Reka models) 0.9% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 1,257 ( 2.6% ) Professionals that Use AI OpenAI GPT 82% Claude Sonnet 45.3% Gemini Flash 34.5% OpenAI Reasoning 34.4% OpenAI Image 26.2% Gemini Reasoning 25.5% DeepSeek Reasoning 22.1% Meta Llama 17.6% DeepSeek General 13.2% X Grok 10.4% Mistral 10.1% Perplexity Sonar 6.9% Alibaba Qwen 4.9% Microsoft Phi-4 models 4.9% Amazon Titan models 1.5% Cohere: Command A 0.7% Reka (Flash 3 or other Reka models) 0.3% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 13,104 ( 26.7% ) Learners that Use AI OpenAI GPT 82.9% Gemini Flash 43.5% OpenAI Reasoning 42.2% DeepSeek Reasoning 38.4% Claude Sonnet 30.4% Gemini Reasoning 30.2% OpenAI Image 30.2% DeepSeek General 26.1% X Grok 18.6% Meta Llama 17% Perplexity Sonar 11.6% Mistral 10% Alibaba Qwen 7% Microsoft Phi-4 models 4.3% Amazon Titan models 1.8% Cohere: Command A 1.5% Reka (Flash 3 or other Reka models) 0.7% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 1,199 ( 2.4% ) Response Use Type Percent copilot Have Used 0.1% github copilot Have Used 0.1% gemma Have Used 0.1% qwen Have Used 0% microsoft copilot Have Used 0% copilot Want to Use 0.1% gemma Want to Use 0.1% github copilot Want to Use 0.1% qwen Want to Use 0% ollama Want to Use 0% Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Code documentation and collaboration tools Professional developers that use AI compared to all professional developers show a slight preference for Miro (17% vs. 16%) and Notion (19% vs. 17%) - could this be due to the AI integrations both tools have recently incorporated? Which collaborative work management and/or code documentation tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply All Respondents Professional Developers Learning to Code Professionals that Use AI Learners that Use AI Write-Ins All Respondents GitHub 81.1% Jira 46.4% GitLab 35.6% Markdown File 34.8% Confluence 32.8% Azure Devops 16.6% Notion 16.5% Obsidian 16.1% Google Workspace 15.2% Miro 14.3% Trello 13.7% Wikis 10.4% Google Colab 7% Lucid (includes Lucidchart) 5.3% Asana 4.4% Doxygen 4.3% Clickup 3.9% Linear 3.7% Microsoft Planner 2.9% Monday.com 2.6% Redmine 2.5% Airtable 2.5% YouTrack 2.4% Stack Overflow for Teams 2.4% Coda 1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 30,065 ( 61.3% ) Professional Developers GitHub 80.5% Jira 52.1% GitLab 36.7% Confluence 36.5% Markdown File 35.2% Azure Devops 18.6% Notion 17.2% Obsidian 15.6% Miro 15.6% Google Workspace 14.8% Trello 13.9% Wikis 9.8% Lucid (includes Lucidchart) 5.4% Google Colab 5.4% Asana 4.5% Doxygen 4.2% Clickup 4.2% Linear 4.1% Redmine 2.8% Monday.com 2.6% YouTrack 2.6% Airtable 2.4% Stack Overflow for Teams 2.3% Microsoft Planner 2.3% Coda 0.9% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 23,683 ( 48.3% ) Learning to Code GitHub 88.8% Markdown File 36.5% GitLab 27.5% Obsidian 24% Notion 18.5% Google Colab 18.2% Google Workspace 14.3% Trello 13.5% Jira 10% Wikis 9.9% Miro 6% Doxygen 5.5% Confluence 4.8% Lucid (includes Lucidchart) 4.5% Azure Devops 4.1% Microsoft Planner 2.8% Clickup 2.6% Asana 2.6% Stack Overflow for Teams 2.5% Airtable 2.1% Linear 1.8% YouTrack 1.8% Coda 1.5% Monday.com 1.4% Redmine 1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 2,342 ( 4.8% ) Professionals that Use AI GitHub 81.8% Jira 52.7% Confluence 36.8% GitLab 36.5% Markdown File 35.4% Azure Devops 19.2% Notion 18.9% Miro 16.6% Obsidian 16.3% Google Workspace 15.7% Trello 14.6% Wikis 9.3% Google Colab 6.1% Lucid (includes Lucidchart) 5.8% Asana 4.8% Linear 4.5% Clickup 4.5% Doxygen 3.7% Monday.com 2.8% Redmine 2.7% YouTrack 2.6% Airtable 2.6% Stack Overflow for Teams 2.5% Microsoft Planner 2.4% Coda 0.9% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 20,001 ( 40.8% ) Learners that Use AI GitHub 90% Markdown File 35% GitLab 26.5% Obsidian 24.1% Notion 21.2% Google Colab 20.4% Google Workspace 15.8% Trello 14% Jira 10.6% Wikis 8.7% Miro 6.7% Lucid (includes Lucidchart) 5.3% Doxygen 5% Confluence 4.9% Azure Devops 4.4% Clickup 3% Microsoft Planner 3% Asana 2.8% Airtable 2.4% Stack Overflow for Teams 2.3% Linear 1.8% YouTrack 1.7% Coda 1.6% Monday.com 1.4% Redmine 1% Download I acknowledge that the downloaded file is licensed under the Open Database License Download chart Share Twitter/X Facebook LinkedIn Responses: 1,824 ( 3.7% ) Response Use Type Percent bitbucket Have Used 0.1% gitea Have Used 0.1% codeberg Have Used 0% <td class="s-table__ | 2026-01-13T08:48:06 |
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https://lab174.com/blog/202601-yaml-norway/#cb10-5 | YAML? That’s Norway problem < Back to LAB174.com YAML? That’s Norway problem 2026-01-12 Abstract A deep dive into YAML’s Norway problem: why the country code NO gets parsed as false, its history from YAML v1.0 to v1.2, and why popular libraries still exhibit this behavior in 2026. What is yaml Yaml is a well-known data serialization language designed for human readability. It’s a popular choice for configuration files and metadata. Here’s a simple example: # project.yaml title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse countries : - DE - FR - PL - RO Let’s verify that the above example parses correctly. We’ll use Python 1 with Py Yaml 2 version 6.0.3 (the latest version as of this writing). First, let’s install it: python3 -m pip install pyyaml==6.0.3 Now let’s write a simple script to parse the yaml file: # python-pyyaml.py import json import yaml with open ( "project.yaml" , "r" , encoding = "utf-8" ) as f: data = yaml.safe_load(f) print (json.dumps(data, indent = 2 )) Running python3 python-pyyaml.py produces this output: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "PL" , "RO" ] } So far everything behaves as expected. As of January 2026 Python is the world’s 4th most popular programming language according to a 2025 Stack Overflow Survey ( archive ) ↩︎ Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and a top 20 Python library overall in the last month according to PyPI Stats ( archive ). It is also an “official” yaml library in the sense that its source code is hosted in a Github repository owned by the yaml Github account; see: Canonical source repository for Py Yaml . ↩︎ The Norway problem in yaml When we change the original yaml file and add Norway’s two letter iso country code to the existing list: countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO Using the same parsing method, the file now yields this result: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , false , "PL" , "RO" ] } Note that NO has been replaced with false . This is unexpected. Nothing about the context suggests a boolean should appear here. The NO literal sits in a list of country codes like FR or PL and appears similar in form. The problem, of course, is that “no” is also an English word with a negative meaning. This feature was originally added to allow writing booleans in a more human readable way, e.g.: platforms : iPhone : yes iPad : yes AppleWatch : no This gets parsed as: { "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false } } The idea was that configuration files should read like natural language. In practice this behavior proved problematic, becoming the notorious Norway problem in yaml . One workaround is to escape the string, like this: countries : - DE - FR - "NO" - PL - RO With quotes, the file parses as expected: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } Many articles about yaml ’s Norway problem stop here, presenting quoting as the canonical fix. There is more. Yaml ’s history To understand today’s state of the Norway problem we’ll first look at how yaml evolved. May 2001 – Yaml first pass specification At this time, yaml was more of a concept than a finished language. It looked a bit different, though somewhat recognizable. Below is a partial example from the original specification; there are more in the full document, sadly none with boolean values. buyer : % address : % city : Royal Oak line one : 458 Wittigen's Way line two : Suite 292 postal : 48046 state : MI family name : Dumars given name : Chris The document makes no mention of parsing no to false . The “Serilization Format / bnf ” section even contains a typo and a “to do” note 3 : This section contains the bnf 4 productions for the yaml syntax. Much to do… Full first pass specification – archived link ↩︎ Bnf stands for “Backus–Naur form”, a notation system for syntax definition ( Wikipedia ). ↩︎ January 2004 – Yaml v1.0 final draft This version describes various ways of presenting scalars 5 , including both quoted scalars and plain scalars with implicit typing. This is what we’re after. Version 1.0 defined only sequence , map , and string as mandatory types 6 . The rest were optional, but a reference specification existed. That reference specification for the optional boolean type included English word format. Supported words were: true/false , on/off , and also yes/no 7 . This allows the Norway problem to appear – even if following that part of reference is described as optional. – Bonus: implicit typing can be overridden with explicit tags – we’ll talk about this later. – Bonus: single sign characters, i.e. + and - should also be treated as true and false ; even more so, as they are described as the canonical form 8 ! A scalar data type, or just scalar, is any non-composite value. Generally, all basic primitive data types are considered scalar source: Wikipedia ↩︎ Following is a description of the three mandatory core tags. Yaml requires support for the seq, map and str tags. source: Yaml v1.0 specification, tag repository ↩︎ English word format: implicit english ~= true|True|TRUE |false|False|FALSE |yes|Yes|YES |no|No|NO |on|On|ON |off|Off|OFF source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ Single sign character format: implicit canonical ~= +|- source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ January 2005 – Yaml v1.1 final draft Version 1.1 maintained the same implicit typing behavior as v1.0. However, the types listed in the spec – including boolean – while still not mandatory, were now strongly recommended 9 . – Bonus: single sign characters are no longer included and the canonical form is now y/n 10 . these tags represent types that are useful across a wide range of applications and it is strongly recommended they be used whenever appropriate to promote interoperability. source: Yaml v1.1 specification, tag repository ( archive ) ↩︎ Yaml v1.1 boolean type specification , ( archive ) ↩︎ July 2009 – Yaml Revision 1.2.0 Its goal was to make yaml compliant with json , going as far as allowing json to be a subset of yaml 11 . Implicit typing rules have been removed, including the boolean English word format. – Bonus: explicit typing rules are still present. On paper, the Norway problem shouldn’t exist anymore, at least not since this yaml revision. So why are we still seeing it in 2026? The primary objective of this revision is to bring Yaml into compliance with json as an official subset. source: Yaml revision v1.2.0 ↩︎ Yaml spec version history until v1.2.0 Yaml spec version Date Type of no : Value of no first pass specification May 2001 unspecified unspecified v1.0 January 2004 boolean false v1.1 January 2005 boolean false v1.2.0 July 2009 string "no" Table 1: Summary of yaml spec changes. Note that “Type of no ” and “Value of no ” labels refer to the literal without quotes. Yaml in practice To understand why the Norway problem persists, we need to examine the scope of work involved in implementing yaml spec changes. Some clues are present in earlier text already, we see that yaml supports implicit typing, explicit typing, and various presenting formats. Also, the time between different yaml spec version releases is measured in years. What hides between the lines is that yaml and its specification are very, hugely, extremely complex. Seriously, it’s hard to overstate this. Since v1.0 yaml ’s goal was to build upon xml 12 and a number of other technologies, as listed in the final draft 13 : Yaml integrates and builds upon concepts described by C, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, rfc0822 ( mail ), rfc1866 ( html ), rfc2045 ( mime ), rfc2396 ( uri ), xml , sax and soap Yaml supports attachments, custom tags, references – the list goes on. There was even yaxml , an xml binding for yaml 14 . There are 9 ways of writing multiline strings – and some claim the number is actually 63 15 . Characters like ? , ! , !! in some cases have special meanings, with the latter allowing arbitrary code execution. Given this complexity, the Norway problem wasn’t the only language quirk in yaml v1.1. Revision v1.2 simplified boolean behavior and more (e.g. handling of null and numerical values), while other language features remained unchanged. How did libraries react to changes in such a complex specification? In fact yaml was originally intended to be a markup language and its name stood for “Yet Another Markup Language”. Six months after the first pass specification, in January 2002, it was renamed to “ Yaml Ain’t Markup Language”. ↩︎ Yaml v1.0 specification, prior art ↩︎ a subset of xml which has yaml ’s information model, but xml ’s syntax (…) a xslt Stylesheet is provided, along with the canonical invoice example in xml using this schema source: Yaxml , the (draft) xml Binding for yaml – archived link ↩︎ There are 5 6 NINE (or 63, depending how you count) different ways to write multi-line strings in yaml . (…) 2 block styles, each with 2 possible block chomping indicators (or none), and with 9 possible indentation indicators (or none), 1 plain style and 2 quoted styles: 2 x (2 + 1) x (9 + 1) + 1 + 2 = 63 source: Stack Overflow answer ( archived ) ↩︎ Yaml libraries As of January 2026 popular yaml libraries still haven’t moved from v1.1 to v1.2, and they still exhibit the Norway problem. Smaller alternative projects have appeared, but their usage hasn’t surpassed the existing v1.1 libraries. Some users have built their own alternative parsers, mixing v1.1 and v1.2 features, or focusing on a subset of yaml suited to their needs. Below are some examples. Py Yaml As mentioned before, Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and one of the most popular Python libraries overall. Py Yaml never added v1.2 support. There is an open issue from 2017 in Py Yaml ’s Github project about introducing support for v1.2 16 . There are at least two more related open issues, plus several closed ones. An unofficial library 17 exists that can be used on top of Py Yaml to provide partial v1.2 support (its documentation notes that not all v1.2 features are implemented). Another Python library, ruamel.yaml 18 , supports v1.2 by default. Py Yaml Github Issue #116 ↩︎ yamlcore PyPI project page ↩︎ ruamel.yaml PyPI project page ↩︎ Lib Yaml Lib Yaml is the long-standing C library for yaml , it is used widely as a dependency by other tools and bindings. Like Py Yaml , it’s an “official” implementation – in the sense that its canonical repository is hosted on Github and owned by the official ‘yaml’ Github account. Lib Yaml also never added v1.2 support. An open issue from 2016 in Lib Yaml ’s github project requests adding v1.2 support 19 . As mentioned earlier, Lib Yaml sits deep in dependency trees; changing its behavior is especially risky and slow. A less popular library, libfyaml 20 , supports v1.2 by default. Lib Yaml Github Issue #20 ↩︎ libfyaml Github project page ↩︎ Golang’s gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Currently unmaintained 21 , historically the most popular and still holds more Github stars then other Golang yaml libraries. It’s especially interesting because it declares support for a mix of v1.1 and 1.2 22 . The Golang’s most popular actively maintained library 23 defaults to v1.2 behavior. “This project is unmaintained” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ “The yaml package supports most of yaml 1.2, but preserves some behavior from 1.1 for backwards compatibility.” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ goccy/go-yaml Github project page ↩︎ Kyaml Kyaml is a yaml dialect built for the Kubernetes project, launched in June 2025. Its goal is to provide a safer and less ambiguous tool; it is also designed specifically for Kubernetes, trading generality for predictability. The announcement blog post references the Norway problem directly 24 . Yaml ’s significant whitespace requires careful attention to indentation and nesting, while its optional string-quoting can lead to unexpected type coercion (for example: “The Norway Bug”). source: Kubernetes v1.34 Sneak Peek ↩︎ Is the Norway problem solved? Yaml ’s ecosystem is not just libraries, it’s also the community of users. Including: strong and conflicting opinions about yaml in general and the Norway problem in particular. In some part this outcome could be expected; after all yaml is very popular, deceptively complex, and is used in different kinds of scenarios, from small personal config files to critical infrastructure setups. Many texts don’t distinguish between yaml spec versions at all 25 . Even when spec version numbers are used, they’re frequently mistyped. It’s not difficult to find documentation claiming that implicit boolean typing is a trait of yaml specification version 1.2 26 (the correct version is v1.1); mistakes get spotted 27 and eventually updated, but that takes more time and effort than making the original typo. On the other hand we see users who declare the Norway problem as solved because it doesn’t exist in the latest spec version, or because they haven’t experienced it themselves, or for other reasons 28 . To be fair, that language feature was removed over a decade ago, and it’s unexpected that popular libraries still support the older spec version. Technically, the issue is solved in the spec – but in practice, most widely adopted implementations still support implicit boolean typing, as we’ve seen. Finally, there are end users who are so unhappy with yaml that they prefer almost anything else 29 . We end up with countless use cases (hobby, pro, critical infrastructure, …), roles (spec author, library maintainer, end user debugging a failed deployment at 11pm, …), and just as many points of views. The yaml specification defines many strings that are automatically interpreted as boolean values, which often conflicts with developer expectations. When you write country: NO , the yaml parser interprets NO as the boolean false , not the string "NO" source: What is the Norway Bug? ↩︎ The most tragic aspect of this bug , however, is that it is intended behavior according to the yaml 1.2 specification. source: The Norway Problem – why Strict Yaml refuses to do implicit typing and so should you ↩︎ In this case a Github issue has been created: It was intended according to the yaml 1.1 specification, but in yaml 1.2, the only recognized booleans are true , True , TRUE , false , False , FALSE . source: strictyaml Github issue #186 ↩︎ I don’t want to link to individual messages on social platforms to err on the side of users’ privacy; I’ll paraphrase some of them below, for illustration purposes. Norway problem has been solved for 16 years. Using 1.1 at this point is just forehead palming foolishness. The Norway issue is a bit blown out of proportion. I have been using YAML for 5+ years and have never had it. We stopped having this problem over ten years ago. Just quote your strings. Another solution is to change the country name. ↩︎ Same as earlier, I’ll paraphrase a few messages below, meant for illustration. Stop using YAML YAML - just say Norway. You should stop even tolerating YAML, refuse on sight. YAML made sense before JSON became a thing. YAML made me look at XML wistfully. Why people persist with YAML in new projects is baffling to me. People from Norway couldn't sign up. Took us a while to figure out. ↩︎ What next? In yaml final draft v1.0, the document specified that, along with yes and no , + and - should also be parsed as booleans. This was removed v1.1. There was an idea to keep that functionality when plus or minus signs were preceded with a dot ( .+ and .- ), but it didn’t catch on. Despite its well known and lesser known quirks, yaml remains popular and widely used. At this scale small quirks cascade into unexpected issues. And changes – or fixes – are introduced at a glacial pace. Then again, yaml ’s charm has its place, as evidenced by its popularity. While spec change adoption is very slow, it is still ongoing. New projects will likely adopt newer libraries, where the Norway problem no longer exists. If there is a single takeaway from this article, it’s this: yaml ecosystem is fragmented; on the whole it is moving towards a slightly stricter version. Implicit boolean typing is getting removed, it’s no longer in the official specification and most new libraries adhere to that. As of January 2026 however, the older libraries are stuck on the older version of the spec, they are still more popular and updating or phasing them out may take a while. Frequently Asked Questions Why not just use json in place of yaml ? A common reply is “no comments” – because json doesn’t support comments 30 ; many other yaml features aren’t supported either. This makes json a simpler and stricter alternative. Wheter that’s a better fit for your project, that depends on the project. As always, personal preference plays a role too. Note: json has its own flavors, like jsonc 31 . It was a conscious decision; there is an explanation from Douglas Crockford, as well as a suggestion about using json for configuration files: I removed comments from json because I saw people were using them to hold parsing directives, a practice which would have destroyed interoperability. I know that the lack of comments makes some people sad, but it shouldn’t. Suppose you are using json to keep configuration files, which you would like to annotate. Go ahead and insert all the comments you like. Then pipe it through JSMin before handing it to your json parser. source: Google Plus post by Douglas Crockford – archived link ↩︎ Json with Comments – project’s homepage ↩︎ Is yaml a superset of json ? After writing this article, I’m still not entirely sure. Even though the goal of yaml revision v1.2.0 was to make that happen and revisions 1.2.0 and 1.2.1 claimed it explicitly 32 : Yaml can therefore be viewed as a natural superset of json , offering improved human readability and a more complete information model. That text has been removed from the latest yaml revision 1.2.2. A popular article 33 claims to prove that yaml is not a superset of json , but that article uses a v1.1 parser – and as we know v1.1 never claimed json compatibility. So that won’t help us. The actual reason might be that yaml requires maps to have unique keys 34 , while json only recommends it 35 . So perhaps most json (i.e. json where objects have unique keys) is a subset of yaml . Some ambiguity remains. See e.g.: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.1 ↩︎ Json treats the value 1e2 a number, of course, because it’s not in quote marks. Yaml fails to parse it as a number so silently falls back to treating it as a string. source: YAML IS NOT A SUPERSET OF JSON ↩︎ The content of a mapping node is an unordered set of key/value node pairs, with the restriction that each of the keys is unique source: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.2 ↩︎ The names within an object SHOULD be unique. source: The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation ( json ) ↩︎ What went wrong? This question is out of scope for this article – here the goal is to prioritize facts over “what if?”. If i had to answer, I’d say that nothing went wrong. When a complex technology with a stable ecosystem introduces a breaking change, sometimes the process can take ages. The main surprise here is how complicated yaml really is. Also, as we’ve seen, with yaml and related tools being free software, anyone could contribute to improving the v1.2 adoption rate – or move to a tool that suits them better, or even create one. What about toml , sexagesimal numbers, schemas, human genes, Ruby, or Perl? These topics are only loosely related to the Norway problem, and this text is already quite long. If you enjoyed reading it, leave positive feedback somewhere and a Part 2 might happen. In the meantime, visit my homepage 36 and check out my other projects – maybe you’ll find something else you’ll enjoy. LAB174 homepage ↩︎ Epilogue Implicit boolean typing has been removed, but explicit boolean typing still remains. If a uniform yaml 1.2 future actually arrives, you can still bring a little bit of nostalgia to your code by writing: title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse platforms : iPhone : !!bool yes iPad : !!bool yes # Note the explicit typing here and above. AppleWatch : !!bool no countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO When parsed with yq , a tool that supports yaml revision 1.2 by default: yq eval -o=json project.yaml It returns: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } < Back to LAB174.com | 2026-01-13T08:48:06 |
https://lab174.com/blog/202601-yaml-norway/#cb9-1 | YAML? That’s Norway problem < Back to LAB174.com YAML? That’s Norway problem 2026-01-12 Abstract A deep dive into YAML’s Norway problem: why the country code NO gets parsed as false, its history from YAML v1.0 to v1.2, and why popular libraries still exhibit this behavior in 2026. What is yaml Yaml is a well-known data serialization language designed for human readability. It’s a popular choice for configuration files and metadata. Here’s a simple example: # project.yaml title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse countries : - DE - FR - PL - RO Let’s verify that the above example parses correctly. We’ll use Python 1 with Py Yaml 2 version 6.0.3 (the latest version as of this writing). First, let’s install it: python3 -m pip install pyyaml==6.0.3 Now let’s write a simple script to parse the yaml file: # python-pyyaml.py import json import yaml with open ( "project.yaml" , "r" , encoding = "utf-8" ) as f: data = yaml.safe_load(f) print (json.dumps(data, indent = 2 )) Running python3 python-pyyaml.py produces this output: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "PL" , "RO" ] } So far everything behaves as expected. As of January 2026 Python is the world’s 4th most popular programming language according to a 2025 Stack Overflow Survey ( archive ) ↩︎ Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and a top 20 Python library overall in the last month according to PyPI Stats ( archive ). It is also an “official” yaml library in the sense that its source code is hosted in a Github repository owned by the yaml Github account; see: Canonical source repository for Py Yaml . ↩︎ The Norway problem in yaml When we change the original yaml file and add Norway’s two letter iso country code to the existing list: countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO Using the same parsing method, the file now yields this result: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , false , "PL" , "RO" ] } Note that NO has been replaced with false . This is unexpected. Nothing about the context suggests a boolean should appear here. The NO literal sits in a list of country codes like FR or PL and appears similar in form. The problem, of course, is that “no” is also an English word with a negative meaning. This feature was originally added to allow writing booleans in a more human readable way, e.g.: platforms : iPhone : yes iPad : yes AppleWatch : no This gets parsed as: { "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false } } The idea was that configuration files should read like natural language. In practice this behavior proved problematic, becoming the notorious Norway problem in yaml . One workaround is to escape the string, like this: countries : - DE - FR - "NO" - PL - RO With quotes, the file parses as expected: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } Many articles about yaml ’s Norway problem stop here, presenting quoting as the canonical fix. There is more. Yaml ’s history To understand today’s state of the Norway problem we’ll first look at how yaml evolved. May 2001 – Yaml first pass specification At this time, yaml was more of a concept than a finished language. It looked a bit different, though somewhat recognizable. Below is a partial example from the original specification; there are more in the full document, sadly none with boolean values. buyer : % address : % city : Royal Oak line one : 458 Wittigen's Way line two : Suite 292 postal : 48046 state : MI family name : Dumars given name : Chris The document makes no mention of parsing no to false . The “Serilization Format / bnf ” section even contains a typo and a “to do” note 3 : This section contains the bnf 4 productions for the yaml syntax. Much to do… Full first pass specification – archived link ↩︎ Bnf stands for “Backus–Naur form”, a notation system for syntax definition ( Wikipedia ). ↩︎ January 2004 – Yaml v1.0 final draft This version describes various ways of presenting scalars 5 , including both quoted scalars and plain scalars with implicit typing. This is what we’re after. Version 1.0 defined only sequence , map , and string as mandatory types 6 . The rest were optional, but a reference specification existed. That reference specification for the optional boolean type included English word format. Supported words were: true/false , on/off , and also yes/no 7 . This allows the Norway problem to appear – even if following that part of reference is described as optional. – Bonus: implicit typing can be overridden with explicit tags – we’ll talk about this later. – Bonus: single sign characters, i.e. + and - should also be treated as true and false ; even more so, as they are described as the canonical form 8 ! A scalar data type, or just scalar, is any non-composite value. Generally, all basic primitive data types are considered scalar source: Wikipedia ↩︎ Following is a description of the three mandatory core tags. Yaml requires support for the seq, map and str tags. source: Yaml v1.0 specification, tag repository ↩︎ English word format: implicit english ~= true|True|TRUE |false|False|FALSE |yes|Yes|YES |no|No|NO |on|On|ON |off|Off|OFF source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ Single sign character format: implicit canonical ~= +|- source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ January 2005 – Yaml v1.1 final draft Version 1.1 maintained the same implicit typing behavior as v1.0. However, the types listed in the spec – including boolean – while still not mandatory, were now strongly recommended 9 . – Bonus: single sign characters are no longer included and the canonical form is now y/n 10 . these tags represent types that are useful across a wide range of applications and it is strongly recommended they be used whenever appropriate to promote interoperability. source: Yaml v1.1 specification, tag repository ( archive ) ↩︎ Yaml v1.1 boolean type specification , ( archive ) ↩︎ July 2009 – Yaml Revision 1.2.0 Its goal was to make yaml compliant with json , going as far as allowing json to be a subset of yaml 11 . Implicit typing rules have been removed, including the boolean English word format. – Bonus: explicit typing rules are still present. On paper, the Norway problem shouldn’t exist anymore, at least not since this yaml revision. So why are we still seeing it in 2026? The primary objective of this revision is to bring Yaml into compliance with json as an official subset. source: Yaml revision v1.2.0 ↩︎ Yaml spec version history until v1.2.0 Yaml spec version Date Type of no : Value of no first pass specification May 2001 unspecified unspecified v1.0 January 2004 boolean false v1.1 January 2005 boolean false v1.2.0 July 2009 string "no" Table 1: Summary of yaml spec changes. Note that “Type of no ” and “Value of no ” labels refer to the literal without quotes. Yaml in practice To understand why the Norway problem persists, we need to examine the scope of work involved in implementing yaml spec changes. Some clues are present in earlier text already, we see that yaml supports implicit typing, explicit typing, and various presenting formats. Also, the time between different yaml spec version releases is measured in years. What hides between the lines is that yaml and its specification are very, hugely, extremely complex. Seriously, it’s hard to overstate this. Since v1.0 yaml ’s goal was to build upon xml 12 and a number of other technologies, as listed in the final draft 13 : Yaml integrates and builds upon concepts described by C, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, rfc0822 ( mail ), rfc1866 ( html ), rfc2045 ( mime ), rfc2396 ( uri ), xml , sax and soap Yaml supports attachments, custom tags, references – the list goes on. There was even yaxml , an xml binding for yaml 14 . There are 9 ways of writing multiline strings – and some claim the number is actually 63 15 . Characters like ? , ! , !! in some cases have special meanings, with the latter allowing arbitrary code execution. Given this complexity, the Norway problem wasn’t the only language quirk in yaml v1.1. Revision v1.2 simplified boolean behavior and more (e.g. handling of null and numerical values), while other language features remained unchanged. How did libraries react to changes in such a complex specification? In fact yaml was originally intended to be a markup language and its name stood for “Yet Another Markup Language”. Six months after the first pass specification, in January 2002, it was renamed to “ Yaml Ain’t Markup Language”. ↩︎ Yaml v1.0 specification, prior art ↩︎ a subset of xml which has yaml ’s information model, but xml ’s syntax (…) a xslt Stylesheet is provided, along with the canonical invoice example in xml using this schema source: Yaxml , the (draft) xml Binding for yaml – archived link ↩︎ There are 5 6 NINE (or 63, depending how you count) different ways to write multi-line strings in yaml . (…) 2 block styles, each with 2 possible block chomping indicators (or none), and with 9 possible indentation indicators (or none), 1 plain style and 2 quoted styles: 2 x (2 + 1) x (9 + 1) + 1 + 2 = 63 source: Stack Overflow answer ( archived ) ↩︎ Yaml libraries As of January 2026 popular yaml libraries still haven’t moved from v1.1 to v1.2, and they still exhibit the Norway problem. Smaller alternative projects have appeared, but their usage hasn’t surpassed the existing v1.1 libraries. Some users have built their own alternative parsers, mixing v1.1 and v1.2 features, or focusing on a subset of yaml suited to their needs. Below are some examples. Py Yaml As mentioned before, Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and one of the most popular Python libraries overall. Py Yaml never added v1.2 support. There is an open issue from 2017 in Py Yaml ’s Github project about introducing support for v1.2 16 . There are at least two more related open issues, plus several closed ones. An unofficial library 17 exists that can be used on top of Py Yaml to provide partial v1.2 support (its documentation notes that not all v1.2 features are implemented). Another Python library, ruamel.yaml 18 , supports v1.2 by default. Py Yaml Github Issue #116 ↩︎ yamlcore PyPI project page ↩︎ ruamel.yaml PyPI project page ↩︎ Lib Yaml Lib Yaml is the long-standing C library for yaml , it is used widely as a dependency by other tools and bindings. Like Py Yaml , it’s an “official” implementation – in the sense that its canonical repository is hosted on Github and owned by the official ‘yaml’ Github account. Lib Yaml also never added v1.2 support. An open issue from 2016 in Lib Yaml ’s github project requests adding v1.2 support 19 . As mentioned earlier, Lib Yaml sits deep in dependency trees; changing its behavior is especially risky and slow. A less popular library, libfyaml 20 , supports v1.2 by default. Lib Yaml Github Issue #20 ↩︎ libfyaml Github project page ↩︎ Golang’s gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Currently unmaintained 21 , historically the most popular and still holds more Github stars then other Golang yaml libraries. It’s especially interesting because it declares support for a mix of v1.1 and 1.2 22 . The Golang’s most popular actively maintained library 23 defaults to v1.2 behavior. “This project is unmaintained” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ “The yaml package supports most of yaml 1.2, but preserves some behavior from 1.1 for backwards compatibility.” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ goccy/go-yaml Github project page ↩︎ Kyaml Kyaml is a yaml dialect built for the Kubernetes project, launched in June 2025. Its goal is to provide a safer and less ambiguous tool; it is also designed specifically for Kubernetes, trading generality for predictability. The announcement blog post references the Norway problem directly 24 . Yaml ’s significant whitespace requires careful attention to indentation and nesting, while its optional string-quoting can lead to unexpected type coercion (for example: “The Norway Bug”). source: Kubernetes v1.34 Sneak Peek ↩︎ Is the Norway problem solved? Yaml ’s ecosystem is not just libraries, it’s also the community of users. Including: strong and conflicting opinions about yaml in general and the Norway problem in particular. In some part this outcome could be expected; after all yaml is very popular, deceptively complex, and is used in different kinds of scenarios, from small personal config files to critical infrastructure setups. Many texts don’t distinguish between yaml spec versions at all 25 . Even when spec version numbers are used, they’re frequently mistyped. It’s not difficult to find documentation claiming that implicit boolean typing is a trait of yaml specification version 1.2 26 (the correct version is v1.1); mistakes get spotted 27 and eventually updated, but that takes more time and effort than making the original typo. On the other hand we see users who declare the Norway problem as solved because it doesn’t exist in the latest spec version, or because they haven’t experienced it themselves, or for other reasons 28 . To be fair, that language feature was removed over a decade ago, and it’s unexpected that popular libraries still support the older spec version. Technically, the issue is solved in the spec – but in practice, most widely adopted implementations still support implicit boolean typing, as we’ve seen. Finally, there are end users who are so unhappy with yaml that they prefer almost anything else 29 . We end up with countless use cases (hobby, pro, critical infrastructure, …), roles (spec author, library maintainer, end user debugging a failed deployment at 11pm, …), and just as many points of views. The yaml specification defines many strings that are automatically interpreted as boolean values, which often conflicts with developer expectations. When you write country: NO , the yaml parser interprets NO as the boolean false , not the string "NO" source: What is the Norway Bug? ↩︎ The most tragic aspect of this bug , however, is that it is intended behavior according to the yaml 1.2 specification. source: The Norway Problem – why Strict Yaml refuses to do implicit typing and so should you ↩︎ In this case a Github issue has been created: It was intended according to the yaml 1.1 specification, but in yaml 1.2, the only recognized booleans are true , True , TRUE , false , False , FALSE . source: strictyaml Github issue #186 ↩︎ I don’t want to link to individual messages on social platforms to err on the side of users’ privacy; I’ll paraphrase some of them below, for illustration purposes. Norway problem has been solved for 16 years. Using 1.1 at this point is just forehead palming foolishness. The Norway issue is a bit blown out of proportion. I have been using YAML for 5+ years and have never had it. We stopped having this problem over ten years ago. Just quote your strings. Another solution is to change the country name. ↩︎ Same as earlier, I’ll paraphrase a few messages below, meant for illustration. Stop using YAML YAML - just say Norway. You should stop even tolerating YAML, refuse on sight. YAML made sense before JSON became a thing. YAML made me look at XML wistfully. Why people persist with YAML in new projects is baffling to me. People from Norway couldn't sign up. Took us a while to figure out. ↩︎ What next? In yaml final draft v1.0, the document specified that, along with yes and no , + and - should also be parsed as booleans. This was removed v1.1. There was an idea to keep that functionality when plus or minus signs were preceded with a dot ( .+ and .- ), but it didn’t catch on. Despite its well known and lesser known quirks, yaml remains popular and widely used. At this scale small quirks cascade into unexpected issues. And changes – or fixes – are introduced at a glacial pace. Then again, yaml ’s charm has its place, as evidenced by its popularity. While spec change adoption is very slow, it is still ongoing. New projects will likely adopt newer libraries, where the Norway problem no longer exists. If there is a single takeaway from this article, it’s this: yaml ecosystem is fragmented; on the whole it is moving towards a slightly stricter version. Implicit boolean typing is getting removed, it’s no longer in the official specification and most new libraries adhere to that. As of January 2026 however, the older libraries are stuck on the older version of the spec, they are still more popular and updating or phasing them out may take a while. Frequently Asked Questions Why not just use json in place of yaml ? A common reply is “no comments” – because json doesn’t support comments 30 ; many other yaml features aren’t supported either. This makes json a simpler and stricter alternative. Wheter that’s a better fit for your project, that depends on the project. As always, personal preference plays a role too. Note: json has its own flavors, like jsonc 31 . It was a conscious decision; there is an explanation from Douglas Crockford, as well as a suggestion about using json for configuration files: I removed comments from json because I saw people were using them to hold parsing directives, a practice which would have destroyed interoperability. I know that the lack of comments makes some people sad, but it shouldn’t. Suppose you are using json to keep configuration files, which you would like to annotate. Go ahead and insert all the comments you like. Then pipe it through JSMin before handing it to your json parser. source: Google Plus post by Douglas Crockford – archived link ↩︎ Json with Comments – project’s homepage ↩︎ Is yaml a superset of json ? After writing this article, I’m still not entirely sure. Even though the goal of yaml revision v1.2.0 was to make that happen and revisions 1.2.0 and 1.2.1 claimed it explicitly 32 : Yaml can therefore be viewed as a natural superset of json , offering improved human readability and a more complete information model. That text has been removed from the latest yaml revision 1.2.2. A popular article 33 claims to prove that yaml is not a superset of json , but that article uses a v1.1 parser – and as we know v1.1 never claimed json compatibility. So that won’t help us. The actual reason might be that yaml requires maps to have unique keys 34 , while json only recommends it 35 . So perhaps most json (i.e. json where objects have unique keys) is a subset of yaml . Some ambiguity remains. See e.g.: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.1 ↩︎ Json treats the value 1e2 a number, of course, because it’s not in quote marks. Yaml fails to parse it as a number so silently falls back to treating it as a string. source: YAML IS NOT A SUPERSET OF JSON ↩︎ The content of a mapping node is an unordered set of key/value node pairs, with the restriction that each of the keys is unique source: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.2 ↩︎ The names within an object SHOULD be unique. source: The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation ( json ) ↩︎ What went wrong? This question is out of scope for this article – here the goal is to prioritize facts over “what if?”. If i had to answer, I’d say that nothing went wrong. When a complex technology with a stable ecosystem introduces a breaking change, sometimes the process can take ages. The main surprise here is how complicated yaml really is. Also, as we’ve seen, with yaml and related tools being free software, anyone could contribute to improving the v1.2 adoption rate – or move to a tool that suits them better, or even create one. What about toml , sexagesimal numbers, schemas, human genes, Ruby, or Perl? These topics are only loosely related to the Norway problem, and this text is already quite long. If you enjoyed reading it, leave positive feedback somewhere and a Part 2 might happen. In the meantime, visit my homepage 36 and check out my other projects – maybe you’ll find something else you’ll enjoy. LAB174 homepage ↩︎ Epilogue Implicit boolean typing has been removed, but explicit boolean typing still remains. If a uniform yaml 1.2 future actually arrives, you can still bring a little bit of nostalgia to your code by writing: title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse platforms : iPhone : !!bool yes iPad : !!bool yes # Note the explicit typing here and above. AppleWatch : !!bool no countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO When parsed with yq , a tool that supports yaml revision 1.2 by default: yq eval -o=json project.yaml It returns: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } < Back to LAB174.com | 2026-01-13T08:48:06 |
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https://www.finalroundai.com/blog/salary-negotiation-tips-2026 | 10 Salary Negotiation Tips That Work in 2026 Promotion title Promotion description Button Text Interview Copilot AI Application AI Resume Builder Auto Apply AI Resume Builder Auto Apply AI Mock Interview Pricing Resources Resume Creation Tools Recruiters Hotline Resume Checker Cover Letter Generator Career Guidance Tools AI Career Coach LinkedIn Profile Optimizer LinkedIn Resume Builder Support Guides Blog Articles Resume Creation Tools Recruiters Hotline Resume Checker Cover Letter Generator Career Guidance Tools AI Career Coach LinkedIn Profile Optimizer LinkedIn Resume Builder Support Guides Blog Articles Question bank Sign In Sign Up Interview Copilot AI Application AI Resume Builder Auto Apply AI Mock Interview Pricing Resources Resume Creation Tools Recruiters Hotline Resume Checker Cover Letter Generator Career Guidance Tools AI Career Coach LinkedIn Profile Optimizer LinkedIn Resume Builder Support Guides Blog Articles 🔥 Question Bank Sign In Home > Blog > Interview Prep Home > Blog > Interview Prep 10 Salary Negotiation Tips That Work in 2026 Learn 10 practical salary negotiation tips that actually work in 2026, including what to say and what to ask. Written by Kaustubh Saini Edited by Jaya Muvania Reviewed by Kaivan Dave Updated on Jan 5, 2026 Read time 8 min read Comments https://www.finalroundai.com/blog/salary-negotiation-tips-2026 Link copied! Talking about money is awkward, whether it’s your first time negotiating a salary or looking for a promotion. But money is important, and you should get the best deal for your financial future. According to a 2026 salary guide , most candidates feel confident they can negotiate their salary this year. But on the other side, 74% of managers say they are struggling to keep up with employee expectations. His gap shows a clear mismatch: employees believe they have strong leverage in today’s job market, while managers are dealing with pressure to control costs. That’s the key reason behind massive layoffs last year. That led to only 31% employees negotiating their offers for freshers, less than the previous year. But salary discussion is something you must do. This is a guide on 10 salary negotiation tips for the changing job market of 2026. 10 Salary Negotiation Tips for 2026 Remember, in business, you don’t get what you deserve; you get what you negotiate. This principle highlights that hoping for fair pay isn’t enough, but you must actively advocate for your value. Here are the top tips to get a better offer in 2026: 1) Research Your Market Value Before you even think about throwing out a number, you need to know what you are working with. You need to know what you are actually worth in the current job market. After Stephen A. Smith signed a new contract, he shared some advice for other professionals: " The numbers are always arguable, [but the goal is to have a] ballpark idea of what those numbers are and what your worth is, and by virtue of that, when they come to you, you're able to negotiate. " Going in with a clear salary range also shows you have done your research and makes it easier to respond confidently when the employer pushes back. Start with websites like Glassdoor, Payscale, and Salary.com. These platforms let you filter by job title, location, years of experience, and even company size. Look for the specific job role you are applying for or working for, with similar experience, in your city. In 2026, you will have more AI-powered salary calculators and tools than ever to figure out what people in your position actually make. You can even look inside Reddit threads where people are surprisingly transparent about their compensation. At last, reach out to people in your network who have similar roles. Most people are happy to help, especially if you are not asking them to share their exact salary. Here are all the places to research: Salary comparison websites Job listings Industry reports Online communities like Reddit, Discord, etc. Professional network The goal here isn't to find one perfect number. You want to find a range, and what's the high end? Having this range in mind before you start negotiating is crucial. Know your worth first and believe it. 2) Prepare receipts of your impact and value Companies pay you for the value you create. So when it's time to negotiate, you need to prove you deserve every dollar you are asking for. This means having concrete examples ready to go. Think about your biggest wins: Did you increase sales or revenue? Save the company money? Launch a successful project on time? Improve a process that was driving everyone crazy? Improve a process that was slowing everyone down? Automate or streamline repetitive work? Mentor teammates or help onboard new hires? Basically, did you deliver results that directly supported business goals? Write these wins down with actual numbers attached. For example, instead of saying " I improved our social media presence, " say " I grew our Instagram following from 5,000 to 50,000 followers in six months, which generated 200 qualified leads. " Gather all the evidence. Prepare a small presentation on all the projects you completed in the last 6-12 months, with quantifiable results, and the positive feedback you received from your boss or your client/customer. Also, if you were one of the first people at your company to introduce them into everyday workflows and help others learn them too, that’s a huge win when negotiating your salary in 2026. During the negotiation, you will reference all these to back up your expectation. 3) Ask for time to think it through A US Survey found that 55% of employees accepted their job salary offer without any negotiation. But that is not recommended. When a company makes you an offer, you don't have to answer on the spot. Ask them to give you time of about 1 to 2 days to think it thoroughly. Why does this matter? Because it gives you time to analyze the offer and prepare your counteroffer if you decide to negotiate. Any reasonable employer will respect this. They understand that this is a major decision in your life. It also signals that you take such things seriously, and you will put this much extra care into their business, too. But if you still feel like it is a risk or you may sound rude, Mandi Woodruff-Santos, a career expert in New York City, shared an important advice : “ I think it’s really important to ask for time to review their offer and then ask for a phone call, and then counteroffer or discuss the compensation. If you’ve gotten to that stage already, they clearly want to work with you, and it will take a lot of trouble for them to go back to the drawing board and find another candidate. ” Remember that once a company makes you an offer, you already have leverage. They have invested time in interviews and paperwork because they want you. Replacing you would mean starting the hiring process all over again, costing them more time and money. 4) Go for perks if salary won't budge Sometimes your boss legitimately can't move on salary because of strict pay bands, budget constraints, or internal equity issues. But as you know, salary is just one piece of your total package, and there are other valuable perks and benefits you can negotiate: Signing bonus: This is often the easiest thing for companies to approve because it's a one-time expense, not a recurring cost. Student loan repayment assistance : Some companies offer programs where they will contribute toward paying off your student loans. Extra paid leave: With burnout being such a huge issue, vacation time is incredibly valuable. If you can negotiate for 2 to 3 weeks of holidays, that's basically like getting paid for an extra week. Remote work flexibility: If the role is hybrid or in-office, see if you can negotiate more work-from-home days. With remote work becoming more normalized over the last 5 years, companies are often open to this. Home office stipend: If you are remote, ask if they will cover better equipment, a monitor, an ergonomic chair, or give you a monthly stipend for internet and phone bills. Stock options: If you are joining a startup, equity could end up being worth way more than a higher salary. A recent survey shows 75% of employees value flexible hours, 62% want remote work, and 48% want extra holiday time. The key is to think about what would actually improve your life and make the offer more attractive. 5) Be ready to walk away This might be the hardest tip on this list, but it's also one of the most important. Be Ready to say NO if the offer doesn’t meet your minimum requirement. You have already figured out the expected salary range you deserve. The lower number is your breakout point. Walking away feels scary, especially if you need a job. But accepting an offer that doesn't meet your needs will only leave you financially stressed and resentful for the coming months. Sometimes companies will come back with a better offer after you have declined. When you are willing to walk away, it shows you know your value. But if they don’t, leave the negotiation. 6) Pick the perfect time Timing in salary negotiation is everything. Ask too early or wait too long, and you lose leverage. Our survey with US recruiters found that the best time to ask for a raise is right after you have completed a major project or delivered a clear win for the company. 67% of managers say that timing is very critical. For a fresher, the best time to negotiate salary is after you have received a formal job offer, not before. Once the company makes an offer, it’s a clear signal that they want you and are willing to invest in you. At this stage, you can take time to review the offer and discuss pay without risking the opportunity. And avoid bringing up salary during moments when the interviewer is focused on evaluating your skills or fit. If you are in the middle of a technical interview or meeting with your potential team members, that's not the time to ask about money. 7) Show them you actually want the job The best negotiations happen when the company knows you are genuinely excited to work there. Why does this matter? Because negotiations can feel bitter if you are not careful. If you come in focusing only on what you want without showing what you are excited to give, it can rub people the wrong way. So, mention specific things about the company or role that excite you. Maybe it's the mission, the team, the technology stack, the growth opportunities, or the company culture. 8) Level up with AI skills Welcome to 2026, where AI literacy is becoming as essential. If you want to increase your worth in weeks, this is the easiest way. As you know by now, AI isn't going away, and companies are actively looking for people who can use these tools to work faster. Since this is a big trend right now and employers want more productive people, adding some AI skills to the conversation will only help. Andrew Ng, co-founder of Coursera, advises tech professionals to take a few relevant courses on AI . Start from the basics and learn structurally to understand concepts thoroughly to apply them with ease, or find new ways to use the new tools. The best thing is that you can learn most of the AI tools made for your industry in just a couple of weeks. This gives you some more leverage by showing that you are putting more effort into the job and will produce more results for the company. Also, follow AI news and trends so you can speak knowledgeably about how these technologies impact your industry. A study found that AI skills are associated with a roughly 23% wage premium, meaning workers with demonstrable AI expertise tend to earn significantly more than those without. 9) Practice your pitch Practice your negotiation pitch until it sounds natural and confident. Start by writing out your key talking points, like the market research you did, projects you completed, and what salary & perks you are looking for. Then practice saying it out loud. Say your pitch 10 times. 20 times. However many times it takes until you can deliver it smoothly without reading from notes. Practice in front of a mirror so you can see your body language. Are you making eye contact? Are you sitting up straight? Do you look confident or nervous? Your non-verbal communication matters as much as your words. The goal is to become so comfortable with your main points that you can have a natural conversation while hitting all the important beats. 10) Get everything in writing After you get the better pay, but before you are ready to complete the conversation, ask that you need the offer in writing. Verbal agreements and handshake deals don't count, especially for perks. You need an official written offer letter that spells out exactly what you have agreed to. Your offer letter should include: Base salary Start date Job title. Bonuses and incentives Equity or stock options Benefits PTO and vacation Remote work arrangements When you receive the offer letter, read every single line carefully. Check that every number is correct, every benefit you discussed is included, and there aren't any surprise clauses. Conclusion Remember, salary negotiation isn't about being pushy or demanding. It is just a conversation between two parties trying to reach an agreement that works for everyone. The biggest mistake you can make is not negotiating at all. Companies expect it. In fact, many hiring managers build room into their offers specifically because they know candidates will negotiate. If you don't ask, you're literally leaving money on the table. Upgrade your resume! Create a hireable resume with just one click and stand out to recruiters. Upload Your Resume Now ← Back to all articles Table of Contents Example H2 Example H3 Ace Your Next Interview with Confidence Unlock personalized guidance and perfect your responses with Final Round AI, ensuring you stand out and succeed in every interview. Get Started Free Related articles Interview Coaching for Career Changers: Land Your Dream Job Interview Prep • Michael Guan Interview Coaching for Career Changers: Land Your Dream Job Unlock your potential with interview coaching tailored for career changers, empowering you to land your dream job. Sample Interview Questions: Ace Your Next Job Talk Interview Prep • Michael Guan Sample Interview Questions: Ace Your Next Job Talk Job interviews can be very stressful. They usually last 45-60 minutes and you face a panel of 3 to 12 people. That's why getting ready for an interview is key to doing well. Let's look at why it's important and how it can make you feel more confident. 20 Best ChatGPT Prompts for Interview Preparation (Tried and Tested) Interview Prep • Kaustubh Saini 20 Best ChatGPT Prompts for Interview Preparation (Tried and Tested) Use 20 powerful ChatGPT prompts to generate real interview questions and answers, sharpen your stories, and practice confidently for any role or company. 18 Resume Tips for 2026 with Examples Interview Prep • Kaustubh Saini 18 Resume Tips for 2026 with Examples Apply these resume tips for your 2026 job search to write the best resume with relevant details and make it stand out. Mastering Tough Questions: Ace Your Interview Interview Prep • Michael Guan Mastering Tough Questions: Ace Your Interview In this article, we'll cover key tips for acing job interviews. We'll talk about common questions, how to talk about your strengths and weaknesses, and the STAR method. Online Interview Strategies: Tips to Help You Shine Interview Prep • Michael Guan Online Interview Strategies: Tips to Help You Shine Master online interview strategies to impress hiring managers and land your dream job with confidence and ease. Read All Articles Your trusted platform to ace any job interviews, craft the perfect resumes, and land your dream jobs. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Paula Gearon Posted on Nov 14, 2022 Stay Classy in OWL # rdf # owl # sparql # rules In an effort to publish this quickly, I am posting without proofreading. Errata is welcome. In the last post I discussed using rules to generate RDF statements that are entailed by RDFS . This is useful stuff, but is very limited due to the lack of expressivity of RDFS. This is to be expected, since RDFS was a limited vocabulary that was released well before the full Web Ontology Language ( OWL ) was released. But if we adopt OWL, then what entailments will be valid and useful? Description Logics As shown in my first post in this series , OWL provides a vocabulary for a Description Logic. In particular, OWL2 conforms closely to a family of logics known as 𝒮ℛ𝒪ℐ𝒬. This name indicates some of the elements of the vocabulary: 𝒮: An Abbreviation for 𝒜ℒ𝒞 𝒜ℒ𝒞: Contains concepts including: Classes C , and roles r ⊤ (top, or everything ) ⊥ (bottom, or nothing ) ⊓ (conjunctions, or intersections) ⊔ (disjunctions, or unions) ¬ (negation, or inverse) ∃r.C (existential role restrictions) ∀r.C (universal role restrictions) ℋ: Class hierarchies (classes, with subclasses) ℛ: Complex role inclusion. This is both a role hierarchy (indicated by ℋ) and role composition. ℐ: Inverse roles. 𝒪: Nominals. 𝒩: Cardinality restrictions on roles. 𝒬: Qualified cardinality. This includes cardinality restrictions (indicated by 𝒩), and can also qualify them to classes. To explain each of the above: Classes are a way to classify things. Entities can be classified multiple ways, in which case we say the entity has a type of the class, or that the entity is an instance of the class. e.g. Person can be a class and the entity we name "Alice" may be an instance of Person . Roles describe relationships between entities. e.g. an entity named "Alice" may have a hasChild relationship to an entity named "Susan". Top is a universal class that every entity is an instance of. Bottom is an empty class that no entity is an instance of. Conjunctions are the combination of multiple classes where every class must apply. e.g. A wooden chair is an instance of the conjunction formed from the classes Wooden and Furniture . Disjunctions are the combination of multiple classes where one or more classes must apply. e.g. OfficeEquipment could be a disjunction of OfficeFurniture , ComputerEquipment , Stationery , and KitchenSupplies . Negation is used to create a class of everything that is not the negated class. e.g. The negation of the class of Visible things is everything that cannot be seen. That includes both physical objects, like air, but also arbitrary concepts like "imagination" or "price". It is the entire universe of things that are not in the Visible class. Existential role restrictions means that a given relationship must exist in order to be a member of a class. e.g. To be a Parent an entity must have a hasChild relationship to another entity. Universal role restrictions means that all use of a role has to be with a specific class. e.g. hasChild can be defined to always refer to instances of the class Child . Role hierarchy indicates more general or specific relationships between roles. This creates sub-property and super-property relationships and is roughly analogous to sub-classes and super-classes. e.g. hasDaughter is a more specific role than hasChild , while hasDescendent is a more general role. So hasDaughter is a sub-property for hasChild , and hasChild is a sub-property for hasDescendent . Inverse roles refers to the relationship that goes in the opposite direction between entities. e.g. hasParent is the inverse role to hasChild . Nominals describes a class of items that is defined by its membership in the class. e.g. PresidentOfTheUnitedStates can be defined as a class of the 46 people who have had that position (as of this writing). Number restrictions (or cardinality restrictions ) refers to a minimum or maximum number of relationships. e.g. To be a member of FullTimeStudent a university might require that a student have a minimum of 4 enrolledIn relationships. Qualified cardinality is a more specific type of nominal, where the class of the relationship must apply. e.g. For a student to be a MathMajor they might require a minimum of 10 passed relationships to instances of MathSubject . OWL These constructs are all supported by OWL , and each of those constructs has a mapping to RDF . This means that for each Description Logic expression there is a way to express that expression precisely in RDF. It is data like this that was read and processed by Pellet in the Oedipus example in my initial post . The problem with systems like Pellet is that they rely on memory to explore all possibilities for the data. Consequently, they can struggle with large bodies of data, and are unable to handle large ontologies such as SNOMED CT . We have a much better chance of scaling OWL processing if we can use operations that databases are designed to provide. The principal database operation is the Query , and so the various approaches to scaling try to build on this operation. Query Rewriting One approach to identifying entailments in OWL is by using it to rewrite queries. The first to consider is a general approach to rewriting queries, where the query can be expanded to ask for parts of the ontology. For instance, consider asking for the classes a resource is an instance of: select ?class where { my : resource a ?class } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This can be rewritten to consider superclasses as well: select ?class where { my : resource a / rdfs : subClassOf * ?class } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Where the * modifier describes the transitive closure of the rdfs:subClassOf relationship, starting with the 0 step, meaning that it includes the step where the class is the immediate type of the resource. A more specific case is using the ontology to rewrite the query. For instance, if the property my:prop is transitive, then querying for it can always be expanded to use the + modifier. So the query: select ?related where { my : resource my : prop ?related } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Would be modified to: select ?related where { my : resource my : prop + ?related } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode These are some trivial examples, but some great work was done on this by Héctor Pérez-Urbina in his PhD dissertation . Rules Another approach to scalable entailment is using rules. The mechanism for this is using certain existing data structures to generate new data structures that get inserted alongside the original data. I described this in the last post , where I used construct queries to obtain the data generated by each rule. The other option is to send this generated statements back into the graph by changing construct to insert . For instance, the transitive closure of the property my:prop above could be created with an update operation: insert { ?a my : prop ?c } where { ?a my : prop ?b . ?b my : prop ?c } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Note that this is a single update, and not actually a full "rule". Running this will only extend all of the my:prop relations by 1 step, doubling the length to 2. But running this iteratively will extend the maximum length of the closure by doubling, so it will rapidly cover the entire closure. What we can learn from this is that rule systems can be built from query/update operations like this, but they need a mechanism for scheduling the rules to be run over and over when needed, and to stop when nothing new is being generated. The basic algorithm for doing this is called RETE , and I discussed this and an implementation at Clojure/conj 2016 . Because rules are built on a querying mechanism that is foundational to the database, they are often very fast. They also rely on the main database storage, so they can scale with the database. They allow computational complexity to be pre-calculated, with the results stored. This allows subsequent operations to rely on space complexity instead. These are very important characteristics for working with large quantities of data, and for this reason I will be focusing on this approach to entailment. Rule Justification Many OWL operations describe entailments that can be expressed as a rule. For instance, the OWL 2 Structural Specification and Functional-Style Syntax document describes many constructs with examples of what they entail. There are many examples of this, but a simple one is the Symmetric Object Property which describes that a:friend is symmetric. Consequently, if "Brian is a friend of Peter" then this entails "Peter is a friend of Brian". The general rule for symmetry can then be given as: insert { ?b ?prop ?a } where { ?a ?prop ?b . ?prop a owl : SymmetricProperty } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This can seem to be a straightforward operation, but interesting insights come about when we consider exactly why these new statements are allowed to be asserted. Validity and Consistency Logic systems can be described using a pair of properties: validity and consistency. A system is valid if every interpretation of the systems leads to conclusions that are true. A system is invalid if there exists an interpretation where the conclusions are not true. A system is consistent if there exists an interpretation where the conclusions are true. A system is inconsistent if there are no interpretations where the conclusions are true. The interpretation of a system is a selection of values that conform to the system. To explain some of this, let's use the mathematical domain. In this case, the interpretation will usually be a selection of numbers to associate with values. Valid Since every possible interpretation of a valid system is true, these are also referred to as a tautology . At first glance, this does not seem that useful, however it is a very important concept. An example of a valid math expression is: | x | ≥ x The various interpretations of this system are the values that x can take in the domain of real numbers ℝ. In this case, it doesn't matter what value x takes, since the equation will always be true. This is still logic, so we can introduce an or operation, with another valid equation: x > 1 ∨ x < 2 Again, this is a tautology, as it will be true for every interpretation of x in the domain. Invalid This applies to any system which is not valid. That simply means that there exists an interpretation where truth does not hold. For instance: x > 2 This is true when x is 3 or 4, but it is not true when x is 1 or 2. Lots of systems are Invalid, since tautologies (i.e. valid systems) don't have a lot to say. Consistent A system is consistent when there exists an interpretation that leads to truth. The example invalid statement also happens to be consistent: x > 2 As already mentioned, when x is 3 then the statement is true, so this system is consistent. Inconsistent This indicates that a system is not consistent, meaning that there are no possible interpretations which can be true. For instance: x < 3 ∧ x > 4 There are no numbers that meet both of these conditions, and therefore there are no interpretations where this is true. Relations to Each Other When considered in relation to one another we see the following states for systems: Always true: Valid and Consistent Sometimes true, Sometimes false: Invalid and Consistent Always false: Invalid and Inconsistent Entailment Entailment is the operation of finding new statements that are true in every possible interpretation of a system, given its semantics. This is possible when using the Open World Assumption (OWA), since new statements can always be added, which is a concept that is sometimes expressed as, "Anyone can say Anything about Anything" (this phrase appears in an early draft of the RDF Concepts and Abstract Data Model , and also in the book " Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist ", by Allemang, Hendler, and now in the second edition, Gandon. I will refer to this book as SWWO). This cuts both ways though: not only does it mean that new statement may be created, but it also limits which statements may be created. The OWA says that there are possibly a lot of other statements that the system does not describe which could lead to a statement not being possible in every possible interpretation. When it comes to identifying new statements that can be entailed, it is a useful exercise to consider all the possible constructs that could lead to the statement leading to a falsehood, even if it requires a convoluted set of statements to get there. Tableaux One approach in using validity and consistency is to determine if a given system entails a statement using the Tableaux Algorithm. In this case, for a given system 𝑮 an entailment 𝑨 is described as: 𝑮 ⊨ 𝑨 This entailment can only be true if: 𝑮 ⋃ {¬𝑨} is inconsistent This is a useful test, because the algorithm need only discover a single false case to prove inconsistency. Pellet is an implementation of this algorithm, and while it does not scale to very large ontologies, it is nevertheless very powerful. Rules Another approach to entailment is to use rules. As mentioned above, this can be done when we know that a statement is legal in every possible interpretation of the system. There is a defined subset of possible reasoning in OWL2 which can lead to entailments via rules. This subset is called the OWL 2 RL Profile , and the rules can be found in tables 4 through to table 9 in the rules section of the OWL 2 Profiles document. It is some of these rules that I want to explore here and in other posts. Intersections A practical application of all of this can be seen in Intersections. As described in SWWO , an intersection of classes :A and :B can be described using a subclass relationship: This is described in Turtle as: : IntersectionAB rdfs: subClassOf : A, : B . Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Let's consider what can be inferred from this. If we have an instance of :IntersectionAB called :x , then this is represented as: : x a : IntersectionAB . Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The rule rdfs9 is: insert { ?zzz a ?yyy } where { ?xxx rdfs : subClassOf ?yyy . ?zzz a ?xxx } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Applying this will result in :x being an instance of both :A and :B : : x a : IntersectionAB . : x a : A . : x a : B . Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode These inferences are valid, because the definition of the rdfs:subClassOf relationship states and instances of a subclass will also be instances of the superclass. There are no interpretations where this does not hold. Class Membership Another possibility is when :y is a member of both :A and :B . : y a : A . : y a : B . Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode It would seem reasonable to infer that :y is therefore an instance of :IntersectionAB . However, inferences are only valid if they apply in every possible system, and the Open World Assumption (OWA) must allow for any new consistent statement. There are statements that can be introduced that are both consistent with the existing statements, and inconsistent with inferring :y as a member of :IntersectionAB . To see an example of this, we can introduce a two new classes, called :C and :D , are the complements of each other. This means that anything that is a member of :C is not a member of :D , and vice versa. We can also make :IntersectionAB a subclass of :C : : IntersectionAB rdfs: subClassOf : A, : B, : C . : C owl: complementOf : D . Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If :y becomes an instance of :D then if cannot be a part of the intersection, since it cannot be an instance of :C . : IntersectionAB rdfs: subClassOf : A, : B, : C . : C owl: complementOf : D . : y a : A, : B, : D . Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Regardless of how contrived the example may be, the fact that any such example exists indicates that the inference may not be made. OWL Intersections The problem with inferring membership in an intersection above is that the intersection is open , meaning that new classes can be added to the intersection, and those classes can preclude an instance of the other classes from becoming a member. OWL addresses this by defining an closed intersection using an RDF Collection . This uses a linked list structure that does not allow for extra members. Redefining :IntersectionAB we can express this in TTL as: : IntersectionAB owl: intersectionOf ( : A : B ) . Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This looks short and simple, but expands into a longer set of triples: : IntersectionAB owl: intersectionOf _: b1 . _: b1 rdf: first : A . _: b1 rdf: rest _: b2 . _: b2 rdf: first : B . _: b2 rdf: rest rdf: nil . Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode RDF defines collections to have a specific structure with each node in the list having a single rdf:first and rdf:rest connection, terminating in the rdf:nil node. This means that it is not a valid construct to include any more elements in the collection. As a consequence, if there is an element :y which is an instance of both :A and :B , then it is not possible to add in triples that make :y a member of something that is excluded from the intersection. Therefore, it is valid to infer that :y is in the intersection: : y a : IntersectionAB . Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This is described in the OWL semantics, and demonstrated in the OWL 2 RL profile in the rule cls-int1 found in table 6. This rule states: IF T(?c, owl:intersectionOf, ?x) LIST[?x, ?c1, ..., ?cn] T(?y, rdf:type, ?c1) T(?y, rdf:type, ?c2) ... T(?y, rdf:type, ?cn) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode THEN T(?y, rdf:type, ?c) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In English it says: If ?c is an intersection described by ?x and ?x is a list containing ?c1 through to ?cn and ?y is an instance of every element in that list Then ?y is an instance of the intersection ?c In Practice Unfortunately, this is tricky to describe in SPARQL. It is easy to check if a value is an instance of one or more members of a list, but how can you check if it is a member of every member of the list? Let's start with some example data, and try to perform the entailment on it. First of all, we can define the intersection of 3 classes: :A , :B and :C . Then we'll describe 3 objects: :m , :n , and :o . The :m object will be an instance of all 3 classes The :n object will be an instance of 2 of the 3 classes The :o object will not be an instance of any of the classes We should be able to find that :m is a member of the intersection, while :n and :o are not. : IntABC owl: intersectionOf ( : A : B : C ). : m a : A, : B, : C . : n a : A, : C . : o a : D . Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Let's start with finding a value ?y which is a member of the intersection class ?c : select distinct ?y where { ?c owl : intersectionOf ?x . ?x rdf : rest */ rdf : first ?cn . ?y a ?cn } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This returns :m and :n , since they are both instances of classes in the intersection. Now we need to remove values of ?x which don't match every class in the intersection. To do that, start with finding those that don't match everything in the intersection. This can be found by considering each element in the collection (call it ?d ) and pairing it with every other element in the collection (call these ?d2 ). We can then look for the instances of ?d : select distinct ?y ?d ?2 where { ?c owl : intersectionOf ?x . ?x rdf : rest */ rdf : first ?d . ?x rdf : rest */ rdf : first ?d2 . FILTER ( ?d ! = ?d2 ) ?y a ?d } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This returns every class paired with every other class, but only for instances of the first class: ?y ?d ?d2 :m :C :A :m :C :B :m :A :C :m :A :B :m :B :A :m :B :C :n :C :A :n :C :B :n :A :C :n :A :B Note how :n does not include a ?d equal to :B , but it does have ?d2 set to each value. If we remove cases where ?y is set to the second value, then everything will be removed for ?y = :m , since: when ?y is :m , and :m is an instance of :A , then ?y is also an instance of :B and :C when ?y is :m , and :m is an instance of :B , then ?y is also an instance of :A and :C . when ?y is :m , and :m is an instance of :C , then ?y is also an instance of :A and :B However, when ?y is :n not everything is cancelled: when ?y is :n , and :n is an instance of :A , then ?y is and instance of :C , and that gets removed, but :n is not an instance of :B . when ?y is :n , and :n is an instance of :C , then ?y is an instance of :A , and that gets removed, but :n is not an instance of :B . The query to express this is: select distinct ?y ?d ?d2 where { ?c owl : intersectionOf ?x . ?x rdf : rest */ rdf : first ?d . ?x rdf : rest */ rdf : first ?d2 FILTER ( ?d ! = ?d2 ) ?y a ?d MINUS { ?y a ?d2 }} Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode ?y ?d ?d2 :n :C :B :n :A :B Now that we've found the values of ?y that we don't want, they can be removed from the original query: select distinct ?y where { ?c owl : intersectionOf ?x . ?x rdf : rest */ rdf : first ?cn . ?y a ?cn MINUS { ?x rdf : rest */ rdf : first ?d . ?x rdf : rest */ rdf : first ?d2 . FILTER ( ?d ! = ?d2 ) ?y a ?d MINUS { ?y a ?d2 } } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This gives the single solution of :m ?y :m So the final rule is: insert { ?y a ?c } where { ?c owl : intersectionOf ?x . ?x rdf : rest */ rdf : first ?cn . ?y a ?cn MINUS { ?x rdf : rest */ rdf : first ?d . ?x rdf : rest */ rdf : first ?d2 . FILTER ( ?d ! = ?d2 ) ?y a ?d MINUS { ?y a ?d2 } } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode NOTE: This query is for demonstration only. These operations are implemented doubly nested loops, which will not scale at all. It works for small ontologies, but if you try it on something like SNOMED then you will discover that the database will process for over a week. Non-standard SPARQL operations can do this much more efficiently. Final Comment This post was to introduce people to some of the more detailed elements of OWL's representation of Description Logic, explained Valid models are ones in which all interpretations will be true, and how entailment can be made for Consistent statements that lead to correct models for every possible interpretation. The examples at the end demonstrated how entailment can be limited in the open structures of RDFS, but is more capable for the closed structures described in OWL, always remembering that the model itself always follows the Open World Assumption. The SPARQL rule for owl:intersectionOf was me being clever, even if it's useless in the real world due to the scalability issues. 😊 I've been doing this in the real world with code that is outside of SPARQL, but I ought to be able to do it with SPARQL extensions like stardog:list:member (this could remove one level of loop in the above query, but I think it's possible to do even better). All of this is to provide background for my next blog post, which I ought to be able to start now that I've finished writing this! Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Paula Gearon Follow Just a girl, standing before a compiler, asking it to love her Location Spotsylvania, VA Education Computer Engineering. Physics. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Redis AI Challenge Contest Rules Contest Announcement Redis AI Challenge Sponsored by Dev Community Inc.(" Sponsor ") NO ENTRY FEE. NO PURCHASE NECESSARY TO ENTER OR WIN. VOID WHERE PROHIBITED. We urge you to carefully read the terms and conditions of this Contest Landing Page located here and the DEV Community Inc. General Contest Official Rules located here ("Official Rules"), incorporated herein by reference. The following contest specific details on this Contest Announcement Page, together with the Official Rules , govern your participation in the named contest defined below (the "Contest"). Sponsor does not claim ownership rights in your Entry. The Official Rules describe the rights you give to Sponsor by submitting an Entry to participate in the named Contest. In the event of a conflict between the terms of this Contest Announcement Page and the Official Rules, the Official Rules will govern and control. Contest Name : Redis AI Challenge Entry Period : The Contest begins on July 23, 2025 at 9:00 AM PDT and ends on August 10, 2025 at 11:59 PM PDT (the " Entry Period ") How to Enter : All entries must be submitted no later than the end of the Entry Period. You may enter the Contest during the Entry Period as follows: Visit the Contest webpage part of the DEV Community Site located here (the " Contest Page "); and Follow any instructions on the Contest Page and submit your completed entry (each an " Entry "). There is no limit on the number of Entries you may submit during the Entry Period. Required Elements for Entries : Without limiting any terms of the Official Rules, each Entry must include, at a minimum, the following elements: A published submission post on DEV that provides an overview of the app using the submission template provided on the Contest Page. Judging Criteria : All qualified entries will be judged by a panel as selected by Sponsor as set forth in the Official Rules. Judges will award one winner to each prompt based on the following criteria: Use of underlying technology Usability and User Experience Accessibility Creativity In the event of a tie in scoring between judges, the judges will select the entry that received the highest number of positive reactions on their DEV post to determine the winner. In the event that a participant may win two or more prompts, and the submissions are a tie, we will favor the participant that has not already won a prompt. 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https://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/titles/joseph-menn/cult-of-the-dead-cow/9781549169991/ | Cult of the Dead Cow by Joseph Menn & Jonathan Davis | Hachette Book Group Email Novel Suspects Logo Promotion Sign up for our newsletter to get 20% off sitewide! Close menu Explore Hachette Book Group menu Genres Children’s Books Cooking Fiction Gardening Mind, Body, Spirit Mystery & Thriller Nonfiction Romance Sci-Fi & Fantasy Teen & Young Adult Travel Authors Our Authors Author Events Discover Store Imprints About Us About Hachette Book Group Careers Media & Press Releases Don’t miss news from PublicAffairs Your email address SIGN UP By clicking ‘Sign Up,’ I acknowledge that I have read and agree to Hachette Book Group’s Privacy Policy and Terms of Use Go to Hachette Book Group home Search Search Hachette Submit Sign Up! 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Your payment method will be charged immediately, and the product is expected to ship on or around June 4, 2019. This date is subject to change due to shipping delays beyond our control. Buy from Other Retailers: Apple Audible Kobo Libro.fm AudioBooks.com AudioBooksNow.com AudioBookstore.com Downpour.com Google Play Description The shocking untold story of the elite secret society of hackers fighting to protect our freedom, “a hugely important piece of the puzzle for anyone who wants to understand the forces shaping the internet age” ( The New York Times Book Review ) Cult of the Dead Cow is the tale of the oldest active, most respected, and most famous American hacking group of all time. With its origins in the earliest days of the internet, the cDc is full of oddball characters—activists, artists, and musicians—some of whom went on to advise presidents, cabinet members, and CEOs, and who now walk the corridors of power in Washington and Silicon Valley. Today, the group and its followers are battling electoral misinformation, making personal data safer, and organizing to keep technology a force for good instead of for surveillance and oppression. Now featuring a new afterword with updates on the collective, Cult of the Dead Cow describes how, at a time when governments, corporations, and criminals hold immense power, a small band of tech iconoclasts is on our side fighting back. Genre: Nonfiction Computers Internet Online Safety & Privacy About the Author Joseph Menn is an investigative reporter on cybersecurity and disinformation at The Washington Post , where he was a co-finalist for the 2024 Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting. He previously wrote for Reuters, Financial Times , and Los Angeles Times . His other books include Fatal System Error and All the Rave . He lives in San Francisco, California. Praise "An invaluable resource. The tale of this small but influential group is a hugely important piece of the puzzle for anyone who wants to understand the forces shaping the internet age." New York Times Book Review "The author narrates a fast-paced story about how a little-known movement that could trace its roots to the psychedelic rock of the 1960s-one visionary was the son of the Jefferson Airplane's drummer, while another was a lyricist for the Grateful Dead-would eventually serve as security advisory for the Pentagon, the cybernetics industry, and geopolitical forces around the globe... A quick tale of black hats and white hats, with a lot of gray area in between." Kirkus Reviews "Long before there was a multi-billion dollar cyber industry, there were some ethical hackers who showed us that the Silicon Valley emperors had no clothes. They looked like misfits, but they showed us how insecure the Internet was and how to make it better. Joe Menn makes this previously untold story entertaining and relevant to today's cyber threats." Richard A. Clarke, first White House "Cyber Czar" " Cult of the Dead Cow is an exhilarating and essential look into a part of the hacker underground that has shaped the modern world in profound ways. Readers will be amazed by this crew of eccentric, impassioned geniuses who have so often served as the Internet's conscience while lurking unknown in the shadows. The depth of Joe Menn's reporting is as astonishing as his storytelling - no one could have captured this tale better." Ashlee Vance, author of Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future " Cult of the Dead Cow reveals a story few know about the origins of white hat hacking and the heroes it celebrates. Despite the title, hacking isn't dead yet!" Vint Cerf, co-inventor of the Internet "This dramatic story of how the Internet's first hackers learned to handle their outsized abilities can help us grapple to control the power of today's technology titans." Bruce Schneier, Harvard fellow and lecturer and author of Click Here to Kill Somebody "A beautifully researched, engrossingly told story about how CDC and its members and offshoot groups invented much of what has become normal in the modern practice of tech and security...Menn zeroes in on a perfect spot between the personalities and the tools, and in so doing, answers some important questions about how we arrived at the place we're at today, where information security is at the heart of questions of national security, human rights, free speech, and the survival of our democracies and our species itself." Cory Doctorow, author of LittleBrother and Homeland "A must-read for anyone who cares about how we broke the internet...and how we just might save it." Dustin Volz, Wall StreetJournal security reporter You May Also Like Fatal System Error $21.99 $28.99 CAD Dawn of the Code War $18.99 $23.99 CAD The Magic of Code $30.00 $40.00 CAD The Atomic Human $32.50 $42.00 CAD We See It All $28.00 $35.00 CAD Previous Next Newsletter Signup Don’t miss news from PublicAffairs Your email address SIGN UP By clicking ‘Sign Up,’ I acknowledge that I have read and agree to Hachette Book Group’s Privacy Policy and Terms of Use Joseph Menn About the Author Joseph Menn is an investigative reporter on cybersecurity and disinformation at The Washington Post , where he was a co-finalist for the 2024 Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting. He previously wrote for Reuters, Financial Times , and Los Angeles Times . His other books include Fatal System Error and All the Rave . He lives in San Francisco, California. 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https://dev.to/challenges/redis-2025-07-23#main-content | Redis AI Challenge - DEV Challenge - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Challenges > Redis AI Challenge CHALLENGE RESULTS 🏆 Winners Announced! 🎊 Congrats to the Redis AI Challenge Winners! Read Announcement Challenge ends soon! Submit your entry now DAYS : HOURS : MINUTES : SECONDS See prompts Redis AI Challenge View Entries Please sign in to follow this challenge Build AI apps with speed, memory, and accuracy! Challenge Status: Ended Ended Join our next Challenge Running through August 10 , the Redis AI Challenge is all about showing how Redis can power the next generation of intelligent, real-time applications. Whether you're passionate about AI or eager to explore what Redis can do beyond caching, this challenge has a path for you. We have two prompts this challenge, with two chances to win! Each winner will receive: $1,500 USD DEV++ Membership Exclusive DEV Badge All Participants with a valid submission will receive a completion badge on their DEV profile. Need Help? We encourage all participants to join the Redis Community Discord to connect with their team and others building with Redis! Helpful Links Getting Started Redis for AI Redis 8 Features Redis Insight (GUI) Flex your creativity, build an impressive project for your portfolio, and show us what you can create with the speed and power of Redis. Key Dates Contest start: July 23, 2025 Submissions due: August 10, 2025 Winners announced: August 21, 2025 Badge Rewards Redis AI Challenge Completion Badge Redis AI Challenge Winner Badge Find Out More Ask questions and share your ideas on the Redis AI Challenge Launch Post. View Launch Post Sponsored by Redis Redis is a real-time data platform powering intelligent applications at scale. From AI-enhanced search and LLM caching to real-time ingestion, Redis enables developers to build ultra-fast experiences. Learn More → Challenge Prompts Real-Time AI Innovators Build an innovative AI-powered application using Redis as your real-time data layer. We want to see you go beyond simple chatbots and explore high-impact use cases like vector search-driven recommendations, semantic caching to optimize LLM performance, or real-time feature streaming for ML workflows. Show us how Redis accelerates the future of AI. Submission Template Judging Criteria: Use of Underlying Technology Usability and User Experience Accessibility Creativity Beyond the Cache Redis is more than just a cache—it's a powerful, multi-model platform. For this prompt, show us what Redis can really do. Build an impressive application that leverages Redis for capabilities like being a primary database, full-text search, real-time streams, or pub/sub. Submission Template Judging Criteria: Use of Underlying Technology Usability and User Experience Accessibility Creativity Frequently Asked Questions Participation Can I submit to multiple prompts? Yes, you are welcome to submit to multiple prompts. Can one submission qualify for multiple prompts? Yes, if your submission offers a solution to multiple prompts, it can qualify for multiple prompts. Can I submit to a prompt more than once? Yes, you can submit multiple submissions per prompt but you’ll need to publish a separate post for each submission. In the event that you may win two or more prompts, and your submission is very close with another participant, we will favor the other participant. In the event that you do win two or more prompts, you will only receive one winner badge. Can I work on a team? Yes, you can work on teams of up to four people. If you collaborate with anyone, you’ll need to list their DEV handles in your submission post so we can award a badge to your entire team! Please only publish one submission per team. DEV does not handle prize-splitting, so in the event that your submission wins the shop gift, you will need to split that amongst yourselves. Thank you for understanding! How old do I have to be to participate? Participants need to be 18+ in order to participate. If I live in X, am I eligible to participate? For eligibility rules, see our official challenge rules . Submission Can my submission include open source code? Riffing on open source code and borrowing and improving on previous work/ideas is encouraged but it’s important your changes are significant enough to ensure your submission is valid. When does riffing become plagiarism? It will depend, but transparency is important, license compatibility is important. You can use someone else’s code to give you a jumpstart to demonstrate your ideas on top of someone else’s base, but not just re-package the base. It should be clear to the judges what you added to the project in terms of the code and conceptual inspiration. This means, you should clearly state what you were building on and what elements are original to this new submission. When building on existing code, we expect a significant change that adds something tangible to the output. i.e. a new animation, and new sprite, a new function, a new presentation. Not just changes to the source - i.e. changing colours, changing one sprite, changing one function. What happens if my submission is considered plagiarized or invalid? Anything deemed to be plagiarism will not be eligible for prizes. Incidental plagiarism may simply result in your disqualification from the challenge (regardless of the number of other valid submissions you have published). Egregious plagiarism will result in your suspension from DEV entirely. Any non-generic, non-trivial usage of prior work, including open source code must be credited in your submission. Do submissions have to be in English? Non-english submissions are eligible for a completion badge but not eligible for prizes due to the current limitations of our judges. We will not be judging on mastery of the English language, so please don’t let this deter you from submitting if you are not a native English speaker! We hope to evolve this in the future to be more accommodating. Do I need a license for my code? You are not required to license your code but we strongly recommend that you do. Here are some you may consider: MIT , Apache , BSD-2 , BSD-3 , or Commons Clause . Can I use AI? Use of AI is allowed as long as all other rules are followed. We want to give you a chance to show off your skills in realistic scenarios. If you use AI tools to help you achieve your submission, all the power to you. How do I embed my project directly into my DEV post? Our editor supports many types of embeds, including: Stackbliz, Glitch, Github, etc. You can typically use the {% embed https://... %} syntax directly in the post. Click here for more information on our markdown support. For CodePen, you will need to use this syntax: {% codepen http://... %} For CodeSandbox, you will need to use this syntax: {% codesandbox http://... %} Judging and Prizing Can there be ties? In the event of a tie in scoring between judges, the judges will select the entry that received the highest number of positive reactions on their DEV post to determine the winner. How will I know if I won? Winners will be announced in a DEV post on the winner announcement date noted in our key dates section. When will I receive my DEV badge? Both participation and winner badges will be awarded, in most cases, the same day as the winner announcement. When will I receive my prizes? The DEV Team will contact you via the email associated with your DEV profile within, at most, 10 business days of the announcement date to share the details of claiming your prizes. What steps do I need to take to receive my cash prize? The winner (including each member of a team) may be required to sign and return an affidavit of eligibility and publicity/liability release, and provide any additional tax filing information (such as a W-9, social security number or Federal tax ID number) within seven (7) business days following the date of your first email notification. Redis AI Challenge Rules NO PURCHASE NECESSARY. Open only to 18+. Contest entry period ends August 10, 2025 at 11:59 PM PDT. Contest is void where prohibited or restricted by law or regulation. All entires must be submitted during the content period. For Official Rules, see Redis AI Challenge Contest Rules and General Contest Official Rules . 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https://in.interviewkickstart.com/lifeatik-blog/ | Life at Interview Kickstart Skip to content Life at IK BLOG Shashi Bhushan Kumar’s Journey at Interview Kickstart: From Instructor to Group Product Manager December 26, 2024 Building Culture and Driving Impact: Akriti Vijan’s Journey at Interview Kickstart November 27, 2024 Recognizing the Extraordinary Interview Kickstart’s Fun and Quirky Award Winners October 25, 2024 Mapping the Journey of an Early Leader: Stephanie’s 7-Year Stint at Interview Kickstart October 4, 2024 Seven Years of Growth: Dipen Dadhaniya’s Evolution at Interview Kickstart September 5, 2024 How We Created a Culture of Empowerment in a Fully Remote Company May 22, 2024 How Remote Work Helped Us Unlock a Large, Diverse Talent Pool January 23, 2024 Why Assignments are a big part of our Interviews at IK January 23, 2024 9 Places to visit in 2022 if you’re a remote worker Hand picked by Team IK January 23, 2024 The Power of Data and a Data-driven mindset at IK January 23, 2024 How our IT team clocks a 97%+ Employee CSAT score January 23, 2024 A Day in the Life of a Curriculum Product Manager at IK January 23, 2024 Youtube Instructors Reviews About us Life at IK Careers Contact us Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy © Copyright 2026. All Rights Reserved. Transform Your Tech Career with AI Excellence Transform Your Tech Career with AI Excellence Join 25,000+ tech professionals who’ve accelerated their careers with cutting-edge AI skills 25,000+ Professionals Trained ₹23 LPA Average Hike 600+ MAANG+ Instructors Webinar Slot Blocked Transform your tech career Learn about hiring processes, interview strategies. Find the best course for you. Loading... Full Name *Invalid Name Email Address *Invalid Email Address Contact Number *Invalid Phone Number ⓘ Used to send reminder for webinar I wish to receive further updates and confirmation via Whatsapp --> By sharing your contact details, you agree to our privacy policy. Proceed Agentic AI Edge: Accelerate Your Growth in 2025 Break into AI! Make your career leap with real multi-agent projects and industry mentorship. Build AI/ML Skills & Interview Readiness to Become a Top 1% Tech Pro Hands-on AI/ML learning + interview prep to help you win Monday, 07 October 2024 | 06:30 PM BST Monday, 07 October 2024 | 06:30 PM BST Monday, 07 October 2024 | 06:30 PM BST Monday, 07 October 2024 | 06:30 PM BST Monday, 07 October 2024 | 06:30 PM BST Choose a slot Time Zone: Asia/Kolkata AI Edge: Rethink Interview Readiness in 2025 Master MAANG+ interviews with our proven AI-first approach SAT 23 6-7 PM Almost full SAT 23 6-7 PM SAT 23 6-7 PM Filling fast SAT 23 6-7 PM SAT 23 6-7 PM SAT 23 6-7 PM SAT 23 6-7 PM SAT 23 6-7 PM SAT 23 6-7 PM Switch to ML: Become an ML-powered Tech Pro Explore your personalized path to AI/ML/Gen AI success SAT 23 6-7 PM Almost full SAT 23 6-7 PM Back Proceed --> Almost there... --> Share your details for a personalised FAANG career consultation! --> --> Years of experience (in years) * Required Select option I’m currently a student 0-2 3-4 5-8 9-15 16-20 20+ Domain/Role * Required Select one... Back-end Cloud Engineer Cyber Security Data Engineer Data Science Front-end Full Stack Machine Learning / AI Engineering Manager - any domain Product Manager (Tech) Technical Program Manager Test Engineer / SDET / QE Android Developer iOS Developer SRE / DevOps Embedded Software Engineer Other Software Engineers Data Analyst / Business Analyst Core Engineering/STEM degree None of the above When do you plan to start interviewing? * * Required Select option I’m already interviewing <30 days 30 - 60 days 60 days">>60 days No plans as of yet I have been laid off recently I’m currently a student Back Proceed Your preferred slot for consultation * Required Morning (9AM-12PM) Afternoon (12PM-5PM) Evening (5PM-8PM) Get your LinkedIn Profile reviewed * Invalid URL Beat the LinkedIn algorithm—attract FAANG recruiters with our insights! Get your Resume reviewed * Max size: 4MB Upload Resume (.pdf) Only the top 2% make it—get your resume FAANG-ready! Finish Back Registration completed! 🗓️ Friday, 18th April, 6 PM Your Webinar slot ⏰ Mornings, 8-10 AM Our Program Advisor will call you at this time Resume Browsing Loading Comments... Write a Comment... Email (Required) Name (Required) Website | 2026-01-13T08:48:06 |
https://dev.to/pila | Pila louis - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Pila louis Full-stack software engineer with over 3years of industrial experience. I work well in a fast-paced environment. I am able to rise up to whatever it takes to make an impact in a new environment. Joined Joined on Nov 11, 2019 github website twitter website Work Software Engineer at Chatdesk, Inc Six Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least six years. Got it Close Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Four Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least four years. Got it Close Three Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least three years. Got it Close Two Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least two years. Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close More info about @pila Skills/Languages Python, Flask, HTML/CSS, Bootstrap, Mysql, Postgres, Groovy and Grails, Reactjs, API development. Post 1 post published Comment 0 comments written Tag 9 tags followed Constructors in Python (__init vs __new__) Pila louis Pila louis Pila louis Follow Sep 16 '20 Constructors in Python (__init vs __new__) # python # programming # 100daysofcode 64 reactions Comments 4 comments 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:06 |
https://www.youtube.com/live/bZ33cJapUBA?si=Aj-SqYc4Qj0RZqOg | Teach Online in 2025 | How to Start & Succeed as an Online Teacher - YouTube 정보 보도자료 저작권 문의하기 크리에이터 광고 개발자 약관 개인정보처리방침 정책 및 안전 YouTube 작동의 원리 새로운 기능 테스트하기 © 2026 Google LLC, Sundar Pichai, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View CA 94043, USA, 0807-882-594 (무료), yt-support-solutions-kr@google.com, 호스팅: Google LLC, 사업자정보 , 불법촬영물 신고 크리에이터들이 유튜브 상에 게시, 태그 또는 추천한 상품들은 판매자들의 약관에 따라 판매됩니다. 유튜브는 이러한 제품들을 판매하지 않으며, 그에 대한 책임을 지지 않습니다. var ytInitialData = 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| 2026-01-13T08:48:06 |
https://dev.to/jwebsite-go | Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) DevOps Engineer. AWS, Terraform, Docker and CI/CD. Building real projects and sharing my DevOps journey. Location United States Joined Joined on Dec 20, 2025 Personal website https://github.com/jwebsite-go github website Work DevOps Engineer More info about @jwebsite-go Skills/Languages • AWS • Terraform • Docker • GitHub • Linux • DevOps Currently hacking on Hands-on DevOps projects: deploying websites with Docker and Terraform on AWS. Post 7 posts published Comment 1 comment written Tag 46 tags followed Readiness probe Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Follow Jan 13 Readiness probe # aws # kubernetes # beginners # devops Comments Add Comment 1 min read Want to connect with Khadijah (Dana Ordalina)? Create an account to connect with Khadijah (Dana Ordalina). You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in Сине-зеленое развертывание на EKS Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Follow Jan 9 Сине-зеленое развертывание на EKS # eks # aws # bluegreen # programming Comments Add Comment 1 min read Kubernetes #1 Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Follow Jan 5 Kubernetes #1 # kubernetes # nginx # docker # programming Comments Add Comment 1 min read Учитесь с AWS Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Follow Dec 25 '25 Учитесь с AWS Comments Add Comment 1 min read PROJECT : Module Reuse + Outputs Consumption Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Follow Dec 20 '25 PROJECT : Module Reuse + Outputs Consumption Comments Add Comment 1 min read PROJECT : Module Reuse + Outputs Consumption Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Follow Dec 20 '25 PROJECT : Module Reuse + Outputs Consumption Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:06 |
https://www.ycombinator.com/ | Y Combinator About What Happens at YC? Apply YC Interview Guide FAQ People YC Blog Companies Startup Directory Founder Directory Launch YC Startup Jobs All Jobs ◦ Engineering ◦ Operations ◦ Marketing ◦ Sales Internships Startup Job Guide YC Startup Jobs Blog Find a Co-Founder Library SAFE Resources Startup School Newsletter Requests for Startups For Investors Verify Founders Hacker News Bookface Open main menu Apply for X2026 batch. Apply Y Combinator Make something people want. Apply to YC 5,000 funded startups $800B combined valuation Top YC companies + We help founders make something people want and the results speak for themselves. We help founders at their earliest stages regardless of their age. We improve the success rate of our startups. We give startups a huge fundraising advantage. Our companies have a track record of becoming billion dollar companies. Our formula for success . YC is run by startup founders who have built exactly what they wanted when starting and growing a startup. The most experienced partners Each founder is assigned a dedicated YC partner who has mentored hundreds of YC companies. They have more data on what it takes to build a successful startup than any other early stage startup advisor. These partners read applications, interview companies, and mentor startups throughout the batch. You can access them in person, over email, and on Slack. Investor network YC companies have raised $85 billion dollars from the best investors in the world. Our founders have access to the YC Investor Database which has profiles and reviews for more than 50,000 startup investors. Private social network only for founders YC founders get to benefit from the collective wisdom of over 9000 YC alumni. They can access these alums through Bookface, our private social network. We have a forum for asking questions to the community, a founder directory for finding specific people who can provide advice and intros, and a company directory for finding potential customers. Exclusive deals YC founders have access to over 1000 deals from leading software companies. Every YC company gets free credits or significant discounts on hosting, banking, cap table management, back office, and much more. Companies report these deals to be worth in excess of $500,000. The best written advice YC founders get to benefit from our collective experience funding 5000 companies across almost 20 years. We have extensive documentation for common questions about fundraising, go to market, sales, product market fit, mental health, hiring, and much more. Networks to build your team Through Work at a Startup and HN , we help our founders hire the small number of early engineers and other team members critical to finding product market fit. At any given time there are 150,000+ candidates searching for jobs at early stage YC companies. We put founders' interests first. We don’t take a board seat. We don’t demand 20% of your company. We don’t take weeks/months to decide to invest. We don’t charge fees. We don’t require decks, business plans, or MBAs. We don't tell you what to do. We only offer advice. Hear more from the community. " Y Combinator is the best program for creating top-end entrepreneurs that has ever existed. " Marc Andreessen , General Partner, Andreessen Horowitz " Y Combinator is the best startup accelerator in the world. YC helps their companies a lot, and the YC community is a huge asset for the companies that go through the program. " Ron Conway , Founder, SV Angel " At YC, we were challenged to do things that don't scale – to start with the perfect experience for one person, then work backwards and scale it to 100 people who love us. This was the best piece of advice we've ever received. " Brian Chesky , Founder, Airbnb (YC W09) " I doubt that Stripe would have worked without YC. It's that simple. Acquiring early customers, figuring out who to hire, closing deals with banks, raising money – YC's partners were closely involved and crucially helpful. " Patrick Collison , Founder, Stripe (YC S09) Want to learn more? YC Library Videos, podcasts, and essays for startup founders Newsletter Keep up with the latest news, launches, jobs, and events from the YC community Launch YC Discover new YC companies and products Work at a Startup Find your next role at a YC startup Blog Essays, events, and announcements from YC Co-Founder Matching Meet a potential co-founder to start a startup with Footer Y Combinator Programs YC Program Startup School Work at a Startup Co-Founder Matching Company YC Blog Contact Press People Careers Privacy Policy Notice at Collection Security Terms of Use Resources Startup Directory Startup Library Investors SAFE Hacker News Launch YC YC Deals Make something people want. Apply Twitter Twitter Facebook Facebook Instagram Instagram LinkedIn LinkedIn Youtube YouTube © 2026 Y Combinator | 2026-01-13T08:48:06 |
https://dev.to/how-to-avoid-plagiarism#main-content | Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism on DEV - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism on DEV This guide was last updated by the DEV Team on July 19th 2023 and is based on DEV Community: How to Avoid Plagiarism . As DEV continues to grow, we want to ensure that DEV remains a place of integrity and inclusiveness. At DEV, we use Community Moderation as a tool to maintain a respectful and positive environment. It is important to us that we provide you all with the tools to identify and flag problems that may affect a single author or countless DEV users. In this post, we hope to provide simple and effective guidance to combat plagiarism as a community. Whether you’re reporting plagiarism as you stumble upon it or learning how to avoid it in your own writing, hopefully, you find this resource helpful! What is Plagiarism? Oxford Languages defines plagiarism as, "the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own," however, plagiarism is multifaceted and it’s not always so clear as this. Bowdoin University wrote a great breakdown of the four most common types of plagiarism , in tl:dr fashion these are: "Direct Plagiarism" "Self Plagiarism" "Mosaic Plagiarism" "Accidental Plagiarism" Let's take a little deeper look into each… Direct Plagiarism is the most blatant form of plagiarism we encounter. This pertains to a user copying and pasting content from another blog, piece of media, or document, and claiming it as their own. Self Plagiarism is described through an academic lens in the Bowdoin University article which is not as relevant to our community, but we can think of this in a different way. For instance, you could potentially self-plagiarize by reposting an article you wrote for a company or publication, if they own your work. In many circumstances, these places will be happy for you to repost your work elsewhere, but make sure that you understand the terms and conditions of your writing before reposting. Mosaic Plagiarism generally starts when someone is inspired by another user's work and wants to write about the same topic. This occasionally manifests as copying and pasting certain passages of someone else’s work or as Bowdoin says “ finds synonyms for the author’s language while keeping to the same general structure and meaning of the original ” but failing to cite the original author. (Notice how we were able to link directly to the specific language in the text... every extra step we can take to clarify where the info came from is ideal!) Accidental Plagiarism happens when folks misquote their sources, forget to cite sources, or copy their sources too closely by accident (like mosaic plagiarism). How to Avoid Plagiarizing Someone's Work? Luckily, avoiding plagiarism is pretty easy once you know how to identify it. Typically, it is as simple as providing a straightforward source and citation to any media you use that is not your own in your post. When should I cite something? If you're pulling information from an external source that you did not create, you should always cite where the information came from. For example, say you're writing an article on using an npm package, axios, and you're using information from their documentation — you should link their docs in your article. This not only gives them credit for their work but also helps the DEV community in case someone wants to do more research about the topic. If you copy a source directly — use quotes and absolutely provide a source + citation. If you just looked at a source and paraphrased it in your own words, you don't need to use quotations, but it is still best to cite the source. If in doubt, always provide a source + citation! It's unlikely anyone will fault you for offering too many citations or listing too many sources. How should I cite something? Great question! See how I linked to the university's actual post on plagiarism ( the source ) and quoted the plagiarism types that they named. Notice that I didn't try to misappropriate these ideas as my own in any way and made it explicitly clear that this information came from Bowdoin University. This allows readers to do more research at the original source and ensures that the writers receive fair credit. A Note on AI Assisted Plagiarism We understand that there are AI tools (like ChatGPT) that can be used to aid in content creation. When used responsibly, these tools can be really cool and are generally allowed on the platform. However, these tools also have the potential for abuse. Please review our guidelines for using AI-assisted tools in your writing here: Guidelines for AI-assisted Articles on DEV Erin Bensinger for The DEV Team ・ Dec 19 '22 #meta #chatgpt #writing #abotwrotethis You should check out the full guidelines, but in regards to plagiarism, take care not to use AI to copy someone’s work unwittingly… and of course, don’t do it on purpose either! Always do your research and be responsible, making sure to cite sources if appropriate and disclose whatever tool you used to write your article. And even then, using AI does not excuse you from posting an article that plagiarizes others’ works. If we discover that you have done so, we will act to unpublish any offending posts and may suspend your DEV account. Be mindful and don’t let your usage of AI cause you to plagiarize. How to Recognize & Report Plagiarism? Now that you know how to properly cite sources, let's talk a bit about how to recognize plagiarism and where to go to report it. Recognizing Plagiarism Sometimes you just get the feeling that something is being plagiarized. Maybe you feel like you read it somewhere before. Or perhaps you notice a sharp change in the author’s voice. Maybe you see strange errors that occur from copying/pasting! Do a little detective work by dropping chunks of the text into your search engine of choice (or try the “quick search” option on plagium.com), and see if you can find any results with similar wording. If you do, report it to us ! (More on that below!) And of course, plagiarism doesn’t just happen in writing — it’s just as important to attribute images, code, videos, and other media. If you see a graph (or code block) you recognize from elsewhere, try to place it, and again, let us know. You might find the reverse image search at tineye.com helpful for seeing if an image is plagiarized! Other times, you may notice that someone isn't taking content from another source word-for-word, but their content feels too close to the original for comfort. Alternatively, maybe their graph is in blue instead of red like the original, or maybe their code has slightly different variables but is otherwise the same as someone else’s. If you feel like it’s off, report it and let us know why! What about those times when someone seems to be claiming that a repo or CodePen is theirs (when it's not)? ... Definitely reportable! As for examples that likely should not be reported: someone is reposting their own work that they first posted elsewhere someone is giving a shout-out to someone else's work or has written a companion piece/response to someone else's post (while making it clear it's unaffiliated) Reporting Plagiarism If you believe you’ve encountered plagiarism or copyright violations, the absolute BEST action you can take is to report the post and provide any evidence you have. Reporting the post sends it directly to our community team to take action. If you're unsure, it's okay to send it to us for review... we won't penalize you for being mistaken. All this said, we do not recommend calling anyone out in the comments section — as we discussed before, plagiarism can be accidental and/or is sometimes enforced differently in a variety of cultures. We ask that you simply report the post rather than getting personally involved which could accidentally trigger arguments, hurt feelings, or possibly even further conduct violations. Thank you! If you have questions or feedback about our approach, we encourage you to contact us via support@dev.to . If you believe that someone isn't following these guidelines, please don't hesitate to report them to us via our Report Abuse page . Also, if you want to help enforce the Code of Conduct, you might consider becoming a DEV moderator. Visit the DEV Community Moderation page for more information on roles and how to get involved. Thanks! 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:06 |
https://dev.to/how-to-avoid-plagiarism#how-to-avoid-plagiarizing-someones-work | Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism on DEV - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism on DEV This guide was last updated by the DEV Team on July 19th 2023 and is based on DEV Community: How to Avoid Plagiarism . As DEV continues to grow, we want to ensure that DEV remains a place of integrity and inclusiveness. At DEV, we use Community Moderation as a tool to maintain a respectful and positive environment. It is important to us that we provide you all with the tools to identify and flag problems that may affect a single author or countless DEV users. In this post, we hope to provide simple and effective guidance to combat plagiarism as a community. Whether you’re reporting plagiarism as you stumble upon it or learning how to avoid it in your own writing, hopefully, you find this resource helpful! What is Plagiarism? Oxford Languages defines plagiarism as, "the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own," however, plagiarism is multifaceted and it’s not always so clear as this. Bowdoin University wrote a great breakdown of the four most common types of plagiarism , in tl:dr fashion these are: "Direct Plagiarism" "Self Plagiarism" "Mosaic Plagiarism" "Accidental Plagiarism" Let's take a little deeper look into each… Direct Plagiarism is the most blatant form of plagiarism we encounter. This pertains to a user copying and pasting content from another blog, piece of media, or document, and claiming it as their own. Self Plagiarism is described through an academic lens in the Bowdoin University article which is not as relevant to our community, but we can think of this in a different way. For instance, you could potentially self-plagiarize by reposting an article you wrote for a company or publication, if they own your work. In many circumstances, these places will be happy for you to repost your work elsewhere, but make sure that you understand the terms and conditions of your writing before reposting. Mosaic Plagiarism generally starts when someone is inspired by another user's work and wants to write about the same topic. This occasionally manifests as copying and pasting certain passages of someone else’s work or as Bowdoin says “ finds synonyms for the author’s language while keeping to the same general structure and meaning of the original ” but failing to cite the original author. (Notice how we were able to link directly to the specific language in the text... every extra step we can take to clarify where the info came from is ideal!) Accidental Plagiarism happens when folks misquote their sources, forget to cite sources, or copy their sources too closely by accident (like mosaic plagiarism). How to Avoid Plagiarizing Someone's Work? Luckily, avoiding plagiarism is pretty easy once you know how to identify it. Typically, it is as simple as providing a straightforward source and citation to any media you use that is not your own in your post. When should I cite something? If you're pulling information from an external source that you did not create, you should always cite where the information came from. For example, say you're writing an article on using an npm package, axios, and you're using information from their documentation — you should link their docs in your article. This not only gives them credit for their work but also helps the DEV community in case someone wants to do more research about the topic. If you copy a source directly — use quotes and absolutely provide a source + citation. If you just looked at a source and paraphrased it in your own words, you don't need to use quotations, but it is still best to cite the source. If in doubt, always provide a source + citation! It's unlikely anyone will fault you for offering too many citations or listing too many sources. How should I cite something? Great question! See how I linked to the university's actual post on plagiarism ( the source ) and quoted the plagiarism types that they named. Notice that I didn't try to misappropriate these ideas as my own in any way and made it explicitly clear that this information came from Bowdoin University. This allows readers to do more research at the original source and ensures that the writers receive fair credit. A Note on AI Assisted Plagiarism We understand that there are AI tools (like ChatGPT) that can be used to aid in content creation. When used responsibly, these tools can be really cool and are generally allowed on the platform. However, these tools also have the potential for abuse. Please review our guidelines for using AI-assisted tools in your writing here: Guidelines for AI-assisted Articles on DEV Erin Bensinger for The DEV Team ・ Dec 19 '22 #meta #chatgpt #writing #abotwrotethis You should check out the full guidelines, but in regards to plagiarism, take care not to use AI to copy someone’s work unwittingly… and of course, don’t do it on purpose either! Always do your research and be responsible, making sure to cite sources if appropriate and disclose whatever tool you used to write your article. And even then, using AI does not excuse you from posting an article that plagiarizes others’ works. If we discover that you have done so, we will act to unpublish any offending posts and may suspend your DEV account. Be mindful and don’t let your usage of AI cause you to plagiarize. How to Recognize & Report Plagiarism? Now that you know how to properly cite sources, let's talk a bit about how to recognize plagiarism and where to go to report it. Recognizing Plagiarism Sometimes you just get the feeling that something is being plagiarized. Maybe you feel like you read it somewhere before. Or perhaps you notice a sharp change in the author’s voice. Maybe you see strange errors that occur from copying/pasting! Do a little detective work by dropping chunks of the text into your search engine of choice (or try the “quick search” option on plagium.com), and see if you can find any results with similar wording. If you do, report it to us ! (More on that below!) And of course, plagiarism doesn’t just happen in writing — it’s just as important to attribute images, code, videos, and other media. If you see a graph (or code block) you recognize from elsewhere, try to place it, and again, let us know. You might find the reverse image search at tineye.com helpful for seeing if an image is plagiarized! Other times, you may notice that someone isn't taking content from another source word-for-word, but their content feels too close to the original for comfort. Alternatively, maybe their graph is in blue instead of red like the original, or maybe their code has slightly different variables but is otherwise the same as someone else’s. If you feel like it’s off, report it and let us know why! What about those times when someone seems to be claiming that a repo or CodePen is theirs (when it's not)? ... Definitely reportable! As for examples that likely should not be reported: someone is reposting their own work that they first posted elsewhere someone is giving a shout-out to someone else's work or has written a companion piece/response to someone else's post (while making it clear it's unaffiliated) Reporting Plagiarism If you believe you’ve encountered plagiarism or copyright violations, the absolute BEST action you can take is to report the post and provide any evidence you have. Reporting the post sends it directly to our community team to take action. If you're unsure, it's okay to send it to us for review... we won't penalize you for being mistaken. All this said, we do not recommend calling anyone out in the comments section — as we discussed before, plagiarism can be accidental and/or is sometimes enforced differently in a variety of cultures. We ask that you simply report the post rather than getting personally involved which could accidentally trigger arguments, hurt feelings, or possibly even further conduct violations. Thank you! If you have questions or feedback about our approach, we encourage you to contact us via support@dev.to . If you believe that someone isn't following these guidelines, please don't hesitate to report them to us via our Report Abuse page . Also, if you want to help enforce the Code of Conduct, you might consider becoming a DEV moderator. 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https://www.linkedin.com/in/skipoles | Chris Turner - Kyte | LinkedIn Skip to main content LinkedIn Top Content People Learning Jobs Games Sign in Register now Chris Turner Sign in to view Chris’ full profile Sign in Welcome back Email or phone Password Show Forgot password? Sign in or By clicking Continue to join or sign in, you agree to LinkedIn’s User Agreement , Privacy Policy , and Cookie Policy . New to LinkedIn? Join now or New to LinkedIn? Join now By clicking Continue to join or sign in, you agree to LinkedIn’s User Agreement , Privacy Policy , and Cookie Policy . Greater Reading Area Contact Info Sign in to view Chris’ full profile Sign in Welcome back Email or phone Password Show Forgot password? Sign in or By clicking Continue to join or sign in, you agree to LinkedIn’s User Agreement , Privacy Policy , and Cookie Policy . New to LinkedIn? Join now or New to LinkedIn? 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Join now By clicking Continue to join or sign in, you agree to LinkedIn’s User Agreement , Privacy Policy , and Cookie Policy . Kyte Report this profile About I am a highly experienced software developer, senior architect and team leader… see more Welcome back Email or phone Password Show Forgot password? Sign in or By clicking Continue to join or sign in, you agree to LinkedIn’s User Agreement , Privacy Policy , and Cookie Policy . New to LinkedIn? Join now Activity Follow Sign in to view Chris’ full profile Sign in Welcome back Email or phone Password Show Forgot password? Sign in or By clicking Continue to join or sign in, you agree to LinkedIn’s User Agreement , Privacy Policy , and Cookie Policy . New to LinkedIn? Join now or New to LinkedIn? Join now By clicking Continue to join or sign in, you agree to LinkedIn’s User Agreement , Privacy Policy , and Cookie Policy . "#Amazon decides to lay off their top 10% employees" would be an alternate headline. Amazon does not have office space to house all their employees… "#Amazon decides to lay off their top 10% employees" would be an alternate headline. Amazon does not have office space to house all their employees… Liked by Chris Turner Its 'Launch Day' at the InstallerSHOW 2024 Passiv UK exciting times.... #heatpumpcontrols #optimisation #installershow Its 'Launch Day' at the InstallerSHOW 2024 Passiv UK exciting times.... #heatpumpcontrols #optimisation #installershow Liked by Chris Turner Had a great day at the London Java Community Summer Unconference today. It was great to meet Nic Fehrenbach in person and awesome to see Grace… Had a great day at the London Java Community Summer Unconference today. 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After a great day at work, this… TW ❤️ I had the most beautiful evening watching these wonderful people make Henry VI pt 1 & 2 entirely their own. After a great day at work, this… Liked by Chris Turner The first print copies of the book! These are advance copies, you can't quite buy the print edition yet - but if you are at QCon Software… The first print copies of the book! These are advance copies, you can't quite buy the print edition yet - but if you are at QCon Software… Liked by Chris Turner It was great to attend London Kotlin meet-up last night. It was the first meet-up for a little while and it kicked off with an awesome talk by Jamie… It was great to attend London Kotlin meet-up last night. It was the first meet-up for a little while and it kicked off with an awesome talk by Jamie… Liked by Chris Turner “Don’t feed the pigeons” is more than a mantra to me, it’s almost a way of life! 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https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-mapping-to-rdf/ | OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Mapping to RDF Graphs (Second Edition) OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Mapping to RDF Graphs (Second Edition) W3C Recommendation 11 December 2012 This version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-owl2-mapping-to-rdf-20121211/ Latest version (series 2): http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-mapping-to-rdf/ Latest Recommendation: http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-mapping-to-rdf Previous version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/PER-owl2-mapping-to-rdf-20121018/ Editors: Peter F. Patel-Schneider, Nuance Communications Boris Motik , University of Oxford Contributors: (in alphabetical order) Bernardo Cuenca Grau , University of Oxford Ian Horrocks , University of Oxford Bijan Parsia , University of Manchester Alan Ruttenberg , Science Commons (Creative Commons) Michael Schneider , FZI Research Center for Information Technology Please refer to the errata for this document, which may include some normative corrections. A color-coded version of this document showing changes made since the previous version is also available. This document is also available in these non-normative formats: PDF version . See also translations . Copyright © 2012 W3C ® ( MIT , ERCIM , Keio ), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability , trademark and document use rules apply. Abstract The OWL 2 Web Ontology Language, informally OWL 2, is an ontology language for the Semantic Web with formally defined meaning. OWL 2 ontologies provide classes, properties, individuals, and data values and are stored as Semantic Web documents. OWL 2 ontologies can be used along with information written in RDF, and OWL 2 ontologies themselves are primarily exchanged as RDF documents. The OWL 2 Document Overview describes the overall state of OWL 2, and should be read before other OWL 2 documents. This document defines the mapping of OWL 2 ontologies into RDF graphs, and vice versa. Status of this Document May Be Superseded This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/. Summary of Changes There have been no substantive changes since the previous version . For details on the minor changes see the change log and color-coded diff . Please Send Comments Please send any comments to public-owl-comments@w3.org ( public archive ). Although work on this document by the OWL Working Group is complete, comments may be addressed in the errata or in future revisions. Open discussion among developers is welcome at public-owl-dev@w3.org ( public archive ). Endorsed By W3C This document has been reviewed by W3C Members, by software developers, and by other W3C groups and interested parties, and is endorsed by the Director as a W3C Recommendation. It is a stable document and may be used as reference material or cited from another document. W3C's role in making the Recommendation is to draw attention to the specification and to promote its widespread deployment. This enhances the functionality and interoperability of the Web. Patents This document was produced by a group operating under the 5 February 2004 W3C Patent Policy . W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. Table of Contents 1 Introduction and Preliminaries 2 Mapping from the Structural Specification to RDF Graphs 2.1 Translation of Axioms without Annotations 2.2 Translation of Annotations 2.3 Translation of Axioms with Annotations 2.3.1 Axioms that Generate a Main Triple 2.3.2 Axioms that are Translated to Multiple Triples 2.3.3 Axioms Represented by Blank Nodes 3 Mapping from RDF Graphs to the Structural Specification 3.1 Extracting Declarations and the IRIs of the Directly Imported Ontology Documents 3.1.1 Resolving Included RDF Graphs 3.1.2 Parsing of the Ontology Header and Declarations 3.2 Populating an Ontology 3.2.1 Analyzing Declarations 3.2.2 Parsing of Annotations 3.2.3 Parsing of Ontology Annotations 3.2.4 Parsing of Expressions 3.2.5 Parsing of Axioms 4 Appendix: Change Log (Informative) 4.1 Changes Since Recommendation 4.2 Changes Since Proposed Recommendation 4.3 Changes Since Candidate Recommendation 4.4 Changes Since Last Call 5 Acknowledgments 6 References 1 Introduction and Preliminaries This document defines two mappings between the structural specification of OWL 2 [ OWL 2 Specification ] and RDF graphs [ RDF Concepts ]. The mapping presented in Section 2 can be used to transform any OWL 2 ontology O into an RDF graph T(O) . The mapping presented in Section 3 can be used to transform an RDF graph G satisfying certain restrictions into an OWL 2 DL ontology O G . These transformations do not incur any change in the formal meaning of the ontology. More precisely, for any OWL 2 DL ontology O , let G = T(O) be the RDF graph obtained by transforming O as specified in Section 2 , and let O G be the OWL 2 DL ontology obtained by applying the reverse transformation from Section 3 to G ; then, O and O G are logically equivalent — that is, they have exactly the same set of models. The mappings presented in this document are backwards-compatible with that of OWL 1 DL: every OWL 1 DL ontology encoded as an RDF graph can be mapped into a valid OWL 2 DL ontology using the mapping from Section 3 such that the resulting OWL 2 DL ontology has exactly the same set of models as the original OWL 1 DL ontology. The syntax for triples used in this document is the one used in the RDF Semantics [ RDF Semantics ]. Full IRIs are abbreviated using the prefixes from the OWL 2 Specification [ OWL 2 Specification ]. OWL 2 ontologies mentioned in this document should be understood as instances of the structural specification of OWL 2 [ OWL 2 Specification ]; when required, these are written in this document using the functional-style syntax. The following notation is used throughout this document for referring to parts of RDF graphs: *:x denotes an IRI; _:x denotes a blank node; x denotes a blank node or an IRI; lt denotes a literal; and xlt denotes a blank node, an IRI, or a literal. The italicized keywords MUST , MUST NOT , SHOULD , SHOULD NOT , and MAY are used to specify normative features of OWL 2 documents and tools, and are interpreted as specified in RFC 2119 [ RFC 2119 ]. 2 Mapping from the Structural Specification to RDF Graphs This section defines a mapping of an OWL 2 ontology O into an RDF graph T(O) . The mapping is presented in three parts. Section 2.1 shows how to translate axioms that do not contain annotations, Section 2.2 shows how to translate annotations, and Section 2.3 shows how to translate axioms containing annotations. 2.1 Translation of Axioms without Annotations Table 1 presents the operator T that maps an OWL 2 ontology O into an RDF graph T(O) , provided that no axiom in O is annotated. The mapping is defined recursively; that is, the mapping of a construct often depends on the mappings of its subconstructs, but in a slightly unusual way: if the mapping of a construct refers to the mapping of a subconstruct, then the triples generated by the recursive invocation of the mapping on the subconstruct are added to the graph under construction, and the main node of the mapping of the subconstruct is used in place of the recursive invocation itself. The definition of the operator T uses the operator TANN in order to translate annotations. The operator TANN is defined in Section 2.2 . It takes an annotation and an IRI or a blank node and produces the triples that attach the annotation to the supplied object. In the mapping, each generated blank node (i.e., each blank node that does not correspond to an anonymous individual) is fresh in each application of a mapping rule. Furthermore, possible conditions on the mapping rules are enclosed in curly braces '{ }'. Finally, the following conventions are used in this section to denote different parts of OWL 2 ontologies: OP denotes an object property; OPE denotes an object property expression; DP denotes a data property; DPE denotes a data property expression; AP denotes an annotation property; C denotes a class; CE denotes a class expression; DT denotes a datatype; DR denotes a data range; U denotes an IRI; F denotes a constraining facet; a denotes an individual (named or anonymous); *:a denotes a named individual; lt denotes a literal; as denotes an annotation source; and av denotes an annotation value. In this section, T(SEQ y 1 ... y n ) denotes the translation of a sequence of objects from the structural specification into an RDF list, as shown in Table 1. Table 1. Transformation to Triples Element E of the Structural Specification Triples Generated in an Invocation of T(E) Main Node of T(E) SEQ rdf:nil SEQ y 1 ... y n _:x rdf:first T(y 1 ) . _:x rdf:rest T(SEQ y 2 ... y n ) . _:x Ontology( ontologyIRI [ versionIRI ] Import( importedOntologyIRI 1 ) ... Import( importedOntologyIRI k ) annotation 1 ... annotation m axiom 1 ... axiom n ) ontologyIRI rdf:type owl:Ontology . [ ontologyIRI owl:versionIRI versionIRI ] . ontologyIRI owl:imports importedOntologyIRI 1 . ... ontologyIRI owl:imports importedOntologyIRI k . TANN(annotation 1 , ontologyIRI) . ... TANN(annotation m , ontologyIRI) . T(axiom 1 ) . ... T(axiom n ) . ontologyIRI Ontology( Import( importedOntologyIRI 1 ) ... Import( importedOntologyIRI k ) annotation 1 ... annotation m axiom 1 ... axiom n ) _:x rdf:type owl:Ontology . _:x owl:imports importedOntologyIRI 1 . ... _:x owl:imports importedOntologyIRI k . TANN(annotation 1 , _:x) . ... TANN(annotation m , _:x) . T(axiom 1 ) . ... T(axiom n ) . _:x C C DT DT OP OP DP DP AP AP U U a a "abc@"^^ rdf:PlainLiteral "abc" "abc@langTag"^^ rdf:PlainLiteral "abc"@langTag lt { where lt is a literal of datatype other than rdf:PlainLiteral } lt Declaration( Datatype( DT ) ) T(DT) rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . Declaration( Class( C ) ) T(C) rdf:type owl:Class . Declaration( ObjectProperty( OP ) ) T(OP) rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty . Declaration( DataProperty( DP ) ) T(DP) rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty . Declaration( AnnotationProperty( AP ) ) T(AP) rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . Declaration( NamedIndividual( *:a ) ) T(*:a) rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual . ObjectInverseOf( OP ) _:x owl:inverseOf T(OP) . _:x DataIntersectionOf( DR 1 ... DR n ) _:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . _:x owl:intersectionOf T(SEQ DR 1 ... DR n ) . _:x DataUnionOf( DR 1 ... DR n ) _:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . _:x owl:unionOf T(SEQ DR 1 ... DR n ) . _:x DataComplementOf( DR ) _:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . _:x owl:datatypeComplementOf T(DR) . _:x DataOneOf( lt 1 ... lt n ) _:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . _:x owl:oneOf T(SEQ lt 1 ... lt n ) . _:x DatatypeRestriction( DT F 1 lt 1 ... F n lt n ) _:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . _:x owl:onDatatype T(DT) . _:x owl:withRestrictions T(SEQ _:y 1 ... _:y n ) . _:y 1 F 1 lt 1 . ... _:y n F n lt n . _:x ObjectIntersectionOf( CE 1 ... CE n ) _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:intersectionOf T(SEQ CE 1 ... CE n ) . _:x ObjectUnionOf( CE 1 ... CE n ) _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:unionOf T(SEQ CE 1 ... CE n ) . _:x ObjectComplementOf( CE ) _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:complementOf T(CE) . _:x ObjectOneOf( a 1 ... a n ) _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:oneOf T(SEQ a 1 ... a n ) . _:x ObjectSomeValuesFrom( OPE CE ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(OPE) . _:x owl:someValuesFrom T(CE) . _:x ObjectAllValuesFrom( OPE CE ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(OPE) . _:x owl:allValuesFrom T(CE) . _:x ObjectHasValue( OPE a ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(OPE) . _:x owl:hasValue T(a) . _:x ObjectHasSelf( OPE ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(OPE) . _:x owl:hasSelf "true"^^ xsd:boolean . _:x ObjectMinCardinality( n OPE ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(OPE) . _:x owl:minCardinality "n"^^ xsd:nonNegativeInteger . _:x ObjectMinCardinality( n OPE CE ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(OPE) . _:x owl:minQualifiedCardinality "n"^^ xsd:nonNegativeInteger . _:x owl:onClass T(CE) . _:x ObjectMaxCardinality( n OPE ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(OPE) . _:x owl:maxCardinality "n"^^ xsd:nonNegativeInteger . _:x ObjectMaxCardinality( n OPE CE ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(OPE) . _:x owl:maxQualifiedCardinality "n"^^ xsd:nonNegativeInteger . _:x owl:onClass T(CE) . _:x ObjectExactCardinality( n OPE ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(OPE) . _:x owl:cardinality "n"^^ xsd:nonNegativeInteger . _:x ObjectExactCardinality( n OPE CE ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(OPE) . _:x owl:qualifiedCardinality "n"^^ xsd:nonNegativeInteger . _:x owl:onClass T(CE) . _:x DataSomeValuesFrom( DPE DR ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(DPE) . _:x owl:someValuesFrom T(DR) . _:x DataSomeValuesFrom( DPE 1 ... DPE n DR ), n ≥ 2 _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperties T(SEQ DPE 1 ... DPE n ) . _:x owl:someValuesFrom T(DR) . _:x DataAllValuesFrom( DPE DR ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(DPE) . _:x owl:allValuesFrom T(DR) . _:x DataAllValuesFrom( DPE 1 ... DPE n DR ), n ≥ 2 _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperties T(SEQ DPE 1 ... DPE n ) . _:x owl:allValuesFrom T(DR) . _:x DataHasValue( DPE lt ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(DPE) . _:x owl:hasValue T(lt) . _:x DataMinCardinality( n DPE ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(DPE) . _:x owl:minCardinality "n"^^ xsd:nonNegativeInteger . _:x DataMinCardinality( n DPE DR ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(DPE) . _:x owl:minQualifiedCardinality "n"^^ xsd:nonNegativeInteger . _:x owl:onDataRange T(DR) . _:x DataMaxCardinality( n DPE ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(DPE) . _:x owl:maxCardinality "n"^^ xsd:nonNegativeInteger . _:x DataMaxCardinality( n DPE DR ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(DPE) . _:x owl:maxQualifiedCardinality "n"^^ xsd:nonNegativeInteger . _:x owl:onDataRange T(DR) . _:x DataExactCardinality( n DPE ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(DPE) . _:x owl:cardinality "n"^^ xsd:nonNegativeInteger . _:x DataExactCardinality( n DPE DR ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(DPE) . _:x owl:qualifiedCardinality "n"^^ xsd:nonNegativeInteger . _:x owl:onDataRange T(DR) . _:x SubClassOf( CE 1 CE 2 ) T(CE 1 ) rdfs:subClassOf T(CE 2 ) . EquivalentClasses( CE 1 ... CE n ) T(CE 1 ) owl:equivalentClass T(CE 2 ) . ... T(CE n-1 ) owl:equivalentClass T(CE n ) . DisjointClasses( CE 1 CE 2 ) T(CE 1 ) owl:disjointWith T(CE 2 ) . DisjointClasses( CE 1 ... CE n ), n > 2 _:x rdf:type owl:AllDisjointClasses . _:x owl:members T(SEQ CE 1 ... CE n ) . DisjointUnion( C CE 1 ... CE n ) T(C) owl:disjointUnionOf T(SEQ CE 1 ... CE n ) . SubObjectPropertyOf( OPE 1 OPE 2 ) T(OPE 1 ) rdfs:subPropertyOf T(OPE 2 ) . SubObjectPropertyOf( ObjectPropertyChain( OPE 1 ... OPE n ) OPE ) T(OPE) owl:propertyChainAxiom T(SEQ OPE 1 ... OPE n ) . EquivalentObjectProperties( OPE 1 ... OPE n ) T(OPE 1 ) owl:equivalentProperty T(OPE 2 ) . ... T(OPE n-1 ) owl:equivalentProperty T(OPE n ) . DisjointObjectProperties( OPE 1 OPE 2 ) T(OPE 1 ) owl:propertyDisjointWith T(OPE 2 ) . DisjointObjectProperties( OPE 1 ... OPE n ), n > 2 _:x rdf:type owl:AllDisjointProperties . _:x owl:members T(SEQ OPE 1 ... OPE n ) . ObjectPropertyDomain( OPE CE ) T(OPE) rdfs:domain T(CE) . ObjectPropertyRange( OPE CE ) T(OPE) rdfs:range T(CE) . InverseObjectProperties( OPE 1 OPE 2 ) T(OPE 1 ) owl:inverseOf T(OPE 2 ) . FunctionalObjectProperty( OPE ) T(OPE) rdf:type owl:FunctionalProperty . InverseFunctionalObjectProperty( OPE ) T(OPE) rdf:type owl:InverseFunctionalProperty . ReflexiveObjectProperty( OPE ) T(OPE) rdf:type owl:ReflexiveProperty . IrreflexiveObjectProperty( OPE ) T(OPE) rdf:type owl:IrreflexiveProperty . SymmetricObjectProperty( OPE ) T(OPE) rdf:type owl:SymmetricProperty . AsymmetricObjectProperty( OPE ) T(OPE) rdf:type owl:AsymmetricProperty . TransitiveObjectProperty( OPE ) T(OPE) rdf:type owl:TransitiveProperty . SubDataPropertyOf( DPE 1 DPE 2 ) T(DPE 1 ) rdfs:subPropertyOf T(DPE 2 ) . EquivalentDataProperties( DPE 1 ... DPE n ) T(DPE 1 ) owl:equivalentProperty T(DPE 2 ) . ... T(DPE n-1 ) owl:equivalentProperty T(DPE n ) . DisjointDataProperties( DPE 1 DPE 2 ) T(DPE 1 ) owl:propertyDisjointWith T(DPE 2 ) . DisjointDataProperties( DPE 1 ... DPE n ), n > 2 _:x rdf:type owl:AllDisjointProperties . _:x owl:members T(SEQ DPE 1 ... DPE n ) . DataPropertyDomain( DPE CE ) T(DPE) rdfs:domain T(CE) . DataPropertyRange( DPE DR ) T(DPE) rdfs:range T(DR) . FunctionalDataProperty( DPE ) T(DPE) rdf:type owl:FunctionalProperty . DatatypeDefinition( DT DR ) T(DT) owl:equivalentClass T(DR) . HasKey( CE ( OPE 1 ... OPE m ) ( DPE 1 ... DPE n ) ) T(CE) owl:hasKey T(SEQ OPE 1 ... OPE m DPE 1 ... DPE n ) . SameIndividual( a 1 ... a n ) T(a 1 ) owl:sameAs T(a 2 ) . ... T(a n-1 ) owl:sameAs T(a n ) . DifferentIndividuals( a 1 a 2 ) T(a 1 ) owl:differentFrom T(a 2 ) . DifferentIndividuals( a 1 ... a n ), n > 2 _:x rdf:type owl:AllDifferent . _:x owl:members T(SEQ a 1 ... a n ) . ClassAssertion( CE a ) T(a) rdf:type T(CE) . ObjectPropertyAssertion( OP a 1 a 2 ) T(a 1 ) T(OP) T(a 2 ) . ObjectPropertyAssertion( ObjectInverseOf( OP ) a 1 a 2 ) T(a 2 ) T(OP) T(a 1 ) . NegativeObjectPropertyAssertion( OPE a 1 a 2 ) _:x rdf:type owl:NegativePropertyAssertion . _:x owl:sourceIndividual T(a 1 ) . _:x owl:assertionProperty T(OPE) . _:x owl:targetIndividual T(a 2 ) . DataPropertyAssertion( DPE a lt ) T(a) T(DPE) T(lt) . NegativeDataPropertyAssertion( DPE a lt ) _:x rdf:type owl:NegativePropertyAssertion . _:x owl:sourceIndividual T(a) . _:x owl:assertionProperty T(DPE) . _:x owl:targetValue T(lt) . AnnotationAssertion( AP as av ) T(as) T(AP) T(av) . SubAnnotationPropertyOf( AP 1 AP 2 ) T(AP 1 ) rdfs:subPropertyOf T(AP 2 ) . AnnotationPropertyDomain( AP U ) T(AP) rdfs:domain T(U) . AnnotationPropertyRange( AP U ) T(AP) rdfs:range T(U) . 2.2 Translation of Annotations The operator TANN , which translates annotations and attaches them to an IRI or a blank node, is defined in Table 2. Table 2. Translation of Annotations Annotation ann Triples Generated in an Invocation of TANN(ann, y) Annotation( AP av ) T(y) T(AP) T(av) . Annotation( annotation 1 ... annotation n AP av ) T(y) T(AP) T(av) . _:x rdf:type owl:Annotation . _:x owl:annotatedSource T(y) . _:x owl:annotatedProperty T(AP) . _:x owl:annotatedTarget T(av) . TANN(annotation 1 , _:x) ... TANN(annotation n , _:x) Let ann be the following annotation. Annotation( rdfs:label "Peter Griffin" ) An invocation of TANN(ann, a:Peter) then produces the following triples. a:Peter rdfs:label "Peter Griffin" . Let ann be the following annotation, which is itself annotated. Annotation( Annotation( a:author a:Seth_MacFarlane ) rdfs:label "Peter Griffin" ) An invocation of TANN(ann, a:Peter) then produces the following triples: a:Peter rdfs:label "Peter Griffin" . _:x rdf:type owl:Annotation . _:x owl:annotatedSource a:Peter . _:x owl:annotatedProperty rdfs:label . _:x owl:annotatedTarget "Peter Griffin" . _:x a:author a:Seth_MacFarlane . 2.3 Translation of Axioms with Annotations If an axiom ax contains embedded annotations annotation 1 ... annotation m , its serialization into RDF depends on the type of the axiom. Let ax' be the axiom that is obtained from ax by removing all axiom annotations. 2.3.1 Axioms that Generate a Main Triple If the row of Table 1 corresponding to the type of ax' contains a single main triple s p xlt . , then the axiom ax is translated into the following triples: s p xlt . _:x rdf:type owl:Axiom . _:x owl:annotatedSource s . _:x owl:annotatedProperty p . _:x owl:annotatedTarget xlt . TANN(annotation 1 , _:x) ... TANN(annotation m , _:x) This is the case if ax' is of type SubClassOf , DisjointClasses with two classes, SubObjectPropertyOf without a property chain as the subproperty expression, SubDataPropertyOf , ObjectPropertyDomain , DataPropertyDomain , ObjectPropertyRange , DataPropertyRange , InverseObjectProperties , FunctionalObjectProperty , FunctionalDataProperty , InverseFunctionalObjectProperty , ReflexiveObjectProperty , IrreflexiveObjectProperty , SymmetricObjectProperty , AsymmetricObjectProperty , TransitiveObjectProperty , DisjointObjectProperties with two properties, DisjointDataProperties with two properties, ClassAssertion , ObjectPropertyAssertion , DataPropertyAssertion , Declaration , DifferentIndividuals with two individuals, or AnnotationAssertion . Consider the following subclass axiom: SubClassOf( Annotation( rdfs:comment "Children are people." ) a:Child a:Person ) Without the annotation, the axiom would be translated into the following triple: a:Child rdfs:subClassOf a:Person . Thus, the annotated axiom is transformed into the following triples: a:Child rdfs:subClassOf a:Person . _:x rdf:type owl:Axiom . _:x owl:annotatedSource a:Child . _:x owl:annotatedProperty rdfs:subClassOf . _:x owl:annotatedTarget a:Person . _:x rdfs:comment "Children are people." . For ax' of type DisjointUnion , SubObjectPropertyOf with a subproperty chain, or HasKey , the first triple from the corresponding row of Table 1 is the main triple and it is subjected to the transformation described above; the other triples from the corresponding row of Table 1 — called side triples — are output without any change. Consider the following subproperty axiom: SubObjectPropertyOf( Annotation( rdfs:comment "An aunt is a mother's sister." ) ObjectPropertyChain( a:hasMother a:hasSister ) a:hasAunt ) ) Without the annotation, the axiom would be translated into the following triples: a:hasAunt owl:propertyChainAxiom _:y 1 . _:y 1 rdf:first a:hasMother . _:y 1 rdf:rest _:y 2 . _:y 2 rdf:first a:hasSister . _:y 2 rdf:rest rdf:nil . In order to capture the annotation on the axiom, the first triple plays the role of the main triple for the axiom, so it is represented using a fresh blank node _:x in order to be able to attach the annotation to it. The original triple is output alongside all other triples as well. _:x rdf:type owl:Axiom . _:x owl:annotatedSource a:hasAunt . _:x owl:annotatedProperty owl:propertyChainAxiom . _:x owl:annotatedTarget _:y 1 . _:x rdfs:comment "An aunt is a mother's sister." . a:hasAunt owl:propertyChainAxiom _:y 1 . _:y 1 rdf:first a:hasMother . _:y 1 rdf:rest _:y 2 . _:y 2 rdf:first a:hasSister . _:y 2 rdf:rest rdf:nil . Consider the following key axiom: HasKey( Annotation( rdfs:comment "SSN uniquely determines a person." ) a:Person () ( a:hasSSN ) ) Without the annotation, the axiom would be translated into the following triples: a:Person owl:hasKey _:y . _:y rdf:first a:hasSSN . _:y rdf:rest rdf:nil . In order to capture the annotation on the axiom, the first triple plays the role of the main triple for the axiom, so it is represented using a fresh blank node _:x in order to be able to attach the annotation to it. _:x rdf:type owl:Axiom . _:x owl:annotatedSource a:Person . _:x owl:annotatedProperty owl:hasKey . _:x owl:annotatedTarget _:y . _:x rdfs:comment "SSN uniquely determines a person." . a:Person owl:hasKey _:y . _:y rdf:first a:hasSSN . _:y rdf:rest rdf:nil . 2.3.2 Axioms that are Translated to Multiple Triples If the axiom ax' is of type EquivalentClasses , EquivalentObjectProperties , EquivalentDataProperties , or SameIndividual , its translation into RDF can be broken up into several RDF triples (because RDF can only represent binary relations). In this case, each of the RDF triples obtained by the translation of ax' is transformed as described in previous section, and the annotations are repeated for each of the triples obtained in the translation. Consider the following individual equality axiom: SameIndividual( Annotation( a:source a:Fox ) a:Meg a:Megan a:Megan_Griffin ) This axiom is first split into the following equalities between pairs of individuals, and the annotation is repeated on each axiom obtained in this process: SameIndividual( Annotation( a:source a:Fox ) a:Meg a:Megan ) SameIndividual( Annotation( a:source a:Fox ) a:Megan a:Megan_Griffin ) Each of these axioms is now transformed into triples as explained in the previous section: a:Meg owl:sameAs a:Megan . _:x 1 rdf:type owl:Axiom . _:x 1 owl:annotatedSource a:Meg . _:x 1 owl:annotatedProperty owl:sameAs . _:x 1 owl:annotatedTarget a:Megan . _:x 1 a:source a:Fox . a:Megan owl:sameAs a:Megan_Griffin . _:x 2 rdf:type owl:Axiom . _:x 2 owl:annotatedSource a:Megan . _:x 2 owl:annotatedProperty owl:sameAs . _:x 2 owl:annotatedTarget a:Megan_Griffin . _:x 2 a:source a:Fox . 2.3.3 Axioms Represented by Blank Nodes If the axiom ax' is of type NegativeObjectPropertyAssertion , NegativeDataPropertyAssertion , DisjointClasses with more than two classes, DisjointObjectProperties with more than two properties, DisjointDataProperties with more than two properties, or DifferentIndividuals with more than two individuals, then its translation already requires introducing a blank node _:x . In such cases, ax is translated by first translating ax' into _:x as shown in Table 1, and then attaching the annotations of ax to _:x . Consider the following negative object property assertion: NegativeObjectPropertyAssertion( Annotation( a:author a:Seth_MacFarlane ) a:brotherOf a:Chris a:Stewie ) Even without the annotation, this axiom would be represented using a blank node. The annotation can readily be attached to this node, so the axiom is transformed into the following triples: _:x rdf:type owl:NegativePropertyAssertion . _:x owl:sourceIndividual a:Chris . _:x owl:assertionProperty a:brotherOf . _:x owl:targetIndividual a:Stewie . _:x a:author a:Seth_MacFarlane . 3 Mapping from RDF Graphs to the Structural Specification This section specifies the results of steps CP 2.2 and CP 3.3 of the canonical parsing process from Section 3.6 of the OWL 2 Specification [ OWL 2 Specification ] on an ontology document D that can be parsed into an RDF graph G . An OWL 2 tool MAY implement these steps in any way it chooses; however, the results MUST be structurally equivalent to the ones defined in the following sections. These steps do not depend on the RDF syntax used to encode the RDF graph in D ; therefore, the ontology document D is identified in this section with the corresponding RDF graph G . An RDF syntax ontology document is any document accessible from some given IRI that can be parsed into an RDF graph, and that then be transformed into an OWL 2 ontology by the canonical parsing process instantiated as specified in this section. The following sections contain rules in which triple patterns are matched to G . Note that if a triple pattern contains a variable number of triples, the maximal possible subset of G MUST be matched. The following notation is used in the patterns: The notation NN_INT(n) can be matched to any literal whose value n is a nonnegative integer. Possible conditions on the pattern are enclosed in curly braces '{ }'. Some patterns use optional parts, which are enclosed in square brackets '[ ]'. The abbreviation T(SEQ y 1 ... y n ) denotes the pattern corresponding to RDF lists, as shown in Table 3. When a list pattern is matched to G , all list variables _:x i and _:x j with i ≠ j MUST be matched to different nodes; furthermore, it MUST NOT be possible to match the list pattern to two maximal subsets of G such that some list variable in the first pattern instance is matched to the same node as some (possibly different) variable in the second pattern instance. This is necessary in order to detect malformed lists such as lists with internal cycles, lists that share tails, and lists that cross. Table 3. Patterns Corresponding to RDF Lists Sequence S Triples Corresponding to T(S) Main Node of T(S) SEQ rdf:nil SEQ y _:x rdf:first y . _:x rdf:rest rdf:nil . _:x SEQ y 1 ... y n { n>1 } _:x 1 rdf:first y 1 . _:x 1 rdf:rest _:x 2 . ... _:x n rdf:first y n . _:x n rdf:rest rdf:nil . _:x 1 3.1 Extracting Declarations and the IRIs of the Directly Imported Ontology Documents This section specifies the result of step CP 2.2 of the canonical parsing process on an RDF graph G . 3.1.1 Resolving Included RDF Graphs For backwards compatibility with OWL 1 DL, if G contains an owl:imports triple pointing to an RDF document encoding an RDF graph G' where G' does not have an ontology header, this owl:imports triple is interpreted as an include rather than an import — that is, the triples of G' are included into G and are not parsed into a separate ontology. To achieve this, the following transformation is applied to G as long as the following rule is applicable to G . If G contains a pair of triples of the form x rdf:type owl:Ontology . x owl:imports *:y . and the values for x and *:y have not already been considered, the following actions are performed: The document accessible from the IRI *:y is retrieved using the augmented retrieval process from Section 3.2 of the OWL 2 Specification [ OWL 2 Specification ]. The document is parsed into an RDF graph G' . If the parsing succeeds and the graph G' does not contain a triple of the form z rdf:type owl:Ontology . then G' is merged (as in the RDF Semantics [ RDF Semantics ]) into G and the triple x owl:imports *:y . is removed from G . 3.1.2 Parsing of the Ontology Header and Declarations Next, the ontology header is extracted from G by matching patterns from Table 4 to G . It MUST be possible to match exactly one such pattern to G in exactly one way. The matched triples are removed from G . The set Imp(G) of the IRIs of ontology documents that are directly imported into G contains exactly all *:z 1 , ..., *:z k that are matched in the pattern. Table 4. Parsing of the Ontology Header If G contains this pattern... ...then the ontology header has this form. *:x rdf:type owl:Ontology . [ *:x owl:versionIRI *:y .] *:x owl:imports *:z 1 . ... *:x owl:imports *:z k . { k ≥ 0 and the following triple pattern cannot be matched in G : u w *:x . u rdf:type owl:Ontology . w rdf:type owl:OntologyProperty . } Ontology( *:x [ *:y ] Import( *:z 1 ) ... Import( *:z k ) ... ) _:x rdf:type owl:Ontology . _:x owl:imports *:z 1 . ... _:x owl:imports *:z k . { k ≥ 0 and the following triple pattern cannot be matched in G : u w _:x . u rdf:type owl:Ontology . w rdf:type owl:OntologyProperty . } Ontology( Import( *:z 1 ) ... Import( *:z k ) ... ) Next, for backwards compatibility with OWL 1 DL, certain redundant triples are removed from G . In particular, if the triple pattern from the left-hand side of Table 5 is matched in G , then the triples on the right-hand side of Table 5 are removed from G . Table 5. Triples to be Removed for Backwards Compatibility with OWL 1 DL If G contains this pattern... ...then these triples are removed from G . x rdf:type owl:Ontology . x rdf:type owl:Ontology . x rdf:type owl:Class . x rdf:type rdfs:Class . x rdf:type rdfs:Class . x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . x rdf:type rdfs:Class . x rdf:type rdfs:Class . x rdf:type owl:DataRange . x rdf:type rdfs:Class . x rdf:type rdfs:Class . x rdf:type owl:Restriction . x rdf:type rdfs:Class . x rdf:type rdfs:Class . x rdf:type owl:Restriction . x rdf:type owl:Class . x rdf:type owl:Class . x rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type owl:FunctionalProperty . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type owl:InverseFunctionalProperty . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type owl:TransitiveProperty . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type owl:OntologyProperty . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type rdf:List . x rdf:first y . x rdf:rest z . x rdf:type rdf:List . Next, for backwards compatibility with OWL 1 DL, G is modified such that declarations can be properly extracted in the next step. When a triple pattern from the first column of Table 6 is matched in G , the matching triples are replaced in G with the triples from the second column. This matching phase stops when matching a pattern and replacing it as specified does not change G . Note that G is a set and thus cannot contain duplicate triples, so this last condition prevents infinite matches. Table 6. Additional Declaration Triples If G contains this pattern... ...then the matched triples are replaced in G with these triples. *:x rdf:type owl:OntologyProperty . *:x rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . *:x rdf:type owl:InverseFunctionalProperty . *:x rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty . *:x rdf:type owl:InverseFunctionalProperty . *:x rdf:type owl:TransitiveProperty . *:x rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty . *:x rdf:type owl:TransitiveProperty . *:x rdf:type owl:SymmetricProperty . *:x rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty . *:x rdf:type owl:SymmetricProperty . Next, the set of declarations Decl(G) is extracted from G according to Table 7. The matched triples are not removed from G — the triples from Table 7 can contain annotations so, in order to correctly parse the annotations, they will be matched again in the step described in Section 3.2.5 . Table 7. Parsing Declarations in G If G contains this pattern... ...then this declaration is added to Decl(G) . *:x rdf:type owl:Class . Declaration( Class( *:x ) ) *:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . Declaration( Datatype( *:x ) ) *:x rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty . Declaration( ObjectProperty( *:x ) ) *:x rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty . Declaration( DataProperty( *:x ) ) *:x rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . Declaration( AnnotationProperty( *:x ) ) *:x rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual . Declaration( NamedIndividual( *:x ) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Axiom . _:x owl:annotatedSource *:y . _:x owl:annotatedProperty rdf:type . _:x owl:annotatedTarget owl:Class . Declaration( Class( *:y ) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Axiom . _:x owl:annotatedSource *:y . _:x owl:annotatedProperty rdf:type . _:x owl:annotatedTarget rdfs:Datatype . Declaration( Datatype( *:y ) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Axiom . _:x owl:annotatedSource *:y . _:x owl:annotatedProperty rdf:type . _:x owl:annotatedTarget owl:ObjectProperty . Declaration( ObjectProperty( *:y ) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Axiom . _:x owl:annotatedSource *:y . _:x owl:annotatedProperty rdf:type . _:x owl:annotatedTarget owl:DatatypeProperty . Declaration( DataProperty( *:y ) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Axiom . _:x owl:annotatedSource *:y . _:x owl:annotatedProperty rdf:type . _:x owl:annotatedTarget owl:AnnotationProperty . Declaration( AnnotationProperty( *:y ) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Axiom . _:x owl:annotatedSource *:y . _:x owl:annotatedProperty rdf:type . _:x owl:annotatedTarget owl:NamedIndividual . Declaration( NamedIndividual( *:y ) ) Finally, the set RIND of blank nodes used in reification is identified. This is done by initially setting RIND = ∅ and then applying the patterns shown in Table 8. The matched triples are not deleted from G . Table 8. Identifying Reification Blank Nodes If G contains this pattern, then _:x is added to RIND . _:x rdf:type owl:Axiom . _:x rdf:type owl:Annotation . _:x rdf:type owl:AllDisjointClasses . _:x rdf:type owl:AllDisjointProperties . _:x rdf:type owl:AllDifferent . _:x rdf:type owl:NegativePropertyAssertion . 3.2 Populating an Ontology This section specifies the result of step CP 3.3 of the canonical parsing process on an RDF graph G , the corresponding instance O G of the Ontology class, and the set AllDecl(G) of all declarations for G computed as specified in step CP 3.1 of the canonical parsing process. 3.2.1 Analyzing Declarations The following functions map an IRI or a blank node x occurring in G into an object of the structural specification. In particular, CE(x) maps x into a class expression, DR(x) maps x into a data range, OPE(x) maps x into an object property expression, DPE(x) maps x into a data property expression, and AP(x) maps x into an annotation property. Initially, these functions are undefined for all IRIs and blank nodes occurring in G ; this is written as CE(x) = ε , DR(x) = ε , OPE(x) = ε , DPE(x) = ε , and AP(x) = ε . The functions are updated as parsing progresses. All of the following conditions MUST be satisfied at any given point in time during parsing. For each x , at most one of OPE(x) , DPE(x) , and AP(x) is defined. For each x , at most one of CE(x) and DR(x) is defined. Furthermore, the value of any of these functions for any x MUST NOT be redefined during parsing (i.e., if a function is not undefined for x , no attempt should be made to change the function's value for x ). Functions CE , DR , OPE , DPE , and AP are initialized as shown in Table 9. Table 9. Initialization of CE , DR , OPE , DPE , and AP If AllDecl(G) contains this declaration... ...then perform this assignment. Declaration( Class( *:x ) ) CE(*:x) := a class with the IRI *:x Declaration( Datatype( *:x ) ) DR(*:x) := a datatype with the IRI *:x Declaration( ObjectProperty( *:x ) ) OPE(*:x) := an object property with the IRI *:x Declaration( DataProperty( *:x ) ) DPE(*:x) := a data property with the IRI *:x Declaration( AnnotationProperty( *:x ) ) AP(*:x) := an annotation property with the IRI *:x 3.2.2 Parsing of Annotations The annotations in G are parsed next. The function ANN assigns a set of annotations ANN(x) to each IRI or blank node x . This function is initialized by setting ANN(x) = ∅ for each each IRI or blank node x . Next, the triple patterns from Table 10 are matched in G and, for each matched pattern, ANN(x) is extended with an annotation from the right column. Each time one of these triple patterns is matched, the matched triples are removed from G . This process is repeated until no further matches are possible. Table 10. Parsing of Annotations If G contains this pattern... ...then this annotation is added to ANN(x) . x *:y xlt . { AP(*:y) ≠ ε and there is no blank node _:w such that G contains the following triples: _:w rdf:type owl:Annotation . _:w owl:annotatedSource x . _:w owl:annotatedProperty *:y . _:w owl:annotatedTarget xlt . } Annotation( *:y xlt ) x *:y xlt . _:w rdf:type owl:Annotation . _:w owl:annotatedSource x . _:w owl:annotatedProperty *:y . _:w owl:annotatedTarget xlt . { AP(*:y) ≠ ε and no other triple in G contains _:w in subject or object position } Annotation( ANN(_:w) *:y xlt ) 3.2.3 Parsing of Ontology Annotations Let x be the node that was matched in G to *:x or _:x according to the patterns from Table 4; then, ANN(x) determines the set of ontology annotations of O G . 3.2.4 Parsing of Expressions Next, functions OPE , DR , and CE are extended as shown in Tables 11, 12, and 13, as well as in Tables 14 and 15. The patterns in the latter two tables are not generated by the mapping from Section 2 , but they can be present in RDF graphs that encode OWL 1 DL ontologies. Each time a pattern is matched, the matched triples are removed from G . Pattern matching is repeated until no triple pattern can be matched to G . Table 11. Parsing Object Property Expressions If G contains this pattern... ...then OPE(_:x) is set to this object property expression. _:x owl:inverseOf *:y . { OPE(_:x) = ε and OPE(*:y) ≠ ε } ObjectInverseOf( OPE(*:y) ) Table 12. Parsing of Data Ranges If G contains this pattern... ...then DR(_:x) is set to this data range. _:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . _:x owl:intersectionOf T(SEQ y 1 ... y n ) . { n ≥ 2 and DR(y i ) ≠ ε for each 1 ≤ i ≤ n } DataIntersectionOf( DR(y 1 ) ... DR(y n ) ) _:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . _:x owl:unionOf T(SEQ y 1 ... y n ) . { n ≥ 2 and DR(y i ) ≠ ε for each 1 ≤ i ≤ n } DataUnionOf( DR(y 1 ) ... DR(y n ) ) _:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . _:x owl:datatypeComplementOf y . { DR(y) ≠ ε } DataComplementOf( DR(y) ) _:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . _:x owl:oneOf T(SEQ lt 1 ... lt n ) . { n ≥ 1 } DataOneOf( lt 1 ... lt n ) _:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . _:x owl:onDatatype *:y . _:x owl:withRestrictions T(SEQ _:z 1 ... _:z n ) . _:z 1 *:w 1 lt 1 . ... _:z n *:w n lt n . { DR(*:y) is a datatype } DatatypeRestriction( DR(*:y) *:w 1 lt 1 ... *:w n lt n ) Table 13. Parsing of Class Expressions If G contains this pattern... ...then CE(_:x) is set to this class expression. _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:intersectionOf T(SEQ y 1 ... y n ) . { n ≥ 2 and CE(y i ) ≠ ε for each 1 ≤ i ≤ n } ObjectIntersectionOf( CE(y 1 ) ... CE(y n ) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:unionOf T(SEQ y 1 ... y n ) . { n ≥ 2 and CE(y i ) ≠ ε for each 1 ≤ i ≤ n } ObjectUnionOf( CE(y 1 ) ... CE(y n ) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:complementOf y . { CE(y) ≠ ε } ObjectComplementOf( CE(y) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:oneOf T(SEQ *:y 1 ... *:y n ) . { n ≥ 1 } ObjectOneOf( *:y 1 ... *:y n ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty y . _:x owl:someValuesFrom z . { OPE(y) ≠ ε and CE(z) ≠ ε } ObjectSomeValuesFrom( OPE(y) CE(z) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty y . _:x owl:allValuesFrom z . { OPE(y) ≠ ε and CE(z) ≠ ε } ObjectAllValuesFrom( OPE(y) CE(z) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty y . _:x owl:hasValue *:z . { OPE(y) ≠ ε } ObjectHasValue( OPE(y) *:z ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty y . _:x owl:hasSelf "true"^^ xsd:boolean . { OPE(y) ≠ ε } ObjectHasSelf( OPE(y) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:minQualifiedCardinality NN_INT(n) . _:x owl:onProperty y . _:x owl:onClass z . { OPE(y) ≠ ε and CE(z) ≠ ε } ObjectMinCardinality( n OPE(y) CE(z) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:maxQualifiedCardinality NN_INT(n) . _:x owl:onProperty y . _:x owl:onClass z . { OPE(y) ≠ ε and CE(z) ≠ ε } ObjectMaxCardinality( n OPE(y) CE(z) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:qualifiedCardinality NN_INT(n) . _:x owl:onProperty y . _:x owl:onClass z . { OPE(y) ≠ ε and CE(z) ≠ ε } ObjectExactCardinality( n OPE(y) CE(z) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:minCardinality NN_INT(n) . _:x owl:onProperty y . { OPE(y) ≠ ε } ObjectMinCardinality( n OPE(y) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:maxCardinality NN_INT(n) . _:x owl:onProperty y . { OPE(y) ≠ ε } ObjectMaxCardinality( n OPE(y) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:cardinality NN_INT(n) . _:x owl:onProperty y . { OPE(y) ≠ ε } ObjectExactCardinality( n OPE(y) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty y . _:x owl:hasValue lt . { DPE(y) ≠ ε } DataHasValue( DPE(y) lt ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty y . _:x owl:someValuesFrom z . { DPE(y) ≠ ε and DR(z) ≠ ε } DataSomeValuesFrom( DPE(y) DR(z) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperties T(SEQ y 1 ... y n ) . _:x owl:someValuesFrom z . { n ≥ 1, DPE(y i ) ≠ ε for each 1 ≤ i ≤ n, and DR(z) ≠ ε } DataSomeValuesFrom( DPE(y 1 ) ... DPE(y n ) DR(z) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty y . _:x owl:allValuesFrom z . { DPE(y) ≠ ε and DR(z) ≠ ε } DataAllValuesFrom( DPE(y) DR(z) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperties T(SEQ y 1 ... y n ) . _:x owl:allValuesFrom z . { n ≥ 1, DPE(y i ) ≠ ε for each 1 ≤ i ≤ n, and DR(z) ≠ ε } DataAllValuesFrom( DPE(y 1 ) ... DPE(y n ) DR(z) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:minQualifiedCardinality NN_INT(n) . _:x owl:onProperty y . _:x owl:onDataRange z . { DPE(y) ≠ ε and DR(z) ≠ ε } DataMinCardinality( n DPE(y) DR(z) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:maxQualifiedCardinality NN_INT(n) . _:x owl:onProperty y . _:x owl:onDataRange z . { DPE(y) ≠ ε and DR(z) ≠ ε } DataMaxCardinality( n DPE(y) DR(z) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:qualifiedCardinality NN_INT(n) . _:x owl:onProperty y . _:x owl:onDataRange z . { DPE(y) ≠ ε and DR(z) ≠ ε } DataExactCardinality( n DPE(y) DR(z) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:minCardinality NN_INT(n) . _:x owl:onProperty y . { DPE(y) ≠ ε } DataMinCardinality( n DPE(y) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:maxCardinality NN_INT(n) . _:x owl:onProperty y . { DPE(y) ≠ ε } DataMaxCardinality( n DPE(y) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:cardinality NN_INT(n) . _:x owl:onProperty y . { DPE(y) ≠ ε } DataExactCardinality( n DPE(y) ) Table 14. Parsing of Data Ranges for Compatibility with OWL 1 DL If G contains this pattern... ...then DR(_:x) is set to this object property expression. _:x rdf:type owl:DataRange . _:x owl:oneOf T(SEQ lt 1 ... lt n ) . { n ≥ 1 } DataOneOf( lt 1 ... lt n ) _:x rdf:type owl:DataRange . _:x owl:oneOf T(SEQ) . DataComplementOf( rdfs:Literal ) Table 15. Parsing of Class Expressions for Compatibility with OWL 1 DL If G contains this pattern... ...then CE(_:x) is set to this class expression. _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:unionOf T(SEQ) . owl:Nothing _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:unionOf T(SEQ y) . { CE(y) ≠ ε } CE(y) _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:intersectionOf T(SEQ) . owl:Thing _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:intersectionOf T(SEQ y) . { CE(y) ≠ ε } CE(y) _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:oneOf T(SEQ) . owl:Nothing 3.2.5 Parsing of Axioms Next, O G is populated with axioms. For clarity, the axiom patterns are split into two tables. Table 16 presents the patterns for axioms without annotations. Annotated axioms are parsed as follows: In case of the patterns for owl:AllDisjointClasses , owl:AllDisjointProperties , owl:AllDifferent , and owl:NegativePropertyAssertion , axiom annotations are defined by ANN(_:x) . For all other axioms, axiom annotations are obtained by additionally matching patterns from Table 17 in G during axiom matching. The axioms in G are parsed as follows: All annotated axioms are parsed first. Only when no pattern for annotated axioms can be matched in G , then the patterns for axioms without annotations are matched. In either case, each time a triple pattern is matched, the matched triples are removed from G . Table 16. Parsing of Axioms without Annotations If G contains this pattern... ...then the following axiom is added to O G . *:x rdf:type owl:Class . Declaration( Class( *:x ) ) *:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . Declaration( Datatype( *:x ) ) *:x rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty . Declaration( ObjectProperty( *:x ) ) *:x rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty . Declaration( DataProperty( *:x ) ) *:x rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . Declaration( AnnotationProperty( *:x ) ) *:x rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual . Declaration( NamedIndividual( *:x ) ) x rdfs:subClassOf y . { CE(x) ≠ ε and CE(y) ≠ ε } SubClassOf( CE(x) CE(y) ) x owl:equivalentClass y . { CE(x) ≠ ε and CE(y) ≠ ε } EquivalentClasses( CE(x) CE(y) ) x owl:disjointWith y . { CE(x) ≠ ε and CE(y) ≠ ε } DisjointClasses( CE(x) CE(y) ) _:x rdf:type owl:AllDisjointClasses . _:x owl:members T(SEQ y 1 ... y n ) . { n ≥ 2 and CE(y i ) ≠ ε for each 1 ≤ i ≤ n } DisjointClasses( CE(y 1 ) ... CE(y n ) ) *:x owl:disjointUnionOf T(SEQ y 1 ... y n ) . { n ≥ 2, CE(x) ≠ ε, and CE(y i ) ≠ ε for each 1 ≤ i ≤ n } DisjointUnion( CE(*:x) CE(y 1 ) ... CE(y n ) ) x rdfs:subPropertyOf y . { OPE(x) ≠ ε and OPE(y) ≠ ε } SubObjectPropertyOf( OPE(x) OPE(y) ) x owl:propertyChainAxiom T(SEQ y 1 ... y n ) . { n ≥ 2, OPE(y i ) ≠ ε for each 1 ≤ i ≤ n, and OPE(x) ≠ ε } SubObjectPropertyOf( ObjectPropertyChain( OPE(y 1 ) ... OPE(y n ) ) OPE(x) ) x owl:equivalentProperty y . { OPE(x) ≠ ε and OPE(y) ≠ ε } EquivalentObjectProperties( OPE(x) OPE(y) ) x owl:propertyDisjointWith y . { OPE(x) ≠ ε and OPE(y) ≠ ε } DisjointObjectProperties( OPE(x) OPE(y) ) _:x rdf:type owl:AllDisjointProperties . _:x owl:members T(SEQ y 1 ... y n ) . { n ≥ 2 and OPE(y i ) ≠ ε for each 1 ≤ i ≤ n } DisjointObjectProperties( OPE(y 1 ) ... OPE(y n ) ) x rdfs:domain y . { OPE(x) ≠ ε and CE(y) ≠ ε } ObjectPropertyDomain( OPE(x) CE(y) ) x rdfs:range y . { OPE(x) ≠ ε and CE(y) ≠ ε } ObjectPropertyRange( OPE(x) CE(y) ) x owl:inverseOf y . { OPE(x) ≠ ε and OPE(y) ≠ ε } InverseObjectProperties( OPE(x) OPE(y) ) x rdf:type owl:FunctionalProperty . { OPE(x) ≠ ε } FunctionalObjectP | 2026-01-13T08:48:06 |
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https://dev.to/pila/constructors-in-python-init-vs-new-2f9j#main-content | Constructors in Python (__init vs __new__) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Pila louis Posted on Sep 16, 2020 Constructors in Python (__init vs __new__) # python # programming # 100daysofcode Most object-oriented programming languages such as Java, C++, C#..etc have the concept of a constructor, a special method that creates and initializes the object when it is created. Python is a little different; it has a constructor and an initializer. The constructor function is rarely used unless you're doing something exotic. So, we'll start our discussion with the initialization method. The assumption in this article is that you already know the basics of classes and objects in python. The constructor function in python is called __new__ and __init__ is the initializer function. Quoting the python documentation, __new__ is used when you need to control the creation of a new instance while __init__ is used when you need to control the initialization of a new instance. __new__ is the first step of instance creation. It's called first and is responsible for returning a new instance of your class. In contrast, __init__ doesn't return anything; it's only responsible for initializing the instance after it's been created. In general, you shouldn't need to override __new__ unless you're subclassing an immutable type like str, int, Unicode, or tuple. NOTE: Never name a function of your own with leading and trailing double underscores. It may mean nothing to Python, but there's always the possibility that the designers of Python will add a function that has a special purpose with that name in the future, and when they do, your code will break. Example 1: Using __init__ class Point: def __init__(self, data): self.num = data def print_num(self): print(self.num) obj = Point(100) obj.print_num() Output: 100 Note: The self parameter is a reference to the current instance of the class and is used to access variables that belong to the class. Example 2: class Person: def __new__(cls): return object.__new__(cls) def __init__(self): self.instance_method() def instance_method(self): print('success!') personObj = Person() Notice that __init__ receives the argument self, while __new__ receives the class (cls ). Since self is a reference to the instance, this should tell you quite evidently that the instance is already created by the time __init__ gets called, since it gets passed the instance. It's also possible to call instance methods precisely because the instance has already been created. Thank you for reading. 😄 END!!! Top comments (3) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Tongyu Lu Tongyu Lu Tongyu Lu Follow High school student at PRISMS. Interested in CS, ML, game-dev. USACO Platinum qualified, but still getting better at projects. Codes for fun. Location Earth Education https://prismsus.org Joined Jul 30, 2020 • Mar 7 '21 • Edited on Mar 7 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You can actually use super (). method_name ( * args , ** kw ) # PEP 3135 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In this case, it can be super (). __new__ ( cls , * args , ** kw ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The cls is actually necessary for __new__ . See more about PEP 3135 → Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Adyasha Mohanty Adyasha Mohanty Adyasha Mohanty Follow talks in bits believe in queue DS life is abstract data type Joined Feb 25, 2024 • Feb 25 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you for making me clear in new and init Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Matheesha Matheesha Matheesha Follow Joined Jun 6, 2024 • Jul 6 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide So are people teaching wrong when they call __init__ the constructor? 🤔 Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Pila louis Follow Full-stack software engineer with over 3years of industrial experience. I work well in a fast-paced environment. I am able to rise up to whatever it takes to make an impact in a new environment. 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https://dev.to/kawano_aiyuki/i-debug-code-like-i-debug-life-spoiler-both-throw-exceptions-e69#the-compiler-is-honest-people-are-not | I Debug Code Like I Debug Life (Spoiler: Both Throw Exceptions) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Alyssa Posted on Jan 13 I Debug Code Like I Debug Life (Spoiler: Both Throw Exceptions) # discuss # career # programming # beginners Being a software developer is a lot like being human. Being a woman software developer is like being human with extra edge cases. I write code for a living. Sometimes I write bugs professionally. And occasionally, I write code that works on the first run — which is deeply suspicious and should be reviewed by science. The Compiler Is Honest. People Are Not. One thing I love about code: If it doesn’t like you, it tells you immediately. If you’re wrong, it throws an error. If you forget a semicolon, it remembers forever. Life, on the other hand, waits three years and then says: “Hey… remember that decision you made? Yeah. About that.” Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In programming, we call this technical debt. In life, we call it experience. As a Woman in Tech, I Learned Early About “Undefined Behavior” There are two kinds of bugs: The ones you expect. The ones that happen because the environment is… creative. Sometimes I walk into a meeting and: I’m the only woman. I’m also the backend. And somehow still expected to fix frontend CSS. This is not imposter syndrome. This is runtime context awareness. My Brain Runs on TODO Comments My mind is basically: // TODO: fix sleep schedule // TODO: refactor life choices // TODO: stop overthinking edge cases Every time I say “I’ll do it later,” a TODO comment is silently added to my soul. And just like in real projects: Some TODOs become features. Some become bugs. Some live forever and scare new contributors. Debugging Is Just Asking Better Questions People think debugging is about being smart. It’s not. It’s about asking questions like: “What did I assume?” “What did I change?” “Why does this work only on my machine?” “Why does it stop working when someone is watching?” Honestly, debugging taught me emotional intelligence: Don’t panic. Observe. Reduce the problem. Remove assumptions. Take breaks before you delete everything. Humor Is My Favorite Framework Tech moves fast. Trends change. Frameworks come and go. But humor? Zero dependencies. Backward compatible. Works across teams. Excellent for handling production incidents at 3 AM. When the server is down and everyone is stressed, sometimes the most senior move is saying: “Okay. This is bad. But also… kinda funny.” Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Then you fix it. Obviously. Confidence Is a Skill, Not a Setting I didn’t wake up confident. I compiled it over time. Confidence came from: Breaking things. Fixing them. Asking “stupid” questions. Shipping anyway. Learning that perfection doesn’t deploy. The best developers I know aren’t fearless. They just commit despite the warnings. Final Build: Still Experimental I’m still learning. Still refactoring. Still discovering bugs in old logic. But I ship. I learn. I laugh. I write code. And I’m very comfortable saying: “I don’t know yet — but I will.” Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If you’re a developer reading this: Your bugs don’t define you. Your errors are data. Your weird brain is probably a feature. And if today feels broken… Try restarting. With coffee ☕ And maybe fewer assumptions. Thanks for reading. If this resonated, you’re probably running the same version of reality as me. Top comments (8) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Art light Art light Art light Follow Trust yourself🌞your capabilities are your true power. ❤Telegram - ✔lighthouse4661 ❤Discord - ✔lighthouse4661 Email art.miclight@gmail.com Pronouns He/him Work CTO Joined Nov 21, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is such a sharp, thoughtful piece — witty, honest, and deeply relatable, especially the way you blend debugging with real-life growth. Your humor and clarity turn real experience into insight, and it’s genuinely inspiring to read.😉 Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks💛I'm really glad it resonated with you and made you smile. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Art light Art light Art light Follow Trust yourself🌞your capabilities are your true power. ❤Telegram - ✔lighthouse4661 ❤Discord - ✔lighthouse4661 Email art.miclight@gmail.com Pronouns He/him Work CTO Joined Nov 21, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Good!😎 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Thread Thread Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand darkbranchcore darkbranchcore darkbranchcore Follow Joined Dec 28, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Such a great read—smart, funny, and painfully relatable in the best way. I love how you turned real dev struggles into something empowering and human. That takes real confidence 👏 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Hi there! I am Alyssa. ❤I can see success in my mind's eye🌞 Email Location UK Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you so much! 💙 That really means a lot to me—turning those struggles into something empowering was exactly the goal. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Hadil Ben Abdallah Hadil Ben Abdallah Hadil Ben Abdallah Follow Software Engineer • Technical Content Writer • LinkedIn Content Creator Email hadilbenabdallah111@gmail.com Location Tunisia Education ENET'COM Pronouns she/her Work Content Writer & Social Media Manager Joined Nov 13, 2023 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This was such a refreshing read. The way you map debugging principles to real life is not just funny, it’s surprisingly insightful 😄 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you! I love how you picked up on that—turning coding chaos into life lessons is exactly the kind of perspective that makes tech both fun and relatable 😄 Keep sharing these gems! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. 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https://github.com/skills/review-pull-requests | GitHub - skills/review-pull-requests: Collaborate and work together on GitHub. Skip to content Navigation Menu Toggle navigation Sign in Appearance settings Platform AI CODE CREATION GitHub Copilot Write better code with AI GitHub Spark Build and deploy intelligent apps GitHub Models Manage and compare prompts MCP Registry New Integrate external tools DEVELOPER WORKFLOWS Actions Automate any workflow Codespaces Instant dev environments Issues Plan and track work Code Review Manage code changes APPLICATION SECURITY GitHub Advanced Security Find and fix vulnerabilities Code security Secure your code as you build Secret protection Stop leaks before they start EXPLORE Why GitHub Documentation Blog Changelog Marketplace View all features Solutions BY COMPANY SIZE Enterprises Small and medium teams Startups Nonprofits BY USE CASE App Modernization DevSecOps DevOps CI/CD View all use cases BY INDUSTRY Healthcare Financial services Manufacturing Government View all industries View all solutions Resources EXPLORE BY TOPIC AI Software Development DevOps Security View all topics EXPLORE BY TYPE Customer stories Events & webinars Ebooks & reports Business insights GitHub Skills SUPPORT & SERVICES Documentation Customer support Community forum Trust center Partners Open Source COMMUNITY GitHub Sponsors Fund open source developers PROGRAMS Security Lab Maintainer Community Accelerator Archive Program REPOSITORIES Topics Trending Collections Enterprise ENTERPRISE SOLUTIONS Enterprise platform AI-powered developer platform AVAILABLE ADD-ONS GitHub Advanced Security Enterprise-grade security features Copilot for Business Enterprise-grade AI features Premium Support Enterprise-grade 24/7 support Pricing Search or jump to... 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License MIT license 301 stars 226 forks Branches Tags Activity Star Notifications You must be signed in to change notification settings Code Issues 2 Pull requests 2 Actions Security Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Insights Additional navigation options Code Issues Pull requests Actions Security Insights skills/review-pull-requests main Branches Tags Go to file Code Open more actions menu Folders and files Name Name Last commit message Last commit date Latest commit History 47 Commits .github .github .gitignore .gitignore LICENSE LICENSE README.md README.md index.html index.html View all files Repository files navigation README Code of conduct Contributing MIT license Security Review pull requests Collaborate and work together on GitHub. Welcome All great projects start with collaboration. Pull requests are the foundation of teamwork on GitHub — and pull request reviews give you the ability to work together and discuss changes specific to a pull request by commenting, requesting changes, or approving. Who is this for : Developers, new GitHub users, users new to Git, students, managers, teams. What you'll learn : When and how to request a review; how to provide a review of someone else's pull request. What you'll build : We'll be reviewing a pull request for a simple game. Prerequisites : We assume you are familiar with creating branches, commits, and pull requests—you can learn this in our Introduction to GitHub course. How long : This course takes less than 30 minutes to complete. In this course, you will: Open a pull request Assign yourself Leave a review Suggest changes Apply changes Merge your pull request How to start this course Right-click Start course and open the link in a new tab. In the new tab, most of the prompts will automatically fill in for you. 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https://dev.to/stack_overflowed/palindrome-partitioning-coding-problem-explained-55i7 | Palindrome Partitioning: Coding Problem Explained - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Stack Overflowed Posted on Jan 9 Palindrome Partitioning: Coding Problem Explained # programming # coding # challenge # learning The “Palindrome Partitioning” problem asks you to split a given string into all possible combinations of substrings such that every substring in the partition is a palindrome. A palindrome is a string that reads the same forward and backward. The result is not a single partition, but a complete list of all valid palindrome-based partitions. This problem is not about checking whether a string is a palindrome. It is about exploring every valid way to cut the string so that each resulting piece satisfies the palindrome condition. Because you must return all valid partitions, the problem naturally leads to recursive exploration rather than optimization. Why greedy splitting does not work A tempting idea is to always take the longest palindromic prefix or to split as soon as you find a palindrome. Both strategies fail because early choices can block valid partitions later. A shorter palindrome at the beginning might enable more valid splits downstream than a longer one. There is no single “best” cut at any position. Instead, you must consider every possible palindromic prefix and explore what happens next. This branching behavior is a clear signal that the problem requires backtracking. Recognizing the backtracking structure At its core, the problem is about making a sequence of choices. At each position in the string, you choose a substring that starts at that position and ends somewhere later. That substring must be a palindrome. Once chosen, you recursively partition the remaining suffix of the string. If you reach the end of the string, the sequence of chosen substrings forms one valid partition. You then backtrack and try a different palindromic cut earlier in the string. This “choose, explore, undo” pattern is exactly what backtracking is designed for. Defining the recursive decision process The recursive state can be defined by a starting index in the string and a current list of chosen substrings. From the starting index, you test all possible end positions and check whether the substring between the start and end is a palindrome. Every time you find a palindromic substring, you add it to the current partition and recursively process the rest of the string starting from the next index. When recursion returns, you remove the substring and try the next possible cut. Why checking palindromes efficiently matters In a naive implementation, checking whether a substring is a palindrome can take linear time, and this check happens many times. While this may still pass for small inputs, it can become expensive as the string grows. An important optimization is to precompute which substrings are palindromes using dynamic programming. This allows you to answer palindrome checks in constant time during backtracking, dramatically improving performance while keeping the overall structure the same. How dynamic programming supports backtracking The dynamic programming table records whether every possible substring is a palindrome. This table is built once and reused throughout the backtracking process. This separation of concerns is powerful. The dynamic programming phase handles palindrome detection efficiently, while the backtracking phase focuses purely on generating valid partitions. Together, they produce a solution that is both clean and efficient. Why this approach guarantees correctness The algorithm is correct because it explores every possible way to cut the string and only accepts those cuts that produce palindromic substrings. No valid partition is missed because every palindromic prefix at every position is considered. No invalid partition is included because substrings are checked for the palindrome property before being added. The base case ensures that only complete coverings of the string are recorded as results. Time and space complexity considerations The number of valid partitions can grow exponentially with the length of the string, which means the output size itself can be exponential. No algorithm can avoid this cost if all partitions must be returned. The backtracking recursion uses space proportional to the length of the string for the current path, and the palindrome table uses quadratic space. These costs are expected and acceptable for the problem’s constraints. Check out Sum of Left Leaves and Bitwise AND of Numbers Range coding problem solutions. Why this problem is common in interviews Palindrome Partitioning is a staple interview problem because it tests whether candidates can recognize when backtracking is required. It also checks whether they can combine recursion with pruning and optional dynamic programming optimizations. The problem highlights the difference between decision problems, optimization problems, and enumeration problems, which is a key conceptual distinction in algorithm design. What this problem teaches beyond palindromes Beyond palindromes, this problem teaches a general approach to string partitioning under constraints. When you must generate all valid decompositions of a string or sequence, backtracking with careful state management is often the right tool. If you can clearly explain why greedy fails, how recursive partitioning works, and how precomputing palindrome checks improves efficiency, you demonstrate strong algorithmic reasoning. That depth of understanding makes “Palindrome Partitioning” an excellent exercise in backtracking and combinatorial exploration. If you want more coding problems explained, check out: Balanced Binary Tree Boats to Save People Find Duplicate Subtrees Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . 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https://github.com/skills/introduction-to-secret-scanning | GitHub - skills/introduction-to-secret-scanning: Enable secret scanning to identify plain-text credentials and prevent them from being written to your repository Skip to content Navigation Menu Toggle navigation Sign in Appearance settings Platform AI CODE CREATION GitHub Copilot Write better code with AI GitHub Spark Build and deploy intelligent apps GitHub Models Manage and compare prompts MCP Registry New Integrate external tools DEVELOPER WORKFLOWS Actions Automate any workflow Codespaces Instant dev environments Issues Plan and track work Code Review Manage code changes APPLICATION SECURITY GitHub Advanced Security Find and fix vulnerabilities Code security Secure your code as you build Secret protection Stop leaks before they start EXPLORE Why GitHub Documentation Blog Changelog Marketplace View all features Solutions BY COMPANY SIZE Enterprises Small and medium teams Startups Nonprofits BY USE CASE App Modernization DevSecOps DevOps CI/CD View all use cases BY INDUSTRY Healthcare Financial services Manufacturing Government View all industries View all solutions Resources EXPLORE BY TOPIC AI Software Development DevOps Security View all topics EXPLORE BY TYPE Customer stories Events & webinars Ebooks & reports Business insights GitHub Skills SUPPORT & SERVICES Documentation Customer support Community forum Trust center Partners Open Source COMMUNITY GitHub Sponsors Fund open source developers PROGRAMS Security Lab Maintainer Community Accelerator Archive Program REPOSITORIES Topics Trending Collections Enterprise ENTERPRISE SOLUTIONS Enterprise platform AI-powered developer platform AVAILABLE ADD-ONS GitHub Advanced Security Enterprise-grade security features Copilot for Business Enterprise-grade AI features Premium Support Enterprise-grade 24/7 support Pricing Search or jump to... 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Dismiss alert {{ message }} skills / introduction-to-secret-scanning Public template generated from skills/exercise-template Notifications You must be signed in to change notification settings Fork 98 Star 105 Enable secret scanning to identify plain-text credentials and prevent them from being written to your repository License MIT license 105 stars 98 forks Branches Tags Activity Star Notifications You must be signed in to change notification settings Code Issues 0 Pull requests 1 Security Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Insights Additional navigation options Code Issues Pull requests Security Insights skills/introduction-to-secret-scanning main Branches Tags Go to file Code Open more actions menu Folders and files Name Name Last commit message Last commit date Latest commit History 66 Commits .github .github images images .gitignore .gitignore LICENSE LICENSE README.md README.md credentials.yml credentials.yml View all files Repository files navigation README Code of conduct Contributing MIT license Security Introduction to secret scanning GitHub scans repositories for known types of secrets, such as API keys and authentication tokens, to prevent fraudulent use of secrets that were committed accidentally. In this GitHub Skills course you will learn how to enable secret scanning to identify secrets and prevent them from being committed to your repository. Welcome Plain-text credentials accidentally stored in repositories on GitHub are a common target for attackers. In fact, we find well over a million tokens stored on the GitHub platform each year. Secret scanning is a powerful tool which allows teams to identify these plain-text credentials, remove them, and create rules to prevent them from being written to GitHub in the first place. Secret scanning is available for free for public repositories on all plans. Enterprises that need secret scanning capabilities for private repositories should review GitHub Advanced Security . GitHub Advanced Security allows you to use secret scanning and other security features on private and internal repositories. Who is this for : Developers, DevOps Engineers, security teams. What you'll learn : How to identify plain-text credentials in your repository and how to prevent them from being exposed on GitHub in future pushes. Prerequisites : Basics of git and GitHub functionality. We recommend you complete Introduction to GitHub . How long : This course takes less than 15 minutes to complete. In this course, you will: Enable secret scanning Identify secrets stored in your repository Enable push protection Stop secrets from being written to your repository How to start this course Right-click Start course and open the link in a new tab. In the new tab, most of the prompts will automatically fill in for you. For owner, choose your personal account or an organization to host the repository. You will need to make the repository public, as private repositories do not have access to secret scanning without a GitHub Advanced Security license. Scroll down and click the Create repository button at the bottom of the form. After your new repository is created, wait about 20 seconds, then refresh the page. Follow the step-by-step instructions in the new repository's README. Get help: Post in our discussion board • Review the GitHub status page © 2023 GitHub • Code of Conduct • MIT License About Enable secret scanning to identify plain-text credentials and prevent them from being written to your repository Topics security skills-course skills-exercise Resources Readme License MIT license Code of conduct Code of conduct Contributing Contributing Security policy Security policy Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Activity Custom properties Stars 105 stars Watchers 8 watching Forks 98 forks Report repository Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Contributors 12 Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Footer © 2026 GitHub, Inc. Footer navigation Terms Privacy Security Status Community Docs Contact Manage cookies Do not share my personal information You can’t perform that action at this time. | 2026-01-13T08:48:06 |
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https://dev.to/how-to-avoid-plagiarism#thank-you | Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism on DEV - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism on DEV This guide was last updated by the DEV Team on July 19th 2023 and is based on DEV Community: How to Avoid Plagiarism . As DEV continues to grow, we want to ensure that DEV remains a place of integrity and inclusiveness. At DEV, we use Community Moderation as a tool to maintain a respectful and positive environment. It is important to us that we provide you all with the tools to identify and flag problems that may affect a single author or countless DEV users. In this post, we hope to provide simple and effective guidance to combat plagiarism as a community. Whether you’re reporting plagiarism as you stumble upon it or learning how to avoid it in your own writing, hopefully, you find this resource helpful! What is Plagiarism? Oxford Languages defines plagiarism as, "the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own," however, plagiarism is multifaceted and it’s not always so clear as this. Bowdoin University wrote a great breakdown of the four most common types of plagiarism , in tl:dr fashion these are: "Direct Plagiarism" "Self Plagiarism" "Mosaic Plagiarism" "Accidental Plagiarism" Let's take a little deeper look into each… Direct Plagiarism is the most blatant form of plagiarism we encounter. This pertains to a user copying and pasting content from another blog, piece of media, or document, and claiming it as their own. Self Plagiarism is described through an academic lens in the Bowdoin University article which is not as relevant to our community, but we can think of this in a different way. For instance, you could potentially self-plagiarize by reposting an article you wrote for a company or publication, if they own your work. In many circumstances, these places will be happy for you to repost your work elsewhere, but make sure that you understand the terms and conditions of your writing before reposting. Mosaic Plagiarism generally starts when someone is inspired by another user's work and wants to write about the same topic. This occasionally manifests as copying and pasting certain passages of someone else’s work or as Bowdoin says “ finds synonyms for the author’s language while keeping to the same general structure and meaning of the original ” but failing to cite the original author. (Notice how we were able to link directly to the specific language in the text... every extra step we can take to clarify where the info came from is ideal!) Accidental Plagiarism happens when folks misquote their sources, forget to cite sources, or copy their sources too closely by accident (like mosaic plagiarism). How to Avoid Plagiarizing Someone's Work? Luckily, avoiding plagiarism is pretty easy once you know how to identify it. Typically, it is as simple as providing a straightforward source and citation to any media you use that is not your own in your post. When should I cite something? If you're pulling information from an external source that you did not create, you should always cite where the information came from. For example, say you're writing an article on using an npm package, axios, and you're using information from their documentation — you should link their docs in your article. This not only gives them credit for their work but also helps the DEV community in case someone wants to do more research about the topic. If you copy a source directly — use quotes and absolutely provide a source + citation. If you just looked at a source and paraphrased it in your own words, you don't need to use quotations, but it is still best to cite the source. If in doubt, always provide a source + citation! It's unlikely anyone will fault you for offering too many citations or listing too many sources. How should I cite something? Great question! See how I linked to the university's actual post on plagiarism ( the source ) and quoted the plagiarism types that they named. Notice that I didn't try to misappropriate these ideas as my own in any way and made it explicitly clear that this information came from Bowdoin University. This allows readers to do more research at the original source and ensures that the writers receive fair credit. A Note on AI Assisted Plagiarism We understand that there are AI tools (like ChatGPT) that can be used to aid in content creation. When used responsibly, these tools can be really cool and are generally allowed on the platform. However, these tools also have the potential for abuse. Please review our guidelines for using AI-assisted tools in your writing here: Guidelines for AI-assisted Articles on DEV Erin Bensinger for The DEV Team ・ Dec 19 '22 #meta #chatgpt #writing #abotwrotethis You should check out the full guidelines, but in regards to plagiarism, take care not to use AI to copy someone’s work unwittingly… and of course, don’t do it on purpose either! Always do your research and be responsible, making sure to cite sources if appropriate and disclose whatever tool you used to write your article. And even then, using AI does not excuse you from posting an article that plagiarizes others’ works. If we discover that you have done so, we will act to unpublish any offending posts and may suspend your DEV account. Be mindful and don’t let your usage of AI cause you to plagiarize. How to Recognize & Report Plagiarism? Now that you know how to properly cite sources, let's talk a bit about how to recognize plagiarism and where to go to report it. Recognizing Plagiarism Sometimes you just get the feeling that something is being plagiarized. Maybe you feel like you read it somewhere before. Or perhaps you notice a sharp change in the author’s voice. Maybe you see strange errors that occur from copying/pasting! Do a little detective work by dropping chunks of the text into your search engine of choice (or try the “quick search” option on plagium.com), and see if you can find any results with similar wording. If you do, report it to us ! (More on that below!) And of course, plagiarism doesn’t just happen in writing — it’s just as important to attribute images, code, videos, and other media. If you see a graph (or code block) you recognize from elsewhere, try to place it, and again, let us know. You might find the reverse image search at tineye.com helpful for seeing if an image is plagiarized! Other times, you may notice that someone isn't taking content from another source word-for-word, but their content feels too close to the original for comfort. Alternatively, maybe their graph is in blue instead of red like the original, or maybe their code has slightly different variables but is otherwise the same as someone else’s. If you feel like it’s off, report it and let us know why! What about those times when someone seems to be claiming that a repo or CodePen is theirs (when it's not)? ... Definitely reportable! As for examples that likely should not be reported: someone is reposting their own work that they first posted elsewhere someone is giving a shout-out to someone else's work or has written a companion piece/response to someone else's post (while making it clear it's unaffiliated) Reporting Plagiarism If you believe you’ve encountered plagiarism or copyright violations, the absolute BEST action you can take is to report the post and provide any evidence you have. Reporting the post sends it directly to our community team to take action. If you're unsure, it's okay to send it to us for review... we won't penalize you for being mistaken. All this said, we do not recommend calling anyone out in the comments section — as we discussed before, plagiarism can be accidental and/or is sometimes enforced differently in a variety of cultures. We ask that you simply report the post rather than getting personally involved which could accidentally trigger arguments, hurt feelings, or possibly even further conduct violations. Thank you! If you have questions or feedback about our approach, we encourage you to contact us via support@dev.to . If you believe that someone isn't following these guidelines, please don't hesitate to report them to us via our Report Abuse page . Also, if you want to help enforce the Code of Conduct, you might consider becoming a DEV moderator. Visit the DEV Community Moderation page for more information on roles and how to get involved. Thanks! 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:06 |
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SPARTANS300 SPARTANS300 SPARTANS300 Follow Jun 22 '25 I want to buy a gtx 1080ti will it cause me problems if I buy this video card? or is it a good idea? # discuss # gaminghardware # rigs # pcgaming Comments Add Comment 1 min read Exorcising MSCTFIME UI: How I Fixed Unity Game Flickering the Hard Way Omar Fakhoury Omar Fakhoury Omar Fakhoury Follow Apr 30 '25 Exorcising MSCTFIME UI: How I Fixed Unity Game Flickering the Hard Way # windows11 # troubleshooting # unity3d # pcgaming Comments Add Comment 3 min read Entendendo TypeGuards, keyof e Template Literals em Typescript Avançado Lara Carvalho Lara Carvalho Lara Carvalho Follow Feb 23 '23 Entendendo TypeGuards, keyof e Template Literals em Typescript Avançado # discuss # introduction # pcgaming # gaminghardware 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read ReductStore Client SDK for C++ v1.3.0 with Labels Support Alexey Timin Alexey Timin Alexey Timin Follow for ReductStore Feb 22 '23 ReductStore Client SDK for C++ v1.3.0 with Labels Support # mobile # mobilegaming # pcgaming # gaminghardware 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Python For Loops, Range, Enumerate Tutorial Max Max Max Follow Feb 20 '23 Python For Loops, Range, Enumerate Tutorial # pcgaming # esports # gaminghardware 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Python 101: Introduction to Python for Data Science Capone23g Capone23g Capone23g Follow Feb 20 '23 Python 101: Introduction to Python for Data Science # pcgaming # esports # gaminghardware 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Top 8 diagramming tools for software architecture IcePanel IcePanel IcePanel Follow Feb 20 '23 Top 8 diagramming tools for software architecture # pcgaming # esports 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Introduction to Python Belinda Florence Belinda Florence Belinda Florence Follow Feb 19 '23 Introduction to Python # discuss # pcgaming # gamedev 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 4 min read Amazon Managed Blockchain Dhfernando Dhfernando Dhfernando Follow for AWS Community Builders Feb 15 '23 Amazon Managed Blockchain # pcgaming # fps # esports 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Matplotlib: Plotting in Matplotlib MdMusfikurRahmanSifar MdMusfikurRahmanSifar MdMusfikurRahmanSifar Follow Jan 13 '23 Matplotlib: Plotting in Matplotlib # linux # pcgaming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/pila/constructors-in-python-init-vs-new-2f9j#example-2 | Constructors in Python (__init vs __new__) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Pila louis Posted on Sep 16, 2020 Constructors in Python (__init vs __new__) # python # programming # 100daysofcode Most object-oriented programming languages such as Java, C++, C#..etc have the concept of a constructor, a special method that creates and initializes the object when it is created. Python is a little different; it has a constructor and an initializer. The constructor function is rarely used unless you're doing something exotic. So, we'll start our discussion with the initialization method. The assumption in this article is that you already know the basics of classes and objects in python. The constructor function in python is called __new__ and __init__ is the initializer function. Quoting the python documentation, __new__ is used when you need to control the creation of a new instance while __init__ is used when you need to control the initialization of a new instance. __new__ is the first step of instance creation. It's called first and is responsible for returning a new instance of your class. In contrast, __init__ doesn't return anything; it's only responsible for initializing the instance after it's been created. In general, you shouldn't need to override __new__ unless you're subclassing an immutable type like str, int, Unicode, or tuple. NOTE: Never name a function of your own with leading and trailing double underscores. It may mean nothing to Python, but there's always the possibility that the designers of Python will add a function that has a special purpose with that name in the future, and when they do, your code will break. Example 1: Using __init__ class Point: def __init__(self, data): self.num = data def print_num(self): print(self.num) obj = Point(100) obj.print_num() Output: 100 Note: The self parameter is a reference to the current instance of the class and is used to access variables that belong to the class. Example 2: class Person: def __new__(cls): return object.__new__(cls) def __init__(self): self.instance_method() def instance_method(self): print('success!') personObj = Person() Notice that __init__ receives the argument self, while __new__ receives the class (cls ). Since self is a reference to the instance, this should tell you quite evidently that the instance is already created by the time __init__ gets called, since it gets passed the instance. It's also possible to call instance methods precisely because the instance has already been created. Thank you for reading. 😄 END!!! Top comments (3) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Tongyu Lu Tongyu Lu Tongyu Lu Follow High school student at PRISMS. Interested in CS, ML, game-dev. USACO Platinum qualified, but still getting better at projects. Codes for fun. Location Earth Education https://prismsus.org Joined Jul 30, 2020 • Mar 7 '21 • Edited on Mar 7 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You can actually use super (). method_name ( * args , ** kw ) # PEP 3135 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In this case, it can be super (). __new__ ( cls , * args , ** kw ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The cls is actually necessary for __new__ . See more about PEP 3135 → Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Adyasha Mohanty Adyasha Mohanty Adyasha Mohanty Follow talks in bits believe in queue DS life is abstract data type Joined Feb 25, 2024 • Feb 25 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you for making me clear in new and init Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Matheesha Matheesha Matheesha Follow Joined Jun 6, 2024 • Jul 6 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide So are people teaching wrong when they call __init__ the constructor? 🤔 Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Pila louis Follow Full-stack software engineer with over 3years of industrial experience. I work well in a fast-paced environment. I am able to rise up to whatever it takes to make an impact in a new environment. 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https://dev.to/adventuresinangular/revolutionizing-angular-development-with-aia-405#main-content | Revolutionizing Angular Development with 𝗥𝘅𝑓𝑥 - AIA 405 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Adventures in Angular Follow Revolutionizing Angular Development with 𝗥𝘅𝑓𝑥 - AIA 405 Feb 22 '24 play Dean Radcliffe is a senior software engineer at Optum. Armen and Lucas take a deep dive into the intricacies of reactivity and RxJS. Our special guest, Dean, introduces us to the RxFX library and its potential to simplify observable and effect handling. Join them as they explore the complexities of managing loading states and effects in app development, and gain insight into the challenges of concurrency and cancellation. Sponsors Chuck's Resume Template Developer Book Club Become a Top 1% Dev with a Top End Devs Membership Links Rxfx Social Media Unvoid LinkedIn @unvoidweb https://www.linkedin.com/company/unvoidweb Instagram @unvoidweb https://www.instagram.com/unvoidweb Lucas Paganini YouTube @lucaspaganiniweb https://youtube.com/@lucaspaganiniweb LinkedIn @lucaspaganiniweb https://www.linkedin.com/in/lucaspaganiniweb Twitter @lucaspaganini https://twitter.com/LucasPaganini Instagram @lucaspaganini https://www.instagram.com/lucaspaganini Armen Vardanyan LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/in/armen-vardanyan-am/ Charles Wood Linkedin https://www.linkedin.com/in/charlesmaxwood/ Subrat Mishra LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/subrat-k-mishra/ Dean Radcliffe GitHub @ deanrad https://github.com/deanrad Twitter @@DeanDevDad https://twitter.com/DeanDevDad Advertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brands Privacy & Opt-Out: https://redcircle.com/privacy Episode source Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Your browser does not support the audio element. 1x initializing... × 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:06 |
https://dev.to/kawano_aiyuki/i-debug-code-like-i-debug-life-spoiler-both-throw-exceptions-e69#confidence-is-a-skill-not-a-setting | I Debug Code Like I Debug Life (Spoiler: Both Throw Exceptions) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Alyssa Posted on Jan 13 I Debug Code Like I Debug Life (Spoiler: Both Throw Exceptions) # discuss # career # programming # beginners Being a software developer is a lot like being human. Being a woman software developer is like being human with extra edge cases. I write code for a living. Sometimes I write bugs professionally. And occasionally, I write code that works on the first run — which is deeply suspicious and should be reviewed by science. The Compiler Is Honest. People Are Not. One thing I love about code: If it doesn’t like you, it tells you immediately. If you’re wrong, it throws an error. If you forget a semicolon, it remembers forever. Life, on the other hand, waits three years and then says: “Hey… remember that decision you made? Yeah. About that.” Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In programming, we call this technical debt. In life, we call it experience. As a Woman in Tech, I Learned Early About “Undefined Behavior” There are two kinds of bugs: The ones you expect. The ones that happen because the environment is… creative. Sometimes I walk into a meeting and: I’m the only woman. I’m also the backend. And somehow still expected to fix frontend CSS. This is not imposter syndrome. This is runtime context awareness. My Brain Runs on TODO Comments My mind is basically: // TODO: fix sleep schedule // TODO: refactor life choices // TODO: stop overthinking edge cases Every time I say “I’ll do it later,” a TODO comment is silently added to my soul. And just like in real projects: Some TODOs become features. Some become bugs. Some live forever and scare new contributors. Debugging Is Just Asking Better Questions People think debugging is about being smart. It’s not. It’s about asking questions like: “What did I assume?” “What did I change?” “Why does this work only on my machine?” “Why does it stop working when someone is watching?” Honestly, debugging taught me emotional intelligence: Don’t panic. Observe. Reduce the problem. Remove assumptions. Take breaks before you delete everything. Humor Is My Favorite Framework Tech moves fast. Trends change. Frameworks come and go. But humor? Zero dependencies. Backward compatible. Works across teams. Excellent for handling production incidents at 3 AM. When the server is down and everyone is stressed, sometimes the most senior move is saying: “Okay. This is bad. But also… kinda funny.” Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Then you fix it. Obviously. Confidence Is a Skill, Not a Setting I didn’t wake up confident. I compiled it over time. Confidence came from: Breaking things. Fixing them. Asking “stupid” questions. Shipping anyway. Learning that perfection doesn’t deploy. The best developers I know aren’t fearless. They just commit despite the warnings. Final Build: Still Experimental I’m still learning. Still refactoring. Still discovering bugs in old logic. But I ship. I learn. I laugh. I write code. And I’m very comfortable saying: “I don’t know yet — but I will.” Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If you’re a developer reading this: Your bugs don’t define you. Your errors are data. Your weird brain is probably a feature. And if today feels broken… Try restarting. With coffee ☕ And maybe fewer assumptions. Thanks for reading. If this resonated, you’re probably running the same version of reality as me. Top comments (8) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Art light Art light Art light Follow Trust yourself🌞your capabilities are your true power. ❤Telegram - ✔lighthouse4661 ❤Discord - ✔lighthouse4661 Email art.miclight@gmail.com Pronouns He/him Work CTO Joined Nov 21, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is such a sharp, thoughtful piece — witty, honest, and deeply relatable, especially the way you blend debugging with real-life growth. Your humor and clarity turn real experience into insight, and it’s genuinely inspiring to read.😉 Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks💛I'm really glad it resonated with you and made you smile. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Art light Art light Art light Follow Trust yourself🌞your capabilities are your true power. ❤Telegram - ✔lighthouse4661 ❤Discord - ✔lighthouse4661 Email art.miclight@gmail.com Pronouns He/him Work CTO Joined Nov 21, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Good!😎 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Thread Thread Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand darkbranchcore darkbranchcore darkbranchcore Follow Joined Dec 28, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Such a great read—smart, funny, and painfully relatable in the best way. I love how you turned real dev struggles into something empowering and human. That takes real confidence 👏 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Hi there! I am Alyssa. ❤I can see success in my mind's eye🌞 Email Location UK Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you so much! 💙 That really means a lot to me—turning those struggles into something empowering was exactly the goal. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Hadil Ben Abdallah Hadil Ben Abdallah Hadil Ben Abdallah Follow Software Engineer • Technical Content Writer • LinkedIn Content Creator Email hadilbenabdallah111@gmail.com Location Tunisia Education ENET'COM Pronouns she/her Work Content Writer & Social Media Manager Joined Nov 13, 2023 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This was such a refreshing read. The way you map debugging principles to real life is not just funny, it’s surprisingly insightful 😄 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you! I love how you picked up on that—turning coding chaos into life lessons is exactly the kind of perspective that makes tech both fun and relatable 😄 Keep sharing these gems! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 Trending on DEV Community Hot What makes a good tech Meet-up? # discuss # community # a11y # meet What was your win this week??? # weeklyretro # discuss 🧗♂️Beginner-Friendly Guide 'Max Dot Product of Two Subsequences' – LeetCode 1458 (C++, Python, JavaScript) # programming # cpp # python # javascript 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/pila/constructors-in-python-init-vs-new-2f9j#comment-1c7jo | Constructors in Python (__init vs __new__) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Pila louis Posted on Sep 16, 2020 Constructors in Python (__init vs __new__) # python # programming # 100daysofcode Most object-oriented programming languages such as Java, C++, C#..etc have the concept of a constructor, a special method that creates and initializes the object when it is created. Python is a little different; it has a constructor and an initializer. The constructor function is rarely used unless you're doing something exotic. So, we'll start our discussion with the initialization method. The assumption in this article is that you already know the basics of classes and objects in python. The constructor function in python is called __new__ and __init__ is the initializer function. Quoting the python documentation, __new__ is used when you need to control the creation of a new instance while __init__ is used when you need to control the initialization of a new instance. __new__ is the first step of instance creation. It's called first and is responsible for returning a new instance of your class. In contrast, __init__ doesn't return anything; it's only responsible for initializing the instance after it's been created. In general, you shouldn't need to override __new__ unless you're subclassing an immutable type like str, int, Unicode, or tuple. NOTE: Never name a function of your own with leading and trailing double underscores. It may mean nothing to Python, but there's always the possibility that the designers of Python will add a function that has a special purpose with that name in the future, and when they do, your code will break. Example 1: Using __init__ class Point: def __init__(self, data): self.num = data def print_num(self): print(self.num) obj = Point(100) obj.print_num() Output: 100 Note: The self parameter is a reference to the current instance of the class and is used to access variables that belong to the class. Example 2: class Person: def __new__(cls): return object.__new__(cls) def __init__(self): self.instance_method() def instance_method(self): print('success!') personObj = Person() Notice that __init__ receives the argument self, while __new__ receives the class (cls ). Since self is a reference to the instance, this should tell you quite evidently that the instance is already created by the time __init__ gets called, since it gets passed the instance. It's also possible to call instance methods precisely because the instance has already been created. Thank you for reading. 😄 END!!! Top comments (3) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Tongyu Lu Tongyu Lu Tongyu Lu Follow High school student at PRISMS. Interested in CS, ML, game-dev. USACO Platinum qualified, but still getting better at projects. Codes for fun. Location Earth Education https://prismsus.org Joined Jul 30, 2020 • Mar 7 '21 • Edited on Mar 7 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You can actually use super (). method_name ( * args , ** kw ) # PEP 3135 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In this case, it can be super (). __new__ ( cls , * args , ** kw ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The cls is actually necessary for __new__ . See more about PEP 3135 → Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Adyasha Mohanty Adyasha Mohanty Adyasha Mohanty Follow talks in bits believe in queue DS life is abstract data type Joined Feb 25, 2024 • Feb 25 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you for making me clear in new and init Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Matheesha Matheesha Matheesha Follow Joined Jun 6, 2024 • Jul 6 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide So are people teaching wrong when they call __init__ the constructor? 🤔 Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Pila louis Follow Full-stack software engineer with over 3years of industrial experience. I work well in a fast-paced environment. I am able to rise up to whatever it takes to make an impact in a new environment. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism on DEV This guide was last updated by the DEV Team on July 19th 2023 and is based on DEV Community: How to Avoid Plagiarism . As DEV continues to grow, we want to ensure that DEV remains a place of integrity and inclusiveness. At DEV, we use Community Moderation as a tool to maintain a respectful and positive environment. It is important to us that we provide you all with the tools to identify and flag problems that may affect a single author or countless DEV users. In this post, we hope to provide simple and effective guidance to combat plagiarism as a community. Whether you’re reporting plagiarism as you stumble upon it or learning how to avoid it in your own writing, hopefully, you find this resource helpful! What is Plagiarism? Oxford Languages defines plagiarism as, "the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own," however, plagiarism is multifaceted and it’s not always so clear as this. Bowdoin University wrote a great breakdown of the four most common types of plagiarism , in tl:dr fashion these are: "Direct Plagiarism" "Self Plagiarism" "Mosaic Plagiarism" "Accidental Plagiarism" Let's take a little deeper look into each… Direct Plagiarism is the most blatant form of plagiarism we encounter. This pertains to a user copying and pasting content from another blog, piece of media, or document, and claiming it as their own. Self Plagiarism is described through an academic lens in the Bowdoin University article which is not as relevant to our community, but we can think of this in a different way. For instance, you could potentially self-plagiarize by reposting an article you wrote for a company or publication, if they own your work. In many circumstances, these places will be happy for you to repost your work elsewhere, but make sure that you understand the terms and conditions of your writing before reposting. Mosaic Plagiarism generally starts when someone is inspired by another user's work and wants to write about the same topic. This occasionally manifests as copying and pasting certain passages of someone else’s work or as Bowdoin says “ finds synonyms for the author’s language while keeping to the same general structure and meaning of the original ” but failing to cite the original author. (Notice how we were able to link directly to the specific language in the text... every extra step we can take to clarify where the info came from is ideal!) Accidental Plagiarism happens when folks misquote their sources, forget to cite sources, or copy their sources too closely by accident (like mosaic plagiarism). How to Avoid Plagiarizing Someone's Work? Luckily, avoiding plagiarism is pretty easy once you know how to identify it. Typically, it is as simple as providing a straightforward source and citation to any media you use that is not your own in your post. When should I cite something? If you're pulling information from an external source that you did not create, you should always cite where the information came from. For example, say you're writing an article on using an npm package, axios, and you're using information from their documentation — you should link their docs in your article. This not only gives them credit for their work but also helps the DEV community in case someone wants to do more research about the topic. If you copy a source directly — use quotes and absolutely provide a source + citation. If you just looked at a source and paraphrased it in your own words, you don't need to use quotations, but it is still best to cite the source. If in doubt, always provide a source + citation! It's unlikely anyone will fault you for offering too many citations or listing too many sources. How should I cite something? Great question! See how I linked to the university's actual post on plagiarism ( the source ) and quoted the plagiarism types that they named. Notice that I didn't try to misappropriate these ideas as my own in any way and made it explicitly clear that this information came from Bowdoin University. This allows readers to do more research at the original source and ensures that the writers receive fair credit. A Note on AI Assisted Plagiarism We understand that there are AI tools (like ChatGPT) that can be used to aid in content creation. When used responsibly, these tools can be really cool and are generally allowed on the platform. However, these tools also have the potential for abuse. Please review our guidelines for using AI-assisted tools in your writing here: Guidelines for AI-assisted Articles on DEV Erin Bensinger for The DEV Team ・ Dec 19 '22 #meta #chatgpt #writing #abotwrotethis You should check out the full guidelines, but in regards to plagiarism, take care not to use AI to copy someone’s work unwittingly… and of course, don’t do it on purpose either! Always do your research and be responsible, making sure to cite sources if appropriate and disclose whatever tool you used to write your article. And even then, using AI does not excuse you from posting an article that plagiarizes others’ works. If we discover that you have done so, we will act to unpublish any offending posts and may suspend your DEV account. Be mindful and don’t let your usage of AI cause you to plagiarize. How to Recognize & Report Plagiarism? Now that you know how to properly cite sources, let's talk a bit about how to recognize plagiarism and where to go to report it. Recognizing Plagiarism Sometimes you just get the feeling that something is being plagiarized. Maybe you feel like you read it somewhere before. Or perhaps you notice a sharp change in the author’s voice. Maybe you see strange errors that occur from copying/pasting! Do a little detective work by dropping chunks of the text into your search engine of choice (or try the “quick search” option on plagium.com), and see if you can find any results with similar wording. If you do, report it to us ! (More on that below!) And of course, plagiarism doesn’t just happen in writing — it’s just as important to attribute images, code, videos, and other media. If you see a graph (or code block) you recognize from elsewhere, try to place it, and again, let us know. You might find the reverse image search at tineye.com helpful for seeing if an image is plagiarized! Other times, you may notice that someone isn't taking content from another source word-for-word, but their content feels too close to the original for comfort. Alternatively, maybe their graph is in blue instead of red like the original, or maybe their code has slightly different variables but is otherwise the same as someone else’s. If you feel like it’s off, report it and let us know why! What about those times when someone seems to be claiming that a repo or CodePen is theirs (when it's not)? ... Definitely reportable! As for examples that likely should not be reported: someone is reposting their own work that they first posted elsewhere someone is giving a shout-out to someone else's work or has written a companion piece/response to someone else's post (while making it clear it's unaffiliated) Reporting Plagiarism If you believe you’ve encountered plagiarism or copyright violations, the absolute BEST action you can take is to report the post and provide any evidence you have. Reporting the post sends it directly to our community team to take action. If you're unsure, it's okay to send it to us for review... we won't penalize you for being mistaken. All this said, we do not recommend calling anyone out in the comments section — as we discussed before, plagiarism can be accidental and/or is sometimes enforced differently in a variety of cultures. We ask that you simply report the post rather than getting personally involved which could accidentally trigger arguments, hurt feelings, or possibly even further conduct violations. Thank you! If you have questions or feedback about our approach, we encourage you to contact us via support@dev.to . If you believe that someone isn't following these guidelines, please don't hesitate to report them to us via our Report Abuse page . Also, if you want to help enforce the Code of Conduct, you might consider becoming a DEV moderator. Visit the DEV Community Moderation page for more information on roles and how to get involved. Thanks! 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:06 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism on DEV This guide was last updated by the DEV Team on July 19th 2023 and is based on DEV Community: How to Avoid Plagiarism . As DEV continues to grow, we want to ensure that DEV remains a place of integrity and inclusiveness. At DEV, we use Community Moderation as a tool to maintain a respectful and positive environment. It is important to us that we provide you all with the tools to identify and flag problems that may affect a single author or countless DEV users. In this post, we hope to provide simple and effective guidance to combat plagiarism as a community. Whether you’re reporting plagiarism as you stumble upon it or learning how to avoid it in your own writing, hopefully, you find this resource helpful! What is Plagiarism? Oxford Languages defines plagiarism as, "the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own," however, plagiarism is multifaceted and it’s not always so clear as this. Bowdoin University wrote a great breakdown of the four most common types of plagiarism , in tl:dr fashion these are: "Direct Plagiarism" "Self Plagiarism" "Mosaic Plagiarism" "Accidental Plagiarism" Let's take a little deeper look into each… Direct Plagiarism is the most blatant form of plagiarism we encounter. This pertains to a user copying and pasting content from another blog, piece of media, or document, and claiming it as their own. Self Plagiarism is described through an academic lens in the Bowdoin University article which is not as relevant to our community, but we can think of this in a different way. For instance, you could potentially self-plagiarize by reposting an article you wrote for a company or publication, if they own your work. In many circumstances, these places will be happy for you to repost your work elsewhere, but make sure that you understand the terms and conditions of your writing before reposting. Mosaic Plagiarism generally starts when someone is inspired by another user's work and wants to write about the same topic. This occasionally manifests as copying and pasting certain passages of someone else’s work or as Bowdoin says “ finds synonyms for the author’s language while keeping to the same general structure and meaning of the original ” but failing to cite the original author. (Notice how we were able to link directly to the specific language in the text... every extra step we can take to clarify where the info came from is ideal!) Accidental Plagiarism happens when folks misquote their sources, forget to cite sources, or copy their sources too closely by accident (like mosaic plagiarism). How to Avoid Plagiarizing Someone's Work? Luckily, avoiding plagiarism is pretty easy once you know how to identify it. Typically, it is as simple as providing a straightforward source and citation to any media you use that is not your own in your post. When should I cite something? If you're pulling information from an external source that you did not create, you should always cite where the information came from. For example, say you're writing an article on using an npm package, axios, and you're using information from their documentation — you should link their docs in your article. This not only gives them credit for their work but also helps the DEV community in case someone wants to do more research about the topic. If you copy a source directly — use quotes and absolutely provide a source + citation. If you just looked at a source and paraphrased it in your own words, you don't need to use quotations, but it is still best to cite the source. If in doubt, always provide a source + citation! It's unlikely anyone will fault you for offering too many citations or listing too many sources. How should I cite something? Great question! See how I linked to the university's actual post on plagiarism ( the source ) and quoted the plagiarism types that they named. Notice that I didn't try to misappropriate these ideas as my own in any way and made it explicitly clear that this information came from Bowdoin University. This allows readers to do more research at the original source and ensures that the writers receive fair credit. A Note on AI Assisted Plagiarism We understand that there are AI tools (like ChatGPT) that can be used to aid in content creation. When used responsibly, these tools can be really cool and are generally allowed on the platform. However, these tools also have the potential for abuse. Please review our guidelines for using AI-assisted tools in your writing here: Guidelines for AI-assisted Articles on DEV Erin Bensinger for The DEV Team ・ Dec 19 '22 #meta #chatgpt #writing #abotwrotethis You should check out the full guidelines, but in regards to plagiarism, take care not to use AI to copy someone’s work unwittingly… and of course, don’t do it on purpose either! Always do your research and be responsible, making sure to cite sources if appropriate and disclose whatever tool you used to write your article. And even then, using AI does not excuse you from posting an article that plagiarizes others’ works. If we discover that you have done so, we will act to unpublish any offending posts and may suspend your DEV account. Be mindful and don’t let your usage of AI cause you to plagiarize. How to Recognize & Report Plagiarism? Now that you know how to properly cite sources, let's talk a bit about how to recognize plagiarism and where to go to report it. Recognizing Plagiarism Sometimes you just get the feeling that something is being plagiarized. Maybe you feel like you read it somewhere before. Or perhaps you notice a sharp change in the author’s voice. Maybe you see strange errors that occur from copying/pasting! Do a little detective work by dropping chunks of the text into your search engine of choice (or try the “quick search” option on plagium.com), and see if you can find any results with similar wording. If you do, report it to us ! (More on that below!) And of course, plagiarism doesn’t just happen in writing — it’s just as important to attribute images, code, videos, and other media. If you see a graph (or code block) you recognize from elsewhere, try to place it, and again, let us know. You might find the reverse image search at tineye.com helpful for seeing if an image is plagiarized! Other times, you may notice that someone isn't taking content from another source word-for-word, but their content feels too close to the original for comfort. Alternatively, maybe their graph is in blue instead of red like the original, or maybe their code has slightly different variables but is otherwise the same as someone else’s. If you feel like it’s off, report it and let us know why! What about those times when someone seems to be claiming that a repo or CodePen is theirs (when it's not)? ... Definitely reportable! As for examples that likely should not be reported: someone is reposting their own work that they first posted elsewhere someone is giving a shout-out to someone else's work or has written a companion piece/response to someone else's post (while making it clear it's unaffiliated) Reporting Plagiarism If you believe you’ve encountered plagiarism or copyright violations, the absolute BEST action you can take is to report the post and provide any evidence you have. Reporting the post sends it directly to our community team to take action. If you're unsure, it's okay to send it to us for review... we won't penalize you for being mistaken. All this said, we do not recommend calling anyone out in the comments section — as we discussed before, plagiarism can be accidental and/or is sometimes enforced differently in a variety of cultures. We ask that you simply report the post rather than getting personally involved which could accidentally trigger arguments, hurt feelings, or possibly even further conduct violations. Thank you! If you have questions or feedback about our approach, we encourage you to contact us via support@dev.to . If you believe that someone isn't following these guidelines, please don't hesitate to report them to us via our Report Abuse page . Also, if you want to help enforce the Code of Conduct, you might consider becoming a DEV moderator. Visit the DEV Community Moderation page for more information on roles and how to get involved. Thanks! 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:06 |
https://livesuggest.ai/faq/ | Frequently Asked Questions - LiveSuggest LiveSuggest 1h free Pricing Login Sign up Start session English Language en English fr Français es Español de Deutsch pt Português it Italiano nl Nederlands pl Polski ja 日本語 zh 中文 ko 한국어 tr Türkçe 1h free Pricing Login Sign up Start session Language en English fr Français es Español de Deutsch pt Português it Italiano nl Nederlands pl Polski ja 日本語 zh 中文 ko 한국어 tr Türkçe Frequently Asked Questions Find answers to the most common questions about LiveSuggest. How does LiveSuggest capture audio? LiveSuggest captures audio via your device's microphone. On PC, you can also use screen sharing with audio to capture sound from another browser tab. The service works with your existing video conferencing tools without requiring any additional software in the meeting. Is my audio data secure? Yes. Audio is streamed directly to OpenAI for transcription and is not stored on our servers. OpenAI retains data for up to 30 days for abuse monitoring, then deletes it. They do not use API data to train their models. What languages are supported? LiveSuggest supports 12 languages: English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Dutch, Polish, Japanese, Chinese (Simplified), Korean, and Turkish. Do I need to install anything? No installation required. LiveSuggest works directly in your web browser. Is there a free trial? Yes! You can use LiveSuggest without an account with limited credit. Create a free account to get more credits and access to subscription plans. Can other meeting participants see that I'm using LiveSuggest? LiveSuggest runs in your browser and doesn't join the meeting as a bot or visible participant. It works alongside your existing video conferencing tools without disrupting the meeting flow. Does LiveSuggest work on mobile devices? Yes, LiveSuggest works on mobile browsers. For the best experience with screen sharing features, we recommend using a desktop or laptop computer. Which video conferencing platforms are compatible? LiveSuggest works with any platform that runs in your browser or allows screen sharing with audio — including Google Meet, Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and others. No plugins or integrations required. How does LiveSuggest work without joining my call as a bot? LiveSuggest captures audio directly from your device — either through your microphone or by sharing a browser tab's audio. This means no bot ever joins your meeting, and other participants won't see any AI tool in the participant list. Is real-time processing as accurate as recording and transcribing after the meeting? Yes. LiveSuggest uses the same advanced AI models for real-time transcription. The difference is that your audio is processed as a stream and immediately discarded — we never store recordings. This gives you the same accuracy with stronger privacy guarantees. Will real-time suggestions distract me during meetings? Not at all. Suggestions appear in a separate window or tab. You control when and how to glance at them — they're designed to support your participation, not interrupt it. LiveSuggest Real-time AI meeting assistant with contextual prompts and key reminders to support better conversations — even when working in a second language. Product Pricing FAQ Blog Legal Privacy Terms Legal Notice Consent Support Contact Report a bug © 2026 LiveSuggest. All rights reserved. This site uses cookies We use cookies to ensure the proper functioning of the site and improve your experience. You can accept all cookies, reject them, or customize your preferences. Accept all Reject all Customize | 2026-01-13T08:48:06 |
https://dev.to/adventures_in_devops/navigating-devops-challenges-with-cory-odaniel-devops-191#main-content | Navigating DevOps Challenges with Cory O'Daniel - DevOps 191 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Adventures in DevOps Follow Navigating DevOps Challenges with Cory O'Daniel - DevOps 191 Feb 8 '24 play Cory O'Daniel is the CEO and co-founder of Massdriver. They dive into the world of DevOps, technology decisions, and the challenges of working with Ops teams. In this episode, they explore the frustrations and bottlenecks of integrating external databases, the humorous side of help desk horror stories, and the impact of AI on software engineering. Cory shares his insights on scaling Ops, the evolving nature of cloud infrastructure, and the changing landscape of employment in the tech industry. Sponsors Chuck's Resume Template Raygun - Application Monitoring For Web & Mobile Apps Become a Top 1% Dev with a Top End Devs Membership Socials LinkedIn: Cory O'Daniel Advertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brands Privacy & Opt-Out: https://redcircle.com/privacy Episode source Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Your browser does not support the audio element. 1x initializing... × 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:06 |
https://neon.tech/guides | Guides — Neon This 250+ engineer team replaced shared staging with isolated database branches for safer deploys Neon Product Database Autoscaling Automatic instance sizing Branching Faster Postgres workflows Bottomless storage With copy-on-write Instant restores Recover TBs in seconds Connection pooler Built-in with pgBouncer Ecosystem Neon API Manage infra, billing, quotas Auth Add authentication Data API PostgREST-compatible Instagres No-signup flow Migration guides Step-by-step What is Neon? Serverless Postgres, by Databricks Solutions Use cases Serverless Apps Autoscale with traffic Multi-TB Scale & restore instantly Database per Tenant Data isolation without overhead Platforms Offer Postgres to your users Dev/Test Production-like environments Agents Build full-stack AI agents For teams Startups Build with Neon Security Compliance & privacy Case studies Explore customer stories Docs Pricing Company Blog About us Careers Contact Discord 20.7k Log In Sign Up Guides Powered by Algolia Automate Preview Deployments with Netlify and Neon Database Branching Set up automated preview deployments with isolated database branches for every pull request using GitHub Actions, Netlify, and Neon Postgres Rishi Raj Jain Nov 25, 2025 Read guide Building resilient applications with Postgres Learn best practices for building applications that gracefully handle brief connection drops with Managed Postgres services Dhanush Reddy Nov 13, 2025 Read guide Automated E2E Testing with Neon Branching and Cypress Learn how to use GitHub Actions to create isolated database branches for running Cypress tests against your schema changes Dhanush Reddy Oct 17, 2025 Read guide Manage Neon with SST Use SST to provision Neon resources and build a serverless API with a Neon Postgres database. Dhanush Reddy Oct 10, 2025 Read guide Manage Neon with Pulumi Use Pulumi to provision and manage your Neon projects, branches, endpoints, roles, databases, and other resources as code. Dhanush Reddy Oct 08, 2025 Read guide Using DbVisualizer with Neon Postgres A comprehensive guide on how to manage your Postgres database using DbVisualizer. Dhanush Reddy Sep 26, 2025 Read guide Getting started with Neon and New Relic Send Neon metrics and Postgres logs to New Relic using the OpenTelemetry integration Dhanush Reddy Sep 11, 2025 Read guide The Complete Supabase to Neon Database & Auth Migration Guide A comprehensive guide to migrating your Postgres database, user accounts, and RLS policies from Supabase to Neon Dhanush Reddy Sep 03, 2025 Read guide Automated E2E Testing with Neon Branching and Playwright Learn how to use GitHub Actions to create isolated database branches for running Playwright tests against your schema changes Dhanush Reddy Sep 03, 2025 Read guide Get started with Claude Code and Neon Postgres MCP Server Interact with Neon APIs using Claude Code through natural language Pedro Figueiredo Aug 27, 2025 Read guide Getting started with Neon Local and Neon Local Connect Learn how to set up and use Neon Local and Neon Local Connect for seamless local development with Neon Dhanush Reddy Aug 17, 2025 Read guide Getting started with Neon and Better Stack Send Neon metrics and Postgres logs to Better Stack using the OpenTelemetry integration Dhanush Reddy Aug 13, 2025 Read guide Getting started with Neon Auth and Next.js Build a Next.js todo app using Neon Auth and Drizzle ORM Dhanush Reddy Aug 11, 2025 Read guide Track Schema Changes in Production with Postgres Event Triggers Log every schema change with metadata in your Neon database Samuel Harrison Jul 15, 2025 Read guide Building a Nuxt.js app with a Vercel and Neon branching workflow Automate database branching for every preview deployment using the native Neon Vercel Integration Dhanush Reddy Jul 14, 2025 Read guide Building Internal Tools Using Neon, StackAuth, and Vercel’s Free Plans Get secure, host, and deploy internal tools in minutes, for free Samuel Harrison Jul 08, 2025 Read guide Zero downtime schema migrations with pgroll A comprehensive guide to using pgroll for safe, reversible Postgres migrations Dhanush Reddy Jun 30, 2025 Read guide Using Neon Postgres with Zapier Automate workflows by connecting Neon Postgres to hundreds of apps with Zapier, triggering actions from database events or pushing data into Neon from other services. Dhanush Reddy May 29, 2025 Read guide Getting started with ElectricSQL and Neon A step-by-step guide to integrating ElectricSQL with Neon Postgres Dhanush Reddy May 28, 2025 Read guide Build an AI-powered knowledge base chatbot using n8n and Neon Postgres A step-by-step guide to creating an AI-powered knowledge base chatbot using n8n, Google Drive, and Neon Postgres Dhanush Reddy May 27, 2025 Read guide Manage Neon with OpenTofu Use OpenTofu to provision and manage your Neon projects, branches, endpoints, roles, databases, and other resources as code. Dhanush Reddy May 26, 2025 Read guide Building Intelligent Search with AI Embeddings, Neon, and pgvector Learn how to create a semantic search system using AI embeddings, Neon, and pgvector. Bobby Iliev May 17, 2025 Read guide Getting started with the HONC stack Building a serverless Task API with Hono, Drizzle, Neon, and Cloudflare Dhanush Reddy May 14, 2025 Read guide Automate Database Branching with Alchemy and Neon Postgres Learn how to use Alchemy Infrastructure-as-Code to programmatically create and manage Neon database branches Bobby Iliev May 10, 2025 Read guide How to Use Neon MCP Server with GitHub Copilot in VS Code Learn how to make GitHub Copilot your full-stack teammate Bobur Umurzokov May 10, 2025 Read guide Rate Limiting in Postgres A step-by-step guide describing how to implement rate limiting in Postgres using advisory locks and counters Valeri Karpov May 09, 2025 Read guide Migrating from Tembo.io to Neon Postgres Learn how to migrate your data and applications from Tembo.io to Neon Postgres Dhanush Reddy May 08, 2025 Read guide Getting started with Zero and Neon A step-by-step guide to integrating Zero with Neon Postgres Dhanush Reddy May 01, 2025 Read guide How to set up Neon Local with Docker Compose and JavaScript Postgres clients A practical guide to Neon Local with JavaScript and Docker Compose for local and production setups Paul Scanlon Apr 30, 2025 Read guide Dynamic Routing with Hasura and Neon Leverage Neon's branching with Hasura's dynamic routing for powerful development, testing, and preview environments. Dhanush Reddy Apr 20, 2025 Read guide Using Postgres as a Key-Value Store with hstore and JSONB A step-by-step guide describing how to use hstore and JSONB for storing key-value pairs in Postgres Valeri Karpov Apr 15, 2025 Read guide Get started with Zed and Neon Postgres MCP Server Make schema changes with natural language using Zed and Neon MCP Server Dhanush Reddy Apr 10, 2025 Read guide Build your first AI Agent for Postgres on Azure Learn how to build an AI Agent for Postgres using Azure AI Agent Service and Neon Bobur Umurzokov Apr 07, 2025 Read guide Comparing Text Search Strategies pg_search vs. tsvector vs. External Engines Choosing the Right Search Approach for Your Application with PostgreSQL and Neon Bobby Iliev Apr 06, 2025 Read guide Building an End-to-End Full-Text Search Experience With pg_search on Neon A guide to building a full-text search experience with pg_search on Neon Bobby Iliev Apr 06, 2025 Read guide Connect Azure services to Neon with Azure Service Connector Learn how to connect Azure compute services to Neon using Azure Service Connector Dhanush Reddy Apr 04, 2025 Read guide Implementing Feature Flags with Go, Neon Postgres, and Server-Side Rendering Learn how to create a feature flag system using Go, Neon Postgres, and server-side rendering for controlled feature rollouts Bobby Iliev Mar 29, 2025 Read guide Creating a Secure Authentication System with Go, JWT, and Neon Postgres Learn how to build a secure authentication system using Go, JWT tokens, and Neon Postgres Bobby Iliev Mar 29, 2025 Read guide Using LISTEN and NOTIFY for Pub/Sub in PostgreSQL A step-by-step guide describing how to use LISTEN and NOTIFY for pub/sub in Postgres Valeri Karpov Mar 28, 2025 Read guide Implementing Webhooks with FastAPI and Neon Postgres Learn how to build a webhook system to receive and store event data using FastAPI and Neon Postgres Bobby Iliev Mar 23, 2025 Read guide Migrating from FaunaDB to Neon Postgres Learn how to migrate your data and applications from FaunaDB to Neon Postgres Dhanush Reddy Mar 23, 2025 Read guide Creating a Content Moderation System with Laravel, OpenAI API, and Neon Postgres Build an automated content moderation system for your application using Laravel Livewire, OpenAI's moderation API, and Neon Postgres Bobby Iliev Mar 22, 2025 Read guide Caching Layer in Postgres A step-by-step guide describing how to use materialized views for caching in Postgres Valeri Karpov Mar 21, 2025 Read guide Building a Job Queue System with Node.js, Bull, and Neon Postgres Learn how to implement a job queue system to handle background tasks efficiently using Node.js, Bull, and Neon Postgres Bobby Iliev Mar 16, 2025 Read guide Building AI-powered applications with Replit Agent A guide to building AI applications with Replit Agent Dhanush Reddy Mar 15, 2025 Read guide Building Full Stack apps in minutes with Anything Go from Text prompt to Full-Stack Database backed applications in minutes with Anything Dhanush Reddy Mar 12, 2025 Read guide How to use self-hosted runners with GitHub Actions Take full control of your GitHub Action's runner environment with DigitalOcean Paul Scanlon Mar 01, 2025 Read guide Graph Queries in Postgres A step-by-step guide describing how to use ltree and pgRouting for analyzing graph data in Postgres Valeri Karpov Feb 28, 2025 Read guide Timeseries Data in Postgres A step-by-step guide describing how to use TimescaleDB for timeseries data in Postgres Valeri Karpov Feb 24, 2025 Read guide Get started with Cline and Neon Postgres MCP Server Make schema changes with natural language using Cline and Neon MCP Server Dhanush Reddy Feb 22, 2025 Read guide Implementing Database Migrations in Go Applications with Neon Learn how to manage database schema changes in Go applications using Neon's serverless Postgres Bobby Iliev Feb 22, 2025 Read guide Get started with Windsurf and Neon Postgres MCP Server Make schema changes with natural language using Codeium Windsurf and Neon MCP Server Dhanush Reddy Feb 22, 2025 Read guide Getting started with LangGraph + Neon A step-by-step guide to building AI agents with LangGraph and Neon Dhanush Reddy Feb 21, 2025 Read guide Get started with Cursor and Neon Postgres MCP Server Make schema changes with natural language using Cursor and Neon MCP Server Dhanush Reddy Feb 20, 2025 Read guide Geospatial Search in Postgres A step-by-step guide describing how to use PostGIS for geospatial search in Postgres Valeri Karpov Feb 16, 2025 Read guide Using GORM with Neon Postgres Learn how to use GORM, Go's most popular ORM, with Neon's serverless Postgres for efficient database operations Bobby Iliev Feb 15, 2025 Read guide Getting started with Convex and Neon A step-by-step guide to integrating Convex with Neon Postgres Dhanush Reddy Feb 14, 2025 Read guide How to Create a Reliable Testing Dataset with pg_dump and pg_restore A practical guide to extracting a test dataset from Postgres using pg_dump, pg_restore and psql Paul Scanlon Feb 14, 2025 Read guide Getting started with AutoGen + Neon A step-by-step guide to building AI agents using AutoGen and Neon Dhanush Reddy Feb 12, 2025 Read guide Get started with Claude Desktop and Neon MCP Server Enable natural language interaction with your Neon Postgres databases using LLMs Dhanush Reddy Feb 06, 2025 Read guide Vector Search in Postgres A step-by-step guide describing how to use pgvector for vector search in Postgres Valeri Karpov Feb 04, 2025 Read guide Building AI Agents with AgentStack and Neon Build a Web scraper AI Agent in minutes with AgentStack, Neon, and Firecrawl Dhanush Reddy Feb 04, 2025 Read guide Building a Robust JSON API with TypeScript, Postgres, and Azure Functions Learn how to leverage TypeScript, Neon Postgres Databases, and Azure Functions for Next-Level API Performance Jess Chadwick Feb 01, 2025 Read guide Building AI Agents with CrewAI, Composio, and Neon A step-by-step guide to building AI agents using CrewAI, Composio, and Neon API Dhanush Reddy Jan 31, 2025 Read guide Neon Database Toolkit for AI Agents Rapidly provision, manage, and interact with Neon Postgres databases in your AI agent workflows Dhanush Reddy Jan 29, 2025 Read guide Automating Workflows with Azure Logic Apps and Neon Learn how to automate database operations and processes by connecting Azure Logic Apps with Neon Postgres Bobby Iliev Jan 26, 2025 Read guide Database Migrations with Entity Framework Core and Azure Pipelines for Neon Automating schema changes with EF Core and Azure Pipelines in Neon Postgres Bobby Iliev Jan 18, 2025 Read guide Queue System using SKIP LOCKED in Neon Postgres A step-by-step guide describing how to structure a tasks table for use as a task queue in Postgres Valeri Karpov Jan 10, 2025 Read guide Building Real-Time Comments with a Serverless Postgres A guide to building your own real-time comments in a Next.js application with Ably LiveSync and Postgres. Rishi Raj Jain Jan 07, 2025 Read guide Full-Text Search with Neon and Azure AI Search Build a powerful hybrid search system for developer resources with Neon and Azure AI Search Bobby Iliev Jan 05, 2025 Read guide Using Directus CMS with Neon Postgres and Astro to build a blog A step-by-step guide for building your own blog in an Astro application with Directus CMS and Postgres powered by Neon Rishi Raj Jain Dec 22, 2024 Read guide Using DBeaver with a Hosted Postgres A comprehensive guide on how to manage your Postgres database using DBeaver. Rishi Raj Jain Dec 21, 2024 Read guide Document Store using JSONB in Postgres A step-by-step guide describing how to use Postgres as a document store using JSONB Valeri Karpov Dec 17, 2024 Read guide Building a Real-Time AI Voice Assistant with ElevenLabs A step-by-step guide to building your own AI Voice Assistant in a Next.js application with ElevenLabs and Postgres Rishi Raj Jain Dec 17, 2024 Read guide Drizzle with Local and Serverless Postgres A step-by-step guide to configure Drizzle ORM for local and serverless Postgres. Rishi Raj Jain Dec 16, 2024 Read guide Building Azure Static Web Apps with Neon A step-by-step guide to creating and deploying static sites using Azure and Neon Postgres Dhanush Reddy Dec 14, 2024 Read guide Get started with Neon Serverless Postgres on Azure A step-by-step guide to deploying Neon's serverless Postgres via the Azure Marketplace Dhanush Reddy Dec 12, 2024 Read guide Sentiment Analysis with Azure AI Services and Neon Learn how to analyze customer feedback using Azure AI Language and store results in Neon Postgres Bobby Iliev Nov 30, 2024 Read guide Automated Database Branching with GitHub Actions Learn how to automate database branching for your application using Neon and GitHub Actions Dhanush Reddy Nov 29, 2024 Read guide Using pgAdmin4 with a Hosted Postgres A comprehensive guide on how to manage your Postgres database using pgAdmin4. Rishi Raj Jain Nov 29, 2024 Read guide Efficiently Syncing 60 Million Rows from Snowflake to Postgres A comprehensive guide on optimizing data transfer from Snowflake to Postgres using chunking and upsert strategies. Rishi Raj Jain Nov 26, 2024 Read guide Building AI-Powered Chatbots with Azure AI Studio and Neon Learn how to create AI powered chatbot using Azure AI Studio with Neon Postgres as the backend database Bobby Iliev Nov 24, 2024 Read guide Building a Serverless Referral System with Neon Postgres and Azure Functions Learn how to create a serverless referral system using Neon Postgres and Azure Functions Bobby Iliev Nov 24, 2024 Read guide Querying Neon Postgres with Natural Language via Amazon Q Business Learn how to set up Amazon Q Business to query your Neon Postgres database using natural language Bobby Iliev Nov 23, 2024 Read guide Local Development with Neon Learn how to develop applications locally with Neon Dhanush Reddy Nov 05, 2024 Read guide Building a RESTful API with ASP.NET Core, Swagger, and Neon Learn how to connect your .NET applications to Neon's serverless Postgres database Bobby Iliev Nov 03, 2024 Read guide Authentication and Authorization in ASP.NET Core with ASP.NET Identity and Neon Learn how to implement secure user authentication and authorization in ASP.NET Core applications using ASP.NET Identity with Neon Postgres Bobby Iliev Nov 03, 2024 Read guide Building ASP.NET Core Applications with Neon and Entity Framework Core Learn how to build a .NET application with Neon's serverless Postgres and Entity Framework Core Bobby Iliev Nov 02, 2024 Read guide Connecting .NET Applications to Neon Database Learn how to connect your .NET applications to Neon's serverless Postgres database Bobby Iliev Nov 02, 2024 Read guide Distributed hyperparameter tuning with Optuna, Neon Postgres, and Kubernetes Use Neon Postgres to orchestrate multi-node hyperparameter tuning for your scikit-learn, XGBoost, PyTorch, and TensorFlow/Keras models on a Kubernetes cluster Samuel Harrison Oct 28, 2024 Read guide Migrate from Vercel Postgres SDK to the Neon serverless driver Learn how to smoothly transition your application from using Vercel Postgres SDK to the Neon serverless driver Dhanush Reddy Oct 28, 2024 Read guide Building Dynamic Charts with Laravel, Livewire, and Neon Postgres Learn how to build dynamic charts with Laravel, Livewire, and Neon Postgres Bobby Iliev Oct 20, 2024 Read guide Scale your Django application with Neon Postgres Read Replicas Learn how to scale Django applications with Neon Postgres Read Replicas Dhanush Reddy Oct 20, 2024 Read guide Scale your Laravel application with Neon Postgres Read Replicas Learn how to scale Laravel applications with Neon Postgres Read Replicas Dhanush Reddy Oct 20, 2024 Read guide Query your Postgres Database Using Azure Functions Learn how to query your Postgres database using Azure Functions Adalbert Pungu Oct 19, 2024 Read guide Building a Multi-Step Form with Laravel Volt, Folio, and Neon Postgres Learn how to create a multi-step form with Laravel Volt, Folio, and Neon Postgres Bobby Iliev Oct 19, 2024 Read guide Building a Full-Stack Portfolio Website with a RAG Powered Chatbot Develop a modern React portfolio website featuring a chatbot powered by pgvector, Neon Postgres, FastAPI, and OpenAI. Samuel Harrison Oct 17, 2024 Read guide Scale your Next.js application with Drizzle ORM and Neon Postgres Read Replicas Learn how to scale Next.js applications with Drizzle ORM's withReplicas() function and Neon Postgres Read Replicas Dhanush Reddy Oct 14, 2024 Read guide Scale your .NET application with Entity Framework and Neon Postgres Read Replicas Learn how to scale .NET applications with Entity Framework's DbContext and Neon Postgres Read Replicas Dhanush Reddy Oct 13, 2024 Read guide Building a High-Performance Sensor Data API with FastAPI and Postgres' TimescaleDB Extension Create an API for streaming, storing, and querying sensor data using Postgres TimescaleDB and FastAPI Samuel Harrison Oct 12, 2024 Read guide Building an Async Product Management API with FastAPI, Pydantic, and PostgreSQL Learn how to create an asynchronous API for managing products using FastAPI, Pydantic for data validation, and PostgreSQL with connection pooling Samuel Harrison Oct 08, 2024 Read guide Full Text Search using tsvector with Neon Postgres A step-by-step guide describing how to implement full text search with tsvector in Postgres Valeri Karpov Sep 17, 2024 Read guide Building an API with Django, Django REST Framework, and Neon Postgres Learn how to create a robust RESTful API for an AI Model Marketplace using Django, Django REST Framework, and Neon's serverless Postgres Bobby Iliev Sep 15, 2024 Read guide Testing Flask Applications with Neon's Database Branching Leveraging Realistic Production Data for Robust Testing with Flask and Neon Branching Bobby Iliev Sep 15, 2024 Read guide Managing database migrations and schema changes with Flask and Neon Postgres Learn how to handle database migrations and schema changes in a Flask application using Flask-Migrate and Neon Postgres Bobby Iliev Sep 14, 2024 Read guide Developing a Scalable Flask Application with Neon Postgres Learn how to build a scalable Flask application with Neon Postgres Bobby Iliev Sep 14, 2024 Read guide Database Migrations in Spring Boot with Flyway and Neon Learn how to manage database schema changes in a Spring Boot application using Flyway with Neon Postgres. Bobby Iliev Sep 07, 2024 Read guide Database Schema Changes with Hibernate, Spring Boot, and Neon Learn how to manage database schema changes with Hibernate, Spring Boot, and Neon Postgres Bobby Iliev Sep 07, 2024 Read guide Setting up GitHub Codespaces with Neon Database Branching for Pull Requests Learn how to create separate development environments for each pull request using GitHub Codespaces and Neon's Postgres branching Bobby Iliev Aug 18, 2024 Read guide Implementing Secure User Authentication in FastAPI using JWT Tokens and Neon Postgres Learn how to build a secure user authentication system in FastAPI using JSON Web Tokens (JWT) and Neon Postgres Bobby Iliev Aug 17, 2024 Read guide Building a High-Performance API with FastAPI, Pydantic, and Neon Postgres Learn how to create an API for managing a tech conference system using FastAPI, Pydantic for data validation, and Neon's serverless Postgres for data storage Bobby Iliev Aug 17, 2024 Read guide Building a Real-Time Task Board with Laravel, Neon, and WebSockets Learn how to create a collaborative task management system using Laravel, Neon Postgres, and WebSockets Bobby Iliev Aug 17, 2024 Read guide Implementing Soft Deletes in Laravel and Postgres Learn how to implement and optimize soft deletes in Laravel for improved data management and integrity. Bobby Iliev Jul 20, 2024 Read guide Implementing Fine-Grained Authorization in Laravel with Neon Postgres Learn how to set up and utilize Laravel's powerful authorization features to create a secure and flexible application using Neon's high-performance database. Bobby Iliev Jul 14, 2024 Read guide Implementing Queue Workers and Job Processing in Laravel with Neon Postgres Learn how to implement efficient background processing in Laravel using queue workers and Neon Postgres Bobby Iliev Jul 14, 2024 Read guide A Deep Dive into Laravel's Routes, Middleware, and Validation: Optimizing Database Interactions Explore Laravel's core features to build efficient and secure web applications with optimized database interactions using Neon Postgres Bobby Iliev Jul 14, 2024 Read guide Real-Time Notifications using pg_notify with Neon Postgres A step-by-step guide describing how to implement real-time notifications using pg_notify in Postgres Rishi Raj Jain Jul 02, 2024 Read guide Building a CRUD API with Laravel and Sanctum Learn how to create a robust, secure CRUD API using Laravel and Laravel Sanctum for authentication Bobby Iliev Jul 01, 2024 Read guide Building a Todo CLI App with Laravel Zero and Neon Postgres Learn how to create a command-line interface (CLI) application using Laravel Zero and Neon Postgres for efficient task management. Bobby Iliev Jul 01, 2024 Read guide Getting Started with Laravel Events and Listeners Learn how to implement and utilize Laravel's event system with Neon Bobby Iliev Jun 30, 2024 Read guide Building a Blog with Laravel, Livewire, and Laravel Breeze Learn how to create a dynamic blog application using Laravel, Livewire, and Laravel Breeze for authentication and Neon. Bobby Iliev Jun 30, 2024 Read guide Building a TODO Application with Laravel, Livewire, and Volt Learn how to create a simple yet powerful TODO app using Laravel, Livewire, Volt, and Laravel Breeze for authentication Bobby Iliev Jun 30, 2024 Read guide Creating a Multi-Tenant Application with Laravel and Neon Learn how to build a scalable multi-tenant application using Laravel and Neon's powerful database features Bobby Iliev Jun 30, 2024 Read guide Building a Simple Real-Time Search with Laravel, Livewire, and Neon Learn how to integrate Laravel with Postgres on Neon, using Laravel's Eloquent ORM and migrations for efficient database management. Bobby Iliev Jun 29, 2024 Read guide Build a RAG chatbot with Astro, Postgres, and LlamaIndex A step-by-step guide for building a RAG chatbot in an Astro application with LlamaIndex and Postgres Rishi Raj Jain Jun 11, 2024 Read guide Using LlamaIndex with Postgres to Build your own Reverse Image Search Engine A step-by-step guide to build your own Reverse Image Search engine in an Astro application with LlamaIndex and Postgres Rishi Raj Jain Jun 11, 2024 Read guide Using Payload CMS with Neon Postgres to Build an E-commerce Store in Next.js Build your own E-commerce Store in a Next.js application with Payload CMS and Postgres (powered by Neon). Rishi Raj Jain Jun 06, 2024 Read guide Using Strapi CMS with Neon Postgres and Astro to build a blog A step-by-step guide for building your own blog in an Astro application with Strapi CMS and Postgres powered by Neon Rishi Raj Jain Jun 06, 2024 Read guide Run your own analytics with Umami, Fly.io and Neon Self host your Umami analytics on Fly.io and powered by Neon Postgres Rishi Raj Jain Jun 05, 2024 Read guide Reverting a failed deployment and schema migration in Laravel Learn how to revert a failed deployment and schema migration in Laravel using built-in tools like `migrate:rollback` and Neon's backup and restore capabilities. Bobby Iliev May 26, 2024 Read guide Testing Laravel Applications with Neon's Database Branching Leveraging Realistic Production Data for Robust Testing with Laravel and Neon Branching Bobby Iliev May 26, 2024 Read guide An Overview of Laravel and Postgres on Neon Learn how to integrate Laravel with Postgres on Neon, leveraging Laravel's Eloquent ORM and migrations for efficient database management. Bobby Iliev May 25, 2024 Read guide Add feature flags in SvelteKit apps with Neon Postgres A step-by-step guide to integrating feature flags in SvelteKit apps with Postgres Rishi Raj Jain May 24, 2024 Read guide How to upload to S3 in Next.js and save references in Postgres Let users upload files directly to S3 by creating presigned URLs in Next.js and saving the references in a Postgres database. Rishi Raj Jain May 16, 2024 Read guide Query Postgres in Next.js Server Actions Learn how to query Postgres in Next.js with Server Actions Rishi Raj Jain May 13, 2024 Read guide Neon A Databricks Company Neon status loading... Made in SF and the World Copyright Ⓒ 2022 – 2026 Neon, LLC Company About Blog Careers Contact Sales Partners Security Legal Privacy Policy Terms of Service DPA Subprocessors List Privacy Guide Cookie Policy Business Information Resources Docs Changelog Support Community Guides PostgreSQL Tutorial Startups Creators Social Discord GitHub x.com LinkedIn YouTube Compliance CCPA Compliant GDPR Compliant ISO 27001 Certified ISO 27701 Certified SOC 2 Certified HIPAA Compliant Compliance Guide Neon’s Sub Contractors Sensitive Data Terms Trust Center self.__next_f.push([1,"7:[\"$\",\"$L130\",null,{\"indexName\":\"neon_guides\",\"posts\":[{\"title\":\"Automate Preview Deployments with Netlify and Neon Database Branching\",\"subtitle\":\"Set up automated preview deployments with isolated database branches for every pull request using GitHub Actions, Netlify, and Neon Postgres\",\"slug\":\"preview-deploys-netlify\",\"category\":\"guides\",\"author\":{\"name\":\"Rishi Raj Jain\",\"position\":\"Solutions Engineer\",\"link\":{\"title\":\"GitHub\",\"url\":\"https://github.com/rishi-raj-jain\"},\"photo\":\"/guides/authors/rishi-raj-jain.jpg\"},\"createdAt\":\"2025-11-25T00:00:00.000Z\",\"updatedOn\":\"2025-11-25T00:00:00.000Z\",\"date\":\"2025-11-25T00:00:00.000Z\",\"excerpt\":\"Introduction. 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https://lab174.com/blog/202601-yaml-norway/#cb1-7 | YAML? That’s Norway problem < Back to LAB174.com YAML? That’s Norway problem 2026-01-12 Abstract A deep dive into YAML’s Norway problem: why the country code NO gets parsed as false, its history from YAML v1.0 to v1.2, and why popular libraries still exhibit this behavior in 2026. What is yaml Yaml is a well-known data serialization language designed for human readability. It’s a popular choice for configuration files and metadata. Here’s a simple example: # project.yaml title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse countries : - DE - FR - PL - RO Let’s verify that the above example parses correctly. We’ll use Python 1 with Py Yaml 2 version 6.0.3 (the latest version as of this writing). First, let’s install it: python3 -m pip install pyyaml==6.0.3 Now let’s write a simple script to parse the yaml file: # python-pyyaml.py import json import yaml with open ( "project.yaml" , "r" , encoding = "utf-8" ) as f: data = yaml.safe_load(f) print (json.dumps(data, indent = 2 )) Running python3 python-pyyaml.py produces this output: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "PL" , "RO" ] } So far everything behaves as expected. As of January 2026 Python is the world’s 4th most popular programming language according to a 2025 Stack Overflow Survey ( archive ) ↩︎ Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and a top 20 Python library overall in the last month according to PyPI Stats ( archive ). It is also an “official” yaml library in the sense that its source code is hosted in a Github repository owned by the yaml Github account; see: Canonical source repository for Py Yaml . ↩︎ The Norway problem in yaml When we change the original yaml file and add Norway’s two letter iso country code to the existing list: countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO Using the same parsing method, the file now yields this result: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , false , "PL" , "RO" ] } Note that NO has been replaced with false . This is unexpected. Nothing about the context suggests a boolean should appear here. The NO literal sits in a list of country codes like FR or PL and appears similar in form. The problem, of course, is that “no” is also an English word with a negative meaning. This feature was originally added to allow writing booleans in a more human readable way, e.g.: platforms : iPhone : yes iPad : yes AppleWatch : no This gets parsed as: { "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false } } The idea was that configuration files should read like natural language. In practice this behavior proved problematic, becoming the notorious Norway problem in yaml . One workaround is to escape the string, like this: countries : - DE - FR - "NO" - PL - RO With quotes, the file parses as expected: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } Many articles about yaml ’s Norway problem stop here, presenting quoting as the canonical fix. There is more. Yaml ’s history To understand today’s state of the Norway problem we’ll first look at how yaml evolved. May 2001 – Yaml first pass specification At this time, yaml was more of a concept than a finished language. It looked a bit different, though somewhat recognizable. Below is a partial example from the original specification; there are more in the full document, sadly none with boolean values. buyer : % address : % city : Royal Oak line one : 458 Wittigen's Way line two : Suite 292 postal : 48046 state : MI family name : Dumars given name : Chris The document makes no mention of parsing no to false . The “Serilization Format / bnf ” section even contains a typo and a “to do” note 3 : This section contains the bnf 4 productions for the yaml syntax. Much to do… Full first pass specification – archived link ↩︎ Bnf stands for “Backus–Naur form”, a notation system for syntax definition ( Wikipedia ). ↩︎ January 2004 – Yaml v1.0 final draft This version describes various ways of presenting scalars 5 , including both quoted scalars and plain scalars with implicit typing. This is what we’re after. Version 1.0 defined only sequence , map , and string as mandatory types 6 . The rest were optional, but a reference specification existed. That reference specification for the optional boolean type included English word format. Supported words were: true/false , on/off , and also yes/no 7 . This allows the Norway problem to appear – even if following that part of reference is described as optional. – Bonus: implicit typing can be overridden with explicit tags – we’ll talk about this later. – Bonus: single sign characters, i.e. + and - should also be treated as true and false ; even more so, as they are described as the canonical form 8 ! A scalar data type, or just scalar, is any non-composite value. Generally, all basic primitive data types are considered scalar source: Wikipedia ↩︎ Following is a description of the three mandatory core tags. Yaml requires support for the seq, map and str tags. source: Yaml v1.0 specification, tag repository ↩︎ English word format: implicit english ~= true|True|TRUE |false|False|FALSE |yes|Yes|YES |no|No|NO |on|On|ON |off|Off|OFF source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ Single sign character format: implicit canonical ~= +|- source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ January 2005 – Yaml v1.1 final draft Version 1.1 maintained the same implicit typing behavior as v1.0. However, the types listed in the spec – including boolean – while still not mandatory, were now strongly recommended 9 . – Bonus: single sign characters are no longer included and the canonical form is now y/n 10 . these tags represent types that are useful across a wide range of applications and it is strongly recommended they be used whenever appropriate to promote interoperability. source: Yaml v1.1 specification, tag repository ( archive ) ↩︎ Yaml v1.1 boolean type specification , ( archive ) ↩︎ July 2009 – Yaml Revision 1.2.0 Its goal was to make yaml compliant with json , going as far as allowing json to be a subset of yaml 11 . Implicit typing rules have been removed, including the boolean English word format. – Bonus: explicit typing rules are still present. On paper, the Norway problem shouldn’t exist anymore, at least not since this yaml revision. So why are we still seeing it in 2026? The primary objective of this revision is to bring Yaml into compliance with json as an official subset. source: Yaml revision v1.2.0 ↩︎ Yaml spec version history until v1.2.0 Yaml spec version Date Type of no : Value of no first pass specification May 2001 unspecified unspecified v1.0 January 2004 boolean false v1.1 January 2005 boolean false v1.2.0 July 2009 string "no" Table 1: Summary of yaml spec changes. Note that “Type of no ” and “Value of no ” labels refer to the literal without quotes. Yaml in practice To understand why the Norway problem persists, we need to examine the scope of work involved in implementing yaml spec changes. Some clues are present in earlier text already, we see that yaml supports implicit typing, explicit typing, and various presenting formats. Also, the time between different yaml spec version releases is measured in years. What hides between the lines is that yaml and its specification are very, hugely, extremely complex. Seriously, it’s hard to overstate this. Since v1.0 yaml ’s goal was to build upon xml 12 and a number of other technologies, as listed in the final draft 13 : Yaml integrates and builds upon concepts described by C, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, rfc0822 ( mail ), rfc1866 ( html ), rfc2045 ( mime ), rfc2396 ( uri ), xml , sax and soap Yaml supports attachments, custom tags, references – the list goes on. There was even yaxml , an xml binding for yaml 14 . There are 9 ways of writing multiline strings – and some claim the number is actually 63 15 . Characters like ? , ! , !! in some cases have special meanings, with the latter allowing arbitrary code execution. Given this complexity, the Norway problem wasn’t the only language quirk in yaml v1.1. Revision v1.2 simplified boolean behavior and more (e.g. handling of null and numerical values), while other language features remained unchanged. How did libraries react to changes in such a complex specification? In fact yaml was originally intended to be a markup language and its name stood for “Yet Another Markup Language”. Six months after the first pass specification, in January 2002, it was renamed to “ Yaml Ain’t Markup Language”. ↩︎ Yaml v1.0 specification, prior art ↩︎ a subset of xml which has yaml ’s information model, but xml ’s syntax (…) a xslt Stylesheet is provided, along with the canonical invoice example in xml using this schema source: Yaxml , the (draft) xml Binding for yaml – archived link ↩︎ There are 5 6 NINE (or 63, depending how you count) different ways to write multi-line strings in yaml . (…) 2 block styles, each with 2 possible block chomping indicators (or none), and with 9 possible indentation indicators (or none), 1 plain style and 2 quoted styles: 2 x (2 + 1) x (9 + 1) + 1 + 2 = 63 source: Stack Overflow answer ( archived ) ↩︎ Yaml libraries As of January 2026 popular yaml libraries still haven’t moved from v1.1 to v1.2, and they still exhibit the Norway problem. Smaller alternative projects have appeared, but their usage hasn’t surpassed the existing v1.1 libraries. Some users have built their own alternative parsers, mixing v1.1 and v1.2 features, or focusing on a subset of yaml suited to their needs. Below are some examples. Py Yaml As mentioned before, Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and one of the most popular Python libraries overall. Py Yaml never added v1.2 support. There is an open issue from 2017 in Py Yaml ’s Github project about introducing support for v1.2 16 . There are at least two more related open issues, plus several closed ones. An unofficial library 17 exists that can be used on top of Py Yaml to provide partial v1.2 support (its documentation notes that not all v1.2 features are implemented). Another Python library, ruamel.yaml 18 , supports v1.2 by default. Py Yaml Github Issue #116 ↩︎ yamlcore PyPI project page ↩︎ ruamel.yaml PyPI project page ↩︎ Lib Yaml Lib Yaml is the long-standing C library for yaml , it is used widely as a dependency by other tools and bindings. Like Py Yaml , it’s an “official” implementation – in the sense that its canonical repository is hosted on Github and owned by the official ‘yaml’ Github account. Lib Yaml also never added v1.2 support. An open issue from 2016 in Lib Yaml ’s github project requests adding v1.2 support 19 . As mentioned earlier, Lib Yaml sits deep in dependency trees; changing its behavior is especially risky and slow. A less popular library, libfyaml 20 , supports v1.2 by default. Lib Yaml Github Issue #20 ↩︎ libfyaml Github project page ↩︎ Golang’s gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Currently unmaintained 21 , historically the most popular and still holds more Github stars then other Golang yaml libraries. It’s especially interesting because it declares support for a mix of v1.1 and 1.2 22 . The Golang’s most popular actively maintained library 23 defaults to v1.2 behavior. “This project is unmaintained” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ “The yaml package supports most of yaml 1.2, but preserves some behavior from 1.1 for backwards compatibility.” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ goccy/go-yaml Github project page ↩︎ Kyaml Kyaml is a yaml dialect built for the Kubernetes project, launched in June 2025. Its goal is to provide a safer and less ambiguous tool; it is also designed specifically for Kubernetes, trading generality for predictability. The announcement blog post references the Norway problem directly 24 . Yaml ’s significant whitespace requires careful attention to indentation and nesting, while its optional string-quoting can lead to unexpected type coercion (for example: “The Norway Bug”). source: Kubernetes v1.34 Sneak Peek ↩︎ Is the Norway problem solved? Yaml ’s ecosystem is not just libraries, it’s also the community of users. Including: strong and conflicting opinions about yaml in general and the Norway problem in particular. In some part this outcome could be expected; after all yaml is very popular, deceptively complex, and is used in different kinds of scenarios, from small personal config files to critical infrastructure setups. Many texts don’t distinguish between yaml spec versions at all 25 . Even when spec version numbers are used, they’re frequently mistyped. It’s not difficult to find documentation claiming that implicit boolean typing is a trait of yaml specification version 1.2 26 (the correct version is v1.1); mistakes get spotted 27 and eventually updated, but that takes more time and effort than making the original typo. On the other hand we see users who declare the Norway problem as solved because it doesn’t exist in the latest spec version, or because they haven’t experienced it themselves, or for other reasons 28 . To be fair, that language feature was removed over a decade ago, and it’s unexpected that popular libraries still support the older spec version. Technically, the issue is solved in the spec – but in practice, most widely adopted implementations still support implicit boolean typing, as we’ve seen. Finally, there are end users who are so unhappy with yaml that they prefer almost anything else 29 . We end up with countless use cases (hobby, pro, critical infrastructure, …), roles (spec author, library maintainer, end user debugging a failed deployment at 11pm, …), and just as many points of views. The yaml specification defines many strings that are automatically interpreted as boolean values, which often conflicts with developer expectations. When you write country: NO , the yaml parser interprets NO as the boolean false , not the string "NO" source: What is the Norway Bug? ↩︎ The most tragic aspect of this bug , however, is that it is intended behavior according to the yaml 1.2 specification. source: The Norway Problem – why Strict Yaml refuses to do implicit typing and so should you ↩︎ In this case a Github issue has been created: It was intended according to the yaml 1.1 specification, but in yaml 1.2, the only recognized booleans are true , True , TRUE , false , False , FALSE . source: strictyaml Github issue #186 ↩︎ I don’t want to link to individual messages on social platforms to err on the side of users’ privacy; I’ll paraphrase some of them below, for illustration purposes. Norway problem has been solved for 16 years. Using 1.1 at this point is just forehead palming foolishness. The Norway issue is a bit blown out of proportion. I have been using YAML for 5+ years and have never had it. We stopped having this problem over ten years ago. Just quote your strings. Another solution is to change the country name. ↩︎ Same as earlier, I’ll paraphrase a few messages below, meant for illustration. Stop using YAML YAML - just say Norway. You should stop even tolerating YAML, refuse on sight. YAML made sense before JSON became a thing. YAML made me look at XML wistfully. Why people persist with YAML in new projects is baffling to me. People from Norway couldn't sign up. Took us a while to figure out. ↩︎ What next? In yaml final draft v1.0, the document specified that, along with yes and no , + and - should also be parsed as booleans. This was removed v1.1. There was an idea to keep that functionality when plus or minus signs were preceded with a dot ( .+ and .- ), but it didn’t catch on. Despite its well known and lesser known quirks, yaml remains popular and widely used. At this scale small quirks cascade into unexpected issues. And changes – or fixes – are introduced at a glacial pace. Then again, yaml ’s charm has its place, as evidenced by its popularity. While spec change adoption is very slow, it is still ongoing. New projects will likely adopt newer libraries, where the Norway problem no longer exists. If there is a single takeaway from this article, it’s this: yaml ecosystem is fragmented; on the whole it is moving towards a slightly stricter version. Implicit boolean typing is getting removed, it’s no longer in the official specification and most new libraries adhere to that. As of January 2026 however, the older libraries are stuck on the older version of the spec, they are still more popular and updating or phasing them out may take a while. Frequently Asked Questions Why not just use json in place of yaml ? A common reply is “no comments” – because json doesn’t support comments 30 ; many other yaml features aren’t supported either. This makes json a simpler and stricter alternative. Wheter that’s a better fit for your project, that depends on the project. As always, personal preference plays a role too. Note: json has its own flavors, like jsonc 31 . It was a conscious decision; there is an explanation from Douglas Crockford, as well as a suggestion about using json for configuration files: I removed comments from json because I saw people were using them to hold parsing directives, a practice which would have destroyed interoperability. I know that the lack of comments makes some people sad, but it shouldn’t. Suppose you are using json to keep configuration files, which you would like to annotate. Go ahead and insert all the comments you like. Then pipe it through JSMin before handing it to your json parser. source: Google Plus post by Douglas Crockford – archived link ↩︎ Json with Comments – project’s homepage ↩︎ Is yaml a superset of json ? After writing this article, I’m still not entirely sure. Even though the goal of yaml revision v1.2.0 was to make that happen and revisions 1.2.0 and 1.2.1 claimed it explicitly 32 : Yaml can therefore be viewed as a natural superset of json , offering improved human readability and a more complete information model. That text has been removed from the latest yaml revision 1.2.2. A popular article 33 claims to prove that yaml is not a superset of json , but that article uses a v1.1 parser – and as we know v1.1 never claimed json compatibility. So that won’t help us. The actual reason might be that yaml requires maps to have unique keys 34 , while json only recommends it 35 . So perhaps most json (i.e. json where objects have unique keys) is a subset of yaml . Some ambiguity remains. See e.g.: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.1 ↩︎ Json treats the value 1e2 a number, of course, because it’s not in quote marks. Yaml fails to parse it as a number so silently falls back to treating it as a string. source: YAML IS NOT A SUPERSET OF JSON ↩︎ The content of a mapping node is an unordered set of key/value node pairs, with the restriction that each of the keys is unique source: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.2 ↩︎ The names within an object SHOULD be unique. source: The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation ( json ) ↩︎ What went wrong? This question is out of scope for this article – here the goal is to prioritize facts over “what if?”. If i had to answer, I’d say that nothing went wrong. When a complex technology with a stable ecosystem introduces a breaking change, sometimes the process can take ages. The main surprise here is how complicated yaml really is. Also, as we’ve seen, with yaml and related tools being free software, anyone could contribute to improving the v1.2 adoption rate – or move to a tool that suits them better, or even create one. What about toml , sexagesimal numbers, schemas, human genes, Ruby, or Perl? These topics are only loosely related to the Norway problem, and this text is already quite long. If you enjoyed reading it, leave positive feedback somewhere and a Part 2 might happen. In the meantime, visit my homepage 36 and check out my other projects – maybe you’ll find something else you’ll enjoy. LAB174 homepage ↩︎ Epilogue Implicit boolean typing has been removed, but explicit boolean typing still remains. If a uniform yaml 1.2 future actually arrives, you can still bring a little bit of nostalgia to your code by writing: title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse platforms : iPhone : !!bool yes iPad : !!bool yes # Note the explicit typing here and above. AppleWatch : !!bool no countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO When parsed with yq , a tool that supports yaml revision 1.2 by default: yq eval -o=json project.yaml It returns: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } < Back to LAB174.com | 2026-01-13T08:48:06 |
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https://dev.to/thormeier/the-mythical-one-fits-all-build-tool-plugin-it-actually-exists-ke2#main-content | The Mythical One-Fits-All Build Tool Plugin 🦄 (It Actually Exists) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Pascal Thormeier Posted on Jan 11 The Mythical One-Fits-All Build Tool Plugin 🦄 (It Actually Exists) # typescript # javascript # webdev # programming Do you know that feeling when you're building a complex web app and you need some functionality that actually exists, but not for the framework you're using? Or, let's say you're building a library that needs to hook into the build process of your project, you'd like to open source it, and you just so happen to use Vite, but some poor soul out there would need this exact library, but for Webpack instead? Or they use Snowpack? Or Brunch? Or... Gulp? Ok, perhaps it's not that bad anymore. The wildest times of the JS world are definitely over. You know, the times when build tools and bundlers and frameworks and component libraries sprouted like mushrooms. A classic XKCD comic about competing standards fits pretty well: You can even read about my own adventures with the niche build tools Brunch and Snowpack]( https://dev.to/thormeier/i-m-going-to-give-snowpack-a-try-now-3ohm ) in some previous articles I wrote. Both of these tools haven’t received a commit in 4 to 5 years now, so support is minimal at best. Nowadays, there are still about half a dozen, give or take a few, build tools/bundlers left that are still highly maintained, broadly used, and that are generally accepted as "standard": Webpack, esbuild, Vite, rspack, Rollup, Rolldown, Bun, and some others based on these. The problem I described initially persists, though: Most of these work in wildly different ways. A Webpack plugin usually doesn't "just work" in Vite and vice versa. And let's not forget esbuild and all the others! Luckily, there's movement. Not only are people using things resembling "standard tools" by now, but ever more of these are emerging. Introducing the UnJS ecosystem One particular group is building off-the-shelf, framework-agnostic packages that work on their own with few to no dependencies: UnJS . (The UnJS website) If you’ve built anything with Nuxt, Vue, Vite or thelike, you’ve likely already used some of their tools without even realising. There are some instant classics like: h3 - a portable and lightweight http server) citty - a CLI builder changelogen - a tool for generating changelogs ofetch - a highly portable fetch replacement nitro - the very thing that powers most of Nuxt's server-side capabilities These tools are everywhere . Staying with Nuxt here for a second, it sometimes feels like Nuxt is simply Vue plus a bunch of UnJS packages and some glue code. Excellent work by these people, if you ask me. These libraries work agnostic of your build tool/bundler, but they don't directly integrate with them. That's where the, at least in my humble opinion, magnum opus of the UnJS team comes in: unplugins . I know what a plugin is - but what's an unplugin? Great question! I could imagine that the UnJS people had a look at some popular build tools and thought, "Most, if not all, of them use some hook system for plugins. Often, these hooks are named similarly. Why not unify them into a single plugin system?" And that's precisely what unplugin is: A unified system to hook into build tools. Authors of any unplugin only need to define the actual business logic (i.e., what does the plugin actually do ), and the unplugin system takes over the rest. It essentially defines a plugin for each supported build system, all of which contain the same logic the author has implemented. Let's compare the "legagcy plugin architecture" to the unplugin approach: Without unplugin With unplugin One codebase per plugin One logic factory Tool-specific APIs, lots of reading up on them Unified hooks, all behaving the same way Higher maintenance Lower maintenance An example using a starter template So, let's say we want to create a small plugin that replaces one word with another in the user's main.ts file. To get started, it's advised to use a template. Luckily, the folks over at UnJS have created a starter template for us that we can use by executing these commands: npx degit unplugin/unplugin-starter my-unplugin cd my-unplugin npm i Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This will clone the starter repository into a folder called my-unplugin . It creates everything we need for a working unplugin. And lo and behold, it even includes our basic unplugin already! When we open src/index.ts , we see the following code: import type { UnpluginFactory } from ' unplugin ' import type { Options } from ' ./types ' import { createUnplugin } from ' unplugin ' export const unpluginFactory : UnpluginFactory < Options | undefined > = options => ({ name : ' unplugin-starter ' , transformInclude ( id ) { return id . endsWith ( ' main.ts ' ) }, transform ( code ) { return code . replace ( ' __UNPLUGIN__ ' , `Hello Unplugin! ${ options } ` ) }, }) export const unplugin = /* #__PURE__ */ createUnplugin ( unpluginFactory ) export default unplugin Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Now, there's a ton to unpack here. Unplugins are written by creating a factory function that takes a bunch of options. The function returns the unplugin's definition. Using some generic hooks (in this case, transformInclude and transform , we can do all sorts of things. In these hooks, we specify what will be executed when the user's build tool runs them. transformInclude checks if a given file name (that's what id is) should be transformed in the first place. If true, the transform function then receives the contents of that file and returns a transformed version. In our case, we replace __UNPLUGIN__ with Hello Unplugin! . So if the user's project's main.ts would look like this: console . log ( ' __UNPLUGIN__ ' ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The built main.js would look like this: console . log ( ' Hello Unplugin! ' ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode And how does it now create the build tool specific stuff? Again, great question! We notice a bunch of other files in the src/ directory. They're named after the build tool they're for, for example, vite.ts , astro.ts , webpack.ts and so on. Let's have a look at vite.ts : import { createVitePlugin } from ' unplugin ' import { unpluginFactory } from ' . ' export default createVitePlugin ( unpluginFactory ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Is it really that simple? Let's look at webpack.ts : import { createWebpackPlugin } from ' unplugin ' import { unpluginFactory } from ' . ' export default createWebpackPlugin ( unpluginFactory ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Yup, seems like! What the unplugin library does here is take the factory and create a plugin from it, with specialised functions. Ideally, we don’t even need to touch these files, ever. Sounds good - but what can we actually do with this? Well, the possibilities are endless . Here's a list of all supported hooks: Hook Rollup Vite webpack esbuild Rspack Farm Rolldown Bun enforce ❌ ✅ ✅ ❌ ✅ ✅ ✅ ❌ buildStart ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ resolveId ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ loadInclude ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ load ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ transformInclude ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ transform ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ watchChange ✅ ✅ ✅ ❌ ✅ ✅ ✅ ❌ buildEnd ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ❌ writeBundle ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ❌ (Source: official unplugin guide) I want to especially point out three of these hooks: resolveId - This one's used for resolving file names, i.e. path rewriting, directory aliasing and similar load - Change how specific files (determined via loadInclude ) are loaded. You could potentially even fetch things from a CDN here transform - Change code directly as a string. Replace, add, remove, compile, whatever you can think of As you can see, though, not all build tools support all hooks. But that's ok. You usually can find a way to circumvent this or create logic specific to these build tools. I strongly recommend reading the official guide for this. Here's some ideas from the top of my head: A plugin that offers compiler macros like CURRENT_YEAR that get replaced at build time Count all unique padding s and margin s in the code base to give the user an overview Automagic Brainf**k support! How would a project now use this unplugin Like any other plugin, mostly. In Vite, for example, a user could do this: import { defineConfig } from ' vite ' import MyUnplugin from ' @my-company/my-unplugin/vite ' export default defineConfig ({ plugins : [ MyUnplugin (), ], }) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Sounds good - are there any real life use cases? Indeed, there are! The most popular is unplugin-icons , which lets us install almost any icon in any project by installing, configuring, and using it. Another real-life example is what we’ve built during my time at Liip for the Swiss canton of Basel-Stadt: a design system with an installable plugin that lets other agencies create websites that automatically align with the canton's CI/CD. It does that by providing Tailwind, installing all necessary PostCSS plugins and delivering a ton of prebuilt utilities and CSS components. You can read up on it on Liip's blog ! Sooo, should everyone be writing unplugins now? As we German-speaking people say: "Jein" (yes-and-no). My recommendation, based on experience, is that it's sensible for things expected to be used by many different projects, as it gives you the maximum amount of freedom with little to no downsides, aside from being forced to write agnostic code. Generally, the business logic could even live in its own package. Why not build a library that exports the functionality and use that as a dependency for an unplugin? That way, the library itself is encapsulated, testable and could be used for other purposes and in different contexts, too, even without the need for a build tool. If you're writing a Vite package for your own project that you're never going to open-source or that doesn't make any sense at all when used without Vite, though, an unplugin seems like overkill or even a hindrance at times. Nevertheless, what the people at UnJS built here is a fantastic piece of technology! The logical next step is to standardise build tool interfaces, much like Vite and most UnJS packages already do. Which package do you think would be worth building an unplugin for? I hope you enjoyed reading this article as much as I enjoyed writing it! If so, leave a ❤️ ! I write tech articles in my free time and like to drink coffee every once in a while. If you want to support my efforts, you can offer me a coffee ☕ ! You can also support me directly via Paypal ! Or follow me on Bluesky 🦋 ! Top comments (3) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Seb Hoek Seb Hoek Seb Hoek Follow Software developer 25+y. I spent time in very small and very large organizations. I learn, build, occasionally teach and, this is new, write. Location Zürich, Switzerland Education If you ask nicely I can share my LinkedIn Work Freelancer, founder, dreamer Joined Jan 7, 2026 • Jan 12 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks for taking the time and writing it down in so much detail. It is refreshing to see that some still take the time to think through a post and write it manually instead of posting one AI generated text per day they didn't even read themselves. This has real value! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Passionate full stack developer, course author for Educative, book author for Packt. Find my work and get to know me on my Linktree: https://linktr.ee/thormeier Location Switzerland Education BSc FHNW Computer Science (iCompetence) Pronouns he/him Work Software Developer GIS at Canton of Zurich Joined Jul 20, 2020 • Jan 12 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You're very welcome! I do enjoy writing very much, and I do think of it as a form of art, even technical writing! The developer community has always been built upon the principles of sharing things openly and helping each other. Otherwise, the Open Source thought wouldn't have been so successful. I'm trying to keep the legacy alive and give back to the community that has essentially allowed me and so many others to build entire careers. You're very right to point out the flood of AI-generated stuff that has been hitting most platforms in the last few years. My guess is that they're pursuing a different goal: maximum engagement, either to sell stuff or to be seen. They don't want to share their knowledge for the sake of it - they want clicks. And if AI-generated texts can achieve maximum engagement and don't even "need" editing anymore (most of them do, though), that's a huge ROI. However, I’m not entirely innocent myself... AI has played a role in some of my posts, but mainly an assistive one. I use Grammarly to correct spelling and other errors, and I’ve used ChatGPT in the past to flag flaws in my explanations and suggest where I could add more detail. But: I do all the research myself, all images are hand-crafted, I come up with the topics on my own, and I share my own knowledge and my take on it. And I write the text with my own fingers on my own keyboard! :) Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Seb Hoek Seb Hoek Seb Hoek Follow Software developer 25+y. I spent time in very small and very large organizations. I learn, build, occasionally teach and, this is new, write. Location Zürich, Switzerland Education If you ask nicely I can share my LinkedIn Work Freelancer, founder, dreamer Joined Jan 7, 2026 • Jan 12 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks for your reply. AI certainly helps to write better texts, and there is nothing wrong with it. I guess I was just slightly annoyed by all the posts lately with no substance, and I was quite happy to find your posts. Keep them coming :) Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Pascal Thormeier Follow Passionate full stack developer, course author for Educative, book author for Packt. Find my work and get to know me on my Linktree: https://linktr.ee/thormeier Location Switzerland Education BSc FHNW Computer Science (iCompetence) Pronouns he/him Work Software Developer GIS at Canton of Zurich Joined Jul 20, 2020 More from Pascal Thormeier Old School Tech: How to Animate The Classic DVD Logo Bouncing 📀📐 # webdev # showdev # javascript # programming Beating annoying minigames with Java☕ - Or: How to create a smart auto-clicker 🤖🎮 # java # programming # automation # showdev Coding with crustaceans?🦐 - CodeLobster IDE🦞 review # webdev # programming # review # tooling 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://share.transistor.fm/s/c6ad2ee1#copya | APIs You Won't Hate | Jazzed about API client library codegen, with Danny Sheridan from Fern APIs You Won't Hate 40 ? 30 : 10)" @keyup.document.left="seekBySeconds(-10)" @keyup.document.m="toggleMute" @keyup.document.s="toggleSpeed" @play="play(false, true)" @loadedmetadata="handleLoadedMetadata" @pause="pause(true)" preload="none" @timejump.window="seekToSeconds($event.detail.timestamp); shareTimeFormatted = formatTime($event.detail.timestamp)" > Trailer Bonus 10 40 ? 30 : 10)" class="seek-seconds-button" > 40 ? 30 : 10"> Subscribe Share More Info Download More episodes Subscribe newValue ? setTimeout(() => copied = false, 2500) : null)" @click="copied = copyFeedUrl()" class="form-input-group" > Copied to clipboard Apple Podcasts Spotify Pocket Casts Overcast Castro YouTube Goodpods Goodpods Metacast Amazon Music Pandora CastBox Anghami Anghami Fountain JioSaavn Gaana iHeartRadio TuneIn TuneIn Player FM SoundCloud SoundCloud Deezer Podcast Addict Share newValue ? setTimeout(() => copied = false, 2500) : null)" @click="copied = copyShareUrl()" class="form-input-group" > Share Copied to clipboard newValue ? setTimeout(() => copied = false, 2500) : null)" @click="copied = copyEmbedHtml()" class="form-input-group" > Embed Copied to clipboard Start at Trailer Bonus Full Transcript View the website updateDescriptionLinks($el))" class="episode-description" > Chapters March 22, 2023 by APIs You Won't Hate View the website Listen On Apple Podcasts Listen On Spotify Listen On YouTube RSS Feed Subscribe RSS Feed RSS Feed URL Copied! Follow Episode Details / Transcript Fern - Build APIs Twice as fast - https://buildwithfern.com/ Fern on GitHub - https://github.com/fern-api/fern Fern's Profile with YCombinator - https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/fern Danny Sheridan - CEO and cofounder of Fern danny@buildwithfern.com buf.build - protobuf codegen utility - https://buf.build/ Creators and Guests Host Mike Bifulco Cofounder and host of APIs You Won't Hate. Blogs at https://mikebifulco.com Into 🚴♀️, espresso ☕, looking after 🌍. ex @Stripe @Google @Microsoft Guest Danny Sheridan CEO and co-founder of Fern What is APIs You Won't Hate? A no-nonsense (well, some-nonsense) podcast about API design & development, new features in the world of HTTP, service-orientated architecture, microservices, and probably bikes. Mike: Hello everyone and welcome back to APIs you won't hate. My name is Mike Fulco. Your APIs you won't hate guide on this mystery tour we're on. Today I have the distinct pleasure of sitting down and chatting with Danny Sheridan from Fern. Danny, it's nice to meet you. How are you doing today? Danny: I am jazzed Mike. I find myself about halfway through the Y Combinator Winter 2023 program, and I'm just full of energy right now, so I'm looking forward to the conversation ahead. Mike: Spot on. Yeah, that's great. You, you are in the winter of your full on contentment from the sounds of it, so that's super dope. I'm really interested in talking to you and hearing about what you're building at Fern. I am a fellow startup co-founder, and I have limitless questions for you about the startup world and especially why Combinator. But let's start here. Tell me a little bit about yourself. Tell me your working history before Fern. How you got to the fern part of life and any of the other interesting details that, that might have come along the way. Danny: Fantastic. So my name is Danny Sheridan. I am the co-founder and CEO of Fern. and my background started at the University of Michigan. Got to study undergraduate degree focused on business and technology and actually started a business during my university days selling products on Amazon. Got to grow that business and. Actually led me to be recruited by the Amazon Marketplace team. And so went over to work for them as a product manager. I really didn't know what that title meant when they said, great, how about you come in here and do product management? And over my couple of years working at the Amazon business, I moved over to a w s and that's where I spent most of my time. And in aws I got the privilege of seeing how software's built specifically. can build APIs at scale, lots of services operating, and a very consistent developer experience consuming those APIs. So that was pretty formative for me in my understanding about the API ecosystem. Mike: Yeah, I can imagine. And it's not your first defense building a business either. So I think you've probably had you know, a, a typical founder story, but maybe an atypical sort of dev story and builder's story. So working at AW, Obviously a giant company, mega corporation. Amazon might be the biggest company in the world, maybe. And now you are running a very small company. Comparatively I'm, I'm sure, unless there's a few hundred thousand people hiding out in the wings that I don't know about. So tell me about Fern. How did you get started with Fern? Danny: I'll start with talking about my team. Which is to me the most important part of Fern and one of my co-founders. I had the privilege of meeting during my first business that I ran. So we met at the University of Michigan while running this business. I brought him in as the computer scientist to help us move off of Google Sheets and get to a real relational database. And so it's always nice for folks that are thinking about how they find a co-founding team. To rely on someone you've already worked with and trust. That's definitely a trend that I've seen amongst the co-founding teams at Y Combinator in the current program, there are over 250 teams in this batch, and a very popular pattern is. Previous coworker relationships so that you've both seen them in a professional setting, probably in a social setting to some degree. And there are a few teams that are kind of going in blind with our co-founder. So that was really important to me. We had a chance to work together for years. And then I went to AWS and my co-founder deep went over to Palantir and worked on some US government focused projects there, building APIs and integrating data. And then after a couple years in the bigger corporate environments, we agreed that it was time to go work together again, starting something anew. And as he was telling his team goodbye at Palantir, one of his teammates pulled him aside and said, Hey, I really have enjoyed working together. Would you be open to a third co-founder on your team? Mike: Wow, that's really interesting. Tell me more about Danny: Mike, how Mike, how do you vet a third co-founder that you don't know? To me, that's a lot of risk from, from my seat. It's like, Hey, we both have a good mutual connection friend that we've had the opportunity to work with. They worked together for the last 12 months at Palantir before they decided to leave to co-found Fern with me. But there's a lot of risk there. I mean, not John just dilution, but like an early stage of a startup. The biggest risk is team and team cohesion. Mike: yeah, Danny: so Mike, we, we were trying to figure out how do we. De-risk this for ourselves. And our answer was, let's go to Montana. Mike: of Danny: of us are from Mon Montana , right? Of course none of us are from Montana. It was very neutral territory. And we said, let's go get a house in the woods for a week and share a bathroom and cook together and talk about the culture we wanna build. And we didn't even have the business idea. And that was a very effective approach for us. And at the end of the week, we said, great, we're all equal partners. Let's go start a business. Mike: Sure. Yeah. Almost like a, a co-founder peyote quest, you know, off into the, the desert and see what, what visions come to you. That's really interesting. So you spent a week together kind of getting to know each other and from the sounds of it, it probably worked out. Sounds like you jived pretty well with one another. Danny: We were intentional about speaking a lot about the company we intended to build. How big of a company do you wanna build? What type of people do you wanna work at that company and what do you want the culture to be? Of the people that describe it to their family and friends over Thanksgiving, that's kinda the framing we had. And so we were very intentional of working backwards from the company we wanted to build. And then now there, right now there are three of us who work at Fern, but we anticipate that growing later this year. Mike: Yeah. Wow, that's very interesting. I so I'm a startup founder myself, a repeat offender. I'm, I'm building my third company right now. And definitely all of the people who I've worked with building companies are people who I've known beforehand to a large extent, right. Some of the early employees and companies I've worked with and some of. Third ish co-founder sort of first seats have been people who I didn't know as well. And the chemistry thing is a big part of the picture there. And you know, I think for a lot of the folks who listen to this show building products with a team is definitely something that you can imagine. But if you haven't gotten into the shoes of starting a company from scratch, it's hard to imagine what it's like building a culture from scratch. Like starting with the culture, starting with the dream, starting with the journey, and creating something that you have a shared vision for, that you can then all, you know, drive in the right direction. With that being Danny: Mike. Mike: yeah, Danny: one of the things that's on my mind is actually about complimentary skills. Is that something that you spend time thinking about when picking your most recent team at K Craftwork? Mike: Yeah. Complimentary skills complimentary personality types is really interesting too. I'm, I am really interested in working with people who can challenge me and also have a, a breadth of background and experiences and for example, like deal with conflict differently than I do, right? In a way that is healthy, you know someone who can work through a problem openly and, and honestly is going to be much more useful for a startup team than it would be someone who you know, burs emotion, things like that or doesn't communicate. Skillset is, is massive, right? Like I'm, I'm really interested in hearing the way you've structured your founding team, but having a technical founder and someone who might be more business minded or more sales minded kind of depends on the sort of business you're building. But you need to complete the, the beginning parts of that puzzle to be able to, to start assembling a business. Certainly Danny: Mike, first time founders focus on product, repeat founders focus on distribution. And that's one of the things that we've done right at the beginning of Fern, is that I spend my entire time focusing on distribution and customer success. And it allows my co-founder, Zach and Deep to spend their time building great product. And that's been very effective for us. Mike: All right, so what's the product then? Gimme the pitch for Fern. Danny: I'd love to. So Fern helps engineering teams build APIs twice as. My team has spent a lot of time doing repetitive tedious tasks. When writing APIs specifically, we would write the types and the networking on the backend, and then we would do it again in type script on the front end. We'd do it again when writing our client libraries and a fourth time when updating our documentation and Postman collection writing code. The same code repeatedly and keeping it all in sync is time consuming, it's error prone, and it's just not fun engineering work that engineering teams want to do. So firm lets engineering teams build APIs twice as fast. You start by defining your API or importing your open API spec if you're a user of it. And then Fern generates server code, SDKs documentation, and a postman. Mike: Okay. Now you're speaking our language. Open API is something that, as you might imagine, comes up an awful lot when we're, we're talking about building APIs. So it sounds like then your target end users or the, maybe the companies, the people who are, will become users of Fern are ones who need to build APIs that are largely consumed by third parties. Is that right? Danny: That's what we thought initially, and one of the learnings for us is how many folks are coming to us saying actually we want paved roads or standards for how we build APIs internally. So some of the server frameworks that we have built integration with are, I'll just name some of the popular ones. Types, types, type script express, python, fast, api, Java, spring. We've had folks that say, I actually want to be Schema first in my API development process. But it's hard and they've found that Open API is not right for them because of the quality of the code generators, which we can get into some of the challenges with the open API generators project. But what they come to us is, is saying is that I would like idiomatic. Cogen, Mike: Yeah. Danny: I definitely want some clients and actually. The first client library that they want tends to be a TypeScript SDK that they can use for building their front end. So it's actually they want an internal TypeScript SDK as the very first step that we see most of our customers take. Mike: Sure. Yeah, that makes a lot of sense. I think the discourse over the past couple years has really shifted too from let's build an API that works and figure out how the standards work and make sure we're, you know, putting up the right H C T P verb and right to the right endpoint and designing these things at. Follow sort of like the, the standards that we're used to from rest and open API and people are suddenly upleveling that discussion and it's more about how do we provide type safety ferment and how do I make sure it's secure ferment and how can I idiomatic is a great term. How can I deploy this in a few languages so that the Java developers feel like they're writing Java code and not like interfacing with a completely foreign bit of tooling. Yeah, I think that's really interesting. And I think that Design First APIs is something that people are really like starting to embrace lately too. The cogen tooling maybe leaves a bit to be desired, but I, I've seen quite a bit of people talking about using open API tools like postman and Stoplight and all those to build out what their API looks like before they write a line of code. And that is wholly different from where we were, I don't know, 10 years ago, maybe even less than that. Danny: The, the place where I would say I'm not sure that, that makes sense. Like the, the gap in that story for me is that postman is not schema aware. And so it's really not the first place to go to define the api. I get that. It makes examples and a collection is nice to have. But that's kind of gap in my mind of that's not why I would not use it as a API definition Mike: Yeah. Danny: to then build off of. And then stoplight is not as collaborative. There's, there's no like, concept of branching or suggesting a change. And so we run into companies that. Basically to generate an open API spec. So it's kinda like a front end UI to get them to open api and then they use that to feed into, I'm thinking of one company that fed that into the Rust server code generator. And that was their workflow and they're kind of just duct taping and using some bailing wire to get these tools together. And I look forward to a much more all-in-one experience, which I think is going to be the future of a API development as we look down. Mike: Yeah, I think the developer experience is starting to level up, right? It's the, the collaboration experience is much easier. And designing something that you can have confidence in is, is becoming something that doesn't require, 25 years of, of experience building things to do. I also think along with type safety, one of the things that comes up quite a bit for, I'd imagine internal teams, those who are using Fern, who their first project might be that type script thing to build their own site. Probably talking about mobile apps too, right? They, they also need to consume their API to build a mobile app, and that's kind of a different story than the web because caching is different and API keys are different and things like that. When you're downloading, you know, something that executes on a local device too. Danny: And that reminds me, Mike, of there are thin wrappers around an API for SDKs, and then there are smart SDKs. And I'll give one example of just talking to the team at Post Ho, who's a product an an open source self hostable product analytics solution. They have a very smart sdk and so while co-generation can get them maybe 10, 20% of the way, they have a lot of work to do when still building out their SDKs. And so I'm excited to see how much of that smart logic over time can be code genned today. It's about. Mike: I think the expectations there are getting higher too. As an API consumer, oftentimes I feel like people are getting used to seeing documentation that has. Generated examples right in your documentation Stripe maybe set the standard there for, for putting API keys in your docs that are functional for the user that's consuming it. So this is where I put in my disclaimer that I worked for Stripe in the past, but I'm no longer affiliated with that squad. But if you have a Stripe account and you go to Stripes you'll get code samples that you can copy and paste into your environment and they'll run because it uses your, your test keys, your api. Which is super cool and an expectation that's starting to level itself across the industry too, right? Danny: And Mike, we've asked companies who, who say that they intend to do that, how they plan to do it, and you know what their answer is. Mike: What's that? Danny: They say that the way that they're going to get copy and pastable code examples for every endpoint. Use the SDK is to hand write it and put it in markdown on their docs. That's the answer today. And that sucks. That will not be the world in five years from now. Mike: Yeah, Danny: exciting place where you really need someone to own the code generation of the SDKs and the docs experience, if you want that to be easy and seamless. And so I'll give two examples to you, Mike, of companies that have decided to own that experience. Mike: sure. Danny: One of them was my former employer at aw. And they did it by building a tool called Smithy that was initially an internal tool. It's a domain specific language for defining APIs. You would define your schema and then you'd click generate, and one of the things you'd get is docs. And because they would generate SDKs and docs, they would be able to put SDKs snippets. In the docs and they built all that themselves. They then open sourced it. But if you look at the community, it's, it's not very existent because there are a lot of like heavy dependencies on AWS packages and libraries that are not the things that I'd want my customers consuming if I was giving them an sdk. So that's one. AW Ws. They did this and they built it internally by funding a dev team. Not everyone can near, not every business can do that. Mike: Yeah. Danny: company is very near and dear to your past, which is, Stripe calls their internal tooling sorbet. And sorbet is a Ruby domain specific language, which allows you to define an API schema first. And this is how Stripe builds their APIs. They don't start with writing code on the backend. They start with their schema and then they go and generate. And one of the things they're able to do because they own their SDK generation and they own their docs generation, is they put example snippet. For each endpoint in their docs that are copy and pastable. And it's very clear to me that we are going to take inspiration for that at Fern with what we build over the next 12 months. Mike: Yeah. Well, you've, you've definitely done your homework if that's the case. And so, so let me spit it back at you then. It sounds like from what you're describing, at least some of the value proposition as a team that needs to build APIs of kind of any description, whether it's internal or external, is something that helps you define the shape of your API and the sort of requirements of the API itself co-generation from there to get you client libraries. Well actually I don't think we've talked about languages, but some amount of languages that you can, you can work through. And then theoretically the great documentation that should follow from that, that is human understandable and useful and has code snippets and things like that, that are useful as well. Is, is that a fair description of kind of what you're after with Fern? Danny: And we'll, we'll leave you with the Postman collection as well. Cause a lot of teams enjoy the postman being a destination of their api. That's exactly what we're after. We're going to enable engineering teams to design schema first, and we're gonna do the undifferentiated heavy lifting associated with con libraries and talks. Mike: Yeah. Okay. So that leaves me with the question of, I could imagine many engineering teams that are existent in the world today probably have some sort of api that exists right now. Right? So is there a process for adopting Fern as a tool to use or I don't know, backing into schema that that Fern can consume and then generate from? Danny: Yeah, so we, we have invented our own specification, and I think of the XKCD about another standard. You know, all the standards don't work. Let's invent another. We very much acknowledge that we're introducing another standard into the world, and so to ease that transit. You are able to bring in an open API spec and you can either import that and then continue building it out in Fern, or we actually have a mode where you can just use open API into Fern. And behind the scenes we turn it into this specification that we call the Fern definition, which is a yammel specification that is simpler to write than what I'll call verbose open api. and happy to talk more about that if you're interested in Mike. Mike: Yeah, sure, sure. I that, that's a bold undertaking. I know the scope of an API definition can be quite a bit to begin with, but then all the other things that Open API can, you know do and provide for co-generation, all those other things, there's a lot of surface area to cover there. Apart from my own disdain for Yammel which we can get into on another podcast. I, I suppose yeah, I think that's really interesting. I'm I'm curious maybe. So let's take a step back actually. So how long has Fern been in the world? How long has it been available to use? Danny: We've been working on Fern for 11 months now, and we are now in production with 10 customers. Mike: Cool. Right on. Oh, that's really exciting. So what is your, well, so 10 customers is a decent size sample set. Have you seen a pattern in the size of those companies or maybe the appetite for certain types of companies or engineering teams or whatever to jump into adopting a new standard or a new process? Danny: Yeah, I think it'd be best to speak about one company specifically, and so I'll pick one of our customers to talk about, which is the team at Flat File. They do CSV importing is their business. Mike: Oh yeah. Okay. Danny: are you familiar with them, Mike? Mike: I am. Yeah. Danny: All right. They've gotten the API to use the flat file product. And they came to us because they tried using the open API generators and what they found was that some of the code didn't compile after they would use the generator, and they weren't happy with the idiomatic nature of the code. Like it was very clear that all of the languages were not of equal quality. And so they came to us and said, Hey, I heard that you guys can produce production-ready SDKs. We wanna see it. And so we took their open API spec, brought it into Fern, and then were able to generate SDKs and we guarantee that the SDK will compile some of, some of my gripes with the Open API generators is like when they don't compile after generating. And so it requires me to start playing around with mustache. So with Fern, there's none of that. We are open source. You can see our code generators and we even take contributions from the community. But this flat file company, they were able to, now they just launched their node JS sdk. We'll be working on a Python and a Java. Mike, before you mentioned, what languages do you support Danny? And the answers that we've started with the, the big three languages, which are type script, which also is JavaScript, Python, and Java. And then beyond that, if, if some of our customers want other languages, what we'll do is we will use the Open API generators and we will manage those on customer's behalf. And Fern takes care of publishing to GitHub so you can have your source code in its own repo, and we take care of publishing to the appropriate registry like N P M Maven or Pi P. Mike: Yeah. Okay. Oh, that's really interesting. I mean, the, the three languages that you've chosen, I think make a lot of sense to cover, you know, the 80 20 problem of what the industry's up to right now. And other ones to come, I think are pretty easy to imagine. Putting on my, like head of engineering hat if I'm trusting someone else to generate the APIs. For, or there's the client libraries for my api. One of the things that I'm going to be really keen, keenly aware of is the state of testing. So how, how am I certain that the APIs that are being generated, compiled, but then also work what does that look like? Danny: Yeah, so we, we make sure to test our code generators. That's the point that we view, that's important for us to quality control and because of the testing that we do on our code generators. We can give you certainty that your code will compile after the SDK is generated. So we have, we've had no customers that have had an issue with having to test out their sdk. Some do choose to write test themselves but we have not run into a single issue to date. Mike: Sure. Okay. So let's say I'm sitting here listening to the, the podcast and it sounds like Fern might be something that I'm interested in using. What's onboarding look like right now? Danny: Yeah, right now the best way to get in touch is to go to our website and schedule a call. We have focused on going deep with our customers instead of focusing on self-service. Most of our customers are engineering teams who actually wanna understand how does this impact my work? And kind of how can I minimally impact my workflow? Mike, earlier you asked the question of what if I already have an API or multiple APIs, and the answer is that you can bring your open API spec that you have and then use Fern for your end plus one endpoint so you can use it for the next endpoint and have kind of, it reminds me of the transition from JavaScript to TypeScript that companies went through where you keep all your JavaScript code, you just build TypeScript over time, and eventually it becomes the way that you do. Mike: right? Yeah. Incremental adoption is, is an interesting feature there. That's really cool. Okay. Yeah. Wow. So you support the, the big three languages. You can, we can kind of get into incremental adoption. What are the hard problems that you're facing right now? Like, what are the things that are, that you're thinking of that are keeping you up at night? Danny: One of the things that keeps me upward up at night is backwards compatibility. A lot of our customers want to ensure that their APIs are back compat. And that is going to take engineering and a little bit of r and d on our end to make sure that we can support that in a very first class way. So that's one of the things that I've, I, I kind of wake up thinking through how do we ensure that? Don't allow a developer to break their API accidentally. Mike: right? I see. Yeah. And so by that you, you literally mean let's say I have version 1.0 of my API out in the wild and my TypeScript API that I built myself in-house using whatever, you know, open API spec and tools and teams and engineering that I wanted I guess is what you're saying there that uh, if tomorrow I adopted Fern and Fern is generating version 1.0 0.1 of my api, and you, you wanna make sure that that's backwards compatible, is that. Danny: It is actually a, a good way to speak about this might actually be to go to talk to Stripe . So what Stripe does is every time that they release a new version of their api, they do not break their previous consumers. And so I have a friend who's been using Stripe for six years now and they have not updated their. Code to submit basically a payment to call the Stripe APIs. And that's amazing to me that someone can do that. And the way that Stripe does it is that they have their V1 of the API actually call the V2 of the api. Behind the scenes they have like a translator that they've written and then that V2 of the API actually sends the request to the server, gets a response, and then they translate it back to the v1. And they've done that for multiple versions over. And they built automation to build those translators between their versions. And I think that, I believe that they're called gates. That technology is going to be very exciting if we can democratize it and give that to everyone in the world. Right now it just exists in a, the very small walled gardens of the big tech companies. Mike: Yeah. Got it. completely understand that. And having experienced it from the inside of Stripe, it's, it's pretty incredible to see. I, I also have built companies on Stripes, APIs in the past, which is like, as a consumer, not having to worry about that. Super, super helpful and like that's the kind of thing that, that afford. Sleep and you know, not no hair pulling when you're especially working with, dealing with taking people's money Danny: Mike. Mike, this reminds me of a quote from William Gibson that the future is already here. It's just not evenly distributed, and I think you got to experience that at Stripe. I got to experience that at aws, and if furnace successful, we will democratize some of the innovations that occurred within and were invented within those organizations. Mike: Sure. Yeah. I appreciate the open source angle that you're taking too with your code generators. So what's, what is I guess what's the strategy there? Like how are you engaging the community in, in helping to build open source tooling? Is there a an adoption curve that comes along with that as an organization? What does that look like? Danny: A absolutely. We've been able to create a pricing model where we have a free open source tier, and then a paid professional plant tier, and I'll speak about those for a second. In the free open source, you can use all of our code generators and. We output the files that are generated and compiled. So for example, if you have a type script sdk or you have FAST API code that comes to your local file system, but you can use all of firm's generators in the paid version, we will publish the generated code for you. So typically we see GitHub and the registries like npm, Maven, pi, PI as the destinations. We also see Postman as a common destination, and then you get support from our. And so we've seen that be a successful way to, there's kind of a bimodal distribution with folks that wanna try it and kind of hack around with it. And the common pattern that we've seen is that developers actually build before they buy. They wanna bring able to bring it to their team and show it to them how it works before even getting into contracting and procurement. And so we are very And have that context around anyone that wants to come to you as use us. It's like you should be able to try this before you're convinced you should be spending money with us. Mike: Yeah, that's a common pattern. For, for large companies especially. It's sort of build me a proof of concept. Show me why we would do this. Give us the value prop in a, you know, micro atomic level. Show it to the team, shop it around to, you know, whoever needs to sign the dotted line to, to adopt new tools. And that can be a really effective way for people to both prove to themselves that they need it, but then to prove to their organization that it's something that provides value too. Danny: And we don't have to reinvent the wheel here, Mike. We have seen examples of Code Gen four APIs, and so I'll walk through a couple of 'em. We've had the privilege of seeing Apollo with GraphQL build a business around code gen. Then in a more recent company that's been built is buff around protocol buffers, and that's buff.build. And they have been able to build a business around cogen in the G R P C and Protocol Buffers world. Mike: Yeah. Danny: aspiration is that rest APIs are much more than 90% of all APIs that have been built today. And so we aspire to be Fern the Cogen company for rest APIs. Mike: Sure. Yeah. Wow. That's a massive undertaking. And definitely a lot of mountain to lift there. It seems to me that one, one of the, the advantages of using open source under underlying tooling to build co-generation for your APIs is particularly being able to have community adoption and sort of approval from a robust set of people testing out your tools and using it. And I feel like that's also maybe one of the values that Open api, the, the specification provides as well. So is that something that you're thinking about, maybe contributing back to open API itself or trying to influence the tooling or the structure or the organization or the people, whatever parts of that might make sense for you? Danny: At this point, I am really laser focused on serving our customers. And deploying Fern successfully with them. And so that takes up all of my time right now. I am not spending time focused on the open api either the technical steering community or some of those meetings. I'm spending all of my time with our customers. Mike: Yeah. Cool. Right on. So what's, what's next? What are the things that you're working on delivering right now? Danny: Yeah, I'll give you one of the problem statements that a customer came to us with that is just fun for anyone who likes to think about API challenges. This company is building in the microservices architecture world. And they've got a microservice, that's Python Fast api. They've got another one that's TypeScript Express and they have another one and go. So they have three microservices. Each is a different engineering team within their organization, but they want one SDK for each of their major languages that they support, and they want one Postman collection and they want one API docs experience. So they came to us and said, Hey Danny, how do we take a bunch of different backends and abstract that. our API consumers. And so that's just a fun challenge. And the right answer there is build schema first. And so we actually got access to their GitHub repo, went in and wrote them up a firm definition so that they could be using our specification, and then we're able to generate a single kind of developer experience to be the interface into multiple microservices. And so the, the consumers of their API don't even know that that's their architecture internally. And I think that's exactly the way it should. Mike: Sure. It's almost like a unifying agent at that point. Danny: That's exactly right. Companies shouldn't be building this internally. I talked to another prospect recently who they built that unifying technology internally and they said, it's not that great. It's got some bugs. We kind of get an open API spec that's not great, but we try to unify into that format. And I am very excited to offer that to more organizations in the coming year of if you have a microservices architecture fern can work really well for being that un. Mike: Yeah. There's a lot of complexity that will come along with microservices, and I think people get to that level of complexity despite the promise of microservices being like, oh, you really just need to worry about your, your little. You know segment of the world, your sliver of the code, it's a microservice. You can make a billion of 'em and they all work together. But then suddenly you, you find yourself, you know, sitting in a room with red yarn tied from place to place to place and not really understanding the larger picture there. Having a a zoomed out view of that, and especially something that can sort of orchestrate that across the organization, even across teams, like you mentioned. That's super. Yeah. So if, if devs are interested in working with Fern what, what's the best way to get started today? Danny: The best way to get started is to head to our website, build with fern.com. Mike: Cool. Danny: Check it out, read the docs. There's a getting started. But I'm happy to help as well. So my email is Danny build with verne.com and you can send me a link to your existing docs or attach your open API spec. Our most successful customers have actually gotten that white glove onboarding. And as much as I love the idea of self-service adoption and bottoms up we've experienced that these engineering organizations want someone to come in and really deeply understand their workflow before they. Editing that to try to enhance and make things easier. Cuz a lot of times you run into more trouble than it's worth. And so we take a very hands-on approach in showing kind of the before and after of using Fern. Mike: Yeah, especially when bringing something new into the world, I think it's helpful to go through that experience yourself too, right? Probably as a founder, you're validating the onboarding experience and seeing the things that you can be doing better and feeling some of their pain is, is likely a valuable thing for you too. Danny: Very much Mike, it very much aligns with some of the Why Combinator advice that I've gotten from their, they call them group partners, which are like the advisors that each company gets, and they have been very clear that there are two ways that we should be spending our time these days. One, talking to customers and two coding. Mike: Sure. Danny: And if you're not doing either of those two, like reevaluate how you're spending your time. And so that's really stuck with me. I'll count this time right now as talking to customers. Mike: Yeah, I think that's fair. I think that's totally fair. What if our listeners want to check out your open source stuff? What's your uh, GitHub organization called? Danny: Our GitHub organization is Fern api and our repo is called Fern. Mike: Got it. Okay. I should say as well that I will of course include links to a lot of this stuff in the show notes. Yeah. So we'll, we'll have notes for that, for folks to check out. Yeah, from there, I guess so I don't know. Any other questions or any other things you wanted to cover? Danny: I think the last thing on my mind is that if there's one takeaway, it's that Fern makes building rest APIs easier and faster for engineering teams. Mike: Yeah, that seems like a, a solid pitch there without a doubt. And Danny, so I'll include your email in the show notes as well. Do you find yourself traipsing across Twitter or LinkedIn or Macedon, any of those places these days? Danny: I'm a LinkedIn person, so it'll be I, I'll include the link in the show notes for folks who wanna connect and reach out. Mike: Yeah, perfect. I'll have that in there as well. Danny Sheridan, it has been wonderful chatting with you. It's been really cool to hear about Fern. If, if you're listening to the show check out the show notes. Lots of good stuff in there. Danny, thanks so much for coming along. It's been a pleasure chatting with you. Danny: I look forward to creating more APIs that people won't hate. Mike: Here's to that. Take care, Denny. All audio, artwork, episode descriptions and notes are property of APIs You Won't Hate, for APIs You Won't Hate, and published with permission by Transistor, Inc. Broadcast by | 2026-01-13T08:48:06 |
https://dev.to/how-to-avoid-plagiarism#when-should-i-cite-something | Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism on DEV - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism on DEV This guide was last updated by the DEV Team on July 19th 2023 and is based on DEV Community: How to Avoid Plagiarism . As DEV continues to grow, we want to ensure that DEV remains a place of integrity and inclusiveness. At DEV, we use Community Moderation as a tool to maintain a respectful and positive environment. It is important to us that we provide you all with the tools to identify and flag problems that may affect a single author or countless DEV users. In this post, we hope to provide simple and effective guidance to combat plagiarism as a community. Whether you’re reporting plagiarism as you stumble upon it or learning how to avoid it in your own writing, hopefully, you find this resource helpful! What is Plagiarism? Oxford Languages defines plagiarism as, "the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own," however, plagiarism is multifaceted and it’s not always so clear as this. Bowdoin University wrote a great breakdown of the four most common types of plagiarism , in tl:dr fashion these are: "Direct Plagiarism" "Self Plagiarism" "Mosaic Plagiarism" "Accidental Plagiarism" Let's take a little deeper look into each… Direct Plagiarism is the most blatant form of plagiarism we encounter. This pertains to a user copying and pasting content from another blog, piece of media, or document, and claiming it as their own. Self Plagiarism is described through an academic lens in the Bowdoin University article which is not as relevant to our community, but we can think of this in a different way. For instance, you could potentially self-plagiarize by reposting an article you wrote for a company or publication, if they own your work. In many circumstances, these places will be happy for you to repost your work elsewhere, but make sure that you understand the terms and conditions of your writing before reposting. Mosaic Plagiarism generally starts when someone is inspired by another user's work and wants to write about the same topic. This occasionally manifests as copying and pasting certain passages of someone else’s work or as Bowdoin says “ finds synonyms for the author’s language while keeping to the same general structure and meaning of the original ” but failing to cite the original author. (Notice how we were able to link directly to the specific language in the text... every extra step we can take to clarify where the info came from is ideal!) Accidental Plagiarism happens when folks misquote their sources, forget to cite sources, or copy their sources too closely by accident (like mosaic plagiarism). How to Avoid Plagiarizing Someone's Work? Luckily, avoiding plagiarism is pretty easy once you know how to identify it. Typically, it is as simple as providing a straightforward source and citation to any media you use that is not your own in your post. When should I cite something? If you're pulling information from an external source that you did not create, you should always cite where the information came from. For example, say you're writing an article on using an npm package, axios, and you're using information from their documentation — you should link their docs in your article. This not only gives them credit for their work but also helps the DEV community in case someone wants to do more research about the topic. If you copy a source directly — use quotes and absolutely provide a source + citation. If you just looked at a source and paraphrased it in your own words, you don't need to use quotations, but it is still best to cite the source. If in doubt, always provide a source + citation! It's unlikely anyone will fault you for offering too many citations or listing too many sources. How should I cite something? Great question! See how I linked to the university's actual post on plagiarism ( the source ) and quoted the plagiarism types that they named. Notice that I didn't try to misappropriate these ideas as my own in any way and made it explicitly clear that this information came from Bowdoin University. This allows readers to do more research at the original source and ensures that the writers receive fair credit. A Note on AI Assisted Plagiarism We understand that there are AI tools (like ChatGPT) that can be used to aid in content creation. When used responsibly, these tools can be really cool and are generally allowed on the platform. However, these tools also have the potential for abuse. Please review our guidelines for using AI-assisted tools in your writing here: Guidelines for AI-assisted Articles on DEV Erin Bensinger for The DEV Team ・ Dec 19 '22 #meta #chatgpt #writing #abotwrotethis You should check out the full guidelines, but in regards to plagiarism, take care not to use AI to copy someone’s work unwittingly… and of course, don’t do it on purpose either! Always do your research and be responsible, making sure to cite sources if appropriate and disclose whatever tool you used to write your article. And even then, using AI does not excuse you from posting an article that plagiarizes others’ works. If we discover that you have done so, we will act to unpublish any offending posts and may suspend your DEV account. Be mindful and don’t let your usage of AI cause you to plagiarize. How to Recognize & Report Plagiarism? Now that you know how to properly cite sources, let's talk a bit about how to recognize plagiarism and where to go to report it. Recognizing Plagiarism Sometimes you just get the feeling that something is being plagiarized. Maybe you feel like you read it somewhere before. Or perhaps you notice a sharp change in the author’s voice. Maybe you see strange errors that occur from copying/pasting! Do a little detective work by dropping chunks of the text into your search engine of choice (or try the “quick search” option on plagium.com), and see if you can find any results with similar wording. If you do, report it to us ! (More on that below!) And of course, plagiarism doesn’t just happen in writing — it’s just as important to attribute images, code, videos, and other media. If you see a graph (or code block) you recognize from elsewhere, try to place it, and again, let us know. You might find the reverse image search at tineye.com helpful for seeing if an image is plagiarized! Other times, you may notice that someone isn't taking content from another source word-for-word, but their content feels too close to the original for comfort. Alternatively, maybe their graph is in blue instead of red like the original, or maybe their code has slightly different variables but is otherwise the same as someone else’s. If you feel like it’s off, report it and let us know why! What about those times when someone seems to be claiming that a repo or CodePen is theirs (when it's not)? ... Definitely reportable! As for examples that likely should not be reported: someone is reposting their own work that they first posted elsewhere someone is giving a shout-out to someone else's work or has written a companion piece/response to someone else's post (while making it clear it's unaffiliated) Reporting Plagiarism If you believe you’ve encountered plagiarism or copyright violations, the absolute BEST action you can take is to report the post and provide any evidence you have. Reporting the post sends it directly to our community team to take action. If you're unsure, it's okay to send it to us for review... we won't penalize you for being mistaken. All this said, we do not recommend calling anyone out in the comments section — as we discussed before, plagiarism can be accidental and/or is sometimes enforced differently in a variety of cultures. We ask that you simply report the post rather than getting personally involved which could accidentally trigger arguments, hurt feelings, or possibly even further conduct violations. Thank you! If you have questions or feedback about our approach, we encourage you to contact us via support@dev.to . If you believe that someone isn't following these guidelines, please don't hesitate to report them to us via our Report Abuse page . Also, if you want to help enforce the Code of Conduct, you might consider becoming a DEV moderator. Visit the DEV Community Moderation page for more information on roles and how to get involved. Thanks! 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:06 |
https://dev.to/ibn_abubakre/em-vs-rem-5b33 | em VS rem - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Abdulqudus Abubakre Posted on May 23, 2020 em VS rem # css # html This VS That (3 Part Series) 1 append VS appendChild 2 Spread VS Rest Operator 3 em VS rem In the world of CSS and sizing, there are several units that can be used either for your font sizing, margin, padding and so on. Two commonly used, but slightly confusing units are the rem and em . Both units are relative CSS units (they depend on something else for their sizing). Now how are these two different??? em This unit inherits the font size of its nearest parent element having a font-size. I'll be going with a visual representation here to explain how the inheritance works. In the image above, the root element has a font size of 36px. The body element which is a child of the root element has a font size of 0.8em, which is equivalent to 80% of the font-size of the root element i.e (0.8 * 36px = 28.8), and it goes on and on. If the immediate parent does not have a set font size, it looks for the parent element having a defined font size. rem This unit inherits the font size of the root element. You can think of it as the root em . In this case, rather than inheriting the font size of its immediate element, it inherits that of the html element. Here, no matter how deeply nested the element is, it always finds its way home 😀😀....in this case, the root element. Here's a codepen demo showing em and rem in action. Conclusion This a just a look into em and rem, which one you choose is entirely up to you. With em you can have different font sizes for different sections. With rem you have a central controller that you can use to determine sizes of other elements in your html. This VS That (3 Part Series) 1 append VS appendChild 2 Spread VS Rest Operator 3 em VS rem Top comments (9) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Rahul Jain Rahul Jain Rahul Jain Follow ♥️In relationship with front end dev👨💻 Email rahuldkjain@gmail.com Location Bangalore, India Education IIIT Jabalpur Work Software Engineer at CRED Joined Oct 18, 2019 • May 24 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Amazing explanation indeed! Like comment: Like comment: 6 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Abdulqudus Abubakre Abdulqudus Abubakre Abdulqudus Abubakre Follow Front end developer, JavaScript enthusiast, Community Builder Location Abuja, Nigeria Joined Jan 3, 2020 • May 24 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Bayu Angora Bayu Angora Bayu Angora Follow ★★★★★ Location https://angora.id Joined Jun 9, 2019 • May 24 '20 • Edited on May 24 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide So, where's rem inherited to if we don't fill anything (margin, padding, font-size, etc) on html class? Like comment: Like comment: 6 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Daniel Atwood Daniel Atwood Daniel Atwood Follow Location Chattanooga, TN Work Full Stack Web Developer Joined May 4, 2020 • May 24 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I think most browsers default the body to 16px which is what rem would be set to. Like comment: Like comment: 6 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Abdulqudus Abubakre Abdulqudus Abubakre Abdulqudus Abubakre Follow Front end developer, JavaScript enthusiast, Community Builder Location Abuja, Nigeria Joined Jan 3, 2020 • May 24 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Yes, it has a default of 16px Like comment: Like comment: 6 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand timothyokooboh timothyokooboh timothyokooboh Follow Frontend Engineer Email okoobohtimothy@gmail.com Location Lagos, Nigeria Work Lead frontend engineer at SeamlessHR Joined Feb 8, 2020 • May 24 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide One of the "clearest" explanations I have seen on this topic. Like comment: Like comment: 6 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Abdulqudus Abubakre Abdulqudus Abubakre Abdulqudus Abubakre Follow Front end developer, JavaScript enthusiast, Community Builder Location Abuja, Nigeria Joined Jan 3, 2020 • May 24 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Glad I could help Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand yusuf-saif yusuf-saif yusuf-saif Follow A web developer ready to learn anything at anytime from anyone Location Abuja Work Web developer at Knowledgebased services limited Joined Mar 3, 2020 • May 24 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide What a very nice and interesting write up Hope we will be expecting more right Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Tetteh Simon Tetteh Simon Tetteh Simon Follow Location Ashanti Region/ Ghana Joined Jul 21, 2024 • Jul 21 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks for the explanation 👍 Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Abdulqudus Abubakre Follow Front end developer, JavaScript enthusiast, Community Builder Location Abuja, Nigeria Joined Jan 3, 2020 More from Abdulqudus Abubakre Using aria-labelledby for accessible names # webdev # a11y # html Understanding Accessible Names in HTML # webdev # a11y # html Hiding Elements in CSS: The Accessible Way # a11y # html # css # webdev 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://lab174.com/blog/202601-yaml-norway/#cb10-15 | YAML? That’s Norway problem < Back to LAB174.com YAML? That’s Norway problem 2026-01-12 Abstract A deep dive into YAML’s Norway problem: why the country code NO gets parsed as false, its history from YAML v1.0 to v1.2, and why popular libraries still exhibit this behavior in 2026. What is yaml Yaml is a well-known data serialization language designed for human readability. It’s a popular choice for configuration files and metadata. Here’s a simple example: # project.yaml title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse countries : - DE - FR - PL - RO Let’s verify that the above example parses correctly. We’ll use Python 1 with Py Yaml 2 version 6.0.3 (the latest version as of this writing). First, let’s install it: python3 -m pip install pyyaml==6.0.3 Now let’s write a simple script to parse the yaml file: # python-pyyaml.py import json import yaml with open ( "project.yaml" , "r" , encoding = "utf-8" ) as f: data = yaml.safe_load(f) print (json.dumps(data, indent = 2 )) Running python3 python-pyyaml.py produces this output: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "PL" , "RO" ] } So far everything behaves as expected. As of January 2026 Python is the world’s 4th most popular programming language according to a 2025 Stack Overflow Survey ( archive ) ↩︎ Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and a top 20 Python library overall in the last month according to PyPI Stats ( archive ). It is also an “official” yaml library in the sense that its source code is hosted in a Github repository owned by the yaml Github account; see: Canonical source repository for Py Yaml . ↩︎ The Norway problem in yaml When we change the original yaml file and add Norway’s two letter iso country code to the existing list: countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO Using the same parsing method, the file now yields this result: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , false , "PL" , "RO" ] } Note that NO has been replaced with false . This is unexpected. Nothing about the context suggests a boolean should appear here. The NO literal sits in a list of country codes like FR or PL and appears similar in form. The problem, of course, is that “no” is also an English word with a negative meaning. This feature was originally added to allow writing booleans in a more human readable way, e.g.: platforms : iPhone : yes iPad : yes AppleWatch : no This gets parsed as: { "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false } } The idea was that configuration files should read like natural language. In practice this behavior proved problematic, becoming the notorious Norway problem in yaml . One workaround is to escape the string, like this: countries : - DE - FR - "NO" - PL - RO With quotes, the file parses as expected: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } Many articles about yaml ’s Norway problem stop here, presenting quoting as the canonical fix. There is more. Yaml ’s history To understand today’s state of the Norway problem we’ll first look at how yaml evolved. May 2001 – Yaml first pass specification At this time, yaml was more of a concept than a finished language. It looked a bit different, though somewhat recognizable. Below is a partial example from the original specification; there are more in the full document, sadly none with boolean values. buyer : % address : % city : Royal Oak line one : 458 Wittigen's Way line two : Suite 292 postal : 48046 state : MI family name : Dumars given name : Chris The document makes no mention of parsing no to false . The “Serilization Format / bnf ” section even contains a typo and a “to do” note 3 : This section contains the bnf 4 productions for the yaml syntax. Much to do… Full first pass specification – archived link ↩︎ Bnf stands for “Backus–Naur form”, a notation system for syntax definition ( Wikipedia ). ↩︎ January 2004 – Yaml v1.0 final draft This version describes various ways of presenting scalars 5 , including both quoted scalars and plain scalars with implicit typing. This is what we’re after. Version 1.0 defined only sequence , map , and string as mandatory types 6 . The rest were optional, but a reference specification existed. That reference specification for the optional boolean type included English word format. Supported words were: true/false , on/off , and also yes/no 7 . This allows the Norway problem to appear – even if following that part of reference is described as optional. – Bonus: implicit typing can be overridden with explicit tags – we’ll talk about this later. – Bonus: single sign characters, i.e. + and - should also be treated as true and false ; even more so, as they are described as the canonical form 8 ! A scalar data type, or just scalar, is any non-composite value. Generally, all basic primitive data types are considered scalar source: Wikipedia ↩︎ Following is a description of the three mandatory core tags. Yaml requires support for the seq, map and str tags. source: Yaml v1.0 specification, tag repository ↩︎ English word format: implicit english ~= true|True|TRUE |false|False|FALSE |yes|Yes|YES |no|No|NO |on|On|ON |off|Off|OFF source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ Single sign character format: implicit canonical ~= +|- source: Yaml v1.0 boolean type specification – archived link ↩︎ January 2005 – Yaml v1.1 final draft Version 1.1 maintained the same implicit typing behavior as v1.0. However, the types listed in the spec – including boolean – while still not mandatory, were now strongly recommended 9 . – Bonus: single sign characters are no longer included and the canonical form is now y/n 10 . these tags represent types that are useful across a wide range of applications and it is strongly recommended they be used whenever appropriate to promote interoperability. source: Yaml v1.1 specification, tag repository ( archive ) ↩︎ Yaml v1.1 boolean type specification , ( archive ) ↩︎ July 2009 – Yaml Revision 1.2.0 Its goal was to make yaml compliant with json , going as far as allowing json to be a subset of yaml 11 . Implicit typing rules have been removed, including the boolean English word format. – Bonus: explicit typing rules are still present. On paper, the Norway problem shouldn’t exist anymore, at least not since this yaml revision. So why are we still seeing it in 2026? The primary objective of this revision is to bring Yaml into compliance with json as an official subset. source: Yaml revision v1.2.0 ↩︎ Yaml spec version history until v1.2.0 Yaml spec version Date Type of no : Value of no first pass specification May 2001 unspecified unspecified v1.0 January 2004 boolean false v1.1 January 2005 boolean false v1.2.0 July 2009 string "no" Table 1: Summary of yaml spec changes. Note that “Type of no ” and “Value of no ” labels refer to the literal without quotes. Yaml in practice To understand why the Norway problem persists, we need to examine the scope of work involved in implementing yaml spec changes. Some clues are present in earlier text already, we see that yaml supports implicit typing, explicit typing, and various presenting formats. Also, the time between different yaml spec version releases is measured in years. What hides between the lines is that yaml and its specification are very, hugely, extremely complex. Seriously, it’s hard to overstate this. Since v1.0 yaml ’s goal was to build upon xml 12 and a number of other technologies, as listed in the final draft 13 : Yaml integrates and builds upon concepts described by C, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, rfc0822 ( mail ), rfc1866 ( html ), rfc2045 ( mime ), rfc2396 ( uri ), xml , sax and soap Yaml supports attachments, custom tags, references – the list goes on. There was even yaxml , an xml binding for yaml 14 . There are 9 ways of writing multiline strings – and some claim the number is actually 63 15 . Characters like ? , ! , !! in some cases have special meanings, with the latter allowing arbitrary code execution. Given this complexity, the Norway problem wasn’t the only language quirk in yaml v1.1. Revision v1.2 simplified boolean behavior and more (e.g. handling of null and numerical values), while other language features remained unchanged. How did libraries react to changes in such a complex specification? In fact yaml was originally intended to be a markup language and its name stood for “Yet Another Markup Language”. Six months after the first pass specification, in January 2002, it was renamed to “ Yaml Ain’t Markup Language”. ↩︎ Yaml v1.0 specification, prior art ↩︎ a subset of xml which has yaml ’s information model, but xml ’s syntax (…) a xslt Stylesheet is provided, along with the canonical invoice example in xml using this schema source: Yaxml , the (draft) xml Binding for yaml – archived link ↩︎ There are 5 6 NINE (or 63, depending how you count) different ways to write multi-line strings in yaml . (…) 2 block styles, each with 2 possible block chomping indicators (or none), and with 9 possible indentation indicators (or none), 1 plain style and 2 quoted styles: 2 x (2 + 1) x (9 + 1) + 1 + 2 = 63 source: Stack Overflow answer ( archived ) ↩︎ Yaml libraries As of January 2026 popular yaml libraries still haven’t moved from v1.1 to v1.2, and they still exhibit the Norway problem. Smaller alternative projects have appeared, but their usage hasn’t surpassed the existing v1.1 libraries. Some users have built their own alternative parsers, mixing v1.1 and v1.2 features, or focusing on a subset of yaml suited to their needs. Below are some examples. Py Yaml As mentioned before, Py Yaml is Python’s most popular yaml library and one of the most popular Python libraries overall. Py Yaml never added v1.2 support. There is an open issue from 2017 in Py Yaml ’s Github project about introducing support for v1.2 16 . There are at least two more related open issues, plus several closed ones. An unofficial library 17 exists that can be used on top of Py Yaml to provide partial v1.2 support (its documentation notes that not all v1.2 features are implemented). Another Python library, ruamel.yaml 18 , supports v1.2 by default. Py Yaml Github Issue #116 ↩︎ yamlcore PyPI project page ↩︎ ruamel.yaml PyPI project page ↩︎ Lib Yaml Lib Yaml is the long-standing C library for yaml , it is used widely as a dependency by other tools and bindings. Like Py Yaml , it’s an “official” implementation – in the sense that its canonical repository is hosted on Github and owned by the official ‘yaml’ Github account. Lib Yaml also never added v1.2 support. An open issue from 2016 in Lib Yaml ’s github project requests adding v1.2 support 19 . As mentioned earlier, Lib Yaml sits deep in dependency trees; changing its behavior is especially risky and slow. A less popular library, libfyaml 20 , supports v1.2 by default. Lib Yaml Github Issue #20 ↩︎ libfyaml Github project page ↩︎ Golang’s gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Currently unmaintained 21 , historically the most popular and still holds more Github stars then other Golang yaml libraries. It’s especially interesting because it declares support for a mix of v1.1 and 1.2 22 . The Golang’s most popular actively maintained library 23 defaults to v1.2 behavior. “This project is unmaintained” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ “The yaml package supports most of yaml 1.2, but preserves some behavior from 1.1 for backwards compatibility.” , source: gopkg.in/yaml.v3 Github project page ↩︎ goccy/go-yaml Github project page ↩︎ Kyaml Kyaml is a yaml dialect built for the Kubernetes project, launched in June 2025. Its goal is to provide a safer and less ambiguous tool; it is also designed specifically for Kubernetes, trading generality for predictability. The announcement blog post references the Norway problem directly 24 . Yaml ’s significant whitespace requires careful attention to indentation and nesting, while its optional string-quoting can lead to unexpected type coercion (for example: “The Norway Bug”). source: Kubernetes v1.34 Sneak Peek ↩︎ Is the Norway problem solved? Yaml ’s ecosystem is not just libraries, it’s also the community of users. Including: strong and conflicting opinions about yaml in general and the Norway problem in particular. In some part this outcome could be expected; after all yaml is very popular, deceptively complex, and is used in different kinds of scenarios, from small personal config files to critical infrastructure setups. Many texts don’t distinguish between yaml spec versions at all 25 . Even when spec version numbers are used, they’re frequently mistyped. It’s not difficult to find documentation claiming that implicit boolean typing is a trait of yaml specification version 1.2 26 (the correct version is v1.1); mistakes get spotted 27 and eventually updated, but that takes more time and effort than making the original typo. On the other hand we see users who declare the Norway problem as solved because it doesn’t exist in the latest spec version, or because they haven’t experienced it themselves, or for other reasons 28 . To be fair, that language feature was removed over a decade ago, and it’s unexpected that popular libraries still support the older spec version. Technically, the issue is solved in the spec – but in practice, most widely adopted implementations still support implicit boolean typing, as we’ve seen. Finally, there are end users who are so unhappy with yaml that they prefer almost anything else 29 . We end up with countless use cases (hobby, pro, critical infrastructure, …), roles (spec author, library maintainer, end user debugging a failed deployment at 11pm, …), and just as many points of views. The yaml specification defines many strings that are automatically interpreted as boolean values, which often conflicts with developer expectations. When you write country: NO , the yaml parser interprets NO as the boolean false , not the string "NO" source: What is the Norway Bug? ↩︎ The most tragic aspect of this bug , however, is that it is intended behavior according to the yaml 1.2 specification. source: The Norway Problem – why Strict Yaml refuses to do implicit typing and so should you ↩︎ In this case a Github issue has been created: It was intended according to the yaml 1.1 specification, but in yaml 1.2, the only recognized booleans are true , True , TRUE , false , False , FALSE . source: strictyaml Github issue #186 ↩︎ I don’t want to link to individual messages on social platforms to err on the side of users’ privacy; I’ll paraphrase some of them below, for illustration purposes. Norway problem has been solved for 16 years. Using 1.1 at this point is just forehead palming foolishness. The Norway issue is a bit blown out of proportion. I have been using YAML for 5+ years and have never had it. We stopped having this problem over ten years ago. Just quote your strings. Another solution is to change the country name. ↩︎ Same as earlier, I’ll paraphrase a few messages below, meant for illustration. Stop using YAML YAML - just say Norway. You should stop even tolerating YAML, refuse on sight. YAML made sense before JSON became a thing. YAML made me look at XML wistfully. Why people persist with YAML in new projects is baffling to me. People from Norway couldn't sign up. Took us a while to figure out. ↩︎ What next? In yaml final draft v1.0, the document specified that, along with yes and no , + and - should also be parsed as booleans. This was removed v1.1. There was an idea to keep that functionality when plus or minus signs were preceded with a dot ( .+ and .- ), but it didn’t catch on. Despite its well known and lesser known quirks, yaml remains popular and widely used. At this scale small quirks cascade into unexpected issues. And changes – or fixes – are introduced at a glacial pace. Then again, yaml ’s charm has its place, as evidenced by its popularity. While spec change adoption is very slow, it is still ongoing. New projects will likely adopt newer libraries, where the Norway problem no longer exists. If there is a single takeaway from this article, it’s this: yaml ecosystem is fragmented; on the whole it is moving towards a slightly stricter version. Implicit boolean typing is getting removed, it’s no longer in the official specification and most new libraries adhere to that. As of January 2026 however, the older libraries are stuck on the older version of the spec, they are still more popular and updating or phasing them out may take a while. Frequently Asked Questions Why not just use json in place of yaml ? A common reply is “no comments” – because json doesn’t support comments 30 ; many other yaml features aren’t supported either. This makes json a simpler and stricter alternative. Wheter that’s a better fit for your project, that depends on the project. As always, personal preference plays a role too. Note: json has its own flavors, like jsonc 31 . It was a conscious decision; there is an explanation from Douglas Crockford, as well as a suggestion about using json for configuration files: I removed comments from json because I saw people were using them to hold parsing directives, a practice which would have destroyed interoperability. I know that the lack of comments makes some people sad, but it shouldn’t. Suppose you are using json to keep configuration files, which you would like to annotate. Go ahead and insert all the comments you like. Then pipe it through JSMin before handing it to your json parser. source: Google Plus post by Douglas Crockford – archived link ↩︎ Json with Comments – project’s homepage ↩︎ Is yaml a superset of json ? After writing this article, I’m still not entirely sure. Even though the goal of yaml revision v1.2.0 was to make that happen and revisions 1.2.0 and 1.2.1 claimed it explicitly 32 : Yaml can therefore be viewed as a natural superset of json , offering improved human readability and a more complete information model. That text has been removed from the latest yaml revision 1.2.2. A popular article 33 claims to prove that yaml is not a superset of json , but that article uses a v1.1 parser – and as we know v1.1 never claimed json compatibility. So that won’t help us. The actual reason might be that yaml requires maps to have unique keys 34 , while json only recommends it 35 . So perhaps most json (i.e. json where objects have unique keys) is a subset of yaml . Some ambiguity remains. See e.g.: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.1 ↩︎ Json treats the value 1e2 a number, of course, because it’s not in quote marks. Yaml fails to parse it as a number so silently falls back to treating it as a string. source: YAML IS NOT A SUPERSET OF JSON ↩︎ The content of a mapping node is an unordered set of key/value node pairs, with the restriction that each of the keys is unique source: Yaml Version 1.2 Revision 1.2.2 ↩︎ The names within an object SHOULD be unique. source: The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation ( json ) ↩︎ What went wrong? This question is out of scope for this article – here the goal is to prioritize facts over “what if?”. If i had to answer, I’d say that nothing went wrong. When a complex technology with a stable ecosystem introduces a breaking change, sometimes the process can take ages. The main surprise here is how complicated yaml really is. Also, as we’ve seen, with yaml and related tools being free software, anyone could contribute to improving the v1.2 adoption rate – or move to a tool that suits them better, or even create one. What about toml , sexagesimal numbers, schemas, human genes, Ruby, or Perl? These topics are only loosely related to the Norway problem, and this text is already quite long. If you enjoyed reading it, leave positive feedback somewhere and a Part 2 might happen. In the meantime, visit my homepage 36 and check out my other projects – maybe you’ll find something else you’ll enjoy. LAB174 homepage ↩︎ Epilogue Implicit boolean typing has been removed, but explicit boolean typing still remains. If a uniform yaml 1.2 future actually arrives, you can still bring a little bit of nostalgia to your code by writing: title : Nonoverse description : Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms. link : https://lab174.com/nonoverse platforms : iPhone : !!bool yes iPad : !!bool yes # Note the explicit typing here and above. AppleWatch : !!bool no countries : - DE - FR - NO - PL - RO When parsed with yq , a tool that supports yaml revision 1.2 by default: yq eval -o=json project.yaml It returns: { "title" : "Nonoverse" , "description" : "Beautiful puzzle game about nonograms." , "link" : " https://lab174.com/nonoverse " , "platforms" : { "iPhone" : true , "iPad" : true , "AppleWatch" : false }, "countries" : [ "DE" , "FR" , "NO" , "PL" , "RO" ] } < Back to LAB174.com | 2026-01-13T08:48:06 |
https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-mt/ | RDF 1.1 Semantics RDF 1.1 Semantics W3C Recommendation 25 February 2014 This version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-rdf11-mt-20140225/ Latest published version: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-mt/ Test suite: http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/NOTE-rdf11-testcases-20140225/ Implementation report: http://www.w3.org/2013/rdf-mt-reports/index.html Previous version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/PR-rdf11-mt-20140109/ Previous Recommendation: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-mt/ Editors: Patrick J. Hayes , Florida IHMC Peter F. Patel-Schneider , Nuance Communications Please check the errata for any errors or issues reported since publication. The English version of this specification is the only normative version. Non-normative translations may also be available. Copyright © 2004-2014 W3C ® ( MIT , ERCIM , Keio , Beihang ), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability , trademark and document use rules apply. Abstract This document describes a precise semantics for the Resource Description Framework 1.1 [ RDF11-CONCEPTS ] and RDF Schema [ RDF11-SCHEMA ]. It defines a number of distinct entailment regimes and corresponding patterns of entailment. It is part of a suite of documents which comprise the full specification of RDF 1.1. Status of This Document This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/. This document is part of RDF 1.1 document suite. This is a revision of the 2004 Semantics specification for RDF [ RDF-MT ] and supersedes that document. For an informal summary of the substantive (non-editorial) changes since then, see Entailment Changes . This document was published by the RDF Working Group as a Recommendation. If you wish to make comments regarding this document, please send them to public-rdf-comments@w3.org ( subscribe , archives ). All comments are welcome. Please see the Working Group's implementation report . This document has been reviewed by W3C Members, by software developers, and by other W3C groups and interested parties, and is endorsed by the Director as a W3C Recommendation. It is a stable document and may be used as reference material or cited from another document. W3C 's role in making the Recommendation is to draw attention to the specification and to promote its widespread deployment. This enhances the functionality and interoperability of the Web. This document was produced by a group operating under the 5 February 2004 W3C Patent Policy . W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy . Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Conformance 3. Semantic Extensions and Entailment Regimes 4. Notation and Terminology 4.1 Shared blank nodes, unions and merges 5. Simple Interpretations 5.1 Blank nodes 5.1.1 Shared blank nodes (Informative) 5.2 Simple Entailment 5.3 Properties of simple entailment (Informative) 6. Skolemization (Informative) 7. Literals and datatypes 7.1 D-interpretations 7.2 Datatype entailment 7.2.1 Patterns of datatype entailment (Informative) 8. RDF Interpretations 8.1 RDF entailment 8.1.1 Patterns of RDF entailment (Informative) 9. RDFS Interpretations 9.1 A note on rdfs:Literal (Informative) 9.2 RDFS entailment 9.2.1 Patterns of RDFS entailment (Informative) 10. RDF Datasets A. Entailment rules (Informative) B. Finite interpretations (Informative) C. Proofs of some results (Informative) D. RDF reification, containers and collections (Informative) D.1 Reification D.2 RDF containers D.3 RDF collections E. Change Log (informative) F. Acknowledgements G. References G.1 Normative references G.2 Informative references Notes Notes in this style indicate changes from the 2004 RDF 1.0 semantics. Notes in this style are technical asides on obscure or recondite matters. 1. Introduction This document defines a model-theoretic semantics for RDF graphs and the RDF and RDFS vocabularies, providing an exact formal specification of when truth is preserved by transformations of RDF or operations which derive RDF content from other RDF. 2. Conformance As well as sections marked as non-normative, all authoring guidelines, diagrams, examples, and notes in this specification are non-normative. Everything else in this specification is normative. The key words MUST , MUST NOT , REQUIRED , SHOULD , SHOULD NOT , RECOMMENDED , MAY , and OPTIONAL in this specification are to be interpreted as described in [ RFC2119 ]. This specification, RDF 1.1 Semantics , is normative for RDF semantics and the validity of RDF inference processes. It is not normative for many aspects of RDF meaning which are not described or specified by this semantics, including social issues of how IRIs are assigned meanings in use and how the referents of IRIs are related to Web content expressed in other media such as natural language texts. 3. Semantic Extensions and Entailment Regimes RDF is intended for use as a base notation for a variety of extended notations such as OWL [ OWL2-OVERVIEW ] and RIF [ RIF-OVERVIEW ], whose expressions can be encoded as RDF graphs which use a particular vocabulary with a specially defined meaning. Also, particular IRI vocabularies may be given meanings by other specifications or conventions. When such extra meanings are assumed, a given RDF graph may support more extensive entailments than are sanctioned by the basic RDF semantics. In general, the more assumptions that are made about the meanings of IRIs in an RDF graph, the more entailments follow from those assumptions. A particular such set of semantic assumptions is called a semantic extension . Each semantic extension defines an entailment regime (used here in the same sense as in the SPARQL 1.1 Entailment Regime recommendation [ SPARQL11-ENTAILMENT ] ) of entailments which are valid under that extension. RDFS, described later in this document, is one such semantic extension . We will refer to entailment regimes by names such as RDFS entailment , D-entailment , etc. Semantic extension s MAY impose special syntactic conditions or restrictions upon RDF graphs, such as requiring certain triples to be present, or prohibiting particular combinations of IRIs in triples, and MAY consider RDF graphs which do not conform to these conditions to be errors. For example, RDF statements of the form ex:a rdfs:subClassOf "Thing"^^xsd:string . are prohibited in the OWL semantic extension based on description logics [ OWL2-SYNTAX ]. In such cases, basic RDF operations such as taking a subset of triples, or combining RDF graphs, may cause syntax errors in parsers which recognize the extension conditions. None of the semantic extension s normatively defined in this document impose such syntactic restrictions on RDF graphs. All entailment regimes MUST be monotonic extensions of the simple entailment regime described in the document, in the sense that if A simply entail s B then A also entails B under any extended notion of entailment, provided that any syntactic conditions of the extension are also satisfied. Put another way, a semantic extension cannot "cancel" an entailment made by a weaker entailment regime, although it can treat the result as a syntax error. 4. Notation and Terminology This document uses the following terminology for describing RDF graph syntax, all as defined in the companion RDF Concepts specification [ RDF11-CONCEPTS ]: IRI , RDF triple , RDF graph , subject , predicate , object , RDF source , node , blank node , literal , isomorphic , and RDF dataset . All the definitions in this document apply unchanged to generalized RDF triples, graphs, and datasets . An interpretation is a mapping from IRIs and literals into a set, together with some constraints upon the set and the mapping. This document defines various notions of interpretation, each corresponding in a standard way to an entailment regime. These are identified by prefixes such as simple interpretation , etc., and are defined in later sections. The unqualified term interpretation is usually used to refer to any compatible kind of interpretation in general, but if clear from the context might refer to a specific kind of interpretation. The words denote s and refers to are used interchangeably as synonyms for the relationship between an IRI or literal and what it refers to in a given interpretation, itself called the denotation or referent . IRI meanings may also be determined by other constraints external to the RDF semantics; when we wish to refer to such an externally defined naming relationship, we will use the word identify and its cognates. For example, the fact that the IRI http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal is widely used as the name of a datatype described in the XML Schema document [ XMLSCHEMA11-2 ] might be described by saying that the IRI identifies that datatype. If an IRI identifies something it may or may not refer to it in a given interpretation, depending on how the semantics is specified. For example, an IRI used as a graph name identify ing a named graph in an RDF dataset may refer to something different from the graph it identifies. Throughout this document, the equality sign = indicates strict identity. The statement "A = B" means that there is one entity to which both expressions "A" and "B" refer. Angle brackets < x, y > are used to indicate an ordered pair of x and y. Throughout this document, RDF graph s and other fragments of RDF abstract syntax are written using the notational conventions of the Turtle syntax [ TURTLE ]. The namespace prefixes rdf: rdfs: and xsd: are used as in [ RDF11-CONCEPTS ], section 1.4 . When the exact IRI does not matter, the prefix ex: is used. When stating general rules or conditions we use three-character variables such as aaa, xxx, sss to indicate arbitrary IRIs, literals, or other components of RDF syntax. Some cases are illustrated by node-arc diagrams showing the graph structure directly. A name is any IRI or literal. A typed literal contains two name s: itself and its internal type IRI. A vocabulary is a set of name s. The empty graph is the empty set of triples. A subgraph of an RDF graph is a subset of the triples in the graph. A triple is identified with the singleton set containing it, so that each triple in a graph is considered to be a subgraph. A proper subgraph is a proper subset of the triples in the graph. A ground RDF graph is one that contains no blank nodes. Suppose that M is a functional mapping from a set of blank nodes to some set of literals, blank nodes and IRIs. Any graph obtained from a graph G by replacing some or all of the blank nodes N in G by M(N) is an instance of G. Any graph is an instance of itself, an instance of an instance of G is an instance of G, and if H is an instance of G then every triple in H is an instance of at least one triple in G. An instance with respect to a vocabulary V is an instance in which all the name s in the instance that were substituted for blank nodes in the original are name s from V. A proper instance of a graph is an instance in which a blank node has been replaced by a name , or two blank nodes in the graph have been mapped into the same node in the instance. Two graphs are isomorphic when each maps into the other by a 1:1 mapping on blank nodes. Isomorphic graphs are mutual instances with an invertible instance mapping. As blank nodes have no particular identity beyond their location in a graph, we will often treat isomorphic graphs as identical. An RDF graph is lean if it has no instance which is a proper subgraph of itself. Non-lean graphs have internal redundancy and express the same content as their lean subgraphs. For example, the graph ex:a ex:p _:x . _:y ex:p _:x . is not lean, but ex:a ex:p _:x . _:x ex:p _:x . is lean. Ground graphs are lean. 4.1 Shared blank nodes, unions and merges Graphs share blank nodes only if they are derived from graphs described by documents or other structures (such as an RDF dataset) that explicitly provide for the sharing of blank nodes between different RDF graphs. Simply downloading a web document does not mean that the blank nodes in a resulting RDF graph are the same as the blank nodes coming from other downloads of the same document or from the same RDF source . RDF applications which manipulate concrete syntaxes for RDF which use blank node identifiers should take care to keep track of the identity of the blank nodes they identify. Blank node identifiers often have a local scope, so when RDF from different sources is combined, identifiers may have to be changed in order to avoid accidental conflation of distinct blank nodes. For example, two documents may both use the blank node identifier " _:x " to identify a blank node, but unless these documents are in a shared identifier scope or are derived from a common source, the occurrences of " _:x " in one document will identify a different blank node than the one in the graph described by the other document. When graphs are formed by combining RDF from multiple sources, it may be necessary to standardize apart the blank node identifiers by replacing them by others which do not occur in the other document(s). For example, the two graphs represented by the following texts: ex:a ex:p _:x . ex:b ex:q _:x . contain four nodes. Their union would therefore also contain four nodes: However, the document formed by simply concatenating these textual surface representations: ex:a ex:p _:x . ex:b ex:q _:x . describes a graph containing three nodes: since the two occurrences of the blank node identifier " _:x " occurring in a common identifier scope identify the same blank node. The four-node union of these two graphs is more properly described by a surface form such as: ex:a ex:p _:x1 . ex:b ex:q _:x2 . in which the blank node identifiers have been standardize d apart to avoid conflating the distinct blank nodes. (The particular blank node identifiers used have no significance, only that they are distinct.) It is possible for two or more graphs to share a blank node, for example if they are subgraphs of a single larger graph or derived from a common source. In this case, the union of a set of graphs preserves the identity of blank nodes shared between the graphs. In general, the union of a set of RDF graphs accurately represents the same semantic content as the graphs themselves, whether or not they share blank nodes. A related operation, called merging , takes the union after forcing any shared blank nodes, which occur in more than one graph, to be distinct in each graph. The resulting graph is called the merge . The merge of subgraphs of a graph may be larger than the original graph. For example, the result of merging the two singleton subgraphs of the three-node graph is the four-node graph The union is always an instance of the merge. If graphs have no blank nodes in common, then their merge and union are identical. 5. Simple Interpretations This section defines the basic notions of simple interpretation and truth for RDF graphs. All semantic extension s of any vocabulary or higher-level notation encoded in RDF MUST conform to these minimal truth conditions. Other semantic extension s may extend and add to these, but they MUST NOT modify or negate them. For example, because simple interpretations are mappings which apply to IRIs, a semantic extension cannot interpret different occurrences of a single IRI differently. The entire semantics applies to RDF graph s, not to RDF source s. An RDF source has a semantic meaning only through the graph that is its value at a given time, or in a given state. Graphs cannot change their semantics with time. A simple interpretation I is a structure consisting of: Definition of a simple interpretation. 1. A non-empty set IR of resources, called the domain or universe of I. 2. A set IP, called the set of properties of I. 3. A mapping IEXT from IP into the powerset of IR x IR i.e. the set of sets of pairs < x, y > with x and y in IR . 4. A mapping IS from IRIs into (IR union IP) 5. A partial mapping IL from literals into IR The 2004 RDF 1.0 semantics defined simple interpretations relative to a vocabulary. In the 2004 RDF 1.0 semantics, IL was a total, rather than partial, mapping. The 2004 RDF 1.0 specification divided literals into 'plain' literals with no type and optional language tags, and typed literals. Usage has shown that it is important that every literal have a type. RDF 1.1 replaces plain literals without language tags by literals typed with the XML Schema string datatype, and introduces the special type rdf:langString for language-tagged strings. The full semantics for typed literals is given in the next section. Simple interpretations are required to interpret all name s, and are therefore infinite. This simplifies the exposition. However, RDF can be interpreted using finite structures, supporting decidable algorithms. Details are given in Appendix B. IEXT(x), called the extension of x, is a set of pairs which identify the arguments for which the property is true, that is, a binary relational extension. The distinction between IR and IL will become significant below when the semantics of datatypes are defined. IL is allowed to be partial because some literals may fail to have a referent. It is conventional to map a relation name to a relational extension directly. This however presumes that the vocabulary is segregated into relation names and individual names, and RDF makes no such assumption. Moreover, RDF allows an IRI to be used as a relation name applied to itself as an argument. Such self-application structures are used in RDFS, for example. The use of the IEXT mapping to distinguish the relation as an object from its relational extension accommodates both of these requirements. It also provides for a notion of RDFS 'class' which can be distinguished from its set-theoretic extension. A similar technique is used in the ISO/IEC Common Logic standard [ ISO24707 ]. The denotation of a ground RDF graph in a simple interpretation I is then given by the following rules, where the interpretation is also treated as a function from expressions (names, triples and graphs) to elements of the universe and truth values: Semantic conditions for ground graphs. if E is a literal then I(E) = IL(E) if E is an IRI then I(E) = IS(E) if E is a ground triple s p o . then I(E) = true if I(p) is in IP and the pair <I(s),I(o)> is in IEXT(I(p)) otherwise I(E) = false. if E is a ground RDF graph then I(E) = false if I(E') = false for some triple E' in E, otherwise I(E) =true. If IL(E) is undefined for some literal E then E has no semantic value, so any triple containing it will be false, so any graph containing that triple will also be false. The final condition implies that the empty graph (the empty set of triples) is always true. The sets IP and IR may overlap, indeed IP can be a subset of IR. Because of the domain conditions on IEXT, the denotation of the subject and object of any true triple will be in IR; so any IRI which occurs in a graph both as a predicate and as a subject or object will denote something in the intersection of IP and IR. Semantic extension s may impose further constraints upon interpretation mappings by requiring some IRIs to refer in particular ways. For example, D-interpretations, described below, require some IRIs, understood as identify ing and referring to datatypes, to have a fixed denotation. 5.1 Blank nodes Blank nodes are treated as simply indicating the existence of a thing, without using an IRI to identify any particular thing. This is not the same as assuming that the blank node indicates an 'unknown' IRI. Suppose I is a simple interpretation and A is a mapping from a set of blank nodes to the universe IR of I. Define the mapping [I+A] to be I on name s, and A on blank nodes on the set: [I+A](x)=I(x) when x is a name and [I+A](x)=A(x) when x is a blank node; and extend this mapping to triples and RDF graphs using the rules given above for ground graphs. Then the semantic conditions for an RDF graph are: Semantic condition for blank nodes. If E is an RDF graph then I(E) = true if [I+A](E) = true for some mapping A from the set of blank nodes in E to IR, otherwise I(E)= false. Mappings from blank nodes to referents are not part of the definition of a simple interpretation, since the truth condition refers only to some such mapping. Blank nodes themselves differ from other nodes in not being assigned a denotation by a simple interpretation, reflecting the intuition that they have no 'global' meaning. 5.1.1 Shared blank nodes (Informative) This section is non-normative. The semantics for blank nodes are stated in terms of the truth of a graph. However, when two (or more) graphs share a blank node, their meaning is not fully captured by treating them in isolation. For example, consider the overlapping graphs and a simple interpretation I over the universe {Alice, Bob, Monica, Ruth} with: I( ex:Alice )=Alice, I( ex:Bob )=Bob, IEXT(I( ex:hasChild ))={<Alice,Monica>,<Bob,Ruth> } Each of the inner graphs is true under this interpretation, but the two of them together is not, because the three-node graph says that Alice and Bob have a child together. In order to capture the full meaning of graphs sharing a blank node, it is necessary to consider the union graph containing all the triples which contain the blank node. RDF graphs can be viewed as conjunctions of simple atomic sentences in first-order logic, where blank nodes are free variables which are understood to be existential. Taking the union of two graphs is then analogous to syntactic conjunction in this syntax. RDF syntax has no explicit variable-binding quantifiers, so the truth conditions for any RDF graph treat the free variables in that graph as existentially quantified in that graph. Taking the union of graphs which share a blank node changes the implied quantifier scopes. Intuitive summary (Informative) An RDF graph is true exactly when: 1. the IRIs and literals in subject or object position in the graph all refer to things, 2. there is some way to interpret all the blank nodes in the graph as referring to things, 3. the IRIs in property position refer to binary relationships, 4. and under these interpretations, each triple S P O in the graph asserts that the thing referred to as S, and the thing referred to as O, do in fact stand in the relationship referred to by P. --> 5.2 Simple Entailment Following standard terminology, we say that I (simply) satisfies E when I(E)=true, that E is (simply) satisfiable when a simple interpretation exists which satisfies it, otherwise (simply) unsatisfiable , and that a graph G simply entail s a graph E when every interpretation which satisfies G also satisfies E. If two graphs E and F each entail the other then they are logically equivalent . In later sections these notions will be adapted to other classes of interpretations, but throughout this section 'entailment' should be interpreted as meaning simple entailment. We do not define a notion of entailment between sets of graphs. To determine whether a set of graphs entails a graph, the graphs in the set must first be combined into one graph, either by taking the union or the merge of the graphs. Unions preserve the common meaning of shared blank nodes, while merging effectively ignores any sharing of blank nodes. Merging the set of graphs produces the same definition of entailment by a set that was defined in the 2004 RDF 1.0 specification. Any process which constructs a graph E from some other graph S is (simply) valid if S simply entails E in every case, otherwise invalid. The fact that an inference is valid should not be understood as meaning that any RDF application is obliged or required to make the inference. Similarly, the logical invalidity of some RDF transformation or process does not mean that the process is incorrect or prohibited. Nothing in this specification requires or prohibits any particular operations on RDF graphs or sources. Entailment and validity are concerned solely with establishing the conditions on such operations which guarantee the preservation of truth. While logically invalid processes, which do not follow valid entailments, are not prohibited, users should be aware that they may be at risk of introducing falsehoods into true RDF data. Nevertheless, particular uses of logically invalid processes may be justified and appropriate for data processing under circumstances where truth can be ensured by other means. Entailment refers only to the truth of RDF graphs, not to their suitability for any other purpose. It is possible for an RDF graph to be fitted for a given purpose and yet validly entail another graph which is not appropriate for the same purpose. An example is the RDF test cases manifest [ RDF-TESTCASES ] which is provided as an RDF document for user convenience. This document lists examples of correct entailments by describing their antecedents and conclusions. Considered as an RDF graph, the manifest simply entails a subgraph which omits the antecedents, and would therefore be incorrect if used as a test case manifest. This is not a violation of the RDF semantic rules, but it shows that the property of "being a correct RDF test case manifest" is not preserved under RDF entailment, and therefore cannot be described as an RDF semantic extension . Such entailment-risky uses of RDF should be restricted to cases, as here, where it is obvious to all parties what the intended special restrictions on entailment are, in contrast with the more normal case of using RDF for the open publication of data on the Web. 5.3 Properties of simple entailment (Informative) This section is non-normative. The properties described here apply only to simple entailment, not to extended notions of entailment introduced in later sections. Proofs are given in Appendix C. Every graph is simply satisfiable. This does not always hold for extended notions of interpretation. For example, a graph containing an ill-typed literal is D-unsatisfiable . The following interpolation lemma G simply entails a graph E if and only if a subgraph of G is an instance of E. completely characterizes simple entailment in syntactic terms. To detect whether one RDF graph simply entails another, check that there is some instance of the entailed graph which is a subset of the first graph. This is clearly decidable, but it is also difficult to determine in general, since one can encode the NP-hard subgraph problem (detecting whether one mathematical graph is a subgraph of another) as detecting simple entailment between RDF graphs. This construction (due to Jeremy Carroll) uses graphs all of whose nodes are blank nodes. The complexity of checking simple entailment is reduced by having fewer blank nodes in the conclusion E. When E is a ground graph, it is simply a matter of checking the subset relationship on sets of triples. Interpolation has a number of direct consequences, for example: The empty graph is simply entailed by any graph, and does not simply entail any graph except itself. [Proof] --> A graph simply entails all its subgraphs. [Proof] --> A graph is simply entailed by any of its instance s. [Proof] --> If E is a lean graph and E' is a proper instance of E, then E does not simply entail E'. If S is a subgraph of S' and S simply entails E, then S' simply entails E. [Proof] --> If S entails a finite graph E, then some finite subset S' of S entails E. [Proof] --> The property just above is called compactness - RDF is compact. As RDF graphs can be infinite, this is sometimes important. If E contains an IRI which does not occur anywhere in S, then S does not simply entail E. 6. Skolemization (Informative) This section is non-normative. Skolemization is a transformation on RDF graphs which eliminates blank nodes by replacing them with "new" IRIs, which means IRIs which are coined for this purpose and are therefore guaranteed to not occur in any other RDF graph (at the time of creation). See Section 3.5 of [ RDF11-CONCEPTS ] for a fuller discussion. Suppose G is a graph containing blank nodes and sk is a skolemization mapping from the blank nodes in G to the skolem IRIs which are substituted for them, so that sk(G) is a skolemization of G. Then the semantic relationship between them can be summarized as follows. sk(G) simply entails G (since sk(G) is an instance of G.) G does not simply entail sk(G) (since sk(G) contains IRIs not in G.) For any graph H, if sk(G) simply entails H then there is a graph H' such that G entails H' and H=sk(H') . For any graph H which does not contain any of the "new" IRIs introduced into sk(G), sk(G) simply entails H if and only if G simply entails H. The second property means that a graph is not logically equivalent to its skolemization. Nevertheless, they are in a strong sense almost interchangeable, as shown the next two properties. The third property means that even when conclusions are drawn from the skolemized graph which do contain the new vocabulary, these will exactly mirror what could have been derived from the original graph with the original blank nodes in place. The replacement of blank nodes by IRIs does not effectively alter what can be validly derived from the graph, other than by giving new names to what were formerly anonymous entities. The fourth property, which is a consequence of the third, clearly shows that in some sense a skolemization of G can "stand in for" G as far as entailments are concerned. Using sk(G) instead of G will not affect any entailments which do not involve the new skolem vocabulary. 7. Literals and datatypes In the 2004 RDF 1.0 specification, datatype D-entailment was defined as a semantic extension of RDFS-entailment. Here it is defined as a direct extension to basic RDF. This is more in conformity with actual usage, where RDF with datatypes is widely used without the RDFS vocabulary. If there is a need to distinguish this from the 2004 RDF 1.0 terminology, the longer phrasing "simple D-entailment" or "simple datatype entailment" should be used rather than "D-entailment". Datatypes are identified by IRIs. Interpretations will vary according to which IRIs are recognized as denoting datatypes. We describe this using a parameter D on simple interpretations, where D is the set of recognize d datatype IRIs. The previous version of this specification defined the parameter D as a datatype map from IRIs to datatypes, i.e. as a restricted kind of interpretation mapping. As the current semantics presumes that a recognized IRI identifies a unique datatype, this IRI-to-datatype mapping is globally unique and externally specified, so we can think of D as either a set of IRIs or as a fixed datatype map . Formally, the datatype map corresponding to the set D is the restriction of a D-interpretation to the set D. Semantic extensions which are stated in terms of conditions on datatype map s can be interpreted as applying to this mapping. The exact mechanism by which an IRI identifies a datatype is considered to be external to the semantics, but the semantics presumes that a recognized IRI identifies a unique datatype wherever it occurs. RDF processors which are not able to determine which datatype is identified by an IRI cannot recognize that IRI, and should treat any literals with that IRI as their datatype IRI as unknown names. RDF literals and datatypes are fully described in Section 5 of [ RDF11-CONCEPTS ]. In summary: with one exception, RDF literals combine a string and an IRI identify ing a datatype. The exception is language-tagged strings , which have two syntactic components, a string and a language tag, and are assigned the type rdf:langString . A datatype is understood to define a partial mapping, called the lexical-to-value mapping , from a lexical space (a set of character strings) to values. The function L2V maps datatypes to their lexical-to-value mapping. A literal with datatype d denotes the value obtained by applying this mapping to the character string sss: L2V(d)(sss). If the literal string is not in the lexical space, so that the lexical-to-value mapping gives no value for the literal string, then the literal has no referent. The value space of a datatype is the range of the lexical-to-value mapping . Every literal with that type either refers to a value in the value space of the type, or fails to refer at all. An ill-typed literal is one whose datatype IRI is recognize d, but whose character string is assigned no value by the lexical-to-value mapping for that datatype. RDF processors are not required to recognize any datatype IRIs other than rdf:langString and xsd:string , but when IRIs listed in Section 5 of [ RDF11-CONCEPTS ] are recognize d, they MUST be interpreted as described there, and when the IRI rdf:PlainLiteral is recognize d, it MUST be interpreted to refer to the datatype defined in [ RDF-PLAIN-LITERAL ]. RDF processors MAY recognize other datatype IRIs, but when other datatype IRIs are recognize d, the mapping between the datatype IRI and the datatype it refers to MUST be specified unambiguously, and MUST be fixed during all RDF transformations or manipulations. In practice, this can be achieved by the IRI linking to an external specification of the datatype which describes both the components of the datatype itself and the fact that the IRI identifies the datatype, thereby fixing a value of the datatype map of this IRI. Literals with rdf:langString as their datatype are an exceptional case which are given a special treatment. The IRI rdf:langString is classified as a datatype IRI, and interpreted to refer to a datatype, even though no L2V mapping is defined for it. The value space of rdf:langString is the set of all pairs of a string with a language tag. The semantics of literals with this as their type are given below. RDF literal syntax allows any IRI to be used in a typed literal, even when it is not recognize d as referring to a datatype. Literals with such an "unknown" datatype IRI, which is not in the set of recognize d datatypes, SHOULD NOT be treated as errors, although RDF applications MAY issue a warning. Such literals SHOULD be treated like IRIs and assumed to denote some thing in the universe IR. RDF processors which do not recognize a datatype IRI will not be able to detect some entailments which are visible to one which does. For example, the fact that ex:a ex:p "20.0000"^^xsd:decimal . entails ex:a ex:p "20.0"^^xsd:decimal . will not be visible to a processor which does not recognize the datatype IRI xsd:decimal . 7.1 D-interpretations Let D be a set of IRIs identify ing datatypes. A (simple) D-interpretation is a simple interpretation which satisfies the following conditions: Semantic conditions for datatyped literals. If rdf:langString is in D, then for every language-tagged string E with lexical form sss and language tag ttt, IL(E)= < sss, ttt' >, where ttt' is ttt converted to lower case using US-ASCII rules For every other IRI aaa in D, I(aaa) is the datatype identified by aaa, and for every literal "sss"^^aaa, IL("sss"^^aaa) = L2V(I(aaa))(sss) If the literal is ill-typed then the L2V(I(aaa)) mapping has no value, and so the literal cannot denote anything. In this case, any triple containing the literal must be false. Thus, any triple, and hence any graph, containing an ill-typed literal will be D-unsatisfiable , i.e. false in every D-interpretation. This applies only to literals typed with recognized datatype IRIs in D; literals with an unrecognized type IRI are not ill-typed and cannot give rise to a D-unsatisfiable graph. The special datatype rdf:langString has no ill-typed literals. Any syntactically legal literal with this type will denote a value in every D-interpretation where D includes rdf:langString . The only ill-typed literals of type xsd:string are those containing a Unicode code point which does not match the Char production in [ XML10 ]. Such strings cannot be written in an XML-compatible surface syntax. In the 2004 RDF 1.0 specification, ill-typed literals were required to denote a value in IR, and D-unsatisfiability could be recognized only by using the RDFS semantics. 7.2 Datatype entailment A graph is (simply) D-satisfiable or satisfiable recognizing D when it has the value true in some D-interpretation, and a graph S (simply) D-entails or entails recognizing D a graph G when every D-interpretation which satisfies S also D-satisfies G. Unlike the case with simple interpretation s, it is possible for a graph to have no satisfying D-interpretations, i.e. to be D-unsatisfiable . RDF processors MAY treat an unsatisfiable graph as signaling an error condition, but this is not required. A D-unsatisfiable graph D-entails any graph. The fact that an unsatisfiable statement entails any other statement has been known since antiquity. It is called the principle of ex falso quodlibet . It should not be interpreted to mean that it is necessary, or even permissible, to actually draw any conclusion from an unsatisfiable graph. In all of this language, 'D' is being used as a parameter to represent some set of datatype IRIs, and different D sets will yield different notions of satisfiability and entailment. The more datatypes are recognize d, the stronger is the entailment, so that if D ⊂ E and S E-entails G then S must D-entail G. Simple entailment is { }-entailment, i.e. D-entailment when D is the empty set, so if S D-entails G then S simply entails G. 7.2.1 Patterns of datatype entailment (Informative) This section is non-normative. Unlike simple entailment , it is not possible to give a single syntactic criterion to detect all D-entailments, which can hold because of particular properties of the lexical-to-value mappings of the recognize d datatypes. For example, if D contains xsd:decimal then ex:a ex:p "25.0"^^xsd:decimal . D-entails ex:a ex:p "25"^^xsd:decimal . In general, any triple containing a literal with a recognize d datatype IRI D-entails another literal when the lexical strings of the literals map to the same value under the lexical-to-value map of the datatype. If two different datatypes in D map lexical strings to a common value, then a triple containing a literal typed with one datatype may D-entail another triple containing a literal typed with a different datatype. For example, "25"^^xsd:integer and "25.0"^^xsd:decimal have the same value, so the above also D-entails ex:a ex:p "25"^^xsd:integer . when D also contains xsd:integer . (There is a W3C Note [ SWBP-XSCH-DATATYPES ] containing a long discussion of literal values.) Ill-typed literals are the only way in which a graph can be simply D-unsatisfiable , but datatypes can give rise to a variety of other unsatisfiable graphs when combined with the RDFS vocabulary, defined later. 8. RDF Interpretations RDF interpretations impose extra semantic conditions on xsd:string and part of the infinite set of IRIs with the namespace prefix rdf: . RDF vocabulary rdf:type rdf:subject rdf:predicate rdf:object rdf:first rdf:rest rdf:value rdf:nil rdf:List rdf:langString rdf:Property rdf:_1 rdf:_2 ... An RDF interpretation recognizing D is a D-interpretation I where D includes rdf:langString and xsd:string , and which satisfies: RDF semantic conditions. x is in IP if and only if <x, I( rdf:Property )> is in IEXT(I( rdf:type )) For every IRI aaa in D, < x, I(aaa) > is in IEXT(I( rdf:type )) if and only if x is in the value space of I(aaa) and satisfies every triple in the following infinite set: RDF axioms. rdf:type rdf:type rdf:Property . rdf:subject rdf:type rdf:Property . rdf:predicate rdf:type rdf:Property . rdf:object rdf:type rdf:Property . rdf:first rdf:type rdf:Property . rdf:rest rdf:type rdf:Property . rdf:value rdf:type rdf:Property . rdf:nil rdf:type rdf:List . rdf:_1 rdf:type rdf:Property . rdf:_2 rdf:type rdf:Property . ... RDF imposes no particular normative meanings on the rest of the RDF vocabulary. Appendix D describes the intended uses of some of this vocabulary. The datatype IRIs rdf:langString and xsd:string MUST be recognize d by all RDF interpretations. Two other datatypes rdf:XMLLiteral and rdf:HTML are defined in [ RDF11-CONCEPTS ]. RDF-D interpretations MAY fail to recognize these datatypes. 8.1 RDF entailment S RDF entail s E recognizing D when every RDF interpretation recognizing D which satisfies S also satisfies E. When D is { rdf:langString , xsd:string } then we simply say S RDF entails E. E is RDF unsatisfiable (recognizing D) when it has no satisfying RDF interpretation (recognizing D). The properties of simple entailment described earlier do not all apply to RDF entail ment. For example, all the RDF axioms are true in every RDF interpretation , and so are RDF entail ed by the empty graph, contradicting interpolation for RDF entailment. 8.1.1 Patterns of RDF entailment (Informative) This section is non-normative. The last semantic condition in the above table gives the following entailment pattern for recognize d datatype IRIs: RDF entailment pattern. if S contains then S RDF entails, recognizing D rdfD1 xxx aaa " sss "^^ ddd . for ddd in D xxx aaa _:nnn . _:nnn rdf:type ddd . Note, this is valid even when the literal is ill-typed , since an unsatisfiable graph entails any triple. For example, ex:a ex:p "123"^^xsd:integer . RDF entails recognizing { xsd:integer } ex:a ex:p _:x . _:x rdf:type xsd:integer . In addition, the first RDF semantic condition justifies the following entailment pattern: if S contains then S RDF entails, recognizing D rdfD2 xxx aaa yyy . aaa rdf:type rdf:Property . So that the above example also RDF entails ex:p rdf:type rdf:Property . recognizing { xsd:integer }. Some datatypes support idiosyncratic entailment patterns which do not hold for other datatypes. For example, ex:a ex:p "true"^^xsd:boolean . ex:a ex:p "false"^^xsd:boolean . ex:v rdf:type xsd:boolean . together RDF entail ex:a ex:p ex:v . recognizing { xsd:boolean }. In addition, the semantic conditions on value spaces may produce other unsatisfiable graphs. For example, when D contains xsd:integer and xsd:boolean , then the following is RDF unsatisfiable recognizing D: _:x rdf:type xsd:boolean . _:x rdf:type xsd:integer . 9. RDFS Interpretations RDF Schema [ RDF11-SCHEMA ] extends RDF to a larger vocabulary with more complex semantic constraints: RDFS vocabulary rdfs:domain rdfs:range rdfs:Resource rdfs:Literal rdfs:Datatype rdfs:Class rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:member rdfs:Container rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty rdfs:comment rdfs:seeAlso rdfs:isDefinedBy rdfs:label ( rdfs:comment , rdfs:seeAlso , rdfs:isDefinedBy and rdfs:label are included here because some constraints which apply to their use can be stated using rdfs:domain , rdfs:range and rdfs:subPropertyOf . Other than this, the formal semantics does not constrain their meanings.) It is convenient to state the RDFS semantics in terms of a new semantic construct, a class , i.e. a resource which represents a set of things in the universe which all have that class as a value of their rdf:type property. Class es are defined to be things of type rdfs:Class , and the set of all classes in an interpretation will be called IC. The semantic conditions are stated in terms of a mapping ICEXT (for the C lass Ext ension in I) from IC to the set of subsets of IR. A class may have an empty class extension. Two different classes can have the same class extension. The class extension of rdfs:Class contains the class rdfs:Class . An RDFS interpretation ( recognizing D ) is an RDF interpretation (recognizing D) I which satisfies the semantic conditions in the following table, and all the triples in the subsequent table of RDFS axiomatic triples. RDFS semantic conditions. ICEXT(y) is defined to be { x : < x,y > is in IEXT(I( rdf:type )) } IC is defined to be ICEXT(I( rdfs:Class )) LV is defined to be ICEXT(I( rdfs:Literal )) ICEXT(I( rdfs:Resource )) = IR ICEXT(I( rdf:langString )) is the set {I(E) : E a language-tagged string } for every other IRI aaa in D, ICEXT(I(aaa)) is the value space of I(aaa) for every IRI aaa in D, I(aaa) is in ICEXT(I( rdfs:Datatype )) If < x,y > is in IEXT(I( rdfs:domain )) and < u,v > is in IEXT(x) then u is in ICEXT(y) If < x,y > is in IEXT(I( rdfs:range )) and < u,v > is in IEXT(x) then v is in ICEXT(y) IEXT(I( rdfs:subPropertyOf )) is transitive and reflexive on IP If <x,y> is in IEXT(I( rdfs:subPropertyOf )) then x and y are in IP and IEXT(x) is a subset of IEXT(y) If x is in IC then < x, I( rdfs:Resource ) > is in IEXT(I( rdfs:subClassOf )) IEXT(I( rdfs:subClassOf )) is transitive and reflexive on IC If < x,y > is in IEXT(I( rdfs:subClassOf )) then x and y are in IC and ICEXT(x) is a subset of ICEXT(y) If x is in ICEXT(I( rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty )) then: < x, I( rdfs:member ) > is in IEXT(I( rdfs:subPropertyOf )) If x is in ICEXT(I( rdfs:Datatype )) then < x, I( rdfs:Literal ) > is in IEXT(I( rdfs:subClassOf )) RDFS axiomatic triples. rdf:type rdfs:domain rdfs:Resource . rdfs:domain rdfs:domain rdf:Property . rdfs:range rdfs:domain rdf:Property . rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:domain rdf:Property . rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:domain rdfs:Class . rdf:subject rdfs:domain rdf:Statement . rdf:predicate rdfs:domain rdf:Statement . rdf:object rdfs:domain rdf:Statement . rdfs:member rdfs:domain rdfs:Resource . rdf:first rdfs:domain rdf:List . rdf:rest rdfs:domain rdf:List . rdfs:seeAlso rdfs:domain rdfs:Resource . rdfs:isDefinedBy rdfs:domain rdfs:Resource . rdfs:comment rdfs:domain rdfs:Resource . rdfs:label rdfs:domain rdfs:Resource . rdf:value rdfs:domain rdfs:Resource . rdf:type rdfs:range rdfs:Class . rdfs:domain rdfs:range rdfs:Class . rdfs:range rdfs:range rdfs:Class . rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:range rdf:Property . rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:range rdfs:Class . rdf:subject rdfs:range rdfs:Resource . rdf:predicate rdfs:range rdfs:Resource . rdf:object rdfs:range rdfs:Resource . rdfs:member rdfs:range rdfs:Resource . rdf:first rdfs:range rdfs:Resource . rdf:rest rdfs:range rdf:List . rdfs:seeAlso rdfs:range rdfs:Resource . rdfs:isDefinedBy rdfs:range rdfs:Resource . rdfs:comment rdfs:range rdfs:Literal . rdfs:label rdfs:range rdfs:Literal . rdf:value rdfs:range rdfs:Resource . rdf:Alt rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:Container . rdf:Bag rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:Container . rdf:Seq rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:Container . rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty rdfs:subClassOf rdf:Property . rdfs:isDefinedBy rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:seeAlso . rdfs:Datatype rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:Class . rdf:_1 rdf:type rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty . rdf:_1 rdfs:domain rdfs:Resource . rdf:_1 rdfs:range rdfs:Resource . rdf:_2 rdf:type rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty . rdf:_2 rdfs:domain rdfs:Resource . rdf:_2 rdfs:range rdfs:Resource . ... In the 2004 RDF 1.0 semantics, LV was defined as part of a simple interpretation structure, and the definition given here was a constraint. Since I is an RDF interpretation , the first condition implies that IP = ICEXT(I( rdf:Property )). The semantic conditions on RDF interpretation s, together with the RDFS conditions on ICEXT, mean that every recognize d datatype can be treated as a class whose extension is the value space of the datatype, and every literal with that datatype either fails to refer, or refers to a value in that class. When using RDFS semantics, the referents of all recognize d datatype IRIs can be considered to be in the class rdfs:Datatype . The axioms and conditions listed above have some redundancy. For example, all but one of the RDF axiomatic triples can be derived from the RDFS axiomatic triples and the semantic conditions on ICEXT, rdfs:domain and rdfs:range . Other triples which must be true in all RDFS interpretations include the following. This is not a complete set. Some rdfs-valid triples. rdfs:Resource rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdfs:Class rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdfs:Literal rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdf:XMLLiteral rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdf:HTML rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdfs:Datatype rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdf:Seq rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdf:Bag rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdf:Alt rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdfs:Container rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdf:List rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdf:Property rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdf:Statement rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdfs:domain rdf:type rdf:Property . rdfs:range rdf:type rdf:Property . rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:type rdf:Property . rdfs:subClassOf rdf:type rdf:Property . rdfs:member rdf:type rdf:Property . rdfs:seeAlso rdf:type rdf:Property . rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:type rdf:Property . rdfs:comment rdf:type rdf:Property . rdfs:label rdf:type rdf:Property . RDFS does not partition the universe into disjoint categories of classes, properties and individuals. Anything in the universe can be used as a class or as a property, or both, while retaining its status as an individual which may be in classes and have properties. Thus, RDFS permits classes which contain other classes, classes of properties, properties of classes, etc. As the axiomatic triples above illustrate, it also permits classes which contain themselves and properties which apply to themselves. A property of a class is not necessarily a property of its members, nor vice versa. 9.1 A note on rdfs:Literal (Informative) Thi | 2026-01-13T08:48:06 |
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https://dev.to/devteam/congrats-to-the-winners-of-the-real-time-ai-agents-challenge-powered-by-n8n-and-bright-data-104c | Congrats to the Winners of the Real-Time AI Agents Challenge powered by n8n and Bright Data! - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Jess Lee for The DEV Team Posted on Sep 11, 2025 Congrats to the Winners of the Real-Time AI Agents Challenge powered by n8n and Bright Data! # devchallenge # ai # n8nbrightdatachallenge # machinelearning The wait is over! We are excited to announce the winners of the Real-Time AI Agents Challenge powered by n8n and Bright Data . From bug hunters to job finders to startup funding monitors and beyond, the community truly showcased just how versatile the n8n and Bright Data combination can be when it comes to creative automation solutions. We were blown away by the diversity of problems that were tackled, and loved reviewing all the submissions that came our way. We hope you enjoyed building with n8n and Bright Data, and are proud of what you accomplished, regardless of whether or not you take home the prize. Without further ado, our five winners. Congratulations To… SOC-CERT: Automated Threat Intelligence System @joupify built a production-ready cybersecurity monitoring solution that processes 100+ CVEs daily with 99.8% uptime. SOC-CERT: Automated Threat Intelligence System with n8n & AI Malika ・ Aug 27 #n8nbrightdatachallenge #ai #webautomation #cybersecurity This threat intelligence system combines government sources (CISA), community data (OTX), and AI-powered scoring to deliver real-time security alerts across Slack, Gmail, and Google Sheets. BrandGuard AI: Multi-Agent Brand Monitoring System @prema_ananda created a comprehensive brand reputation monitoring platform that transforms how companies track online mentions. Building a Multi-Agent AI Brand Monitoring System with n8n and BrightData Prema Ananda ・ Aug 30 #devchallenge #n8nbrightdatachallenge #ai #webdev This multi-agent intelligent system automatically collects brand mentions from major social platforms, analyzes sentiment and business impact, and delivers insights through both a web dashboard and conversational Slack bot. Event Butler: AI-Powered Event Discovery @varshithvhegde built an AI assistant that discovers tech events before you even know they exist. I Built an AI Event Butler So I'd Never Miss Another Tech Meetup (And You Can Too) Varshith V Hegde ・ Aug 27 #devchallenge #n8nbrightdatachallenge #ai #webdev This delightful "Event Butler" wakes up daily to scrape Eventbrite, curates events using Google Gemini AI, and delivers engaging Morning Brew-style newsletters straight to your inbox. Release & Deprecation Sentinel: Autonomous SRE Copilot @mohankrishnaalavala addressed a critical pain point for DevOps teams with an autonomous monitoring agent that tracks release notes and deprecation notices from 18+ vendors including Kubernetes, Docker, and HashiCorp. Release & Deprecation Sentinel — Autonomous SRE Copilot with Bright Data + n8n Mohan Krishna Alavala ・ Aug 27 #n8nbrightdatachallenge #ai #devchallenge With automated fetching every 6 hours and Bright Data ensuring reliable scraping, this SRE copilot transforms vendor chaos into structured insights. Pixie: Voice-Driven Website Builder @sanarahman built an end-to-end voice-driven pipeline that turns spoken requirements into live website prototypes. "Pixie", End-to-End Voice-Driven Website Builder (n8n + Bright Data) — AI Agents Challenge submission sana ・ Sep 1 #devchallenge #n8nbrightdatachallenge #ai #webdev Simply speak your design ideas, and Pixie scrapes the target site with Bright Data, generates a Product Requirements Document using AI, and automatically creates a working prototype on Lovable.dev. Our five winners will each receive $1,000 USD, a DEV++ Membership , and an exclusive DEV badge. All participants with valid submissions will receive a completion badge on their DEV profile! A Huge Thanks to Our Challenge Sponsors This challenge wouldn't have been possible without n8n and Bright Data . n8n's powerful automation platform enabled developers to build sophisticated workflows with ease, while Bright Data's reliable web data infrastructure ensured seamless access to any public data source without blocks or rate limits. Together, these tools provided the perfect foundation for creating production-ready AI agents that solve real-world problems. What's next? More challenges, of course! Check out our list of challenges currently accepting submissions and follow the challenge tag so you don't miss any announcements: # devchallenge Follow This is the official tag for submissions and announcements related to DEV Challenges. We hope you enjoyed building real-time agents with n8n and Bright Data, see you next time! Interested in being a volunteer judge for future challenges? Learn more here ! Top comments (18) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Malika Malika Malika Follow Full-stack Ruby on Rails dev. I build scalable apps with Hotwire & PostgreSQL. 5+ years in e-commerce bring a product-minded approach focused on UX and impact. Location paris Education Le Wagon paris Pronouns She/Her Work Full-time opportunities in RoR dev | Freelance projects (e-commerce, SaaS apps, automation) Joined Apr 1, 2023 • Sep 11 '25 • Edited on Sep 13 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide 🎉 THANK YOU & FEEDBACK To the amazing n8n and Bright Data teams , I just learned that SOC-CERT won the AI Agents Challenge, and I'm absolutely thrilled! I wanted to express my deepest gratitude for organizing this incredible opportunity. This challenge wasn't just about winning - it was about: ✅ Learning advanced n8n workflow automation ✅ Building a real-world cybersecurity solution ✅ Connecting with an amazing community of developers ✅ Growing as a developer and problem-solver Special thanks for: The well-designed challenge structure The quality documentation and resources The responsive community support The focus on real-world applications This experience has been transformative, and I'm excited to continue building with n8n and Bright Data! Keep up the amazing work! 🚀 Malika ( @joupify ) Winner - AI Agents Challenge 2025 Like comment: Like comment: 9 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand sana sana sana Follow Coding enthusiast | MERN | THREE.js | python | photogrammetry | Drones Joined Jan 8, 2025 • Sep 12 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Wow, I’m beyond excited and super thankful for this opportunity! 🚀 Huge shoutout to n8n and Bright Data for building such an awesome tool and making this possible. 🙌 And of course, massive thanks to everyone here in the community, your support, ideas, and good vibes keep pushing me to create and try new things. 💡✨ Also, Congratulations to everyone.... Feeling super pumped to keep building, learning, and sharing with you all. Let’s keep the momentum going! 💙🔥 Like comment: Like comment: 6 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Varshith V Hegde Varshith V Hegde Varshith V Hegde Follow A simple programmer fond of learning Email varshithvh@gmail.com Location Mangalore Education Mangalore Institute of Technology and Engineering Work Software Engineer@KPIT Joined Jun 30, 2022 • Sep 12 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Wow, what an honor to be featured among such a brilliant group of winners! A massive thank you to the judges, the DEV Community, and especially @jess and @ben from the team, as well as n8n and Bright Data for organizing this challenge. It was a fantastic experience seeing how powerful your tools are together. My heartiest congratulations to @joupify , @prema_ananda , @mohankrishnaalavala , and @sanarahman on their well-deserved wins! Like comment: Like comment: 6 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Prema Ananda Prema Ananda Prema Ananda Follow Full-stack developer: AI applications, rapid MVPs, database expert (MongoDB, Redis, PostgreSQL). Multi-agent systems specialist. Fixed-price development. Days, not months! Email djoty108@gmail.com Location Ukraine Joined May 24, 2025 • Sep 12 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Big thanks to the DEV.to, n8n, and Bright Data teams for such a well-organized challenge! It was incredibly exciting to work on BrandGuard AI and see what powerful possibilities the combination of n8n and Bright Data opens up for creating real AI agents. The monetary prize will really help - it's truly meaningful support! The quality of the challenge organization is top-notch. Already looking forward to the next challenges 🚀 Like comment: Like comment: 6 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Nikoloz Turazashvili (@axrisi) Nikoloz Turazashvili (@axrisi) Nikoloz Turazashvili (@axrisi) Follow Founder & CTO at NikoLabs LLC, building Axrisi—an AI-powered browser extension for seamless on-page text processing and productivity. Opened Chicos restaurant in Tbilisi, Georgia. Email turazashvili@gmail.com Location Tbilisi, Georgia Education EXCELIA La Rochelle Pronouns He/Him Work Founder & CTO at NikoLabs LLC and Axrisi Joined May 30, 2025 • Sep 13 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Congraaaaats <3 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Pravesh Sudha Follow AWS Community Builder Bridging critical thinking and innovation, from philosophy to DevOps. Email programmerpravesh@gmail.com Location India Education Hindu College, Delhi University, India Pronouns he/him Work Freelance DevOps Engineer At Fiverr Joined Jul 19, 2024 • Sep 14 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Congrats Boy!!!!!! Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Mehdi Amrane Mehdi Amrane Mehdi Amrane Follow Joined Apr 10, 2020 • Sep 11 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Congrats to all the winners! 🎉 @joupify @prema_ananda (awesome execution!) @varshithvhegde @mohankrishnaalavala @sanarahman . Amazing projects all around! 👏 Like comment: Like comment: 6 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Varshith V Hegde Varshith V Hegde Varshith V Hegde Follow A simple programmer fond of learning Email varshithvh@gmail.com Location Mangalore Education Mangalore Institute of Technology and Engineering Work Software Engineer@KPIT Joined Jun 30, 2022 • Sep 11 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank You Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Bridget Amana Bridget Amana Bridget Amana Follow Just a curious frontend developer learning in public Location Lagos, Nigeria Pronouns She/Her Joined Jun 27, 2024 • Sep 11 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Congratulations to the winners 👏 I really had high hopes for this one Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Yulia Dmitrievna Yulia Dmitrievna Yulia Dmitrievna Follow Joined Sep 1, 2025 • Sep 12 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It was great to take part in the competition. I sent my work at the last minute but I really enjoyed building it. Thank you for the inspiration! Congratulations to all the winners🎉 Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Ashley Childress Ashley Childress Ashley Childress Follow Distributed backend specialist. Perfectly happy playing second fiddle—it means I get to chase fun ideas, dodge meetings, and break things no one told me to touch, all without anyone questioning it. 😇 Location Georgia, United States Education University of West Georgia Pronouns She/Her Work SSE @ Home Depot, 7+ years Joined May 30, 2025 • Sep 12 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Congrats everyone! There was lots of great stuff posted for this one—well deserved! 👏 Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Andre Moreira Andre Moreira Andre Moreira Follow Physicist turned businessman Location Germany Education Physics PhD from Potsdam University, Germany Work Founder - meaning, I wear many hats Joined Sep 1, 2024 • Sep 14 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Congratulations to the winners! It was a great experience to be part of this challenge. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand FromZeroToGrow FromZeroToGrow FromZeroToGrow Follow Real stories, habits, and lessons to help you grow — even if you’re starting from nothing. Joined Sep 11, 2025 • Sep 12 '25 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Good! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (18 comments) Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments. 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Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:07 |
https://dev.to/adventures_in_ml/how-to-edit-and-contribute-to-existing-code-base-ml-097#main-content | How to Edit and Contribute to Existing Code Base - ML 097 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Adventures in Machine Learning Follow How to Edit and Contribute to Existing Code Base - ML 097 Dec 15 '22 play Let's be honest. We've all copied and pasted code from the internet. There are many great code sources and in this episode, Ben and Michael discuss how to leverage existing code. They explain how to understand a code base and some best practices for contribution. Sponsors Chuck's Resume Template Developer Book Club starting with Clean Architecture by Robert C. Martin Become a Top 1% Dev with a Top End Devs Membership Advertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brands Privacy & Opt-Out: https://redcircle.com/privacy Episode source Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Your browser does not support the audio element. 1x initializing... × 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:07 |
https://github.com/BlinkDL/RWKV-LM | GitHub - BlinkDL/RWKV-LM: RWKV (pronounced RwaKuv) is an RNN with great LLM performance, which can also be directly trained like a GPT transformer (parallelizable). We are at RWKV-7 "Goose". So it's combining the best of RNN and transformer - great performance, linear time, constant space (no kv-cache), fast training, infinite ctx_len, and free sentence embedding. 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Notifications You must be signed in to change notification settings Fork 985 Star 14.3k RWKV (pronounced RwaKuv) is an RNN with great LLM performance, which can also be directly trained like a GPT transformer (parallelizable). We are at RWKV-7 "Goose". So it's combining the best of RNN and transformer - great performance, linear time, constant space (no kv-cache), fast training, infinite ctx_len, and free sentence embedding. License Apache-2.0 license 14.3k stars 985 forks Branches Tags Activity Star Notifications You must be signed in to change notification settings Code Issues 116 Pull requests 25 Discussions Actions Projects 0 Security Uh oh! There was an error while loading. Please reload this page . Insights Additional navigation options Code Issues Pull requests Discussions Actions Projects Security Insights BlinkDL/RWKV-LM main Branches Tags Go to file Code Open more actions menu Folders and files Name Name Last commit message Last commit date Latest commit History 821 Commits .github .github RWKV-v1 RWKV-v1 RWKV-v2-RNN RWKV-v2-RNN RWKV-v3 RWKV-v3 RWKV-v4 RWKV-v4 RWKV-v4neo RWKV-v4neo RWKV-v5 RWKV-v5 RWKV-v6 RWKV-v6 RWKV-v7 RWKV-v7 RWKV-v8 RWKV-v8 Research Research .gitignore .gitignore CITATION.cff CITATION.cff LICENSE LICENSE README.md README.md RWKV-8-ROSA.png RWKV-8-ROSA.png RWKV-8.md RWKV-8.md RWKV-chat.png RWKV-chat.png RWKV-ctxlen.png RWKV-ctxlen.png RWKV-demo.png RWKV-demo.png RWKV-eval.png RWKV-eval.png RWKV-eval2.png RWKV-eval2.png RWKV-formula.png RWKV-formula.png RWKV-loss.png RWKV-loss.png RWKV-paper.png RWKV-paper.png RWKV-time-w.png RWKV-time-w.png RWKV-v2-430M-Pile-LR.png RWKV-v2-430M-Pile-LR.png RWKV-v2-430M-Pile.png RWKV-v2-430M-Pile.png RWKV-v2-RNN-run.png RWKV-v2-RNN-run.png RWKV-v2-RNN.png RWKV-v2-RNN.png RWKV-v3-1.5B-Pile.png RWKV-v3-1.5B-Pile.png RWKV-v3-plan.png RWKV-v3-plan.png RWKV-v4-1.5B-Pile.png RWKV-v4-1.5B-Pile.png RWKV-v5-benchmark-1.png RWKV-v5-benchmark-1.png RWKV-v5-minipile.png RWKV-v5-minipile.png RWKV-v6.png RWKV-v6.png RWKV-v7-loss.png RWKV-v7-loss.png RWKV-v7-niah.png RWKV-v7-niah.png RWKV-v7.png RWKV-v7.png RWKV-vs-MHA.png RWKV-vs-MHA.png rwkv-x060.png rwkv-x060.png View all files Repository files navigation README Apache-2.0 license RWKV: Parallelizable RNN with Transformer-level LLM Performance (pronounced as "RwaKuv" (rʌkuv in IPA), from 4 major params: R W K V) RWKV website: https://rwkv.com (with 150+ papers training various RWKV models) RWKV twitter: https://twitter.com/BlinkDL_AI (lastest news) RWKV discord: https://discord.gg/bDSBUMeFpc RWKV-7 "Goose" is the strongest linear-time & constant-space (no kv-cache) & attention-free & 100% RNN architecture on this planet at this moment, suitable for LLM and multimodal applications and more (see rwkv.com ). RWKV-7 is a meta-in-context learner , test-time-training its state on the context via in-context gradient descent at every token. RWKV is a Linux Foundation AI project , so totally free. RWKV runtime is already in Windows & Office . You are welcome to ask the RWKV community (such as RWKV discord ) for advice on upgrading your attention/ssm models to rwkv7 models :) Efficient inference project : https://github.com/BlinkDL/Albatross Fast RWKV-7 CUDA kernels (vanilla, state-tuning, state-passing infctx) : https://github.com/BlinkDL/RWKV-CUDA/tree/main/rwkv7_fast_fused RWKV APP : https://github.com/RWKV-APP/RWKV_APP (local inference for Android / iOS) Simplified RWKV-7 training demo : https://github.com/BlinkDL/RWKV-LM/blob/main/RWKV-v7/train_temp/rwkv7_train_simplified.py Important (all shown in rwkv7_train_simplified.py): Use PreLN LayerNorm (instead of RMSNorm) for RWKV. I think it's related to better initial state, because I am not using trainable initial state (found it useless when using LayerNorm). Only apply weight decay to large matrix parameters (basically projections) in your model instead of all parameters. THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT. Use correct initialization. Improving RNNs: https://github.com/BlinkDL/RWKV-LM/blob/main/RWKV-8.md === Please use https://github.com/BlinkDL/RWKV-LM/tree/main/RWKV-v7/train_temp as RWKV-7 reference implementation . The default config only requires 1 GPU with 10G VRAM (you can reduce bsz if you have less VRAM), so it's easy to test. Note FLA RWKV-7 is NOT aligned with reference implementation yet, and you will get less performance. This is because RWKV-7 is the whole model with carefully set stuffs, including different init / wd / lr for each parameter, so it's readily scalable and very stable (spike-free). But the price to pay is there is no good simple "RWKV-7 layer" because a pytorch layer can't make sure itself is using correct init and hyperparameters. So if you need to use RWKV-7 for another task, please study train_temp code (only several hundred lines) and change it to suit you. === RWKV-8: === History of RWKV (from v1 to v7): https://wiki.rwkv.com (note: AI-written. might contain errors) Gradio Demo 1: https://huggingface.co/spaces/BlinkDL/RWKV-Gradio-1 Gradio Demo 2: https://huggingface.co/spaces/BlinkDL/RWKV-Gradio-2 WebGPU Demo: https://cryscan.github.io/web-rwkv-puzzles/#/chat Latest RWKV weights: https://huggingface.co/BlinkDL === RWKV-Runner GUI: https://github.com/josStorer/RWKV-Runner/releases Ai00 Server: https://github.com/Ai00-X/ai00_server RWKV pip pkg: https://pypi.org/project/rwkv/ PEFT (Lora etc.): https://github.com/JL-er/RWKV-PEFT RLHF: https://github.com/OpenMOSE/RWKV-LM-RLHF 400+ RWKV projects: https://github.com/search?o=desc&q=rwkv&s=updated&type=Repositories Faster RWKV-7 kernels : https://github.com/johanwind/wind_rwkv === RWKV-5/6 Eagle/Finch paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.05892 Chat demo code: https://github.com/BlinkDL/ChatRWKV/blob/main/API_DEMO_CHAT.py RWKV-7 demo code : https://github.com/BlinkDL/RWKV-LM/tree/main/RWKV-v7 https://github.com/BlinkDL/RWKV-LM/blob/main/RWKV-v7/rwkv_v7_demo.py (GPT-like mode) https://github.com/BlinkDL/RWKV-LM/blob/main/RWKV-v7/rwkv_v7_demo_rnn.py (RNN mode) https://github.com/BlinkDL/RWKV-LM/blob/main/RWKV-v7/rwkv_v7_demo_fast.py (Both mode, fastest) RWKV-6 demo code: https://github.com/BlinkDL/RWKV-LM/blob/main/RWKV-v5/rwkv_v6_demo.py RWKV-6 demo code: https://github.com/BlinkDL/ChatRWKV/blob/main/RWKV_v6_demo.py HOW TO TRAIN RWKV-7/6/5 on MiniPile (1.5G tokens) For reference, use python 3.10+, torch 2.5+, cuda 12.4+, latest deepspeed, but keep pytorch-lightning==1.9.5 Note: seems deepspeed 0.17.x is buggy (worse loss or divergence). Use 0.16.8 for reference (maybe --layerwise_lr 0 can fix it) Train RWKV-7: # you can use latest torch + latest cuda (not limited to cu121) pip install torch --upgrade --extra-index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu121 pip install pytorch-lightning==1.9.5 deepspeed wandb ninja --upgrade # train RWKV-7 cd RWKV-v7/train_temp/ # download minipile .bin .idx to train_temp/data first (check demo-training-prepare.sh) # this will generate the initial weight rwkv-init.pth in out/....../ sh ./demo-training-prepare.sh # this will load rwkv-init.pth and train the model. you may want to log in to wandb first sh ./demo-training-run.sh your out/....../train_log.txt should have losses similar to: 0 4.875856 131.0863 0.00059975 2025-04-24 02:23:42.481256 0 1 4.028621 56.1834 0.00059899 2025-04-24 02:28:16.674463 1 2 3.801625 44.7739 0.00059773 2025-04-24 02:32:51.059568 2 3 3.663070 38.9808 0.00059597 2025-04-24 02:37:25.409892 3 4 3.578974 35.8368 0.00059371 2025-04-24 02:41:59.711315 4 5 3.510906 33.4786 0.00059096 2025-04-24 02:46:33.990839 5 6 3.462345 31.8917 0.00058771 2025-04-24 02:51:08.378331 6 7 3.412196 30.3318 0.00058399 2025-04-24 02:55:42.927474 7 8 3.376724 29.2747 0.00057978 2025-04-24 03:00:17.504665 8 9 3.336911 28.1321 0.00057511 2025-04-24 03:04:52.006063 9 10 3.313411 27.4787 0.00056999 2025-04-24 03:09:27.563336 10 11 3.295895 27.0016 0.00056441 2025-04-24 03:14:01.786079 11 RWKV-7 weight example for 1.5B (L24-D2048, vocab 65536): name shape comment initialization emb.weight [65536, 2048] wdecay see code blocks.0.ln0.weight [2048] for layer 0 1 blocks.0.ln0.bias [2048] for layer 0 0 blocks.*.ln1.weight [2048] 1 blocks.*.ln1.bias [2048] 0 blocks.*.att.x_r [1, 1, 2048] see code blocks.*.att.x_w [1, 1, 2048] see code blocks.*.att.x_k [1, 1, 2048] see code blocks.*.att.x_v [1, 1, 2048] see code blocks.*.att.x_a [1, 1, 2048] see code blocks.*.att.x_g [1, 1, 2048] see code blocks.*.att.w0 [1, 1, 2048] lr 2x see code blocks.*.att.w1 [2048, 96] 0 blocks.*.att.w2 [96, 2048] see code blocks.*.att.a0 [1, 1, 2048] 0 blocks.*.att.a1 [2048, 96] 0 blocks.*.att.a2 [96, 2048] see code blocks.*.att.v0 [1, 1, 2048] for layer 1+ 1 blocks.*.att.v1 [2048, 64] for layer 1+ 0 blocks.*.att.v2 [64, 2048] for layer 1+ see code blocks.*.att.g1 [2048, 256] 0 blocks.*.att.g2 [256, 2048] see code blocks.*.att.k_k [1, 1, 2048] 1 blocks.*.att.k_a [1, 1, 2048] 1 blocks.*.att.r_k [32, 64] 0 blocks.*.att.receptance.weight [2048, 2048] wdecay see code blocks.*.att.key.weight [2048, 2048] wdecay see code blocks.*.att.value.weight [2048, 2048] wdecay see code blocks.*.att.output.weight [2048, 2048] wdecay 0 blocks.*.att.ln_x.weight [2048] see code blocks.*.att.ln_x.bias [2048] 0 blocks.*.ln2.weight [2048] 1 blocks.*.ln2.bias [2048] 0 blocks.*.ffn.x_k [1, 1, 2048] see code blocks.*.ffn.key.weight [8192, 2048] wdecay see code blocks.*.ffn.value.weight [2048, 8192] wdecay 0 ln_out.weight [2048] 1 ln_out.bias [2048] 0 head.weight [65536, 2048] wdecay see code Train RWKV-6: use /RWKV-v5/ and use --my_testing "x060" in demo-training-prepare.sh and demo-training-run.sh Your loss curve should look almost exactly the same as this, with the same ups and downs (if you use the same bsz & config): You can run your model using https://pypi.org/project/rwkv/ (use "rwkv_vocab_v20230424" instead of "20B_tokenizer.json") Use https://github.com/BlinkDL/RWKV-LM/blob/main/RWKV-v5/make_data.py to prepare binidx data from jsonl, and compute "--my_exit_tokens" and "--magic_prime". Use https://github.com/BlinkDL/RWKV-LM/blob/main/RWKV-v5/compute_magic_prime.py to compute "--my_exit_tokens" and "--magic_prime" for existing binidx. Much faster tokenizer of large data: https://github.com/cahya-wirawan/json2bin https://github.com/cahya-wirawan/rwkv-tokenizer https://github.com/m8than/RWKV-World-Tokenizer-CPP The "epoch" in train.py is "mini-epoch" (not real epoch. only for convenience), and 1 mini-epoch = 40320 * ctx_len tokens. For example, if your binidx has 1498226207 tokens and ctxlen=4096, set "--my_exit_tokens 1498226207" (this will override epoch_count), and it will be 1498226207/(40320 * 4096) = 9.07 miniepochs. The trainer will auto-exit after "--my_exit_tokens" tokens. Set "--magic_prime" to the largest 3n+2 prime smaller than datalen/ctxlen-1 (= 1498226207/4096-1 = 365776), which is "--magic_prime 365759" in this case. simple: prepare SFT jsonl => repeat your SFT data 3 or 4 times in make_data.py. more repetition leads to overfitting. advanced: repeat your SFT data 3 or 4 times in your jsonl (note make_data.py will shuffle all jsonl items) => add some base data (such as slimpajama) to your jsonl => and only repeat 1 times in make_data.py. Fix training spikes : see the "Fixing RWKV-6 Spikes" part on this page. Or use RWKV-7 (much better). RWKV-7 is very stable and spike-free (verified for 0.1/0.4/1.5/2.9b): Simple inference for RWKV-6 : https://github.com/BlinkDL/ChatRWKV/blob/main/RWKV_v6_demo.py Simple inference for RWKV-5 : https://github.com/BlinkDL/ChatRWKV/blob/main/RWKV_v5_demo.py Note: In [state = kv + w * state] everything must be in fp32 because w can be very close to 1. So we can keep state and w in fp32, and convert kv to fp32. lm_eval: https://github.com/BlinkDL/ChatRWKV/blob/main/run_lm_eval.py Tips for small model / small data : When I train RWKV music models, I use deep & narrow (such as L29-D512) dimensions, and apply wd and dropout (such as wd=2 dropout=0.02). Note RWKV-LM dropout is very effective - use 1/4 of your usual value. HOW TO TRAIN RWKV-7 on Pile (332G tokens) See https://github.com/BlinkDL/RWKV-LM/blob/main/RWKV-v5/demo-training-prepare-v7-pile.sh and https://github.com/BlinkDL/RWKV-LM/blob/main/RWKV-v5/demo-training-run-v7-pile.sh Get these files first: pile_20B_tokenizer_text_document.bin (664230651068 bytes) pile_20B_tokenizer_text_document.idx (4212099722 bytes) HOW TO FINETUNE RWKV-5 MODELS Use .jsonl format for your data (see https://huggingface.co/BlinkDL/rwkv-5-world for formats). Use https://github.com/BlinkDL/RWKV-LM/blob/main/RWKV-v5/make_data.py to tokenizer it using World tokenizer into binidx, suitable for finetuning World models. Rename the base checkpoint in your model folder to rwkv-init.pth, and change the training commands to use --n_layer 32 --n_embd 4096 --vocab_size 65536 --lr_init 1e-5 --lr_final 1e-5 for 7B. 0.1B = --n_layer 12 --n_embd 768 // 0.4B = --n_layer 24 --n_embd 1024 // 1.5B = --n_layer 24 --n_embd 2048 // 3B = --n_layer 32 --n_embd 2560 // 7B = --n_layer 32 --n_embd 4096 State-tuning (tuning the initial state. zero inference overhead) Currently unoptimized implementation, takes same vram as full SFT --train_type "states" --load_partial 1 --lr_init 1 --lr_final 0.01 --warmup_steps 10 (yes, use very high LR) use rwkv 0.8.26+ to auto-load the trained "time_state" Initializing RWKV 5/6 Models When you train RWKV from scratch, try my initialization for best performance. Check generate_init_weight() of src/model.py: emb.weight => nn.init.uniform_(a=-1e-4, b=1e-4) (Note ln0 of block0 is the layernorm for emb.weight) head.weight => nn.init.orthogonal_(gain=0.5*sqrt(n_vocab / n_embd)) att.receptance.weight => nn.init.orthogonal_(gain=1) att.key.weight => nn.init.orthogonal_(gain=0.1) att.value.weight => nn.init.orthogonal_(gain=1) att.gate.weight => nn.init.orthogonal_(gain=0.1) att.output.weight => zero att.ln_x.weight (groupnorm) => ((1 + layer_id) / total_layers) ** 0.7 ffn.key.weight => nn.init.orthogonal_(gain=1) ffn.value.weight => zero ffn.receptance.weight => zero !!! If you are using positional embedding, maybe it's better to remove block.0.ln0 and use default initialization for emb.weight instead of my uniform_(a=-1e-4, b=1e-4) !!! Fixing RWKV-6 Spikes upgrade to RWKV-7. It's very stable. when training from scratch, add "k = k * torch.clamp(w, max=0).exp()" before "RUN_CUDA_RWKV6(r, k, v, w, u)", and remember to change your inference code too. you will see faster convergence. use "--adam_eps 1e-18" "--beta2 0.95" if you see spikes in trainer.py do "lr = lr * (0.01 + 0.99 * trainer.global_step / w_step)" (originally 0.2 + 0.8), and "--warmup_steps 20" "--weight_decay 0.1" leads to better final loss if you are training lots of data. set lr_final to 1/100 of lr_init when doing this. Misc RWKV-7 can do math. See https://github.com/BlinkDL/RWKV-LM/blob/main/Research/rwkv7-g0-7.2b.md for details. Introducing RWKV RWKV is an RNN with Transformer-level LLM performance, which can also be directly trained like a GPT transformer (parallelizable). And it's 100% attention-free. You only need the hidden state at position t to compute the state at position t+1. You can use the "GPT" mode to quickly compute the hidden state for the "RNN" mode. So it's combining the best of RNN and transformer - great performance, fast inference, saves VRAM, fast training, "infinite" ctx_len, and free sentence embedding (using the final hidden state). All latest RWKV weights: https://huggingface.co/BlinkDL HF-compatible RWKV weights: https://huggingface.co/RWKV os . environ [ "RWKV_JIT_ON" ] = '1' os . environ [ "RWKV_CUDA_ON" ] = '0' # if '1' then use CUDA kernel for seq mode (much faster) from rwkv . model import RWKV # pip install rwkv model = RWKV ( model = '/fsx/BlinkDL/HF-MODEL/rwkv-4-pile-1b5/RWKV-4-Pile-1B5-20220903-8040' , strategy = 'cuda fp16' ) out , state = model . forward ([ 187 , 510 , 1563 , 310 , 247 ], None ) # use 20B_tokenizer.json print ( out . detach (). cpu (). numpy ()) # get logits out , state = model . forward ([ 187 , 510 ], None ) out , state = model . forward ([ 1563 ], state ) # RNN has state (use deepcopy if you want to clone it) out , state = model . forward ([ 310 , 247 ], state ) print ( out . detach (). cpu (). numpy ()) # same result as above nanoRWKV: https://github.com/BlinkDL/nanoRWKV (does not require custom CUDA kernel to train, works for any GPU/CPU) Cool Community RWKV Projects : All (400+) RWKV projects: https://github.com/search?o=desc&q=rwkv&s=updated&type=Repositories https://github.com/OpenGVLab/Vision-RWKV Vision RWKV https://github.com/feizc/Diffusion-RWKV Diffusion RWKV https://github.com/cgisky1980/ai00_rwkv_server Fastest WebGPU inference (nVidia/AMD/Intel) https://github.com/cryscan/web-rwkv backend for ai00_rwkv_server https://github.com/saharNooby/rwkv.cpp Fast CPU/cuBLAS/CLBlast inference: int4/int8/fp16/fp32 https://github.com/JL-er/RWKV-PEFT lora/pissa/Qlora/Qpissa/state tuning https://github.com/RWKV/RWKV-infctx-trainer Infctx trainer https://github.com/daquexian/faster-rwkv mlc-ai/mlc-llm#1275 https://github.com/TheRamU/Fay/blob/main/README_EN.md Digital Assistant with RWKV https://github.com/harrisonvanderbyl/rwkv-cpp-cuda Fast GPU inference with cuda/amd/vulkan RWKV v6 in 250 lines (with tokenizer too): https://github.com/BlinkDL/ChatRWKV/blob/main/RWKV_v6_demo.py RWKV v5 in 250 lines (with tokenizer too): https://github.com/BlinkDL/ChatRWKV/blob/main/RWKV_v5_demo.py RWKV v4 in 150 lines (model, inference, text generation): https://github.com/BlinkDL/ChatRWKV/blob/main/RWKV_in_150_lines.py RWKV v4 preprint https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.13048 RWKV v4 introduction, and in 100 lines of numpy : https://johanwind.github.io/2023/03/23/rwkv_overview.html https://johanwind.github.io/2023/03/23/rwkv_details.html RWKV v6 illustrated: A cool paper (Spiking Neural Network) using RWKV: https://github.com/ridgerchu/SpikeGPT You are welcome to join the RWKV discord https://discord.gg/bDSBUMeFpc to build upon it. We have plenty of potential compute (A100 40Gs) now (thanks to Stability and EleutherAI), so if you have interesting ideas I can run them. RWKV [loss vs token position] for 10000 ctx4k+ documents in Pile. RWKV 1B5-4k is mostly flat after ctx1500, but 3B-4k and 7B-4k and 14B-4k have some slopes, and they are getting better. This debunks the old view that RNNs cannot model long ctxlens. We can predict that RWKV 100B will be great, and RWKV 1T is probably all you need :) ChatRWKV with RWKV 14B ctx8192: I believe RNN is a better candidate for fundamental models, because: (1) It's more friendly for ASICs (no kv cache). (2) It's more friendly for RL. (3) When we write, our brain is more similar to RNN. (4) The universe is like an RNN too (because of locality). Transformers are non-local models. RWKV-3 1.5B on A40 (tf32) = always 0.015 sec/token, tested using simple pytorch code (no CUDA), GPU utilization 45%, VRAM 7823M GPT2-XL 1.3B on A40 (tf32) = 0.032 sec/token (for ctxlen 1000), tested using HF, GPU utilization 45% too (interesting), VRAM 9655M Training speed: (new training code) RWKV-4 14B BF16 ctxlen4096 = 114K tokens/s on 8x8 A100 80G (ZERO2+CP). (old training code) RWKV-4 1.5B BF16 ctxlen1024 = 106K tokens/s on 8xA100 40G. I am doing image experiments too (For example: https://huggingface.co/BlinkDL/clip-guided-binary-autoencoder ) and RWKV will be able to do txt2img diffusion :) My idea: 256x256 rgb image -> 32x32x13bit latents -> apply RWKV to compute transition probability for each of the 32x32 grid -> pretend the grids are independent and "diffuse" using these probabilities. Smooth training - no loss spikes! (lr & bsz change around 15G tokens) All of the trained models will be open-source. Inference is very fast (only matrix-vector multiplications, no matrix-matrix multiplications) even on CPUs, so you can even run a LLM on your phone. How it works: RWKV gathers information to a number of channels, which are also decaying with different speeds as you move to the next token. It's very simple once you understand it. RWKV is parallelizable because the time-decay of each channel is data-independent (and trainable) . For example, in usual RNN you can adjust the time-decay of a channel from say 0.8 to 0.5 (these are called "gates"), while in RWKV you simply move the information from a W-0.8-channel to a W-0.5-channel to achieve the same effect. Moreover, you can fine-tune RWKV into a non-parallelizable RNN (then you can use outputs of later layers of the previous token) if you want extra performance. Here are some of my TODOs. Let's work together :) HuggingFace integration (check huggingface/transformers#17230 ), and optimized CPU & iOS & Android & WASM & WebGL inference. RWKV is a RNN and very friendly for edge devices. Let's make it possible to run a LLM on your phone. Test it on bidirectional & MLM tasks, and image & audio & video tokens. I think RWKV can support Encoder-Decoder via this: for each decoder token, use a learned mixture of [decoder previous hidden state] & [encoder final hidden state]. Hence all decoder tokens will have access to the encoder output. Now training RWKV-4a with one single tiny extra attention (just a few extra lines comparing with RWKV-4) to further improve some difficult zeroshot tasks (such as LAMBADA) for smaller models. See https://github.com/BlinkDL/RWKV-LM/commit/a268cd2e40351ee31c30c5f8a5d1266d35b41829 User feedback: I've so far toyed around the character-based model on our relatively small pre-training dataset (around 10GB of text), and the results are extremely good - similar ppl to models taking much, much longer to train. dear god rwkv is fast. i switched to another tab after starting training it from scratch & when i returned it was emitting plausible english & maori words, i left to go microwave some coffee & when i came back it was producing fully grammatically correct sentences. Tweet from Sepp Hochreiter (thank you!): https://twitter.com/HochreiterSepp/status/1524270961314484227 You can find me (BlinkDL) in the EleutherAI Discord too: https://www.eleuther.ai/get-involved/ Quick start IMPORTANT: Use deepspeed==0.7.0 pytorch-lightning==1.9.5 torch==1.13.1+cu117 and cuda 11.7.1 or 11.7 (note torch2 + deepspeed has weird bugs and hurts model performance) Use https://github.com/BlinkDL/RWKV-LM/tree/main/RWKV-v4neo (latest code, compatible with v4). Here is a great prompt for testing Q&A of LLMs. Works for any model: (found by minimizing ChatGPT ppls for RWKV 1.5B) prompt = f' \n Q & A \n \n Question: \n { qq } \n \n Detailed Expert Answer: \n ' # let the model generate after this Inference Run RWKV-4 Pile models: Download models from https://huggingface.co/BlinkDL . Set TOKEN_MODE = 'pile' in run.py and run it. It's fast even on CPU (the default mode). Colab for RWKV-4 Pile 1.5B : https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1F7tZoPZaWJf1fsCmZ5tjw6sYHiFOYVWM Run RWKV-4 Pile models in your browser (and onnx version): see this issue #7 RWKV-4 Web Demo: https://josephrocca.github.io/rwkv-v4-web/demo/ (note: only greedy sampling for now) For the old RWKV-2: see the release here for a 27M params model on enwik8 with 0.72 BPC(dev). Run run.py in https://github.com/BlinkDL/RWKV-LM/tree/main/RWKV-v2-RNN . You can even run it in your browser: https://github.com/BlinkDL/AI-Writer/tree/main/docs/eng https://blinkdl.github.io/AI-Writer/eng/ (this is using tf.js WASM single-thread mode). Training / Fine-tuning pip install deepspeed==0.7.0 // pip install pytorch-lightning==1.9.5 // torch 1.13.1+cu117 NOTE: add weight decay (0.1 or 0.01) and dropout (0.1 or 0.01) when training on small amt of data. try x=x+dropout(att(x)) x=x+dropout(ffn(x)) x=dropout(x+att(x)) x=dropout(x+ffn(x)) etc. Training RWKV-4 from scratch: run train.py, which by default is using the enwik8 dataset (unzip https://data.deepai.org/enwik8.zip ). You will be training the "GPT" version because it's paralleziable and faster to train. RWKV-4 can extrapolate, so training with ctxLen 1024 can work for ctxLen of 2500+. You can fine-tune the model with longer ctxLen and it can quickly adapt to longer ctxLens. Fine-tuning RWKV-4 Pile models: use 'prepare-data.py' in https://github.com/BlinkDL/RWKV-v2-RNN-Pile/tree/main/RWKV-v3 to tokenize .txt into train.npy data. Then use https://github.com/BlinkDL/RWKV-LM/blob/main/RWKV-v4neo/train.py to train it. Read the inference code in src/model.py and try using the final hidden state（.xx .aa .bb) as a faithful sentence embedding for other tasks. Probably you should begin with .xx and .aa/.bb (.aa divided by .bb). Colab for fine-tuning RWKV-4 Pile models: https://colab.research.google.com/github/resloved/RWKV-notebooks/blob/master/RWKV_v4_RNN_Pile_Fine_Tuning.ipynb Large corpus: Use https://github.com/Abel2076/json2binidx_tool to convert .jsonl into .bin and .idx The jsonl format sample (one line for each document): {"text": "This is the first document."} {"text": "Hello\nWorld"} {"text": "1+1=2\n1+2=3\n2+2=4"} generated by code like this: ss = json.dumps({"text": text}, ensure_ascii=False) out.write(ss + "\n") Infinite ctxlen training (WIP): https://github.com/Blealtan/RWKV-LM-LoRA/tree/dev-infctx How to use RWKV hidden state as text embedding Consider RWKV 14B. The state has 200 vectors, that is, 5 vectors for each block: fp16 (xx), fp32 (aa), fp32 (bb), fp32 (pp), fp16 (xx). Do not avg pool because different vectors (xx aa bb pp xx) in the state have very different meanings and ranges. You can probably remove pp. I suggest firstly collect the mean+stdev statistics of each channel of each vector, and normalize all of them (note: the normalization should be data-indepedent and collected from various texts). Then train a linear classifer. Towards RWKV-5 (just to record some new ideas) Lastest Design RWKV-5 is multi-head and here shows one head. There is also a LayerNorm for each head (hence actually GroupNorm). $ \begin{array}{|l|l|l|} \hline &amp; \text { RWKV-4 with real-valued } k \,\&amp;\, v \,\&amp;\, u \,\&amp;\, w &amp; \text { RWKV-5 with matrix-valued } \mathrm{k}^{\dagger} \mathrm{v} \,\&amp;\, \mathrm{u} \,\&amp;\, \mathrm{w} \\ \hline \mathrm{y}_0 &amp; \mathrm{r}_0 \frac{\mathrm{uk}_0 \mathrm{v}_0}{\mathrm{uk}_0} &amp; \mathrm{r}_0\left(\mathrm{uk}_0^{\dagger} \mathrm{v}_0\right) \\ \hline \mathrm{y}_1 &amp; \mathrm{r}_1 \frac{\mathrm{uk}_1 \mathrm{v}_1+\mathrm{k}_0 \mathrm{v}_0}{\mathrm{uk}_1+\mathrm{k}_0} &amp; \mathrm{r}_1\left(\mathrm{uk}_1^{\dagger} \mathrm{v}_1+\mathrm{k}_0^{\dagger} \mathrm{v}_0\right) \\ \hline \mathrm{y}_2 &amp; \mathrm{r}_2 \frac{\mathrm{uk}_2 \mathrm{v}_2+\mathrm{k}_1 \mathrm{v}_1+\mathrm{wk}_0 \mathrm{v}_0}{\mathrm{uk}_2+\mathrm{k}_1+\mathrm{wk}_0} &amp; \mathrm{r}_2\left(\mathrm{uk}_2^{\dagger} \mathrm{v}_2+\mathrm{k}_1^{\dagger} \mathrm{v}_1+\mathrm{wk}_0^{\dagger} \mathrm{v}_0\right) \\ \hline \mathrm{y}_3 &amp; \mathrm{r}_3 \frac{\mathrm{uk}_3 \mathrm{v}_3+\mathrm{k}_2 \mathrm{v}_2+\mathrm{wk}_1 \mathrm{v}_1+\mathrm{w}^2 \mathrm{k}_0 \mathrm{v}_0}{\mathrm{uk}_3+\mathrm{k}_2+\mathrm{wk}_1+\mathrm{w}^2 \mathrm{k}_0} &amp; \mathrm{r}_3\left(\mathrm{uk}_3^{\dagger} \mathrm{v}_3+\mathrm{k}_2^{\dagger} \mathrm{v}_2+\mathrm{wk}_1^{\dagger} \mathrm{v}_1+\mathrm{w}^2 \mathrm{k}_0^{\dagger} \mathrm{v}_0\right) \\ \hline \end{array}$ $\left[\begin{array}{ll} \mathrm{y}_{20} &amp; \cdots \mathrm{y}_{2 \mathrm{c}} \end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{lll} \mathrm{r}_{20} &amp; \cdots &amp; \mathrm{r}_{2 \mathrm{c}} \end{array}\right]$ $\left(\left[\begin{array}{ccc} \mathrm{u}_{00} &amp; \cdots &amp; \mathrm{u}_{0 \mathrm{c}} \\ \vdots &amp; \ddots &amp; \vdots \\ \mathrm{u}_{\mathrm{c} 0} &amp; \cdots &amp; \mathrm{u}_{\mathrm{cc}} \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ccc} \mathrm{k}_{20} \mathrm{v}_{20} &amp; \cdots &amp; \mathrm{k}_{20} \mathrm{v}_{2 \mathrm{c}} \\ \vdots &amp; \ddots &amp; \vdots \\ \mathrm{k}_{2 \mathrm{c}} \mathrm{v}_{20} &amp; \cdots &amp; \mathrm{k}_{2 \mathrm{c}} \mathrm{v}_{2 \mathrm{c}} \end{array}\right]+\left[\begin{array}{ccc} \mathrm{k}_{10} \mathrm{v}_{10} &amp; \cdots &amp; \mathrm{k}_{10} \mathrm{v}_{1 \mathrm{c}} \\ \vdots &amp; \ddots &amp; \vdots \\ \mathrm{k}_{1 \mathrm{c}} \mathrm{v}_{10} &amp; \cdots &amp; \mathrm{k}_{1 \mathrm{c}} \mathrm{v}_{1 \mathrm{c}} \end{array}\right]+\left[\begin{array}{ccc} \mathrm{w}_{00} &amp; \cdots &amp; \mathrm{w}_{0 \mathrm{c}} \\ \vdots &amp; \ddots &amp; \vdots \\ \mathrm{w}_{\mathrm{c} 0} &amp; \cdots &amp; \mathrm{w}_{\mathrm{cc}} \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ccc} \mathrm{k}_{00} \mathrm{v}_{00} &amp; \cdots &amp; \mathrm{k}_{00} \mathrm{v}_{0 c} \\ \vdots &amp; \ddots &amp; \vdots \\ \mathrm{k}_{0 \mathrm{c}} \mathrm{v}_{00} &amp; \cdots &amp; \mathrm{k}_{0 \mathrm{c}} \mathrm{v}_{0 c} \end{array}\right] \right)$ RWKV-6 Dynamic Mix & Dynamic Decay. Example (do this for both TimeMix & ChannelMix): TIME_MIX_EXTRA_DIM = 32 self.time_mix_k_w1 = nn.Parameter(torch.empty(args.n_embd, TIME_MIX_EXTRA_DIM).uniform_(-0.01, 0.01)) self.time_mix_k_w2 = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(TIME_MIX_EXTRA_DIM, args.n_embd)) self.time_mix_v_w1 = nn.Parameter(torch.empty(args.n_embd, TIME_MIX_EXTRA_DIM).uniform_(-0.01, 0.01)) self.time_mix_v_w2 = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(TIME_MIX_EXTRA_DIM, args.n_embd)) self.time_mix_r_w1 = nn.Parameter(torch.empty(args.n_embd, TIME_MIX_EXTRA_DIM).uniform_(-0.01, 0.01)) self.time_mix_r_w2 = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(TIME_MIX_EXTRA_DIM, args.n_embd)) self.time_mix_g_w1 = nn.Parameter(torch.empty(args.n_embd, TIME_MIX_EXTRA_DIM).uniform_(-0.01, 0.01)) self.time_mix_g_w2 = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(TIME_MIX_EXTRA_DIM, args.n_embd)) ... time_mix_k = self.time_mix_k.view(1,1,-1) + (x @ self.time_mix_k_w1) @ self.time_mix_k_w2 time_mix_v = self.time_mix_v.view(1,1,-1) + (x @ self.time_mix_v_w1) @ self.time_mix_v_w2 time_mix_r = self.time_mix_r.view(1,1,-1) + (x @ self.time_mix_r_w1) @ self.time_mix_r_w2 time_mix_g = self.time_mix_g.view(1,1,-1) + (x @ self.time_mix_g_w1) @ self.time_mix_g_w2 xx = self.time_shift(x) xk = x * time_mix_k + xx * (1 - time_mix_k) xv = x * time_mix_v + xx * (1 - time_mix_v) xr = x * time_mix_r + xx * (1 - time_mix_r) xg = x * time_mix_g + xx * (1 - time_mix_g) RWKV-7 Use parallelized mode to quickly generate the state, then use a finetuned full RNN (the layers of token n can use outputs of all layer of token n-1) for sequential generation. Some old ideas Now time decay is like 0.999^T (0.999 is learnable). Change it to something like (0.999^T + 0.1) where 0.1 is learnable too. The 0.1 part will be kept forever. Or, A^T + B^T + C = fast-decay + slow-decay + constant. Can even use different formulas (for example, K^2 instead of e^K for a decay component, or, without normalization). Use complex-valued decay (so, rotation instead of decay) in some channels. Inject some trainable and extrapolatable positional encoding? Aside from 2d rotation, we can try other Lie groups such as 3d rotation ( SO(3) ). Non-abelian RWKV lol. RWKV might be great on analog devices (search for Analog Matrix-vector multiplication & Photonic Matrix-vector multiplication). The RNN mode is very hardware-friendly (processing-in-memory). Can be a SNN too ( https://github.com/ridgerchu/SpikeGPT ). I wonder if it can be optimized for quantum computation. Trainable initial hidden state (xx aa bb pp xx). Layerwise (or even row/column-wise, elementwise) LR, and test Lion optimizer. Vision Tasks I find it's good to add a 2d pos encoding: self.pos_emb_x = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros((1,args.my_pos_emb,args.n_embd))) self.pos_emb_y = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros((args.my_pos_emb,1,args.n_embd))) ... x = x + pos_emb_x + pos_emb_y In a BPE langauge model, it's the best to use [tokenShift of 1 token] (you can mix more tokens in a char-level English model). However you can try [tokenShift of N (or N-1) (or N+1) tokens] if the image size is N x N, because that will be like mixing [the token above the current positon (or the token above the to-be-predicted positon)] with [current token]. You can use try different tokenShift styles for "ATT" & "FFN", or mixing different tokenShift styles - such as mixing [token A] with [token A-1] and [token A-(N-1)] etc. Misc Maybe we can improve memorization by simply repeating the context (I guess 2 times is enough). Example: Reference -> Reference(again) -> Question -> Answer Idea: Bytes-aware Embedding The idea is to make sure each token in vocab understand its length and raw UTF-8 bytes. Let a = max(len(token)) for all token in vocab. Define AA : float[a][d_emb] Let b = max(len_in_utf8_bytes(token)) for all token in vocab. Define BB : float[b][256][d_emb] For each token X in vocab, let [x0, x1, ..., xn] be its raw UTF-8 bytes. We will add some extra values to its embedding EMB(X): EMB(X) += AA[len(X)] + BB[0][x0] + BB[1][x1] + ... + BB[n][xn] (note: AA BB are learnable weights) We can do this for the final Linear(d_emb, n_vocab) projection too. We can use some small networks to generate AA and BB, for some extra regularization (for example, BB[m][xi] and BB[n][xi] should be related). Old Idea I have an idea to improve tokenization. We can hardcode some channels to have meanings. Example: Channel 0 = "space" Channel 1 = "capitalize first letter" Channel 2 = "capitalize all letters" Therefore: Embedding of "abc": [0, 0, 0, x0, x1, x2 , ..] Embedding of " abc": [1, 0, 0, x0, x1, x2, ..] Embedding of " Abc": [1, 1, 0, x0, x1, x2, ..] Embedding of "ABC": [0, 0, 1, x0, x1, x2, ...] ...... so they will share most of the embedding. And we can rapidly compute the output probability of all variations of "abc". Note: the above method is assuming that p(" xyz") / p("xyz") is the same for any "xyz", which can be wrong. Better: define emb_space emb_capitalize_first emb_capitalize_all to be a function of emb. Maybe the Best: let 'abc' ' abc' etc. to share the last 90% of their embeddings. At this moment, all our tokenizers spend too many items to represent all variations of 'abc' ' abc' ' Abc' etc. Moreover the model cannot discover that these are actually similar if some of these variations are rare in the dataset. The method here can improve this. I plan to test this in a new version of RWKV. Idea: Better Initial States Example (single-round Q & A): Generate the final state of all wiki documents. For any user Q, find the best wiki document, and use its final state as the initial state. Train a model to directly generate the optimal initial state for any user Q. However this can be a bit more tricky for multi-round Q & A :) How it works RWKV is inspired by Apple's AFT ( https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.14103 ). Moreover it's using a number of my tricks, such as: SmallInitEmb: https://github.com/BlinkDL/SmallInitEmb (applicable to all transformers) which helps the embedding quality, and stabilizes Post-LN (which is what I am using). Token-shift: https://github.com/BlinkDL/RWKV-LM#token-shift-time-shift-mixing (applicable to all transformers), especially helpful for char-level models. Head-QK: https://github.com/BlinkDL/RWKV-LM#the-head-qk-trick-learning-to-copy-and-avoid-tokens (applicable to all transformers). Note: it's helpful, but I disabled it in the Pile model to keep it 100% RNN. Extra R-gate in the FFN (applicable to all transformers). I am also using reluSquared from Primer. Better initilization: I init most of the matrices to ZERO (see RWKV_Init in https://github.com/BlinkDL/RWKV-LM/blob/main/RWKV-v2-RNN/src/model.py ). You can transfer some parameters from a small model to a large model (note: I sort & smooth them too), for faster and better convergence (see https://www.reddit.com/r/MachineLearning/comments/umq908/r_rwkvv2rnn_a_parallelizable_rnn_with/ ). My CUDA kernel: https://github.com/BlinkDL/RWKV-CUDA to speedup training. The pseudocode (execution from top to bottom): The a b c d factors work together to build a time-decay curve: [X, 1, W, W^2, W^3, ...]. Write out the formulas for "token at pos 2" and "token at pos 3" and you will get the idea: a and b: EMAs of kv and k. c and d: these are a and b combined with "self-attention". kv / k is the memory mechanism. The token with high k can be remembered for a long duration, if W is close to 1 in the channel. The R-gate is important for performance. k = info strength of this token (to be passed to future tokens). r = whether to apply the info to this token. RWKV-3 improvements Use different trainable TimeMix factors for R / K / V in SA and FF layers. Example: xx = self . time_shift ( x ) xk = x * self . time_mix_k + xx * ( 1 - self . time_mix_k ) xv = x * self . time_mix_v + xx * ( 1 - self . time_mix_v ) xr = x * self . time_mix_r + xx * ( 1 - self . time_mix_r ) Use preLN instead of postLN (more stable & faster convergence): if self . layer_id == 0 : x = self . ln0 ( x ) x = x + self . att ( self . ln1 ( x )) x = x + self . ffn ( self . ln2 ( x )) Explaining the code for RWKV-3 GPT mode The GPT mode - overview The building blocks of RWKV-3 GPT mode are similar to that of a usual preLN GPT. The only difference is an extra LN after embedding. Note you can absorb this LN into the embedding after finishing the training. x = self . emb ( idx ) # input: idx = token indices x = self . ln_emb ( x ) # extra LN after embedding x = x + self . att_0 ( self . ln_att_0 ( x )) # preLN x = x + self . ffn_0 ( self . ln_ffn_0 ( x )) ... x = x + self . att_n ( self . ln_att_n ( x )) x = x + self . ffn_n ( self . ln_ffn_n ( x )) x = self . ln_head ( x ) # final LN before projection x = self . head ( x ) # output: x = logits It is important to initialize emb to tiny values, such as nn.init.uniform_(a=-1e-4, b=1e-4), to utilize my trick https://github.com/BlinkDL/SmallInitEmb . For the 1.5B RWKV-3, I use Adam (no wd, no dropout) optimizer on 8 * A100 40G. batchSz = 32 * 896, ctxLen = 896. I am using tf32 so the batchSz is a bit small. For the first 15B tokens, LR is fixed at 3e-4, and beta=(0.9, 0.99). Then I set beta=(0.9, 0.999), and do an exponential decay of LR, reaching 1e-5 at 332B tokens. The GPT mode - ATT block The RWKV-3 does not have any attention in the usual sense, but we will call this block ATT anyway. B , T , C = x . size () # x = (Batch,Time,Channel) # Mix x with the previous timestep to produce xk, xv, xr xx = self . time_shift ( x ) # self.time_shift = nn.ZeroPad2d((0,0,1,-1)) xk = x * self . time_mix_k + xx * ( 1 - self . time_mix_k ) xv = x * self . time_mix_v + xx * ( 1 - self . time_mix_v ) xr = x * self . time_mix_r + xx * ( 1 - self . time_mix_r ) # Use xk, xv, xr to produce k, v, r k = self . key ( xk ). transpose ( - 1 , - 2 ) v = self . value ( xv ). transpose ( - 1 , - 2 ) r = self . receptance ( xr ) k = torch . clamp ( k , max = 60 ) # clamp k to avoid overflow k = torch . exp ( k ) kv = k * v # Compute the W-curve = [e^(-n * e^time_decay), e^(-(n-1) * e^time_decay), ..., 1, e^(time_first)] self . time_w = torch . cat ([ torch . exp ( self . time_decay ) * self . time_curve . to ( x . device ), self . time_first ], dim = - 1 ) w = torch . exp ( self . time_w ) # Use W to mix kv and k respectively. Add K_EPS to wk to avoid divide-by-zero if RUN_DEVICE == 'cuda' : wkv = TimeX . apply ( w , kv , B , C , T , 0 ) wk = TimeX . apply ( w , k , B , C , T , K_EPS ) else : w = w [:, - T :]. unsqueeze ( 1 ) wkv = F . conv1d ( nn . ZeroPad2d (( T - 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 ))( kv ), w , groups = C ) wk = F . conv1d ( nn . ZeroPad2d (( T - 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 ))( k ), w , groups = C ) + K_EPS # The RWKV formula rwkv = torch . sigmoid ( r ) * ( wkv / wk ). transpose ( - 1 , - 2 ) rwkv = self . output ( rwkv ) # final output projection The self.key, self.receptance, self.output matrices are all initialized to zero. The time_mix, time_decay, time_first vectors are transferred from a smaller trained model (note: I sort & smooth them too). The GPT mode - FFN block The FFN block has three tricks comparing with the usual GPT: My time_mix trick. The sqReLU from the Primer paper. An extra receptance-gate (similar to the receptance-gate in ATT block). # Mix x with the previous timestep to produce xk, xr xx = self . time_shift ( x ) xk = x * self . time_mix_k + xx * ( 1 - self . time_mix_k ) xr = x * self . time_mix_r + xx * ( 1 - self . time_mix_r ) # The usual FFN operation k = self . key ( xk ) k = torch . square ( torch . relu ( k )) # from the Primer paper kv = self . value ( k ) # Apply an extra receptance-gate to kv rkv = torch . sigmoid ( self . receptance ( xr )) * kv return rkv The self.value, self.receptance matrices are all initialized to zero. RWKV-4 improvements From GPT to RWKV (the formulas) Let F[t] be the system state at t. Let x[t] be the new external input at t. In GPT, predicting F[t+1] requires considering F[0], F[1], .. F[t]. So it takes O(T^2) to generate a length T sequence. The simplified formula for GPT: It's very capable in theory, however that does not mean we can fully utilize its capability with usual optimizers . I suspect the loss landscape is too difficult for our current methods. Compare with the simplified formula for RWKV (the parallel mode, looks similar to Apple's AFT): The R, K, V are trainable matrices, and W is a trainable vector (time-decay factor for each channel). In GPT, the contribution of F[i] to F[t+1] is weighted by . In RWKV-2, the contribution of F[i] to F[t+1] is weighted by . The is a non-linearity and we can use sigmoid. Note is not in the denominator, and I call R the "receptance". The is the time-decay factor. I proposed the same idea (scaling the attention by distance) in Aug 2020 and called it the "time-weighting" (check the commit history of https://github.com/BlinkDL/minGPT-tuned ). Here comes the punchline: we can rewrite it into a RNN (recursive formula). Note: Therefore it's straightforward to verify: where A[t] and B[t] are the numerator and denominator of the previous step, respectively. I believe RWKV is performant because W is like repeatedly applying a diagonal matrix. Note (P^{-1} D P)^n = P^{-1} D^n P, so it is similar to repeatedly applying a general diagonalizable matrix. Moreover it's possible to turn it into a continuous ODE (a bit similar to State Space Models). I will write about it later. Star History Multimodal ideas I have an idea for [text --> 32x32 RGB image] using a LM (transformer, RWKV, etc.). Will test it soon. Firstly, LM loss (instead of L2 loss), so the image will not be blurry. Secondly, color quantization. For example, only allowing 8 levels for R/G/B. Then the image vocab size is 8x8x8 = 512 (for each pixel), instead of 2^24. Therefore, a 32x32 RGB image = a len1024 sequence of vocab512 (image tokens), which is a typical input for usual LMs. (Later we can use diffusion models to upsample and generate RGB888 images. We might be able to use a LM for this too.) Thirdly, 2D positional embeddings that are easy for the model to understand. For example, add one-hot X & Y coords to the first 64(=32+32) channels. Say if the pixel is at x=8, y=20, then we will add 1 to channel 8 and channel 52 (=32+20). Moreover probably we can add the float X & Y coords (normalized to 0~1 range) to another 2 channels. And other periodic pos. encoding might help too (will test). Finally, RandRound when doing the color quantization in the DataLoader. For example, if the float level is 4.578, then there is a 57.8% chance to use 5, and (1-57.8%) chance to use 4. And we can allow both 4 and 5 in the prediction, but the loss will be higher if the prediction is 4. Multi-task training might help too. I will try this dataset format: [TxtFirst] [Desc of Img (txt tokens)] [Img] [img tokens] and sometimes [ImgFirst] [img tokens] [Txt] [Desc of Img (txt tokens)] ... the order of the imgs should be randomized in the DataLoader, and [TxtFirst] [ImgFirst] [Img] [Txt] are special tokens and do random sampling of the full dataset. So sometimes the model will see the img tokens first and then the corresponding txt tokens, which is a [img -> txt] task. And the model will see some partial imgs and partial txts. I think a char-level LM might help the model to write correct text on images. How to sample a large dataset (for training) I am using a trick to sample the Pile deterministically yet randomly enough. Let's say the pile has x chunks (a chunk = ctx_len tokens). pick a prime number p just less than x, and make sure p = 2 (mod 3). Use (step * step * step) mod p to sample it. Add some bias to step for extra randomness. The top-p-x sampling method (for inference) We propose a new sampling method called top-p-x: it's like top-p, and the only difference is you also keep all tokens whose prob > x. Try x = 0.01 first. Better Learning Rate Schedule via Variantional Method of Loss Curve I propose a simple new method to find better LR schedules. The method is cost-efficient and practical for large LMs. The takeaway is we can model the loss curve dynamics (phenomenology) w.r.t. the LR, and a nice closed-form LR curve can be directly computed from it using variantional method. Moreover we can predict the final loss with reasonable accuracy. UPDATE: In "Conclusion 1.", use the best-fitting regime (ignore the initial steps where our approximations break down) to fit the parameters. Try this: fixed lr for 1 hr, then exponential decay to 0.2 * lr in 12 hrs, and choose the t=[1hr, 13hr] segment. In the last three plots, black = predicted loss curve of the new LR schedule, blue = original (unoptimized) real loss curve, orange = new LR schedule. RWKV v1 We propose the RWKV language model, with alternating time-mix and channel-mix layers: The R, K, V are generated by linear transforms of input, and W is parameter. The idea of RWKV is to decompose attention into R(target) * W(src, target) * K(src). So we can call R "receptance", and sigmoid means it's in 0~1 range. The Time-mix is similar to AFT ( https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.14103 ). There are two differences. (1) We changed the normalization (denominator). For masked language models, we define: (UPDATE: We are using the original AFT normalization in v2) Initialize K and R matrices (and the output projection matrix) to ZERO for fast & stable convergence. (2) We decompose W_{t,u,c} and introduce multi-head W (here h is the corresponding head of c): Moreover we multiply the final output of Time-mix layer by γ(t). The reason for the α β γ factors, is because the context size is smaller when t is small, and this can be compensated using the α β γ factors. (UPDATE: We remove α β γ factors in v2-RNN and restrict W to be of a simple form and hence able to rewrite it as RNN) The Channel-mix is similar to GeGLU ( https://arxiv.org/abs | 2026-01-13T08:48:07 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism on DEV This guide was last updated by the DEV Team on July 19th 2023 and is based on DEV Community: How to Avoid Plagiarism . As DEV continues to grow, we want to ensure that DEV remains a place of integrity and inclusiveness. At DEV, we use Community Moderation as a tool to maintain a respectful and positive environment. It is important to us that we provide you all with the tools to identify and flag problems that may affect a single author or countless DEV users. In this post, we hope to provide simple and effective guidance to combat plagiarism as a community. Whether you’re reporting plagiarism as you stumble upon it or learning how to avoid it in your own writing, hopefully, you find this resource helpful! What is Plagiarism? Oxford Languages defines plagiarism as, "the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own," however, plagiarism is multifaceted and it’s not always so clear as this. Bowdoin University wrote a great breakdown of the four most common types of plagiarism , in tl:dr fashion these are: "Direct Plagiarism" "Self Plagiarism" "Mosaic Plagiarism" "Accidental Plagiarism" Let's take a little deeper look into each… Direct Plagiarism is the most blatant form of plagiarism we encounter. This pertains to a user copying and pasting content from another blog, piece of media, or document, and claiming it as their own. Self Plagiarism is described through an academic lens in the Bowdoin University article which is not as relevant to our community, but we can think of this in a different way. For instance, you could potentially self-plagiarize by reposting an article you wrote for a company or publication, if they own your work. In many circumstances, these places will be happy for you to repost your work elsewhere, but make sure that you understand the terms and conditions of your writing before reposting. Mosaic Plagiarism generally starts when someone is inspired by another user's work and wants to write about the same topic. This occasionally manifests as copying and pasting certain passages of someone else’s work or as Bowdoin says “ finds synonyms for the author’s language while keeping to the same general structure and meaning of the original ” but failing to cite the original author. (Notice how we were able to link directly to the specific language in the text... every extra step we can take to clarify where the info came from is ideal!) Accidental Plagiarism happens when folks misquote their sources, forget to cite sources, or copy their sources too closely by accident (like mosaic plagiarism). How to Avoid Plagiarizing Someone's Work? Luckily, avoiding plagiarism is pretty easy once you know how to identify it. Typically, it is as simple as providing a straightforward source and citation to any media you use that is not your own in your post. When should I cite something? If you're pulling information from an external source that you did not create, you should always cite where the information came from. For example, say you're writing an article on using an npm package, axios, and you're using information from their documentation — you should link their docs in your article. This not only gives them credit for their work but also helps the DEV community in case someone wants to do more research about the topic. If you copy a source directly — use quotes and absolutely provide a source + citation. If you just looked at a source and paraphrased it in your own words, you don't need to use quotations, but it is still best to cite the source. If in doubt, always provide a source + citation! It's unlikely anyone will fault you for offering too many citations or listing too many sources. How should I cite something? Great question! See how I linked to the university's actual post on plagiarism ( the source ) and quoted the plagiarism types that they named. Notice that I didn't try to misappropriate these ideas as my own in any way and made it explicitly clear that this information came from Bowdoin University. This allows readers to do more research at the original source and ensures that the writers receive fair credit. A Note on AI Assisted Plagiarism We understand that there are AI tools (like ChatGPT) that can be used to aid in content creation. When used responsibly, these tools can be really cool and are generally allowed on the platform. However, these tools also have the potential for abuse. Please review our guidelines for using AI-assisted tools in your writing here: Guidelines for AI-assisted Articles on DEV Erin Bensinger for The DEV Team ・ Dec 19 '22 #meta #chatgpt #writing #abotwrotethis You should check out the full guidelines, but in regards to plagiarism, take care not to use AI to copy someone’s work unwittingly… and of course, don’t do it on purpose either! Always do your research and be responsible, making sure to cite sources if appropriate and disclose whatever tool you used to write your article. And even then, using AI does not excuse you from posting an article that plagiarizes others’ works. If we discover that you have done so, we will act to unpublish any offending posts and may suspend your DEV account. Be mindful and don’t let your usage of AI cause you to plagiarize. How to Recognize & Report Plagiarism? Now that you know how to properly cite sources, let's talk a bit about how to recognize plagiarism and where to go to report it. Recognizing Plagiarism Sometimes you just get the feeling that something is being plagiarized. Maybe you feel like you read it somewhere before. Or perhaps you notice a sharp change in the author’s voice. Maybe you see strange errors that occur from copying/pasting! Do a little detective work by dropping chunks of the text into your search engine of choice (or try the “quick search” option on plagium.com), and see if you can find any results with similar wording. If you do, report it to us ! (More on that below!) And of course, plagiarism doesn’t just happen in writing — it’s just as important to attribute images, code, videos, and other media. If you see a graph (or code block) you recognize from elsewhere, try to place it, and again, let us know. You might find the reverse image search at tineye.com helpful for seeing if an image is plagiarized! Other times, you may notice that someone isn't taking content from another source word-for-word, but their content feels too close to the original for comfort. Alternatively, maybe their graph is in blue instead of red like the original, or maybe their code has slightly different variables but is otherwise the same as someone else’s. If you feel like it’s off, report it and let us know why! What about those times when someone seems to be claiming that a repo or CodePen is theirs (when it's not)? ... Definitely reportable! As for examples that likely should not be reported: someone is reposting their own work that they first posted elsewhere someone is giving a shout-out to someone else's work or has written a companion piece/response to someone else's post (while making it clear it's unaffiliated) Reporting Plagiarism If you believe you’ve encountered plagiarism or copyright violations, the absolute BEST action you can take is to report the post and provide any evidence you have. Reporting the post sends it directly to our community team to take action. If you're unsure, it's okay to send it to us for review... we won't penalize you for being mistaken. All this said, we do not recommend calling anyone out in the comments section — as we discussed before, plagiarism can be accidental and/or is sometimes enforced differently in a variety of cultures. We ask that you simply report the post rather than getting personally involved which could accidentally trigger arguments, hurt feelings, or possibly even further conduct violations. Thank you! If you have questions or feedback about our approach, we encourage you to contact us via support@dev.to . If you believe that someone isn't following these guidelines, please don't hesitate to report them to us via our Report Abuse page . Also, if you want to help enforce the Code of Conduct, you might consider becoming a DEV moderator. Visit the DEV Community Moderation page for more information on roles and how to get involved. Thanks! 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:07 |
https://gg.forem.com/millerdean/lemonloader-real-world-android-mod-loader-for-unity-games-3n16#comments | 🍋 LemonLoader — Real-World Android Mod Loader for Unity Games - Gamers Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Gamers Forem Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Miller Posted on Dec 19, 2025 🍋 LemonLoader — Real-World Android Mod Loader for Unity Games # gamedev # modding # pcgaming # steam LemonLoader is an open-source Android application and installer designed to bring mod loading capabilities to Unity-engine games on Android and VR platforms. It makes it easier to install and run mods by automating the integration of MelonLoader into compatible Android titles — most notably VR games like BONELAB on Meta Quest. LemonLoader 🧠 What LemonLoader Is Installer for MelonLoader on Android: LemonLoader isn’t exactly a standalone mod loader in the traditional sense; it’s an Android installer/patcher that sets up MelonLoader functionality for Unity games on mobile and VR. LemonLoader Open Source: Its source code and related projects live on GitHub under the LemonLoader organization. GitHub Target Platforms: Android devices and standalone VR headsets that run Android-based Unity games, such as Meta Quest. LemonLoader 📍 How LemonLoader Works LemonLoader helps users patch a game’s APK or runtime environment so that MelonLoader’s mod loading features can hook into Unity titles. Once patched: The Unity game will launch with MelonLoader’s runtime enabled via LemonLoader. Users can then place compatible mod files (compiled for Android/ARM) into a mods directory. Mods will run when the game starts, similar to how MelonLoader works on PC. LemonLoader This makes it possible to use custom code mods on devices where traditional PC-style installation isn’t possible. LemonLoader 📲 Typical Use Cases Modding VR games like BONELAB on Meta Quest to add new features or tweaks. LemonLoader Installing MelonLoader support on Android builds of Unity games. LemonLoader Managing mods on a mobile device without a PC-only workflow. LemonLoader 🛠 Installation Overview While exact steps vary by game and device, the general flow is: Download the LemonLoader APK from the official website. LemonLoader Enable installation from unknown sources on your Android device. LemonLoader Install LemonLoader and run it. LemonLoader Select the Unity game you want to mod. LemonLoader Patch the game using MelonLoader integration. LemonLoader Place compatible Android mod files in the designated folder if supported. LemonLoader Community-maintained guides on lemonloader.com offer detailed instructions specific to each game. LemonLoader ⚠️ Important Notes Not official MelonLoader: LemonLoader is inspired by MelonLoader and facilitates its use on Android, but it is not an official product of the MelonLoader (LavaGang) team. LemonLoader User caution advised: Modding can cause game instability, and accessing third-party tools always carries risk, so always use the official source at lemonloader.com. LemonLoader Compatibility varies: Some mods work better than others, and bugs are common on complex installs like Quest; community troubleshooting may be necessary. Reddit 📂 Real-World References Official guides and downloads are hosted at https://lemonloader.com , the recognized primary resource. LemonLoader The LemonLoader organization maintains related source code on GitHub (multiple repositories related to the project). GitHub Official Website: https://lemonloader.com LemonLoader GitHub Organization: https://github.com/LemonLoader GitHub LemonLoader is commonly discussed in VR modding communities (e.g., Reddit threads using it to patch BONELAB). Reddit 🧩 Relationship With MelonLoader LemonLoader’s purpose is to bring the functionality of MelonLoader — the popular PC Unity mod loader — to Android devices. MelonLoader itself is a separate project hosted by the LavaGang organization for Unity modding on PC, and LemonLoader leverages that ecosystem for mobile platforms. LemonLoader Top comments (1) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments. Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Miller Follow Location London, UK Joined Dec 19, 2025 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Gamers Forem — An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Gamers Forem © 2025 - 2026. We're a place where gamers unite, level up, and share epic adventures. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:07 |
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https://dev.to/kawano_aiyuki/i-debug-code-like-i-debug-life-spoiler-both-throw-exceptions-e69#humor-is-my-favorite-framework | I Debug Code Like I Debug Life (Spoiler: Both Throw Exceptions) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Alyssa Posted on Jan 13 I Debug Code Like I Debug Life (Spoiler: Both Throw Exceptions) # discuss # career # programming # beginners Being a software developer is a lot like being human. Being a woman software developer is like being human with extra edge cases. I write code for a living. Sometimes I write bugs professionally. And occasionally, I write code that works on the first run — which is deeply suspicious and should be reviewed by science. The Compiler Is Honest. People Are Not. One thing I love about code: If it doesn’t like you, it tells you immediately. If you’re wrong, it throws an error. If you forget a semicolon, it remembers forever. Life, on the other hand, waits three years and then says: “Hey… remember that decision you made? Yeah. About that.” Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In programming, we call this technical debt. In life, we call it experience. As a Woman in Tech, I Learned Early About “Undefined Behavior” There are two kinds of bugs: The ones you expect. The ones that happen because the environment is… creative. Sometimes I walk into a meeting and: I’m the only woman. I’m also the backend. And somehow still expected to fix frontend CSS. This is not imposter syndrome. This is runtime context awareness. My Brain Runs on TODO Comments My mind is basically: // TODO: fix sleep schedule // TODO: refactor life choices // TODO: stop overthinking edge cases Every time I say “I’ll do it later,” a TODO comment is silently added to my soul. And just like in real projects: Some TODOs become features. Some become bugs. Some live forever and scare new contributors. Debugging Is Just Asking Better Questions People think debugging is about being smart. It’s not. It’s about asking questions like: “What did I assume?” “What did I change?” “Why does this work only on my machine?” “Why does it stop working when someone is watching?” Honestly, debugging taught me emotional intelligence: Don’t panic. Observe. Reduce the problem. Remove assumptions. Take breaks before you delete everything. Humor Is My Favorite Framework Tech moves fast. Trends change. Frameworks come and go. But humor? Zero dependencies. Backward compatible. Works across teams. Excellent for handling production incidents at 3 AM. When the server is down and everyone is stressed, sometimes the most senior move is saying: “Okay. This is bad. But also… kinda funny.” Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Then you fix it. Obviously. Confidence Is a Skill, Not a Setting I didn’t wake up confident. I compiled it over time. Confidence came from: Breaking things. Fixing them. Asking “stupid” questions. Shipping anyway. Learning that perfection doesn’t deploy. The best developers I know aren’t fearless. They just commit despite the warnings. Final Build: Still Experimental I’m still learning. Still refactoring. Still discovering bugs in old logic. But I ship. I learn. I laugh. I write code. And I’m very comfortable saying: “I don’t know yet — but I will.” Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If you’re a developer reading this: Your bugs don’t define you. Your errors are data. Your weird brain is probably a feature. And if today feels broken… Try restarting. With coffee ☕ And maybe fewer assumptions. Thanks for reading. If this resonated, you’re probably running the same version of reality as me. Top comments (8) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Art light Art light Art light Follow Trust yourself🌞your capabilities are your true power. ❤Telegram - ✔lighthouse4661 ❤Discord - ✔lighthouse4661 Email art.miclight@gmail.com Pronouns He/him Work CTO Joined Nov 21, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is such a sharp, thoughtful piece — witty, honest, and deeply relatable, especially the way you blend debugging with real-life growth. Your humor and clarity turn real experience into insight, and it’s genuinely inspiring to read.😉 Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks💛I'm really glad it resonated with you and made you smile. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Art light Art light Art light Follow Trust yourself🌞your capabilities are your true power. ❤Telegram - ✔lighthouse4661 ❤Discord - ✔lighthouse4661 Email art.miclight@gmail.com Pronouns He/him Work CTO Joined Nov 21, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Good!😎 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Thread Thread Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand darkbranchcore darkbranchcore darkbranchcore Follow Joined Dec 28, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Such a great read—smart, funny, and painfully relatable in the best way. I love how you turned real dev struggles into something empowering and human. That takes real confidence 👏 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Hi there! I am Alyssa. ❤I can see success in my mind's eye🌞 Email Location UK Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you so much! 💙 That really means a lot to me—turning those struggles into something empowering was exactly the goal. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Hadil Ben Abdallah Hadil Ben Abdallah Hadil Ben Abdallah Follow Software Engineer • Technical Content Writer • LinkedIn Content Creator Email hadilbenabdallah111@gmail.com Location Tunisia Education ENET'COM Pronouns she/her Work Content Writer & Social Media Manager Joined Nov 13, 2023 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This was such a refreshing read. The way you map debugging principles to real life is not just funny, it’s surprisingly insightful 😄 Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Alyssa Alyssa Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you! I love how you picked up on that—turning coding chaos into life lessons is exactly the kind of perspective that makes tech both fun and relatable 😄 Keep sharing these gems! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Alyssa Follow Designer, developer, & entrepreneur. Founder of Screenity + other ventures. Best woman maker of 2018 (Maker Mag) & nominated as Maker of The Year (Product Hunt) ✅Discord 🌟alyssa945 Location UK Education Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science Pronouns She/her Work CPO Joined Dec 4, 2025 Trending on DEV Community Hot What makes a good tech Meet-up? # discuss # community # a11y # meet What was your win this week??? # weeklyretro # discuss 🧗♂️Beginner-Friendly Guide 'Max Dot Product of Two Subsequences' – LeetCode 1458 (C++, Python, JavaScript) # programming # cpp # python # javascript 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/adventures_in_dotnet/the-role-of-algorithm-implementations-and-testing-in-development-net-181 | The Role of Algorithm Implementations and Testing in Development - .NET 181 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Adventures in .NET Follow The Role of Algorithm Implementations and Testing in Development - .NET 181 Mar 19 '24 play Andrii Siriak is the lead .NET software engineer at SoftServe. They delve deep into the critical topic of algorithm implementations and testing in software development. They provide valuable insights into the importance of test-driven development, the significance of dynamic programming, and the careful curation of algorithm repositories. Join them for a thought-provoking exploration of the challenges and considerations surrounding algorithm selection, the quality of pull requests, and the impact of university curricula on developers' preparedness for the industry's demands. They also address the evolving landscape of AI and its potential implications for job security in the realm of algorithm advancement. This episode offers an in-depth look at algorithmic principles and their impact on software development, providing valuable insights for developers and technology enthusiasts. Sponsors Chuck's Resume Template Developer Book Club Become a Top 1% Dev with a Top End Devs Membership Socials LinkedIn: Andrii Siriak Andrii Siriak Picks Andrii - Software Architecture in Practice Mark - Dark Shawn - Blown Away Support this podcast at — https://redcircle.com/adventures-in-net/donations Advertising Inquiries: https://redcircle.com/brands Privacy & Opt-Out: https://redcircle.com/privacy Episode source Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Your browser does not support the audio element. 1x initializing... × 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:07 |
https://gg.forem.com/fullstackhoward | Howard - Gamers Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Gamers Forem Close Follow User actions Howard I'm a Full-Stack Creative who loves blending design and development. I'm always learning new technologies to build fun and engaging projects. Joined Joined on Sep 19, 2025 twitter website More info about @fullstackhoward Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 2 posts published Comment 2 comments written Tag 0 tags followed 7 Hard Truths I Learned Running a Gaming Community for 13 Years Howard Howard Howard Follow Dec 9 '25 7 Hard Truths I Learned Running a Gaming Community for 13 Years # community # clans # pcgaming # advice 30 reactions Comments 3 comments 4 min read Want to connect with Howard? Create an account to connect with Howard. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in How I built a HUGE Gaming Community Howard Howard Howard Follow Oct 9 '25 How I built a HUGE Gaming Community # retrogaming # modding # discord # gta 16 reactions Comments 4 comments 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Gamers Forem — An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Gamers Forem © 2025 - 2026. We're a place where gamers unite, level up, and share epic adventures. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:07 |
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https://dev.to/codenewbie/s24e8-a-models-journey-to-software-development-madison-kanna | S24:E8 - A Model's Journey to Software Development (Madison Kanna) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close CodeNewbie Follow S24:E8 - A Model's Journey to Software Development (Madison Kanna) Jun 28 '23 play Saron talks to Madison Kanna, Senior Software Engineer, Health and Wellness at Walmart. Saron talks to Madison about finding the inspiration to transition from being a model to becoming a skilled developer. Madison talks about the experiences, challenges, and moments that sparked her interest in development. Listeners will gain insights into the tools and resources she utilized to hone her coding skills when first embarking on this new path. Madison also highlights the importance of seeking mentorship and how mentorship can open doors to exciting opportunities. Show Links AWS Insiders (sponsor) Madison's Blog Web Development Systems Programming Data Science Python CodeBookClub Deep Work Madison Kanna Madison Kanna started her coding journey back in 2017 after deciding to shift away from her modeling career. In just one year, she made the transition fully, and now she is a Senior Software Engineer in Health and Wellness at Walmart. Outside of her role, you can find her blogging about what she's learning, or leading the CodeBookClub, a virtual community she started back in 2020. Episode source Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Your browser does not support the audio element. 1x initializing... × 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:07 |
https://gg.forem.com/new/indiegames | New Post - Gamers Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Gamers Forem Close Join the Gamers Forem Gamers Forem is a community of 3,676,891 amazing gamers Continue with Apple Continue with Google Continue with Facebook Continue with Forem Continue with GitHub Continue with Twitter (X) OR Email Password Remember me Forgot password? By signing in, you are agreeing to our privacy policy , terms of use and code of conduct . New to Gamers Forem? Create account . 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Gamers Forem — An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Gamers Forem © 2025 - 2026. We're a place where gamers unite, level up, and share epic adventures. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:07 |
https://dev.to/t/codenewbie | CodeNewbie - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close CodeNewbie Follow Hide The most supportive community of programmers and people learning to code. Create Post Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Hello, Newbie Here. Devon Pinkston Devon Pinkston Devon Pinkston Follow Jan 12 Hello, Newbie Here. # discuss # codenewbie # cpp # gamedev Comments Add Comment 1 min read Hackathon Highlights: Building and Livestreaming an AI Travel Agent Michael J. Larocca Michael J. Larocca Michael J. Larocca Follow Jan 12 Hackathon Highlights: Building and Livestreaming an AI Travel Agent # hackathon # ai # agents # codenewbie Comments Add Comment 7 min read How to: NuGet local feeds Karen Payne Karen Payne Karen Payne Follow Jan 10 How to: NuGet local feeds # csharp # dotnetcore # softwaredevelopment # codenewbie Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Start Becoming a Programmer Gus Woltmann Gus Woltmann Gus Woltmann Follow Jan 11 How to Start Becoming a Programmer # career # codenewbie # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read MAWA - El lenguaje simple en sintaxis como Python de bajo nivel. Parte 3, Condicionales. Samuel Leonardo Samuel Leonardo Samuel Leonardo Follow Jan 6 MAWA - El lenguaje simple en sintaxis como Python de bajo nivel. Parte 3, Condicionales. # showdev # programming # beginners # codenewbie 5 reactions Comments 12 comments 2 min read Day 38 of improving my Data Science skills Sylvester Promise Sylvester Promise Sylvester Promise Follow Jan 1 Day 38 of improving my Data Science skills # codenewbie # tooling # datascience # development Comments Add Comment 2 min read 📊 Visualize Your Coding Journey: Check Your GitHub Stats İbrahim SEZER İbrahim SEZER İbrahim SEZER Follow Dec 27 '25 📊 Visualize Your Coding Journey: Check Your GitHub Stats # github # productivity # codenewbie 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read I built the platform I wish existed! [ jadeStage ] dialloDojo dialloDojo dialloDojo Follow Dec 25 '25 I built the platform I wish existed! [ jadeStage ] # showdev # codenewbie # community Comments Add Comment 1 min read Learning Programming Naqi Hassan Naqi Hassan Naqi Hassan Follow Dec 22 '25 Learning Programming # codenewbie # learning # programming # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read I Reviewed 50 Junior Developer Resumes — Here’s What Actually Works Resumemind Resumemind Resumemind Follow Jan 9 I Reviewed 50 Junior Developer Resumes — Here’s What Actually Works # beginners # career # codenewbie Comments 3 comments 2 min read Coding Without Pressure: How Slowing Down Helped Me Learn Faster Hadil Ben Abdallah Hadil Ben Abdallah Hadil Ben Abdallah Follow Dec 25 '25 Coding Without Pressure: How Slowing Down Helped Me Learn Faster # webdev # productivity # programming # codenewbie 244 reactions Comments 83 comments 3 min read About the author: This blog was written by a Python enthusiast who started their coding journey just like you. Connect w… Kavi Kr Kavi Kr Kavi Kr Follow Dec 16 '25 About the author: This blog was written by a Python enthusiast who started their coding journey just like you. Connect w… # beginners # codenewbie # python Comments Add Comment 1 min read Hello World! 2nd Year Software Engineering Student from Morocco Rim Zino Rim Zino Rim Zino Follow Dec 15 '25 Hello World! 2nd Year Software Engineering Student from Morocco # codenewbie # beginners # learning # devjournal Comments Add Comment 1 min read Day 22 of improving my Data Science skills Sylvester Promise Sylvester Promise Sylvester Promise Follow Dec 10 '25 Day 22 of improving my Data Science skills # ai # computerscience # codenewbie # tooling Comments Add Comment 2 min read Finding My Niche in Tech: Exploring Data, AI/ML, and Cybersecurity as a CS Student Erica Erica Erica Follow Dec 23 '25 Finding My Niche in Tech: Exploring Data, AI/ML, and Cybersecurity as a CS Student # computerscience # codenewbie # learninginpublic # beginners 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read The Paradox of Slow Coding: Why Rushing Kills Your Progress (And What to Do Instead) Rajesh Royal Rajesh Royal Rajesh Royal Follow Jan 1 The Paradox of Slow Coding: Why Rushing Kills Your Progress (And What to Do Instead) # programming # productivity # codenewbie # webdev 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Day 20 of improving my Data Science skills Sylvester Promise Sylvester Promise Sylvester Promise Follow Dec 9 '25 Day 20 of improving my Data Science skills # computerscience # codenewbie # machinelearning # science Comments Add Comment 2 min read Apertre 3.0: An Open-Source Program Empowering the Next Generation of Developers Neweraofcoding Neweraofcoding Neweraofcoding Follow Jan 1 Apertre 3.0: An Open-Source Program Empowering the Next Generation of Developers # codenewbie # career # learning # opensource 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read MAWA - El lenguaje simple en sintaxis como Python de bajo nivel Parte 2, Probando mi lenguaje Samuel Leonardo Samuel Leonardo Samuel Leonardo Follow Jan 5 MAWA - El lenguaje simple en sintaxis como Python de bajo nivel Parte 2, Probando mi lenguaje # showdev # programming # beginners # codenewbie 9 reactions Comments 21 comments 3 min read “Stepping Into the Dev World: My First Community Post” Joydeep sinha Joydeep sinha Joydeep sinha Follow Dec 4 '25 “Stepping Into the Dev World: My First Community Post” # discuss # codenewbie # devjournal Comments Add Comment 1 min read Skills They Don't Teach You in Tutorials but Companies Actually Pay For TheBitForge TheBitForge TheBitForge Follow Dec 28 '25 Skills They Don't Teach You in Tutorials but Companies Actually Pay For # discuss # programming # productivity # codenewbie 78 reactions Comments 12 comments 23 min read My project 7 : Todo Pro (with Flask) Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Follow Dec 29 '25 My project 7 : Todo Pro (with Flask) # programming # python # codenewbie # learning 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Happy Holidays - it's ntmu :) Katie Katie Katie Follow Dec 26 '25 Happy Holidays - it's ntmu :) # career # codenewbie Comments Add Comment 1 min read Worn Keyboard and Dial Up Dreams: A Self-Made Programmer's Origin Story Shaun Bonk Shaun Bonk Shaun Bonk Follow Dec 22 '25 Worn Keyboard and Dial Up Dreams: A Self-Made Programmer's Origin Story # programming # career # beginners # codenewbie 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 11 min read My project 6 : Top 10 News App(with Flask + Hacker News API) Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Sabin Sim Follow Dec 21 '25 My project 6 : Top 10 News App(with Flask + Hacker News API) # programming # python # codenewbie # learning 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... trending guides/resources Coding Without Pressure: How Slowing Down Helped Me Learn Faster Skills They Don't Teach You in Tutorials but Companies Actually Pay For The AI Tools Nobody Builds (But Every Developer Secretly Needs) My Project 1: Building a Currency Converter (with Python + Streamlit) My Project 5: Building an Expense Tracker (with Python + SQLite + Streamlit) Git Basics: A Beginner's Guide to Branches My project 5 : Simple Weather App (with Flask + OpenWeatherMap API) The Paradox of Slow Coding: Why Rushing Kills Your Progress (And What to Do Instead) My project 1 : Building a Mini Blog(with Python + Flask) How to: NuGet local feeds Python Game - Lemonade Stand Tycoon MAWA - El lenguaje simple en sintaxis como Python de bajo nivel Parte 2, Probando mi lenguaje Just Ask - A Story About Growth as a Developer A Guide to Better Code Organization in JavaScript Through File Separation 🚀 Angular HttpResource + Signals: The Modern Approach to API Development Git Basics: A Beginner's Guide to Naming Conventions My Project [Python + Flask Roadmap] My project 4 : Building a REST API (with Flask + SQLite) My project 3 : Flask Authentication System(with Python + Flask) Hello DEV Community! Excited to Start My Developer Journey 🚀 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:07 |
https://dev.to/thormeier/the-mythical-one-fits-all-build-tool-plugin-it-actually-exists-ke2#introducing-the-unjs-ecosystem | The Mythical One-Fits-All Build Tool Plugin 🦄 (It Actually Exists) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Pascal Thormeier Posted on Jan 11 The Mythical One-Fits-All Build Tool Plugin 🦄 (It Actually Exists) # typescript # javascript # webdev # programming Do you know that feeling when you're building a complex web app and you need some functionality that actually exists, but not for the framework you're using? Or, let's say you're building a library that needs to hook into the build process of your project, you'd like to open source it, and you just so happen to use Vite, but some poor soul out there would need this exact library, but for Webpack instead? Or they use Snowpack? Or Brunch? Or... Gulp? Ok, perhaps it's not that bad anymore. The wildest times of the JS world are definitely over. You know, the times when build tools and bundlers and frameworks and component libraries sprouted like mushrooms. A classic XKCD comic about competing standards fits pretty well: You can even read about my own adventures with the niche build tools Brunch and Snowpack]( https://dev.to/thormeier/i-m-going-to-give-snowpack-a-try-now-3ohm ) in some previous articles I wrote. Both of these tools haven’t received a commit in 4 to 5 years now, so support is minimal at best. Nowadays, there are still about half a dozen, give or take a few, build tools/bundlers left that are still highly maintained, broadly used, and that are generally accepted as "standard": Webpack, esbuild, Vite, rspack, Rollup, Rolldown, Bun, and some others based on these. The problem I described initially persists, though: Most of these work in wildly different ways. A Webpack plugin usually doesn't "just work" in Vite and vice versa. And let's not forget esbuild and all the others! Luckily, there's movement. Not only are people using things resembling "standard tools" by now, but ever more of these are emerging. Introducing the UnJS ecosystem One particular group is building off-the-shelf, framework-agnostic packages that work on their own with few to no dependencies: UnJS . (The UnJS website) If you’ve built anything with Nuxt, Vue, Vite or thelike, you’ve likely already used some of their tools without even realising. There are some instant classics like: h3 - a portable and lightweight http server) citty - a CLI builder changelogen - a tool for generating changelogs ofetch - a highly portable fetch replacement nitro - the very thing that powers most of Nuxt's server-side capabilities These tools are everywhere . Staying with Nuxt here for a second, it sometimes feels like Nuxt is simply Vue plus a bunch of UnJS packages and some glue code. Excellent work by these people, if you ask me. These libraries work agnostic of your build tool/bundler, but they don't directly integrate with them. That's where the, at least in my humble opinion, magnum opus of the UnJS team comes in: unplugins . I know what a plugin is - but what's an unplugin? Great question! I could imagine that the UnJS people had a look at some popular build tools and thought, "Most, if not all, of them use some hook system for plugins. Often, these hooks are named similarly. Why not unify them into a single plugin system?" And that's precisely what unplugin is: A unified system to hook into build tools. Authors of any unplugin only need to define the actual business logic (i.e., what does the plugin actually do ), and the unplugin system takes over the rest. It essentially defines a plugin for each supported build system, all of which contain the same logic the author has implemented. Let's compare the "legagcy plugin architecture" to the unplugin approach: Without unplugin With unplugin One codebase per plugin One logic factory Tool-specific APIs, lots of reading up on them Unified hooks, all behaving the same way Higher maintenance Lower maintenance An example using a starter template So, let's say we want to create a small plugin that replaces one word with another in the user's main.ts file. To get started, it's advised to use a template. Luckily, the folks over at UnJS have created a starter template for us that we can use by executing these commands: npx degit unplugin/unplugin-starter my-unplugin cd my-unplugin npm i Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This will clone the starter repository into a folder called my-unplugin . It creates everything we need for a working unplugin. And lo and behold, it even includes our basic unplugin already! When we open src/index.ts , we see the following code: import type { UnpluginFactory } from ' unplugin ' import type { Options } from ' ./types ' import { createUnplugin } from ' unplugin ' export const unpluginFactory : UnpluginFactory < Options | undefined > = options => ({ name : ' unplugin-starter ' , transformInclude ( id ) { return id . endsWith ( ' main.ts ' ) }, transform ( code ) { return code . replace ( ' __UNPLUGIN__ ' , `Hello Unplugin! ${ options } ` ) }, }) export const unplugin = /* #__PURE__ */ createUnplugin ( unpluginFactory ) export default unplugin Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Now, there's a ton to unpack here. Unplugins are written by creating a factory function that takes a bunch of options. The function returns the unplugin's definition. Using some generic hooks (in this case, transformInclude and transform , we can do all sorts of things. In these hooks, we specify what will be executed when the user's build tool runs them. transformInclude checks if a given file name (that's what id is) should be transformed in the first place. If true, the transform function then receives the contents of that file and returns a transformed version. In our case, we replace __UNPLUGIN__ with Hello Unplugin! . So if the user's project's main.ts would look like this: console . log ( ' __UNPLUGIN__ ' ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The built main.js would look like this: console . log ( ' Hello Unplugin! ' ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode And how does it now create the build tool specific stuff? Again, great question! We notice a bunch of other files in the src/ directory. They're named after the build tool they're for, for example, vite.ts , astro.ts , webpack.ts and so on. Let's have a look at vite.ts : import { createVitePlugin } from ' unplugin ' import { unpluginFactory } from ' . ' export default createVitePlugin ( unpluginFactory ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Is it really that simple? Let's look at webpack.ts : import { createWebpackPlugin } from ' unplugin ' import { unpluginFactory } from ' . ' export default createWebpackPlugin ( unpluginFactory ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Yup, seems like! What the unplugin library does here is take the factory and create a plugin from it, with specialised functions. Ideally, we don’t even need to touch these files, ever. Sounds good - but what can we actually do with this? Well, the possibilities are endless . Here's a list of all supported hooks: Hook Rollup Vite webpack esbuild Rspack Farm Rolldown Bun enforce ❌ ✅ ✅ ❌ ✅ ✅ ✅ ❌ buildStart ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ resolveId ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ loadInclude ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ load ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ transformInclude ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ transform ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ watchChange ✅ ✅ ✅ ❌ ✅ ✅ ✅ ❌ buildEnd ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ❌ writeBundle ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ ❌ (Source: official unplugin guide) I want to especially point out three of these hooks: resolveId - This one's used for resolving file names, i.e. path rewriting, directory aliasing and similar load - Change how specific files (determined via loadInclude ) are loaded. You could potentially even fetch things from a CDN here transform - Change code directly as a string. Replace, add, remove, compile, whatever you can think of As you can see, though, not all build tools support all hooks. But that's ok. You usually can find a way to circumvent this or create logic specific to these build tools. I strongly recommend reading the official guide for this. Here's some ideas from the top of my head: A plugin that offers compiler macros like CURRENT_YEAR that get replaced at build time Count all unique padding s and margin s in the code base to give the user an overview Automagic Brainf**k support! How would a project now use this unplugin Like any other plugin, mostly. In Vite, for example, a user could do this: import { defineConfig } from ' vite ' import MyUnplugin from ' @my-company/my-unplugin/vite ' export default defineConfig ({ plugins : [ MyUnplugin (), ], }) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Sounds good - are there any real life use cases? Indeed, there are! The most popular is unplugin-icons , which lets us install almost any icon in any project by installing, configuring, and using it. Another real-life example is what we’ve built during my time at Liip for the Swiss canton of Basel-Stadt: a design system with an installable plugin that lets other agencies create websites that automatically align with the canton's CI/CD. It does that by providing Tailwind, installing all necessary PostCSS plugins and delivering a ton of prebuilt utilities and CSS components. You can read up on it on Liip's blog ! Sooo, should everyone be writing unplugins now? As we German-speaking people say: "Jein" (yes-and-no). My recommendation, based on experience, is that it's sensible for things expected to be used by many different projects, as it gives you the maximum amount of freedom with little to no downsides, aside from being forced to write agnostic code. Generally, the business logic could even live in its own package. Why not build a library that exports the functionality and use that as a dependency for an unplugin? That way, the library itself is encapsulated, testable and could be used for other purposes and in different contexts, too, even without the need for a build tool. If you're writing a Vite package for your own project that you're never going to open-source or that doesn't make any sense at all when used without Vite, though, an unplugin seems like overkill or even a hindrance at times. Nevertheless, what the people at UnJS built here is a fantastic piece of technology! The logical next step is to standardise build tool interfaces, much like Vite and most UnJS packages already do. Which package do you think would be worth building an unplugin for? I hope you enjoyed reading this article as much as I enjoyed writing it! If so, leave a ❤️ ! I write tech articles in my free time and like to drink coffee every once in a while. If you want to support my efforts, you can offer me a coffee ☕ ! You can also support me directly via Paypal ! Or follow me on Bluesky 🦋 ! Top comments (3) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Seb Hoek Seb Hoek Seb Hoek Follow Software developer 25+y. I spent time in very small and very large organizations. I learn, build, occasionally teach and, this is new, write. Location Zürich, Switzerland Education If you ask nicely I can share my LinkedIn Work Freelancer, founder, dreamer Joined Jan 7, 2026 • Jan 12 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks for taking the time and writing it down in so much detail. It is refreshing to see that some still take the time to think through a post and write it manually instead of posting one AI generated text per day they didn't even read themselves. This has real value! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Pascal Thormeier Follow Passionate full stack developer, course author for Educative, book author for Packt. Find my work and get to know me on my Linktree: https://linktr.ee/thormeier Location Switzerland Education BSc FHNW Computer Science (iCompetence) Pronouns he/him Work Software Developer GIS at Canton of Zurich Joined Jul 20, 2020 • Jan 12 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You're very welcome! I do enjoy writing very much, and I do think of it as a form of art, even technical writing! The developer community has always been built upon the principles of sharing things openly and helping each other. Otherwise, the Open Source thought wouldn't have been so successful. I'm trying to keep the legacy alive and give back to the community that has essentially allowed me and so many others to build entire careers. You're very right to point out the flood of AI-generated stuff that has been hitting most platforms in the last few years. My guess is that they're pursuing a different goal: maximum engagement, either to sell stuff or to be seen. They don't want to share their knowledge for the sake of it - they want clicks. And if AI-generated texts can achieve maximum engagement and don't even "need" editing anymore (most of them do, though), that's a huge ROI. However, I’m not entirely innocent myself... AI has played a role in some of my posts, but mainly an assistive one. I use Grammarly to correct spelling and other errors, and I’ve used ChatGPT in the past to flag flaws in my explanations and suggest where I could add more detail. But: I do all the research myself, all images are hand-crafted, I come up with the topics on my own, and I share my own knowledge and my take on it. And I write the text with my own fingers on my own keyboard! :) Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Seb Hoek Seb Hoek Seb Hoek Follow Software developer 25+y. I spent time in very small and very large organizations. I learn, build, occasionally teach and, this is new, write. Location Zürich, Switzerland Education If you ask nicely I can share my LinkedIn Work Freelancer, founder, dreamer Joined Jan 7, 2026 • Jan 12 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks for your reply. AI certainly helps to write better texts, and there is nothing wrong with it. I guess I was just slightly annoyed by all the posts lately with no substance, and I was quite happy to find your posts. Keep them coming :) Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Pascal Thormeier Follow Passionate full stack developer, course author for Educative, book author for Packt. Find my work and get to know me on my Linktree: https://linktr.ee/thormeier Location Switzerland Education BSc FHNW Computer Science (iCompetence) Pronouns he/him Work Software Developer GIS at Canton of Zurich Joined Jul 20, 2020 More from Pascal Thormeier Old School Tech: How to Animate The Classic DVD Logo Bouncing 📀📐 # webdev # showdev # javascript # programming Beating annoying minigames with Java☕ - Or: How to create a smart auto-clicker 🤖🎮 # java # programming # automation # showdev Coding with crustaceans?🦐 - CodeLobster IDE🦞 review # webdev # programming # review # tooling 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:07 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Gamers Forem Close # fps Follow Hide Fast bullets and first-person firefights Create Post Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . 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https://dev.to/codenewbie/s27e3-helping-you-build-machine-learning-products-pau-labarta-bajo | S27:E3 - Helping You Build Machine Learning Products (Pau Labarta Bajo) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close CodeNewbie Follow S27:E3 - Helping You Build Machine Learning Products (Pau Labarta Bajo) Mar 27 '24 play Meet Pau Bajo, Machine Learning Engineer and Educator at Real-World Machine Learning. Pau talks to Saron about transitioning from working daily in Excel to Python, why data is everything, and what skills early developers need to foster if they want a career in machine learning. Show Links Partner with Dev & CodeNewbie! (sponsor) Machine Learning Python Pau's GitHub Pau's Instagram Pau's Twitter Pau Labarta Bajo Pau is a Mathematician turned Machine Learning Engineer, turned Machine Learning educator. He creates hands-on content about Real-World Machine Learning and shares it with the world almost always for free and sometimes “for a fee” because he has a mortgage to pay. He tries to make people laugh too. The mortgage thing is not a joke. Episode source Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Your browser does not support the audio element. 1x initializing... × 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:07 |
https://dev.to/t/redischallenge | Redis AI Challenge - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Redis AI Challenge Follow Hide This is the official tag for submissions and announcements related to the Redis AI Challenge. Create Post Older #redischallenge posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Redis RPG - An AI Generated Game Redis AI Challenge: Real-Time AI Innovators Jacob Henning Jacob Henning Jacob Henning Follow Aug 11 '25 Redis RPG - An AI Generated Game # redischallenge # devchallenge # database # ai 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read 🧠 MindMirror: Real-time Mental Health Analysis with RedisAI Redis AI Challenge: Beyond the Cache Richie Looney Richie Looney Richie Looney Follow Aug 9 '25 🧠 MindMirror: Real-time Mental Health Analysis with RedisAI # redischallenge # devchallenge # database # ai Comments Add Comment 1 min read Beyond the Cache: Redis as the Nervous System of Symbolic AI Redis AI Challenge: Beyond the Cache ΔNκRΞYNΘNτ JΔILBRΞΔkɆr ΔNκRΞYNΘNτ JΔILBRΞΔkɆr ΔNκRΞYNΘNτ JΔILBRΞΔkɆr Follow Aug 11 '25 Beyond the Cache: Redis as the Nervous System of Symbolic AI # redischallenge # devchallenge # database # ai 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read How I Built a Real-Time Chat App with Redis and an AI Assistant Redis AI Challenge: Beyond the Cache Med Said BARA Med Said BARA Med Said BARA Follow Aug 10 '25 How I Built a Real-Time Chat App with Redis and an AI Assistant # redischallenge # devchallenge # database # node Comments Add Comment 4 min read 🚀🎯 Speak Your Logic, Get Hired: The AI-Powered DSA Prep Aid You Didn’t Know You Needed 🎙️🤖🔥 Redis AI Challenge: Real-Time AI Innovators Divya Divya Divya Follow Aug 7 '25 🚀🎯 Speak Your Logic, Get Hired: The AI-Powered DSA Prep Aid You Didn’t Know You Needed 🎙️🤖🔥 # redischallenge # devchallenge # database # ai 88 reactions Comments 10 comments 14 min read Xbeat : Supercharge E-cormmerce with Real-Time AI Powered by Redis 8 Redis AI Challenge: Real-Time AI Innovators Abraham Dahunsi Abraham Dahunsi Abraham Dahunsi Follow Aug 11 '25 Xbeat : Supercharge E-cormmerce with Real-Time AI Powered by Redis 8 # redischallenge # devchallenge # database # ai 46 reactions Comments 6 comments 6 min read Brane: The AI Brain for Next-Gen Data Intelligence Redis AI Challenge: Beyond the Cache Aber Paul Aber Paul Aber Paul Follow Aug 11 '25 Brane: The AI Brain for Next-Gen Data Intelligence # redischallenge # devchallenge # database # ai 18 reactions Comments 2 comments 6 min read Knowledge OS — Turning Any File into Instant, Cited Answers with Redis 8 Redis AI Challenge: Real-Time AI Innovators Johnathan Johnathan Johnathan Follow Aug 11 '25 Knowledge OS — Turning Any File into Instant, Cited Answers with Redis 8 # redischallenge # devchallenge # database # ai 12 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read Chronos Synapse — BYOK Telemetry + AI Insights SDK For Cron Using Redis Redis AI Challenge: Beyond the Cache Desmond Obisi Desmond Obisi Desmond Obisi Follow Aug 10 '25 Chronos Synapse — BYOK Telemetry + AI Insights SDK For Cron Using Redis # redischallenge # devchallenge # database # ai 19 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read ELTAI: web-based alternative to Apache Airflow for MLOps and AI Redis AI Challenge: Real-Time AI Innovators Ogbotemi Ogungbamila Ogbotemi Ogungbamila Ogbotemi Ogungbamila Follow Aug 11 '25 ELTAI: web-based alternative to Apache Airflow for MLOps and AI # redischallenge # devchallenge # database # ai 14 reactions Comments 4 comments 2 min read AI-powered Study Companion for GATE Aspirants with Redis 8 Redis AI Challenge: Beyond the Cache prasanna-lakshmi18 prasanna-lakshmi18 prasanna-lakshmi18 Follow Aug 11 '25 AI-powered Study Companion for GATE Aspirants with Redis 8 # redischallenge # devchallenge # database # ai 12 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read AniGuess: Real-Time Multiplayer Anime Guessing Game Redis AI Challenge: Beyond the Cache Yuyi Kimura (YK46) Yuyi Kimura (YK46) Yuyi Kimura (YK46) Follow Aug 11 '25 AniGuess: Real-Time Multiplayer Anime Guessing Game # redischallenge # devchallenge # database # ai 15 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Real-Time AI Content Moderation with Redis 8 as Primary Database Redis AI Challenge: Beyond the Cache Arya Koste Arya Koste Arya Koste Follow Aug 11 '25 Real-Time AI Content Moderation with Redis 8 as Primary Database # redischallenge # devchallenge # database # ai 20 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Redis RPG - An AI Generated Game Redis AI Challenge: Beyond the Cache Jacob Henning Jacob Henning Jacob Henning Follow Aug 11 '25 Redis RPG - An AI Generated Game # redischallenge # devchallenge # database # ai 18 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read More Than Cache: Architecting a Redis 8–Powered Web OS Redis AI Challenge: Beyond the Cache usemanusai usemanusai usemanusai Follow Aug 11 '25 More Than Cache: Architecting a Redis 8–Powered Web OS # redischallenge # devchallenge # ai # redis 16 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Vertalk — Real-Time AI Call Agent Powered by Redis 8 Redis AI Challenge: Beyond the Cache Imisioluwa Elijah Imisioluwa Elijah Imisioluwa Elijah Follow Aug 11 '25 Vertalk — Real-Time AI Call Agent Powered by Redis 8 # redischallenge # devchallenge # database # ai 42 reactions Comments 1 comment 6 min read Redis Neural Lattice: Real-Time Consciousness Observatory (AI Innovators) Redis AI Challenge: Real-Time AI Innovators ΔNκRΞYNΘNτ JΔILBRΞΔkɆr ΔNκRΞYNΘNτ JΔILBRΞΔkɆr ΔNκRΞYNΘNτ JΔILBRΞΔkɆr Follow Aug 11 '25 Redis Neural Lattice: Real-Time Consciousness Observatory (AI Innovators) # redischallenge # devchallenge # database # ai 13 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Redis Beyond the Cache: Homoiconic AI Coordination Engine Redis AI Challenge: Beyond the Cache Jonathan Hill Jonathan Hill Jonathan Hill Follow Aug 11 '25 Redis Beyond the Cache: Homoiconic AI Coordination Engine # redischallenge # devchallenge # database # ai 12 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Latency Slayer: a Redis 8 semantic cache gateway that makes LLMs feel instant Redis AI Challenge: Real-Time AI Innovators Mohit Agnihotri Mohit Agnihotri Mohit Agnihotri Follow Aug 10 '25 Latency Slayer: a Redis 8 semantic cache gateway that makes LLMs feel instant # redischallenge # devchallenge # database # ai 15 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Beyond the Cache: AI-Driven Incident Management with Redis Redis AI Challenge: Beyond the Cache Apoorv Gupta Apoorv Gupta Apoorv Gupta Follow Aug 11 '25 Beyond the Cache: AI-Driven Incident Management with Redis # redischallenge # devchallenge # database # ai 11 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read Almost Real-Time Github Events and Top Scoring Contributors For Today Redis AI Challenge: Beyond the Cache Trang Le Trang Le Trang Le Follow Aug 11 '25 Almost Real-Time Github Events and Top Scoring Contributors For Today # redischallenge # devchallenge # database # ai 12 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read NewsHub - AI-Powered News Aggregation Platform Redis AI Challenge: Real-Time AI Innovators Varshith V Hegde Varshith V Hegde Varshith V Hegde Follow Aug 6 '25 NewsHub - AI-Powered News Aggregation Platform # redischallenge # devchallenge # database # ai 55 reactions Comments 10 comments 8 min read From Cache to Complete Platform: Redis 8 as My Primary Database for AI Wellness App Redis AI Challenge: Beyond the Cache Sanket Lakhani Sanket Lakhani Sanket Lakhani Follow Aug 11 '25 From Cache to Complete Platform: Redis 8 as My Primary Database for AI Wellness App # redischallenge # devchallenge # database # ai 13 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read LostFound AI: Real-Time Lost & Found Matching with Redis 8 Vector Search Redis AI Challenge: Beyond the Cache Santhosh Santhosh Santhosh Follow Aug 9 '25 LostFound AI: Real-Time Lost & Found Matching with Redis 8 Vector Search # redischallenge # devchallenge # database # ai 13 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read FlashFeed AI News Summarizer Redis AI Challenge: Real-Time AI Innovators Suleiman Alhaji Mohammed Suleiman Alhaji Mohammed Suleiman Alhaji Mohammed Follow Aug 11 '25 FlashFeed AI News Summarizer # redischallenge # devchallenge # database # ai 12 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://youtu.be/inWWhr5tnEA?si=n0vhUQJKqfX4_MTA | What Is Cyber Security | How It Works? | Cyber Security In 7 Minutes | Cyber Security | Simplilearn - YouTube 정보 보도자료 저작권 문의하기 크리에이터 광고 개발자 약관 개인정보처리방침 정책 및 안전 YouTube 작동의 원리 새로운 기능 테스트하기 © 2026 Google LLC, Sundar Pichai, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View CA 94043, USA, 0807-882-594 (무료), yt-support-solutions-kr@google.com, 호스팅: Google LLC, 사업자정보 , 불법촬영물 신고 크리에이터들이 유튜브 상에 게시, 태그 또는 추천한 상품들은 판매자들의 약관에 따라 판매됩니다. 유튜브는 이러한 제품들을 판매하지 않으며, 그에 대한 책임을 지지 않습니다. var ytInitialData = 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Share Your Genuine Reviews: Let's Hear Your Experiences!\n / share_your_genuine_simplilearn_reviews_let... \n\nChoose over 300 in-demand skills and get access to 1000+ hours of video content for FREE in various technologies like Data Science, Cybersecurity, Project Management \u0026 Leadership, Digital Marketing, and much more. \n\n✅ Check out the honest Simplilearn reviews : / seeking_honest_simplilearn_reviews_simplil... \n\n✅Subscribe to our Channel to learn more about the top Technologies: https://bit.ly/2VT4WtH\n\n⏩ Check out the Cyber Security training videos: https://bit.ly/3cMmCxj\n\n#CyberSecurity #WhatIsCyberSecurity #IntroductionToCyberSecurity #CybersecurityBasics #BasicsOfCybersecurity #CyberSecurityTraining #CyberSecurityCourse #CybersecurityJobs #CyberSecurityTrainingForBeginners #CyberSecurityExplainedSimply #Simplilearn\n\n➡️ About Post Graduate Program In Cyber Security\n\nThis Post Graduate Program in Cyber Security will help you learn comprehensive approaches to protecting your infrastructure and securing data, including risk analysis, mitigation, and compliance. You will get foundational to advanced skills through industry-leading cyber security certification courses that are part of the program.\n\n✅ Key Features\n\nSimplilearn Post Graduate Certificate\nMasterclasses from MIT Faculty\nFeaturing Modules from MIT SCC and EC-Council\n8X higher interaction in live online classes conducted by industry experts\nSimplilearn's JobAssist helps you get noticed by top hiring companies\nIndustry case studies in cyber security\nAccess to CEH Pro Version\n25+ hands-on projects\nCapstone project in 3 domains\nMIT CSAIL Professional Programs Community\n\n✅ Skills Covered\n\nAdvanced Hacking Concepts\nNetwork Packet Analysis\nEthical Hacking\nIDS Firewalls and Honeypots\nSecurity and Risk Management\nNetwork Security\nSoftware Development Security\nCryptography OSI and TCPIP Models\nIdentity and Access Management \nSecurity Assessment and Testing\nTrojans Backdoors and Countermeasures\nMobile and Web Technologies\n\n👉 Learn More at: 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Telerik is proud to hold the following industry awards. G2 Leader Enterprise Grid Spring 2025 G2 Leader Mid-Market Grid Spring 2025 G2 Momentum Grid Leader Spring 2025 G2 Users Love Us Frequently Asked Questions What is KendoReact Free? KendoReact Free is a curated subset of the full KendoReact UI component library. It includes 50+ high-quality React components at no cost, enabling developers to build modern and accessible web applications more efficiently. KendoReact Free is designed to meet the needs of developers who require a robust and cost-effective solution for smaller projects or prototypes. It allows users to experience the core architecture and API of the full KendoReact suite, while providing essential tools for creating responsive and performant applications. Is KendoReact Free suitable for large-scale projects? 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https://share.transistor.fm/s/bca43ae5/transcript | APIs You Won't Hate | An API for APIs with Gil Feig from Merge APIs You Won't Hate 40 ? 30 : 10)" @keyup.document.left="seekBySeconds(-10)" @keyup.document.m="toggleMute" @keyup.document.s="toggleSpeed" @play="play(false, true)" @loadedmetadata="handleLoadedMetadata" @pause="pause(true)" preload="none" @timejump.window="seekToSeconds($event.detail.timestamp); shareTimeFormatted = formatTime($event.detail.timestamp)" > Trailer Bonus 10 40 ? 30 : 10)" class="seek-seconds-button" > 40 ? 30 : 10"> Subscribe Share More Info Download More episodes Subscribe newValue ? setTimeout(() => copied = false, 2500) : null)" @click="copied = copyFeedUrl()" class="form-input-group" > Copied to clipboard Apple Podcasts Spotify Pocket Casts Overcast Castro YouTube Goodpods Goodpods Metacast Amazon Music Pandora CastBox Anghami Anghami Fountain JioSaavn Gaana iHeartRadio TuneIn TuneIn Player FM SoundCloud SoundCloud Deezer Podcast Addict Share newValue ? setTimeout(() => copied = false, 2500) : null)" @click="copied = copyShareUrl()" class="form-input-group" > Share Copied to clipboard newValue ? setTimeout(() => copied = false, 2500) : null)" @click="copied = copyEmbedHtml()" class="form-input-group" > Embed Copied to clipboard Start at Trailer Bonus Full Transcript View the website updateDescriptionLinks($el))" class="episode-description" > Chapters June 1, 2022 by APIs You Won't Hate View the website Listen On Apple Podcasts Listen On Spotify Listen On YouTube RSS Feed Subscribe RSS Feed RSS Feed URL Copied! Follow Episode Details / Transcript On this episode, Mike talks to cofounder of Merge, Gil Feig, about building a service that integrates with many APIs. Show Notes On this episode, Mike talks to cofounder of Merge, Gil Feig, about building a service that integrates with many APIs. Find Merge at https://merge.dev Gil Feig @GilFeig Merge is Hiring! Thank you so much to our sponsors: Lob: https://lob.com/careers Treblle : https://treblle.com/apisyoulove Creators and Guests Host Mike Bifulco Cofounder and host of APIs You Won't Hate. Blogs at https://mikebifulco.com Into 🚴♀️, espresso ☕, looking after 🌍. ex @Stripe @Google @Microsoft What is APIs You Won't Hate? A no-nonsense (well, some-nonsense) podcast about API design & development, new features in the world of HTTP, service-orientated architecture, microservices, and probably bikes. Mike Bifulco: Hi friends. Welcome back to API. As you won't hate, this is Mike, your co. For this episode, I'm chatting with Gil , who is the co-founder of merge. Him and I had a great time talking about what he's been building with his team at merge, what it's like to grow an API centric product to the challenges inherent in that some of the really cool learnings that his team has come across when they've been building their product and what it's like to grow an API centric product especially one that was born during the pandemic. I know it was a great discussion. I hope you enjoy it. Please check out the interview, send me any feedback you've got at Reverend Mike on Twitter or at API and you won't hate. For our next episode, I believe we'll be back with Phil and Matt and myself, chatting about APIs and catching up on some of the news and latest goings on in the world in the meantime, I hope you enjoy this interview with Gil. It was a fantastic discussion and really think he's on something exciting there. Love to see people in the API universe, building interesting products and sort of pushing the limits of what's been done before. And especially when it makes all of our lives easier products like that, really trying to sing their own tune. Yeah. And so before we get off to the interview here's a quick message from our sponsors. Thanks so much for listening and I hope you enjoyed the interview. All right. And I'm here with Gil five from merge, Gail. How are you doing today? Gil Feig: I'm great. How are you doing? Mike Bifulco: I'm doing really good. Thanks. Yeah. So I appreciate you taking the time to chat with us or wanted to talk a little bit about you and merging your story and how all that applies to API APIs and the, the world you're kind of living in. And so maybe we can start with, a bit about yourself your background, perhaps, and how you got to where you are today. Gil Feig: Yeah, absolutely. So I'm Gil. I am a software engineer through and through. I've been been, so since I was pretty young, I had a computer in my room and started coding, but got serious about it in college, made her majored in computer science and graduated and went straight into software. So I worked at LinkedIn for a few years. Then Wealthfront. And then finally I joined a startup called canvas now called untapped, which is recruiting. And while I was there had to build a ton of integrations with different applicant tracking systems. And it was one after the next, it was an insane amount of work. We first built greenhouse then lever. Then we had to build Workday and in order to close new customers, we had to build the ATS is that they were using because we needed to be able to interact with whatever data they had on their end. And my co-founder who I, who I actually met way back in college. At the same time she had gone into finance for a while, ended up at a startup as chief of staff. And there, she was building out a lot of different integrations with ticketing systems and they ran into the exact same problem. They had to build it every single integration with every single ticketing system, depending on what their customer was on. So we noticed this, this very joint problem. B2B companies when they want to integrate with other platforms, they have to integrate with all the competitors that that space. And that's ultimately how we came upon the idea of merge, where we build unified API APIs or one API to integrate with all the competitors in, in each vertical. Mike Bifulco: Yeah, Got it. Okay. So it sounds like you were living through the pain of something like many startup founders do and kind of saw that pain as an opportunity. So how long ago was that? When, when did you found merge? Gil Feig: Yeah, we started murders right at the beginning of the pandemic. So it was around June of 2020. Wow. Yeah, dove right into the deep end. Huh? Mike Bifulco: We did we, I mean, what better time? The opportunity costs of starting a company then was you either sit there in your room and do nothing or you start a company. So. Gil Feig: Yeah. Okay. So. That, that's how you got to merge. And you kind of said it already, but what's maybe the value proposition or the elevator pitch for why someone would want to use merge. Mike Bifulco: Yeah, absolutely. So when, when you're starting a company and you know, you, you know that you need to be data rich, I would say most startups, these days have some sort of data that they need to interact with. And, and even existing companies, large companies we sell to as. Basically come up with these product ideas. Like we want to build X, Y, and Z, but we need to pull in our customer's data from their HR system. Let's say we need to pull up all of their employees and we need to pull in all of their job titles. For example, the, the current approach is all right, well, we need to go ask our customers, which HR platforms. We're going to stack rank them based on maybe contract value, maybe which one the most customers are using. And we'll just start tackling them one by one in that order. But building them out is not just a simple fee, right? It could take three to six months to build out one integration. Then you have three to six months of long tail follow-ups and fixes, as your devs are finding edge cases or things you just couldn't have predicted because you have customers who have set up their HR system in some custom way that affects how the API returns data. So you're basically assigning, you know, multiple. Six months or more, plus you have your support teams involved. It's just a whole company, problem, partnerships, everything. So instead you can either do that go one by one or instead you can choose marriage integrate just once with us, we offer for one of our categories, HR and payroll, we offer 35 integrations and we're constantly adding new ones. Once you build that out, once you don't have to do any extra work, ask, merge to build one out, if one's missing and we'll do it. And it's just available to your. Gil Feig: Sure. Yeah. So that, that seems like a pretty easy call, right? When the alternative is go ask one of your developers to become an expert on someone else's product for a little while or long enough to be dangerous, or maybe not even an expert, but to just go try their best to figure it out. And then maybe not have the time later on to go keep up with changes. Oh, when things break to go and update the, the implementation and have to worry about those details. So you mentioned one of your, your. verticals and it sounds like you've got a few verticals that merged focuses on. Can you, can you talk a little bit about those and maybe how you chose them? Mike Bifulco: Yeah. Sure. So we first started with recruiting, which is ATS or applicant tracking systems and HR and payroll. Those were our two categories that, that kind of launched HR and payroll kind of being one joint one. So it's HR payroll, and then ATS, the reason we chose those. We were familiar with ATS. It's something I had built out extensively before ATS also comes with a lot of customizability and a lot of variation between platforms. So it was a good way for us to just start out building a really robust system that we knew would extend to simpler verticals in the future. So it was I would say it was a bit bold to start with, but ultimately it's proven to be really great because we've been able to expand very quickly after that. So after that we launched accounting. So those are ERP systems, things like. NetSuite and QuickBooks. And then after that we did ticketing. So JIRA sauna, that's a mix of ticketing system. So JIRA, sauna, Trello, those sorts of things, but then also help desk. And then we also have a new one. We just launched was just CRM. So Salesforce hubs. Gil Feig: Yeah. Wow. All things that are in their own way, very, very customizable and a pretty significant problem to approach from a development standpoint. I think maybe the only way you could have taken a harder route in would have been to start with something like electric health records. But it sounds like you went with a good challenge to start, and it's cool to see that you've found some traction and whatnot. So for the API, you won't hate audience. One of the questions that I like to ask, because people invariably want to know is can you tell us a little bit about what you built and merge with? Maybe languages, architecture approaches, things like that. Mike Bifulco: Yeah, absolutely. So I think for us choice of stack was, was more about speed to market. How quickly can we move? What is something that a lot of people are going to know coming in or something that people can easily learn as opposed to going for something that is the most optimized, fast language? So naturally we chose Python, which I think as we grow now, it is a bit of a slow language, but again, it lets us move incredibly quickly. We've adapted, we use a Django backend and we've added typing since. So, you know, we, we run into fewer issues there. Then on the front end, we're we're fully react. We have a pretty complex front end. I would say it's actually surprisingly for an API based startup, we probably have a more complex front end than most even non API based startups. So yeah, that's, that's sort of our most common. Gil Feig: Yeah. Got it. And So on the other side of that, for your customers who are consuming services through merge, it looks like you ship a few different client libraries and, and a couple of different languages. Which of those do you support them? Mike Bifulco: Yeah. So what we did early on was was basically, we need to be able to move incredibly quickly. Everything we've done is about how much we can automate. And so we're using open API for our APIs to document them. I'm sure most listeners here know this, but a sort of similar to swagger or any model Jen that you have at had a lot of bigger companies where they build in house. But we use open API. Our open API spec itself is auto-generated using something called Django spectacular. So it looks at our end points themselves, and then it generates our spec. And then our spec is used by we, we sponsor and we use open API general. Which can generate the client libraries or the SDKs. They're not perfect. Always, I would say. And so we we've started to fork those templates a bit to customize them and support some of the things that we need, but overall it's helped us move incredibly. Gil Feig: Sure. Yeah. That's probably the sign of a growing organization that has, has you know, multi-variable requirements to fulfill. But also one of those things where suddenly you don't have to go hire a Python developer and a Ruby developer and a Java guy and somebody who can do C plus plus and all these other things for people who want to consume in every flavor under the sun open API is a good way to scale that stuff out. That's really cool. Mike Bifulco: Yeah, it's been great. And I think, you know, there's, there's obviously some, some elements of it. Like when, when you stretch open API to its max, or when you stretch in general, like the rest spec to its max, for example, we support the expand parameter, which is a common rest, you know, sort of thing where, where we have certain foreign keys relations that come back as. But if in the request to our API, you say expand, and then that field name, it comes back as a fully unwrapped object, as opposed to the ID the generators being able to in the SDK say the type of this is either a string or an object, depending on how that request went out. They're not so great for that. So those are some of the things we've had to adapt. We run into a lot of issues as you get more advanced. Gil Feig: sure. Yeah. I'd imagine as you get clients using your tools that are running more sophisticated organizations, they want more of those things too. And you kind of stress test those those, you know, little edge cases of the API to. Mike Bifulco: Yeah, exactly. But when you have, you know, when you have 12 different languages across five different API APIs, that 60 repos, it can be pretty hard to stay on top of with a lean dev team. So. Gil Feig: Yeah, Yeah. To that end. How, how big is your team right now? Mike Bifulco: Yeah. So we are currently a total of 40 people. We have about 12 engineers full time, and then we have five people focused fully on building new integrations, using sort of a lot of the internal tooling that we've built. Gil Feig: Yeah, got it. Got it. so okay. That's, that's actually a pretty sizable team and it makes sense. Given the number of integrations you've got, like, I'd imagine you'd have to have a pretty, pretty solid standing army to just to build out new integrations, let alone keeping up with the old ones. When we're talking about the services that you integrate with, I know you mentioned that you started with sort of the applicant tracking stuff first. How did you prioritize the, even the first API that you chose to integrate with Mike Bifulco: Yeah, so we, we totally focus on market share here. We, we can obviously try to build ones that we want to build, but the most important is what people want. So with ATS, there's. Certain, I would say like looking at different market sectors, there's there's dominant platform. So in ATS you have greenhouse and lever that are really common among tech companies. But then we start selling to tech companies, right? So we might sell to a company that helps you analyze that the diversity of your recruitment funnel and that company is selling to companies we've never heard of, you know, so maybe some oil company in Texas, or maybe they're selling to taco bell of kid of Ohio. Right, right. You're now integrating with, with, you know, greenhouse and lever are relevant to those people. It's, it's Oracle Taleo, it's SAP's recruitment platforms. And so we've really had to sort of focus on what our customers are asking for that being said, building new integrations doesn't slow us down because we spent our first six to eight months building out that infrastructure to be able to build new integrations. So it's more actually the sort of maintenance or dealing with edge cases, as opposed to the initial build out. That takes much time. Gil Feig: Yeah. Okay. Okay. You said something earlier that, that I kind of grazed over pretty quickly, but it's, it may be very interesting thing about the way it sounds like you run the company. How are you discovering what your customer is? How, how are you picking those next integrations? Like, is there a strategy for asking for feedback on those things or is it something you're discovering through maybe the sales process or, or I don't know, help desk ticketing, something like that. Mike Bifulco: Yeah, absolutely. So essentially with all of our, all over our marketing pages, our landing page. We show which integrations we support. And whenever we do, there's always a button next to them that says request new integration on top of that on our two premium plans or two plans that people are committing to annually, we include building new integrations at no extra cost. So we just say, get us an API key from a customer or a, you know, a sandbox key from a customer. We're happy to go build that out on your behalf. And so people can sign with merge knowing that any platform that they need, as long as that bot form has an API, it's going to be supported and basically say mergers. Now our integrations team offloaded. Gil Feig: Yeah, that's ambitious. That is quite the strategy. That's very cool. Do you ever find, you're asked to integrate with something that is just not ready for the kind of integration you're looking for? Mike Bifulco: Yeah. So there's, there's a few different cases that happens in number one is they don't have an API there there's a lot of value in that. And we do have some ways of like, all right, we can try to integrate with reports as a service. And we, we do support doing that, but some really don't have an API. And if there's something that no one's really requesting, we're just not gonna, we're not gonna do it. Other ones we've been asked to actually help customers or help companies design their APIs. So we'll have, we'll have a customer who's pioneering, let's say some new HR platform or some. Relatively new HR platform. And they're hounding that HR platform saying, get, we need an API. We want to pull our data out. That HR platform, sometimes they'll connect them to us and we'll help them design and figure out what it should look like. And then lastly, you do have ones that are missing core functionality. So we also work with platforms on that. We integrated with an ATS. Not to name names, but we, we didn't agree with one recently that exposed a lot of data, but was missing just key candidate and application data and pulling jobs is interesting, but most companies need to know who's actually applying for the jobs. So working with them to add that from. Gil Feig: Yeah, I don't really cool. Do you provide a backlog of, of integrators that you're hoping to implement next? Mike Bifulco: We do, but it's really funny. I know, I know it sounds a little hard to believe, but in general, our backlog is not new integrations. It's functionality. We are, we have 12 engineers and they're not even building integrations, right? That's our, that's our platform team. And they're just incredibly fast. We've gotten to the point where we can build most new integrations unless we're heading something crazy. Most new integrations in a matter of a couple of hours, a record of my, my co-founder actually built three integrations in a day once. The biggest part for us is, is passing them off to our QA team. They take a couple of weeks to really, really test them out. Gil Feig: Sure that for off the cuff, having never really done this myself, that sounds pretty mindblowing. I would expect a scale of, I don't know, at least a month, a two to a couple of months for the integration in QA and then release kind of thing. So it sounds like you're moving really fast and able to work with, I mean, loads and loads of providers for good reason. You, you must have a really good process for doing that. That's that's very cool. That's super impressive. Mike Bifulco: Yeah, absolutely. I mean, we like to say we've seen it all at this point. I eat like 15 different types of auth. We've seen people implement ooff, you know, oh, up to like 12 different ways we found security vulnerabilities and how people implement it. So our tooling is basically. If the company, you know, we have, we have a pretty guided, I would say process to help people on board. And it's like, what is the name of the field that the access token comes in? If the company does not abide by the spec and they call it something else, enter that field name here. So it's really guided. It's really adaptable and kind of just helps us move really fast. Gil Feig: Sure. Yeah. Built from all the little scars and pain points you've experienced in the past. No doubt. Mike Bifulco: Yep. Gil Feig: Yeah. Cool. So let's talk a little bit about API APIs. In general, I'm interested in your thoughts on since you, your company has integrated with and consume so many API APIs what to you makes up a good API one. That's good for developers to work with. Mike Bifulco: Yeah. I think thinking about. First of all just being consumer first, thinking about what applications there are people going to use your API for and creating good access patterns around that data is, is really critical. Anything to avoid people having to make a ton of API requests you make end queries. And of course, obviously I think, I think before any of this actually comes just really great documentation. Yeah. You know, there are preferences around using coauthor versus using other offers is security of, of those. And there, there are merits each of them, but if it's not documented. I, yeah. And, and I can tell you from our team, who's built hundreds of integrations. At this point. We don't really have a preference for what type of author you're using. One might be a bit more of a pain to implement, but if we can't figure it out by immediately looking at your dogs, that's, what's the really annoying part having to get in touch with your team and try to have, have that team, you know, figure it all out. So yeah. Documentations number one. Gil Feig: Sure. Yeah, Often the special sauce when you're implementing with anything is kind of being able to read and understand what you're looking at. And honestly, frankly, kind of an overlooked career path too, right? Like really, really good technical writers who understand the problems that are being solved and can eloquently describe what's going on. And also accurately is it really, really special when you're working with an API. Mike Bifulco: Yeah, it's true. And it's so it's like great technical writing is really important. The other one is just the story or the journey of your docs. You know, it's, it's really underrated and people aren't thinking about the path that developer's taking there, but if, how you, if, if the method of authentication is the last thing in your. You know, you're, you're kind of guiding someone of path pathway having to click all around and go all over. So for us, we actually have our designer and, you know, I would say our product team really dedicated to understanding the journey of our customers within our documentation. We treat that as a product really intensely now to the point where, you know, we, we think of user stories and we say, all right, well, they can do this. It's a really complicated action. So we need them to be able to find this, this detailed doc along their journey at the right time. But only if they need it, otherwise we don't. Slam to which information wants. So we think really deeply about that journey that the developers. Gil Feig: sure. Yeah. I, I lack of sufficient term to describe this, but almost the user experience. Learning how to build with something is underappreciated in the industry in general. There's definitely companies, organizations with huge budgets who can go And spin up a UX researcher just to work on docs, but that's often not the case. And so you really just need engineers or technical writers with a lot of love and care and patience for going and rewriting and, you know, experiencing the journey and watching other people do it. Mike Bifulco: Yeah. And it's funny because companies are willing to invest big bucks in optimizing copy on their landing page. Just not people from, from bouncing. But what about stopping developers from bouncing as they go through your docs? Gil Feig: Right. Yeah. Yeah, definitely. Yeah. We, we sometimes fund the wrong things at the wrong time, I think. So okay. I'm interested in any challenges that you've faced in sort of building this unifying API service. Is there something that stands out to you along the way that you, that you've taken away? Um, Mike Bifulco: Yeah. So I think you can, of course look at all the differences in authentication and pagination and, you know, rate limits and all of that. They're solvable, right? You just build things around them. I think what is hard is what we describe as the mixed functionality problem, which is that ultimately we can't define one, the functionality of the platforms that we integrate with and two, what their API is exposed. And so, and a lot of ways when you're building a unified API, or when you're saying we want to build integrations with, let's say HR platforms, and it's important to us to pull in everyone's title so that we can show that in this spot, on our site, You know, ultimately our customers are like, we want that for all platforms, but if a platform doesn't support it, we have to be able to tell our customer like, Hey, that that's not possible. And I would say that's been a really big challenge for us. It's actually becoming better as we be, as we grow in the market, we have a bit more sway with API providers asking them to add more data. But ultimately again, if a doesn't support it, they don't support it. And so building a unified API that perfectly claims to normalize all data is tough. When some firms just don't have certain data and some platforms have way more. Gil Feig: Sure. Yeah. Are you finding that you need to demonstrate to people who end up buying your services that they're getting ROI, or is it something that is kind of proving itself once they get into implementation? Mike Bifulco: Yeah. I mean, I think first of all, for us, we only add value. What merged does is revenue generating. First of all right, you, you need certain integrations. You don't have the capacity to develop them out. You need those because you need to support customers who are on them. So by having merged, you're able to close those new customers. And then on top of that, you're saving developer time. So it's revenue generating and it's costing. It's, two-fold people come into our sales calls and they're, they, they get it. They know what they're buying into before they even get on that call. It's, it's pretty exciting. I would say our AEs, our, our, our salespeople who have been at multiple companies before ours that are, that are doing not similar things, but other, you know, sort of like maybe API bays or other tech companies have described marriage as just the easiest product to sell when they get on a call with someone, because everybody just understands it and viscerally, grasps the pain. So. Gil Feig: Yeah. That's a perfectly into my next question of how do you know in general, if you're building something that people want. Mike Bifulco: Yeah. I mean, I think for us, it was a bit easier because Shamsi, my co-founder and I both came from backgrounds. We would have used those. Right. And so, so there was a little bit of bias of us coming into this being like, all right, well, we both needed this and we both wanted this. And so we, we also spent about six months before we started the company talking to, we talked to over a hundred different startups in, in a bunch of different verticals. So we were like, all right, well, we don't want to just be biased because we know this is a problem in recruiting and tickets. We want to tackle everything. So let's, let's ask. So we talked to companies that needed HR integrations. We talked to companies that needed marketing automation and CRM and ticketing, just so many different things. And with that every single time we got on a call, we were just like, if something like this existed, would you use it? Absolutely. How much would you be willing to pay? Honestly, anything we pay a team of five developers. It costs us a million dollars a year, anything to take away the pain. We even, even sometimes would flip it and we would just say like, how are you doing it internally? And they'd be like, well, essentially we have this one service that integrates with all the different platforms and translates it to a common language. And we're like, okay, well you've essentially built merge internally. So it was either, they said they needed it or they had done it. Gil Feig: yeah, sure. Along those lines then when you're when you were first starting out, so you talked to a hundred customers, you spent six months kind of researching things. Did those 100 startups? Sorry. Did they end up being your sort of first customers or was there something else you had to do to kind of get the word out there? That merge was open for business? Mike Bifulco: Yeah, they, they definitely, I would say a good number of them did for sure. And we actually still have close them. I think we, we fully remember it. My co-founder tweeted about this recently, but there were three out of those hundred that were, were very discouraging. That's always going to happen, but we're like, this is a terrible idea. Don't do it. And I think it was as of like two months ago, all three are now signed customers emerged. So very, very validating. And then that felt. Gil Feig: Yeah, that's amazing. I hope you pop the champagne or had a nice lunch that day. Something like that. That's really. Mike Bifulco: Yeah, it was really exciting. Gil Feig: For a follow on to that is how has your strategy for acquisition of new customers changed since your initial launch? Mike Bifulco: Yeah. So, so we still continue to do a bit of outbound. We're more inbound and outbound though. Word of mouth is a big one. I would say we're hearing about, you know, a lot of our customers are coming in now saying, oh, we heard that, that, you know, this company is using. We have to a lot of competitors thinking about how their competitors are building and, and, you know, wanting to get a leg up or wanting to at least have the same advantage that they have. Those, those are a couple, we are really big on SEO. So you do things like search for, you know, any platform that we integrate with search for that name, plus API on Google, we tend to rank. So we're, we're really trying to follow the developer's journey, which in that case is, you know, their CEO is going to them saying, Hey, all of our customers are asking for Workday API integration. But in general, if you, if you need a work day integration, you need just works in bamboo HR and, you know, Gusto and namely and all the other ones. And so when you, when you click on it, you land on marriage. It says, get a, get a Workday integration, but also get all of these other ones sign up now. And that's sorta how we're acquiring. Gil Feig: Yeah, Cool. That's really cool. It's it's you've built a lot of momentum inherently in the process here. Let's say tomorrow you were starting from scratch again and you were gonna build a new API first company, whether it was merged or something else that was sort of APIs at its core what are the things you would do first? Mike Bifulco: Yeah, it's interesting. I want to say, like, I would choose a more, more performant language, but I actually don't cause, cause the fact of the matter is we constantly had to just pivot and change how we were building and you know, doing Django and Python at Elta enabled us to move incredibly quick. We've been able to really scale with that. So I wouldn't change, you know, choice of language or any technologies. I think one thing that we might might've done is just do a bigger sort of survey of the landscape, more research across APIs and understand what the variability looks like, because along the way, we've enforced it just tack on things like, you know, I kind of mentioned that earlier, but if they don't call this field the correct thing, then what, what, you know, do they get. But if we had just really gone and looked at a hundred API APIs and spent the time we could have, we could have really planned out, like, all right, here's a robust system, rather than having all these flags that we have to deprecate and be like, does the platform do this? Doesn't apart from, and now the flags are kind of confusing. We've we've done some work to clean that up, but you know, again, I think doing a bigger survey, the landscape would have gone on. Gil Feig: Sure. Yeah, For whatever it's worth from where I'm sitting, that sounds like a great optimistic task and also something that would require you to become an expert on a hundred new APIs which takes a lot of time. And you may never have been able to get things off the ground, you know? Mike Bifulco: Yeah, it's true. It's a balance. And yeah, I say that now, going back when we were sitting there with no product, just sit there and spend potentially two months going through a hundred APS and deeply understanding our off. Probably not. So maybe getting an expert, someone who's built a hundred integrations, but that's also tough. Right? Who's done that. I mean, I had, I had already built several and I think we still, we still just constantly see new things that we haven't seen before. Gil Feig: Sure. Sure. Yeah. Oh, that's all very interesting. You you've had quite the journey kind of from gosh, 2020. I mean it's two and a half years or whatever, something like that to this 0.2 years, roughly. That's. That's a lot of first of all, a lot of implementation, but also a lot of lessons learned that it sounds like you're speaking from some really good experience and have built a really fascinating product. What, what haven't I asked you about merge that I should have asked. Mike Bifulco: Yeah. I mean, I think, I think one thing that we find really interesting is just how people actually use versus what the customer use cases are. They've been, they've been really exciting for us. I'm happy to dive into that a little bit, but I would say they they're very varied and I'm glad we went in with this mindset of, you know, we want to provide the data. We don't want to provide any. Information on top of it. Like let's say you're building a diversity recruiting platform and you want to help people analyze the diversity of the candidates throughout your recruiting funnel. We didn't, we didn't focus on that use case necessarily when we were building, we more said, let's give companies the data there. Maximize the amount of data that's normalized and return from our API APIs and all the tools that developers need to be able to pull it efficiently and do what they want with it. Let's not try to be experts in data analytics or insights or anything on top of it. And so because of that, we've had some really, really cool use cases on top. And so a good example would be, you know, a lot of credit card companies like ramp and you know, some other big ones that, that, you know, you've probably heard of that, that startups are using to power employee credit cards. They, they use us for one really cool. One is a lot of employees are remote these days by companies still want to give a lunch stipend, give $25 a day to all engineers. For a lunch if you're within the engineering org, but if you're in the partnerships org, you get $200 a week for travel and meals. Cause you might want to take out a client or something, you know, along there to take out a partner. And so what, what ramp does is they offer integrations with 35 different HR platforms because they don't know which HR platform their customers on. So they're using merge. Of course now a ramp costs were, can just log in, connect their HR system and then say, all right, we see these teams coming in from merge. Which team, and now give them a budget and give them, you know, sort of spending categories and employee joins. They, we automatically send ramp a web hook to say, Hey, an employee just joined. This is their department. Here's their address? Here's everything ramp allocate to credit card and automatically just mails it to them with all the categories that that's one great use case. Another, another really cool one. And then I'll stop. There is, is cybersecurity. So a lot of these soft to automation platforms that are becoming popular, vantage drugs. That that helped you make sure that you're in compliance. They use us to monitor employees. Are they contractors or full-time. And with that, they're able to make sure that if someone gets terminated, for example, was there access, revoked from all other services within 24 hours? So many different use cases. I've only gotten into a couple and those are just within our HR API, but it's been really. Gil Feig: Yeah, those are really creative and they, they provide some special, like magical solutions to modern problems too, that you definitely need to tie into lots of things for it to make sense, to even try something like that. Mike Bifulco: Yeah, absolutely. And what's interesting also is just that, that nowadays as, as a consumer, you expect everything to be integrated deeply. Like when when, when you're buying a platform and they're like, all right, well, whenever someone joins come add them and invite them here, or, you know, whenever someone does. Whenever you close a sale, go out in Salesforce, but also go add it in our platform. No one wants to do that anymore. And no one expects. Everyone expects that your systems are. Gil Feig: Yeah. Yeah what about other verticals? So are there other other verticals that you're dying to get into, or that are interesting to merge? Mike Bifulco: Yeah, we do have other verticals for sure. And we can build very quickly. What's important to us is that our customers have a great experience. So since we're B2B, we're actually B2B to be all of our customers also sell to businesses, of course, right. Because these are B2B tools we're integrating with. And so it's, it's really important to us to give them a good experience because their customers are probably paying them. Yeah. Anywhere from 10 to several hundred thousand dollars a year for that, for that service. And that means it has to be great. And so we do spend a lot of time on follow-up making sure that the use cases are supported and that the data is high quality. But we do have a bunch of other verticals we want to move into. We're, we're, we're not publicly disclosing get which ones, but there's some really cool ones and, and they definitely need unification. But what we do is. Analyzed demand. Look at what our existing customers want versus what new customers want. Look at, you know, where VCs investing, what are emerging markets. There's so many different factors that go into it. Also, how fragmented is a market? If there's one player that's dominant, what's the power of a unified API. Gil Feig: Yeah, sure. Yeah. I figured you might not be able to share kind of what's coming, but it couldn't hurt to ask there. Mike Bifulco: Yeah, I think there are some good ones and some ones that developers especially will be really excited about. Gil Feig: Yeah, Cool. Cool. Well, we'll have to keep an eye out for news. And along those lines if our listeners developers are interested in following merge and keeping an eye on merger, trying out merge for their product where should they go? Mike Bifulco: Yeah, absolutely. So a merge is it's free to sign up and just get started. You can, you can go to merge.dev dev. There we have, you know, really good guides to get you started to help you dive in. And you can start with any of our categories. It's you get a hundred dollars a month for free. So it's really easy to just have. Gil Feig: Yeah. got it. Are there interesting sort of first integrations they can try? Mike Bifulco: Yeah. So a lot of our integrations, we actually listed there, but a lot of our integrations have free trials listed. So like bamboo HR is a great example. If you, if you go in and just sort of look at a bunch of the platforms there, you can just click on them and we provide links to the free trials or instructions on how to get a demo account. And then also, you know, again, since, since you know, any listener who'd be interested, likely works at a B2B company. You can also test with adding your company's zones. Gil Feig: Yeah. Cool. So there's, there's a value prop in itself of just being able to get in and try sort of the whole full fledged thing with free tools. That's really interesting and I'm sure lots of the folks that will be listening to this podcast are more on the, Hey, we need to integrate with this side of things as well. What sort of things are you interested in hearing feedback on from our audio? Mike Bifulco: Yeah, we, we would love to hear, you know, we are a developer first company. We think that's why, you know, we're, we're winning among developers is, is everything we do is focused on deaths. So we want to hear about the experience we want to hear about onboarding was anything confusing in the journey. We want it to be as clear and as simple as possible. We're developers building for developers. We feel fortunate that we can almost be product managers of our own products, because we understand what we're building. But that being said, you can be, you know, sometimes caught up in, in the internals of something and take for granted that you have some inside knowledge. And so we just want, we would love feedback on what the journey is like, what the onboarding journeys like and then any additional features and things people are looking for. Gil Feig: Yeah, you'll, you'll be surprised to hear that our audience is not shy about sharing their thoughts on things. So hopefully you get some good feedback there. What about hiring? Are you hiring for. any roles right now? Mike Bifulco: We are absolutely hiring. We are hiring for virtually every role across the board. We have grown incredibly fast. We went from zero to 1700 customers in under a year. So we, yeah, so we're really looking to hire we're hiring back end engineers software back at, sorry, back end front end, full stack. Definitely across the board there. And, you know, even, even things like technical solutions, engineers customer facing things more on sales, and then we're, we're hiring people to build integrations on our platform team. So I definitely everywhere in the org and that's ed merged.dev/. Gil Feig: Cool. And just for sake of completeness, cause I know someone will ask me, are you hiring remotely or you're hiring just in a specific location. How does that work? Mike Bifulco: Yeah. So we're, we are in person we're in New York and San Francisco and both offices are where we're open to. We were remote flexible. I would say we, we, you know, we like to say we're kind of pre COVID, you know, your packages are, you want to work remotely for a week here and there. Totally fine. But in general, we are in. Gil Feig: Gotcha. Cool. Okay. So that's a bit about merge. How can our listeners find you if they want to get in touch with you? Mike Bifulco: Yeah, absolutely. So you can feel free to email me gil@merged.dev dev. Follow me on Twitter, Gil FEI, G Gill fag or, you know, also send me a LinkedIn. Gil Feig: Heck. Yeah, I will stick all of the relevant links and URLs in the show notes for this and make sure that they're posted when the show goes live here. It's been really fantastic talking to you. I appreciate you coming and spending some time with me and sharing about your product experience. Yeah. Thanks for your time. It was great chatting. Mike Bifulco: Thank you so much for having me All audio, artwork, episode descriptions and notes are property of APIs You Won't Hate, for APIs You Won't Hate, and published with permission by Transistor, Inc. Broadcast by | 2026-01-13T08:48:07 |
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https://dev.to/codenewbie/s26e6-embracing-rest-for-productivity-ronesha-dennis | S26:E6 - Embracing Rest for Productivity (Ronesha Dennis) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close CodeNewbie Follow S26:E6 - Embracing Rest for Productivity (Ronesha Dennis) Dec 6 '23 play Saron chats with Ronesha Dennis, Founder and Lead Engineer at Bergeron-Woodley. Ronesha talks about growing up and how tech played a role in her childhood (her first website was a fan site for Lil Bow Wow). She talks about how she ended up in another career for 5 years until she sat down and thought about things she liked doing as a child without being paid for doing those things. This led her to want to get into tech. She decided to leave her job, move back with her parents, and do an 8-week program on Ruby on Rails. She then did a fellowship with Code for Progress. After graduating, she landed a job as a consultant then advanced to an Engineer, a Senior Engineer, and finally to managing other Engineers. She has authored coding books and she has her company building applications for nonprofits and other small businesses. Ronesha speaks on the mental health break she took after making the switch to tech and how important it is to give yourself space and time to take breaks after a career transition. Show Links Code Comments (sponsor) IRL (sponsor) Python, the Relatable Way Coding with Cornell Ruby on Rails Ronesha's GitHub Ronesha's Instagram Ronesha's Twitter Ronesha Dennis Ronesha D. Dennis is a software engineer and coding instructor. She is the author of a coding book series for children titled Coding with Cornell, and a coding book for young adult and adult beginners titled Python, the Relatable Way. Episode source Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Your browser does not support the audio element. 1x initializing... × 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:07 |
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