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https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/user-preferences#hosted-preference-page | User Preferences - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection GETTING STARTED What is SuprSend? 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Navigation Preferences User Preferences Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Preferences User Preferences OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Learn how user preferences work in SuprSend and how to capture them. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Before you start: Make sure you’ve set up notification categories first. See Manage Categories and Preferences for step-by-step instructions. Preferences let users control which notifications they receive. Instead of an all-or-nothing approach, users can opt out of specific categories, choose preferred channels, and set notification frequency. This granular control reduces the chance that users disable all notifications from your platform. In SuprSend, you can use ready-made UI and APIs to manage multi-tenant preference use cases. This includes letting admins set preferences for internal teams and handle notifications for enterprise customers, where companies, customers, and end users have distinct preferences. How It Works Preferences are evaluated in priority order: User Preference → Tenant Default → Category Default Three Levels of Control Global channel opt-outs, category preferences, and channel opt-outs within categories What are user preferences? Preferences only work with sub-categories: User preferences apply to sub-categories you create, not root-categories (System, Transactional, Promotional). Use sub-category slugs in workflows for preferences to work. Each user has a preference set that controls which notifications they receive. A preference set has three levels of control: channel_preferences — Global channel opt-outs (e.g., opt out of all email) categories — Category-level preferences (opt in/out of all channels of a notification type) opt_out_channels — Opt-in/out of specific channels within a category Example: Copy Ask AI { "channel_preferences" : [ { "channel" : "email" , "is_restricted" : true } ], "categories" : [ { "category" : "invoice-ready" , "preference" : "opt_out" }, { "category" : "payment-reminder" , "preference" : "opt_in" , "opt_out_channels" : [ "slack" ] } ] } In this example: user opted out of email globally, opted out of invoice-ready category completely, and stays opted in to payment-reminder but without Slack. How preferences are determined When a user hasn’t set their own preferences in a category, SuprSend uses defaults in this order: User Preference — Individual user’s explicit choices (highest priority) Tenant Default Preference — Default preferences set by tenant for the category Category Default Preference — Default preferences set at the category level (lowest priority) Preference precedence: User Preference → Tenant Default Preference → Category Default Preference Preference precedence is determined at category level . So, if a user overrides preference for a category but doesn’t touch other categories, defaults continue to apply to the untouched categories. Setting up preference categories Before users can set their preferences, you must first create and configure preference categories. For step-by-step setup instructions, see Manage Categories and Preferences . Default preferences Default preferences determine how users receive notifications when they haven’t set their own preferences. Configure these at the sub-category level when setting up categories. What default preferences control Default preferences control: Channel or Category defaults : Which categories or channels will be turned on/off by default on users’ preference page. Mandatory channels : Which channel or category users cannot opt out of (shown as disabled on preference page) Visibility : Whether a category appears on the preference page Preference types On — Users receive this category's notifications by default Users will receive notifications in this category by default. You can configure Opt-in Channels to specify which channels are included in the default “On” state: All : All available channels are enabled by default Selected Channels only : Only specific channels you select are enabled by default (e.g., Email, Android Push, iOS Push, In-App Inbox, MS Teams, Slack) Off — Users must opt in to get notifications Users will not receive notifications unless they change the preference. Can't Unsubscribe — Users cannot opt out of mandatory channels in this category Prevents users from fully opting out of the category. When selected, you can configure: Mandatory Channels : Channels which can’t be opted out of by the user. Set to “All” or “Selected Channels”. Opt-in Channels : In case of “Selected” Mandatory Channels, you can configure the channels that will be opted in by default. Channels other than mandatory and opt-in will be skipped for sending notification unless user explicitly opts in to them. Even when a category is set to “Can’t Unsubscribe,” users can still control channel-level preferences if your channel-level settings allow it. This configuration gives you fine-grained control over which channels a user is opted into by default, letting you differentiate between must-deliver channels, default-on channels, and optional channels. Capturing user preferences Users can set their preferences through one of the following methods: Hosted preference page Once you publish preference categories, SuprSend automatically generates a dedicated unsubscription webpage for collecting user preferences . Users can set channel-specific preferences from the hosted page. If the link is included in an email, the hosted page will show and save email preferences. Include it in your templates using {{$hosted_preference_url}} . This page is currently hosted on a SuprSend domain, but you can reach out to [email protected] if you’d prefer it hosted on your own domain. Embed in your product You can embed the preference interface directly inside your product using SuprSend’s ready-made UI components. SDKs exist in the languages below. Update your product preference page link on the tenant page and render it in templates using {{$embedded_preference_url}} . Javascript React Angular Embeddable preference page Controlling what categories to show on UI It’s always a good practice to show only the categories that are relevant to the user. There are two ways to achieve this: Hide categories for tenant users In a multi-tenant setup, tenants or admins can control which categories their users see. Setting visible_to_subscriber: false in tenant preferences hides the category from tenant users’ preference pages. Hidden categories won’t send notifications to those users, even if they previously opted in. Filter categories with tags Use tags to show categories based on user roles, departments, or teams. Filter categories in the preference center using the tags query parameter. 1 Setting Preference tags Tags can be added to sections and sub-categories directly from Developers → Notification Categories in the SuprSend Console. When a tag is assigned at the section level, it automatically applies to all categories under that section—so filtering by a section tag also filters its child categories. 2 Filter Categories with Tags You can filter categories using the tags query parameter in the API. This can be a simple tag match (e.g. tags=tag1 ) or a more advanced filter using logical operators. Supported operators: Operator Operand Datatype Description Example exists boolean Returns categories where any tag is set tags={ "exists": true } not string Excludes categories that have the specified tag tags={ "not": "admin" } or array Returns categories that match any of the provided tags tags={ "or": ["sales", "marketing"] } and array Returns categories that match all provided tags tags={ "and": ["sales", "manager"] } You can combine these operators for nested filtering like tags={ "or": [{ "and": ["sales", "manager"] }, { "and": ["marketing", "associate"] }] } . If no tags are provided, the preference center returns all visible categories. For details on how tags work, see Tags . Translating preference categories in user’s locale Upload translation files for your category names and descriptions. See How to manage Category translations for details. Once uploaded, pass a locale parameter (e.g., es , fr , de ) when: Loading the embeddable preference center As a query parameter in the get user preference API . The hosted preference page picks the locale from user’s profile. On hosted preference page, Dynamic content (category names, descriptions) is translated using translation files you upload. Static content (CTA text, labels, buttons, etc.) is translated automatically using SuprSend’s built-in i18n support for commonly used languages. You can see the list of supported languages below. Supported languages Language Code English en Spanish es French fr German de Italian it Portuguese pt Catalan ca Russian ru Dutch nl Polish pl Japanese ja Vietnamese vi Language Code Indonesian id Korean ko Serbian sr Norwegian no Hebrew he Chinese zh Finnish fi Swedish sv Czech cs Lithuanian lt Arabic ar How preferences are evaluated SuprSend evaluates user preferences at send time. For every recipient, the system checks user-level preferences first, then tenant-level overrides, and finally category defaults. For detailed information on the evaluation process, see Preference Evaluation . Other ways to unsubcribe from notifications In addition to the preference center within SuprSend, communication channels provide their own opt-out options, which SuprSend manages internally. Email: Unsubscribe URL header Gmail requires an unsubscribe URL in email headers when sending bulk emails (5,000+ emails/day). Most email providers expect you to add your own unsubscription page or offer a basic all-or-nothing opt-out option. You can add {{$hosted_preference_url}} here to load the SuprSend hosted preference page from the email header. Inbox (In-App): Render preference page inside your Inbox Companies also give users the option to load preference settings inside their in-app Inbox or provide a link to redirect users to the Preference center in their product. Mobile Push: Preference Page in App settings For mobile push notifications, users typically manage their preferences through the app settings. The category you assign in your workflow is also sent as the push “category” (used by Android/iOS to group notifications). If you set preference categories, the system automatically reflects them in the user’s app settings, loading similar preference controls. SMS & Whatsapp: Reply `STOP` Users generally unsubscribe from Short Message Service (SMS) by replying “STOP.” SuprSend automatically marks the SMS channel as inactive in the user’s profile when it receives a STOP reply. For WhatsApp, opt-out behavior depends on the provider; where supported, users can reply STOP and SuprSend will mark the channel inactive. FAQ How do I set up a digest schedule? You can create sub-categories for different digest schedules or set the digest schedule in the user profile and pass a dynamic schedule in the workflow digest node. An option to set the digest schedule directly on your preference page will be available soon. I have a use case where a company has multiple departments/roles, and the admin will set preferences for users in these departments. You can manage this with tenant preferences. In the SuprSend system, each tenant represents an organization, and the administrator sets which categories to send to their internal team using the tenant preference API . What happens to existing user preference view if I change default preference setting? Changing the default preference for a category doesn’t affect users who have already made changes to that category. For categories where users haven’t made any changes, the preferences update according to the new default settings. I have multiple enterprise customers with various product offerings. Customers should only receive notifications for the products they have enabled, and the same should be visible on their preference page. How can I manage this in SuprSend? You can turn off categories for tenants from the tenant page on the SuprSend console. Turning off the preference for a category automatically removes it from the tenant preference APIs and UI view. To further apply this to the tenant’s users, set visible to subscriber to false in the default tenant preferences to hide the category from the tenant’s end users. Why don't I see the 'inbox' channel in my user preferences? The inbox channel preference is behind a feature flag and needs to be enabled for your account. If you don’t see the inbox channel in your user preferences, contact [email protected] to have the feature flag enabled for your workspace. Why do users still receive promotional notifications even after unsubscribing from all categories? Unsubscribing from top-level categories (System, Transactional, Promotional) is not supported . Preferences only work with sub-categories you create. If you’re sending notifications using a top-level category like "promotional" in your workflows, users cannot unsubscribe from those notifications through the preference center, even if they unsubscribe from all visible categories. Solution: Create sub-categories under the Promotional category (e.g., “Marketing”, “Newsletter”, “Product Updates”) and use those sub-category slugs in your workflows instead of the top-level category. This allows users to: See and control preferences for each notification type Opt out of specific sub-categories Have their preferences respected when you send notifications Best practice: Organize notifications into meaningful sub-categories rather than using top-level categories directly. This provides users with granular control and improves their experience. Can I use user preferences in workflow branching to control which notifications are sent? User preferences are not passed in the workflow payload, so you cannot directly access them in branch conditions or other workflow nodes. Workaround: If you need to use preference-based logic in workflows (e.g., to route notifications based on user preferences or combine multiple notification scenarios in a single workflow), you can: Store the same preference data as custom properties in the user profile Use those custom properties in branch conditions to route notifications Example use case: If you want to combine multiple notification scenarios (e.g., “New Comment”, “Reply on my comment”, “I am mentioned”) in a single workflow to avoid duplicate notifications, you can: Store user preferences for each scenario as custom properties (e.g., wants_new_comment_notifications: true , wants_mention_notifications: true ) Use branch conditions to check these properties and route notifications accordingly This allows you to have one workflow that handles all scenarios while respecting user preferences Alternative approach: Create separate workflows for each notification scenario with conditions in the Trigger node. Each workflow can use its own preference category, allowing users to control each scenario independently. How do I let users control both notification on/off and the time they want to be reminded (e.g., medicine reminders)? You can combine preference categories with dynamic digest schedules to achieve this: 1. Set up preference categories: Create a preference category (e.g., “medicine-reminders”) that users can opt in/out of using the preference APIs or preference center UI . 2. Store time preference as user property: When users select their preferred reminder time, store it as a custom property in their user profile. For example: Copy Ask AI user.set({ "medicineReminderTime" : { "frequency" : "daily" , "time" : "09:00" , "tz_selection" : "recipient" } }) 3. Use dynamic schedule in digest node: In your workflow’s digest node, configure it to use a dynamic schedule that references the user property (e.g., ."$recipient".medicineReminderTime ). The digest will only send if the user has opted in to the category, and it will send at their preferred time. Implementation flow: Client side (React Native) : Capture user’s time preference and call your backend API Server side (Supabase Edge Function) : Update both the user’s preference (opt in/out) via SuprSend preference API and store the time preference as a user property Workflow : Use preference category to control on/off, and dynamic schedule to control timing For detailed information, see Dynamic Schedule in the digest documentation. Related documentation Notification Categories - Setting up categories & defaults Manage Categories and Preferences - Complete guide to setting up and managing categories and preferences Tenant Preferences - Managing tenant-level preferences Preference Evaluation - How SuprSend evaluates preferences at runtime Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Tenant Preferences Learn how to manage preferences for your tenants and their users. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page What are user preferences? How preferences are determined Setting up preference categories Default preferences What default preferences control Preference types Capturing user preferences Hosted preference page Embed in your product Controlling what categories to show on UI Hide categories for tenant users Filter categories with tags Translating preference categories in user’s locale How preferences are evaluated Other ways to unsubcribe from notifications FAQ Related documentation | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
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https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/SVG | SVG: Scalable Vector Graphics | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Web SVG Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) Español Français 日本語 한국어 Português (do Brasil) Русский 中文 (简体) 正體中文 (繁體) SVG: Scalable Vector Graphics Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) is an XML -based markup language for describing two-dimensional based vector graphics . As such, it's a text-based, open Web standard for describing images that can be rendered cleanly at any size and are designed specifically to work well with other web standards including CSS , DOM , JavaScript , and SMIL . SVG is, essentially, to graphics what HTML is to text. SVG images and their related behaviors are defined in XML text files, which means they can be searched, indexed, scripted, and compressed. Additionally, this means they can be created and edited with any text editor or with drawing software. Compared to classic bitmapped image formats such as JPEG or PNG , SVG-format vector images can be rendered at any size without loss of quality and can be easily localized by updating the text within them, without the need of a graphical editor to do so. With proper libraries, SVG files can even be localized on-the-fly. SVG has been developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) since 1999. In this article Tutorials Guides Reference Resources Tutorials The SVG tutorials are designed to walk you through subjects assuming that you have no prior experience, starting from the basics and progressing to more advanced techniques. Introducing SVG from scratch This tutorial aims to explain the internals of SVG and is packed with technical details. If you just want to draw beautiful images, you might find more useful resources at Inkscape's documentation page . Another good introduction to SVG is provided by the W3C's SVG Primer . Also check out this advent calendar-themed SVG Tutorial that walks you through coding 25 festive SVGs. Guides The SVG guides help you work with SVG on the web, covering topics such as embedding, MIME (media) types, handling scripts, animations, filters, and more. Applying SVG effects to HTML content Modern browsers support using SVG within CSS styles to apply graphical effects to HTML content. Content type SVG makes use of a number of data types. This article lists these types along with their syntax and descriptions of what they're used for. Namespaces crash course Namespaces are essential to user agents that support multiple XML dialects. Browsers must be very strict; taking the time to understand namespaces now will save you from future headaches. Scripting There are several ways to create and manipulate SVG using JavaScript. This document describes event handling, interactivity and working with embedded SVG content. SVG animation with SMIL SMIL is an XML-based language for writing interactive multimedia presentations. Authors can use SMIL syntax in SVG to define the timing and layout of elements for animation. SVG as an image SVG can be used as an image format in HTML, CSS, certain SVG elements, and via the Canvas API. This page lists the features where you can provide SVG as an image source. SVG filters SVG supports filters so authors can apply effects such as a shadow or blur, or even merge the results of different filters. SVG in HTML introduction This article shows how to use inline SVG and includes examples for illustration. Reference The SVG reference documentation contains comprehensive information about elements, attributes, and DOM interfaces, and lists relevant specifications and standards documents. SVG elements The SVG elements used to construct, draw, and layout vector graphics. SVG attributes The SVG attributes available that can be used to specify how an element should be handled or rendered. SVG DOM interface The SVG DOM API for interacting with SVG using JavaScript. Resources SVG test suite Markup validator SVG authoring guidelines SVG tutorial D3 data visualization library Help improve MDN Was this page helpful to you? Yes No Learn how to contribute This page was last modified on Oct 30, 2025 by MDN contributors . View this page on GitHub • Report a problem with this content Filter sidebar SVG Tutorials Introducing SVG from scratch Introduction Getting started Positions Basic shapes Paths Fills and strokes Gradients in SVG Patterns Texts Basic transformations Clipping and masking Other content in SVG Filter effects Using fonts in SVG SVG image element Tools for SVG SVG and CSS Guides Content type Linking Namespaces crash course Scripting SVG animation with SMIL SVG as an image SVG effects for HTML SVG filters SVG in HTML introduction Reference Elements <a> <animate> <animateMotion> <animateTransform> <circle> <clipPath> <defs> <desc> <ellipse> <feBlend> <feColorMatrix> <feComponentTransfer> <feComposite> <feConvolveMatrix> <feDiffuseLighting> <feDisplacementMap> <feDistantLight> <feDropShadow> <feFlood> <feFuncA> <feFuncB> <feFuncG> <feFuncR> <feGaussianBlur> <feImage> <feMerge> <feMergeNode> <feMorphology> <feOffset> <fePointLight> <feSpecularLighting> <feSpotLight> <feTile> <feTurbulence> <filter> <foreignObject> <g> <image> <line> <linearGradient> <marker> <mask> <metadata> <mpath> <path> <pattern> <polygon> <polyline> <radialGradient> <rect> <script> <set> <stop> <style> <svg> <switch> <symbol> <text> <textPath> <title> <tspan> <use> <view> Attributes accumulate additive alignment-baseline amplitude attributeName attributeType autofocus azimuth baseFrequency baseline-shift baseProfile Deprecated begin bias by calcMode class clip Deprecated clip-path clip-rule clipPathUnits color color-interpolation color-interpolation-filters crossorigin cursor cx cy d data-* decoding diffuseConstant direction display divisor dominant-baseline dur dx dy edgeMode elevation end exponent fetchpriority Experimental Non-standard fill fill-opacity fill-rule filter filterUnits flood-color flood-opacity font-family font-size font-size-adjust font-stretch Deprecated font-style font-variant font-weight fr from fx fy glyph-orientation-horizontal Deprecated glyph-orientation-vertical Deprecated gradientTransform gradientUnits height href id image-rendering in in2 intercept k1 k2 k3 k4 kernelMatrix kernelUnitLength keyPoints keySplines keyTimes lang lengthAdjust letter-spacing lighting-color limitingConeAngle marker-end marker-mid marker-start markerHeight markerUnits markerWidth mask mask-type maskContentUnits maskUnits max media method min mode numOctaves opacity operator order orient origin overflow paint-order path pathLength patternContentUnits patternTransform patternUnits pointer-events points pointsAtX pointsAtY pointsAtZ preserveAlpha preserveAspectRatio primitiveUnits r radius refX refY repeatCount repeatDur requiredExtensions requiredFeatures Deprecated restart result rotate rx ry scale seed shape-rendering side Experimental slope spacing specularConstant specularExponent spreadMethod startOffset stdDeviation stitchTiles stop-color stop-opacity stroke stroke-dasharray stroke-dashoffset stroke-linecap stroke-linejoin stroke-miterlimit stroke-opacity stroke-width style surfaceScale systemLanguage tabindex tableValues target targetX targetY text-anchor text-decoration text-overflow text-rendering textLength to transform transform-origin type unicode-bidi values vector-effect version Deprecated viewBox visibility white-space width word-spacing writing-mode x x1 x2 xChannelSelector xlink:arcrole Deprecated xlink:href Deprecated xlink:show Deprecated xlink:title Deprecated xlink:type Deprecated xml:lang Deprecated xml:space Deprecated y y1 y2 yChannelSelector z zoomAndPan Deprecated Your blueprint for a better internet. 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https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Reference | CSS reference - CSS | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Web CSS Reference Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) Español Français 日本語 한국어 Português (do Brasil) Русский 中文 (简体) CSS reference Use this CSS reference to browse an alphabetical index of all of the standard CSS properties , pseudo-classes , pseudo-elements , data types , functional notations and at-rules . You can also browse key CSS concepts and a list of selectors organized by type . Also included is a brief DOM-CSS / CSSOM reference . In this article Basic rule syntax Index Selectors Concepts DOM-CSS / CSSOM See also External Links Basic rule syntax Style rule syntax style-rule ::= selectors-list { properties-list } Where: selectors-list ::= selector[:pseudo-class] [::pseudo-element] [, selectors-list] properties-list ::= [property : value] [; properties-list] See the index of selectors , pseudo-classes , and pseudo-elements below. The syntax for each specified value depends on the data type defined for each specified property . Style rule examples css strong { color: red; } div.menu-bar li:hover > ul { display: block; } For a beginner-level introduction to the syntax of selectors, see our guide on CSS Selectors . Be aware that any syntax error in a rule definition invalidates the entire rule. Invalid rules are ignored by the browser. Note that CSS rule definitions are entirely (Unicode) text-based , whereas DOM-CSS / CSSOM (the rule management system) is object-based . At-rule syntax As the structure of at-rules varies widely, please see At-rule to find the syntax of the specific one you want. Index Note: This index does not include SVG-exclusive presentation attributes, which can be used as CSS properties on SVG elements. Note: The property names in this index do not include the JavaScript names which do differ from the CSS standard names. - -webkit-text-fill-color -webkit-text-stroke -webkit-text-stroke-color -webkit-text-stroke-width A Attribute selectors abs() <absolute-size> accent-color acos() :active :active-view-transition :active-view-transition-type() additive-symbols (@counter-style) ::after align-content align-items align-self alignment-baseline all <alpha-value> anchor() anchor-name anchor-scope anchor-size() <angle> <angle-percentage> animation animation-composition animation-delay animation-direction animation-duration animation-fill-mode animation-iteration-count animation-name animation-play-state animation-range animation-range-end animation-range-start animation-timeline animation-timing-function :any-link appearance ascent-override (@font-face) asin() aspect-ratio atan() atan2() attr() :autofill <axis> B ::backdrop backdrop-filter backface-visibility background background-attachment background-blend-mode background-clip background-color background-image background-origin background-position background-position-x background-position-y background-repeat background-size base-palette (@font-palette-values) <baseline-position> baseline-source <basic-shape> ::before :blank <blend-mode> block-size blur() border border-block border-block-color border-block-end border-block-end-color border-block-end-style border-block-end-width border-block-start border-block-start-color border-block-start-style border-block-start-width border-block-style border-block-width border-bottom border-bottom-color border-bottom-left-radius border-bottom-right-radius border-bottom-style border-bottom-width border-collapse border-color border-end-end-radius border-end-start-radius border-image border-image-outset border-image-repeat border-image-slice border-image-source border-image-width border-inline border-inline-color border-inline-end border-inline-end-color border-inline-end-style border-inline-end-width border-inline-start border-inline-start-color border-inline-start-style border-inline-start-width border-inline-style border-inline-width border-left border-left-color border-left-style border-left-width border-radius border-right border-right-color border-right-style border-right-width border-spacing border-start-end-radius border-start-start-radius border-style border-top border-top-color border-top-left-radius border-top-right-radius border-top-style border-top-width border-width bottom box-decoration-break <box-edge> box-shadow box-sizing break-after break-before break-inside brightness() :buffering C Class selectors Custom properties (--*): CSS variables calc() <calc-keyword> calc-size() <calc-sum> caption-side caret caret-animation caret-color caret-shape @charset :checked ::checkmark circle() clamp() clear clip-path clip-rule <color> color color() color-interpolation color-interpolation-filters <color-interpolation-method> color-mix() @color-profile color-scheme ::column column-count column-fill column-gap column-rule column-rule-color column-rule-style column-rule-width column-span column-width columns conic-gradient() contain contain-intrinsic-block-size contain-intrinsic-height contain-intrinsic-inline-size contain-intrinsic-size contain-intrinsic-width @container container container-name container-type content <content-distribution> <content-position> content-visibility contrast() contrast-color() corner-block-end-shape corner-block-start-shape corner-bottom-left-shape corner-bottom-right-shape corner-bottom-shape corner-end-end-shape corner-end-start-shape corner-inline-end-shape corner-inline-start-shape corner-left-shape corner-right-shape corner-shape <corner-shape-value> corner-start-end-shape corner-start-start-shape corner-top-left-shape corner-top-right-shape corner-top-shape cos() counter() counter-increment counter-reset counter-set @counter-style counters() cross-fade() cubic-bezier() ::cue :current cursor <custom-ident> @custom-media cx cy D d <dashed-function>: CSS custom functions <dashed-ident> :default :defined descent-override (@font-face) ::details-content device-cmyk() <dimension> :dir() direction :disabled display <display-box> <display-inside> <display-internal> <display-legacy> <display-listitem> <display-outside> dominant-baseline drop-shadow() dynamic-range-limit dynamic-range-limit-mix() E <easing-function> element() ellipse() :empty empty-cells :enabled env() exp() F fallback (@counter-style) field-sizing ::file-selector-button fill fill-opacity fill-rule filter <filter-function> :first :first-child ::first-letter ::first-line :first-of-type fit-content fit-content() <flex> flex flex-basis flex-direction flex-flow flex-grow flex-shrink flex-wrap float flood-color flood-opacity :focus :focus-visible :focus-within font font-display (@font-face) font-display (@font-feature-values) @font-face font-family font-family (@font-face) font-family (@font-palette-values) font-feature-settings font-feature-settings (@font-face) @font-feature-values font-kerning font-language-override font-optical-sizing font-palette @font-palette-values font-size font-size-adjust font-style font-style (@font-face) font-synthesis font-synthesis-position font-synthesis-small-caps font-synthesis-style font-synthesis-weight font-variant font-variant-alternates font-variant-caps font-variant-east-asian font-variant-emoji font-variant-ligatures font-variant-numeric font-variant-position font-variation-settings font-variation-settings (@font-face) font-weight font-weight (@font-face) forced-color-adjust <frequency> <frequency-percentage> :fullscreen @function :future G gap <generic-family> <gradient> ::grammar-error grayscale() grid grid-area grid-auto-columns grid-auto-flow grid-auto-rows grid-column grid-column-end grid-column-start grid-row grid-row-end grid-row-start grid-template grid-template-areas grid-template-columns grid-template-rows H hanging-punctuation :has() :has-slotted :heading :heading() height <hex-color> ::highlight() :host :host() :hover hsl() <hue> <hue-interpolation-method> hue-rotate() hwb() hyphenate-character hyphenate-limit-chars hyphens hypot() I ID selectors <ident> if() <image> image() image-orientation image-rendering image-resolution image-set() @import !important :in-range :indeterminate inherit inherits (@property) initial initial-letter initial-value (@property) inline-size inset inset() inset-block inset-block-end inset-block-start inset-inline inset-inline-end inset-inline-start <integer> interactivity interest-delay interest-delay-end interest-delay-start :interest-source :interest-target interpolate-size :invalid invert() :is() isolation J justify-content justify-items justify-self K Keyframe selectors @keyframes L lab() :lang() :last-child :last-of-type @layer layer() lch() :left left <length> <length-percentage> letter-spacing light-dark() lighting-color line-break line-clamp line-gap-override (@font-face) line-height line-height-step <line-style> linear() linear-gradient() :link list-style list-style-image list-style-position list-style-type :local-link log() M margin margin-block margin-block-end margin-block-start margin-bottom margin-inline margin-inline-end margin-inline-start margin-left margin-right margin-top margin-trim ::marker marker marker-end marker-mid marker-start mask mask-border mask-border-mode mask-border-outset mask-border-repeat mask-border-slice mask-border-source mask-border-width mask-clip mask-composite mask-image mask-mode mask-origin mask-position mask-repeat mask-size mask-type math-depth math-shift math-style matrix() matrix3d() max() max-block-size max-content max-height max-inline-size max-width @media min() min-block-size min-content min-height min-inline-size min-width minmax() mix-blend-mode mod() :modal :muted N Namespace separator <named-color> @namespace negative (@counter-style) & nesting selector :not() :nth-child() :nth-last-child() :nth-last-of-type() :nth-of-type() <number> O object-fit object-position object-view-box offset offset-anchor offset-distance offset-path offset-position offset-rotate oklab() oklch() :only-child :only-of-type opacity opacity() :open :optional order orphans :out-of-range outline outline-color outline-offset outline-style outline-width <overflow> overflow overflow-anchor overflow-block overflow-clip-margin overflow-inline <overflow-position> overflow-wrap overflow-x overflow-y overlay override-colors (@font-palette-values) overscroll-behavior overscroll-behavior-block overscroll-behavior-inline overscroll-behavior-x overscroll-behavior-y P pad (@counter-style) padding padding-block padding-block-end padding-block-start padding-bottom padding-inline padding-inline-end padding-inline-start padding-left padding-right padding-top @page page page-orientation (@page) paint() paint-order palette-mix() ::part() :past path() :paused <percentage> perspective perspective() perspective-origin ::picker() ::picker-icon :picture-in-picture place-content place-items place-self ::placeholder :placeholder-shown :playing pointer-events polygon() :popover-open <position> position position-anchor <position-area> position-area @position-try position-try position-try-fallbacks position-try-order position-visibility pow() prefix (@counter-style) print-color-adjust progress() @property Q quotes R r radial-gradient() range (@counter-style) <ratio> ray() :read-only :read-write reading-flow reading-order rect() <relative-size> rem() repeat() repeating-conic-gradient() repeating-linear-gradient() repeating-radial-gradient() :required resize <resolution> revert revert-layer rgb() :right right :root rotate rotate() rotate3d() rotateX() rotateY() rotateZ() round() row-gap ruby-align ruby-overhang ruby-position rule-list rx ry S Selector list saturate() scale scale() scale3d() scaleX() scaleY() scaleZ() :scope @scope scroll() scroll-behavior ::scroll-button() scroll-margin scroll-margin-block scroll-margin-block-end scroll-margin-block-start scroll-margin-bottom scroll-margin-inline scroll-margin-inline-end scroll-margin-inline-start scroll-margin-left scroll-margin-right scroll-margin-top ::scroll-marker ::scroll-marker-group scroll-marker-group scroll-padding scroll-padding-block scroll-padding-block-end scroll-padding-block-start scroll-padding-bottom scroll-padding-inline scroll-padding-inline-end scroll-padding-inline-start scroll-padding-left scroll-padding-right scroll-padding-top scroll-snap-align scroll-snap-stop scroll-snap-type scroll-target-group scroll-timeline scroll-timeline-axis scroll-timeline-name scrollbar-color scrollbar-gutter scrollbar-width :seeking ::selection <self-position> sepia() shape() shape-image-threshold shape-margin shape-outside shape-rendering sibling-count() sibling-index() sign() sin() size (@page) size-adjust (@font-face) skew() skewX() skewY() ::slotted() speak-as speak-as (@counter-style) ::spelling-error sqrt() src (@font-face) :stalled @starting-style :state() steps() stop-color stop-opacity <string> stroke stroke-dasharray stroke-dashoffset stroke-linecap stroke-linejoin stroke-miterlimit stroke-opacity stroke-width suffix (@counter-style) superellipse() @supports symbols (@counter-style) symbols() syntax (@property) system (@counter-style) <system-color> T Type selectors tab-size table-layout tan() :target :target-after :target-before :target-current ::target-text text-align text-align-last text-anchor text-autospace text-box text-box-edge text-box-trim text-combine-upright text-decoration text-decoration-color text-decoration-inset text-decoration-line text-decoration-skip text-decoration-skip-ink text-decoration-style text-decoration-thickness <text-edge> text-emphasis text-emphasis-color text-emphasis-position text-emphasis-style text-indent text-justify text-orientation text-overflow text-rendering text-shadow text-size-adjust text-spacing-trim text-transform text-underline-offset text-underline-position text-wrap text-wrap-mode text-wrap-style <time> <time-percentage> <timeline-range-name> timeline-scope top touch-action transform transform-box <transform-function> transform-origin transform-style transition transition-behavior transition-delay transition-duration transition-property transition-timing-function translate translate() translate3d() translateX() translateY() translateZ() type() U Universal selectors unicode-bidi unicode-range (@font-face) unset <url> url() :user-invalid user-select :user-valid V :valid var() vector-effect vertical-align view() view-timeline view-timeline-axis view-timeline-inset view-timeline-name ::view-transition @view-transition view-transition-class ::view-transition-group() ::view-transition-image-pair() view-transition-name ::view-transition-new() ::view-transition-old() visibility :visited :volume-locked W :where() white-space white-space-collapse widows width will-change word-break word-spacing writing-mode X x xywh() Y y Z z-index zoom Selectors The following are the various selectors , which allow styles to be conditional based on various features of elements within the DOM. Basic selectors Basic selectors are fundamental selectors; these are the most basic selectors that are frequently combined to create other, more complex selectors. Universal selector * Type selector elementname Class selector .classname ID selector #idname Attribute selector [attr=value] Grouping selectors Selector list A, B Specifies that both A and B elements are selected. This is a grouping method to select several matching elements. Combinators Combinators are selectors that establish a relationship between two or more simple selectors, such as " A is a child of B " or " A is adjacent to B ", creating a complex selector. Next-sibling combinator A + B Specifies that the elements selected by both A and B have the same parent and that the element selected by B immediately follows the element selected by A horizontally. Subsequent-sibling combinator A ~ B Specifies that the elements selected by both A and B share the same parent and that the element selected by A comes before—but not necessarily immediately before—the element selected by B . Child combinator A > B Specifies that the element selected by B is the direct child of the element selected by A . Descendant combinator A B Specifies that the element selected by B is a descendant of the element selected by A , but is not necessarily a direct child. Column combinator A || B Experimental Specifies that the element selected by B is located within the table column specified by A . Elements which span multiple columns are considered to be a member of all of those columns. Pseudo Pseudo classes : Specifies a special state of the selected element(s). Pseudo elements :: Represents entities that are not included in HTML. See also selectors in the Selectors specification and the pseudo-element specification . Concepts Syntax and semantics CSS syntax At-rules Cascade Comments Descriptor Inheritance Shorthand properties Specificity Values Value definition syntax CSS values and units CSS functional notations Values Actual value Computed value Initial value Resolved value Specified value Used value Layout Block formatting context Box model Containing block Layout mode Margin collapsing Replaced elements Stacking context Visual formatting model DOM-CSS / CSSOM Major object types Document.styleSheets HTMLElement.style Element.className Element.classList StyleSheetList CSSRuleList CSSRule CSSStyleRule CSSStyleDeclaration Important methods CSSStyleSheet.insertRule() CSSStyleSheet.deleteRule() See also Mozilla CSS extensions (prefixed with -moz- ) WebKit CSS extensions (mostly prefixed with -webkit- ) External Links CSS Indices (w3.org) Help improve MDN Was this page helpful to you? Yes No Learn how to contribute This page was last modified on Nov 13, 2025 by MDN contributors . View this page on GitHub • Report a problem with this content Filter sidebar CSS Guides Modules Anchor positioning Animations Backgrounds and borders Basic user interface Borders and box decorations Box alignment Box model Box sizing Cascading and inheritance Color adjustment Colors Compositing and blending Conditional rules Containment Counter styles CSSOM view Custom functions and mixins Custom highlight API Custom properties for cascading variables Display Easing functions Environment variables Filter effects Flexible box layout Font loading Fonts Fragmentation Generated content Grid layout Images Inline layout Lists and counters Logical properties and values Masking Media queries Motion path Multi-column layout Namespaces Nesting Overflow Overscroll behavior Paged media Positioned layout Properties and values API Pseudo-elements Round display Ruby layout Scoping Scroll anchoring Scroll snap Scroll-driven animations Scrollbars styling Selectors Shadow parts Shapes Syntax Table Text 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Using gradients Using object-view-box Styling replaced elements Implementing image sprites Lists and counters Using counters Indenting lists Logical properties Basic concepts For floating and positioning For margins, borders, and padding For sizing Masking Introduction Clipping Multiple masks Mask properties Media queries Using media queries For accessibility Testing Printing Nesting style rules Nesting at-rules Nesting and specificity Using nesting Overflow Creating carousels Positioning Stacking context Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Stacking floating elements Understanding z-index Using z-index Stacking without z-index Scroll anchoring Overview Scroll-driven animations Scroll-driven animation timelines Scroll snap Basic concepts Using scroll snap events Selectors Selectors and combinators Selector structure Privacy and :visited Using :target Shapes Overview Box-value shapes Image-based shapes Using shape-outside Syntax Introduction Comments At-rules Error handling Text Wrapping and breaking text Handling whitespace Text decoration Text shadows Transforms Using transforms Transitions Using transitions Values and units Value definition syntax Numeric data types Textual data types Using math functions Using typed arithmetic Writing modes Introduction Vertical form controls How to Layout cookbook Media objects Column layouts Center an element Sticky footers Split navigation Breadcrumb navigation List group with badges Pagination Card Grid wrapper Contribute a recipe Cookbook template Tools Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator Reference Properties -moz-* -moz-float-edge Non-standard Deprecated -moz-force-broken-image-icon Non-standard Deprecated -moz-orient Non-standard -moz-user-focus Non-standard Deprecated -moz-user-input Non-standard Deprecated -webkit-* -webkit-border-before Non-standard -webkit-box-reflect Non-standard -webkit-mask-box-image Non-standard -webkit-mask-composite Non-standard -webkit-mask-position-x Non-standard -webkit-mask-position-y Non-standard -webkit-mask-repeat-x Non-standard -webkit-mask-repeat-y Non-standard -webkit-tap-highlight-color Non-standard -webkit-text-fill-color -webkit-text-security Non-standard -webkit-text-stroke -webkit-text-stroke-color -webkit-text-stroke-width -webkit-touch-callout Non-standard Custom properties (--*): CSS variables accent-color align-* align-content align-items align-self alignment-baseline all anchor-name anchor-scope animation-* animation animation-composition animation-delay animation-direction animation-duration animation-fill-mode animation-iteration-count animation-name animation-play-state animation-range animation-range-end animation-range-start animation-timeline animation-timing-function appearance aspect-ratio backdrop-filter backface-visibility background-* background background-attachment background-blend-mode background-clip background-color background-image background-origin background-position background-position-x background-position-y background-repeat background-size baseline-source block-size border-* border border-block border-block-color border-block-end border-block-end-color border-block-end-style border-block-end-width border-block-start border-block-start-color border-block-start-style border-block-start-width border-block-style border-block-width border-bottom border-bottom-color border-bottom-left-radius border-bottom-right-radius border-bottom-style border-bottom-width border-collapse border-color border-end-end-radius border-end-start-radius border-image border-image-outset border-image-repeat border-image-slice border-image-source border-image-width border-inline border-inline-color border-inline-end border-inline-end-color border-inline-end-style border-inline-end-width border-inline-start border-inline-start-color border-inline-start-style border-inline-start-width border-inline-style border-inline-width border-left border-left-color border-left-style border-left-width border-radius border-right border-right-color border-right-style border-right-width border-spacing border-start-end-radius border-start-start-radius border-style border-top border-top-color border-top-left-radius border-top-right-radius border-top-style border-top-width border-width bottom box-* box-align Non-standard Deprecated box-decoration-break box-direction Non-standard Deprecated box-flex Non-standard Deprecated box-flex-group Non-standard Deprecated box-lines Non-standard Deprecated box-ordinal-group Non-standard Deprecated box-orient Non-standard Deprecated box-pack Non-standard Deprecated box-shadow box-sizing break-* break-after break-before break-inside caption-side caret-* caret Experimental caret-animation Experimental caret-color caret-shape Experimental clear clip-* clip Deprecated clip-path clip-rule color-* color color-interpolation color-interpolation-filters color-scheme column-* column-count column-fill column-gap column-rule column-rule-color column-rule-style column-rule-width column-span column-width columns contain-* contain contain-intrinsic-block-size contain-intrinsic-height contain-intrinsic-inline-size contain-intrinsic-size contain-intrinsic-width container-* container container-name container-type content content-visibility corner-* corner-block-end-shape Experimental corner-block-start-shape Experimental corner-bottom-left-shape Experimental corner-bottom-right-shape Experimental corner-bottom-shape Experimental corner-end-end-shape Experimental corner-end-start-shape Experimental corner-inline-end-shape Experimental corner-inline-start-shape Experimental corner-left-shape Experimental corner-right-shape Experimental corner-shape Experimental corner-start-end-shape Experimental corner-start-start-shape Experimental corner-top-left-shape Experimental corner-top-right-shape Experimental corner-top-shape Experimental counter-* counter-increment counter-reset counter-set cursor cx cy d direction display dominant-baseline dynamic-range-limit empty-cells field-sizing fill-* fill fill-opacity fill-rule filter flex-* flex flex-basis flex-direction flex-flow flex-grow flex-shrink flex-wrap float flood-color flood-opacity font-* font font-family font-feature-settings font-kerning font-language-override font-optical-sizing font-palette font-size font-size-adjust font-smooth Non-standard font-stretch Deprecated font-style font-synthesis font-synthesis-position Experimental font-synthesis-small-caps font-synthesis-style font-synthesis-weight font-variant font-variant-alternates font-variant-caps font-variant-east-asian font-variant-emoji font-variant-ligatures font-variant-numeric font-variant-position font-variation-settings font-weight forced-color-adjust gap grid-* grid grid-area grid-auto-columns grid-auto-flow grid-auto-rows grid-column grid-column-end grid-column-start grid-row grid-row-end grid-row-start grid-template grid-template-areas grid-template-columns grid-template-rows hanging-punctuation height hyphenate-character hyphenate-limit-chars hyphens image-* image-orientation image-rendering image-resolution Experimental initial-letter inline-size inset-* inset inset-block inset-block-end inset-block-start inset-inline inset-inline-end inset-inline-start interactivity Experimental interest-* interest-delay Experimental interest-delay-end Experimental interest-delay-start Experimental interpolate-size Experimental isolation justify-* justify-content justify-items justify-self left letter-spacing lighting-color line-* line-break line-clamp line-height line-height-step Experimental list-* list-style list-style-image list-style-position list-style-type margin-* margin margin-block margin-block-end margin-block-start margin-bottom margin-inline margin-inline-end margin-inline-start margin-left margin-right margin-top margin-trim Experimental marker-* marker marker-end marker-mid marker-start mask-* mask mask-border mask-border-mode mask-border-outset mask-border-repeat mask-border-slice mask-border-source mask-border-width mask-clip mask-composite mask-image mask-mode mask-origin mask-position mask-repeat mask-size mask-type math-* math-depth math-shift math-style max-* max-block-size max-height max-inline-size max-width min-* min-block-size min-height min-inline-size min-width mix-blend-mode object-* object-fit object-position object-view-box Experimental offset-* offset offset-anchor offset-distance offset-path offset-position offset-rotate opacity order orphans outline-* outline outline-color outline-offset outline-style outline-width overflow-* overflow overflow-anchor overflow-block overflow-clip-margin overflow-inline overflow-wrap overflow-x overflow-y overlay Experimental overscroll-* overscroll-behavior overscroll-behavior-block overscroll-behavior-inline overscroll-behavior-x overscroll-behavior-y padding-* padding padding-block padding-block-end padding-block-start padding-bottom padding-inline padding-inline-end padding-inline-start padding-left padding-right padding-top page-* page page-break-after Deprecated page-break-before Deprecated page-break-inside Deprecated paint-order perspective perspective-origin place-* place-content place-items place-self pointer-events position-* position position-anchor position-area position-try position-try-fallbacks position-try-order position-visibility print-color-adjust quotes r reading-flow Experimental reading-order Experimental resize right rotate row-gap ruby-* ruby-align ruby-overhang ruby-position rx ry scale scroll-* scroll-behavior scroll-margin scroll-margin-block scroll-margin-block-end scroll-margin-block-start scroll-margin-bottom scroll-margin-inline scroll-margin-inline-end scroll-margin-inline-start scroll-margin-left scroll-margin-right scroll-margin-top scroll-marker-group Experimental scroll-padding scroll-padding-block scroll-padding-block-end scroll-padding-block-start scroll-padding-bottom scroll-padding-inline scroll-padding-inline-end scroll-padding-inline-start scroll-padding-left scroll-padding-right scroll-padding-top scroll-snap-align scroll-snap-stop scroll-snap-type scroll-target-group Experimental scroll-timeline scroll-timeline-axis scroll-timeline-name scrollbar-* scrollbar-color scrollbar-gutter scrollbar-width shape-* shape-image-threshold shape-margin shape-outside shape-rendering speak-as Experimental stop-color stop-opacity stroke-* stroke stroke-dasharray stroke-dashoffset stroke-linecap stroke-linejoin stroke-miterlimit stroke-opacity stroke-width tab-size table-layout text-* text-align text-align-last text-anchor text-autospace text-box text-box-edge text-box-trim text-combine-upright text-decoration text-decoration-color text-decoration-inset Experimental text-decoration-line text-decoration-skip Experimental text-decoration-skip-ink text-decoration-style text-decoration-thickness text-emphasis text-emphasis-color text-emphasis-position text-emphasis-style text-indent text-justify text-orientation text-overflow text-rendering text-shadow text-size-adjust Experimental text-spacing-trim Experimental text-transform text-underline-offset text-underline-position text-wrap text-wrap-mode text-wrap-style timeline-scope top touch-action transform-* transform transform-box transform-origin transform-style transition-* transition transition-behavior transition-delay transition-duration transition-property transition-timing-function translate unicode-bidi user-modify Non-standard Deprecated user-select vector-effect vertical-align view-* view-timeline view-timeline-axis view-timeline-inset view-timeline-name view-transition-class view-transition-name visibility white-space white-space-collapse widows width will-change word-break word-spacing writing-mode x y z-index zoom Selectors & nesting selector Attribute selectors Class selectors ID selectors Keyframe selectors Namespace separator Selector list Type selectors Universal selectors Combinators Child combinator Column combinator Experimental Descendant combinator Next-sibling combinator Subsequent-sibling combinator Pseudo-classes :-moz-* :-moz-broken Non-standard Deprecated :-moz-drag-over Non-standard :-moz-first-node Experimental Non-standard :-moz-handler-blocked Non-standard :-moz-handler-crashed Non-standard :-moz-handler-disabled Non-standard :-moz-last-node Experimental Non-standard :-moz-loading Non-standard :-moz-locale-dir(ltr) Non-standard :-moz-locale-dir(rtl) Non-standard :-moz-only-whitespace Non-standard :-moz-submit-invalid Non-standard :-moz-suppressed Non-standard :-moz-user-disabled Non-standard :-moz-window-inactive Non-standard :active-* :active :active-view-transition :active-view-transition-type() :any-link :autofill :blank Experimental :buffering :checked :current Experimental :default :defined :dir() :disabled :empty :enabled :first-* :first :first-child :first-of-type :focus-* :focus :focus-visible :focus-within :fullscreen :future :has-slotted :has() :heading Experimental :heading() Experimental :host :host-context() Deprecated :host() :hover :in-range :indeterminate :interest-source Experimental :interest-target Experimental :invalid :is() :lang() :last-child :last-of-type :left :link :local-link Experimental :modal :muted :not() :nth-* :nth-child() :nth-last-child() :nth-last-of-type() :nth-of-type() :only-child :only-of-type :open :optional :out-of-range :past :paused :picture-in-picture :placeholder-shown :playing :popover-open :read-only :read-write :required :right :root :scope :seeking :stalled :state() :target-* :target :target-after Experimental :target-before Experimental :target-current Experimental :user-invalid :user-valid :valid :visited :volume-locked :where() Pseudo-elements ::-moz-* ::-moz-color-swatch Non-standard ::-moz-focus-inner Non-standard Deprecated ::-moz-list-bullet Experimental Non-standard ::-moz-list-number Experimental Non-standard ::-moz-meter-bar Non-standard ::-moz-progress-bar Experimental Non-standard ::-moz-range-progress Non-standard ::-moz-range-thumb Non-standard ::-moz-range-track Non-standard ::-webkit-* ::-webkit-inner-spin-button Non-standard ::-webkit-meter-bar Non-standard Deprecated ::-webkit-meter-even-less-good-value Non-standard ::-webkit-meter-inner-element Non-standard ::-webkit-meter-optimum-value Non-standard ::-webkit-meter-suboptimum-value Non-standard ::-webkit-progress-bar Non-standard ::-webkit-progress-inner-element Non-standard ::-webkit-progress-value Non-standard ::-webkit-scrollbar Non-standard ::-webkit-search-cancel-button Non-standard ::-webkit-search-results-button Non-standard ::-webkit-slider-runnable-track Non-standard ::-webkit-slider-thumb Non-standard ::after ::backdrop ::before ::checkmark Experimental ::column Experimental ::cue ::details-content ::file-selector-button ::first-letter ::first-line ::grammar-error ::highlight() ::marker ::part() ::picker-icon Experimental ::picker() Experimental ::placeholder ::scroll-* ::scroll-button() Experimental ::scroll-marker Experimental ::scroll-marker-group Experimental ::selection ::slotted() ::spelling-error ::target-text ::view-* ::view-transition ::view-transition-group() ::view-transition-image-pair() ::view-transition-new() ::view-transition-old() At-rules @charset @color-profile @container @counter-style @custom-media Experimental @document Non-standard Deprecated @font-face @font-feature-values @font-palette-values @function Experimental @import @keyframes @layer @media @namespace @page @position-try @property @scope @starting-style @supports @view-transition Values !important fit-content inherit initial max-content min-content revert revert-layer rule-list unset Types <absolute-size> <alpha-value> <angle-percentage> <angle> <axis> <baseline-position> <basic-shape> <blend-mode> <box-edge> <calc-keyword> <calc-sum> <color-interpolation-method> <color> <content-distribution> <content-position> <corner-shape-value> Experimental <custom-ident> <dashed-function> Experimental <dashed-ident> <dimension> <display-box> <display-inside> <display-internal> <display-legacy> <display-listitem> <display-outside> <easing-function> <filter-function> <flex> <frequency-percentage> <frequency> <generic-family> <gradient> <hex-color> <hue-interpolation-method> <hue> <ident> <image> <integer> <length-percentage> <length> <line-style> <named-color> <number> <overflow-position> <overflow> <percentage> <position-area> <position> <ratio> <relative-size> <resolution> <self-position> <shape> Deprecated <string> <system-color> <text-edge> <time-percentage> <time> <timeline-range-name> <transform-function> <url> Functions -moz-image-rect Non-standard Deprecated abs() acos() anchor-size() anchor() asin() atan() atan2() attr() blur() brightness() calc-size() Experimental calc() circle() clamp() color-mix() color() conic-gradient() contrast-color() contrast() cos() counter() counters() cross-fade() cubic-bezier() device-cmyk() drop-shadow() dynamic-range-limit-mix() Experimental element() Experimental ellipse() env() exp() fit-content() grayscale() hsl() hue-rotate() hwb() hypot() if() Experimental image-set() image() inset() invert() lab() lch() light-dark() linear-gradient() linear() log() matrix() matrix3d() max() min() minmax() mod() oklab() oklch() opacity() paint() path() perspective() polygon() pow() progress() radial-gradient() ray() rect() rem() repeat() repeating-conic-gradient() repeating-linear-gradient() repeating-radial-gradient() rgb() rotate() rotate3d() rotateX() rotateY() rotateZ() round() saturate() scale() scale3d() scaleX() scaleY() scaleZ() sepia() shape() sibling-count() sibling-index() sign() sin() skew() skewX() skewY() sqrt() steps() superellipse() Experimental symbols() tan() translate() translate3d() translateX() translateY() translateZ() type() Experimental url() var() xywh() Your blueprint for a better internet. 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https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/How_to/Layout_cookbook | CSS layout cookbook - CSS | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Web CSS How to Layout cookbook Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) Español Français 日本語 Português (do Brasil) Русский 中文 (简体) CSS layout cookbook The CSS layout cookbook aims to bring together recipes for common layout patterns, things you might need to implement in your own sites. In addition to providing code you can use as a starting point in your projects, these recipes highlight the different ways layout specifications can be used, and the choices you can make as a developer. Note: If you are new to CSS layout then you might first like to take a look at our CSS layout learning module , as this will give you the basic grounding you need to make use of the recipes here. In this article The Recipes Contribute a Recipe The Recipes Recipe Description Layout Methods Media objects A two-column box with an image on one side and descriptive text on the other, e.g., a social media post. CSS grid , float fallback, fit-content sizing Columns When to choose multi-column layout, flexbox or grid for your columns. CSS grid , Multicol , Flexbox Center an element How to center an item horizontally and vertically. Flexbox , Box Alignment Sticky footers Creating a footer which sits at the bottom of the container or viewport when the content is shorter. CSS grid , Flexbox Split navigation A navigation pattern where some links are visually separated from the others. Flexbox , margin Breadcrumb navigation Creating a list of links to allow the visitor to navigate back up through the page hierarchy. Flexbox List group with badges A list of items with a badge to display a count. Flexbox , Box Alignment Pagination Links to pages of content (such as search results). Flexbox , Box Alignment Card A card component, which displays in a grid of cards. Grid Layout Grid wrapper For aligning grid content within a central wrapper, while also allowing items to break out. CSS grid Contribute a Recipe As with all of MDN we would love you to contribute a recipe in the same format as the ones shown above. See the guide for adding Layout Cookbook recipes for a template and guidelines for writing your own example. Help improve MDN Was this page helpful to you? Yes No Learn how to contribute This page was last modified on Nov 17, 2025 by MDN contributors . View this page on GitHub • Report a problem with this content Filter sidebar CSS Guides Modules Anchor positioning Animations Backgrounds and borders Basic user interface Borders and box decorations Box alignment Box model Box sizing Cascading and inheritance Color adjustment Colors Compositing and blending Conditional rules Containment Counter styles CSSOM view Custom functions and mixins Custom highlight API Custom properties for cascading variables Display Easing functions Environment variables Filter effects Flexible box layout Font loading Fonts Fragmentation Generated content Grid layout Images Inline layout Lists and counters Logical properties and values Masking Media queries Motion path Multi-column layout Namespaces Nesting Overflow Overscroll behavior Paged media Positioned layout Properties and values API Pseudo-elements Round display Ruby layout Scoping Scroll anchoring Scroll snap Scroll-driven animations Scrollbars styling Selectors Shadow parts Shapes Syntax Table Text Text decoration Transforms Transitions Values and units View transitions Viewport Writing modes Anchor positioning Using anchor positioning Handling overflow Animations Animatable properties Using animations Backgrounds and borders Using multiple backgrounds Resizing background images Scaling SVG backgrounds Box alignment Overview In block layout In flexbox In grid layout In multi-column layout Box model Introduction Margin collapsing Box sizing Aspect ratios Cascade Introduction Inheritance Specificity Property value processing Shorthand properties Cascading variables Using custom properties Colors Applying color Color values Using relative colors Using color wisely Accessibility: Colors and luminance Accessibility: Color contrast Columns Basic concepts Styling columns Using multi-column layouts Spanning and balancing columns Handling overflow Handling content breaks Conditional rules Using feature queries Using container scroll-state queries Containment Container queries Using containment Using container size and style queries CSSOM view Coordinate systems (API) Viewport concepts Custom functions and mixins Using CSS custom functions Display Block and inline layout Flow layout Flow layout and overflow Flow layout and writing modes In flow and out of flow Layout and the containing block Formatting contexts Block formatting context Inline formatting context Using multi-keyword syntax Visual formatting model Environment variables Using environment variables Filter effects Using filter effects Flexbox Basic concepts Flexbox and other layouts Aligning flex items Ordering flex items Controlling flex item ratios Wrapping flex items Typical use cases Fonts OpenType features Variable fonts WOFF Grid Basic concepts Grid and other layouts Using line-based placement Grid template areas Using named grid lines Using auto-placement Aligning items Logical values and writing modes Grid layout and accessibility Common grid layouts Subgrid Masonry layout Experimental Images Using gradients Using object-view-box Styling replaced elements Implementing image sprites Lists and counters Using counters Indenting lists Logical properties Basic concepts For floating and positioning For margins, borders, and padding For sizing Masking Introduction Clipping Multiple masks Mask properties Media queries Using media queries For accessibility Testing Printing Nesting style rules Nesting at-rules Nesting and specificity Using nesting Overflow Creating carousels Positioning Stacking context Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Stacking floating elements Understanding z-index Using z-index Stacking without z-index Scroll anchoring Overview Scroll-driven animations Scroll-driven animation timelines Scroll snap Basic concepts Using scroll snap events Selectors Selectors and combinators Selector structure Privacy and :visited Using :target Shapes Overview Box-value shapes Image-based shapes Using shape-outside Syntax Introduction Comments At-rules Error handling Text Wrapping and breaking text Handling whitespace Text decoration Text shadows Transforms Using transforms Transitions Using transitions Values and units Value definition syntax Numeric data types Textual data types Using math functions Using typed arithmetic Writing modes Introduction Vertical form controls How to Layout cookbook Media objects Column layouts Center an element Sticky footers Split navigation Breadcrumb navigation List group with badges Pagination Card Grid wrapper Contribute a recipe Cookbook template Tools Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator Reference Properties -moz-* -moz-float-edge Non-standard Deprecated -moz-force-broken-image-icon Non-standard Deprecated -moz-orient Non-standard -moz-user-focus Non-standard Deprecated -moz-user-input Non-standard Deprecated -webkit-* -webkit-border-before Non-standard -webkit-box-reflect Non-standard -webkit-mask-box-image Non-standard -webkit-mask-composite Non-standard -webkit-mask-position-x Non-standard -webkit-mask-position-y Non-standard -webkit-mask-repeat-x Non-standard -webkit-mask-repeat-y Non-standard -webkit-tap-highlight-color Non-standard -webkit-text-fill-color -webkit-text-security Non-standard -webkit-text-stroke -webkit-text-stroke-color -webkit-text-stroke-width -webkit-touch-callout Non-standard Custom properties (--*): CSS variables accent-color align-* align-content align-items align-self alignment-baseline all anchor-name anchor-scope animation-* animation animation-composition animation-delay animation-direction animation-duration animation-fill-mode animation-iteration-count animation-name animation-play-state animation-range animation-range-end animation-range-start animation-timeline animation-timing-function appearance aspect-ratio backdrop-filter backface-visibility background-* background background-attachment background-blend-mode background-clip background-color background-image background-origin background-position background-position-x background-position-y background-repeat background-size baseline-source block-size border-* border border-block border-block-color border-block-end border-block-end-color border-block-end-style border-block-end-width border-block-start border-block-start-color border-block-start-style border-block-start-width border-block-style border-block-width border-bottom border-bottom-color border-bottom-left-radius border-bottom-right-radius border-bottom-style border-bottom-width border-collapse border-color border-end-end-radius border-end-start-radius border-image border-image-outset border-image-repeat border-image-slice border-image-source border-image-width border-inline border-inline-color border-inline-end border-inline-end-color border-inline-end-style border-inline-end-width border-inline-start border-inline-start-color border-inline-start-style border-inline-start-width border-inline-style border-inline-width border-left border-left-color border-left-style border-left-width border-radius border-right border-right-color border-right-style border-right-width border-spacing border-start-end-radius border-start-start-radius border-style border-top border-top-color border-top-left-radius border-top-right-radius border-top-style border-top-width border-width bottom box-* box-align Non-standard Deprecated box-decoration-break box-direction Non-standard Deprecated box-flex Non-standard Deprecated box-flex-group Non-standard Deprecated box-lines Non-standard Deprecated box-ordinal-group Non-standard Deprecated box-orient Non-standard Deprecated box-pack Non-standard Deprecated box-shadow box-sizing break-* break-after break-before break-inside caption-side caret-* caret Experimental caret-animation Experimental caret-color caret-shape Experimental clear clip-* clip Deprecated clip-path clip-rule color-* color color-interpolation color-interpolation-filters color-scheme column-* column-count column-fill column-gap column-rule column-rule-color column-rule-style column-rule-width column-span column-width columns contain-* contain contain-intrinsic-block-size contain-intrinsic-height contain-intrinsic-inline-size contain-intrinsic-size contain-intrinsic-width container-* container container-name container-type content content-visibility corner-* corner-block-end-shape Experimental corner-block-start-shape Experimental corner-bottom-left-shape Experimental corner-bottom-right-shape Experimental corner-bottom-shape Experimental corner-end-end-shape Experimental corner-end-start-shape Experimental corner-inline-end-shape Experimental corner-inline-start-shape Experimental corner-left-shape Experimental corner-right-shape Experimental corner-shape Experimental corner-start-end-shape Experimental corner-start-start-shape Experimental corner-top-left-shape Experimental corner-top-right-shape Experimental corner-top-shape Experimental counter-* counter-increment counter-reset counter-set cursor cx cy d direction display dominant-baseline dynamic-range-limit empty-cells field-sizing fill-* fill fill-opacity fill-rule filter flex-* flex flex-basis flex-direction flex-flow flex-grow flex-shrink flex-wrap float flood-color flood-opacity font-* font font-family font-feature-settings font-kerning font-language-override font-optical-sizing font-palette font-size font-size-adjust font-smooth Non-standard font-stretch Deprecated font-style font-synthesis font-synthesis-position Experimental font-synthesis-small-caps font-synthesis-style font-synthesis-weight font-variant font-variant-alternates font-variant-caps font-variant-east-asian font-variant-emoji font-variant-ligatures font-variant-numeric font-variant-position font-variation-settings font-weight forced-color-adjust gap grid-* grid grid-area grid-auto-columns grid-auto-flow grid-auto-rows grid-column grid-column-end grid-column-start grid-row grid-row-end grid-row-start grid-template grid-template-areas grid-template-columns grid-template-rows hanging-punctuation height hyphenate-character hyphenate-limit-chars hyphens image-* image-orientation image-rendering image-resolution Experimental initial-letter inline-size inset-* inset inset-block inset-block-end inset-block-start inset-inline inset-inline-end inset-inline-start interactivity Experimental interest-* interest-delay Experimental interest-delay-end Experimental interest-delay-start Experimental interpolate-size Experimental isolation justify-* justify-content justify-items justify-self left letter-spacing lighting-color line-* line-break line-clamp line-height line-height-step Experimental list-* list-style list-style-image list-style-position list-style-type margin-* margin margin-block margin-block-end margin-block-start margin-bottom margin-inline margin-inline-end margin-inline-start margin-left margin-right margin-top margin-trim Experimental marker-* marker marker-end marker-mid marker-start mask-* mask mask-border mask-border-mode mask-border-outset mask-border-repeat mask-border-slice mask-border-source mask-border-width mask-clip mask-composite mask-image mask-mode mask-origin mask-position mask-repeat mask-size mask-type math-* math-depth math-shift math-style max-* max-block-size max-height max-inline-size max-width min-* min-block-size min-height min-inline-size min-width mix-blend-mode object-* object-fit object-position object-view-box Experimental offset-* offset offset-anchor offset-distance offset-path offset-position offset-rotate opacity order orphans outline-* outline outline-color outline-offset outline-style outline-width overflow-* overflow overflow-anchor overflow-block overflow-clip-margin overflow-inline overflow-wrap overflow-x overflow-y overlay Experimental overscroll-* overscroll-behavior overscroll-behavior-block overscroll-behavior-inline overscroll-behavior-x overscroll-behavior-y padding-* padding padding-block padding-block-end padding-block-start padding-bottom padding-inline padding-inline-end padding-inline-start padding-left padding-right padding-top page-* page page-break-after Deprecated page-break-before Deprecated page-break-inside Deprecated paint-order perspective perspective-origin place-* place-content place-items place-self pointer-events position-* position position-anchor position-area position-try position-try-fallbacks position-try-order position-visibility print-color-adjust quotes r reading-flow Experimental reading-order Experimental resize right rotate row-gap ruby-* ruby-align ruby-overhang ruby-position rx ry scale scroll-* scroll-behavior scroll-margin scroll-margin-block scroll-margin-block-end scroll-margin-block-start scroll-margin-bottom scroll-margin-inline scroll-margin-inline-end scroll-margin-inline-start scroll-margin-left scroll-margin-right scroll-margin-top scroll-marker-group Experimental scroll-padding scroll-padding-block scroll-padding-block-end scroll-padding-block-start scroll-padding-bottom scroll-padding-inline scroll-padding-inline-end scroll-padding-inline-start scroll-padding-left scroll-padding-right scroll-padding-top scroll-snap-align scroll-snap-stop scroll-snap-type scroll-target-group Experimental scroll-timeline scroll-timeline-axis scroll-timeline-name scrollbar-* scrollbar-color scrollbar-gutter scrollbar-width shape-* shape-image-threshold shape-margin shape-outside shape-rendering speak-as Experimental stop-color stop-opacity stroke-* stroke stroke-dasharray stroke-dashoffset stroke-linecap stroke-linejoin stroke-miterlimit stroke-opacity stroke-width tab-size table-layout text-* text-align text-align-last text-anchor text-autospace text-box text-box-edge text-box-trim text-combine-upright text-decoration text-decoration-color text-decoration-inset Experimental text-decoration-line text-decoration-skip Experimental text-decoration-skip-ink text-decoration-style text-decoration-thickness text-emphasis text-emphasis-color text-emphasis-position text-emphasis-style text-indent text-justify text-orientation text-overflow text-rendering text-shadow text-size-adjust Experimental text-spacing-trim Experimental text-transform text-underline-offset text-underline-position text-wrap text-wrap-mode text-wrap-style timeline-scope top touch-action transform-* transform transform-box transform-origin transform-style transition-* transition transition-behavior transition-delay transition-duration transition-property transition-timing-function translate unicode-bidi user-modify Non-standard Deprecated user-select vector-effect vertical-align view-* view-timeline view-timeline-axis view-timeline-inset view-timeline-name view-transition-class view-transition-name visibility white-space white-space-collapse widows width will-change word-break word-spacing writing-mode x y z-index zoom Selectors & nesting selector Attribute selectors Class selectors ID selectors Keyframe selectors Namespace separator Selector list Type selectors Universal selectors Combinators Child combinator Column combinator Experimental Descendant combinator Next-sibling combinator Subsequent-sibling combinator Pseudo-classes :-moz-* :-moz-broken Non-standard Deprecated :-moz-drag-over Non-standard :-moz-first-node Experimental Non-standard :-moz-handler-blocked Non-standard :-moz-handler-crashed Non-standard :-moz-handler-disabled Non-standard :-moz-last-node Experimental Non-standard :-moz-loading Non-standard :-moz-locale-dir(ltr) Non-standard :-moz-locale-dir(rtl) Non-standard :-moz-only-whitespace Non-standard :-moz-submit-invalid Non-standard :-moz-suppressed Non-standard :-moz-user-disabled Non-standard :-moz-window-inactive Non-standard :active-* :active :active-view-transition :active-view-transition-type() :any-link :autofill :blank Experimental :buffering :checked :current Experimental :default :defined :dir() :disabled :empty :enabled :first-* :first :first-child :first-of-type :focus-* :focus :focus-visible :focus-within :fullscreen :future :has-slotted :has() :heading Experimental :heading() Experimental :host :host-context() Deprecated :host() :hover :in-range :indeterminate :interest-source Experimental :interest-target Experimental :invalid :is() :lang() :last-child :last-of-type :left :link :local-link Experimental :modal :muted :not() :nth-* :nth-child() :nth-last-child() :nth-last-of-type() :nth-of-type() :only-child :only-of-type :open :optional :out-of-range :past :paused :picture-in-picture :placeholder-shown :playing :popover-open :read-only :read-write :required :right :root :scope :seeking :stalled :state() :target-* :target :target-after Experimental :target-before Experimental :target-current Experimental :user-invalid :user-valid :valid :visited :volume-locked :where() Pseudo-elements ::-moz-* ::-moz-color-swatch Non-standard ::-moz-focus-inner Non-standard Deprecated ::-moz-list-bullet Experimental Non-standard ::-moz-list-number Experimental Non-standard ::-moz-meter-bar Non-standard ::-moz-progress-bar Experimental Non-standard ::-moz-range-progress Non-standard ::-moz-range-thumb Non-standard ::-moz-range-track Non-standard ::-webkit-* ::-webkit-inner-spin-button Non-standard ::-webkit-meter-bar Non-standard Deprecated ::-webkit-meter-even-less-good-value Non-standard ::-webkit-meter-inner-element Non-standard ::-webkit-meter-optimum-value Non-standard ::-webkit-meter-suboptimum-value Non-standard ::-webkit-progress-bar Non-standard ::-webkit-progress-inner-element Non-standard ::-webkit-progress-value Non-standard ::-webkit-scrollbar Non-standard ::-webkit-search-cancel-button Non-standard ::-webkit-search-results-button Non-standard ::-webkit-slider-runnable-track Non-standard ::-webkit-slider-thumb Non-standard ::after ::backdrop ::before ::checkmark Experimental ::column Experimental ::cue ::details-content ::file-selector-button ::first-letter ::first-line ::grammar-error ::highlight() ::marker ::part() ::picker-icon Experimental ::picker() Experimental ::placeholder ::scroll-* ::scroll-button() Experimental ::scroll-marker Experimental ::scroll-marker-group Experimental ::selection ::slotted() ::spelling-error ::target-text ::view-* ::view-transition ::view-transition-group() ::view-transition-image-pair() ::view-transition-new() ::view-transition-old() At-rules @charset @color-profile @container @counter-style @custom-media Experimental @document Non-standard Deprecated @font-face @font-feature-values @font-palette-values @function Experimental @import @keyframes @layer @media @namespace @page @position-try @property @scope @starting-style @supports @view-transition Values !important fit-content inherit initial max-content min-content revert revert-layer rule-list unset Types <absolute-size> <alpha-value> <angle-percentage> <angle> <axis> <baseline-position> <basic-shape> <blend-mode> <box-edge> <calc-keyword> <calc-sum> <color-interpolation-method> <color> <content-distribution> <content-position> <corner-shape-value> Experimental <custom-ident> <dashed-function> Experimental <dashed-ident> <dimension> <display-box> <display-inside> <display-internal> <display-legacy> <display-listitem> <display-outside> <easing-function> <filter-function> <flex> <frequency-percentage> <frequency> <generic-family> <gradient> <hex-color> <hue-interpolation-method> <hue> <ident> <image> <integer> <length-percentage> <length> <line-style> <named-color> <number> <overflow-position> <overflow> <percentage> <position-area> <position> <ratio> <relative-size> <resolution> <self-position> <shape> Deprecated <string> <system-color> <text-edge> <time-percentage> <time> <timeline-range-name> <transform-function> <url> Functions -moz-image-rect Non-standard Deprecated abs() acos() anchor-size() anchor() asin() atan() atan2() attr() blur() brightness() calc-size() Experimental calc() circle() clamp() color-mix() color() conic-gradient() contrast-color() contrast() cos() counter() counters() cross-fade() cubic-bezier() device-cmyk() drop-shadow() dynamic-range-limit-mix() Experimental element() Experimental ellipse() env() exp() fit-content() grayscale() hsl() hue-rotate() hwb() hypot() if() Experimental image-set() image() inset() invert() lab() lch() light-dark() linear-gradient() linear() log() matrix() matrix3d() max() min() minmax() mod() oklab() oklch() opacity() paint() path() perspective() polygon() pow() progress() radial-gradient() ray() rect() rem() repeat() repeating-conic-gradient() repeating-linear-gradient() repeating-radial-gradient() rgb() rotate() rotate3d() rotateX() rotateY() rotateZ() round() saturate() scale() scale3d() scaleX() scaleY() scaleZ() sepia() shape() sibling-count() sibling-index() sign() sin() skew() skewX() skewY() sqrt() steps() superellipse() Experimental symbols() tan() translate() translate3d() translateX() translateY() translateZ() type() Experimental url() var() xywh() Your blueprint for a better internet. 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https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/user-preferences#capturing-user-preferences | User Preferences - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection GETTING STARTED What is SuprSend? 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Navigation Preferences User Preferences Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Preferences User Preferences OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Learn how user preferences work in SuprSend and how to capture them. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Before you start: Make sure you’ve set up notification categories first. See Manage Categories and Preferences for step-by-step instructions. Preferences let users control which notifications they receive. Instead of an all-or-nothing approach, users can opt out of specific categories, choose preferred channels, and set notification frequency. This granular control reduces the chance that users disable all notifications from your platform. In SuprSend, you can use ready-made UI and APIs to manage multi-tenant preference use cases. This includes letting admins set preferences for internal teams and handle notifications for enterprise customers, where companies, customers, and end users have distinct preferences. How It Works Preferences are evaluated in priority order: User Preference → Tenant Default → Category Default Three Levels of Control Global channel opt-outs, category preferences, and channel opt-outs within categories What are user preferences? Preferences only work with sub-categories: User preferences apply to sub-categories you create, not root-categories (System, Transactional, Promotional). Use sub-category slugs in workflows for preferences to work. Each user has a preference set that controls which notifications they receive. A preference set has three levels of control: channel_preferences — Global channel opt-outs (e.g., opt out of all email) categories — Category-level preferences (opt in/out of all channels of a notification type) opt_out_channels — Opt-in/out of specific channels within a category Example: Copy Ask AI { "channel_preferences" : [ { "channel" : "email" , "is_restricted" : true } ], "categories" : [ { "category" : "invoice-ready" , "preference" : "opt_out" }, { "category" : "payment-reminder" , "preference" : "opt_in" , "opt_out_channels" : [ "slack" ] } ] } In this example: user opted out of email globally, opted out of invoice-ready category completely, and stays opted in to payment-reminder but without Slack. How preferences are determined When a user hasn’t set their own preferences in a category, SuprSend uses defaults in this order: User Preference — Individual user’s explicit choices (highest priority) Tenant Default Preference — Default preferences set by tenant for the category Category Default Preference — Default preferences set at the category level (lowest priority) Preference precedence: User Preference → Tenant Default Preference → Category Default Preference Preference precedence is determined at category level . So, if a user overrides preference for a category but doesn’t touch other categories, defaults continue to apply to the untouched categories. Setting up preference categories Before users can set their preferences, you must first create and configure preference categories. For step-by-step setup instructions, see Manage Categories and Preferences . Default preferences Default preferences determine how users receive notifications when they haven’t set their own preferences. Configure these at the sub-category level when setting up categories. What default preferences control Default preferences control: Channel or Category defaults : Which categories or channels will be turned on/off by default on users’ preference page. Mandatory channels : Which channel or category users cannot opt out of (shown as disabled on preference page) Visibility : Whether a category appears on the preference page Preference types On — Users receive this category's notifications by default Users will receive notifications in this category by default. You can configure Opt-in Channels to specify which channels are included in the default “On” state: All : All available channels are enabled by default Selected Channels only : Only specific channels you select are enabled by default (e.g., Email, Android Push, iOS Push, In-App Inbox, MS Teams, Slack) Off — Users must opt in to get notifications Users will not receive notifications unless they change the preference. Can't Unsubscribe — Users cannot opt out of mandatory channels in this category Prevents users from fully opting out of the category. When selected, you can configure: Mandatory Channels : Channels which can’t be opted out of by the user. Set to “All” or “Selected Channels”. Opt-in Channels : In case of “Selected” Mandatory Channels, you can configure the channels that will be opted in by default. Channels other than mandatory and opt-in will be skipped for sending notification unless user explicitly opts in to them. Even when a category is set to “Can’t Unsubscribe,” users can still control channel-level preferences if your channel-level settings allow it. This configuration gives you fine-grained control over which channels a user is opted into by default, letting you differentiate between must-deliver channels, default-on channels, and optional channels. Capturing user preferences Users can set their preferences through one of the following methods: Hosted preference page Once you publish preference categories, SuprSend automatically generates a dedicated unsubscription webpage for collecting user preferences . Users can set channel-specific preferences from the hosted page. If the link is included in an email, the hosted page will show and save email preferences. Include it in your templates using {{$hosted_preference_url}} . This page is currently hosted on a SuprSend domain, but you can reach out to [email protected] if you’d prefer it hosted on your own domain. Embed in your product You can embed the preference interface directly inside your product using SuprSend’s ready-made UI components. SDKs exist in the languages below. Update your product preference page link on the tenant page and render it in templates using {{$embedded_preference_url}} . Javascript React Angular Embeddable preference page Controlling what categories to show on UI It’s always a good practice to show only the categories that are relevant to the user. There are two ways to achieve this: Hide categories for tenant users In a multi-tenant setup, tenants or admins can control which categories their users see. Setting visible_to_subscriber: false in tenant preferences hides the category from tenant users’ preference pages. Hidden categories won’t send notifications to those users, even if they previously opted in. Filter categories with tags Use tags to show categories based on user roles, departments, or teams. Filter categories in the preference center using the tags query parameter. 1 Setting Preference tags Tags can be added to sections and sub-categories directly from Developers → Notification Categories in the SuprSend Console. When a tag is assigned at the section level, it automatically applies to all categories under that section—so filtering by a section tag also filters its child categories. 2 Filter Categories with Tags You can filter categories using the tags query parameter in the API. This can be a simple tag match (e.g. tags=tag1 ) or a more advanced filter using logical operators. Supported operators: Operator Operand Datatype Description Example exists boolean Returns categories where any tag is set tags={ "exists": true } not string Excludes categories that have the specified tag tags={ "not": "admin" } or array Returns categories that match any of the provided tags tags={ "or": ["sales", "marketing"] } and array Returns categories that match all provided tags tags={ "and": ["sales", "manager"] } You can combine these operators for nested filtering like tags={ "or": [{ "and": ["sales", "manager"] }, { "and": ["marketing", "associate"] }] } . If no tags are provided, the preference center returns all visible categories. For details on how tags work, see Tags . Translating preference categories in user’s locale Upload translation files for your category names and descriptions. See How to manage Category translations for details. Once uploaded, pass a locale parameter (e.g., es , fr , de ) when: Loading the embeddable preference center As a query parameter in the get user preference API . The hosted preference page picks the locale from user’s profile. On hosted preference page, Dynamic content (category names, descriptions) is translated using translation files you upload. Static content (CTA text, labels, buttons, etc.) is translated automatically using SuprSend’s built-in i18n support for commonly used languages. You can see the list of supported languages below. Supported languages Language Code English en Spanish es French fr German de Italian it Portuguese pt Catalan ca Russian ru Dutch nl Polish pl Japanese ja Vietnamese vi Language Code Indonesian id Korean ko Serbian sr Norwegian no Hebrew he Chinese zh Finnish fi Swedish sv Czech cs Lithuanian lt Arabic ar How preferences are evaluated SuprSend evaluates user preferences at send time. For every recipient, the system checks user-level preferences first, then tenant-level overrides, and finally category defaults. For detailed information on the evaluation process, see Preference Evaluation . Other ways to unsubcribe from notifications In addition to the preference center within SuprSend, communication channels provide their own opt-out options, which SuprSend manages internally. Email: Unsubscribe URL header Gmail requires an unsubscribe URL in email headers when sending bulk emails (5,000+ emails/day). Most email providers expect you to add your own unsubscription page or offer a basic all-or-nothing opt-out option. You can add {{$hosted_preference_url}} here to load the SuprSend hosted preference page from the email header. Inbox (In-App): Render preference page inside your Inbox Companies also give users the option to load preference settings inside their in-app Inbox or provide a link to redirect users to the Preference center in their product. Mobile Push: Preference Page in App settings For mobile push notifications, users typically manage their preferences through the app settings. The category you assign in your workflow is also sent as the push “category” (used by Android/iOS to group notifications). If you set preference categories, the system automatically reflects them in the user’s app settings, loading similar preference controls. SMS & Whatsapp: Reply `STOP` Users generally unsubscribe from Short Message Service (SMS) by replying “STOP.” SuprSend automatically marks the SMS channel as inactive in the user’s profile when it receives a STOP reply. For WhatsApp, opt-out behavior depends on the provider; where supported, users can reply STOP and SuprSend will mark the channel inactive. FAQ How do I set up a digest schedule? You can create sub-categories for different digest schedules or set the digest schedule in the user profile and pass a dynamic schedule in the workflow digest node. An option to set the digest schedule directly on your preference page will be available soon. I have a use case where a company has multiple departments/roles, and the admin will set preferences for users in these departments. You can manage this with tenant preferences. In the SuprSend system, each tenant represents an organization, and the administrator sets which categories to send to their internal team using the tenant preference API . What happens to existing user preference view if I change default preference setting? Changing the default preference for a category doesn’t affect users who have already made changes to that category. For categories where users haven’t made any changes, the preferences update according to the new default settings. I have multiple enterprise customers with various product offerings. Customers should only receive notifications for the products they have enabled, and the same should be visible on their preference page. How can I manage this in SuprSend? You can turn off categories for tenants from the tenant page on the SuprSend console. Turning off the preference for a category automatically removes it from the tenant preference APIs and UI view. To further apply this to the tenant’s users, set visible to subscriber to false in the default tenant preferences to hide the category from the tenant’s end users. Why don't I see the 'inbox' channel in my user preferences? The inbox channel preference is behind a feature flag and needs to be enabled for your account. If you don’t see the inbox channel in your user preferences, contact [email protected] to have the feature flag enabled for your workspace. Why do users still receive promotional notifications even after unsubscribing from all categories? Unsubscribing from top-level categories (System, Transactional, Promotional) is not supported . Preferences only work with sub-categories you create. If you’re sending notifications using a top-level category like "promotional" in your workflows, users cannot unsubscribe from those notifications through the preference center, even if they unsubscribe from all visible categories. Solution: Create sub-categories under the Promotional category (e.g., “Marketing”, “Newsletter”, “Product Updates”) and use those sub-category slugs in your workflows instead of the top-level category. This allows users to: See and control preferences for each notification type Opt out of specific sub-categories Have their preferences respected when you send notifications Best practice: Organize notifications into meaningful sub-categories rather than using top-level categories directly. This provides users with granular control and improves their experience. Can I use user preferences in workflow branching to control which notifications are sent? User preferences are not passed in the workflow payload, so you cannot directly access them in branch conditions or other workflow nodes. Workaround: If you need to use preference-based logic in workflows (e.g., to route notifications based on user preferences or combine multiple notification scenarios in a single workflow), you can: Store the same preference data as custom properties in the user profile Use those custom properties in branch conditions to route notifications Example use case: If you want to combine multiple notification scenarios (e.g., “New Comment”, “Reply on my comment”, “I am mentioned”) in a single workflow to avoid duplicate notifications, you can: Store user preferences for each scenario as custom properties (e.g., wants_new_comment_notifications: true , wants_mention_notifications: true ) Use branch conditions to check these properties and route notifications accordingly This allows you to have one workflow that handles all scenarios while respecting user preferences Alternative approach: Create separate workflows for each notification scenario with conditions in the Trigger node. Each workflow can use its own preference category, allowing users to control each scenario independently. How do I let users control both notification on/off and the time they want to be reminded (e.g., medicine reminders)? You can combine preference categories with dynamic digest schedules to achieve this: 1. Set up preference categories: Create a preference category (e.g., “medicine-reminders”) that users can opt in/out of using the preference APIs or preference center UI . 2. Store time preference as user property: When users select their preferred reminder time, store it as a custom property in their user profile. For example: Copy Ask AI user.set({ "medicineReminderTime" : { "frequency" : "daily" , "time" : "09:00" , "tz_selection" : "recipient" } }) 3. Use dynamic schedule in digest node: In your workflow’s digest node, configure it to use a dynamic schedule that references the user property (e.g., ."$recipient".medicineReminderTime ). The digest will only send if the user has opted in to the category, and it will send at their preferred time. Implementation flow: Client side (React Native) : Capture user’s time preference and call your backend API Server side (Supabase Edge Function) : Update both the user’s preference (opt in/out) via SuprSend preference API and store the time preference as a user property Workflow : Use preference category to control on/off, and dynamic schedule to control timing For detailed information, see Dynamic Schedule in the digest documentation. Related documentation Notification Categories - Setting up categories & defaults Manage Categories and Preferences - Complete guide to setting up and managing categories and preferences Tenant Preferences - Managing tenant-level preferences Preference Evaluation - How SuprSend evaluates preferences at runtime Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Tenant Preferences Learn how to manage preferences for your tenants and their users. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page What are user preferences? How preferences are determined Setting up preference categories Default preferences What default preferences control Preference types Capturing user preferences Hosted preference page Embed in your product Controlling what categories to show on UI Hide categories for tenant users Filter categories with tags Translating preference categories in user’s locale How preferences are evaluated Other ways to unsubcribe from notifications FAQ Related documentation | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Productivity Follow Hide Productivity includes tips on how to use tools and software, process optimization, useful references, experience, and mindstate optimization. Create Post submission guidelines Please check if your article contains information or discussion bases about productivity. From posts with the tag #productivity we expect tips on how to use tools and software, process optimization, useful references, experience, and mindstate optimization. Productivity is a very broad term with many aspects and topics. From the color design of the office to personal rituals, anything can contribute to increase / optimize your own productivity or that of a team. about #productivity Does my article fit the tag? It depends! 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https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/preference-evaluation | Preference Evaluation - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection GETTING STARTED What is SuprSend? Quick Start Guide Best Practices Plan Your Integration Go-live checklist CORE CONCEPTS Templates Users Events Workflow Notification Categories Preferences User Preferences Tenant Preferences Preference Evaluation Tenants Lists Broadcast Objects Translations DLT Guidelines Whatsapp Template Guidelines WORKFLOW BUILDER Design Workflow Node List Workflow Settings Trigger Workflow Validate Trigger Payload Tenant Workflows Notification Inbox Overview Multi Tabs React Javascript (Angular, Vuejs etc) React Native Flutter (Headless) PREFERENCE CENTRE Embedded Preference Centre Javascript Angular React VENDOR INTEGRATION GUIDE Overview Email Integrations SMS Integrations Android Push Whatsapp Integrations iOS Push Chat Integrations Vendor Fallback Tenant Vendor INTEGRATIONS Webhook Connectors MONITORING & DEBUGGING Logs Audit Logs Error Guides MANAGE YOUR ACCOUNT Authentication Methods Contact Us Get Started SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Ask AI Contact Us Get Started Get Started Search... Navigation Preferences Preference Evaluation Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Preferences Preference Evaluation OpenAI Open in ChatGPT How SuprSend evaluates user preferences when sending notifications. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT This guide explains how preferences are evaluated when workflows trigger notifications. For an overview of preferences, see User Preferences . How preferences are evaluated When a workflow triggers, SuprSend evaluates preferences for each recipient before each delivery node. 1 Evaluating Recipient preferences If user preferences aren’t set, the system picks the default preference setting. Once a user sets a preference for a category, future changes to default preferences do not override the user’s choice. 2 Factoring in tenant preferences If you are triggering notifications for a tenant, tenant default preferences override category-level default preferences. 3 Resolving preference conflicts The order of precedence is always user > tenant > category default . However, if you turn off notifications in a category from the tenant page , users will not receive notifications in that category, even if they previously opted in. 4 Debugging preference evaluation in workflow runs User preferences may change over time. When debugging a workflow run, you can inspect the exact preferences that were active at that moment. You can view this using the step-by-step debugger in workflow executions . Use the “Preference Evaluation” panel in each workflow step to see what preference blocked or allowed the notification. You can also track when a user updated their preference by filtering on Subscriber preference update in request logs . Preference precedence order The system evaluates preferences in this order: User preference - Individual user’s explicit preference setting Tenant default preference - Default preference set at tenant level Category default preference - Default preference set at the category level If a user has explicitly set a preference, that takes precedence. If not, the system checks tenant defaults, and finally falls back to category-level defaults. Channel-level opt-outs (e.g., email unsubscribe, SMS STOP, mobile OS push opt-out) override all category and tenant preferences. Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Tenants Learn what tenants stand for and how you can customize notifications for each tenant. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page How preferences are evaluated Preference precedence order | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://dev.to/theoscion | Christopher - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Christopher 404 bio not found Joined Joined on Dec 16, 2025 More info about @theoscion Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 1 post published Comment 0 comments written Tag 10 tags followed Building an API-First Personal Finance Platform: 12 Years and Lessons in Shipping vs. Perfecting Christopher Christopher Christopher Follow Dec 16 '25 Building an API-First Personal Finance Platform: 12 Years and Lessons in Shipping vs. Perfecting # api # webdev # fintech # startup Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/XML | XML: Extensible Markup Language | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Web XML Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) Español Français 日本語 한국어 Русский 中文 (简体) XML: Extensible Markup Language The Extensible Markup Language is a strict serialization of the Document Object Model . EXSLT EXSLT is a set of extensions to XSLT organized into modules that provide functions for performing transformations on an XML document. To use an EXSLT function, you need to declare the namespace the function is in, and then use the appropriate prefix when calling the function. XML Guides This page lists guides for XML. XPath XPath stands for XML Path Language. It uses a non-XML syntax to provide a flexible way of addressing (pointing to) different parts of an XML document. It can also be used to test addressed nodes within a document to determine whether they match a pattern or not. XSLT: Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT) is an XML -based language used, in conjunction with specialized processing software, for the transformation of XML documents. Help improve MDN Was this page helpful to you? Yes No Learn how to contribute This page was last modified on Feb 5, 2025 by MDN contributors . View this page on GitHub • Report a problem with this content Filter sidebar XML XML Guides XML introduction Parsing and serializing XML OpenSearch description format XPath Guides XPath snippets Comparison of CSS Selectors and XPath Introduction to using XPath in JavaScript Reference Functions boolean ceiling choose concat contains count current document element-available false floor format-number function-available generate-id id key lang last local-name name namespace-uri normalize-space not number position round starts-with string string-length substring substring-after substring-before sum system-property translate true unparsed-entity-url Axes XSLT Guides Transforming XML with XSLT PI Parameters Common XSLT Errors Reference Elements <xsl:apply-imports> <xsl:apply-templates> <xsl:attribute-set> <xsl:attribute> <xsl:call-template> <xsl:choose> <xsl:comment> <xsl:copy-of> <xsl:copy> <xsl:decimal-format> <xsl:element> <xsl:fallback> <xsl:for-each> <xsl:if> <xsl:import> <xsl:include> <xsl:key> <xsl:message> <xsl:namespace-alias> <xsl:number> <xsl:otherwise> <xsl:output> <xsl:param> <xsl:preserve-space> <xsl:processing-instruction> <xsl:sort> <xsl:strip-space> <xsl:stylesheet> <xsl:template> <xsl:text> <xsl:transform> <xsl:value-of> <xsl:variable> <xsl:when> <xsl:with-param> EXSLT Reference Common (exsl) exsl:node-set() exsl:object-type() Math (math) math:highest() math:lowest() math:max() math:min() Regular expressions (regexp) regexp:match() regexp:replace() regexp:test() Sets (set) set:difference() set:distinct() set:has-same-node() set:intersection() set:leading() set:trailing() Strings (str) str:concat() str:split() str:tokenize() Your blueprint for a better internet. 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https://dev.to/anand12/the-invite-only-chat-app-clubhouse#main-content | The Invite-Only chat App: Clubhouse - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close #WithAnand Follow The Invite-Only chat App: Clubhouse Jul 17 '21 play Clubhouse was launched back in April 2020 as an iOS app. It is a new social media platform based on audio. --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/anand12/message Episode source Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Your browser does not support the audio element. 1x initializing... × 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development/Core/Scripting | Dynamic scripting with JavaScript - Learn web development | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Learn Core learning modules JavaScript Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) Español Français 日本語 한국어 Português (do Brasil) Русский 中文 (简体) 正體中文 (繁體) Dynamic scripting with JavaScript Overview: Core learning modules Next JavaScript is a huge topic, with so many different features, styles, and techniques to learn, and so many APIs and tools built on top of it. This module focuses on the essentials of the core language, plus some key surrounding topics — learning these topics will give you a solid basis to work from. In this article Prerequisites Tutorials and challenges Test your skills See also Prerequisites Before starting this module, you don't need any previous JavaScript knowledge, but you should have worked through the previous modules in the course. You should at least know HTML and the basic fundamentals of CSS . Note: If you are working on a computer, tablet, or another device where you can't create files, you can try running the code in an online editor such as CodePen or JSFiddle . Tutorials and challenges What is JavaScript? Welcome to the MDN beginner's JavaScript course! In this first article we will look at JavaScript from a high level, answering questions such as "what is it?", and "what is it doing?", and making sure you are comfortable with JavaScript's purpose. A first splash into JavaScript Now you've learned something about the theory of JavaScript, and what you can do with it, we are going to give you a crash course on the basic features of JavaScript via a completely practical tutorial. Here you'll build up a simple "Guess the number" game, step by step. What went wrong? Troubleshooting JavaScript When you built up the "Guess the number" game in the previous article, you may have found that it didn't work. Never fear — this article aims to save you from tearing your hair out over such problems by providing you with some simple tips on how to find and fix errors in JavaScript programs. Storing the information you need — Variables After reading the last couple of articles you should now know what JavaScript is, what it can do for you, how you use it alongside other web technologies, and what its main features look like from a high level. In this article, we will get down to the real basics, looking at how to work with the most basic building blocks of JavaScript — Variables. Basic math in JavaScript — numbers and operators At this point in the course, we discuss maths in JavaScript — how we can combine operators and other features to successfully manipulate numbers to do our bidding. Handling text — strings in JavaScript Next, we'll turn our attention to strings — this is what pieces of text are called in programming. In this article, we'll look at all the common things that you really ought to know about strings when learning JavaScript, such as creating strings, escaping quotes in strings, and joining them together. Useful string methods Now we've looked at the very basics of strings, let's move up a gear and start thinking about what useful operations we can do on strings with built-in methods, such as finding the length of a text string, joining and splitting strings, substituting one character in a string for another, and more. Arrays In this lesson we'll look at arrays — a neat way of storing a list of data items under a single variable name. Here we look at why this is useful, then explore how to create an array, retrieve, add, and remove items stored in an array, and more besides. Challenge: Silly story generator Challenge In this challenge you are tasked with taking some of the knowledge you've picked up in this module so far and applying it to creating a fun app that generates random silly stories. Along the way, we'll test your knowledge of variables, math, strings, and arrays. Making decisions in your code — conditionals In any programming language, the code needs to make decisions and carry out actions accordingly depending on different inputs. For example, in a game, if the player's number of lives is 0, then it's game over. In a weather app, if it is being looked at in the morning, show a sunrise graphic; show stars and a moon if it is nighttime. In this article, we'll explore how so-called conditional statements work in JavaScript. Looping code Programming languages are very useful for rapidly completing repetitive tasks, from multiple basic calculations to just about any other situation where you've got a lot of similar items of work to complete. Here we'll look at the loop structures available in JavaScript that handle such needs. Functions — reusable blocks of code Another essential concept in coding is functions , which allow you to store a piece of code that does a single task inside a defined block, and then call that code whenever you need it using a single short command — rather than having to type out the same code multiple times. In this article we'll explore fundamental concepts behind functions such as basic syntax, how to invoke and define them, scope, and parameters. Build your own function With most of the essential theory dealt with in the previous article, this article provides practical experience. Here you will get some practice building your own, custom function. Along the way, we'll also explain some useful details of dealing with functions. Function return values There's one last essential concept about functions for us to discuss — return values. Some functions don't return a significant value, but others do. It's important to understand what their values are, how to use them in your code, and how to make functions return useful values. We'll cover all of these below. Introduction to events In this article, we discuss some important concepts surrounding events, and look at the fundamentals of how they work in browsers. Event bubbling This article introduces the concepts of event bubbling, event capture, and event delegation, which are all about what happens when you add a listener to an element that contains another element, and an event then happens to the contained element. Challenge: Image gallery Challenge Now that we've looked at the fundamental building blocks of JavaScript, we'll test your knowledge of loops, functions, conditionals and events by getting you to build a fairly common item you'll see on a lot of websites — a JavaScript-powered image gallery. Object basics In this article, we'll look at fundamental JavaScript object syntax, and revisit some JavaScript features that we've already seen earlier in the course, reiterating the fact that many of the features you've already dealt with are objects. DOM scripting introduction When writing web pages and apps, one of the most common things you'll want to do is change the document structure in some way. This is usually done by manipulating the Document Object Model (DOM) via a set of built-in browser APIs for controlling HTML and styling information. In this article we'll introduce you to DOM scripting . Making network requests with JavaScript Another very common task in modern websites and applications is making network requests to retrieve individual data items from the server to update sections of a webpage without having to load an entire new page. This seemingly small detail has had a huge impact on the performance and behavior of sites, so in this article, we'll explain the concept and look at technologies that make it possible. Working with JSON JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a standard text-based format for representing structured data based on JavaScript object syntax. It is commonly used for transmitting data in web applications (e.g., sending some data from the server to the client, so it can be displayed on a web page, or vice versa). You'll come across it quite often, so in this article, we give you all you need to work with JSON using JavaScript, including parsing JSON so you can access data within it, and creating JSON. Challenge: Building a house data UI Challenge In this challenge we are going to get you to write some JavaScript for a house search page on a property website. This will include fetching JSON data, filtering that data based on the values entered in provided form controls, and rendering that data to the UI. Along the way, we'll also test your knowledge of conditionals, loops, arrays and array methods, and more besides. JavaScript debugging and error handling In this lesson, we will return to the subject of debugging JavaScript (which we first looked at in What went wrong? ). Here we will delve deeper into techniques for tracking down errors, but also look at how to code defensively and handle errors in your code, avoiding problems in the first place. Test your skills You will find "Test your skills" articles placed between the tutorial articles to check whether you have retained the most important information before you move on. If you want to explore all of these together, you can find them listed at Test your skills: JavaScript . See also Scrimba: Learn JavaScript MDN learning partner Scrimba's Learn JavaScript course teaches you JavaScript through solving 140+ interactive coding challenges, building projects including a game, a browser extension, and even a mobile app. Scrimba features fun interactive lessons taught by knowledgeable teachers. Learn JavaScript An excellent resource for aspiring web developers — Learn JavaScript in an interactive environment, with short lessons and interactive tests, guided by automated assessment. The first 40 lessons are free, and the complete course is available for a small one-time payment. Overview: Core learning modules Next Help improve MDN Was this page helpful to you? Yes No Learn how to contribute This page was last modified on Oct 2, 2025 by MDN contributors . View this page on GitHub • Report a problem with this content Filter sidebar Learn web development MDN curriculum Getting started modules Environment setup Installing software Browsing the web Code editors Dealing with files Command line Your first website What will it look like? Creating the content Styling the content Adding interactivity Publishing Web standards How the web works The web standards model How browsers load websites Soft skills Research and learning Collaboration and teamwork Workflows and processes Finding a job Core modules Structuring content with HTML Basic HTML syntax Web page metadata Headings and paragraphs Emphasis and importance Lists Test: HTML text basics Advanced text features Test: Advanced HTML text Challenge: Letter markup Structuring documents Creating links Test: Links Challenge: Bird watching site Images Test: Images Video and audio Test: Audio and video Challenge: Splash page Table basics Table accessibility Challenge: Planet data table Forms and buttons Test: Forms and buttons Challenge: Feedback form Debugging HTML Test: HTML tests index Additional tutorials Vector graphics Embedding technologies CSS styling basics What is CSS? CSS getting started Challenge: Biography page Basic selectors Attribute selectors Pseudo-classes and elements Combinators Test: Selectors Box model Test: Box model Handling conflicts Test: Cascade Challenge: Fixing blog styles Values and units Test: Values and units Sizing Test: Sizing Backgrounds and borders Test: Backgrounds and borders Overflow Test: Overflow Challenge: Sizing and decorating Images, media, forms Test: Images and forms Styling tables Challenge: Styling color scheme search Debugging CSS Test: Styling basics tests index Additional tutorials Advanced styling effects Cascade layers Multiple text directions Organizing your CSS CSS text styling Text and font fundamentals Styling lists Styling links Web fonts Challenge: Community school homepage CSS layout Introduction Floats Test: Floats Positioning Test: Positioning Flexbox Test: Flexbox CSS grid layout Test: CSS grid Challenge: Fundamental layout Responsive web design Media queries Test: RWD & media queries Challenge: mobile-first Test: Layout tests index Additional tutorials Multiple-column layout Practical positioning examples Legacy layout methods Supporting older browsers Dynamic scripting with JavaScript What is JavaScript? JavaScript walkthrough Troubleshooting Variables Test: Variables Numbers and operators Test: Math Strings String methods Test: Strings Arrays Test: Arrays Challenge: Story generator Conditionals Test: Conditionals Loops Test: Loops Functions Build your own function Function return values Test: Functions Events Event bubbling Test: Events Objects Test: Objects DOM scripting Challenge: Image gallery Network requests JSON Test: JSON Challenge: House data UI Debugging and error handling Test: JavaScript tests index JavaScript frameworks and libraries Introduction Framework features React getting started React ToDo app React components React events and state React editing, filtering, conditional UI React accessibility React resources Accessibility What is accessibility? Accessibility tools Accessible HTML Test: HTML a11y Accessible CSS and JS Test: CSS/JS a11y WAI-ARIA Test: WAI-ARIA Accessible multimedia Mobile accessibility Challenge: A11y debugging Test: A11y tests index Design for developers Version control Extension modules Advanced JavaScript objects Object prototypes Object-oriented programming Classes in JavaScript Test: Object-oriented JavaScript Object building practice Challenge: Bouncing balls features Test: OOJS tests index Client-side web APIs Introduction Video and audio Drawing graphics Client-side storage Third-party APIs Asynchronous JavaScript Introduction Using promises Implementing promise-based APIs Introducing workers Challenge: Animation sequence Web forms Your first form How to structure a web form Basic native form controls The HTML5 input types Other form controls Styling web forms Advanced form styling Customizable selects UI pseudo-classes Client-side form validation Sending form data Additional tutorials Custom form controls JS form submission Forms in legacy browsers UI methods & controls Understanding client-side tools Overview Package management Sample toolchain Deploying our app Server-side websites First steps Introduction Client-server overview Server-side frameworks Website security Django (Python) Django introduction Dev environment setup 1: Local library tutorial 2: Skeleton website 3: Models 4: Django admin site 5: Home page 6: Generic list and detail views 7: Sessions framework 8: Authentication and permissions 9: Forms 10: Testing 11: Deploying Django security Challenge: Django blog Express (Node.js) Express/Node introduction Dev environment setup 1: Local library tutorial 2: Skeleton website 3: Using databases with Mongoose 4: Routes and controllers 5: Displaying data 6: Working with forms 7: Deploying Additional tutorials Apache .htaccess Server MIME type config Plain Node.js server Web performance The "why" of web performance What is web performance? Perceived performance Measuring performance Multimedia: Images Multimedia: video Performant JavaScript Performant HTML Performant CSS Performance business case Best practices & tips Testing Introduction Testing strategies Common HTML and CSS problems Feature detection Automated testing Automation environment setup Further resources How to solve common problems Common CSS problems Common HTML problems Common JavaScript problems Design and accessibility Tools and setup Web mechanics About Resources for educators Changelog Your blueprint for a better internet. MDN About Blog Mozilla careers Advertise with us MDN Plus Product help Contribute MDN Community Community resources Writing guidelines MDN Discord MDN on GitHub Developers Web technologies Learn web development Guides Tutorials Glossary Hacks blog Website Privacy Notice Telemetry Settings Legal Community Participation Guidelines Visit Mozilla Corporation’s not-for-profit parent, the Mozilla Foundation . Portions of this content are ©1998–2026 by individual mozilla.org contributors. Content available under a Creative Commons license . | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/user-preferences#what-are-user-preferences | User Preferences - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection GETTING STARTED What is SuprSend? Quick Start Guide Best Practices Plan Your Integration Go-live checklist CORE CONCEPTS Templates Users Events Workflow Notification Categories Preferences User Preferences Tenant Preferences Preference Evaluation Tenants Lists Broadcast Objects Translations DLT Guidelines Whatsapp Template Guidelines WORKFLOW BUILDER Design Workflow Node List Workflow Settings Trigger Workflow Validate Trigger Payload Tenant Workflows Notification Inbox Overview Multi Tabs React Javascript (Angular, Vuejs etc) React Native Flutter (Headless) PREFERENCE CENTRE Embedded Preference Centre Javascript Angular React VENDOR INTEGRATION GUIDE Overview Email Integrations SMS Integrations Android Push Whatsapp Integrations iOS Push Chat Integrations Vendor Fallback Tenant Vendor INTEGRATIONS Webhook Connectors MONITORING & DEBUGGING Logs Audit Logs Error Guides MANAGE YOUR ACCOUNT Authentication Methods Contact Us Get Started SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Ask AI Contact Us Get Started Get Started Search... Navigation Preferences User Preferences Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Preferences User Preferences OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Learn how user preferences work in SuprSend and how to capture them. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Before you start: Make sure you’ve set up notification categories first. See Manage Categories and Preferences for step-by-step instructions. Preferences let users control which notifications they receive. Instead of an all-or-nothing approach, users can opt out of specific categories, choose preferred channels, and set notification frequency. This granular control reduces the chance that users disable all notifications from your platform. In SuprSend, you can use ready-made UI and APIs to manage multi-tenant preference use cases. This includes letting admins set preferences for internal teams and handle notifications for enterprise customers, where companies, customers, and end users have distinct preferences. How It Works Preferences are evaluated in priority order: User Preference → Tenant Default → Category Default Three Levels of Control Global channel opt-outs, category preferences, and channel opt-outs within categories What are user preferences? Preferences only work with sub-categories: User preferences apply to sub-categories you create, not root-categories (System, Transactional, Promotional). Use sub-category slugs in workflows for preferences to work. Each user has a preference set that controls which notifications they receive. A preference set has three levels of control: channel_preferences — Global channel opt-outs (e.g., opt out of all email) categories — Category-level preferences (opt in/out of all channels of a notification type) opt_out_channels — Opt-in/out of specific channels within a category Example: Copy Ask AI { "channel_preferences" : [ { "channel" : "email" , "is_restricted" : true } ], "categories" : [ { "category" : "invoice-ready" , "preference" : "opt_out" }, { "category" : "payment-reminder" , "preference" : "opt_in" , "opt_out_channels" : [ "slack" ] } ] } In this example: user opted out of email globally, opted out of invoice-ready category completely, and stays opted in to payment-reminder but without Slack. How preferences are determined When a user hasn’t set their own preferences in a category, SuprSend uses defaults in this order: User Preference — Individual user’s explicit choices (highest priority) Tenant Default Preference — Default preferences set by tenant for the category Category Default Preference — Default preferences set at the category level (lowest priority) Preference precedence: User Preference → Tenant Default Preference → Category Default Preference Preference precedence is determined at category level . So, if a user overrides preference for a category but doesn’t touch other categories, defaults continue to apply to the untouched categories. Setting up preference categories Before users can set their preferences, you must first create and configure preference categories. For step-by-step setup instructions, see Manage Categories and Preferences . Default preferences Default preferences determine how users receive notifications when they haven’t set their own preferences. Configure these at the sub-category level when setting up categories. What default preferences control Default preferences control: Channel or Category defaults : Which categories or channels will be turned on/off by default on users’ preference page. Mandatory channels : Which channel or category users cannot opt out of (shown as disabled on preference page) Visibility : Whether a category appears on the preference page Preference types On — Users receive this category's notifications by default Users will receive notifications in this category by default. You can configure Opt-in Channels to specify which channels are included in the default “On” state: All : All available channels are enabled by default Selected Channels only : Only specific channels you select are enabled by default (e.g., Email, Android Push, iOS Push, In-App Inbox, MS Teams, Slack) Off — Users must opt in to get notifications Users will not receive notifications unless they change the preference. Can't Unsubscribe — Users cannot opt out of mandatory channels in this category Prevents users from fully opting out of the category. When selected, you can configure: Mandatory Channels : Channels which can’t be opted out of by the user. Set to “All” or “Selected Channels”. Opt-in Channels : In case of “Selected” Mandatory Channels, you can configure the channels that will be opted in by default. Channels other than mandatory and opt-in will be skipped for sending notification unless user explicitly opts in to them. Even when a category is set to “Can’t Unsubscribe,” users can still control channel-level preferences if your channel-level settings allow it. This configuration gives you fine-grained control over which channels a user is opted into by default, letting you differentiate between must-deliver channels, default-on channels, and optional channels. Capturing user preferences Users can set their preferences through one of the following methods: Hosted preference page Once you publish preference categories, SuprSend automatically generates a dedicated unsubscription webpage for collecting user preferences . Users can set channel-specific preferences from the hosted page. If the link is included in an email, the hosted page will show and save email preferences. Include it in your templates using {{$hosted_preference_url}} . This page is currently hosted on a SuprSend domain, but you can reach out to [email protected] if you’d prefer it hosted on your own domain. Embed in your product You can embed the preference interface directly inside your product using SuprSend’s ready-made UI components. SDKs exist in the languages below. Update your product preference page link on the tenant page and render it in templates using {{$embedded_preference_url}} . Javascript React Angular Embeddable preference page Controlling what categories to show on UI It’s always a good practice to show only the categories that are relevant to the user. There are two ways to achieve this: Hide categories for tenant users In a multi-tenant setup, tenants or admins can control which categories their users see. Setting visible_to_subscriber: false in tenant preferences hides the category from tenant users’ preference pages. Hidden categories won’t send notifications to those users, even if they previously opted in. Filter categories with tags Use tags to show categories based on user roles, departments, or teams. Filter categories in the preference center using the tags query parameter. 1 Setting Preference tags Tags can be added to sections and sub-categories directly from Developers → Notification Categories in the SuprSend Console. When a tag is assigned at the section level, it automatically applies to all categories under that section—so filtering by a section tag also filters its child categories. 2 Filter Categories with Tags You can filter categories using the tags query parameter in the API. This can be a simple tag match (e.g. tags=tag1 ) or a more advanced filter using logical operators. Supported operators: Operator Operand Datatype Description Example exists boolean Returns categories where any tag is set tags={ "exists": true } not string Excludes categories that have the specified tag tags={ "not": "admin" } or array Returns categories that match any of the provided tags tags={ "or": ["sales", "marketing"] } and array Returns categories that match all provided tags tags={ "and": ["sales", "manager"] } You can combine these operators for nested filtering like tags={ "or": [{ "and": ["sales", "manager"] }, { "and": ["marketing", "associate"] }] } . If no tags are provided, the preference center returns all visible categories. For details on how tags work, see Tags . Translating preference categories in user’s locale Upload translation files for your category names and descriptions. See How to manage Category translations for details. Once uploaded, pass a locale parameter (e.g., es , fr , de ) when: Loading the embeddable preference center As a query parameter in the get user preference API . The hosted preference page picks the locale from user’s profile. On hosted preference page, Dynamic content (category names, descriptions) is translated using translation files you upload. Static content (CTA text, labels, buttons, etc.) is translated automatically using SuprSend’s built-in i18n support for commonly used languages. You can see the list of supported languages below. Supported languages Language Code English en Spanish es French fr German de Italian it Portuguese pt Catalan ca Russian ru Dutch nl Polish pl Japanese ja Vietnamese vi Language Code Indonesian id Korean ko Serbian sr Norwegian no Hebrew he Chinese zh Finnish fi Swedish sv Czech cs Lithuanian lt Arabic ar How preferences are evaluated SuprSend evaluates user preferences at send time. For every recipient, the system checks user-level preferences first, then tenant-level overrides, and finally category defaults. For detailed information on the evaluation process, see Preference Evaluation . Other ways to unsubcribe from notifications In addition to the preference center within SuprSend, communication channels provide their own opt-out options, which SuprSend manages internally. Email: Unsubscribe URL header Gmail requires an unsubscribe URL in email headers when sending bulk emails (5,000+ emails/day). Most email providers expect you to add your own unsubscription page or offer a basic all-or-nothing opt-out option. You can add {{$hosted_preference_url}} here to load the SuprSend hosted preference page from the email header. Inbox (In-App): Render preference page inside your Inbox Companies also give users the option to load preference settings inside their in-app Inbox or provide a link to redirect users to the Preference center in their product. Mobile Push: Preference Page in App settings For mobile push notifications, users typically manage their preferences through the app settings. The category you assign in your workflow is also sent as the push “category” (used by Android/iOS to group notifications). If you set preference categories, the system automatically reflects them in the user’s app settings, loading similar preference controls. SMS & Whatsapp: Reply `STOP` Users generally unsubscribe from Short Message Service (SMS) by replying “STOP.” SuprSend automatically marks the SMS channel as inactive in the user’s profile when it receives a STOP reply. For WhatsApp, opt-out behavior depends on the provider; where supported, users can reply STOP and SuprSend will mark the channel inactive. FAQ How do I set up a digest schedule? You can create sub-categories for different digest schedules or set the digest schedule in the user profile and pass a dynamic schedule in the workflow digest node. An option to set the digest schedule directly on your preference page will be available soon. I have a use case where a company has multiple departments/roles, and the admin will set preferences for users in these departments. You can manage this with tenant preferences. In the SuprSend system, each tenant represents an organization, and the administrator sets which categories to send to their internal team using the tenant preference API . What happens to existing user preference view if I change default preference setting? Changing the default preference for a category doesn’t affect users who have already made changes to that category. For categories where users haven’t made any changes, the preferences update according to the new default settings. I have multiple enterprise customers with various product offerings. Customers should only receive notifications for the products they have enabled, and the same should be visible on their preference page. How can I manage this in SuprSend? You can turn off categories for tenants from the tenant page on the SuprSend console. Turning off the preference for a category automatically removes it from the tenant preference APIs and UI view. To further apply this to the tenant’s users, set visible to subscriber to false in the default tenant preferences to hide the category from the tenant’s end users. Why don't I see the 'inbox' channel in my user preferences? The inbox channel preference is behind a feature flag and needs to be enabled for your account. If you don’t see the inbox channel in your user preferences, contact [email protected] to have the feature flag enabled for your workspace. Why do users still receive promotional notifications even after unsubscribing from all categories? Unsubscribing from top-level categories (System, Transactional, Promotional) is not supported . Preferences only work with sub-categories you create. If you’re sending notifications using a top-level category like "promotional" in your workflows, users cannot unsubscribe from those notifications through the preference center, even if they unsubscribe from all visible categories. Solution: Create sub-categories under the Promotional category (e.g., “Marketing”, “Newsletter”, “Product Updates”) and use those sub-category slugs in your workflows instead of the top-level category. This allows users to: See and control preferences for each notification type Opt out of specific sub-categories Have their preferences respected when you send notifications Best practice: Organize notifications into meaningful sub-categories rather than using top-level categories directly. This provides users with granular control and improves their experience. Can I use user preferences in workflow branching to control which notifications are sent? User preferences are not passed in the workflow payload, so you cannot directly access them in branch conditions or other workflow nodes. Workaround: If you need to use preference-based logic in workflows (e.g., to route notifications based on user preferences or combine multiple notification scenarios in a single workflow), you can: Store the same preference data as custom properties in the user profile Use those custom properties in branch conditions to route notifications Example use case: If you want to combine multiple notification scenarios (e.g., “New Comment”, “Reply on my comment”, “I am mentioned”) in a single workflow to avoid duplicate notifications, you can: Store user preferences for each scenario as custom properties (e.g., wants_new_comment_notifications: true , wants_mention_notifications: true ) Use branch conditions to check these properties and route notifications accordingly This allows you to have one workflow that handles all scenarios while respecting user preferences Alternative approach: Create separate workflows for each notification scenario with conditions in the Trigger node. Each workflow can use its own preference category, allowing users to control each scenario independently. How do I let users control both notification on/off and the time they want to be reminded (e.g., medicine reminders)? You can combine preference categories with dynamic digest schedules to achieve this: 1. Set up preference categories: Create a preference category (e.g., “medicine-reminders”) that users can opt in/out of using the preference APIs or preference center UI . 2. Store time preference as user property: When users select their preferred reminder time, store it as a custom property in their user profile. For example: Copy Ask AI user.set({ "medicineReminderTime" : { "frequency" : "daily" , "time" : "09:00" , "tz_selection" : "recipient" } }) 3. Use dynamic schedule in digest node: In your workflow’s digest node, configure it to use a dynamic schedule that references the user property (e.g., ."$recipient".medicineReminderTime ). The digest will only send if the user has opted in to the category, and it will send at their preferred time. Implementation flow: Client side (React Native) : Capture user’s time preference and call your backend API Server side (Supabase Edge Function) : Update both the user’s preference (opt in/out) via SuprSend preference API and store the time preference as a user property Workflow : Use preference category to control on/off, and dynamic schedule to control timing For detailed information, see Dynamic Schedule in the digest documentation. Related documentation Notification Categories - Setting up categories & defaults Manage Categories and Preferences - Complete guide to setting up and managing categories and preferences Tenant Preferences - Managing tenant-level preferences Preference Evaluation - How SuprSend evaluates preferences at runtime Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Tenant Preferences Learn how to manage preferences for your tenants and their users. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page What are user preferences? How preferences are determined Setting up preference categories Default preferences What default preferences control Preference types Capturing user preferences Hosted preference page Embed in your product Controlling what categories to show on UI Hide categories for tenant users Filter categories with tags Translating preference categories in user’s locale How preferences are evaluated Other ways to unsubcribe from notifications FAQ Related documentation | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://dev.to/anand12/how-to-contribute-to-open-source-projects-as-a-beginner#main-content | How To Contribute To Open-Source Projects As A Beginner - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close #WithAnand Follow How To Contribute To Open-Source Projects As A Beginner Oct 14 '21 play It's important to understand that contributing to open source projects is not all about coding you can contribute in other ways such as improving the documentation, organizing the project, designing stuff reviewing code, and so on. https://muthuannamalai.tech/how-to-contribute-to-open-source-projects-as-a-beginner Read Blog: https://muthuannamalai.tech/how-to-contribute-to-open-source-projects-as-a-beginner --- Send in a voice message: https://anchor.fm/anand12/message Episode source Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Your browser does not support the audio element. 1x initializing... × 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://dev.to/theoscion/building-an-api-first-personal-finance-platform-12-years-and-lessons-in-shipping-vs-perfecting-1i99 | Building an API-First Personal Finance Platform: 12 Years and Lessons in Shipping vs. Perfecting - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Christopher Posted on Dec 16, 2025 Building an API-First Personal Finance Platform: 12 Years and Lessons in Shipping vs. Perfecting # api # webdev # fintech # startup After 12 years of development, I'm launching Trupocket - an API-first personal finance platform. Here's the journey and hard lessons about shipping vs. perfecting. The Vision Every personal finance app (Mint, YNAB, Monarch Money) is a closed system. No APIs. No developer access. Forced processes and workflows. I wanted to build the infrastructure layer - the "AWS of personal finance" - where developers can build financial tools without rebuilding the core ledger. A system that doesn't get in the way with managing your finances and understanding truly what is in your pocket. What I Built Core API Features: Dozens of RESTful endpoints OAuth 2.0 authentication Multi-tenant household architecture Real-time balance calculations Categorization with budget tracking Scheduled transaction automation Financial reports and forecasts Resources Available: Accounts (checking, savings, credit cards) Transactions (with split categorization) Categories and budgets Payees Scheduled transactions Hashtags for flexible organization Financial reports Performance Targets: <200ms average API response time Real-time balance updates Concurrent transaction handling API-First Design Philosophy 1. Developer Experience First Every endpoint has: Clear, consistent naming Comprehensive documentation Request/response examples Detailed error messages with error codes Proper HTTP status codes 2. OpenAPI/Swagger Documentation Interactive API docs with: Live testing interface Complete schema definitions Authentication examples Error response patterns 3. Multi-Tenancy Done Right "Households" provide: Isolated tenant data Shared access for families/businesses Multiple households per user Proper security boundaries The Perfectionism Problem I have always struggled with perfectionism when I build software. I always continue to want to perfect and build and re-build. Here are some of the traps I ran into over the years in building this software: Trap 1: Endless Refactoring (biggest challenge) Always would find a better way to build/write the code, so would spend huge chunks of time refactoring working code. Yet, these changes are architectural perfect; the changes added zero user value. There were some episodes where I throw away a near-ready product and start over because "I can build it better". Additionally, this constant refactoring caused major burnout. So then I would go into a hibernation from working on it, causing more delays. Then I would come back after that burnout break, and then perpetuate the cycle and refactor more because things are out-of-date after the break. Fix: "Is this a launch blocker?" became my mantra. Trap 2: Tool Optimization Built automation tools, then spent huge chunks of time optimizing THE TOOLS. Fix: Tools are done when they work, not when they're perfect. Trap 3: Architecture Debates Months deciding between technical approaches. Fix: Pick one, ship it, migrate later if needed. Anti-Perfectionism Rules SHIP FIRST, OPTIMIZE LATER GOOD ENOUGH IS PERFECT USER VALUE OVER CODE BEAUTY TIME-BOX PERFECTIONISM (20% max) NO PREMATURE OPTIMIZATION What I'd Build Differently Should have done: Automated database migrations earlier Built admin dashboard sooner Added monitoring/metrics from start Started with comprehensive integration tests Glad I did: Focused on API documentation quality Built multi-tenancy from day 1 Prioritized performance from the start Created clear anti-perfectionism guidelines The Business Model Free Tier: Limited accounts/transactions Premium: $2.99/month (vs. $15+ competitors) Developer: $29.99/month, 10K API calls/day Strategy: Be the infrastructure layer. Let developers build on top. What's Next Immediate: User-friendly web app AI/ML integrations More household styles Webhook events Mobile apps Long-term: Developer SDKs (TypeScript, Python, Go) Investment tracking More account types Tax optimization features Bank connectivity (Plaid integration) Open Banking compliance Try It API: https://api.trupocket.app Swagger: https://api.trupocket.app/docs Docs: https://api.trupocket.app/docs/getting-started Questions? Ask in comments. What would YOU build with a personal finance API? Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Christopher Follow Joined Dec 16, 2025 Trending on DEV Community Hot AI should not be in Code Editors # programming # ai # productivity # discuss How to Crack Any Software Developer Interview in 2026 (Updated for AI & Modern Hiring) # softwareengineering # programming # career # interview What was your win this week??? # weeklyretro # discuss 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://www.suprsend.com/comparison-page/ooma-vs-exotel-2024 | Comparing the Top Messaging Platforms (2025) Product FEATURES Template Engine Powerful template editors for all channels App Inbox Fully customizable inbox for your app & website Analytics Deep data insights on notification performance Logs Real-time notifications logs for all channels Smart Routing Reach users where they are Branding Seamlessly manage multi-brand customization Workflows Craft complex notification workflows Bifrost Run notifications natively on data warehouse Preferences Develop user focused notifications Integrations Integrate any channel and provider within mins Solutions BY USECASES Transactional Real-time alerts like authentication, activity updates Batching & Digest Aggregate multiple alerts into one Collaboration & Action Alerts on cross-user activity Scheduled Notifications One-time or recurring alerts like reminders Multi-tenant Alerts tailored to your customer's preferences Announcement / Newsletters Feature releases, achievements, product & policy updates Pricing Docs Customers Blog Login Get Started For Free Login Sign up Email management Comparing the Top Messaging Platforms (2025) Nikita Navral • December 2, 2025 TABLE OF CONTENTS Businesses rely on cloud communications platforms to power SMS alerts, authentication flows, customer engagement, and global voice calling. With so many options available, it’s important to understand how the major players differ in capabilities, pricing, and security. Below is a clear comparison of RingCentral, MessageBird, Plivo, Karix, Twilio, Sinch, Exotel, Telnyx, Ooma, Bandwidth, Gupshup, Vonage, and Amazon SNS - with key features, cost, and security included for each. Twilio Key Features: SMS/MMS, voice, WhatsApp, chat, email (SendGrid), video, global phone numbers, user authentication. Cost: Pay-as-you-go. US SMS ~ $0.0079 outbound; voice outbound ~ $0.014/min. SendGrid email plans start at $19.95/month. Security: HTTPS APIs, API key authentication, enterprise-grade controls depending on product. MessageBird (Bird) Key Features: SMS, WhatsApp, email, voice, multichannel inbox, 2FA/verify, omnichannel automation. Cost: US SMS ~ $0.008/message; WhatsApp from ~$0.005/message; dedicated numbers from ~$0.50/month. Security: ISO/IEC 27001:2013, SOC 2 Type II, GDPR-aligned, regulated under Dutch telecommunications authority. Plivo Key Features: SMS, MMS, voice APIs, WhatsApp, user verification APIs, Fraud Shield protection. Cost: US SMS ~ $0.0055/message; MMS ~ $0.018/message; plans also available starting around $25/month. Security: Fraud Shield for SMS fraud, standard API security, compliance frameworks appropriate for telecom workflows. Sinch Key Features: Global messaging, voice APIs, phone number provisioning, enterprise conversational tools, in-app voice/video SDKs. Cost: Pay-as-you-go; pricing varies by region and channel. Security: Enterprise security posture; used widely by large regulated businesses. RingCentral Key Features: Enterprise UCaaS and CCaaS — voice, video, messaging, contact center, team collaboration. Cost: Subscription-based; varies by seat and plan tier. Security: 99.999% uptime SLA, enterprise compliance standards, secure global network. Vonage Key Features: Business phone systems, unified communications, plus APIs for voice, SMS, video, messaging. Cost: Varies by product; SMS and voice pricing similar to other CPaaS players. Security: Industry-standard certifications (ISO 27001, HIPAA support in certain offerings). Bandwidth Key Features: Voice, messaging, emergency services APIs built on its own carrier network. Cost: Usage-based; typically competitive because Bandwidth owns telecom infrastructure. Security: Strong network-level security due to owning carrier backbone; enterprise-grade controls. Telnyx Key Features: Programmable voice, SMS, SIP trunking, wireless IoT, phone numbers; operates its own global private network. Cost: Generally lower than Twilio in many regions; usage-based for SMS/voice. Security: Private global network architecture, encrypted communications, strong compliance posture. Karix Key Features: SMS, voice, WhatsApp, and multichannel messaging, with strong performance in India/APAC. Cost: Pricing varies by region and volume; typically optimized for India and emerging markets. Security: Regional telecom compliance; enterprise messaging security standards. Exotel Key Features: Cloud telephony, IVR, virtual numbers, call routing, contact-center tools, SMS, WhatsApp. Cost: Region-based pricing; popular for cost-effective India/SEA deployments. Security: Telecom-grade compliance in India, SEA, and Middle East markets. Gupshup Key Features: SMS, WhatsApp, RCS, conversational messaging, bot frameworks, commerce and marketing flows. Cost: Pricing varies by channel and country; optimized for India, LATAM, and emerging markets. Security: Regional compliance and enterprise-grade security for messaging workflows. Ooma Key Features: SMB VoIP phone systems, virtual receptionist, call routing, basic business telephony. Cost: Subscription-based; lower-cost than enterprise UCaaS providers. Security: Standard SMB business-telephony protections; not CPaaS-level programmability. Amazon SNS Key Features: Pub/Sub messaging, SMS notifications, push notifications, email; part of AWS event-driven architecture. Cost: Pay-as-you-go based on notifications sent; AWS regional SMS pricing applies. Security: Inherits AWS IAM, encryption, compliance, monitoring, and infrastructure security. Which Platform Fits Which Use Case? If you want developer APIs to build custom communication flows: Twilio, Plivo, Telnyx, Bandwidth. If you need enterprise communication suites for internal teams: RingCentral, Vonage, Ooma for SMBs. If global omnichannel messaging is key: MessageBird, Sinch, Gupshup, Karix, Exotel. If you’re on AWS and only need notifications: Amazon SNS. Conclusion Each provider has unique strengths: some excel at global messaging, others at enterprise unified communications, others at developer-centric programmability. Understanding key features, pricing, and security posture helps narrow down the best fit for your product, geography, and scale. Share this blog on: Written by: Nikita Navral Co-Founder, SuprSend Implement a powerful stack for your notifications Get Started For Free Book Demo Company About us Signup Login Integrations Pricing Security Privacy Terms Contact Us Support SuprSend for Startups API Status Sign Up Channels Email SMS Notification Inbox Android Push iOS Push Web Push Xiaomi Push Whatsapp SDK Python SDK Node.js SDK Java SDK Android SDK React Native SDK iOS SDK Flutter SDK Go SDK Resources Documentation Changelog Blogs Write for us SMTP Error Codes SMS Providers Comparisons Email Providers Comparisons SMS Providers Alternatives Join us on Slack We are building a community of developers and product builders from across the globe to make notifications a pleasant experience. © 2025 All rights reserved. SuprStack Inc. By clicking “Accept All Cookies” , you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. 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https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/client-authentication | Authentication - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection Developer Resources Overview Updates and Versioning Versioning and Support Policy SDK Changelog Authentication API Keys and Secrets Service Token Best Practices for Key & Token Management MCP Overview BETA Quickstart Tool List Building with LLMs Security Security SDKs and APIs SDKs SDK Overview SuprSend Backend SDK SuprSend Client SDK Authentication Javascript Android iOS React Native Flutter React Management API REST API Postman Collection Features Validate Trigger Payload Type Safety Testing Testing the Template Test Mode Monitoring and Logging Logs Data Out Contact Us Get Started SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Ask AI Contact Us Get Started Get Started Search... Navigation SuprSend Client SDK Authentication Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog SuprSend Client SDK Authentication OpenAI Open in ChatGPT How to authenticate SuprSend Client SDKs using public API Keys & signed user tokens. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT 📘 Many of our mobile SDK’s are under revamp stage. These SDK’s still use workspace key and workspace secret authentication. SuprSend client SDK’s use public API Keys to authenticate requests. You can find Public Keys in SuprSend Dashboard -> Developers -> API Keys -> Public Keys . You can generate new ones and delete or rotate existing keys. For production workspaces public API Keys alone isn’t enough as they are insecure. To solve this enable enhanced secure mode switch which you can find beside Public Key (shown in above image). This mandates signed user token (a JWT token that identifies the user that is performing the request) to be sent along with client requests. Enhanced Security Mode with signed User Token When enhanced security mode is on, user level authentication is performed for all requests. This is recommended for Production workspaces. All requests will be rejected by SuprSend if enhanced security mode is on and signed user token is not provided. This signed user token should be generated by your backend application and should be passed to your client. 1 Generate Signing Key You can generate Signing key from SuprSend Dashboard (below Public Keys section in API Keys page). Once signing key is generated it won’t be shown again, so copy and store it securely. It contains 2 formats: (i.) Base64 format: This is single line text, suitable for storing as an environment variable. (ii.) PEM format: This is multiline text format string. You can use any of the above format. This key will be used as secret to generate JWT token as shown in below step. 2 Creating Signed User JWT Token This should be created on your backend application only. You will need to sign the JWT token with the signing key from above step and expose this JWT token to your Frontend application. JWT Algorithm: ES256 JWT Secret: Signing key in PEM format generated in step1. If you are using Base64 format, it should be converted in to PEM format. JWT Payload: Payload Copy Ask AI { "entity_type" : 'subscriber' , // hardcode this value to subscriber "entity_id" : your_distinct_id , // replace this with your actual distinct id "exp" : 1725814228 , // token expiry timestamp in seconds "iat" : 1725814228 // token issued timestamp in seconds. "scope" : { "tenant_id" : "string" } } SuprSend requests will be scoped to tenant. If tenant passed by you in SDK doesn’t match with the JWT payload scope tenant_id then requests will throw 403 error. If tenant_id is not passed, it is assumed to be default tenant. Currently only Inbox requests supports scope, later on we will extend it to preferences and other requests. Create JWT token using above information: Node Copy Ask AI import jwt from 'jsonwebtoken' ; const payload = { entity_type: 'subscriber' , entity_id: "johndoe" , exp: 1725814228 }; const secret = 'your PEM format signing key' ; // if base64 signing key format is used use below code to convert to PEM format. const secret = Buffer . from ( 'your_base64_signingKey' , 'base64' ). toString ( 'utf-8' ) const signedUserToken = jwt . sign ( payload , secret ,{ algorithm: 'ES256' }) 3 Using signed user token in client After creating user token on backend send it to your Frontend application to be used in SuprSend SDK as user token. Javascript Copy Ask AI import SuprSend from '@suprsend/web-sdk' ; const suprSendClient = new SuprSend ( publicApiKey : string ); const authResponse = await suprSendClient . identify ( user . id , user . userToken ); Token expiry handling To handle cases of token expiry our client SDK’s have Refresh User Token callback as parameter in identify method which gets called to get new user token when existing token is expired. Javascript Copy Ask AI const authResponse = await suprSendClient . identify ( user . id , user . userToken , { refreshUserToken : ( oldUserToken , tokenPayload ) => { //.... write your logic to get new token by making API call to your server... // return new token }}); Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Integrate Javascript SDK Web SDK Integration to enable WebPush, Preferences, & In-app feed in javascript websites like React, Vue, and Next.js. 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https://dev.to/ngxp/s2e14-katarina-skroumpelou-on-workplace-conflict#main-content | S2E14 - Katarina Skroumpelou on Workplace Conflict - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Angular Experience Follow S2E14 - Katarina Skroumpelou on Workplace Conflict May 2 '22 play SHOW SUMMARY: In today’s episode we talk with Katerina Skroumpelou about workplace conflict. What do you do in situations where you’re involved with conflict of one kind or another? How can you be sure it’s something that needs more serious action? How far do you let it go before taking action? Are YOU the person that needs to make changes? Get answers to all these questions and SO much more as Katerina offers great insights and advice. LINKS: https://twitter.com/psybercity https://twitter.com/jedibravery https://twitter.com/erik_slack CONNECT WITH US: Katerina Skroumpelou @psybercity Brooke Avery @JediBravery Erik Slack @Erikslack Episode source Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Your browser does not support the audio element. 1x initializing... × 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects | Standard built-in objects - JavaScript | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Web JavaScript Reference Standard built-in objects Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) Español Français 日本語 한국어 Português (do Brasil) Русский 中文 (简体) 正體中文 (繁體) Standard built-in objects This chapter documents all of JavaScript's standard, built-in objects, including their methods and properties. The term "global objects" (or standard built-in objects) here is not to be confused with the global object . Here, "global objects" refer to objects in the global scope . The global object itself can be accessed using the this operator in the global scope. In fact, the global scope consists of the properties of the global object, including inherited properties, if any. Other objects in the global scope are either created by the user script or provided by the host application. The host objects available in browser contexts are documented in the API reference . For more information about the distinction between the DOM and core JavaScript , see JavaScript technologies overview . In this article Standard objects by category Standard objects by category Value properties These global properties return a simple value. They have no properties or methods. globalThis Infinity NaN undefined Function properties These global functions—functions which are called globally, rather than on an object—directly return their results to the caller. eval() isFinite() isNaN() parseFloat() parseInt() decodeURI() decodeURIComponent() encodeURI() encodeURIComponent() escape() Deprecated unescape() Deprecated Fundamental objects These objects represent fundamental language constructs. Object Function Boolean Symbol Error objects Error objects are a special type of fundamental object. They include the basic Error type, as well as several specialized error types. Error AggregateError EvalError RangeError ReferenceError SuppressedError SyntaxError TypeError URIError InternalError Non-standard Numbers and dates These are the base objects representing numbers, dates, and mathematical calculations. Number BigInt Math Date Temporal Text processing These objects represent strings and support manipulating them. String RegExp Indexed collections These objects represent collections of data which are ordered by an index value. This includes (typed) arrays and array-like constructs. Array TypedArray Int8Array Uint8Array Uint8ClampedArray Int16Array Uint16Array Int32Array Uint32Array BigInt64Array BigUint64Array Float16Array Float32Array Float64Array Keyed collections These objects represent collections which use keys. The iterable collections ( Map and Set ) contain elements which are easily iterated in the order of insertion. Map Set WeakMap WeakSet Structured data These objects represent and interact with structured data buffers and data coded using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON). ArrayBuffer SharedArrayBuffer DataView Atomics JSON Managing memory These objects interact with the garbage collection mechanism. WeakRef FinalizationRegistry Control abstraction objects Control abstractions can help to structure code, especially async code (without using deeply nested callbacks, for example). Iterator AsyncIterator Promise GeneratorFunction AsyncGeneratorFunction Generator AsyncGenerator AsyncFunction DisposableStack AsyncDisposableStack Reflection Reflect Proxy Internationalization Additions to the ECMAScript core for language-sensitive functionalities. Intl Intl.Collator Intl.DateTimeFormat Intl.DisplayNames Intl.DurationFormat Intl.ListFormat Intl.Locale Intl.NumberFormat Intl.PluralRules Intl.RelativeTimeFormat Intl.Segmenter Help improve MDN Was this page helpful to you? Yes No Learn how to contribute This page was last modified on Jul 29, 2025 by MDN contributors . View this page on GitHub • Report a problem with this content Filter sidebar JavaScript Tutorials and guides JavaScript Guide Introduction Grammar and types Control flow and error handling Loops and iteration Functions Expressions and operators Numbers and strings Representing dates & times Regular expressions Indexed collections Keyed collections Working with objects Using classes Using promises JavaScript typed arrays Iterators and generators Resource management Internationalization JavaScript modules Intermediate Language overview JavaScript data structures Equality comparisons and sameness Enumerability and ownership of properties Closures Advanced Inheritance and the prototype chain Meta programming Memory Management References Built-in objects AggregateError Array ArrayBuffer AsyncDisposableStack AsyncFunction AsyncGenerator AsyncGeneratorFunction AsyncIterator Atomics BigInt BigInt64Array BigUint64Array Boolean DataView Date decodeURI() decodeURIComponent() DisposableStack encodeURI() encodeURIComponent() Error escape() Deprecated eval() EvalError FinalizationRegistry Float16Array Float32Array Float64Array Function Generator GeneratorFunction globalThis Infinity Int8Array Int16Array Int32Array InternalError Non-standard Intl isFinite() isNaN() Iterator JSON Map Math NaN Number Object parseFloat() parseInt() Promise Proxy RangeError ReferenceError Reflect RegExp Set SharedArrayBuffer String SuppressedError Symbol SyntaxError Temporal TypedArray TypeError Uint8Array Uint8ClampedArray Uint16Array Uint32Array undefined unescape() Deprecated URIError WeakMap WeakRef WeakSet Expressions & operators Addition (+) Addition assignment (+=) Assignment (=) async function expression async function* expression await Bitwise AND (&) Bitwise AND assignment (&=) Bitwise NOT (~) Bitwise OR (|) Bitwise OR assignment (|=) Bitwise XOR (^) Bitwise XOR assignment (^=) class expression Comma operator (,) Conditional (ternary) operator Decrement (--) delete Destructuring Division (/) Division assignment (/=) Equality (==) Exponentiation (**) Exponentiation assignment (**=) function expression function* expression Greater than (>) Greater than or equal (>=) Grouping operator ( ) import.meta import.meta.resolve() import() in Increment (++) Inequality (!=) instanceof Left shift (<<) Left shift assignment (<<=) Less than (<) Less than or equal (<=) Logical AND (&&) Logical AND assignment (&&=) Logical NOT (!) Logical OR (||) Logical OR assignment (||=) Multiplication (*) Multiplication assignment (*=) new new.target null Nullish coalescing assignment (??=) Nullish coalescing operator (??) Object initializer Operator precedence Optional chaining (?.) Property accessors Remainder (%) Remainder assignment (%=) Right shift (>>) Right shift assignment (>>=) Spread syntax (...) Strict equality (===) Strict inequality (!==) Subtraction (-) Subtraction assignment (-=) super this typeof Unary negation (-) Unary plus (+) Unsigned right shift (>>>) Unsigned right shift assignment (>>>=) void operator yield yield* Statements & declarations async function async function* await using Block statement break class const continue debugger do...while Empty statement export Expression statement for for await...of for...in for...of function function* if...else import Import attributes Labeled statement let return switch throw try...catch using var while with Deprecated Functions Arrow function expressions Default parameters get Method definitions Rest parameters set The arguments object [Symbol.iterator]() callee Deprecated length Classes constructor extends Private elements Public class fields static Static initialization blocks Regular expressions Backreference: \1, \2 Capturing group: (...) Character class escape: \d, \D, \w, \W, \s, \S Character class: [...], [^...] Character escape: \n, \u{...} Disjunction: | Input boundary assertion: ^, $ Literal character: a, b Lookahead assertion: (?=...), (?!...) Lookbehind assertion: (?<=...), (?<!...) Modifier: (?ims-ims:...) Named backreference: \k<name> Named capturing group: (?<name>...) Non-capturing group: (?:...) Quantifier: *, +, ?, {n}, {n,}, {n,m} Unicode character class escape: \p{...}, \P{...} Wildcard: . Word boundary assertion: \b, \B Errors AggregateError: No Promise in Promise.any was resolved Error: Permission denied to access property "x" InternalError: too much recursion RangeError: argument is not a valid code point RangeError: BigInt division by zero RangeError: BigInt negative exponent RangeError: form must be one of 'NFC', 'NFD', 'NFKC', or 'NFKD' RangeError: invalid array length RangeError: invalid date RangeError: precision is out of range RangeError: radix must be an integer RangeError: repeat count must be less than infinity RangeError: repeat count must be non-negative RangeError: x can't be converted to BigInt because it isn't an integer ReferenceError: "x" is not defined ReferenceError: assignment to undeclared variable "x" ReferenceError: can't access lexical declaration 'X' before initialization ReferenceError: must call super constructor before using 'this' in derived class constructor ReferenceError: super() called twice in derived class constructor SyntaxError: 'arguments'/'eval' can't be defined or assigned to in strict mode code SyntaxError: "0"-prefixed octal literals are deprecated SyntaxError: "use strict" not allowed in function with non-simple parameters SyntaxError: "x" is a reserved identifier SyntaxError: \ at end of pattern SyntaxError: a declaration in the head of a for-of loop can't have an initializer SyntaxError: applying the 'delete' operator to an unqualified name is deprecated SyntaxError: arguments is not valid in fields SyntaxError: await is only valid in async functions, async generators and modules SyntaxError: await/yield expression can't be used in parameter SyntaxError: cannot use `??` unparenthesized within `||` and `&&` expressions SyntaxError: character class escape cannot be used in class range in regular expression SyntaxError: continue must be inside loop SyntaxError: duplicate capture group name in regular expression SyntaxError: duplicate formal argument x SyntaxError: for-in loop head declarations may not have initializers SyntaxError: function statement requires a name SyntaxError: functions cannot be labelled SyntaxError: getter and setter for private name #x should either be both static or non-static SyntaxError: getter functions must have no arguments SyntaxError: identifier starts immediately after numeric literal SyntaxError: illegal character SyntaxError: import declarations may only appear at top level of a module SyntaxError: incomplete quantifier in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid assignment left-hand side SyntaxError: invalid BigInt syntax SyntaxError: invalid capture group name in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid character in class in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid class set operation in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid decimal escape in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid identity escape in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid named capture reference in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid property name in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid range in character class SyntaxError: invalid regexp group SyntaxError: invalid regular expression flag "x" SyntaxError: invalid unicode escape in regular expression SyntaxError: JSON.parse: bad parsing SyntaxError: label not found SyntaxError: missing : after property id SyntaxError: missing ) after argument list SyntaxError: missing ) after condition SyntaxError: missing ] after element list SyntaxError: missing } after function body SyntaxError: missing } after property list SyntaxError: missing = in const declaration SyntaxError: missing formal parameter SyntaxError: missing name after . operator SyntaxError: missing variable name SyntaxError: negated character class with strings in regular expression SyntaxError: new keyword cannot be used with an optional chain SyntaxError: nothing to repeat SyntaxError: numbers out of order in {} quantifier. SyntaxError: octal escape sequences can't be used in untagged template literals or in strict mode code SyntaxError: parameter after rest parameter SyntaxError: private fields can't be deleted SyntaxError: property name __proto__ appears more than once in object literal SyntaxError: raw bracket is not allowed in regular expression with unicode flag SyntaxError: redeclaration of formal parameter "x" SyntaxError: reference to undeclared private field or method #x SyntaxError: rest parameter may not have a default SyntaxError: return not in function SyntaxError: setter functions must have one argument SyntaxError: string literal contains an unescaped line break SyntaxError: super() is only valid in derived class constructors SyntaxError: tagged template cannot be used with optional chain SyntaxError: Unexpected '#' used outside of class body SyntaxError: Unexpected token SyntaxError: unlabeled break must be inside loop or switch SyntaxError: unparenthesized unary expression can't appear on the left-hand side of '**' SyntaxError: use of super property/member accesses only valid within methods or eval code within methods SyntaxError: Using //@ to indicate sourceURL pragmas is deprecated. Use //# instead TypeError: 'caller', 'callee', and 'arguments' properties may not be accessed TypeError: 'x' is not iterable TypeError: "x" is (not) "y" TypeError: "x" is not a constructor TypeError: "x" is not a function TypeError: "x" is not a non-null object TypeError: "x" is read-only TypeError: already executing generator TypeError: BigInt value can't be serialized in JSON TypeError: calling a builtin X constructor without new is forbidden TypeError: can't access/set private field or method: object is not the right class TypeError: can't assign to property "x" on "y": not an object TypeError: can't convert BigInt to number TypeError: can't convert x to BigInt TypeError: can't define property "x": "obj" is not extensible TypeError: can't delete non-configurable array element TypeError: can't redefine non-configurable property "x" TypeError: can't set prototype of this object TypeError: can't set prototype: it would cause a prototype chain cycle TypeError: cannot use 'in' operator to search for 'x' in 'y' TypeError: class constructors must be invoked with 'new' TypeError: cyclic object value TypeError: derived class constructor returned invalid value x TypeError: getting private setter-only property TypeError: Initializing an object twice is an error with private fields/methods TypeError: invalid 'instanceof' operand 'x' TypeError: invalid Array.prototype.sort argument TypeError: invalid assignment to const "x" TypeError: Iterator/AsyncIterator constructor can't be used directly TypeError: matchAll/replaceAll must be called with a global RegExp TypeError: More arguments needed TypeError: null/undefined has no properties TypeError: property "x" is non-configurable and can't be deleted TypeError: Reduce of empty array with no initial value TypeError: setting getter-only property "x" TypeError: WeakSet key/WeakMap value 'x' must be an object or an unregistered symbol TypeError: X.prototype.y called on incompatible type URIError: malformed URI sequence Warning: -file- is being assigned a //# sourceMappingURL, but already has one Warning: unreachable code after return statement Misc JavaScript technologies overview Execution model Lexical grammar Iteration protocols Strict mode Template literals Trailing commas Deprecated features Your blueprint for a better internet. 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https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/History_API/Working_with_the_History_API | Working with the History API - Web APIs | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Web Web APIs History API Working with the History API Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) Español Français 日本語 한국어 Português (do Brasil) Русский 中文 (简体) Working with the History API The History API enables a website to interact with the browser's session history: that is, the list of pages that the user has visited in a given window. As the user visits new pages, for example by clicking links, those new pages are added to the session history. The user can also move back and forth through the history using the browser's "Back" and "Forward" buttons. The main interface defined in the History API is the History interface, and this defines two quite distinct sets of methods: Methods to navigate to a page in the session history: History.back() History.forward() History.go() Methods to modify the session history: History.pushState() History.replaceState() In this guide, we'll cover only the second set of methods. The pushState() method adds a new entry to the session history, while the replaceState() method updates the session history entry for the current page. Both these methods take a state parameter which can contain any serializable object . When the browser navigates to this history entry, the browser fires a popstate event, which contains the state object associated with that entry. The main purpose of these APIs is to support websites like Single-page applications , that use JavaScript APIs such as fetch() to update the page with new content, instead of loading a whole new page. In this article Single-page applications and session history Using pushState() Using the popstate event Using replaceState() Complete History API example See also Single-page applications and session history Traditionally, websites are implemented as a collection of pages. When users navigate to different parts of the site by clicking links, the browser loads a whole new page each time. While this is great for many sites, it can have some disadvantages: It can be inefficient to load a whole page every time, when only part of the page needs to be updated. It is hard to maintain application state when navigating across pages. For these reasons, a popular pattern for web apps is the single-page application (SPA). When a user clicks a link, the SPA performs the following steps: Prevents the default behavior of loading a new page. Fetches new content to display. Updates the page with the new content. For example: js document.addEventListener("click", async (event) => { const creature = event.target.getAttribute("data-creature"); if (creature) { // Prevent a new page from loading event.preventDefault(); try { // Fetch new content const response = await fetch(`creatures/${creature}.json`); const result = await response.json(); // Update the page with the new content displayContent(result); } catch (err) { console.error(err); } } }); In this click handler, if the link contains a data attribute "data-creature" , then we use the value of that attribute to fetch a JSON file containing the new content for the page. The JSON file might look like this: json { "description": "Bald eagles are not actually bald.", "image": { "src": "images/eagle.jpg", "alt": "A bald eagle" }, "name": "Eagle" } Our displayContent() function updates the page with the JSON: js // Update the page with the new content function displayContent(content) { document.title = `Creatures: ${content.name}`; const description = document.querySelector("#description"); description.textContent = content.description; const photo = document.querySelector("#photo"); photo.setAttribute("src", content.image.src); photo.setAttribute("alt", content.image.alt); } The problem is that it breaks the expected behavior of the browser's "Back" and "Forward" buttons. From the user's point of view, they clicked a link and the page updated, so it looks like a new page. If they then press the browser's "Back" button, they expect to go to the state before they clicked the link. But as far as the browser is concerned, the last link didn't load a new page, so "Back" will take the browser to whichever page was loaded before the user opened the SPA. This is essentially the problem that pushState() , replaceState() , and the popstate event solve. They enable us to synthesize history entries, and to be notified when the current session history entry changes to one of these entries (for example, because the user pressed the "Back" or "Forward" buttons). Using pushState() We can add a history entry to the click handler above as follows: js document.addEventListener("click", async (event) => { const creature = event.target.getAttribute("data-creature"); if (creature) { event.preventDefault(); try { const response = await fetch(`creatures/${creature}.json`); const result = await response.json(); displayContent(result); // Add a new entry to the history. // This simulates loading a new page. history.pushState(result, "", creature); } catch (err) { console.error(err); } } }); Here, we're calling pushState() with three arguments: result : This is the content we just fetched. It will be stored with the history entry, and later included as the state property of the argument passed to the popstate event handler. "" : This is needed for backward compatibility with legacy sites, and should always be an empty string. creature : This will be used as the URL for the entry. It will be shown in the browser's URL bar, and will be used as the value of the Referer header in any HTTP requests that the page makes. Note that this must be same-origin with the page. Using the popstate event Suppose the user performs the following steps: Clicks a link in our SPA, so we update the page and add history entry A using pushState() . Clicks another link in our SPA, so we update the page and add history entry B using pushState() . Presses the "Back" button. Now the new current history entry is A, so the browser fires the popstate event, and the event handler argument includes the JSON that we passed to pushState() when we handled the navigation to A. This means we can restore the correct content with an event handler like this: js // Handle forward/back buttons window.addEventListener("popstate", (event) => { // If a state has been provided, we have a "simulated" page // and we update the current page. if (event.state) { // Simulate the loading of the previous page displayContent(event.state); } }); Using replaceState() There's one more piece we need to add. When the user loads the SPA, the browser adds a history entry. Because this was an actual page load, the entry has no state associated with it. So suppose the user does the following: Loads the SPA, so the browser adds a history entry. Clicks a link inside the SPA, so the click handler updates the page and adds a history entry with pushState() . Presses the "Back" button. Now we want to go back to the SPA's initial state, but since this is a navigation in the same document, the page will not be reloaded, and since the history entry for the initial page has no state, we can't use popstate to restore it. The solution here is to use replaceState() to set the state object for the initial page. For example: js // Create state on page load and replace the current history with it const image = document.querySelector("#photo"); const initialState = { description: document.querySelector("#description").textContent, image: { src: image.getAttribute("src"), alt: image.getAttribute("alt"), }, name: "Home", }; history.replaceState(initialState, "", document.location.href); On page load, we collect all the parts of the page that we need to restore when the user returns to the starting point for the SPA. This has the same structure as the JSON we fetch when handling other navigations. We pass this initialState object into replaceState() , which effectively adds the state object to the current history entry. When the user returns to our starting point, the popstate event will contain this initial state, and we can use our displayContent() function to update the page. Complete History API example You can find this complete example at https://github.com/mdn/dom-examples/tree/main/history-api , and see the demo live at https://mdn.github.io/dom-examples/history-api/ . See also History API history global object Help improve MDN Was this page helpful to you? Yes No Learn how to contribute This page was last modified on Aug 1, 2025 by MDN contributors . View this page on GitHub • Report a problem with this content Filter sidebar History API Guides Working with the History API Interfaces History PopStateEvent Properties Window .history Events Window: popstate Your blueprint for a better internet. 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https://dev.to/hb/react-vs-vue-vs-angular-vs-svelte-1fdm#stackoverflow-2020-survey | React vs Vue vs Angular vs Svelte - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Henry Boisdequin Posted on Nov 29, 2020 React vs Vue vs Angular vs Svelte # react # vue # angular # svelte In this article, I'm going to cover which of the top Javascript frontend frameworks: React, Vue, Angular, or Svelte is the best at certain factors and which one is the best for you. There are going to be 5 factors which we are going to look at: popularity, community/resources, performance, learning curve, and real-world examples. Before diving into any of these factors, let's take a look at what these frameworks are. 🔵 React Developed By : Facebook Open-source : Yes Licence : MIT Licence Initial Release : March 2013 Github Repo : https://github.com/facebook/react Description : React is a JavaScript library for building user interfaces. Pros : Easy to learn and use Component-based: reusable code Performant and fast Large community Cons : JSX is required Poor documentation 🟢 Vue Developed By : Evan You Open-source : Yes Licence : MIT Licence Initial Release : Feburary 2014 Github Repo : https://github.com/vuejs/vue Description : Vue.js is a progressive, incrementally-adoptable JavaScript framework for building UI on the web. Pros : Performant and fast Component-based: reusable code Easy to learn and use Good and intuitive documentation Cons : Fewer resources compared to a framework like React Over flexibility at times 🔴 Angular Developed By : Google Open-source : Yes Licence : MIT Licence Initial Release : September 2016 Github Repo : https://github.com/angular/angular Description : Angular is a development platform for building mobile and desktop web applications using Typescript/JavaScript and other languages. Pros : Fast server performance MVC Architecture implementation Component-based: reusable code Good and intuitive documentation Cons : Steep learning curve Angular is very complex 🟠 Svelte Developed By : Rich Harris Open-source : Yes Licence : MIT Licence Initial Release : November 2016 Github Repo : https://github.com/sveltejs/svelte Description : Svelte is a new way to build web applications. It's a compiler that takes your declarative components and converts them into efficient JavaScript that surgically updates the DOM. Pros : No virtual DOM Truly reactive Easy to learn and use Component-based: reusable code Cons : Small community Confusion in variable names and syntax The 1st Factor: Popularity All of these options are extremely popular and are used by loads of developers. I'm going to compare these 4 frameworks in google trends, NPM trends, and the Stackoverflow 2020 survey results to see which one is the most popular. Note: Remember that popularity doesn't mean it has the largest community and resources. Google Trends Google trends measures the number of searches for a certain topic. Let's have a look at the results: Note: React is blue, Angular is red, Svelte is gold, Vue is green. The image above contains the trends for these 4 frontend frameworks over the past 5 years. As you can see, Angular and React are by far the most searched, with React being searched more than Angular. While Vue sits in the middle, Svelte is the clear least searched framework. Although Google Trends gives us the number of search results, it may be a bit deceiving so lets of on to NPM trends. NPM Trends NPM Trends is a tool created by John Potter, used to compare NPM packages popularity. This measures how many times a certain NPM package was downloaded. As you can see, React is clearly the most popular in terms of NPM package downloads. Angular and Vue are very similar on the chart, with them going back and forth while Svelte sits at the bottom once again. Stackoverflow 2020 Survey In February of 2020, close to 65 thousand developers filled out the Stackoverflow survey. This survey is the best in terms of what the actual developer community uses, loves, dreads, and wants. Above is the info for the most popular web frameworks. As you can see React and Angular are 2nd and 3rd but React still has a monumental lead. Vue sits happily in the middle but Svelte is nowhere to be seen. Above are the results for the most loved web frameworks. As you can see, React is still 2nd and this time Vue sits in 3rd. Angular is in the middle of the bunch, but yet again Svelte is not there. Note: Angular.js is not Angular Above are the most dreaded web frameworks. As you can see React and Vue are towards the bottom (which is good) while Angular is one of the most dreaded web frameworks. This is because React and Vue developers tend to make fun of Angular, mostly because of its predecessor Angular.js . Svelte is not on this list which is good for the framework. Explaining Svelte's "Bad" Results Some may say that Svelte performed poorly compared to the other 3 frameworks in this category. You would be right. Svelte is the new kid on the block, not many people are using it or know about it. Think of React, Vue, or Angular in their early stages: that's what Svelte is currently. Most of these frontend frameworks comparisons are between React, Vue, or Angular but since I think that Svelte is promising, I wanted to include it in this comparison. Most of the other factors, Svelte is ranking quite highly in. Wrapping up the 1st Factor: Popularity From the three different trends/surveys, we can conclude that React is the most popular out of the three but with Vue and Angular just behind. Popularity: React Angular Vue Svelte Note: it was very hard to choose between Angular and Vue since they are very close together but I think Angular just edges out Vue in the present day. The 2nd Factor: Community & Resources This factor will be about which framework has the best community and resources. This is a crucial factor as this helps you learn the technology and get help when you are stuck. We are going to be looking at the courses available and the community size behind these frameworks. Let's jump right into it! React React has a massive amount of resources and community members behind it. Firstly, they have a Spectrum chat which usually has around 200 developers looking to help you online. Also, they have a massive amount of Stackoverflow developers looking to help you. There are 262,951 Stackoverflow questions on React, one of the most active Stackoverflow tags. React also has a bunch of resources and tutorials. If you search up React tutorial there will be countless tutorials waiting for you. Here are my recommended React tutorials for getting started: Free: https://youtu.be/4UZrsTqkcW4 Paid: https://www.udemy.com/course/complete-react-developer-zero-to-mastery/ Vue Vue also has loads of resources and a large community but not as large as React. Vue has a Gitter chat with over 19,000 members. In addition, they have a massive Stackoverflow community with 68,778 questions. Where Vue really shines is its resources. Vue has more resources than I could imagine. Here are my recommended Vue tutorials for getting started: Free: https://youtu.be/e-E0UB-YDRk Paid: https://www.udemy.com/course/vuejs-2-the-complete-guide/ Angular Angular has a massive community. Their Gitter chat has over 22,489 people waiting to help you. Also, their Stackoverflow questions asked is over 238,506. Like React and Vue, Angular has a massive amount of resources to help you learn the framework. A downfall to these resources is that most of them are outdated (1-2 years old) but you can still find some great tutorials. Here are my recommended Angular tutorials for getting started: Free: https://youtu.be/Fdf5aTYRW0E Paid: https://www.udemy.com/course/the-complete-guide-to-angular-2/ Svelte Svelte has a growing community yet still has many quality tutorials and resources. An awesome guide to Svelte and their community is here: https://svelte-community.netlify.app . They have a decent Stackoverflow community with over 1,300 questions asked. Also, they have an awesome Discord community with over 1,500 members online on average. Svelte has a lot of great tutorials and resources, despite it only coming on to the world stage quite recently. Here are my recommended Svelte tutorials for getting started: Free: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zojEMeQGGHs&list=PL4cUxeGkcC9hlbrVO_2QFVqVPhlZmz7tO Paid: https://www.udemy.com/course/sveltejs-the-complete-guide/ Wrapping up the 2nd Factor: Community & Resources From just looking at the Stackoverflow community and the available resources, we can conclude that all of these 4 frameworks have a massive community and available resources. Community & Resources: React Vue & Angular* Svelte *I really couldn't decide between the two! The 3rd Factor: Performance In this factor, I will be going over which of these frameworks are the most performant. There are going to be three main components to this factor: speed test, startup test, and the memory allocation test. I will be using this website to compare the speed of all frameworks. Speed Test This test will compare each of the frameworks in a set of tasks and find out the speed of which they complete them. Let's have a look at the results. As you can see, just by the colours that Svelte and Vue are indeed the most performant in this category. This table has the name of the actions on one side and the results on the other. At the bottom of the table, we can see something called slowdown geometric mean. Slowdown geometric mean is an indicator of overall performance and speed by a framework. From this, we can conclude that this category ranking: Vue - 1.17 slowdown geometric mean Svelte - 1.19 slowdown geometric mean React & Angular - 1.27 slowdown geometric mean Startup Test The startup test measures how long it takes for one of these frameworks to "startup". Let's see the table. As you can see, Svelte is the clear winner. For every single one of these performance tests, Svelte is blazing fast (if you want to know how Svelte does this, move to the "Why is Svelte so performant?" section). From these results, we can create this category ranking. Svelte Vue React Angular Memory Test The memory test sees which framework takes up the least amount of memory for the same test. Let's jump into the results. Similarly to the startup test, Svelte is clearly on top. Vue and React are quite similar while Angular (once again) is the least performant. From this, we can derive this category ranking. Svelte Vue React Angular Why is Svelte so performant? TL;DR: No Virtual DOM Compiled to just JS Small bundles Before looking at why Svelte is how performant, we need to understand how Svelte works. Svelte is not compiled to JS, HTML, and CSS files. You might be thinking: what!? But that's right, instead of doing that it compiles highly optimized JS files. This means that the application needs no dependencies to start and it's blazing fast. This way no virtual DOM is needed. Your components are compiled to Javascript and the DOM doesn't need to update. Also, it also takes up little memory as it complies in highly optimized, small bundles of Javascript. Wrapping up the 3rd Factor: Performance Svelte made a huge push in this factor, blowing away the others! From the three categories, let's rank these frameworks in terms of performance. Svelte Vue React Angular The 4th Factor: Learning Curve In this factor, we will be looking at how long and how easy it is to be able to build real-world (frontend-only) applications. This is one of the most important factors if you are looking to get going with this framework quickly. Let's dive right into it. React React is super easy to learn. React almost takes no time to learn, I would even say if you are proficient at Javascript and HTML, you can learn the basics in a day. Since we are looking about how long it takes to build a real-world project, this is the list of things you need to learn: How React works JSX State Props Main Hooks useState useEffect useRef useMemo Components NPM, Bebel, Webpack, ES6+ Functional Components vs Class Components React Router Create React App, Next.js, or Gatsby Optional but recommended: Redux, Recoil, Zustand, or Providers Vue In my opinion, Vue takes a bit more time than React to build a real project. With a bit of work, you could learn the Vue fundamentals in less than 3 days. Although Vue takes longer to learn, it is definitely one of the fastest popular Javascript frameworks to learn. Here is the list of things you need to learn: How Vue Works .vue files NPM, Bebel, Webpack, ES6+ State management Vuex Components create-vue-app/Vue CLI Vue Router Declarative Rendering Conditionals and Loops Vue Instance Vue Shorthands Optional: Nuxt.js, Vuetify, NativeScript-Vue Angular Angular is a massive framework, much larger than any other in this comparison. This may be why Angular is not as performant as other frameworks such as React, Svelte, or Vue. To learn the basics of Angular, it could take a week or more. Here are the things you need to learn to build a real-world app in Angular: How Angular Works Typescript Data Types Defining Types Type Inference Interfaces Union Types Function type definitions Two-way data binding Dependency Injection Components Routing NPM, Bebel, Webpack, ES6+ Directives Templates HTTP Client Svelte One could argue that Svelte is the easiest framework to learn in this comparison. I would agree with that. Svelte's syntax is very similar to an HTML file. I would say that you could learn the Svelte basics in a day. Here are the things you need to learn to build a real-world app in Svelte: How Svelte Works .svelte files NPM, Bebel, Webpack, ES6+ Reactivity Props If, Else, Else ifs/Logic Events Binding Lifecycle Methods Context API State in Svelte Svelte Routing Wrapping up the 4th Factor: Learning Curve All these frameworks (especially Vue, Svelte, and React) are extremely easy to learn, very much so when one is already proficient with Javascript and HTML. Let's rank these technologies in terms of their learning curve! (ordered in fastest to learn to longest to learn) Svelte React Vue Angular The 5th Factor: Real-world examples In this factor, the final factor, we will be looking at some real-world examples of apps using that particular framework. At the end of this factor, the technologies won't be ranking but it's up to you to see which of these framework's syntax and way of doing things you like best. Let's dive right into it! React Top 5 Real-world companies using React : Facebook, Instagram, Whatsapp, Yahoo!, Netflix Displaying "Hello World" in React : import React from ' react ' ; function App () { return ( < div > Hello World </ div > ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Vue Top 5 Real-world companies using Vue : NASA, Gitlab, Nintendo, Grammarly, Adobe Displaying "Hello World" in Vue : < template > <h1> Hello World </h1> </ template > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Angular Top 5 Real-world companies using Angular : Google, Microsoft, Deutsche Bank, Forbes, PayPal Displaying "Hello World" in Angular : import { Component } from ' @angular/core ' ; @ Component ({ selector : ' my-app ' , template : &lt;h1&gt;Hello World&lt;/h1&gt; , }) export class AppComponent ; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Svelte Top 5 Real-world companies using Svelte : Alaska Air, Godaddy, Philips, Spotify, New York Times Displaying "Hello World" in Svelte : <h1> Hello world </h1> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Wrapping up the 5th Factor: Real-world Examples Wow! Some huge companies that we use on a daily basis use the frameworks that we use. This shows that all of these frameworks can be used to build apps as big as these household names. Also, the syntax of all of these frameworks is extremely intuitive and easy to learn. You can decide which one you like best! Conculsion I know, you're looking for a ranking of all of these frameworks. It really depends but to fulfil your craving for a ranking, I'll give you my personal opinion : Svelte React Vue Angular This would be my ranking but based on these 5 factors, choose whichever framework you like best and feel yourself coding every day in, all of them are awesome. I hope that you found this article interesting and maybe picked a new framework to learn (I'm going to learn Svelte)! Please let me know which frontend framework you use and why you use it. Thanks for reading! Henry Top comments (47) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand stefanovualto stefanovualto stefanovualto Follow Joined Feb 5, 2018 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi Henry, I mostly agree with the point 1,2,3. But point 4 is subjective depending on your background and previous knowledge. To improve your post, you should add a note explaining what's your background. Finally point 5 are not similar at all. The vue example is a complete page using a reactive property. Anyway as @johnpapa said in a talk, you can achieve almost the same result with any framework, pick the one which feels right for you... :) Like comment: Like comment: 13 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Yes, I agree with you! I would recommend anyone to learn the framework which feels right for you. For the Vue example, I'm not an expert at Vue and don't know a better way to do it (if you have a smaller, more concise 'hello world' example, please comment it). I will definitely work an a 'what's my background section'. To explain it know: I've been using React in all my web dev projects. I have basic knowledge of Vue, Angular, and Svelte. After looking at these 5 factors, I plan to use Svelte for my coming projects. Thanks, @stefanovualto for the feedback! Like comment: Like comment: 8 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Christopher Wray Christopher Wray Christopher Wray Follow Email chris@sol.company Location Pasco, WA Education Western Governors University Work Senior Software Engineer at Soltech Joined Jan 14, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 • Edited on Nov 29 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide In the Vue example you are using data components. For the others just plain html. You could have a Vue component with a template of just the h1 tag and no script. It would look more like the svelte example. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Thread Thread Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide ✅ Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Thread Thread stefanovualto stefanovualto stefanovualto Follow Joined Feb 5, 2018 • Nov 29 '20 • Edited on Nov 29 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide In your vue example, I think that you should expect to be in a .vue file lik le it seems to be in the others (I mean that you have the whole bundling machinery working under the hood). Then something similar would be: <template> <h1> Hello world! </h1> </template> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Maybe a pro' for vue is that it can be adopted/used progressively without having to rely on building process (which I am assuming are mandatory for react, svelte and maybe angular). What I mean is that your previous example worked, but it wasn't comparable to the others. Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Zen Zen Zen Follow Mahasiswa Psikologi Email muhzaini30@gmail.com Location Samarinda Education Psikologi, TI Work Developer Android at Toko sepeda Sinar Jaya Joined Mar 25, 2019 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I'm usually using Svelte for my projects. Because, it's simple, write less, and get more Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Follow Frontend performance enthusiast and Fine-Grained Reactivity super fan. Author of the SolidJS UI library and MarkoJS Core Team Member. Location Portland, Oregon Education Computer Engineering B.A.Sc, University of British Columbia Work Principal Engineer, Open Source, Netlify Joined Jun 25, 2019 • Dec 3 '20 • Edited on Dec 3 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide A couple thoughts. "Requires JSX" a downside??? I almost stopped reading at that point. Template DSLs are more or less the same. If that's a con, doesn't support JSX could easily be seen as one. There are reasonable arguments for both sides and this shows extreme bias. Vue is "truly reactive" as well. Whatever that means. Your JS Framework Benchmark results are over 2 years old. Svelte and Vue 3 are both out and in the current results. He now publishes them per Chrome version. Here are the latest: krausest.github.io/js-framework-be... . It doesn't change the final positions much, but Svelte and Vue look much more favorable in newer results. If anyone is interested in how those benchmarks work in more detail I suggest reading: dev.to/ryansolid/making-sense-of-t... Like comment: Like comment: 6 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I'm a React dev and it's my favourite framework out of the bunch. When I did some research and asked some other developers when they think of React they think of needing to learn JSX. For something like Svelte, all you need to know is HTML, CSS, and JS. I know that my benchmarks were two years old and I addressed this multiple times before: For the performance factor, I knew that the frameworks were a bit outdated but the general gist stated the same. Svelte 3 was released some time ago and that blows all of the other frameworks out of the water in terms of performance hence Svelte would stay on top. Vue and React are very similar in performance, Vue even says so themselves: vuejs.org/v2/guide/comparison.html. Since, Angular is a massive framework with built-in routing, etc, its performance didn't become better than Vue, React, or Svelte in its newer versions. Thanks for the new benchmark website, I will definitely be using that in the future. Also, I just read your benchmark article and its a good explanation on how these benchmarks work. Thanks for your input. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Follow Frontend performance enthusiast and Fine-Grained Reactivity super fan. Author of the SolidJS UI library and MarkoJS Core Team Member. Location Portland, Oregon Education Computer Engineering B.A.Sc, University of British Columbia Work Principal Engineer, Open Source, Netlify Joined Jun 25, 2019 • Dec 3 '20 • Edited on Dec 3 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Here's the index page where he posts new results as they come up: krausest.github.io/js-framework-be... When I did some research and asked some other developers when they think of React they think of needing to learn JSX. For something like Svelte, all you need to know is HTML, CSS, and JS. Svelte has good marketing clearly. Is this HTML? <label> <input type= "checkbox" bind:checked= {visible} > visible </label> {#if visible} <p transition:fade > Fades in and out </p> {/if} Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Or this HTML? <a @ [event]= "doSomething" > ... </a> <ul id= "example-1" > <li v-for= "item in items" :key= "item.message" > {{ item.message }} </li> </ul> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode How about this? <form onSubmit= {handleSubmit} > <label htmlFor= "new-todo" > What needs to be done? </label> <input id= "new-todo" onChange= {handleChange} value= {text} /> <button> Add #{items.length + 1} </button> </form> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Thread Thread Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide That's why a con of Svelte is its syntax (I added that in my post). This is more explanation to that point: Firstly, for confusion in variable names, I'm talking about how Svelte handles state. Coming from React, state would only be initialized with the useState hook. In Svelte, all the variables you make is state which could be confusing for someone just learning Svelte. Also, for the confusion in syntax, I'm talking about the confusion in logic. For example, if statements in Svelte are different than the usual Javascript if statements which could cause some confusion/more learning time for beginners. There are also other examples of this. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Zen Zen Zen Follow Mahasiswa Psikologi Email muhzaini30@gmail.com Location Samarinda Education Psikologi, TI Work Developer Android at Toko sepeda Sinar Jaya Joined Mar 25, 2019 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide why svelte is not seen in search trend? because, svelte's docs is very easy to new comer in this framework Like comment: Like comment: 7 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I'm not really sure @mzaini30 . A great pro of Svelte is its docs and tutorial on its website. I think in 1-2 years, you are going to see Svelte at least where Vue is in the search trends. Most of the search trends come from developers asking questions like how to fix this error, or how to do this but since not many people use Svelte (compared to the other frameworks) there are not many questions being asked. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Bergamof Bergamof Bergamof Follow Location Bordeaux, France Education 3iL Work Senior Developer at IPPON Technologies Joined Nov 30, 2020 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Sure! Too bad the great Svelte tutorial was not mentioned. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Thread Thread Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It's a great tutorial, but I decided to just add video tutorials. In the community factor, I give a link to the Svelte community website which features that tutorial! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Follow Writing code for 35+ years and still enjoy it... Location Krakow, Poland Work Senior Software Engineer Joined Mar 14, 2019 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Sad that Solid not even mentioned, although it's the one of the best performing frameworks. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I've never actually heard of solid. I'll check it out! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Follow Writing code for 35+ years and still enjoy it... Location Krakow, Poland Work Senior Software Engineer Joined Mar 14, 2019 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Well, author of the Solid is even commented in this topic. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Thread Thread Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Follow Frontend performance enthusiast and Fine-Grained Reactivity super fan. Author of the SolidJS UI library and MarkoJS Core Team Member. Location Portland, Oregon Education Computer Engineering B.A.Sc, University of British Columbia Work Principal Engineer, Open Source, Netlify Joined Jun 25, 2019 • Dec 16 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide To be fair, performance is only one area and arguably the least important. Even if Solid completely dominates across the board in all things performance by a considerable margin, we have a long way before popularity, community, or realworld usage really makes it worth even being in a comparison of this nature. But I appreciate the sentiment. Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Thread Thread Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Follow Writing code for 35+ years and still enjoy it... Location Krakow, Poland Work Senior Software Engineer Joined Mar 14, 2019 • Dec 16 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Well, good performance across the board usually is a clear sign of high technical quality of design and implementation. Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand dallgoot dallgoot dallgoot Follow Location France Joined Oct 3, 2017 • Jan 2 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I don't want to start a flamewar but i see a trend where React is considered the -only- viable framework and -some- people reacting like religious zealots against any critics because "it's the best ! it's made by Facebook!" React is too hyped IMHO. Svelte is a a true innovation. And yes performance matters. Angular and Vue may lose traction with time... i think... i fail to see their distinctive useful points. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Jan 2 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I completely agree with you. Most React devs now will not try any other framework and just make fun of the others. I completely agree that React is too hyped. Unfortunately, as you stated, Angular and Vue are losing some traction. I also agree with you that Svelte is a true innovation, this is why I put Svelte at number 1! For 2021, I will focus on using Svelte. Thanks for reading! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Sylvain Simao Sylvain Simao Sylvain Simao Follow Building kuizto.co 🥦🍄🥔🥕 • Fractional CTO sylvainsimao.com • Prev CTO at Travis, Tech Director at ClemengerBBDO • Love building for the web! Location Brisbane, Australia Work Founder at kuizto.co Joined Mar 7, 2019 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide React with a smaller learning curve than Vue.js 🤔 Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide They were very tight but I would say that React has a smaller learning curve as its more intuitive and has easier syntax than Vue. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Sylvain Simao Sylvain Simao Sylvain Simao Follow Building kuizto.co 🥦🍄🥔🥕 • Fractional CTO sylvainsimao.com • Prev CTO at Travis, Tech Director at ClemengerBBDO • Love building for the web! Location Brisbane, Australia Work Founder at kuizto.co Joined Mar 7, 2019 • Dec 4 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Sorry @hb , you've decided to go on a touchy subject by writing this article! I will have to disagree with you on that point. I think it's perfectly okay to prefer using React. There are many reasons why it is a good choice. However, an easy learning curve isn't part of it. Just so there is no ambiguity, after having used all the Frameworks from this article - my choice goes towards Vue.js and Svelte, but I'll try to remain as objective as possible. 1) According to the State of JS survey 2018 (not using 2019, because that same question wasn't part of last year's survey). From 20,268 developers interrogated, the number #1 argument about Vue.js is an easy learning curve. For React it comes at position #11 (top 3 beings: elegant programming style, rick package ecosystem, and well-established): 2018.stateofjs.com/front-end-frame... 2018.stateofjs.com/front-end-frame... 2) Main reason why Vue.js is labelled "The Progressive JavaScript Framework", is because it is progressive to implement and to learn. Before you can get started with React, you need to know about JSX and build systems. On the other end, Vue.js can be used just by dropping a single script tag into your page and using plain HTML and CSS. This makes a huge difference in terms of approachability of the Framework. 3) Maybe less objective on this one - but from my own professional experience with both Frameworks and leading teams of developers - it usually takes Junior Developers almost twice the time to become proficient with React than with Vue.js. Firstly because of what I mentioned in point number 2. Secondly, because React has few abstraction leaks that makes performance optimisation something developers have to deal with themselves (using memoize hooks). It's a concept that is hard to understand, but essentials if working on large applications. Thirdly, because of the documentation (as you mentioned in your article). And lastly because of the fragmented ecosystem of libraries that can quickly be overwhelming for Junior Devs. Again, I think there are a lot of reasons why React can be a good choice. But not because of the learning curve. Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Thorsten Hirsch Thorsten Hirsch Thorsten Hirsch Follow Joined Feb 5, 2017 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Angular 6? Well, they just released version 11 and there was the switch to Ivy since version 6, so what about a more recent benchmark? And looking at the Google trends chart I wonder why all 3 (React/Angular/Vue) lost quite a bit of their popularity during the past months... any new kid on the block? It's obviously not Svelte, which could hardly benefit from the others' losses. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide For the performance factor, I knew that the frameworks were a bit outdated but the general gist stated the same. Svelte 3 was released some time ago and that blows all of the other frameworks out of the water in terms of performance hence Svelte would stay on top. Vue and React are very similar in performance, Vue even says so themselves: vuejs.org/v2/guide/comparison.html . Since, Angular is a massive framework with built-in routing, etc, its performance didn't become better than Vue, React, or Svelte in its newer versions. For the search results, they are unpredictable. To my knowledge, there is no new kid on the block in terms of frontend Javascript frameworks. If anything, more people are using Web Assembly. As you can see from the search results graph, it goes up and down, changing all the time. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Shriji Shriji Shriji Follow Co-Founder @anoram. High-Performance JavaScript Apps. Location Canada Work DevOps at Anoram Joined May 31, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Also, it would be great if you could give a little explanation of this point Confusion in variable names and syntax Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Firstly, for confusion in variable names, I'm talking about how Svelte handles state. Coming from React, state would only be initialized with the useState hook. In Svelte, all the variables you make is state which could be confusing for someone just learning Svelte. Also, for the confusion in syntax, I'm talking about the confusion in logic. For example, if statements in Svelte are different than the usual Javascript if statements which could cause some confusion/more learning time for beginners. There are also other examples of this. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Shriji Shriji Shriji Follow Co-Founder @anoram. High-Performance JavaScript Apps. Location Canada Work DevOps at Anoram Joined May 31, 2020 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It makes syntax simpler TBH. React isn't even a direct comparison to Svelte. The only syntax that users will get accustomed to is $ assignments. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Shriji Shriji Shriji Follow Co-Founder @anoram. High-Performance JavaScript Apps. Location Canada Work DevOps at Anoram Joined May 31, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You forgot to mention that Svelte has a great discord :) Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I just had a look at it, a great tool! I'll add it to the post! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Nikola Nikola Nikola Follow Work Angular developer at Cinnamon Agency Joined Jan 21, 2020 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Angular con: it is complex? what.... Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Nathan Cai Nathan Cai Nathan Cai Follow A JavaScript one trick pony who loves to code. I live and breath NodeJS, currently learning React and Angular. Location Toronto, Ontario, Canada Education High School Work Back End Developer at Ensemble Education Joined Jun 18, 2020 • Dec 1 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Learning Angular is actually no that bad until RXJS comes in Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Dec 1 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You need to learn Typescript Smart/Dumb Components One-way Dataflow and Immutability And much more It's much more complex and harder to understand than the other frameworks on this list. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Nikola Nikola Nikola Follow Work Angular developer at Cinnamon Agency Joined Jan 21, 2020 • Dec 1 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide learn typescript? You mean to start writing it... it's easy and intuitive, I'm writing Angular, React, and Node code only in typescript. Smart/Dumb Components? I really don't understand what is this referred to? Angular has two-way data biding, and even easier data passing to the child and back to the parent. And of course, it has more features, its framework, React is more like a library compared to Angular. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Thread Thread Hanster Hanster Hanster Follow Joined Oct 19, 2021 • Oct 19 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I fully agree. Comparing framework e.g angular against library e.g react, is like comparing a smart tv against a traditional tv. Of course smart tv is more challenging to learn it's usage, not because it's lousy, but it has more features beyond watching tv. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (47 comments) Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments. Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Joined Oct 12, 2020 More from Henry Boisdequin Weekly Update #1 - 10th Jan 2021 # devjournal # rust # typescript # svelte The 6 Month Web Development Mastery Plan in 2020 — For Free # webdev # react # javascript # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/user-preferences#embed-in-your-product | User Preferences - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection GETTING STARTED What is SuprSend? Quick Start Guide Best Practices Plan Your Integration Go-live checklist CORE CONCEPTS Templates Users Events Workflow Notification Categories Preferences User Preferences Tenant Preferences Preference Evaluation Tenants Lists Broadcast Objects Translations DLT Guidelines Whatsapp Template Guidelines WORKFLOW BUILDER Design Workflow Node List Workflow Settings Trigger Workflow Validate Trigger Payload Tenant Workflows Notification Inbox Overview Multi Tabs React Javascript (Angular, Vuejs etc) React Native Flutter (Headless) PREFERENCE CENTRE Embedded Preference Centre Javascript Angular React VENDOR INTEGRATION GUIDE Overview Email Integrations SMS Integrations Android Push Whatsapp Integrations iOS Push Chat Integrations Vendor Fallback Tenant Vendor INTEGRATIONS Webhook Connectors MONITORING & DEBUGGING Logs Audit Logs Error Guides MANAGE YOUR ACCOUNT Authentication Methods Contact Us Get Started SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Ask AI Contact Us Get Started Get Started Search... Navigation Preferences User Preferences Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Preferences User Preferences OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Learn how user preferences work in SuprSend and how to capture them. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Before you start: Make sure you’ve set up notification categories first. See Manage Categories and Preferences for step-by-step instructions. Preferences let users control which notifications they receive. Instead of an all-or-nothing approach, users can opt out of specific categories, choose preferred channels, and set notification frequency. This granular control reduces the chance that users disable all notifications from your platform. In SuprSend, you can use ready-made UI and APIs to manage multi-tenant preference use cases. This includes letting admins set preferences for internal teams and handle notifications for enterprise customers, where companies, customers, and end users have distinct preferences. How It Works Preferences are evaluated in priority order: User Preference → Tenant Default → Category Default Three Levels of Control Global channel opt-outs, category preferences, and channel opt-outs within categories What are user preferences? Preferences only work with sub-categories: User preferences apply to sub-categories you create, not root-categories (System, Transactional, Promotional). Use sub-category slugs in workflows for preferences to work. Each user has a preference set that controls which notifications they receive. A preference set has three levels of control: channel_preferences — Global channel opt-outs (e.g., opt out of all email) categories — Category-level preferences (opt in/out of all channels of a notification type) opt_out_channels — Opt-in/out of specific channels within a category Example: Copy Ask AI { "channel_preferences" : [ { "channel" : "email" , "is_restricted" : true } ], "categories" : [ { "category" : "invoice-ready" , "preference" : "opt_out" }, { "category" : "payment-reminder" , "preference" : "opt_in" , "opt_out_channels" : [ "slack" ] } ] } In this example: user opted out of email globally, opted out of invoice-ready category completely, and stays opted in to payment-reminder but without Slack. How preferences are determined When a user hasn’t set their own preferences in a category, SuprSend uses defaults in this order: User Preference — Individual user’s explicit choices (highest priority) Tenant Default Preference — Default preferences set by tenant for the category Category Default Preference — Default preferences set at the category level (lowest priority) Preference precedence: User Preference → Tenant Default Preference → Category Default Preference Preference precedence is determined at category level . So, if a user overrides preference for a category but doesn’t touch other categories, defaults continue to apply to the untouched categories. Setting up preference categories Before users can set their preferences, you must first create and configure preference categories. For step-by-step setup instructions, see Manage Categories and Preferences . Default preferences Default preferences determine how users receive notifications when they haven’t set their own preferences. Configure these at the sub-category level when setting up categories. What default preferences control Default preferences control: Channel or Category defaults : Which categories or channels will be turned on/off by default on users’ preference page. Mandatory channels : Which channel or category users cannot opt out of (shown as disabled on preference page) Visibility : Whether a category appears on the preference page Preference types On — Users receive this category's notifications by default Users will receive notifications in this category by default. You can configure Opt-in Channels to specify which channels are included in the default “On” state: All : All available channels are enabled by default Selected Channels only : Only specific channels you select are enabled by default (e.g., Email, Android Push, iOS Push, In-App Inbox, MS Teams, Slack) Off — Users must opt in to get notifications Users will not receive notifications unless they change the preference. Can't Unsubscribe — Users cannot opt out of mandatory channels in this category Prevents users from fully opting out of the category. When selected, you can configure: Mandatory Channels : Channels which can’t be opted out of by the user. Set to “All” or “Selected Channels”. Opt-in Channels : In case of “Selected” Mandatory Channels, you can configure the channels that will be opted in by default. Channels other than mandatory and opt-in will be skipped for sending notification unless user explicitly opts in to them. Even when a category is set to “Can’t Unsubscribe,” users can still control channel-level preferences if your channel-level settings allow it. This configuration gives you fine-grained control over which channels a user is opted into by default, letting you differentiate between must-deliver channels, default-on channels, and optional channels. Capturing user preferences Users can set their preferences through one of the following methods: Hosted preference page Once you publish preference categories, SuprSend automatically generates a dedicated unsubscription webpage for collecting user preferences . Users can set channel-specific preferences from the hosted page. If the link is included in an email, the hosted page will show and save email preferences. Include it in your templates using {{$hosted_preference_url}} . This page is currently hosted on a SuprSend domain, but you can reach out to [email protected] if you’d prefer it hosted on your own domain. Embed in your product You can embed the preference interface directly inside your product using SuprSend’s ready-made UI components. SDKs exist in the languages below. Update your product preference page link on the tenant page and render it in templates using {{$embedded_preference_url}} . Javascript React Angular Embeddable preference page Controlling what categories to show on UI It’s always a good practice to show only the categories that are relevant to the user. There are two ways to achieve this: Hide categories for tenant users In a multi-tenant setup, tenants or admins can control which categories their users see. Setting visible_to_subscriber: false in tenant preferences hides the category from tenant users’ preference pages. Hidden categories won’t send notifications to those users, even if they previously opted in. Filter categories with tags Use tags to show categories based on user roles, departments, or teams. Filter categories in the preference center using the tags query parameter. 1 Setting Preference tags Tags can be added to sections and sub-categories directly from Developers → Notification Categories in the SuprSend Console. When a tag is assigned at the section level, it automatically applies to all categories under that section—so filtering by a section tag also filters its child categories. 2 Filter Categories with Tags You can filter categories using the tags query parameter in the API. This can be a simple tag match (e.g. tags=tag1 ) or a more advanced filter using logical operators. Supported operators: Operator Operand Datatype Description Example exists boolean Returns categories where any tag is set tags={ "exists": true } not string Excludes categories that have the specified tag tags={ "not": "admin" } or array Returns categories that match any of the provided tags tags={ "or": ["sales", "marketing"] } and array Returns categories that match all provided tags tags={ "and": ["sales", "manager"] } You can combine these operators for nested filtering like tags={ "or": [{ "and": ["sales", "manager"] }, { "and": ["marketing", "associate"] }] } . If no tags are provided, the preference center returns all visible categories. For details on how tags work, see Tags . Translating preference categories in user’s locale Upload translation files for your category names and descriptions. See How to manage Category translations for details. Once uploaded, pass a locale parameter (e.g., es , fr , de ) when: Loading the embeddable preference center As a query parameter in the get user preference API . The hosted preference page picks the locale from user’s profile. On hosted preference page, Dynamic content (category names, descriptions) is translated using translation files you upload. Static content (CTA text, labels, buttons, etc.) is translated automatically using SuprSend’s built-in i18n support for commonly used languages. You can see the list of supported languages below. Supported languages Language Code English en Spanish es French fr German de Italian it Portuguese pt Catalan ca Russian ru Dutch nl Polish pl Japanese ja Vietnamese vi Language Code Indonesian id Korean ko Serbian sr Norwegian no Hebrew he Chinese zh Finnish fi Swedish sv Czech cs Lithuanian lt Arabic ar How preferences are evaluated SuprSend evaluates user preferences at send time. For every recipient, the system checks user-level preferences first, then tenant-level overrides, and finally category defaults. For detailed information on the evaluation process, see Preference Evaluation . Other ways to unsubcribe from notifications In addition to the preference center within SuprSend, communication channels provide their own opt-out options, which SuprSend manages internally. Email: Unsubscribe URL header Gmail requires an unsubscribe URL in email headers when sending bulk emails (5,000+ emails/day). Most email providers expect you to add your own unsubscription page or offer a basic all-or-nothing opt-out option. You can add {{$hosted_preference_url}} here to load the SuprSend hosted preference page from the email header. Inbox (In-App): Render preference page inside your Inbox Companies also give users the option to load preference settings inside their in-app Inbox or provide a link to redirect users to the Preference center in their product. Mobile Push: Preference Page in App settings For mobile push notifications, users typically manage their preferences through the app settings. The category you assign in your workflow is also sent as the push “category” (used by Android/iOS to group notifications). If you set preference categories, the system automatically reflects them in the user’s app settings, loading similar preference controls. SMS & Whatsapp: Reply `STOP` Users generally unsubscribe from Short Message Service (SMS) by replying “STOP.” SuprSend automatically marks the SMS channel as inactive in the user’s profile when it receives a STOP reply. For WhatsApp, opt-out behavior depends on the provider; where supported, users can reply STOP and SuprSend will mark the channel inactive. FAQ How do I set up a digest schedule? You can create sub-categories for different digest schedules or set the digest schedule in the user profile and pass a dynamic schedule in the workflow digest node. An option to set the digest schedule directly on your preference page will be available soon. I have a use case where a company has multiple departments/roles, and the admin will set preferences for users in these departments. You can manage this with tenant preferences. In the SuprSend system, each tenant represents an organization, and the administrator sets which categories to send to their internal team using the tenant preference API . What happens to existing user preference view if I change default preference setting? Changing the default preference for a category doesn’t affect users who have already made changes to that category. For categories where users haven’t made any changes, the preferences update according to the new default settings. I have multiple enterprise customers with various product offerings. Customers should only receive notifications for the products they have enabled, and the same should be visible on their preference page. How can I manage this in SuprSend? You can turn off categories for tenants from the tenant page on the SuprSend console. Turning off the preference for a category automatically removes it from the tenant preference APIs and UI view. To further apply this to the tenant’s users, set visible to subscriber to false in the default tenant preferences to hide the category from the tenant’s end users. Why don't I see the 'inbox' channel in my user preferences? The inbox channel preference is behind a feature flag and needs to be enabled for your account. If you don’t see the inbox channel in your user preferences, contact [email protected] to have the feature flag enabled for your workspace. Why do users still receive promotional notifications even after unsubscribing from all categories? Unsubscribing from top-level categories (System, Transactional, Promotional) is not supported . Preferences only work with sub-categories you create. If you’re sending notifications using a top-level category like "promotional" in your workflows, users cannot unsubscribe from those notifications through the preference center, even if they unsubscribe from all visible categories. Solution: Create sub-categories under the Promotional category (e.g., “Marketing”, “Newsletter”, “Product Updates”) and use those sub-category slugs in your workflows instead of the top-level category. This allows users to: See and control preferences for each notification type Opt out of specific sub-categories Have their preferences respected when you send notifications Best practice: Organize notifications into meaningful sub-categories rather than using top-level categories directly. This provides users with granular control and improves their experience. Can I use user preferences in workflow branching to control which notifications are sent? User preferences are not passed in the workflow payload, so you cannot directly access them in branch conditions or other workflow nodes. Workaround: If you need to use preference-based logic in workflows (e.g., to route notifications based on user preferences or combine multiple notification scenarios in a single workflow), you can: Store the same preference data as custom properties in the user profile Use those custom properties in branch conditions to route notifications Example use case: If you want to combine multiple notification scenarios (e.g., “New Comment”, “Reply on my comment”, “I am mentioned”) in a single workflow to avoid duplicate notifications, you can: Store user preferences for each scenario as custom properties (e.g., wants_new_comment_notifications: true , wants_mention_notifications: true ) Use branch conditions to check these properties and route notifications accordingly This allows you to have one workflow that handles all scenarios while respecting user preferences Alternative approach: Create separate workflows for each notification scenario with conditions in the Trigger node. Each workflow can use its own preference category, allowing users to control each scenario independently. How do I let users control both notification on/off and the time they want to be reminded (e.g., medicine reminders)? You can combine preference categories with dynamic digest schedules to achieve this: 1. Set up preference categories: Create a preference category (e.g., “medicine-reminders”) that users can opt in/out of using the preference APIs or preference center UI . 2. Store time preference as user property: When users select their preferred reminder time, store it as a custom property in their user profile. For example: Copy Ask AI user.set({ "medicineReminderTime" : { "frequency" : "daily" , "time" : "09:00" , "tz_selection" : "recipient" } }) 3. Use dynamic schedule in digest node: In your workflow’s digest node, configure it to use a dynamic schedule that references the user property (e.g., ."$recipient".medicineReminderTime ). The digest will only send if the user has opted in to the category, and it will send at their preferred time. Implementation flow: Client side (React Native) : Capture user’s time preference and call your backend API Server side (Supabase Edge Function) : Update both the user’s preference (opt in/out) via SuprSend preference API and store the time preference as a user property Workflow : Use preference category to control on/off, and dynamic schedule to control timing For detailed information, see Dynamic Schedule in the digest documentation. Related documentation Notification Categories - Setting up categories & defaults Manage Categories and Preferences - Complete guide to setting up and managing categories and preferences Tenant Preferences - Managing tenant-level preferences Preference Evaluation - How SuprSend evaluates preferences at runtime Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Tenant Preferences Learn how to manage preferences for your tenants and their users. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page What are user preferences? How preferences are determined Setting up preference categories Default preferences What default preferences control Preference types Capturing user preferences Hosted preference page Embed in your product Controlling what categories to show on UI Hide categories for tenant users Filter categories with tags Translating preference categories in user’s locale How preferences are evaluated Other ways to unsubcribe from notifications FAQ Related documentation | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/user-preferences#preference-types | User Preferences - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection GETTING STARTED What is SuprSend? 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Navigation Preferences User Preferences Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Preferences User Preferences OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Learn how user preferences work in SuprSend and how to capture them. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Before you start: Make sure you’ve set up notification categories first. See Manage Categories and Preferences for step-by-step instructions. Preferences let users control which notifications they receive. Instead of an all-or-nothing approach, users can opt out of specific categories, choose preferred channels, and set notification frequency. This granular control reduces the chance that users disable all notifications from your platform. In SuprSend, you can use ready-made UI and APIs to manage multi-tenant preference use cases. This includes letting admins set preferences for internal teams and handle notifications for enterprise customers, where companies, customers, and end users have distinct preferences. How It Works Preferences are evaluated in priority order: User Preference → Tenant Default → Category Default Three Levels of Control Global channel opt-outs, category preferences, and channel opt-outs within categories What are user preferences? Preferences only work with sub-categories: User preferences apply to sub-categories you create, not root-categories (System, Transactional, Promotional). Use sub-category slugs in workflows for preferences to work. Each user has a preference set that controls which notifications they receive. A preference set has three levels of control: channel_preferences — Global channel opt-outs (e.g., opt out of all email) categories — Category-level preferences (opt in/out of all channels of a notification type) opt_out_channels — Opt-in/out of specific channels within a category Example: Copy Ask AI { "channel_preferences" : [ { "channel" : "email" , "is_restricted" : true } ], "categories" : [ { "category" : "invoice-ready" , "preference" : "opt_out" }, { "category" : "payment-reminder" , "preference" : "opt_in" , "opt_out_channels" : [ "slack" ] } ] } In this example: user opted out of email globally, opted out of invoice-ready category completely, and stays opted in to payment-reminder but without Slack. How preferences are determined When a user hasn’t set their own preferences in a category, SuprSend uses defaults in this order: User Preference — Individual user’s explicit choices (highest priority) Tenant Default Preference — Default preferences set by tenant for the category Category Default Preference — Default preferences set at the category level (lowest priority) Preference precedence: User Preference → Tenant Default Preference → Category Default Preference Preference precedence is determined at category level . So, if a user overrides preference for a category but doesn’t touch other categories, defaults continue to apply to the untouched categories. Setting up preference categories Before users can set their preferences, you must first create and configure preference categories. For step-by-step setup instructions, see Manage Categories and Preferences . Default preferences Default preferences determine how users receive notifications when they haven’t set their own preferences. Configure these at the sub-category level when setting up categories. What default preferences control Default preferences control: Channel or Category defaults : Which categories or channels will be turned on/off by default on users’ preference page. Mandatory channels : Which channel or category users cannot opt out of (shown as disabled on preference page) Visibility : Whether a category appears on the preference page Preference types On — Users receive this category's notifications by default Users will receive notifications in this category by default. You can configure Opt-in Channels to specify which channels are included in the default “On” state: All : All available channels are enabled by default Selected Channels only : Only specific channels you select are enabled by default (e.g., Email, Android Push, iOS Push, In-App Inbox, MS Teams, Slack) Off — Users must opt in to get notifications Users will not receive notifications unless they change the preference. Can't Unsubscribe — Users cannot opt out of mandatory channels in this category Prevents users from fully opting out of the category. When selected, you can configure: Mandatory Channels : Channels which can’t be opted out of by the user. Set to “All” or “Selected Channels”. Opt-in Channels : In case of “Selected” Mandatory Channels, you can configure the channels that will be opted in by default. Channels other than mandatory and opt-in will be skipped for sending notification unless user explicitly opts in to them. Even when a category is set to “Can’t Unsubscribe,” users can still control channel-level preferences if your channel-level settings allow it. This configuration gives you fine-grained control over which channels a user is opted into by default, letting you differentiate between must-deliver channels, default-on channels, and optional channels. Capturing user preferences Users can set their preferences through one of the following methods: Hosted preference page Once you publish preference categories, SuprSend automatically generates a dedicated unsubscription webpage for collecting user preferences . Users can set channel-specific preferences from the hosted page. If the link is included in an email, the hosted page will show and save email preferences. Include it in your templates using {{$hosted_preference_url}} . This page is currently hosted on a SuprSend domain, but you can reach out to [email protected] if you’d prefer it hosted on your own domain. Embed in your product You can embed the preference interface directly inside your product using SuprSend’s ready-made UI components. SDKs exist in the languages below. Update your product preference page link on the tenant page and render it in templates using {{$embedded_preference_url}} . Javascript React Angular Embeddable preference page Controlling what categories to show on UI It’s always a good practice to show only the categories that are relevant to the user. There are two ways to achieve this: Hide categories for tenant users In a multi-tenant setup, tenants or admins can control which categories their users see. Setting visible_to_subscriber: false in tenant preferences hides the category from tenant users’ preference pages. Hidden categories won’t send notifications to those users, even if they previously opted in. Filter categories with tags Use tags to show categories based on user roles, departments, or teams. Filter categories in the preference center using the tags query parameter. 1 Setting Preference tags Tags can be added to sections and sub-categories directly from Developers → Notification Categories in the SuprSend Console. When a tag is assigned at the section level, it automatically applies to all categories under that section—so filtering by a section tag also filters its child categories. 2 Filter Categories with Tags You can filter categories using the tags query parameter in the API. This can be a simple tag match (e.g. tags=tag1 ) or a more advanced filter using logical operators. Supported operators: Operator Operand Datatype Description Example exists boolean Returns categories where any tag is set tags={ "exists": true } not string Excludes categories that have the specified tag tags={ "not": "admin" } or array Returns categories that match any of the provided tags tags={ "or": ["sales", "marketing"] } and array Returns categories that match all provided tags tags={ "and": ["sales", "manager"] } You can combine these operators for nested filtering like tags={ "or": [{ "and": ["sales", "manager"] }, { "and": ["marketing", "associate"] }] } . If no tags are provided, the preference center returns all visible categories. For details on how tags work, see Tags . Translating preference categories in user’s locale Upload translation files for your category names and descriptions. See How to manage Category translations for details. Once uploaded, pass a locale parameter (e.g., es , fr , de ) when: Loading the embeddable preference center As a query parameter in the get user preference API . The hosted preference page picks the locale from user’s profile. On hosted preference page, Dynamic content (category names, descriptions) is translated using translation files you upload. Static content (CTA text, labels, buttons, etc.) is translated automatically using SuprSend’s built-in i18n support for commonly used languages. You can see the list of supported languages below. Supported languages Language Code English en Spanish es French fr German de Italian it Portuguese pt Catalan ca Russian ru Dutch nl Polish pl Japanese ja Vietnamese vi Language Code Indonesian id Korean ko Serbian sr Norwegian no Hebrew he Chinese zh Finnish fi Swedish sv Czech cs Lithuanian lt Arabic ar How preferences are evaluated SuprSend evaluates user preferences at send time. For every recipient, the system checks user-level preferences first, then tenant-level overrides, and finally category defaults. For detailed information on the evaluation process, see Preference Evaluation . Other ways to unsubcribe from notifications In addition to the preference center within SuprSend, communication channels provide their own opt-out options, which SuprSend manages internally. Email: Unsubscribe URL header Gmail requires an unsubscribe URL in email headers when sending bulk emails (5,000+ emails/day). Most email providers expect you to add your own unsubscription page or offer a basic all-or-nothing opt-out option. You can add {{$hosted_preference_url}} here to load the SuprSend hosted preference page from the email header. Inbox (In-App): Render preference page inside your Inbox Companies also give users the option to load preference settings inside their in-app Inbox or provide a link to redirect users to the Preference center in their product. Mobile Push: Preference Page in App settings For mobile push notifications, users typically manage their preferences through the app settings. The category you assign in your workflow is also sent as the push “category” (used by Android/iOS to group notifications). If you set preference categories, the system automatically reflects them in the user’s app settings, loading similar preference controls. SMS & Whatsapp: Reply `STOP` Users generally unsubscribe from Short Message Service (SMS) by replying “STOP.” SuprSend automatically marks the SMS channel as inactive in the user’s profile when it receives a STOP reply. For WhatsApp, opt-out behavior depends on the provider; where supported, users can reply STOP and SuprSend will mark the channel inactive. FAQ How do I set up a digest schedule? You can create sub-categories for different digest schedules or set the digest schedule in the user profile and pass a dynamic schedule in the workflow digest node. An option to set the digest schedule directly on your preference page will be available soon. I have a use case where a company has multiple departments/roles, and the admin will set preferences for users in these departments. You can manage this with tenant preferences. In the SuprSend system, each tenant represents an organization, and the administrator sets which categories to send to their internal team using the tenant preference API . What happens to existing user preference view if I change default preference setting? Changing the default preference for a category doesn’t affect users who have already made changes to that category. For categories where users haven’t made any changes, the preferences update according to the new default settings. I have multiple enterprise customers with various product offerings. Customers should only receive notifications for the products they have enabled, and the same should be visible on their preference page. How can I manage this in SuprSend? You can turn off categories for tenants from the tenant page on the SuprSend console. Turning off the preference for a category automatically removes it from the tenant preference APIs and UI view. To further apply this to the tenant’s users, set visible to subscriber to false in the default tenant preferences to hide the category from the tenant’s end users. Why don't I see the 'inbox' channel in my user preferences? The inbox channel preference is behind a feature flag and needs to be enabled for your account. If you don’t see the inbox channel in your user preferences, contact [email protected] to have the feature flag enabled for your workspace. Why do users still receive promotional notifications even after unsubscribing from all categories? Unsubscribing from top-level categories (System, Transactional, Promotional) is not supported . Preferences only work with sub-categories you create. If you’re sending notifications using a top-level category like "promotional" in your workflows, users cannot unsubscribe from those notifications through the preference center, even if they unsubscribe from all visible categories. Solution: Create sub-categories under the Promotional category (e.g., “Marketing”, “Newsletter”, “Product Updates”) and use those sub-category slugs in your workflows instead of the top-level category. This allows users to: See and control preferences for each notification type Opt out of specific sub-categories Have their preferences respected when you send notifications Best practice: Organize notifications into meaningful sub-categories rather than using top-level categories directly. This provides users with granular control and improves their experience. Can I use user preferences in workflow branching to control which notifications are sent? User preferences are not passed in the workflow payload, so you cannot directly access them in branch conditions or other workflow nodes. Workaround: If you need to use preference-based logic in workflows (e.g., to route notifications based on user preferences or combine multiple notification scenarios in a single workflow), you can: Store the same preference data as custom properties in the user profile Use those custom properties in branch conditions to route notifications Example use case: If you want to combine multiple notification scenarios (e.g., “New Comment”, “Reply on my comment”, “I am mentioned”) in a single workflow to avoid duplicate notifications, you can: Store user preferences for each scenario as custom properties (e.g., wants_new_comment_notifications: true , wants_mention_notifications: true ) Use branch conditions to check these properties and route notifications accordingly This allows you to have one workflow that handles all scenarios while respecting user preferences Alternative approach: Create separate workflows for each notification scenario with conditions in the Trigger node. Each workflow can use its own preference category, allowing users to control each scenario independently. How do I let users control both notification on/off and the time they want to be reminded (e.g., medicine reminders)? You can combine preference categories with dynamic digest schedules to achieve this: 1. Set up preference categories: Create a preference category (e.g., “medicine-reminders”) that users can opt in/out of using the preference APIs or preference center UI . 2. Store time preference as user property: When users select their preferred reminder time, store it as a custom property in their user profile. For example: Copy Ask AI user.set({ "medicineReminderTime" : { "frequency" : "daily" , "time" : "09:00" , "tz_selection" : "recipient" } }) 3. Use dynamic schedule in digest node: In your workflow’s digest node, configure it to use a dynamic schedule that references the user property (e.g., ."$recipient".medicineReminderTime ). The digest will only send if the user has opted in to the category, and it will send at their preferred time. Implementation flow: Client side (React Native) : Capture user’s time preference and call your backend API Server side (Supabase Edge Function) : Update both the user’s preference (opt in/out) via SuprSend preference API and store the time preference as a user property Workflow : Use preference category to control on/off, and dynamic schedule to control timing For detailed information, see Dynamic Schedule in the digest documentation. Related documentation Notification Categories - Setting up categories & defaults Manage Categories and Preferences - Complete guide to setting up and managing categories and preferences Tenant Preferences - Managing tenant-level preferences Preference Evaluation - How SuprSend evaluates preferences at runtime Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Tenant Preferences Learn how to manage preferences for your tenants and their users. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page What are user preferences? How preferences are determined Setting up preference categories Default preferences What default preferences control Preference types Capturing user preferences Hosted preference page Embed in your product Controlling what categories to show on UI Hide categories for tenant users Filter categories with tags Translating preference categories in user’s locale How preferences are evaluated Other ways to unsubcribe from notifications FAQ Related documentation | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
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https://dev.to/ruizb/declarative-vs-imperative-4a7l#introduction | Declarative vs imperative - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Benoit Ruiz Posted on Oct 7, 2021 • Edited on Apr 9, 2022 Declarative vs imperative # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Demystifying Functional Programming (8 Part Series) 1 Introduction 2 What is Functional Programming? ... 4 more parts... 3 Why should we learn and use FP? 4 Function composition and higher-order function 5 Declarative vs imperative 6 Side effects 7 Function purity and referential transparency 8 Data immutability Table of contents Introduction Making a chocolate cake Some examples When to use declarative code Conclusion Introduction Functional Programming is a declarative programming paradigm, in contrast to imperative programming paradigms. Declarative programming is a paradigm describing WHAT the program does, without explicitly specifying its control flow. Imperative programming is a paradigm describing HOW the program should do something by explicitly specifying each instruction (or statement) step by step, which mutate the program's state. This "what vs how" is often used to compare both of these approaches because... Well, it is actually a good way to describe them. Granted, at the end of the day, everything compiles to instructions for the CPU. So in a way, declarative programming is a layer of abstraction on top of imperative programming. At some point, the state of the program must be changed in order for things to happen, and these changes can only occur with instructions moving data from one location (cache, memory, hard drive...) to another. But we are not here to talk about low-level programming, so let's focus on high-level languages instead. The transformation from declarative to "imperative code" is generally made by engines, interpreters, or compilers. For example, SQL is a declarative language. When using the SELECT * FROM users WHERE id <= 100 query, we are expressing (or declaring ) what we want: the first 100 users ever registered in the database. The way how these rows are retrieved is completely delegated to the SQL engine: can it use an index to accelerate the query? Should/Can it use multiple CPU cores to finish earlier? From a developer's point of view, we have no idea how these data are actually retrieved. And we don't really care, unless we are investigating some performance issues. All we care about is telling the program what data we want to retrieve, and not how to do it. The engine/compiler is smart enough to find the most optimal way to do that anyway. For languages that use a declarative paradigm (e.g. Haskell, SQL), this "underlying imperative world" is abstracted/hidden to the developers. It is something we don't have to worry about. For languages that are multi-paradigms (e.g. JavaScript, Scala), there is still the possibility to write imperative code. This allows us to write declarative code based on imperative code that we wrote ourselves. This can be useful to support FP features that are not built-into the language for example, or just to make the code more "declarative", which makes it more readable and understandable, in my opinion. The imperative code is abstracted by the declarative one, which is the one used by the developers to actually write the software. The imperative part becomes an implementation detail of the software. Making a chocolate cake Let's take an example from the real world: we would like to make a chocolate cake. How would that look like with these 2 paradigms? The imperative way First, turn on the oven to preheat it at 180°C. Next, add flour, sugar, cocoa powder, baking soda and salt to a large bowl, then stir the mixture with a paddle. Then, add milk, vegetable oil, eggs and vanilla extract to the mixture, and mix together on medium speed until well combined. Distribute the cake batter evenly in a large cake pan, then bake it for approx. 30 minutes. Remove the pan from the oven with a pot holder, let it cool for 10 minutes. Finally, remove the cake from the pan with the tapping method, and frost it evenly with chocolate frosting. The declarative way You have to preheat the oven to 180 °C. You have to mix dry ingredients in a bowl. Once dry ingredients are mixed, you have to add wet ingredients to the mixture, and mix together to form the cake batter. Once the oven and batter are ready, you have to put the batter in a pan, then bake it for 30 minutes. Once baked, you have to remove the pan from the oven and let it cool for 10 minutes. Finally, you have to remove the cake from the pan, and frost it. Ready? Go! Analysis In the imperative way, we are told what to do, and more importantly how to do it: use a large bowl, mix with a paddle, mix at medium speed, use a large pan, distribute batter evenly, remove pan with a pot holder, use the tapping method, frost evenly. These details are great when actually making a cake, especially as a beginner. But when describing how to make one, on a "higher level" of abstraction, we don't need all these information. Furthermore, we are actually doing something at each step, i.e. we are changing the world around us, step by step. If we choose to stop at an intermediate step, then we basically "wasted" all the tools and ingredients from the previous steps. In the declarative way, we are told what we will have to do to make the cake. Nothing actually happens until the last step, i.e. the world doesn't change until we have reached the 7th step. In other words, we are preparing all the steps in advance, then at the very end, we are doing what was described. How do we perform the actions described in these steps though? It's abstracted: all the "how" parts are provided as later as possible, between the "Ready?" and "Go!", either by the developer (for multi-paradigms languages) or by the engine/compiler. For example, this is where the binding between "remove the pan from the oven" and "using a pot holder" is done. We could also bind it to "using the pan handle", without changing the definition of the 5th step. Some examples Let's say we want to double every value of a given list of numbers. There are plenty of ways to iterate over a list and transform each of its elements in JavaScript: Declarative: recursive function, or functions already available such as the map and reduce methods of arrays Imperative: for loop, while loop To demonstrate that imperative code can be abstracted by declarative code, we could use a for loop and hide it inside a transformEachElement function: // "hidden" in a utils/helper/whatever module, or library-like function transformEachElement < A , B > ( elements : A , action : ( element : A ) => B ): B [] { const result = [] for ( let i = 0 ; i < elements . length : i ++ ) { result . push ( action ( elements [ i ])) } return result } // What do we want? Double each number of a given list const res = transformEachElement ([ 1 , 2 , 3 ], n => n * 2 ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode But we could use map directly as it's already declarative, and widely known for this type of use case: const res = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. map ( n => n * 2 ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Here is another example, where we want to target the text from an element of a web page. This element's location is a few levels down in the elements hierarchy (called the DOM tree). The twist is that each of these elements may not exist in practice. So, each time we progress by one node in the tree, we have to check if the next node is available or not. The imperative way could look like this: function getMainTitle (): string | null { const main = document . getElementById ( ' main ' ) if ( main !== null ) { const title = main . querySelector ( ' .title ' ) if ( title !== null ) { const text = title . querySelector < HTMLElement > ( ' .title-text ' ) if ( text !== null ) { return text . innerText } else { return null } } else { return null } } else { return null } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This is pretty verbose, and the more depth there is to reach an element, the bigger the pyramid of doom gets. Additionally, we have leaked an implementation detail : a node that doesn't exist has the value null . It could have been undefined , or 'nothing' , or something else entirely. The point is that we have to understand that null is the magic value expressing the absence of an element in the tree here. It should not be necessary to know that to understand what this function does. Here is a more declarative approach: const main : Option < Element > = Option ( document . getElementById ( ' main ' )) function getTitle ( main : Element ): Option < Element > { return Option ( main . querySelector ( ' .title ' )) } function getTitleText ( title : " Element): Option<HTMLElement> { " return Option ( title . querySelector < HTMLElement > ( ' .title-text ' ) ) } function getMainTitle (): Option < string > { return main . flatMap ( getTitle ) . flatMap ( getTitleText ) . map ( text => text . innerText ) } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In this second version, all we care about is accessing an element in the tree, where each intermediate element could be missing. In other words, we have written "what" to do in order to access the element containing the text we are looking for. This supposes that we have access to some Option data structure in our code base. There are plenty of articles available on the Internet that talk about this Option (also known as Maybe ) data type. Essentially, it allows us to express the possible absence of a value, transform it if the value is available, and combine it with other possible missing values, all that in a declarative way. In fact, this data type is so useful that some languages already provide it in their standard library (e.g. Scala, Haskell, F#), even the more mature ones (e.g. Optional in Java, C++). The flatMap and map terms may seem "mystical" at this point. We will talk about them by the end of this series, in the article about algebraic data structures and type classes. In functional programs, you will often encounter these functions or their equivalent, depending on the language: map is also known as fmap , lift , <$> flatMap is also known as bind , chain , >>= A couple of years ago (Dec. 2019), the optional operator proposal reached stage 4 in the EcmaScript specification, used for both JavaScript and TypeScript. This allows us to greatly simplify the code from above, without relying on any library: function getMainTitle (): string | null { return document . getElementById ( ' main ' ) ?. querySelector ( ' .title ' ) ?. querySelector < HTMLElement > ( ' .title-text ' ) ?. innerText } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This still "leaks" the fact that either null or undefined values should be used to mark an element as missing, but it is still way more expressive than the first imperative version from earlier. When to use declarative code This section applies only to muli-paradigms languages. Obviously, if you are using a functional language such as Haskell, you are always using declarative code. So, it is possible to make imperative code look like declarative code, to some extent. In such case, I would suggest isolating the imperative parts from the rest of the code base, to make sure developers use the "declarative" functions instead. In multi-paradigms languages, the scale between declarative and imperative is not a clear black/white separation, but rather multiple shades of grey. It is up to us to determine which shade is the best for our projects and teams. Here is a non-exhaustive list of pros and cons for each of these approaches, based on my experience: Declarative Pros Cons Better readability and understanding of the code More lines of code, where a potential bug could hide Better control over the actual execution of the changes to the world Potential loss of performance, due to more memory allocation and intermediate function calls Longer debugging, due to bigger stack traces Developers are usually less comfortable with this way of programming Imperative Pros Cons Less code overall, as there is no need to wrap imperative code inside declarative functions More time taken to read and understand what the code does Shorter debugging, due to smaller stack traces But harder debugging overall, due to state mutations and "less-controlled" changes to the world Developers are usually more comfortable with this way of programming Since code is destined to be read and understood by human beings, I think it is a good practice to use more declarative programming in our softwares. Sometimes, performance is critical and requires the use of imperative programming (we are talking about multi-paradigms languages here). In such cases, comments and documentation are crucial to understand the code base. Otherwise, some exceptions put aside, code should be self-explanatory through good naming and declarative steps , and should not require comments to understand it well. For strictly-declarative languages such as Haskell and SQL, the compiler/engine makes the best optimizations possible; so there is no need (and no way anyway) to write imperative code to improve performance. Conclusion In this article, I tried to illustrate (with some examples) the difference between these 2 approaches, and the advantages of the declarative way. The biggest benefit is making the code more readable and understandable. Misunderstanding the responsibility of some part of the code base is one of the most common reasons why bugs are introduced in the first place. It is also one of the reasons why adding improvements and features takes more time, as we need to first understand what the code does before making any changes. Functional Programming is about expressing "what" we want to do with data, but not actually doing anything until the very last moment. Doing something requires changing state and running statements. These parts are handled by engines/interpreters/compilers, since they know "how" to efficiently do "what" we wrote in the code base. It is not a requirement to fully understand this way of writing code, because it will come naturally the more functional code you write. By going through the articles of this series, you will see that declarative programming is ubiquitous, despite not being mentioned explicitly. Thank you for reading this far! As always, feel free to leave a comment if need be. The next article will talk about pure functions and referential transparency. See you there! Special thanks to Tristan Sallé for reviewing the draft of this article. Photo by Xavi Cabrera on Unsplash . Pictures made with Excalidraw . Demystifying Functional Programming (8 Part Series) 1 Introduction 2 What is Functional Programming? ... 4 more parts... 3 Why should we learn and use FP? 4 Function composition and higher-order function 5 Declarative vs imperative 6 Side effects 7 Function purity and referential transparency 8 Data immutability Top comments (9) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Greg Greg Greg Follow JS one Love, and u 2, honey (: Location Volgograd, Russia (*silently crying*) Work I haven't -_- at Jobless incorporated Joined Jan 3, 2020 • May 15 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great article, thanks! A small nerd remark: the examples with DOM are good for illustration purposes, but not very correct in a practical way - you can just use the magic of css selectors and it will be enough function getMainTitle(): string | null { return document.querySelector('#main .title .title-text')?.innerText ?? null } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Daniel2222 Daniel2222 Daniel2222 Follow Joined May 28, 2022 • May 28 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Actually, SQL is indeed imperative, not declarative. When you say "SELECT this and that such that bla bla bla", you're giving instructions. You're instructing to "select" (according to certain condition), and to "select" is an action. A true declarative statement would be one expressed, for example, in first order logic. Taking on your example, where you select all the users such that their ids are < 100, in first order logic it would be: {x / x ∈ users and x.id < 100} That's a true declarative statement. You're saying: this is the set of persons whose ids are below to 100. You're telling the WHAT, not the HOW. Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Max Pixel Max Pixel Max Pixel Follow Location Los Angeles Work Principal System Architect at Freeform Labs, Inc. Joined Jun 2, 2019 • Aug 4 '22 • Edited on Aug 4 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Indeed, and the second cake recipe is also still imperative. This would be the declarative version: "Dry Ingredients" means flour + sugar + cocoa powder + baking soda, as a roughly homogeneous mixture. "Batter" means Dry Ingredients + milk + vegetable oil + eggs + vanilla extract, as a well-combined mixture. "Panned Batter" means a large cake pan containing Batter. "Cooked Chocolate Cake" means the result of Panned Batter being in a 180°C oven for 30 minutes.* "Frosting-Ready Chocolate Cake" means Cooked Chocolate Cake that is less than 32°C and not in a pan. "Chocolate Cake" means Frosting-Ready Chocolate Cake that is has an even coating of chocolate frosting on it. * Keeping "30 minutes" verges on becoming imperative. A more declarative approach to this particular part would be to specify a final moisture content, weight, or other means of determining doneness. Perhaps it would be more declarative yet to format those steps with a more functional syntax, omitting the intermediate labels like "Batter", and using parentheses as necessary to delimit order-relevant groups. Or perhaps that would just more "functional", and equally as declarative. I think we must admit that that there is a gradient, rather than a binary distinction, between declarative and imperative programming. The most extreme end of declarativism would be to describe the chemical structures and physical composition of the final cake, and leave it at that. But that furthest end of the declarativism gradient is achievable only in small scenarios. {x / x ∈ users and x.id < 100} is useless if users are never created (they certainly didn't exist before the big bang, and aren't timeless constructs like gravity) - in the grand scheme of things, derivation is going to need to be involved, so the program as a whole cannot be as declarative as that one snippet (the formation of users must occur before the formation of the query result). Some amount of ordering and verb choice will either be important to the author of an application, or required by the engine. Ultimately, declarative programming is not about removing all traces of ordering & verb choice from programming, but rather, it's about removing the need for incidental and inevitable ordering & verb choice from programming. What can be considered incidental or inevitable depends on the engine that evaluates the program - some chefs may implicitly know that the cake's temperature should be below the frosting's fat's melting point before it is frosted, while others need a hint. Like comment: Like comment: 6 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Vignesh Vaidyanathan Vignesh Vaidyanathan Vignesh Vaidyanathan Follow Joined Sep 18, 2021 • Apr 18 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice explanation. Thank you! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand kevon217 kevon217 kevon217 Follow Joined Jun 18, 2022 • Dec 8 '22 • Edited on Dec 8 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great breakdown and examples of the distinctions! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Arshiya Arshiya Arshiya Follow Joined Jun 26, 2024 • Jul 27 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great thanks Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Kurapati Mahesh Kurapati Mahesh Kurapati Mahesh Follow Dad❤️ Content Creator Web developer 🅰️ngular ➡️(javascript) ©️SS ♓️〒♏️⎣ Joined Feb 12, 2022 • Oct 17 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide How about my version of the same: Declarative vs imperative Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand T S Ajeet T S Ajeet T S Ajeet Follow Code Blooded Location Pune, India Education NIT Trichy Work Citi Joined Mar 5, 2022 • Jul 1 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Excellent read! Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Vaidas Viper Vaidas Viper Vaidas Viper Follow A true dev enthusiast, they live and breathe the digital realms, immersing themselves in virtual adventures with unwavering passion. From epic RPGs to intense multiplayer battles, their skills are Joined Sep 11, 2024 • Sep 13 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Extraordinary breakdown and instances of the qualifications! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Benoit Ruiz Follow Location France Work Software Engineer at Datadog Joined Aug 2, 2020 More from Benoit Ruiz Data immutability # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Function purity and referential transparency # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Equivalent of Scala's for-comprehension using fp-ts # typescript # scala # functional # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/hb/react-vs-vue-vs-angular-vs-svelte-1fdm#npm-trends | React vs Vue vs Angular vs Svelte - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Henry Boisdequin Posted on Nov 29, 2020 React vs Vue vs Angular vs Svelte # react # vue # angular # svelte In this article, I'm going to cover which of the top Javascript frontend frameworks: React, Vue, Angular, or Svelte is the best at certain factors and which one is the best for you. There are going to be 5 factors which we are going to look at: popularity, community/resources, performance, learning curve, and real-world examples. Before diving into any of these factors, let's take a look at what these frameworks are. 🔵 React Developed By : Facebook Open-source : Yes Licence : MIT Licence Initial Release : March 2013 Github Repo : https://github.com/facebook/react Description : React is a JavaScript library for building user interfaces. Pros : Easy to learn and use Component-based: reusable code Performant and fast Large community Cons : JSX is required Poor documentation 🟢 Vue Developed By : Evan You Open-source : Yes Licence : MIT Licence Initial Release : Feburary 2014 Github Repo : https://github.com/vuejs/vue Description : Vue.js is a progressive, incrementally-adoptable JavaScript framework for building UI on the web. Pros : Performant and fast Component-based: reusable code Easy to learn and use Good and intuitive documentation Cons : Fewer resources compared to a framework like React Over flexibility at times 🔴 Angular Developed By : Google Open-source : Yes Licence : MIT Licence Initial Release : September 2016 Github Repo : https://github.com/angular/angular Description : Angular is a development platform for building mobile and desktop web applications using Typescript/JavaScript and other languages. Pros : Fast server performance MVC Architecture implementation Component-based: reusable code Good and intuitive documentation Cons : Steep learning curve Angular is very complex 🟠 Svelte Developed By : Rich Harris Open-source : Yes Licence : MIT Licence Initial Release : November 2016 Github Repo : https://github.com/sveltejs/svelte Description : Svelte is a new way to build web applications. It's a compiler that takes your declarative components and converts them into efficient JavaScript that surgically updates the DOM. Pros : No virtual DOM Truly reactive Easy to learn and use Component-based: reusable code Cons : Small community Confusion in variable names and syntax The 1st Factor: Popularity All of these options are extremely popular and are used by loads of developers. I'm going to compare these 4 frameworks in google trends, NPM trends, and the Stackoverflow 2020 survey results to see which one is the most popular. Note: Remember that popularity doesn't mean it has the largest community and resources. Google Trends Google trends measures the number of searches for a certain topic. Let's have a look at the results: Note: React is blue, Angular is red, Svelte is gold, Vue is green. The image above contains the trends for these 4 frontend frameworks over the past 5 years. As you can see, Angular and React are by far the most searched, with React being searched more than Angular. While Vue sits in the middle, Svelte is the clear least searched framework. Although Google Trends gives us the number of search results, it may be a bit deceiving so lets of on to NPM trends. NPM Trends NPM Trends is a tool created by John Potter, used to compare NPM packages popularity. This measures how many times a certain NPM package was downloaded. As you can see, React is clearly the most popular in terms of NPM package downloads. Angular and Vue are very similar on the chart, with them going back and forth while Svelte sits at the bottom once again. Stackoverflow 2020 Survey In February of 2020, close to 65 thousand developers filled out the Stackoverflow survey. This survey is the best in terms of what the actual developer community uses, loves, dreads, and wants. Above is the info for the most popular web frameworks. As you can see React and Angular are 2nd and 3rd but React still has a monumental lead. Vue sits happily in the middle but Svelte is nowhere to be seen. Above are the results for the most loved web frameworks. As you can see, React is still 2nd and this time Vue sits in 3rd. Angular is in the middle of the bunch, but yet again Svelte is not there. Note: Angular.js is not Angular Above are the most dreaded web frameworks. As you can see React and Vue are towards the bottom (which is good) while Angular is one of the most dreaded web frameworks. This is because React and Vue developers tend to make fun of Angular, mostly because of its predecessor Angular.js . Svelte is not on this list which is good for the framework. Explaining Svelte's "Bad" Results Some may say that Svelte performed poorly compared to the other 3 frameworks in this category. You would be right. Svelte is the new kid on the block, not many people are using it or know about it. Think of React, Vue, or Angular in their early stages: that's what Svelte is currently. Most of these frontend frameworks comparisons are between React, Vue, or Angular but since I think that Svelte is promising, I wanted to include it in this comparison. Most of the other factors, Svelte is ranking quite highly in. Wrapping up the 1st Factor: Popularity From the three different trends/surveys, we can conclude that React is the most popular out of the three but with Vue and Angular just behind. Popularity: React Angular Vue Svelte Note: it was very hard to choose between Angular and Vue since they are very close together but I think Angular just edges out Vue in the present day. The 2nd Factor: Community & Resources This factor will be about which framework has the best community and resources. This is a crucial factor as this helps you learn the technology and get help when you are stuck. We are going to be looking at the courses available and the community size behind these frameworks. Let's jump right into it! React React has a massive amount of resources and community members behind it. Firstly, they have a Spectrum chat which usually has around 200 developers looking to help you online. Also, they have a massive amount of Stackoverflow developers looking to help you. There are 262,951 Stackoverflow questions on React, one of the most active Stackoverflow tags. React also has a bunch of resources and tutorials. If you search up React tutorial there will be countless tutorials waiting for you. Here are my recommended React tutorials for getting started: Free: https://youtu.be/4UZrsTqkcW4 Paid: https://www.udemy.com/course/complete-react-developer-zero-to-mastery/ Vue Vue also has loads of resources and a large community but not as large as React. Vue has a Gitter chat with over 19,000 members. In addition, they have a massive Stackoverflow community with 68,778 questions. Where Vue really shines is its resources. Vue has more resources than I could imagine. Here are my recommended Vue tutorials for getting started: Free: https://youtu.be/e-E0UB-YDRk Paid: https://www.udemy.com/course/vuejs-2-the-complete-guide/ Angular Angular has a massive community. Their Gitter chat has over 22,489 people waiting to help you. Also, their Stackoverflow questions asked is over 238,506. Like React and Vue, Angular has a massive amount of resources to help you learn the framework. A downfall to these resources is that most of them are outdated (1-2 years old) but you can still find some great tutorials. Here are my recommended Angular tutorials for getting started: Free: https://youtu.be/Fdf5aTYRW0E Paid: https://www.udemy.com/course/the-complete-guide-to-angular-2/ Svelte Svelte has a growing community yet still has many quality tutorials and resources. An awesome guide to Svelte and their community is here: https://svelte-community.netlify.app . They have a decent Stackoverflow community with over 1,300 questions asked. Also, they have an awesome Discord community with over 1,500 members online on average. Svelte has a lot of great tutorials and resources, despite it only coming on to the world stage quite recently. Here are my recommended Svelte tutorials for getting started: Free: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zojEMeQGGHs&list=PL4cUxeGkcC9hlbrVO_2QFVqVPhlZmz7tO Paid: https://www.udemy.com/course/sveltejs-the-complete-guide/ Wrapping up the 2nd Factor: Community & Resources From just looking at the Stackoverflow community and the available resources, we can conclude that all of these 4 frameworks have a massive community and available resources. Community & Resources: React Vue & Angular* Svelte *I really couldn't decide between the two! The 3rd Factor: Performance In this factor, I will be going over which of these frameworks are the most performant. There are going to be three main components to this factor: speed test, startup test, and the memory allocation test. I will be using this website to compare the speed of all frameworks. Speed Test This test will compare each of the frameworks in a set of tasks and find out the speed of which they complete them. Let's have a look at the results. As you can see, just by the colours that Svelte and Vue are indeed the most performant in this category. This table has the name of the actions on one side and the results on the other. At the bottom of the table, we can see something called slowdown geometric mean. Slowdown geometric mean is an indicator of overall performance and speed by a framework. From this, we can conclude that this category ranking: Vue - 1.17 slowdown geometric mean Svelte - 1.19 slowdown geometric mean React & Angular - 1.27 slowdown geometric mean Startup Test The startup test measures how long it takes for one of these frameworks to "startup". Let's see the table. As you can see, Svelte is the clear winner. For every single one of these performance tests, Svelte is blazing fast (if you want to know how Svelte does this, move to the "Why is Svelte so performant?" section). From these results, we can create this category ranking. Svelte Vue React Angular Memory Test The memory test sees which framework takes up the least amount of memory for the same test. Let's jump into the results. Similarly to the startup test, Svelte is clearly on top. Vue and React are quite similar while Angular (once again) is the least performant. From this, we can derive this category ranking. Svelte Vue React Angular Why is Svelte so performant? TL;DR: No Virtual DOM Compiled to just JS Small bundles Before looking at why Svelte is how performant, we need to understand how Svelte works. Svelte is not compiled to JS, HTML, and CSS files. You might be thinking: what!? But that's right, instead of doing that it compiles highly optimized JS files. This means that the application needs no dependencies to start and it's blazing fast. This way no virtual DOM is needed. Your components are compiled to Javascript and the DOM doesn't need to update. Also, it also takes up little memory as it complies in highly optimized, small bundles of Javascript. Wrapping up the 3rd Factor: Performance Svelte made a huge push in this factor, blowing away the others! From the three categories, let's rank these frameworks in terms of performance. Svelte Vue React Angular The 4th Factor: Learning Curve In this factor, we will be looking at how long and how easy it is to be able to build real-world (frontend-only) applications. This is one of the most important factors if you are looking to get going with this framework quickly. Let's dive right into it. React React is super easy to learn. React almost takes no time to learn, I would even say if you are proficient at Javascript and HTML, you can learn the basics in a day. Since we are looking about how long it takes to build a real-world project, this is the list of things you need to learn: How React works JSX State Props Main Hooks useState useEffect useRef useMemo Components NPM, Bebel, Webpack, ES6+ Functional Components vs Class Components React Router Create React App, Next.js, or Gatsby Optional but recommended: Redux, Recoil, Zustand, or Providers Vue In my opinion, Vue takes a bit more time than React to build a real project. With a bit of work, you could learn the Vue fundamentals in less than 3 days. Although Vue takes longer to learn, it is definitely one of the fastest popular Javascript frameworks to learn. Here is the list of things you need to learn: How Vue Works .vue files NPM, Bebel, Webpack, ES6+ State management Vuex Components create-vue-app/Vue CLI Vue Router Declarative Rendering Conditionals and Loops Vue Instance Vue Shorthands Optional: Nuxt.js, Vuetify, NativeScript-Vue Angular Angular is a massive framework, much larger than any other in this comparison. This may be why Angular is not as performant as other frameworks such as React, Svelte, or Vue. To learn the basics of Angular, it could take a week or more. Here are the things you need to learn to build a real-world app in Angular: How Angular Works Typescript Data Types Defining Types Type Inference Interfaces Union Types Function type definitions Two-way data binding Dependency Injection Components Routing NPM, Bebel, Webpack, ES6+ Directives Templates HTTP Client Svelte One could argue that Svelte is the easiest framework to learn in this comparison. I would agree with that. Svelte's syntax is very similar to an HTML file. I would say that you could learn the Svelte basics in a day. Here are the things you need to learn to build a real-world app in Svelte: How Svelte Works .svelte files NPM, Bebel, Webpack, ES6+ Reactivity Props If, Else, Else ifs/Logic Events Binding Lifecycle Methods Context API State in Svelte Svelte Routing Wrapping up the 4th Factor: Learning Curve All these frameworks (especially Vue, Svelte, and React) are extremely easy to learn, very much so when one is already proficient with Javascript and HTML. Let's rank these technologies in terms of their learning curve! (ordered in fastest to learn to longest to learn) Svelte React Vue Angular The 5th Factor: Real-world examples In this factor, the final factor, we will be looking at some real-world examples of apps using that particular framework. At the end of this factor, the technologies won't be ranking but it's up to you to see which of these framework's syntax and way of doing things you like best. Let's dive right into it! React Top 5 Real-world companies using React : Facebook, Instagram, Whatsapp, Yahoo!, Netflix Displaying "Hello World" in React : import React from ' react ' ; function App () { return ( < div > Hello World </ div > ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Vue Top 5 Real-world companies using Vue : NASA, Gitlab, Nintendo, Grammarly, Adobe Displaying "Hello World" in Vue : < template > <h1> Hello World </h1> </ template > Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Angular Top 5 Real-world companies using Angular : Google, Microsoft, Deutsche Bank, Forbes, PayPal Displaying "Hello World" in Angular : import { Component } from ' @angular/core ' ; @ Component ({ selector : ' my-app ' , template : &lt;h1&gt;Hello World&lt;/h1&gt; , }) export class AppComponent ; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Svelte Top 5 Real-world companies using Svelte : Alaska Air, Godaddy, Philips, Spotify, New York Times Displaying "Hello World" in Svelte : <h1> Hello world </h1> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Wrapping up the 5th Factor: Real-world Examples Wow! Some huge companies that we use on a daily basis use the frameworks that we use. This shows that all of these frameworks can be used to build apps as big as these household names. Also, the syntax of all of these frameworks is extremely intuitive and easy to learn. You can decide which one you like best! Conculsion I know, you're looking for a ranking of all of these frameworks. It really depends but to fulfil your craving for a ranking, I'll give you my personal opinion : Svelte React Vue Angular This would be my ranking but based on these 5 factors, choose whichever framework you like best and feel yourself coding every day in, all of them are awesome. I hope that you found this article interesting and maybe picked a new framework to learn (I'm going to learn Svelte)! Please let me know which frontend framework you use and why you use it. Thanks for reading! Henry Top comments (47) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand stefanovualto stefanovualto stefanovualto Follow Joined Feb 5, 2018 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi Henry, I mostly agree with the point 1,2,3. But point 4 is subjective depending on your background and previous knowledge. To improve your post, you should add a note explaining what's your background. Finally point 5 are not similar at all. The vue example is a complete page using a reactive property. Anyway as @johnpapa said in a talk, you can achieve almost the same result with any framework, pick the one which feels right for you... :) Like comment: Like comment: 13 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Yes, I agree with you! I would recommend anyone to learn the framework which feels right for you. For the Vue example, I'm not an expert at Vue and don't know a better way to do it (if you have a smaller, more concise 'hello world' example, please comment it). I will definitely work an a 'what's my background section'. To explain it know: I've been using React in all my web dev projects. I have basic knowledge of Vue, Angular, and Svelte. After looking at these 5 factors, I plan to use Svelte for my coming projects. Thanks, @stefanovualto for the feedback! Like comment: Like comment: 8 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Christopher Wray Christopher Wray Christopher Wray Follow Email chris@sol.company Location Pasco, WA Education Western Governors University Work Senior Software Engineer at Soltech Joined Jan 14, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 • Edited on Nov 29 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide In the Vue example you are using data components. For the others just plain html. You could have a Vue component with a template of just the h1 tag and no script. It would look more like the svelte example. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Thread Thread Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide ✅ Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Thread Thread stefanovualto stefanovualto stefanovualto Follow Joined Feb 5, 2018 • Nov 29 '20 • Edited on Nov 29 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide In your vue example, I think that you should expect to be in a .vue file lik le it seems to be in the others (I mean that you have the whole bundling machinery working under the hood). Then something similar would be: <template> <h1> Hello world! </h1> </template> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Maybe a pro' for vue is that it can be adopted/used progressively without having to rely on building process (which I am assuming are mandatory for react, svelte and maybe angular). What I mean is that your previous example worked, but it wasn't comparable to the others. Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Zen Zen Zen Follow Mahasiswa Psikologi Email muhzaini30@gmail.com Location Samarinda Education Psikologi, TI Work Developer Android at Toko sepeda Sinar Jaya Joined Mar 25, 2019 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I'm usually using Svelte for my projects. Because, it's simple, write less, and get more Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Follow Frontend performance enthusiast and Fine-Grained Reactivity super fan. Author of the SolidJS UI library and MarkoJS Core Team Member. Location Portland, Oregon Education Computer Engineering B.A.Sc, University of British Columbia Work Principal Engineer, Open Source, Netlify Joined Jun 25, 2019 • Dec 3 '20 • Edited on Dec 3 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide A couple thoughts. "Requires JSX" a downside??? I almost stopped reading at that point. Template DSLs are more or less the same. If that's a con, doesn't support JSX could easily be seen as one. There are reasonable arguments for both sides and this shows extreme bias. Vue is "truly reactive" as well. Whatever that means. Your JS Framework Benchmark results are over 2 years old. Svelte and Vue 3 are both out and in the current results. He now publishes them per Chrome version. Here are the latest: krausest.github.io/js-framework-be... . It doesn't change the final positions much, but Svelte and Vue look much more favorable in newer results. If anyone is interested in how those benchmarks work in more detail I suggest reading: dev.to/ryansolid/making-sense-of-t... Like comment: Like comment: 6 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I'm a React dev and it's my favourite framework out of the bunch. When I did some research and asked some other developers when they think of React they think of needing to learn JSX. For something like Svelte, all you need to know is HTML, CSS, and JS. I know that my benchmarks were two years old and I addressed this multiple times before: For the performance factor, I knew that the frameworks were a bit outdated but the general gist stated the same. Svelte 3 was released some time ago and that blows all of the other frameworks out of the water in terms of performance hence Svelte would stay on top. Vue and React are very similar in performance, Vue even says so themselves: vuejs.org/v2/guide/comparison.html. Since, Angular is a massive framework with built-in routing, etc, its performance didn't become better than Vue, React, or Svelte in its newer versions. Thanks for the new benchmark website, I will definitely be using that in the future. Also, I just read your benchmark article and its a good explanation on how these benchmarks work. Thanks for your input. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Follow Frontend performance enthusiast and Fine-Grained Reactivity super fan. Author of the SolidJS UI library and MarkoJS Core Team Member. Location Portland, Oregon Education Computer Engineering B.A.Sc, University of British Columbia Work Principal Engineer, Open Source, Netlify Joined Jun 25, 2019 • Dec 3 '20 • Edited on Dec 3 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Here's the index page where he posts new results as they come up: krausest.github.io/js-framework-be... When I did some research and asked some other developers when they think of React they think of needing to learn JSX. For something like Svelte, all you need to know is HTML, CSS, and JS. Svelte has good marketing clearly. Is this HTML? <label> <input type= "checkbox" bind:checked= {visible} > visible </label> {#if visible} <p transition:fade > Fades in and out </p> {/if} Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Or this HTML? <a @ [event]= "doSomething" > ... </a> <ul id= "example-1" > <li v-for= "item in items" :key= "item.message" > {{ item.message }} </li> </ul> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode How about this? <form onSubmit= {handleSubmit} > <label htmlFor= "new-todo" > What needs to be done? </label> <input id= "new-todo" onChange= {handleChange} value= {text} /> <button> Add #{items.length + 1} </button> </form> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Thread Thread Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide That's why a con of Svelte is its syntax (I added that in my post). This is more explanation to that point: Firstly, for confusion in variable names, I'm talking about how Svelte handles state. Coming from React, state would only be initialized with the useState hook. In Svelte, all the variables you make is state which could be confusing for someone just learning Svelte. Also, for the confusion in syntax, I'm talking about the confusion in logic. For example, if statements in Svelte are different than the usual Javascript if statements which could cause some confusion/more learning time for beginners. There are also other examples of this. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Zen Zen Zen Follow Mahasiswa Psikologi Email muhzaini30@gmail.com Location Samarinda Education Psikologi, TI Work Developer Android at Toko sepeda Sinar Jaya Joined Mar 25, 2019 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide why svelte is not seen in search trend? because, svelte's docs is very easy to new comer in this framework Like comment: Like comment: 7 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I'm not really sure @mzaini30 . A great pro of Svelte is its docs and tutorial on its website. I think in 1-2 years, you are going to see Svelte at least where Vue is in the search trends. Most of the search trends come from developers asking questions like how to fix this error, or how to do this but since not many people use Svelte (compared to the other frameworks) there are not many questions being asked. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Bergamof Bergamof Bergamof Follow Location Bordeaux, France Education 3iL Work Senior Developer at IPPON Technologies Joined Nov 30, 2020 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Sure! Too bad the great Svelte tutorial was not mentioned. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Thread Thread Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It's a great tutorial, but I decided to just add video tutorials. In the community factor, I give a link to the Svelte community website which features that tutorial! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Follow Writing code for 35+ years and still enjoy it... Location Krakow, Poland Work Senior Software Engineer Joined Mar 14, 2019 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Sad that Solid not even mentioned, although it's the one of the best performing frameworks. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I've never actually heard of solid. I'll check it out! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Follow Writing code for 35+ years and still enjoy it... Location Krakow, Poland Work Senior Software Engineer Joined Mar 14, 2019 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Well, author of the Solid is even commented in this topic. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Thread Thread Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Ryan Carniato Follow Frontend performance enthusiast and Fine-Grained Reactivity super fan. Author of the SolidJS UI library and MarkoJS Core Team Member. Location Portland, Oregon Education Computer Engineering B.A.Sc, University of British Columbia Work Principal Engineer, Open Source, Netlify Joined Jun 25, 2019 • Dec 16 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide To be fair, performance is only one area and arguably the least important. Even if Solid completely dominates across the board in all things performance by a considerable margin, we have a long way before popularity, community, or realworld usage really makes it worth even being in a comparison of this nature. But I appreciate the sentiment. Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Thread Thread Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Follow Writing code for 35+ years and still enjoy it... Location Krakow, Poland Work Senior Software Engineer Joined Mar 14, 2019 • Dec 16 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Well, good performance across the board usually is a clear sign of high technical quality of design and implementation. Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand dallgoot dallgoot dallgoot Follow Location France Joined Oct 3, 2017 • Jan 2 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I don't want to start a flamewar but i see a trend where React is considered the -only- viable framework and -some- people reacting like religious zealots against any critics because "it's the best ! it's made by Facebook!" React is too hyped IMHO. Svelte is a a true innovation. And yes performance matters. Angular and Vue may lose traction with time... i think... i fail to see their distinctive useful points. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Jan 2 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I completely agree with you. Most React devs now will not try any other framework and just make fun of the others. I completely agree that React is too hyped. Unfortunately, as you stated, Angular and Vue are losing some traction. I also agree with you that Svelte is a true innovation, this is why I put Svelte at number 1! For 2021, I will focus on using Svelte. Thanks for reading! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Sylvain Simao Sylvain Simao Sylvain Simao Follow Building kuizto.co 🥦🍄🥔🥕 • Fractional CTO sylvainsimao.com • Prev CTO at Travis, Tech Director at ClemengerBBDO • Love building for the web! Location Brisbane, Australia Work Founder at kuizto.co Joined Mar 7, 2019 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide React with a smaller learning curve than Vue.js 🤔 Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Dec 3 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide They were very tight but I would say that React has a smaller learning curve as its more intuitive and has easier syntax than Vue. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Sylvain Simao Sylvain Simao Sylvain Simao Follow Building kuizto.co 🥦🍄🥔🥕 • Fractional CTO sylvainsimao.com • Prev CTO at Travis, Tech Director at ClemengerBBDO • Love building for the web! Location Brisbane, Australia Work Founder at kuizto.co Joined Mar 7, 2019 • Dec 4 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Sorry @hb , you've decided to go on a touchy subject by writing this article! I will have to disagree with you on that point. I think it's perfectly okay to prefer using React. There are many reasons why it is a good choice. However, an easy learning curve isn't part of it. Just so there is no ambiguity, after having used all the Frameworks from this article - my choice goes towards Vue.js and Svelte, but I'll try to remain as objective as possible. 1) According to the State of JS survey 2018 (not using 2019, because that same question wasn't part of last year's survey). From 20,268 developers interrogated, the number #1 argument about Vue.js is an easy learning curve. For React it comes at position #11 (top 3 beings: elegant programming style, rick package ecosystem, and well-established): 2018.stateofjs.com/front-end-frame... 2018.stateofjs.com/front-end-frame... 2) Main reason why Vue.js is labelled "The Progressive JavaScript Framework", is because it is progressive to implement and to learn. Before you can get started with React, you need to know about JSX and build systems. On the other end, Vue.js can be used just by dropping a single script tag into your page and using plain HTML and CSS. This makes a huge difference in terms of approachability of the Framework. 3) Maybe less objective on this one - but from my own professional experience with both Frameworks and leading teams of developers - it usually takes Junior Developers almost twice the time to become proficient with React than with Vue.js. Firstly because of what I mentioned in point number 2. Secondly, because React has few abstraction leaks that makes performance optimisation something developers have to deal with themselves (using memoize hooks). It's a concept that is hard to understand, but essentials if working on large applications. Thirdly, because of the documentation (as you mentioned in your article). And lastly because of the fragmented ecosystem of libraries that can quickly be overwhelming for Junior Devs. Again, I think there are a lot of reasons why React can be a good choice. But not because of the learning curve. Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Thorsten Hirsch Thorsten Hirsch Thorsten Hirsch Follow Joined Feb 5, 2017 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Angular 6? Well, they just released version 11 and there was the switch to Ivy since version 6, so what about a more recent benchmark? And looking at the Google trends chart I wonder why all 3 (React/Angular/Vue) lost quite a bit of their popularity during the past months... any new kid on the block? It's obviously not Svelte, which could hardly benefit from the others' losses. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide For the performance factor, I knew that the frameworks were a bit outdated but the general gist stated the same. Svelte 3 was released some time ago and that blows all of the other frameworks out of the water in terms of performance hence Svelte would stay on top. Vue and React are very similar in performance, Vue even says so themselves: vuejs.org/v2/guide/comparison.html . Since, Angular is a massive framework with built-in routing, etc, its performance didn't become better than Vue, React, or Svelte in its newer versions. For the search results, they are unpredictable. To my knowledge, there is no new kid on the block in terms of frontend Javascript frameworks. If anything, more people are using Web Assembly. As you can see from the search results graph, it goes up and down, changing all the time. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Shriji Shriji Shriji Follow Co-Founder @anoram. High-Performance JavaScript Apps. Location Canada Work DevOps at Anoram Joined May 31, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Also, it would be great if you could give a little explanation of this point Confusion in variable names and syntax Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Firstly, for confusion in variable names, I'm talking about how Svelte handles state. Coming from React, state would only be initialized with the useState hook. In Svelte, all the variables you make is state which could be confusing for someone just learning Svelte. Also, for the confusion in syntax, I'm talking about the confusion in logic. For example, if statements in Svelte are different than the usual Javascript if statements which could cause some confusion/more learning time for beginners. There are also other examples of this. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Shriji Shriji Shriji Follow Co-Founder @anoram. High-Performance JavaScript Apps. Location Canada Work DevOps at Anoram Joined May 31, 2020 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It makes syntax simpler TBH. React isn't even a direct comparison to Svelte. The only syntax that users will get accustomed to is $ assignments. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Shriji Shriji Shriji Follow Co-Founder @anoram. High-Performance JavaScript Apps. Location Canada Work DevOps at Anoram Joined May 31, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You forgot to mention that Svelte has a great discord :) Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Nov 29 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I just had a look at it, a great tool! I'll add it to the post! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Nikola Nikola Nikola Follow Work Angular developer at Cinnamon Agency Joined Jan 21, 2020 • Nov 30 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Angular con: it is complex? what.... Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Nathan Cai Nathan Cai Nathan Cai Follow A JavaScript one trick pony who loves to code. I live and breath NodeJS, currently learning React and Angular. Location Toronto, Ontario, Canada Education High School Work Back End Developer at Ensemble Education Joined Jun 18, 2020 • Dec 1 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Learning Angular is actually no that bad until RXJS comes in Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Email boisdequinhenry19@gmail.com Joined Oct 12, 2020 • Dec 1 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You need to learn Typescript Smart/Dumb Components One-way Dataflow and Immutability And much more It's much more complex and harder to understand than the other frameworks on this list. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Nikola Nikola Nikola Follow Work Angular developer at Cinnamon Agency Joined Jan 21, 2020 • Dec 1 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide learn typescript? You mean to start writing it... it's easy and intuitive, I'm writing Angular, React, and Node code only in typescript. Smart/Dumb Components? I really don't understand what is this referred to? Angular has two-way data biding, and even easier data passing to the child and back to the parent. And of course, it has more features, its framework, React is more like a library compared to Angular. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Thread Thread Hanster Hanster Hanster Follow Joined Oct 19, 2021 • Oct 19 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I fully agree. Comparing framework e.g angular against library e.g react, is like comparing a smart tv against a traditional tv. Of course smart tv is more challenging to learn it's usage, not because it's lousy, but it has more features beyond watching tv. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (47 comments) Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments. Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Henry Boisdequin Follow Programmer x Swimmer | React Dev, Machine Learning Enthusiast, Rustacean Joined Oct 12, 2020 More from Henry Boisdequin Weekly Update #1 - 10th Jan 2021 # devjournal # rust # typescript # svelte The 6 Month Web Development Mastery Plan in 2020 — For Free # webdev # react # javascript # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/How_to/Layout_cookbook/Center_an_element | Center an element - CSS | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Web CSS How to Layout cookbook Center an element Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) Français 日本語 한국어 中文 (简体) Center an element In this recipe, you will see how to center one box inside another by using flexbox and grid , centering content both horizontally and vertically. In this article Requirements Recipe Using flexbox Using grid Resources on MDN Requirements To place an item into the center of another box horizontally and vertically. Recipe Click "Play" in the code blocks below to edit the example in the MDN Playground: html <div class="container"> <div class="item">I am centered!</div> </div> css .item { border: 2px solid rgb(95 97 110); border-radius: 0.5em; padding: 20px; width: 10em; } .container { border: 2px solid rgb(75 70 74); border-radius: 0.5em; font: 1.2em sans-serif; height: 200px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; } Using flexbox To center a box within another box, first turn the containing box into a flex container by setting its display property to flex . Then set align-items to center for vertical centering (on the block axis) and justify-content to center for horizontal centering (on the inline axis). And that's all it takes to center one box inside another! HTML html <div class="container"> <div class="item">I am centered!</div> </div> CSS css div { border: solid 3px; padding: 1em; max-width: 75%; } .item { border: 2px solid rgb(95 97 110); border-radius: 0.5em; padding: 20px; width: 10em; } .container { height: 8em; border: 2px solid rgb(75 70 74); border-radius: 0.5em; font: 1.2em sans-serif; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; } We set a height for the container to demonstrate that the inner item is indeed vertically centered within the container. Result Instead of applying align-items: center; on the container, you can also vertically center the inner item by setting align-self to center on the inner item itself. Using grid Another method you can use for centering one box inside another is to first make the containing box a grid container and then set its place-items property to center to center align its items on both the block and inline axes. HTML html <div class="container"> <div class="item">I am centered!</div> </div> CSS css div { border: solid 3px; padding: 1em; max-width: 75%; } .item { border: 2px solid rgb(95 97 110); border-radius: 0.5em; padding: 20px; width: 10em; } .container { height: 8em; border: 2px solid rgb(75 70 74); border-radius: 0.5em; font: 1.2em sans-serif; display: grid; place-items: center; } Result Instead of applying place-items: center; on the container, you can achieve the same centering by setting place-content: center; on the container or by applying either place-self: center or margin: auto; on the inner item itself. Resources on MDN Box alignment in flexbox CSS box alignment guide Help improve MDN Was this page helpful to you? Yes No Learn how to contribute This page was last modified on Nov 7, 2025 by MDN contributors . 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containment Using container size and style queries CSSOM view Coordinate systems (API) Viewport concepts Custom functions and mixins Using CSS custom functions Display Block and inline layout Flow layout Flow layout and overflow Flow layout and writing modes In flow and out of flow Layout and the containing block Formatting contexts Block formatting context Inline formatting context Using multi-keyword syntax Visual formatting model Environment variables Using environment variables Filter effects Using filter effects Flexbox Basic concepts Flexbox and other layouts Aligning flex items Ordering flex items Controlling flex item ratios Wrapping flex items Typical use cases Fonts OpenType features Variable fonts WOFF Grid Basic concepts Grid and other layouts Using line-based placement Grid template areas Using named grid lines Using auto-placement Aligning items Logical values and writing modes Grid layout and accessibility Common grid layouts Subgrid Masonry layout Experimental Images Using gradients Using object-view-box Styling replaced elements Implementing image sprites Lists and counters Using counters Indenting lists Logical properties Basic concepts For floating and positioning For margins, borders, and padding For sizing Masking Introduction Clipping Multiple masks Mask properties Media queries Using media queries For accessibility Testing Printing Nesting style rules Nesting at-rules Nesting and specificity Using nesting Overflow Creating carousels Positioning Stacking context Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Stacking floating elements Understanding z-index Using z-index Stacking without z-index Scroll anchoring Overview Scroll-driven animations Scroll-driven animation timelines Scroll snap Basic concepts Using scroll snap events Selectors Selectors and combinators Selector structure Privacy and :visited Using :target Shapes Overview Box-value shapes Image-based shapes Using shape-outside Syntax Introduction Comments At-rules Error handling Text Wrapping and breaking text Handling whitespace Text decoration Text shadows Transforms Using transforms Transitions Using transitions Values and units Value definition syntax Numeric data types Textual data types Using math functions Using typed arithmetic Writing modes Introduction Vertical form controls How to Layout cookbook Media objects Column layouts Center an element Sticky footers Split navigation Breadcrumb navigation List group with badges Pagination Card Grid wrapper Contribute a recipe Cookbook template Tools Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator Reference Properties -moz-* -moz-float-edge Non-standard Deprecated -moz-force-broken-image-icon Non-standard Deprecated -moz-orient Non-standard -moz-user-focus Non-standard Deprecated -moz-user-input Non-standard Deprecated -webkit-* -webkit-border-before Non-standard -webkit-box-reflect Non-standard -webkit-mask-box-image Non-standard -webkit-mask-composite Non-standard -webkit-mask-position-x Non-standard -webkit-mask-position-y Non-standard -webkit-mask-repeat-x Non-standard -webkit-mask-repeat-y Non-standard -webkit-tap-highlight-color Non-standard -webkit-text-fill-color -webkit-text-security Non-standard -webkit-text-stroke -webkit-text-stroke-color -webkit-text-stroke-width -webkit-touch-callout Non-standard Custom properties (--*): CSS variables accent-color align-* align-content align-items align-self alignment-baseline all anchor-name anchor-scope animation-* animation animation-composition animation-delay animation-direction animation-duration animation-fill-mode animation-iteration-count animation-name animation-play-state animation-range animation-range-end animation-range-start animation-timeline animation-timing-function appearance aspect-ratio backdrop-filter backface-visibility background-* background background-attachment background-blend-mode background-clip background-color background-image background-origin background-position background-position-x background-position-y background-repeat background-size baseline-source block-size border-* border border-block border-block-color border-block-end border-block-end-color border-block-end-style border-block-end-width border-block-start border-block-start-color border-block-start-style border-block-start-width border-block-style border-block-width border-bottom border-bottom-color border-bottom-left-radius border-bottom-right-radius border-bottom-style border-bottom-width border-collapse border-color border-end-end-radius border-end-start-radius border-image border-image-outset border-image-repeat border-image-slice border-image-source border-image-width border-inline border-inline-color border-inline-end border-inline-end-color border-inline-end-style border-inline-end-width border-inline-start border-inline-start-color border-inline-start-style border-inline-start-width border-inline-style border-inline-width border-left border-left-color border-left-style border-left-width border-radius border-right border-right-color border-right-style border-right-width border-spacing border-start-end-radius border-start-start-radius border-style border-top border-top-color border-top-left-radius border-top-right-radius border-top-style border-top-width border-width bottom box-* box-align Non-standard Deprecated box-decoration-break box-direction Non-standard Deprecated box-flex Non-standard Deprecated box-flex-group Non-standard Deprecated box-lines Non-standard Deprecated box-ordinal-group Non-standard Deprecated box-orient Non-standard Deprecated box-pack Non-standard Deprecated box-shadow box-sizing break-* break-after break-before break-inside caption-side caret-* caret Experimental caret-animation Experimental caret-color caret-shape Experimental clear clip-* clip Deprecated clip-path clip-rule color-* color color-interpolation color-interpolation-filters color-scheme column-* column-count column-fill column-gap column-rule column-rule-color column-rule-style column-rule-width column-span column-width columns contain-* contain contain-intrinsic-block-size contain-intrinsic-height contain-intrinsic-inline-size contain-intrinsic-size contain-intrinsic-width container-* container container-name container-type content content-visibility corner-* corner-block-end-shape Experimental corner-block-start-shape Experimental corner-bottom-left-shape Experimental corner-bottom-right-shape Experimental corner-bottom-shape Experimental corner-end-end-shape Experimental corner-end-start-shape Experimental corner-inline-end-shape Experimental corner-inline-start-shape Experimental corner-left-shape Experimental corner-right-shape Experimental corner-shape Experimental corner-start-end-shape Experimental corner-start-start-shape Experimental corner-top-left-shape Experimental corner-top-right-shape Experimental corner-top-shape Experimental counter-* counter-increment counter-reset counter-set cursor cx cy d direction display dominant-baseline dynamic-range-limit empty-cells field-sizing fill-* fill fill-opacity fill-rule filter flex-* flex flex-basis flex-direction flex-flow flex-grow flex-shrink flex-wrap float flood-color flood-opacity font-* font font-family font-feature-settings font-kerning font-language-override font-optical-sizing font-palette font-size font-size-adjust font-smooth Non-standard font-stretch Deprecated font-style font-synthesis font-synthesis-position Experimental font-synthesis-small-caps font-synthesis-style font-synthesis-weight font-variant font-variant-alternates font-variant-caps font-variant-east-asian font-variant-emoji font-variant-ligatures font-variant-numeric font-variant-position font-variation-settings font-weight forced-color-adjust gap grid-* grid grid-area grid-auto-columns grid-auto-flow grid-auto-rows grid-column grid-column-end grid-column-start grid-row grid-row-end grid-row-start grid-template grid-template-areas grid-template-columns grid-template-rows hanging-punctuation height hyphenate-character hyphenate-limit-chars hyphens image-* image-orientation image-rendering image-resolution Experimental initial-letter inline-size inset-* inset inset-block inset-block-end inset-block-start inset-inline inset-inline-end inset-inline-start interactivity Experimental interest-* interest-delay Experimental interest-delay-end Experimental interest-delay-start Experimental interpolate-size Experimental isolation justify-* justify-content justify-items justify-self left letter-spacing lighting-color line-* line-break line-clamp line-height line-height-step Experimental list-* list-style list-style-image list-style-position list-style-type margin-* margin margin-block margin-block-end margin-block-start margin-bottom margin-inline margin-inline-end margin-inline-start margin-left margin-right margin-top margin-trim Experimental marker-* marker marker-end marker-mid marker-start mask-* mask mask-border mask-border-mode mask-border-outset mask-border-repeat mask-border-slice mask-border-source mask-border-width mask-clip mask-composite mask-image mask-mode mask-origin mask-position mask-repeat mask-size mask-type math-* math-depth math-shift math-style max-* max-block-size max-height max-inline-size max-width min-* min-block-size min-height min-inline-size min-width mix-blend-mode object-* object-fit object-position object-view-box Experimental offset-* offset offset-anchor offset-distance offset-path offset-position offset-rotate opacity order orphans outline-* outline outline-color outline-offset outline-style outline-width overflow-* overflow overflow-anchor overflow-block overflow-clip-margin overflow-inline overflow-wrap overflow-x overflow-y overlay Experimental overscroll-* overscroll-behavior overscroll-behavior-block overscroll-behavior-inline overscroll-behavior-x overscroll-behavior-y padding-* padding padding-block padding-block-end padding-block-start padding-bottom padding-inline padding-inline-end padding-inline-start padding-left padding-right padding-top page-* page page-break-after Deprecated page-break-before Deprecated page-break-inside Deprecated paint-order perspective perspective-origin place-* place-content place-items place-self pointer-events position-* position position-anchor position-area position-try position-try-fallbacks position-try-order position-visibility print-color-adjust quotes r reading-flow Experimental reading-order Experimental resize right rotate row-gap ruby-* ruby-align ruby-overhang ruby-position rx ry scale scroll-* scroll-behavior scroll-margin scroll-margin-block scroll-margin-block-end scroll-margin-block-start scroll-margin-bottom scroll-margin-inline scroll-margin-inline-end scroll-margin-inline-start scroll-margin-left scroll-margin-right scroll-margin-top scroll-marker-group Experimental scroll-padding scroll-padding-block scroll-padding-block-end scroll-padding-block-start scroll-padding-bottom scroll-padding-inline scroll-padding-inline-end scroll-padding-inline-start scroll-padding-left scroll-padding-right scroll-padding-top scroll-snap-align scroll-snap-stop scroll-snap-type scroll-target-group Experimental scroll-timeline scroll-timeline-axis scroll-timeline-name scrollbar-* scrollbar-color scrollbar-gutter scrollbar-width shape-* shape-image-threshold shape-margin shape-outside shape-rendering speak-as Experimental stop-color stop-opacity stroke-* stroke stroke-dasharray stroke-dashoffset stroke-linecap stroke-linejoin stroke-miterlimit stroke-opacity stroke-width tab-size table-layout text-* text-align text-align-last text-anchor text-autospace text-box text-box-edge text-box-trim text-combine-upright text-decoration text-decoration-color text-decoration-inset Experimental text-decoration-line text-decoration-skip Experimental text-decoration-skip-ink text-decoration-style text-decoration-thickness text-emphasis text-emphasis-color text-emphasis-position text-emphasis-style text-indent text-justify text-orientation text-overflow text-rendering text-shadow text-size-adjust Experimental text-spacing-trim Experimental text-transform text-underline-offset text-underline-position text-wrap text-wrap-mode text-wrap-style timeline-scope top touch-action transform-* transform transform-box transform-origin transform-style transition-* transition transition-behavior transition-delay transition-duration transition-property transition-timing-function translate unicode-bidi user-modify Non-standard Deprecated user-select vector-effect vertical-align view-* view-timeline view-timeline-axis view-timeline-inset view-timeline-name view-transition-class view-transition-name visibility white-space white-space-collapse widows width will-change word-break word-spacing writing-mode x y z-index zoom Selectors & nesting selector Attribute selectors Class selectors ID selectors Keyframe selectors Namespace separator Selector list Type selectors Universal selectors Combinators Child combinator Column combinator Experimental Descendant combinator Next-sibling combinator Subsequent-sibling combinator Pseudo-classes :-moz-* :-moz-broken Non-standard Deprecated :-moz-drag-over Non-standard :-moz-first-node Experimental Non-standard :-moz-handler-blocked Non-standard :-moz-handler-crashed Non-standard :-moz-handler-disabled Non-standard :-moz-last-node Experimental Non-standard :-moz-loading Non-standard :-moz-locale-dir(ltr) Non-standard :-moz-locale-dir(rtl) Non-standard :-moz-only-whitespace Non-standard :-moz-submit-invalid Non-standard :-moz-suppressed Non-standard :-moz-user-disabled Non-standard :-moz-window-inactive Non-standard :active-* :active :active-view-transition :active-view-transition-type() :any-link :autofill :blank Experimental :buffering :checked :current Experimental :default :defined :dir() :disabled :empty :enabled :first-* :first :first-child :first-of-type :focus-* :focus :focus-visible :focus-within :fullscreen :future :has-slotted :has() :heading Experimental :heading() Experimental :host :host-context() Deprecated :host() :hover :in-range :indeterminate :interest-source Experimental :interest-target Experimental :invalid :is() :lang() :last-child :last-of-type :left :link :local-link Experimental :modal :muted :not() :nth-* :nth-child() :nth-last-child() :nth-last-of-type() :nth-of-type() :only-child :only-of-type :open :optional :out-of-range :past :paused :picture-in-picture :placeholder-shown :playing :popover-open :read-only :read-write :required :right :root :scope :seeking :stalled :state() :target-* :target :target-after Experimental :target-before Experimental :target-current Experimental :user-invalid :user-valid :valid :visited :volume-locked :where() Pseudo-elements ::-moz-* ::-moz-color-swatch Non-standard ::-moz-focus-inner Non-standard Deprecated ::-moz-list-bullet Experimental Non-standard ::-moz-list-number Experimental Non-standard ::-moz-meter-bar Non-standard ::-moz-progress-bar Experimental Non-standard ::-moz-range-progress Non-standard ::-moz-range-thumb Non-standard ::-moz-range-track Non-standard ::-webkit-* ::-webkit-inner-spin-button Non-standard ::-webkit-meter-bar Non-standard Deprecated ::-webkit-meter-even-less-good-value Non-standard ::-webkit-meter-inner-element Non-standard ::-webkit-meter-optimum-value Non-standard ::-webkit-meter-suboptimum-value Non-standard ::-webkit-progress-bar Non-standard ::-webkit-progress-inner-element Non-standard ::-webkit-progress-value Non-standard ::-webkit-scrollbar Non-standard ::-webkit-search-cancel-button Non-standard ::-webkit-search-results-button Non-standard ::-webkit-slider-runnable-track Non-standard ::-webkit-slider-thumb Non-standard ::after ::backdrop ::before ::checkmark Experimental ::column Experimental ::cue ::details-content ::file-selector-button ::first-letter ::first-line ::grammar-error ::highlight() ::marker ::part() ::picker-icon Experimental ::picker() Experimental ::placeholder ::scroll-* ::scroll-button() Experimental ::scroll-marker Experimental ::scroll-marker-group Experimental ::selection ::slotted() ::spelling-error ::target-text ::view-* ::view-transition ::view-transition-group() ::view-transition-image-pair() ::view-transition-new() ::view-transition-old() At-rules @charset @color-profile @container @counter-style @custom-media Experimental @document Non-standard Deprecated @font-face @font-feature-values @font-palette-values @function Experimental @import @keyframes @layer @media @namespace @page @position-try @property @scope @starting-style @supports @view-transition Values !important fit-content inherit initial max-content min-content revert revert-layer rule-list unset Types <absolute-size> <alpha-value> <angle-percentage> <angle> <axis> <baseline-position> <basic-shape> <blend-mode> <box-edge> <calc-keyword> <calc-sum> <color-interpolation-method> <color> <content-distribution> <content-position> <corner-shape-value> Experimental <custom-ident> <dashed-function> Experimental <dashed-ident> <dimension> <display-box> <display-inside> <display-internal> <display-legacy> <display-listitem> <display-outside> <easing-function> <filter-function> <flex> <frequency-percentage> <frequency> <generic-family> <gradient> <hex-color> <hue-interpolation-method> <hue> <ident> <image> <integer> <length-percentage> <length> <line-style> <named-color> <number> <overflow-position> <overflow> <percentage> <position-area> <position> <ratio> <relative-size> <resolution> <self-position> <shape> Deprecated <string> <system-color> <text-edge> <time-percentage> <time> <timeline-range-name> <transform-function> <url> Functions -moz-image-rect Non-standard Deprecated abs() acos() anchor-size() anchor() asin() atan() atan2() attr() blur() brightness() calc-size() Experimental calc() circle() clamp() color-mix() color() conic-gradient() contrast-color() contrast() cos() counter() counters() cross-fade() cubic-bezier() device-cmyk() drop-shadow() dynamic-range-limit-mix() Experimental element() Experimental ellipse() env() exp() fit-content() grayscale() hsl() hue-rotate() hwb() hypot() if() Experimental image-set() image() inset() invert() lab() lch() light-dark() linear-gradient() linear() log() matrix() matrix3d() max() min() minmax() mod() oklab() oklch() opacity() paint() path() perspective() polygon() pow() progress() radial-gradient() ray() rect() rem() repeat() repeating-conic-gradient() repeating-linear-gradient() repeating-radial-gradient() rgb() rotate() rotate3d() rotateX() rotateY() rotateZ() round() saturate() scale() scale3d() scaleX() scaleY() scaleZ() sepia() shape() sibling-count() sibling-index() sign() sin() skew() skewX() skewY() sqrt() steps() superellipse() Experimental symbols() tan() translate() translate3d() translateX() translateY() translateZ() type() Experimental url() var() xywh() Your blueprint for a better internet. 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https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Geolocation_API | Geolocation API - Web APIs | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Web Web APIs Geolocation API Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) Español Français 日本語 한국어 Português (do Brasil) Русский 中文 (简体) 正體中文 (繁體) Geolocation API Baseline Widely available This feature is well established and works across many devices and browser versions. It’s been available across browsers since July 2015. Learn more See full compatibility Report feedback Secure context: This feature is available only in secure contexts (HTTPS), in some or all supporting browsers . The Geolocation API allows the user to provide their location to web applications if they so desire. For privacy reasons, the user is asked for permission to report location information. WebExtensions that wish to use the Geolocation object must add the "geolocation" permission to their manifest. The user's operating system will prompt the user to allow location access the first time it is requested. In this article Concepts and usage Interfaces Security considerations Examples Specifications Browser compatibility See also Concepts and usage You will often want to retrieve a user's location information in your web app, for example to plot their location on a map, or display personalized information relevant to their location. The Geolocation API is accessed via a call to navigator.geolocation ; this will cause the user's browser to ask them for permission to access their location data. If they accept, then the browser will use the best available functionality on the device to access this information (for example, GPS). The developer can now access this location information in a couple of different ways: Geolocation.getCurrentPosition() : Retrieves the device's current location. Geolocation.watchPosition() : Registers a handler function that will be called automatically each time the position of the device changes, returning the updated location. In both cases, the method call takes up to three arguments: A mandatory success callback: If the location retrieval is successful, the callback executes with a GeolocationPosition object as its only parameter, providing access to the location data. An optional error callback: If the location retrieval is unsuccessful, the callback executes with a GeolocationPositionError object as its only parameter, providing access information on what went wrong. An optional object which provides options for retrieval of the position data. For further information on Geolocation usage, read Using the Geolocation API . Interfaces Geolocation The main class of this API — contains methods to retrieve the user's current position, watch for changes in their position, and clear a previously-set watch. GeolocationPosition Represents the position of a user. A GeolocationPosition instance is returned by a successful call to one of the methods contained inside Geolocation , inside a success callback, and contains a timestamp plus a GeolocationCoordinates object instance. GeolocationCoordinates Represents the coordinates of a user's position; a GeolocationCoordinates instance contains latitude, longitude, and other important related information. GeolocationPositionError A GeolocationPositionError is returned by an unsuccessful call to one of the methods contained inside Geolocation , inside an error callback, and contains an error code and message. Extensions to other interfaces Navigator.geolocation The entry point into the API. Returns a Geolocation object instance, from which all other functionality can be accessed. Security considerations The Geolocation API allows users to programmatically access location information in secure contexts . Access may further be controlled by the Permissions Policy directive geolocation . The default allowlist for geolocation is self , which allows access to location information in same-origin nested frames only. Third party usage is enabled by setting a Permissions-Policy response header to grant permission to a particular third party origin: http Permissions-Policy: geolocation=(self b.example.com) The allow="geolocation" attribute must then be added to the iframe element with sources from that origin: html <iframe src="https://b.example.com" allow="geolocation"></iframe> Geolocation data may reveal information that the device owner does not want to share. Therefore, users must grant explicit permission via a prompt when either Geolocation.getCurrentPosition() or Geolocation.watchPosition() is called (unless the permission state is already granted or denied ). The lifetime of a granted permission depends on the user agent, and may be time based, session based, or even permanent. The Permissions API geolocation permission can be used to test whether access to use location information is granted , denied or prompt (requires user acknowledgement of a prompt). Examples See Using the Geolocation API for example code. Specifications Specification Geolocation # geolocation_interface Browser compatibility Enable JavaScript to view this browser compatibility table. Availability As Wi-Fi-based locating is often provided by Google, the vanilla Geolocation API may be unavailable in China. You may use local third-party providers such as Baidu , Autonavi , or Tencent . These services use the user's IP address and/or a local app to provide enhanced positioning. See also Using the Geolocation API Who moved my geolocation? (Hacks blog) Help improve MDN Was this page helpful to you? Yes No Learn how to contribute This page was last modified on Nov 30, 2025 by MDN contributors . View this page on GitHub • Report a problem with this content Filter sidebar Geolocation API Guides Using the Geolocation API Interfaces Geolocation GeolocationCoordinates GeolocationPosition GeolocationPositionError Properties Navigator .geolocation Your blueprint for a better internet. MDN About Blog Mozilla careers Advertise with us MDN Plus Product help Contribute MDN Community Community resources Writing guidelines MDN Discord MDN on GitHub Developers Web technologies Learn web development Guides Tutorials Glossary Hacks blog Website Privacy Notice Telemetry Settings Legal Community Participation Guidelines Visit Mozilla Corporation’s not-for-profit parent, the Mozilla Foundation . Portions of this content are ©1998–2026 by individual mozilla.org contributors. Content available under a Creative Commons license . | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
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https://dev.to/ganges07/ga-github-actions-devops-periodic-table-element-4jdl#comments | 🧪 Ga – GitHub Actions (DevOps Periodic Table Element) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Gangeswara Posted on Dec 18, 2025 🧪 Ga – GitHub Actions (DevOps Periodic Table Element) # githubactions # devops # webdev # beginners 🔹 1. Overview of the Tool GitHub Actions is a CI/CD automation tool. It automates build, test, and deploy processes. Works directly inside GitHub repositories. ⭐ 2. Key Features ✔ Event-based workflows (push, pull request, schedule) ✔ YAML-based configuration ✔ GitHub Marketplace actions support ✔ GitHub-hosted & self-hosted runners ✔ Easy integration with cloud services 🔄 3. Role in DevOps / DevSecOps ➤ Enables Continuous Integration & Continuous Deployment ➤ Automates pipelines without external tools ➤ Supports security scans & code analysis ➤ Helps shift security left in DevSecOps 💻 4. Programming Languages Used • YAML (workflow configuration) • JavaScript • Python • Shell scripting • Docker 🏢 5. Parent Company Developed by GitHub Owned by Microsoft 🔓 6. Open Source / Paid 🔹 Free tier available 🔹 Paid plans for higher usage 🔹 Many actions are open source Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Gangeswara Follow Joined Aug 20, 2025 More from Gangeswara AWS Service – Amazon S3 Glacier # aws # awschallenge # s3 # webdev Indexing, Hashing & Query Optimization # database # beginners # programming # career MongoDB CRUD Operations # database # career # mongodb # beginners 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://dev.to/ganges07/ga-github-actions-devops-periodic-table-element-4jdl | 🧪 Ga – GitHub Actions (DevOps Periodic Table Element) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Gangeswara Posted on Dec 18, 2025 🧪 Ga – GitHub Actions (DevOps Periodic Table Element) # githubactions # devops # webdev # beginners 🔹 1. Overview of the Tool GitHub Actions is a CI/CD automation tool. It automates build, test, and deploy processes. Works directly inside GitHub repositories. ⭐ 2. Key Features ✔ Event-based workflows (push, pull request, schedule) ✔ YAML-based configuration ✔ GitHub Marketplace actions support ✔ GitHub-hosted & self-hosted runners ✔ Easy integration with cloud services 🔄 3. Role in DevOps / DevSecOps ➤ Enables Continuous Integration & Continuous Deployment ➤ Automates pipelines without external tools ➤ Supports security scans & code analysis ➤ Helps shift security left in DevSecOps 💻 4. Programming Languages Used • YAML (workflow configuration) • JavaScript • Python • Shell scripting • Docker 🏢 5. Parent Company Developed by GitHub Owned by Microsoft 🔓 6. Open Source / Paid 🔹 Free tier available 🔹 Paid plans for higher usage 🔹 Many actions are open source Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Gangeswara Follow Joined Aug 20, 2025 More from Gangeswara AWS Service – Amazon S3 Glacier # aws # awschallenge # s3 # webdev Indexing, Hashing & Query Optimization # database # beginners # programming # career MongoDB CRUD Operations # database # career # mongodb # beginners 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
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https://docs.devcycle.com | Home | DevCycle Docs Skip to main content Home SDKs APIs Management API Bucketing API Integrations CLI / MCP Best Practices Community Blog Discord Search Sign Up Home Getting Started Essentials DevCycle Overview Key Features System Architecture Feature Hierarchy Feature Types Platform Feature Flags Experimentation Account Management Security and Guardrails Testing and QA Extras Examples Home Welcome to DevCycle DevCycle is a feature flag platform built for teams of any size, helping you easily create, rollout, and cleanup feature flags without disrupting your workflow. We support everything you expect from a feature management platform: SDKs for Every Language Native OpenFeature Integrations Fast, Global APIs Powerful and Reusable Targeting Rules A/B Testing and Experimentation Scheduled Releases and Rollouts Realtime Updates to All Users Permissions and Audit Logs Integrations with Your Favorite Tools With tons of built-in features, DevCycle is ready to add to your project today! Follow our Quickstart to learn how everything works, or install an SDK for your favorite language to start adding feature flags to a new or existing project. Quickstart Step-by-step guide to adding features to a new or existing project. Key Features See the key features of the platform. SDKs Our client and server-side SDKs are in all the most popular languages. Integrations See how your favorite tools already integrate into the platform. Edit this page Last updated on Jan 9, 2026 Next Getting Started DevCycle Dashboard Blog Privacy Policy Twitter Discord GitHub Copyright © 2026 DevCycle. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://dev.to/t/webdev/page/76 | Web Development Page 76 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Web Development Follow Hide Because the internet... Create Post submission guidelines Be nice. Be respectful. Assume best intentions. Be kind, rewind. Older #webdev posts 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Complete Guide to JWT Authentication in Next.js 15: From Setup to Production sizan mahmud0 sizan mahmud0 sizan mahmud0 Follow Dec 21 '25 Complete Guide to JWT Authentication in Next.js 15: From Setup to Production # webdev # programming # nextjs # jwt 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read 💡 Unlocking Developer Potential: The Power of User Research in DX Pavanipriya Sajja Pavanipriya Sajja Pavanipriya Sajja Follow Dec 16 '25 💡 Unlocking Developer Potential: The Power of User Research in DX # discuss # webdev # ai # productivity Comments Add Comment 4 min read Unfortunately, I have to close my daily.dev account because of my own mistake Muhammad Usman Muhammad Usman Muhammad Usman Follow Dec 31 '25 Unfortunately, I have to close my daily.dev account because of my own mistake # discuss # webdev # career # learning 5 reactions Comments 6 comments 4 min read The Hidden Cost of Poor API Design in Growing Products Shikhar lodhi Shikhar lodhi Shikhar lodhi Follow Dec 17 '25 The Hidden Cost of Poor API Design in Growing Products # webdev # backend # api # softwaredevelopment Comments Add Comment 2 min read Top 3 Cheap VPS Providers in 2025 (That I've Actually Used) Serdar Tekin Serdar Tekin Serdar Tekin Follow Dec 17 '25 Top 3 Cheap VPS Providers in 2025 (That I've Actually Used) # devops # linux # cloud # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read Is Shopify Legitimate or a Scam? A Practical Guide for Developers and Indie Founders prateekshaweb prateekshaweb prateekshaweb Follow Dec 17 '25 Is Shopify Legitimate or a Scam? A Practical Guide for Developers and Indie Founders # security # startup # webdev Comments Add Comment 3 min read UX/UI in 2026: Why Beautiful Design No Longer Guarantees Success Max Bantsevich Max Bantsevich Max Bantsevich Follow for dev.family Dec 17 '25 UX/UI in 2026: Why Beautiful Design No Longer Guarantees Success # ux # design # webdev # ai Comments Add Comment 5 min read Rate-limiting Server Actions in Next.js Erfan Ebrahimnia Erfan Ebrahimnia Erfan Ebrahimnia Follow Dec 17 '25 Rate-limiting Server Actions in Next.js # nextjs # javascript # react # webdev Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🧪 Ga – GitHub Actions (DevOps Periodic Table Element) Gangeswara Gangeswara Gangeswara Follow Dec 18 '25 🧪 Ga – GitHub Actions (DevOps Periodic Table Element) # devops # githubactions # webdev # beginners 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building an API-First Personal Finance Platform: 12 Years and Lessons in Shipping vs. Perfecting Christopher Christopher Christopher Follow Dec 16 '25 Building an API-First Personal Finance Platform: 12 Years and Lessons in Shipping vs. Perfecting # api # webdev # fintech # startup Comments Add Comment 3 min read I Built "GitJin" - A Web App to Escape GitHub's Unusable Home Screen KabosuTravel KabosuTravel KabosuTravel Follow Dec 17 '25 I Built "GitJin" - A Web App to Escape GitHub's Unusable Home Screen # webdev # nextjs # product Comments Add Comment 3 min read AI Tools for Software Development: What Agencies Are Using to Bring Projects to Life Rootstack Rootstack Rootstack Follow Dec 18 '25 AI Tools for Software Development: What Agencies Are Using to Bring Projects to Life # ai # webdev # programming Comments Add Comment 4 min read Adapter Requirements rokoss21 rokoss21 rokoss21 Follow Dec 16 '25 Adapter Requirements # webdev # programming # ai # architecture Comments Add Comment 3 min read Token Box Model rokoss21 rokoss21 rokoss21 Follow Dec 16 '25 Token Box Model # webdev # ai # programming # opensource Comments Add Comment 2 min read Perl PAGI Project Update John Napiorkowski John Napiorkowski John Napiorkowski Follow Dec 28 '25 Perl PAGI Project Update # webdev # perl 3 reactions Comments 2 comments 5 min read Loading TXT, CSV, and Other Delimited Files Dipti Moryani Dipti Moryani Dipti Moryani Follow Dec 17 '25 Loading TXT, CSV, and Other Delimited Files # webdev # programming # ai # beginners Comments Add Comment 5 min read 7 Essential Libraries for Modern Node.js Backend Development James Miller James Miller James Miller Follow Dec 17 '25 7 Essential Libraries for Modern Node.js Backend Development # node # webdev # programming # ai 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read The Contract Layer rokoss21 rokoss21 rokoss21 Follow Dec 16 '25 The Contract Layer # webdev # programming # ai # architecture Comments Add Comment 3 min read The “AI operator” mindset for small teams Jaideep Parashar Jaideep Parashar Jaideep Parashar Follow Jan 10 The “AI operator” mindset for small teams # webdev # ai # startup # productivity 18 reactions Comments 5 comments 2 min read Bulls & Cows Goes Offline — How I Turned My Game Into a PWA (and Skipped the $100 App Store Fee) Cristina Rodriguez Cristina Rodriguez Cristina Rodriguez Follow Dec 16 '25 Bulls & Cows Goes Offline — How I Turned My Game Into a PWA (and Skipped the $100 App Store Fee) # javascript # webdev # pwa # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read The AI Agent Automation Process: From Idea to Reliable Production IanaNickos IanaNickos IanaNickos Follow Dec 16 '25 The AI Agent Automation Process: From Idea to Reliable Production # ai # webdev # programming # javascript Comments Add Comment 5 min read How I Built and Publish Tech Content as an Independent Developer on DEV.to Ravir Scott Ravir Scott Ravir Scott Follow Dec 17 '25 How I Built and Publish Tech Content as an Independent Developer on DEV.to # webdev # javascript # blogging # devcommunity Comments Add Comment 1 min read Clickable Card Patterns and Anti-Patterns Michael Mathews Michael Mathews Michael Mathews Follow Dec 16 '25 Clickable Card Patterns and Anti-Patterns # webdev # css # html # uidesign Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building vtracer: Day 1 – My First Java Agent Adventure with Java 21 Abhi Abhi Abhi Follow Dec 16 '25 Building vtracer: Day 1 – My First Java Agent Adventure with Java 21 # webdev # programming # java # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read I Built ONE Backend Route That Replaced 5 Features ASHISH GHADIGAONKAR ASHISH GHADIGAONKAR ASHISH GHADIGAONKAR Follow Dec 16 '25 I Built ONE Backend Route That Replaced 5 Features # backend # architecture # ai # webdev 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/devnews/s5-e6-apple-pay-transparency-survey-and-the-battle-against-twitch-hate-raids#main-content | S5:E6 - Apple Pay Transparency Survey, and the Battle Against Twitch Hate Raids - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close DevNews Follow S5:E6 - Apple Pay Transparency Survey, and the Battle Against Twitch Hate Raids Aug 26 '21 play In this episode, we speak with Cher Scarlett, software engineer at Apple, about her endeavor for salary transparency at Apple to battle pay disparity and the challenges she’s faced during this undertaking. And then we speak with Twitch streamer and moderator JustMeEmilyP, and Twitch moderator NLA about the proliferation of Twitch Hate Raids and the tools and resources they and others have built to fight against it. Show Notes Scout APM (DevNews) (sponsor) Apple Pay Transparency Survey levels.fyi #ADayOffTwitch Hate Raid Response N_lasouris' Mass-Created Bots Detecting Program How to stop a hate raid Cher Scarlett Cher Scarlett a problem solver, creator, and innovator. JustMeEmilyP JustMeEmilyP (she/her) has been streaming on Twitch since 2019 after finishing her service in the USAF as a Weather Forecaster. Now, she’s enjoying full time streaming and moderating for her community, rollerskating, and enjoying life while advocating for others. NLA nlasouris (they/them) is a moderator for several communities on Twitch. While not a professional software developer, they have applied some data analysis and basic coding techniques to combat malicious bots since 2019. Episode source Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Your browser does not support the audio element. 1x initializing... × 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://dev.to/t/voicetech | Voicetech - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close # voicetech Follow Hide Create Post Older #voicetech posts 1 2 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu How to Transcribe and Detect Intent Using Deepgram for STT: A Developer's Journey CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 12 How to Transcribe and Detect Intent Using Deepgram for STT: A Developer's Journey # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 11 min read How to Build Custom Pipelines for Voice AI Integration: A Developer's Journey CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 11 How to Build Custom Pipelines for Voice AI Integration: A Developer's Journey # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 13 min read How to Set Up an AI Voice Agent for Customer Support in SaaS Applications CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 10 How to Set Up an AI Voice Agent for Customer Support in SaaS Applications # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 12 min read Implementing Real-Time Audio Streaming in VAPI: What I Learned CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 9 Implementing Real-Time Audio Streaming in VAPI: What I Learned # ai # voicetech # webdev # tutorial Comments Add Comment 13 min read Implementing Real-Time Streaming with VAPI: Enhancing Customer Support with Voice AI CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 8 Implementing Real-Time Streaming with VAPI: Enhancing Customer Support with Voice AI # ai # voicetech # webdev # tutorial Comments Add Comment 12 min read Deploying Custom Voice Models in VAPI for E-commerce: Key Insights CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 9 Deploying Custom Voice Models in VAPI for E-commerce: Key Insights # ai # voicetech # webdev # tutorial Comments Add Comment 12 min read How to Set Up Voice AI Webhook Handling for Real Estate Inquiries Effectively CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 7 How to Set Up Voice AI Webhook Handling for Real Estate Inquiries Effectively # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 13 min read Implementing Real-Time Streaming with VAPI: My Journey to Voice AI Success CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 5 Implementing Real-Time Streaming with VAPI: My Journey to Voice AI Success # ai # voicetech # webdev # tutorial Comments Add Comment 13 min read Integrate Voice AI with No-Code Tools and CRM for Automation: My Journey CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 3 Integrate Voice AI with No-Code Tools and CRM for Automation: My Journey # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 11 min read Technical Implementation Focus Areas for Voice AI Integration: Key Insights CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 2 Technical Implementation Focus Areas for Voice AI Integration: Key Insights # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 12 min read How to Integrate Ethically with Retell AI and Bland AI: A Developer's Guide CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 1 How to Integrate Ethically with Retell AI and Bland AI: A Developer's Guide # ai # voicetech # api # tutorial Comments Add Comment 12 min read Creating Custom Voice Profiles in VAPI for E-commerce: Boosting Sales CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 1 Creating Custom Voice Profiles in VAPI for E-commerce: Boosting Sales # ai # voicetech # webdev # tutorial Comments Add Comment 12 min read Integrate Voice AI with Salesforce for Sales Automation: A Real Developer's Guide CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 31 '25 Integrate Voice AI with Salesforce for Sales Automation: A Real Developer's Guide # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 14 min read Empathetic Meeting Booking: Integrate with HubSpot CRM Using AI Tools CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 30 '25 Empathetic Meeting Booking: Integrate with HubSpot CRM Using AI Tools # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 12 min read How to Monetize Voice AI Agents for SaaS Startups with VAPI: My Journey CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 30 '25 How to Monetize Voice AI Agents for SaaS Startups with VAPI: My Journey # ai # voicetech # webdev # tutorial Comments Add Comment 13 min read How to Test Multilingual and Contextual Memory for Intuitive Voice AI Agents CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 29 '25 How to Test Multilingual and Contextual Memory for Intuitive Voice AI Agents # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 14 min read Implementing Real-Time Emotion Detection in Voice AI: A Developer's Journey CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 26 '25 Implementing Real-Time Emotion Detection in Voice AI: A Developer's Journey # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 13 min read Scale Ethically: Implement Multilingual AI Voice Models with Data Privacy CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 26 '25 Scale Ethically: Implement Multilingual AI Voice Models with Data Privacy # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 13 min read Build Your Own Voice Stack with Deepgram and PlayHT: A Developer's Journey CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 10 Build Your Own Voice Stack with Deepgram and PlayHT: A Developer's Journey # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 14 min read Retell AI Twilio Integration Tutorial: Build AI Voice Calls Step-by-Step CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 27 '25 Retell AI Twilio Integration Tutorial: Build AI Voice Calls Step-by-Step # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments 1 comment 13 min read Build Your Own Voice Stack with Deepgram and PlayHT: A Practical Guide CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 10 Build Your Own Voice Stack with Deepgram and PlayHT: A Practical Guide # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 12 min read How to Deploy a Voice AI Agent for HVAC Customer Inquiries: My Journey CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 25 '25 How to Deploy a Voice AI Agent for HVAC Customer Inquiries: My Journey # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 13 min read Building a HIPAA-Compliant Telehealth Solution with VAPI: My Journey CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 25 '25 Building a HIPAA-Compliant Telehealth Solution with VAPI: My Journey # ai # voicetech # webdev # tutorial Comments Add Comment 14 min read How to Prioritize Naturalness in Voice Cloning for Brand-Aligned Tones CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 24 '25 How to Prioritize Naturalness in Voice Cloning for Brand-Aligned Tones # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 14 min read Building a HIPAA-Compliant Telehealth Solution with VAPI: What I Learned CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Dec 24 '25 Building a HIPAA-Compliant Telehealth Solution with VAPI: What I Learned # ai # voicetech # webdev # tutorial Comments Add Comment 14 min read loading... trending guides/resources Build Voice AI Applications with No-Code: Retell AI Guide to Success Rapid Prototyping with Retell AI: A No-Code Builder Guide to Voice Apps Scale Ethically: Implement Multilingual AI Voice Models with Data Privacy Building a HIPAA-Compliant Telehealth Solution with VAPI: My Journey Build Your Own Voice Stack with Deepgram and PlayHT: A Practical Guide Implementing Real-Time Streaming with VAPI for Live Support Chat Systems Monetize Voice AI Solutions for eCommerce Using VAPI Effectively Implementing Real-Time Emotion Detection in Voice AI: A Developer's Journey Integrate Node.js with Retell AI and Twilio: Lessons from My Setup Creating Custom Voice Profiles in VAPI for E-commerce: Boosting Sales Quick CRM Integrations with Retell AI's No-Code Tools: My Experience How to Adapt Tone to User Sentiment in Voice AI and Integrate Calendar Checks Top Advancements in Building Human-Like Voice Agents for Developers Implementing Real-Time Audio Streaming in VAPI: Use Cases Technical Implementation Focus Areas for Voice AI Integration: Key Insights When the Web Learned to Speak: How Speech Synthesis and Voice Commands Are Transforming User Expe... Rapid Deployment of AI Voice Agents Using No-Code Builders Retell AI Twilio Integration Tutorial: Build AI Voice Calls Step-by-Step Implementing VAD and Turn-Taking for Natural Voice AI Flow: My Experience How to Build Custom Pipelines for Voice AI Integration: A Developer's Journey 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. 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https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/testing-the-template | Testing the Template - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection GETTING STARTED What is SuprSend? Quick Start Guide Best Practices Plan Your Integration Go-live checklist CORE CONCEPTS Templates Design Template Channel Editors Testing the Template Handlebars Helpers Internationalization Users Events Workflow Notification Categories Preferences Tenants Lists Broadcast Objects Translations DLT Guidelines Whatsapp Template Guidelines WORKFLOW BUILDER Design Workflow Node List Workflow Settings Trigger Workflow Validate Trigger Payload Tenant Workflows Notification Inbox Overview Multi Tabs React Javascript (Angular, Vuejs etc) React Native Flutter (Headless) PREFERENCE CENTRE Embedded Preference Centre Javascript Angular React VENDOR INTEGRATION GUIDE Overview Email Integrations SMS Integrations Android Push Whatsapp Integrations iOS Push Chat Integrations Vendor Fallback Tenant Vendor INTEGRATIONS Webhook Connectors MONITORING & DEBUGGING Logs Audit Logs Error Guides MANAGE YOUR ACCOUNT Authentication Methods Contact Us Get Started SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Ask AI Contact Us Get Started Get Started Search... Navigation Templates Testing the Template Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Templates Testing the Template OpenAI Open in ChatGPT How to send a test notification from the template editor to your device for actual message preview. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT We have given an option on the Templates page to “Test Template”. This enables you to send test notifications directly from the template editor page and see how the actual message will look on user’s device. The mock data added in the global Mock Data button will be used to render variables in the template. Make sure to add mock data for all the variables added in the template else the notifications will fail. When Test Mode is enabled in your workspace, template testing will also respect Test Mode settings, ensuring test notifications are delivered to your configured test channels instead of real users. Please follow below steps to trigger test template: 1 Click on "Test Template" button Open template editor page. You’ll see Test Template button on the top right side. 2 Add distinct_id Add distinct_id of user who will receive the notification. Use this distinct\_id of any existing user or add a new with one of SuprSend SDKs . Add distinct_id in the input field and Click on Search . This will load the list of all active channels for that user. You can deselect the channels that you want to exclude from sending the notification 3 Click on "Trigger Test using Mock Data" to trigger the notification Notification category and Vendor settings corresponding to “Transactional” Category will be used to trigger the notification. Click on Trigger Test using Mock Data button. This will trigger the notification Once the notification is triggered, go to logs page to see the status Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Handlebars Helpers List of supported handlebars helpers that can be used in a template to format data or add conditions on the data passed in workflow trigger. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://stackoverflow.co/data-licensing/?utm_source=so-owned&utm_medium=blog&utm_campaign=nav-side-bar | Stack Overflow Data Licensing - Stack Overflow Business Stack Internal Stack Data Licensing Stack Ads Partnerships Resources Learn Solution resources Stack Internal Stack Ads Blog Research insights Support Stack Internal Help Legal policies Download sample data The API Awards Best AI API 2024 & 2025 How the learning models learn Human-validated. Fairly attributed. Train and fine-tune your AI on one of the internet’s biggest troves of answers, solutions and top-class technical expertise. Download sample datasets The world’s leading AI companies are building with us Partner with us Decades of verified knowledge and data — all in one place 17 years+ of top-class, technical developer expertise 83M+ questions and answers (and counting) 69,000+ unique topics, curated and moderated to filter out bad data 21 sec. on average, between each new question posted How our datasets can help you (and your AI) Tap into accurate, trustworthy knowledge Our steady stream of verified data means your models are more accurate, more trustworthy, and never stop improving. Deepen reasoning and understanding Our data captures the step-by-step thinking of experts solving problems. This intelligence doesn't exist anywhere else — and it can teach your AI to reason and understand. Get to market quicker Our human-validated knowledge means bias, duplicates and inaccuracies are already filtered out — so you can spend less time tinkering and more time shipping. License with confidence More accurate models — trained on licensed, properly attributed content — means peace of mind for you, and confidence for your customers. Whatever you’re building, we can help Large language models Small language models AI agents AI chatbots AI copilots RAG The verdict is in: models outperform with our data Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) Source: CodeRAG-Bench: Can Retrieval Augment Code Generation? Percent of “Perfect” answers Source: Internal testing based on a proprietary eval set of 1,000 Q&A with ground truth answers. The Stack API Get real-time API access to the Stack Overflow public dataset Our API gives you real-time access to millions of expert-vetted questions, answers, comments, and more. Tap into this step-by-step thinking to deepen your AI's context awareness and reasoning power. Read API documentation Want to test it out? Try a sample dataset of 1,000 Q&A pairs Unlock datasets Problem-solving Put your AI’s logic and reasoning to the test with knowledge pulled from across a host of our public platforms. Coding Want to see how good your AI is when it comes to parsing and fixing code? This dataset’s for you. Cloud-technology Test how well your AI understands cloud concepts with a dataset full of cloud-related questions, answers and solutions. Frequently Asked Questions FAQs for you (and the AIs scraping this page). Expand all What is Stack Data Licensing? Stack Data Licensing provides AI companies continuous access to Stack Overflow’s authoritative dataset and top-class technical expertise for training and fine-tuning. What type of data is included with a Stack Overflow dataset? The entire Stack Overflow corpus or a tailored subset is available. These datasets can include curated questions-and-answer pairs from one or more of our 150+ Stack Exchange sites along with metadata like tags, comments, votes, and revisions. How is Stack Overflow’s data sourced? Stack Data Licensing provides a vast, ethically sourced stream of data that’s contributed, validated, and refined by our community. To maintain these high-quality contributions, we are constantly investing in new community tools and functionality. This helps ensure AI models and products learn from fresh human-validated knowledge while correctly attributing content. How do you ensure the training data is reliable and high-quality? Stack Overflow employs a rigorous moderation system that acts as a powerful data curation engine. This system ensures the data is meticulously curated by actively filtering out noise, bias, duplicates, and inaccurate content. Our community moderators review millions of flags every year, resulting in an unmatched diversity of over 83+ million human-verified questions and answers curated across more than 69,000 topics over 17+ years. How can I access Stack Overflow data? Customers can gain real-time access to Stack Overflow data via the Stack Exchange API . Curated data samples are also accessible through a web form on this page and popular data marketplaces, such as Snowflake and Databricks Marketplace. How can I use Stack Overflow data? In general, companies use question-and-answer data like Stack Overflow’s to train and fine-tune both LLMs and SLMs; improve the accuracy of RAG search; deepen agentic reasoning capabilities; boost the reliability of AI chatbots and copilots, and enrich knowledge graphs and search. Our knowledge, shared Visit the blog Visit resource center December 15, 2025 At AWS re:Invent, the news was agents, but the focus was developers Four days, 60,000 developers, and AI-generated perfume. The re:Invent that was. Read article December 11, 2025 Simulating lousy conversations: Q&A with Silvio Savarese, Chief Scientist & Head of AI Research at Salesforce AI yells at voice agents so you don't have to. Read article December 8, 2025 The shift in enterprise AI—what we learned on the floor at Microsoft Ignite There's a distinct shift in how enterprises are talking about their AI solutions. Speed and flashiness are giving way to steadier, slower, more focused AI strategies for companies, where market fit and proof points are more important than ever. Read article Stay updated Subscribe to receive Stack Overflow Business content around knowledge sharing, collaboration, and AI. 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https://dev.to/yumyum116#main-content | yumyum116 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions yumyum116 A beginner who wants to transit my career into software engineer. Joined Joined on Jan 3, 2026 github website More info about @yumyum116 Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 2 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 7 tags followed Why print() Can Cause a TLE Even with an Efficient Algorithm yumyum116 yumyum116 yumyum116 Follow Jan 11 Why print() Can Cause a TLE Even with an Efficient Algorithm # python # programming Comments Add Comment 13 min read Implementing Shell Sort: From Theory to Practical Code yumyum116 yumyum116 yumyum116 Follow Jan 3 Implementing Shell Sort: From Theory to Practical Code # shellsort # python Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://ruul.io/blog/what-is-freelance-transcription-what-are-freelance-transcription-jobs#$%7Bid%7D | What is Freelance Transcription? Jobs, Skills, and Earnings Guide Product Payment Requests Get paid anywhere. Sell Services Make your services buyable Sell Products Create once sell forever Subscriptions Get paid on repeat Ruul Space Your personel storefront. One link for everything you offer. Learn more Pricing Resources Partner Programs Referral Program Get 1% for life. Seriously. Affiliate Program Bring users, get paid Partners Let’s grow together. More Blog About us Support Brand Kit For Customers Log in Sign up For Businesses Login Sign up grow What is Freelance Transcription? What are Freelance Transcription Jobs? Discover what freelance transcription is, the types of transcription jobs, required skills, and how to get started. Learn how tools like Ruul simplify payments and invoicing for transcription freelancers. Canan Başer 5 min read RUUL FOR INDEPENDENCE You chose independence.We make sure you keep it. Sell your time, your talent, whatever you create or build always on your terms. Get started See Example This is also a heading This is a heading Key Points Let’s start with the definition of transcription. Transcription means listening to audio or video recordings and accurately typing them into text. Freelance transcription means performing these tasks as an independent contractor rather than working for a company as an employee. Freelancers typically work on a project basis and manage their own schedules, clients, and payments. Transcription tasks are common across various industries, including media, healthcare, legal, and education. Below, we will go through transcription jobs, benefits and challenges. Types of Freelance Transcription Jobs There are several types of transcription jobs. Here are some of the most common types; 1. General Transcription General transcription involves converting audio or video recordings into text. It typically includes interviews, podcasts, webinars, and meeting recordings. This is a good starting point for new freelancers because it requires fewer specialized skills than other types. 2. Medical Transcription Medical transcription is a more specialized one since it requires medical knowledge and understanding of medical terminology. Accuracy in medical transcription is extremely important. 3. Legal Transcription Legal transcription also needs legal knowledge and understanding the legal terminology. It generally involves transcribing court proceedings, depositions, or legal dictations. 4. Captioning and Subtitling In this job, freelancers create captions or subtitles for videos, often for online content or entertainment. Accurate time-stamping and syncing are critical for these roles, especially when working on films, TV shows, or educational videos. Skills Needed for Freelance Transcription Jobs Freelance transcriptors need some certain skills to complete the work done easily and in a productive way. For instance, it needs fast typing, not only typing but also typing accurate, actively listening, clearly understanding the spoken words even if the conditions are not so good (like bad audio quality, bad accent, etc) Also good grammar is one of the most important things to consider while improving the skills. It’s also helpful to know how to use tools like transcription software or foot pedals to work faster and more efficiently. How to Get Started with Freelance Transcription 1. Improve Your Transcription Skills Before starting freelance transcription, check your typing speed and listening skills. You can find free online tests to see how fast and accurate you can type. 2. Invest in Tools Basic equipment includes a reliable computer, high-quality headphones, and transcription software. Some freelancers use foot pedals to control playback speed, which can improve productivity. 3. Build a Portfolio Begin with small projects to get experience and create a portfolio. Websites like Fiverr and Upwork help freelancers show their skills and find clients. Make sure to show you can meet deadlines, work with different file types, and provide accurate transcripts. 4. Network and Find Clients Networking is key to securing freelancer service opportunities. Engage with professional communities and job boards to find transcription gigs. 5. Master Payment and Invoice Management Freelancers must manage payments and invoices effectively. Platforms like Ruul simplify payment collection, ensuring you get paid on time for your services. Benefits of Freelance Transcription Jobs Flexibility: Freelancers can work from anywhere and set their own schedules. Opportunities: Transcription jobs have many industries and job options. Scalable Income: With experience and specialization, freelancers can command higher rates. Skill Development: Transcription improves listening, typing, and industry-specific knowledge. Challenges in Freelance Transcription Freelance transcription has its own struggles and challenges for freelancers. But being prepared to avoid complications can eliminate those challenges. For example, some projects might have tight deadlines, in this case, time management and disciplined work will help freelancers to finish the project on time. Also, sometimes, the audio quality might be poor, or the background voice might complicate the process, in this case, using tools like noise-canceling headphones can help eliminate the noise and handle the process easier. Freelancers also need to handle their taxes with self-employment tax forms , to avoid problems. One of the most pointed challenges for freelancers is the lack of cash flow and irregular income. Services like Ruul's Early Pay can help by giving early access to payments, making it easier to manage money. How Much Do Freelance Transcriptionists Earn? Freelance transcriptionists earn around €10-€15 per hour averagely. It is also changeable according to the experience and the business complications. For example, while the Entry-level transcriptionists might earn €10-€15 per hour, more complicated projects can allow them to earn around €30 or more per hour. Ruul helps freelancers to send VAT-compliant invoices for every transaction and as your Merchant of Record, onboards your client, handles invoicing and payment collection. Since one of the most challenging things in freelancing is to get paid easily, Ruul is your number one support for this matter. You can receive payout in your preferred account in 1 business day. Ruul initiates the payout to your preferred account immediately and handles sales tax compliance for you so you can simply focus on what matters, your business! Ruul, as your Merchant of Record, onboards your client, handles invoicing and payment collection.Freelancers can authorize Ruul as their Merchant of Record to sell their services and collect payment. Ruul also helps freelancers to offer multiple payment methods and easy payments collections to their clients including credit cart payments. And one of the best services Ruul provides is Crypto payout. Freelancer can also manage crypto payout with Ruul while managing their business easily and simplifying the all process. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Canan Başer Developing and implementing creative growth strategies. At Ruul, I focus on strengthening our brand and delivering real value to our global community through impactful content and marketing projects. More 6 perfect gifts for freelancers and digital nomads Discover 6 ideal gifts for freelancers & digital nomads. From productivity tools to travel essentials, find the perfect present! Read more What Dribbble’s New Services Feature Means for Creative Freelancers? What does Dribbble's 'Services' feature mean for creative freelancers? Turn your portfolio into sales & boost earnings! Learn how. Read more How Freelancers Can Use Stablecoins for Faster, Secure Payments Discover how stablecoins offer freelancers faster payments, lower fees, and enhanced security. Learn to use stablecoins for global, hassle-free transactions. Read more MORE THAN 120,000 Independents Over 120,000 independents trust Ruul to sell their services, digital products, and securely manage their payments. FROM 190 Countries Truly global coverage: trusted across 190 countries with seamless payouts available in 140 currencies. PROCESSED $200m+ of Transactions Over $200M successfully processed, backed by an 8-year legacy of secure, reliable transactions trusted by independents worldwide. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Everything you need to know. Get clear, straightforward answers to the most common questions about using Ruul. hey@ruul.io What is Ruul? Ruul is a merchant-of-record platform helping freelancers and creators globally sell services, digital products, subscriptions, and easily get paid. Who is Ruul for? Ruul is designed for freelancers, creators, and independent professionals who want a simple way to sell online and get paid globally. How does Ruul work? Open an account, complete a quick verification (KYC), and link your payout account. Then, start selling through your store or send payment requests to customers instantly. How does pricing work? Signing up is free. There are no subscription or hidden fees. Ruul charges a small commission only when you sell or get paid through the platform. What is a Merchant of Record? A merchant of record is the legal seller responsible for processing payments, handling taxes, and managing compliance for each transaction. What can I sell on Ruul? You can sell services, digital products, license keys, online courses, subscriptions, and digital memberships. How do I get paid on Ruul? Add your preferred bank account, digital wallet, or receive payouts in stablecoins as crypto. Funds arrive within 24 hours after a payout is triggered. OPEN AN ACCOUNT START MAKING MONEY TODAY ruul.space/ Thank you! Your submission has been received! Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form. Trustpilot Product Payment Requests Sell Services Sell Products Subscriptions Ruul Space Pricing For Businesses Resources Blog About Contact Support Referral Program Affiliate Program Partner Program Tools Invoice Generator NDA Generator Service Agreement Generator Freelancer Hourly Rate Calculator All Rights Reserved © 2025 Terms Of Use Privacy Policy | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/user-preferences#controlling-what-categories-to-show-on-ui | User Preferences - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection GETTING STARTED What is SuprSend? Quick Start Guide Best Practices Plan Your Integration Go-live checklist CORE CONCEPTS Templates Users Events Workflow Notification Categories Preferences User Preferences Tenant Preferences Preference Evaluation Tenants Lists Broadcast Objects Translations DLT Guidelines Whatsapp Template Guidelines WORKFLOW BUILDER Design Workflow Node List Workflow Settings Trigger Workflow Validate Trigger Payload Tenant Workflows Notification Inbox Overview Multi Tabs React Javascript (Angular, Vuejs etc) React Native Flutter (Headless) PREFERENCE CENTRE Embedded Preference Centre Javascript Angular React VENDOR INTEGRATION GUIDE Overview Email Integrations SMS Integrations Android Push Whatsapp Integrations iOS Push Chat Integrations Vendor Fallback Tenant Vendor INTEGRATIONS Webhook Connectors MONITORING & DEBUGGING Logs Audit Logs Error Guides MANAGE YOUR ACCOUNT Authentication Methods Contact Us Get Started SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Ask AI Contact Us Get Started Get Started Search... Navigation Preferences User Preferences Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Preferences User Preferences OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Learn how user preferences work in SuprSend and how to capture them. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Before you start: Make sure you’ve set up notification categories first. See Manage Categories and Preferences for step-by-step instructions. Preferences let users control which notifications they receive. Instead of an all-or-nothing approach, users can opt out of specific categories, choose preferred channels, and set notification frequency. This granular control reduces the chance that users disable all notifications from your platform. In SuprSend, you can use ready-made UI and APIs to manage multi-tenant preference use cases. This includes letting admins set preferences for internal teams and handle notifications for enterprise customers, where companies, customers, and end users have distinct preferences. How It Works Preferences are evaluated in priority order: User Preference → Tenant Default → Category Default Three Levels of Control Global channel opt-outs, category preferences, and channel opt-outs within categories What are user preferences? Preferences only work with sub-categories: User preferences apply to sub-categories you create, not root-categories (System, Transactional, Promotional). Use sub-category slugs in workflows for preferences to work. Each user has a preference set that controls which notifications they receive. A preference set has three levels of control: channel_preferences — Global channel opt-outs (e.g., opt out of all email) categories — Category-level preferences (opt in/out of all channels of a notification type) opt_out_channels — Opt-in/out of specific channels within a category Example: Copy Ask AI { "channel_preferences" : [ { "channel" : "email" , "is_restricted" : true } ], "categories" : [ { "category" : "invoice-ready" , "preference" : "opt_out" }, { "category" : "payment-reminder" , "preference" : "opt_in" , "opt_out_channels" : [ "slack" ] } ] } In this example: user opted out of email globally, opted out of invoice-ready category completely, and stays opted in to payment-reminder but without Slack. How preferences are determined When a user hasn’t set their own preferences in a category, SuprSend uses defaults in this order: User Preference — Individual user’s explicit choices (highest priority) Tenant Default Preference — Default preferences set by tenant for the category Category Default Preference — Default preferences set at the category level (lowest priority) Preference precedence: User Preference → Tenant Default Preference → Category Default Preference Preference precedence is determined at category level . So, if a user overrides preference for a category but doesn’t touch other categories, defaults continue to apply to the untouched categories. Setting up preference categories Before users can set their preferences, you must first create and configure preference categories. For step-by-step setup instructions, see Manage Categories and Preferences . Default preferences Default preferences determine how users receive notifications when they haven’t set their own preferences. Configure these at the sub-category level when setting up categories. What default preferences control Default preferences control: Channel or Category defaults : Which categories or channels will be turned on/off by default on users’ preference page. Mandatory channels : Which channel or category users cannot opt out of (shown as disabled on preference page) Visibility : Whether a category appears on the preference page Preference types On — Users receive this category's notifications by default Users will receive notifications in this category by default. You can configure Opt-in Channels to specify which channels are included in the default “On” state: All : All available channels are enabled by default Selected Channels only : Only specific channels you select are enabled by default (e.g., Email, Android Push, iOS Push, In-App Inbox, MS Teams, Slack) Off — Users must opt in to get notifications Users will not receive notifications unless they change the preference. Can't Unsubscribe — Users cannot opt out of mandatory channels in this category Prevents users from fully opting out of the category. When selected, you can configure: Mandatory Channels : Channels which can’t be opted out of by the user. Set to “All” or “Selected Channels”. Opt-in Channels : In case of “Selected” Mandatory Channels, you can configure the channels that will be opted in by default. Channels other than mandatory and opt-in will be skipped for sending notification unless user explicitly opts in to them. Even when a category is set to “Can’t Unsubscribe,” users can still control channel-level preferences if your channel-level settings allow it. This configuration gives you fine-grained control over which channels a user is opted into by default, letting you differentiate between must-deliver channels, default-on channels, and optional channels. Capturing user preferences Users can set their preferences through one of the following methods: Hosted preference page Once you publish preference categories, SuprSend automatically generates a dedicated unsubscription webpage for collecting user preferences . Users can set channel-specific preferences from the hosted page. If the link is included in an email, the hosted page will show and save email preferences. Include it in your templates using {{$hosted_preference_url}} . This page is currently hosted on a SuprSend domain, but you can reach out to [email protected] if you’d prefer it hosted on your own domain. Embed in your product You can embed the preference interface directly inside your product using SuprSend’s ready-made UI components. SDKs exist in the languages below. Update your product preference page link on the tenant page and render it in templates using {{$embedded_preference_url}} . Javascript React Angular Embeddable preference page Controlling what categories to show on UI It’s always a good practice to show only the categories that are relevant to the user. There are two ways to achieve this: Hide categories for tenant users In a multi-tenant setup, tenants or admins can control which categories their users see. Setting visible_to_subscriber: false in tenant preferences hides the category from tenant users’ preference pages. Hidden categories won’t send notifications to those users, even if they previously opted in. Filter categories with tags Use tags to show categories based on user roles, departments, or teams. Filter categories in the preference center using the tags query parameter. 1 Setting Preference tags Tags can be added to sections and sub-categories directly from Developers → Notification Categories in the SuprSend Console. When a tag is assigned at the section level, it automatically applies to all categories under that section—so filtering by a section tag also filters its child categories. 2 Filter Categories with Tags You can filter categories using the tags query parameter in the API. This can be a simple tag match (e.g. tags=tag1 ) or a more advanced filter using logical operators. Supported operators: Operator Operand Datatype Description Example exists boolean Returns categories where any tag is set tags={ "exists": true } not string Excludes categories that have the specified tag tags={ "not": "admin" } or array Returns categories that match any of the provided tags tags={ "or": ["sales", "marketing"] } and array Returns categories that match all provided tags tags={ "and": ["sales", "manager"] } You can combine these operators for nested filtering like tags={ "or": [{ "and": ["sales", "manager"] }, { "and": ["marketing", "associate"] }] } . If no tags are provided, the preference center returns all visible categories. For details on how tags work, see Tags . Translating preference categories in user’s locale Upload translation files for your category names and descriptions. See How to manage Category translations for details. Once uploaded, pass a locale parameter (e.g., es , fr , de ) when: Loading the embeddable preference center As a query parameter in the get user preference API . The hosted preference page picks the locale from user’s profile. On hosted preference page, Dynamic content (category names, descriptions) is translated using translation files you upload. Static content (CTA text, labels, buttons, etc.) is translated automatically using SuprSend’s built-in i18n support for commonly used languages. You can see the list of supported languages below. Supported languages Language Code English en Spanish es French fr German de Italian it Portuguese pt Catalan ca Russian ru Dutch nl Polish pl Japanese ja Vietnamese vi Language Code Indonesian id Korean ko Serbian sr Norwegian no Hebrew he Chinese zh Finnish fi Swedish sv Czech cs Lithuanian lt Arabic ar How preferences are evaluated SuprSend evaluates user preferences at send time. For every recipient, the system checks user-level preferences first, then tenant-level overrides, and finally category defaults. For detailed information on the evaluation process, see Preference Evaluation . Other ways to unsubcribe from notifications In addition to the preference center within SuprSend, communication channels provide their own opt-out options, which SuprSend manages internally. Email: Unsubscribe URL header Gmail requires an unsubscribe URL in email headers when sending bulk emails (5,000+ emails/day). Most email providers expect you to add your own unsubscription page or offer a basic all-or-nothing opt-out option. You can add {{$hosted_preference_url}} here to load the SuprSend hosted preference page from the email header. Inbox (In-App): Render preference page inside your Inbox Companies also give users the option to load preference settings inside their in-app Inbox or provide a link to redirect users to the Preference center in their product. Mobile Push: Preference Page in App settings For mobile push notifications, users typically manage their preferences through the app settings. The category you assign in your workflow is also sent as the push “category” (used by Android/iOS to group notifications). If you set preference categories, the system automatically reflects them in the user’s app settings, loading similar preference controls. SMS & Whatsapp: Reply `STOP` Users generally unsubscribe from Short Message Service (SMS) by replying “STOP.” SuprSend automatically marks the SMS channel as inactive in the user’s profile when it receives a STOP reply. For WhatsApp, opt-out behavior depends on the provider; where supported, users can reply STOP and SuprSend will mark the channel inactive. FAQ How do I set up a digest schedule? You can create sub-categories for different digest schedules or set the digest schedule in the user profile and pass a dynamic schedule in the workflow digest node. An option to set the digest schedule directly on your preference page will be available soon. I have a use case where a company has multiple departments/roles, and the admin will set preferences for users in these departments. You can manage this with tenant preferences. In the SuprSend system, each tenant represents an organization, and the administrator sets which categories to send to their internal team using the tenant preference API . What happens to existing user preference view if I change default preference setting? Changing the default preference for a category doesn’t affect users who have already made changes to that category. For categories where users haven’t made any changes, the preferences update according to the new default settings. I have multiple enterprise customers with various product offerings. Customers should only receive notifications for the products they have enabled, and the same should be visible on their preference page. How can I manage this in SuprSend? You can turn off categories for tenants from the tenant page on the SuprSend console. Turning off the preference for a category automatically removes it from the tenant preference APIs and UI view. To further apply this to the tenant’s users, set visible to subscriber to false in the default tenant preferences to hide the category from the tenant’s end users. Why don't I see the 'inbox' channel in my user preferences? The inbox channel preference is behind a feature flag and needs to be enabled for your account. If you don’t see the inbox channel in your user preferences, contact [email protected] to have the feature flag enabled for your workspace. Why do users still receive promotional notifications even after unsubscribing from all categories? Unsubscribing from top-level categories (System, Transactional, Promotional) is not supported . Preferences only work with sub-categories you create. If you’re sending notifications using a top-level category like "promotional" in your workflows, users cannot unsubscribe from those notifications through the preference center, even if they unsubscribe from all visible categories. Solution: Create sub-categories under the Promotional category (e.g., “Marketing”, “Newsletter”, “Product Updates”) and use those sub-category slugs in your workflows instead of the top-level category. This allows users to: See and control preferences for each notification type Opt out of specific sub-categories Have their preferences respected when you send notifications Best practice: Organize notifications into meaningful sub-categories rather than using top-level categories directly. This provides users with granular control and improves their experience. Can I use user preferences in workflow branching to control which notifications are sent? User preferences are not passed in the workflow payload, so you cannot directly access them in branch conditions or other workflow nodes. Workaround: If you need to use preference-based logic in workflows (e.g., to route notifications based on user preferences or combine multiple notification scenarios in a single workflow), you can: Store the same preference data as custom properties in the user profile Use those custom properties in branch conditions to route notifications Example use case: If you want to combine multiple notification scenarios (e.g., “New Comment”, “Reply on my comment”, “I am mentioned”) in a single workflow to avoid duplicate notifications, you can: Store user preferences for each scenario as custom properties (e.g., wants_new_comment_notifications: true , wants_mention_notifications: true ) Use branch conditions to check these properties and route notifications accordingly This allows you to have one workflow that handles all scenarios while respecting user preferences Alternative approach: Create separate workflows for each notification scenario with conditions in the Trigger node. Each workflow can use its own preference category, allowing users to control each scenario independently. How do I let users control both notification on/off and the time they want to be reminded (e.g., medicine reminders)? You can combine preference categories with dynamic digest schedules to achieve this: 1. Set up preference categories: Create a preference category (e.g., “medicine-reminders”) that users can opt in/out of using the preference APIs or preference center UI . 2. Store time preference as user property: When users select their preferred reminder time, store it as a custom property in their user profile. For example: Copy Ask AI user.set({ "medicineReminderTime" : { "frequency" : "daily" , "time" : "09:00" , "tz_selection" : "recipient" } }) 3. Use dynamic schedule in digest node: In your workflow’s digest node, configure it to use a dynamic schedule that references the user property (e.g., ."$recipient".medicineReminderTime ). The digest will only send if the user has opted in to the category, and it will send at their preferred time. Implementation flow: Client side (React Native) : Capture user’s time preference and call your backend API Server side (Supabase Edge Function) : Update both the user’s preference (opt in/out) via SuprSend preference API and store the time preference as a user property Workflow : Use preference category to control on/off, and dynamic schedule to control timing For detailed information, see Dynamic Schedule in the digest documentation. Related documentation Notification Categories - Setting up categories & defaults Manage Categories and Preferences - Complete guide to setting up and managing categories and preferences Tenant Preferences - Managing tenant-level preferences Preference Evaluation - How SuprSend evaluates preferences at runtime Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Tenant Preferences Learn how to manage preferences for your tenants and their users. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page What are user preferences? How preferences are determined Setting up preference categories Default preferences What default preferences control Preference types Capturing user preferences Hosted preference page Embed in your product Controlling what categories to show on UI Hide categories for tenant users Filter categories with tags Translating preference categories in user’s locale How preferences are evaluated Other ways to unsubcribe from notifications FAQ Related documentation | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Reporting Vulnerabilities to dev.to Important Update: Changes to Our Bug Bounty Program We regret to announce we will be suspending our bug bounty reward program effective immediately. Due to time constraints in managing this program ourselves, we are not in a position to keep the program in-house. We are exploring other options, but do not have a timeline for a re-launch. While we are no longer able to offer monetary rewards at this time, we still highly value the security community's input and encourage you to continue reporting any vulnerabilities you may discover. Please send your findings to security@dev.to , and we will diligently investigate all reports. We remain committed to acknowledging significant contributions through our security hall of fame. 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https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/client-authentication | Authentication - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection Developer Resources Overview Updates and Versioning Versioning and Support Policy SDK Changelog Authentication API Keys and Secrets Service Token Best Practices for Key & Token Management MCP Overview BETA Quickstart Tool List Building with LLMs Security Security SDKs and APIs SDKs SDK Overview SuprSend Backend SDK SuprSend Client SDK Authentication Javascript Android iOS React Native Flutter React Management API REST API Postman Collection Features Validate Trigger Payload Type Safety Testing Testing the Template Test Mode Monitoring and Logging Logs Data Out Contact Us Get Started SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Ask AI Contact Us Get Started Get Started Search... Navigation SuprSend Client SDK Authentication Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog SuprSend Client SDK Authentication OpenAI Open in ChatGPT How to authenticate SuprSend Client SDKs using public API Keys & signed user tokens. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT 📘 Many of our mobile SDK’s are under revamp stage. These SDK’s still use workspace key and workspace secret authentication. SuprSend client SDK’s use public API Keys to authenticate requests. You can find Public Keys in SuprSend Dashboard -> Developers -> API Keys -> Public Keys . You can generate new ones and delete or rotate existing keys. For production workspaces public API Keys alone isn’t enough as they are insecure. To solve this enable enhanced secure mode switch which you can find beside Public Key (shown in above image). This mandates signed user token (a JWT token that identifies the user that is performing the request) to be sent along with client requests. Enhanced Security Mode with signed User Token When enhanced security mode is on, user level authentication is performed for all requests. This is recommended for Production workspaces. All requests will be rejected by SuprSend if enhanced security mode is on and signed user token is not provided. This signed user token should be generated by your backend application and should be passed to your client. 1 Generate Signing Key You can generate Signing key from SuprSend Dashboard (below Public Keys section in API Keys page). Once signing key is generated it won’t be shown again, so copy and store it securely. It contains 2 formats: (i.) Base64 format: This is single line text, suitable for storing as an environment variable. (ii.) PEM format: This is multiline text format string. You can use any of the above format. This key will be used as secret to generate JWT token as shown in below step. 2 Creating Signed User JWT Token This should be created on your backend application only. You will need to sign the JWT token with the signing key from above step and expose this JWT token to your Frontend application. JWT Algorithm: ES256 JWT Secret: Signing key in PEM format generated in step1. If you are using Base64 format, it should be converted in to PEM format. JWT Payload: Payload Copy Ask AI { "entity_type" : 'subscriber' , // hardcode this value to subscriber "entity_id" : your_distinct_id , // replace this with your actual distinct id "exp" : 1725814228 , // token expiry timestamp in seconds "iat" : 1725814228 // token issued timestamp in seconds. "scope" : { "tenant_id" : "string" } } SuprSend requests will be scoped to tenant. If tenant passed by you in SDK doesn’t match with the JWT payload scope tenant_id then requests will throw 403 error. If tenant_id is not passed, it is assumed to be default tenant. Currently only Inbox requests supports scope, later on we will extend it to preferences and other requests. Create JWT token using above information: Node Copy Ask AI import jwt from 'jsonwebtoken' ; const payload = { entity_type: 'subscriber' , entity_id: "johndoe" , exp: 1725814228 }; const secret = 'your PEM format signing key' ; // if base64 signing key format is used use below code to convert to PEM format. const secret = Buffer . from ( 'your_base64_signingKey' , 'base64' ). toString ( 'utf-8' ) const signedUserToken = jwt . sign ( payload , secret ,{ algorithm: 'ES256' }) 3 Using signed user token in client After creating user token on backend send it to your Frontend application to be used in SuprSend SDK as user token. Javascript Copy Ask AI import SuprSend from '@suprsend/web-sdk' ; const suprSendClient = new SuprSend ( publicApiKey : string ); const authResponse = await suprSendClient . identify ( user . id , user . userToken ); Token expiry handling To handle cases of token expiry our client SDK’s have Refresh User Token callback as parameter in identify method which gets called to get new user token when existing token is expired. Javascript Copy Ask AI const authResponse = await suprSendClient . identify ( user . id , user . userToken , { refreshUserToken : ( oldUserToken , tokenPayload ) => { //.... write your logic to get new token by making API call to your server... // return new token }}); Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Integrate Javascript SDK Web SDK Integration to enable WebPush, Preferences, & In-app feed in javascript websites like React, Vue, and Next.js. 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https://dev.to/adventures_in_ml/the-impact-of-process-on-successful-tech-companies-ml-145#main-content | The Impact of Process on Successful Tech Companies - ML 145 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Adventures in Machine Learning Follow The Impact of Process on Successful Tech Companies - ML 145 Mar 28 '24 play Michael and Ben dive into the critical role of design in software development processes. They emphasize the value of clear and understandable code, the importance of thorough design for complex projects, and the need for comprehensive documentation and peer reviews. The conversation also delves into the challenges of handling complex code, the significance of prototype research, and the distinction between design decisions and implementation details. Through real-world examples, they illustrate the impact of rushed processes on project outcomes and the responsibility of tech leads in analyzing and deleting unused code. Join them as they explore how process and organizational culture contribute to successful outcomes in tech companies and why companies invest in skilled individuals who can work efficiently within established processes. Sponsors Chuck's Resume Template Developer Book Club Become a Top 1% Dev with a Top End Devs Membership Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/adventures-in-machine-learning--6102041/support . Episode source Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Your browser does not support the audio element. 1x initializing... × 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://docs.devcycle.com/integrations/slack | Integration for Slack | DevCycle Docs Skip to main content Home SDKs APIs Management API Bucketing API Integrations CLI / MCP Best Practices Community Blog Discord Search Sign Up On this page Integration for Slack This guide explains how to set up and use the DevCycle App for Slack. You can use the DevCycle App for Slack to keep track of and monitor feature flags within your team's Slack workspace. Setup Navigate to the Settings page in the DevCycle Dashboard, click on Integrations in the side navigation bar, and click View on the Integration for Slack. Click on the Add to Slack button and connect the DevCycle App for Slack with your workspace. Once the DevCycle app has been added, you can now subscribe to Feature changes on a project-level or by individual Feature(s). First, navigate to the Slack channel where you would like to have the Slack messages to be posted. To add a subscription for project-level changes, use the command /devcycle subscribe project-key . To find a project's respective key, go to your organization's Project Settings page and copy the key under the Project name. To add a subscription for individual feature changes, use the command /devcycle subscribe project-key [-f feature-key] . To add a subscription for a project or feature changes on a specific environment, add the flag [-e environment-key] to the command. For example, All Project changes for the specified Environment: /devcycle subscribe project-key [-e environment-key] All Feature changes that impact the specified Environment: /devcycle subscribe project-key [-f feature-key] [-e environment-key] Once you've susbcribed, you're all set! Go ahead and make some changes to a Feature then check your Slack Channel for notifications. Example Slack Message The View Project [Name] button will take you to the project that the Feature belongs to. The View Changes on Feature will take you to the Audit Log entry with more details about the Feature modification. Slack Commands /devcycle [ subscribe | unsubscribe | list | help ] /dvc [ subscribe | unsubscribe | list | help ] Private Channels To use the DevCycle Integration for Slack in private channels, you must invite the DevCycle App to the channel. Uninstall the DevCycle App for Slack In the case that you connected the DevCycle app for Slack to the wrong workspace or would like to remove it, please follow the instructions in this Slack Help Center article . Edit this page Last updated on Jan 9, 2026 Setup Example Slack Message Slack Commands Private Channels Uninstall the DevCycle App for Slack DevCycle Dashboard Blog Privacy Policy Twitter Discord GitHub Copyright © 2026 DevCycle. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://dev.to/raphaelmansuy/deploy-a-docker-app-to-aws-using-ecs-3i1g?ref=apisyouwonthate.com | Deploying Docker containers on AWS ECS 🏗 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Raphael MANSUY Posted on Feb 11, 2021 • Originally published at elitizon.com Deploying Docker containers on AWS ECS 🏗 # aws # node # devops # docker Deploy a Docker App to AWS using ECS AWS proposes two container orchestrations services: ECS and Kubernete . Well integrated with the AWS ecosystem, ECS is the proprietary version. What we will build In this tutorial we will explain how to: Package and build a node application and package a simple node application with Docker Create an ECR repository to store our Docker Image Upload the Docker image to the repository Create and launch an Elastic Container Cluster (ECR) Launch our application as a task within the Elastic Container Cluster Expose and open this application on the internet Docker is a technology that helps to package and ship applications easily in production. ECS stands for Elastic Container Service. It is a fully managed container orchestration service ECR stands for Elastic Container Repository. ECR allows storage of Docker Images on AWS. Concepts: A cluster is a logical grouping of hardware resources. A task is a set of metadata (memory, CPU, port mapping, environmental variables, etc) that describes how a container should be deployed. Services are responsible for managing advanced configurations such as load balancing The NodeJS application to deploy We want to deploy a basic express node application that displays the current time each time the index page is refreshed. package.json { "name" : "docker_web_app" , "version" : "1.0.0" , "description" : "Node.js on Docker" , "author" : "Raphaël MANSUY raphael.mansuy+contact@gmail.com>" , "main" : "server.js" , "scripts" : { "start" : "node server.js" }, "dependencies" : { "express" : "^4.17.1" } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode server.js " use strict " const express = require ( " express " ) // Constants const PORT = 8080 const HOST = " 0.0.0.0 " // App const app = express () app . get ( " / " , ( req , res ) => { res . send ( `Hello World - ${ new Date (). toISOString ()} ` ) }) app . listen ( PORT , HOST ) console . log ( `Running on http:// ${ HOST } : ${ PORT } ` ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode https://nodejs.org/en/docs/guides/nodejs-docker-webapp/ Package the node.js application with a Docker file In the same directory of this application, we can create a Dockerfile that explains how to build a container with this application: Dockerfile FROM node:14 # Create app directory WORKDIR /usr/src/app # Install app dependencies # A wildcard is used to ensure both package.json AND package-lock.json are copied # where available (npm@5+) COPY package*.json ./ RUN npm install # If you are building your code for production # RUN npm ci --only=production # Bundle app source COPY . . EXPOSE 8080 CMD [ "node", "server.js" ] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This file defines the following steps: start from the node:14 image create a directory /usr/src/ap inside the container copy the local file with pattern package*.json in the container run npm install copy all the local files to the container expose the port 8080 inside the container run node with the file server.js when the container starts Building the image Run the following command to build an image with the tag node-web-app docker build -t node-web-app . Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Running the image Run the following command to start the application in detached mode: docker run -p 80:8080 -d node-web-app Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The container is now running and the 8080 port within the container is exposed as the 80 port on your local machine. We can now test the application with the CURL command curl http://localhost:80 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Results: Hello World - 2021-02-11T05:06:12.739Z Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode We are now ready to deploy this container to the cloud. Connect to AmazonECR Prerequisites aws cli must be installed your aws profile must be configured and have ECS admin rights enabled Run the following command: aws ecr get-login-password --region us-west-2 | docker login Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode If you have access, you should have this displayed on the terminal: Authenticating with existing credentials... Login Succeeded Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Create your AmazonECR in the AWS Console Connect to the AWS Console and to the ECS Administration screen to create a new repository. Click on Create Repository and choose testrepository as a name for your repository: The ECR repository has now been created: Upload the image on AWS ECR Click now on the push commands button on the repository screen: Copy and execute each command on your machine: connect : aws ecr get-login-password --region us-west-2 | docker login --username AWS --password-stdin 3680199100XXX.dkr.ecr.us-west-2.amazonaws.com Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode build : docker build -t testrepository . Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode build : docker tag testrepository:latest 3680199100XXX.dkr.ecr.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/testrepository:latest Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode push to ECR : docker push 3680199100XXX.dkr.ecr.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/testrepository:latest Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The image is now published and available on ECR ready to be deployed: If you look at AmazonECR, repositories we can see the newly created image. Copy the image URI: we need to keep this to create a task definition for the following steps. 368019910004.dkr.ecr.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/testrepository:latest Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Create an ECS Cluster Go to the ECS home page and click on the create cluster button: Choose EC2 Linux + Networking and then click next: Then enter the following information: name of the cluster: ecs01 EC2 instance type: t3-micro Number of instances: 1 Then choose: Default VPC Auto assign IP: Enabled Security group: default Choose one of the subnet And then next press Enter Create a new Task definition A task is a set of metadata (memory, CPU, port mapping, environmental variables, etc) that describes how a container should be deployed. Click on new Task definition Choose EC2 Then next Choose NodeWebAppTask for the name of the task definition. Enter 128 for memory size. Click Add Container: Add the name of the container: NodeWebApp Set the image URI that we have saved to add the end of the add image step Set the port mappings 80:8080 Click create . Then go to Run Task The task is now running: If we click on the container instance: We can modify the security group associated with the instance to open the port 80 Add 80 to the inbound rule for the security group: If we try now to open the url: http://ec2-52-38-113-251.us-west-2.compute.amazonaws.com : Et voilà Our cluster and node application is now deployed. 🎉 🎉 🎉 Credits The picture was taken in February 2021 on the top of Peak Victoria in Hong Kong. Top comments (8) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Luiz Nascimento Luiz Nascimento Luiz Nascimento Follow Work Software Engineer Joined Aug 12, 2021 • Jun 14 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Awesome!! So helpful. Thanks! I only had one problem: as I'm a M1 user, I had problems building the docker image and pushing it to ECR, since ECR is an ubuntu instance. In order to solve it, you have to run docker buildx build --platform=linux/amd64 -t <image-name> . instead of docker build -t <image-name> . Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Vitaly Karasik Vitaly Karasik Vitaly Karasik Follow DevOps Consultant https://vitalykarasik.com Location Israel Work DevOps at Freelancer Joined Sep 25, 2019 • Feb 12 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide There is a small typo - "Create and launch an Elastic Container Cluster (ECR)" Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Shwetabh Shekhar Shwetabh Shekhar Shwetabh Shekhar Follow Lead Software Development Engineer based in Bengaluru. I love to create large-scale, distributed web/cloud applications with a particular passion for Go, Python, Java, JavaScript, Node.js, and AWS. Location Bangalore Work Lead Software Developer Joined Nov 2, 2020 • Feb 15 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is great. Thanks for sharing! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand leonavevor leonavevor leonavevor Follow Work System Developer + devops engineer Joined Jan 3, 2021 • Feb 12 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You just made my day. Thank you . Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Raphael MANSUY Raphael MANSUY Raphael MANSUY Follow CTO | ELITIZON 🚀 Opinions are my own 🍵 Green Tea addict 👷🏻♂️ Maker 📚 Lifelong learner Email raphael.mansuy@elitizon.com Location Hong Kong Education MSc Computer Science - Speciality AI & Databases Work Founder | CTO at ELITIZON Joined May 6, 2020 • Feb 12 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you so much Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand UponTheSky UponTheSky UponTheSky Follow A Python programmer who knows a bit of Mathematics. Location Seoul, South Korea Education M.S. in Statistics, Seoul National University Joined Dec 5, 2021 • Dec 8 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks for the detailed explanation! This is what I've been looking for. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Mike Lu Mike Lu Mike Lu Follow Fullstack React Engineer Email menglu95120@gmail.com Location Valencia, Spain Education Nanjing University Work Galeneo Joined Jul 1, 2022 • May 24 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks. it's helpful. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Raphael MANSUY Follow CTO | ELITIZON 🚀 Opinions are my own 🍵 Green Tea addict 👷🏻♂️ Maker 📚 Lifelong learner Location Hong Kong Education MSc Computer Science - Speciality AI & Databases Work Founder | CTO at ELITIZON Joined May 6, 2020 More from Raphael MANSUY 10 minutes to deploy a Docker compose stack on AWS ECS illustrated with Hasura and Postgres ⏰ # devops # docker # aws # cloudskills Boost your productivity by creating your own CLI command with typescript and OCLIF (Part 2) 🚀 # node # npm # typescript # devops Boost your productivity by creating your own CLI command with typescript (Part 1) 🔥 # devops # typescript # node # npm 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Guides | HTML guides - HTML | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Web HTML Guides Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) Français 日本語 中文 (简体) HTML guides This page lists the guides for using HTML. Content categories Most HTML elements are a member of one or more content categories — these categories group elements that share common characteristics. This is a loose grouping (it doesn't actually create a relationship among elements of these categories), but they help define and describe the categories' shared behavior and their associated rules. It's possible for elements (such as track ) to not be a member of any of these categories. HTML cheatsheet for syntax and common tasks While using HTML it can be very handy to have an easy way to remember how to use HTML tags properly and how to apply them. MDN provides you with extended HTML reference documentation as well as a deep instructional set of HTML guides . However, in many cases we just need some quick hints as we go. That's the whole purpose of the cheat sheet, to give you some quick accurate ready to use code snippets for common usages. Understanding quirks and standards modes In the old days of the web, pages were typically written in two versions: One for Netscape Navigator, and one for Microsoft Internet Explorer. When the web standards were made at W3C, browsers could not just start using them, as doing so would break most existing sites on the web. Browsers therefore introduced two modes to treat new standards compliant sites differently from old legacy sites. Using date and time formats in HTML Certain HTML elements use date and/or time values. The formats of the strings that specify these values are described in this article. Using HTML comments <!-- … --> An HTML comment is used to add explanatory notes to the markup or to prevent the browser from interpreting specific parts of the document. Using HTML form validation and the Constraint Validation API The creation of web forms has always been a complex task. While marking up the form itself is easy, checking whether each field has a valid and coherent value is more difficult, and informing the user about the problem may become a headache. HTML5 introduced new mechanisms for forms: it added new semantic types for the input element and constraint validation to ease the work of checking the form content on the client side. Basic, usual constraints can be checked, without the need for JavaScript, by setting new attributes; more complex constraints can be tested using the Constraint Validation API. Using microdata in HTML Microdata is part of the WHATWG HTML Standard and is used to nest metadata within existing content on web pages. Search engines and web crawlers can extract and process microdata from a web page and use it to provide a richer browsing experience for users. Search engines benefit greatly from direct access to this structured data because it allows search engines to understand the information on web pages and provide more relevant results to users. Microdata uses a supporting vocabulary to describe an item and name-value pairs to assign values to its properties. Microdata is an attempt to provide a declarative way of annotating HTML elements with machine-readable tags than the similar approaches of using RDFa and classic microformats. Using microformats in HTML Microformats are standards used to embed semantics and structured data in HTML, and provide an API to be used by social web applications, search engines, aggregators, and other tools. These minimal patterns of HTML are used for marking up entities that range from fundamental to domain-specific information, such as people, organizations, events, and locations. Using responsive images in HTML In this article, we'll learn about the concept of responsive images — images that work well on devices with widely differing screen sizes, resolutions, and other such features — and look at what tools HTML provides to help implement them. This helps to improve performance across different devices. Help improve MDN Was this page helpful to you? Yes No Learn how to contribute This page was last modified on Apr 10, 2025 by MDN contributors . View this page on GitHub • Report a problem with this content Filter sidebar HTML Guides Cheatsheet Comments Constraint validation Content categories Date and time formats Microdata Microformats Quirks and standards modes Responsive images How to Define terms with HTML Use data attributes Use cross-origin images Add a hitmap on top of an image Author fast-loading HTML pages Add JavaScript Reference Elements <a> <abbr> <acronym> Deprecated <address> <area> <article> <aside> <audio> <b> <base> <bdi> <bdo> <big> Deprecated <blockquote> <body> <br> <button> <canvas> <caption> <center> Deprecated <cite> <code> <col> <colgroup> <data> <datalist> <dd> <del> <details> <dfn> <dialog> <dir> Deprecated <div> <dl> <dt> <em> <embed> <fencedframe> Experimental <fieldset> <figcaption> <figure> <font> Deprecated <footer> <form> <frame> Deprecated <frameset> Deprecated <h1> <head> <header> <hgroup> <hr> <html> <i> <iframe> <img> <input> <ins> <kbd> <label> <legend> <li> <link> <main> <map> <mark> <marquee> Deprecated <menu> <meta> <meter> <nav> <nobr> Deprecated <noembed> Deprecated <noframes> Deprecated <noscript> <object> <ol> <optgroup> <option> <output> <p> <param> Deprecated <picture> <plaintext> Deprecated <pre> <progress> <q> <rb> Deprecated <rp> <rt> <rtc> Deprecated <ruby> <s> <samp> <script> <search> <section> <select> <selectedcontent> Experimental <slot> <small> <source> <span> <strike> Deprecated <strong> <style> <sub> <summary> <sup> <table> <tbody> <td> <template> <textarea> <tfoot> <th> <thead> <time> <title> <tr> <track> <tt> Deprecated <u> <ul> <var> <video> <wbr> <xmp> Deprecated Attributes accept autocomplete capture content crossorigin dirname disabled elementtiming fetchpriority for form max maxlength min minlength multiple pattern placeholder readonly rel required size step Global attributes accesskey anchor Experimental Non-standard autocapitalize autocorrect autofocus class contenteditable data-* dir draggable enterkeyhint exportparts hidden id inert inputmode is itemid itemprop itemref itemscope itemtype lang nonce part popover slot spellcheck style tabindex title translate virtualkeyboardpolicy Experimental writingsuggestions Attributes by element <input> type <input type="button"> <input type="checkbox"> <input type="color"> <input type="date"> <input type="datetime-local"> <input type="email"> <input type="file"> <input type="hidden"> <input type="image"> <input type="month"> <input type="number"> <input type="password"> <input type="radio"> <input type="range"> <input type="reset"> <input type="search"> <input type="submit"> <input type="tel"> <input type="text"> <input type="time"> <input type="url"> <input type="week"> <script> type importmap speculationrules Experimental <meta> name color-scheme referrer robots theme-color viewport <meta> http-equiv Attribute values rel keywords rel="alternate stylesheet" rel="compression-dictionary" Experimental rel="dns-prefetch" rel="manifest" rel="me" rel="modulepreload" rel="noopener" rel="noreferrer" rel="preconnect" rel="prefetch" rel="preload" rel="prerender" Non-standard Deprecated Your blueprint for a better internet. 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https://slicingwork.com | Homepage - The Art of Slicing Book Skip to content Training Services Press About About Me Blog Graphics Newsletter Contact Training Services Press About About Me Blog Graphics Newsletter Contact Get Your Copy Learn the most important managing skill of the 21st century The Art of Slicing Work How to Navigate Unpredictable Projects Get Your Copy Media About Book What’s in the book Every organization inevitably deals with an ever-increasing amount of uncertainty. Working with it, instead of ignoring it or looking the other way, is the most important skill for managers of the 21st century: The Art of Slicing Work . This book is the condensed experience presented as easy-to-understand stories that will enlighten and inspire you to apply them with your team or in your whole organization. Don’t let unpredictability derail productivity. With The Art of Slicing Work, surprises are just another step in the process. More about the book About the Author Why I wrote this book I observe many projects on the brink of failure, or at least wasting resources, because they overlook the key technique that has been pivotal in the agile software domain. This oversight is largely due to the valuable insights being obscured by technical jargon, making them inaccessible to those not versed in the language of software development. Having personally experienced the transformative power of these techniques, I was inspired to share this knowledge widely. My mission is to make these insights accessible to everyone involved in organizing work. After training and directly supporting thousands of managers, I decided to compile all the best explanations and tools in this book. To ensure broad applicability, I’ve enriched it with detailed, illustrated examples showcasing how to effectively slice work across diverse sectors: commercial, non-profit, and public. More about the author Available at Book Related Event Exciting Event Schedule and Activities Await! 8th April, 2025 Slicing Work Training: Immerse and Experience 8 AM - 1 PM, (PST) April 8th-10th, 2025 Live Online Training Find Out More Endorsements How this knowledge impacts organizations and people Anton's book is beautifully written with real-world examples that will inspire you to think differently about the possible ways you can change the structure of your work and deliver value more quickly. Howard Sublett former CEO of Scrum Alliance Inc. I was responsible for co-founding a new countrywide government institution in an environment of high volatility. Anton's knowledge helped me to set up more flexible and adaptable structures. I am glad to see it condensed into a book. Katarina Peranić Director of the German Foundation for Civic Engagement and Volunteer Work (...) with this book, Anton is taking the essential piece of what we’ve been doing in software in the last twenty years, stripping it of all buzzwords, and explaining it in clear language that everyone can understand. Olaf Lewitz Trust Artist and Certified Enterprise Coach Anton is a continuous source of inspiration and knowledge on organizing our work. Through his principles, we have learned to organize ourselves as an organization in such a way that we can much better and more quickly advocate for climate policies that assure a safer and more livable future. Rosa Brandt Co-Founder of the Future Matters Project Order Your Copy Today! Learn from real-life case studies about individuals who transformed their lives with the principles in this book. Get Your Copy Latest Blog Discussions, Insights, and Inspiration on Slicing Work View All Blog Posts Basics anton March 5, 2025 Want Agility? Start With This Less Popular Step What should an organisation focus on in the beginning of its journey to more agility? anton February 11, 2024 Does your job require adaptability or agility? We use several powerful questions and to analyze a recent job report from LinkedIn to see whether the most... Legal Data Protection, Legal Notice and Imprint The Art of Slicing Work how to navigate unpredictable projects Linkedin Navigation Home About Training Media Blog Legal Data Protection, Legal Notice and Imprint The Art of Slicing Work by Anton Skornyakov Copyright © 2024. All rights reserved Contact Me Have a question, suggestion, or just want to say hello? I’d love to hear from you! Feel free to reach out to me through the contact details below, or connect with me on social media. Email example@example.com Call +1-1234-56789 Linkedin | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
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https://docs.devcycle.com/cli-mcp/mcp-getting-started/#try-it-out | MCP Getting Started | DevCycle Docs Skip to main content Home SDKs APIs Management API Bucketing API Integrations CLI / MCP Best Practices Community Blog Discord Search Sign Up CLI / MCP Overview CLI CLI Reference CLI User Guides Projects Environments SDK Keys Features Variables Variations Targeting Rules Self-Targeting CLI User Guides MCP MCP Getting Started MCP Reference MCP User Guides Incident Investigation MCP On this page DevCyle MCP Getting Started The DevCycle Model Context Protocol (MCP) Server is based on the DevCycle CLI, it enables AI-powered code editors like Cursor and Windsurf, or general-purpose tools like Claude Desktop, to interact directly with your DevCycle projects and make changes on your behalf. Quick Setup The DevCycle MCP is hosted so there is no need to set up a local server. We'll walk you through installation and authentication with your preferred AI tools. Direct Connection: For clients that natively support the MCP specification with OAuth authentication, you can connect directly to our hosted server: https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp Protocol Support : Our MCP server supports both SSE and HTTP Streaming protocols, automatically negotiating the best option based on your client's capabilities. Alternative Endpoint : If your client has issues with protocol negotiation, use the SSE-only endpoint: https://mcp.devcycle.com/sse MCP Registry : If you're using registry.modelcontextprotocol.io , the DevCycle MCP is listed as: com.devcycle/mcp info These instructions use the remote DevCycle MCP server. For installation of the local MCP server, see the reference docs . Configure Your AI Client Cursor VS Code Claude Code Claude Desktop Windsurf Codex CLI Gemini CLI 📦 Install in Cursor To open Cursor and automatically add the DevCycle MCP, click the install button above. Alternatively, add the following to your ~/.cursor/mcp_settings.json file. To learn more, see the Cursor documentation . { "mcpServers" : { "DevCycle" : { "url" : "https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp" } } } Authentication in Cursor: After configuration, you'll see DevCycle MCP listed as "Needs login" with a yellow indicator Click on the DevCycle MCP server to initiate the authorization process This opens a browser authorization page at mcp.devcycle.com Review and click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com You'll be redirected back to Cursor with the server now active 📦 Install in VS Code To open VS Code and automatically add the DevCycle MCP, click the install button above. Alternatively, add the following to your .continue/config.json file. To learn more, see the Continue documentation . { "mcpServers" : { "DevCycle" : { "url" : "https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp" } } } Authentication in VS Code: After configuration, open the MCP settings panel in VS Code Find the DevCycle MCP server and click "Start Server" VS Code will show a dialog: "The MCP Server Definition 'DevCycle' wants to authenticate to mcp.devcycle.com" Click "Allow" to proceed with authentication This opens a browser authorization page at mcp.devcycle.com Review and click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com You'll be redirected back to VS Code with the server now active Step 1: Open Terminal Open your terminal to access the Claude CLI. Step 2: Add DevCycle MCP Server claude mcp add --transport http devcycle https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp Step 3: Manage MCP Connection In the Claude CLI, enter the MCP management interface: /mcp Step 4: Authentication You'll see the DevCycle server listed as "disconnected • Enter to login": Select the DevCycle server and press Enter to login Follow the CLI prompts to initiate the Authentication process This will open a browser page at mcp.devcycle.com for authorization Review and click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com Return to Claude Code where the server will show as connected For more details, see the Claude Code MCP documentation . Step 1: Access MCP Configuration Option 1: Through Claude Desktop Settings (Recommended) Open Claude Desktop and go to Settings Navigate to Developer → Local MCP servers Click "Edit Config" to open the configuration file directly Option 2: Manual Configuration File Alternatively, locate and edit your Claude Desktop configuration file: macOS : ~/Library/Application Support/Claude/claude_desktop_config.json Windows : %APPDATA%\Claude\claude_desktop_config.json Step 2: Add DevCycle Configuration Add or merge the following configuration: { "mcpServers" : { "devcycle" : { "command" : "npx" , "args" : [ " [email protected] " , "https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp" ] } } } Step 3: Restart Claude Desktop Close and reopen Claude Desktop for the changes to take effect. Step 4: Authentication When you first use DevCycle MCP tools, Claude Desktop will prompt for authentication This will open a browser page at mcp.devcycle.com for authorization Review and click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com Return to Claude Desktop where the MCP tools will be active Step 1: Access MCP Configuration Open Windsurf and go to Settings > Winsurf Settings Scroll to the Cascade section Click "Manage MCPs" Step 2: Edit Raw Configuration In the "Manage MCP servers" interface, click "View raw config" Add the following configuration to the JSON file: { "mcpServers" : { "DevCycle" : { "serverUrl" : "https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp" } } } Step 3: Refresh and Authenticate Save the configuration file Click "Refresh" in the "Manage MCP servers" interface The DevCycle server will appear and prompt for authentication Follow the authentication flow: Browser opens at mcp.devcycle.com for authorization Click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com Return to Windsurf where DevCycle will show as "Enabled" with all tools available which can be configured independently Step 1: Access MCP Configuration Locate and edit your OpenAI Codex CLI configuration file: All platforms : ~/.codex/config.toml Step 2: Add DevCycle MCP Server Add the following TOML configuration to enable the DevCycle MCP server: [mcp_servers.devcycle] url = "https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp" Step 3: Restart Codex CLI Restart your Codex CLI session for the changes to take effect. Step 4: Authentication When you first use DevCycle MCP tools, the Codex CLI will prompt for authentication This will open a browser page at mcp.devcycle.com for authorization Review and click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com Return to the Codex CLI where the DevCycle MCP tools will be active For more details, see the OpenAI Codex MCP documentation . Step 1: Access MCP Configuration Locate and edit your Gemini CLI settings file: All platforms : ~/.gemini/settings.json Step 2: Add DevCycle MCP Server Add or merge the following configuration to enable the DevCycle MCP server: { "mcpServers" : { "devcycle" : { "url" : "https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp" } } } Step 3: Restart Gemini CLI Restart your Gemini CLI session for the changes to take effect. Step 4: Authentication When you first use DevCycle MCP tools, the Gemini CLI will prompt for authentication This will open a browser page at mcp.devcycle.com for authorization Review and click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com Return to the Gemini CLI where the DevCycle MCP tools will be active For more details, see the Gemini CLI MCP documentation . Available Tools The DevCycle MCP Server provides comprehensive feature flag management tools organized into 6 categories : Category Tools Description Feature Management list_features , create_feature , update_feature , update_feature_status , delete_feature , cleanup_feature , get_feature_audit_log_history Create and manage feature flags Variable Management list_variables , create_variable , update_variable , delete_variable Manage feature variables Project Management list_projects , get_current_project , select_project Project selection and details Self-Targeting & Overrides get_self_targeting_identity , update_self_targeting_identity , list_self_targeting_overrides , set_self_targeting_override , clear_feature_self_targeting_overrides Testing and overrides Results & Analytics get_feature_total_evaluations , get_project_total_evaluations Usage analytics SDK Installation install_devcycle_sdk SDK install guides and examples Try It Out Once configured, try asking your AI assistant: "Create a new feature flag called 'new-checkout-flow'" "List all features in my project" "Enable targeting for the header-redesign feature in production" "Show me evaluation analytics for the last 7 days" Next Steps MCP Reference - Complete tool documentation with all parameters CLI Reference - Learn about the underlying CLI commands Getting Help GitHub Issues : GitHub Issues General Documentation : DevCycle Docs DevCycle Community : Discord Support : Contact Support Edit this page Last updated on Jan 9, 2026 Previous CLI User Guides Next MCP Getting Started Quick Setup Configure Your AI Client Available Tools Try It Out Next Steps Getting Help DevCycle Dashboard Blog Privacy Policy Twitter Discord GitHub Copyright © 2026 DevCycle. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebSockets_API/Writing_WebSocket_client_applications#content | Writing WebSocket client applications - Web APIs | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Web Web APIs The WebSocket API (WebSockets) Writing WebSocket client applications Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) Español Français 日本語 한국어 Português (do Brasil) Русский 中文 (简体) 正體中文 (繁體) Writing WebSocket client applications In this guide we'll walk through the implementation of a WebSocket-based ping application. In this application, the client sends a "ping" message to the server every second, and the server responds with a "pong" message. The client listens for "pong" messages and logs them, keeping track of how many message exchanges there have been. Although this is a pretty minimal application, it covers the fundamental points involved in writing a WebSocket client. You can find the complete example at https://github.com/mdn/dom-examples/tree/main/websockets . The server side is written in Deno , so you'll have to install that first if you want to run the example locally. In this article Creating a WebSocket object Listening for the open event Listening for errors Sending messages Receiving messages Handling disconnect Working with the bfcache Security considerations Creating a WebSocket object To communicate using the WebSocket protocol, you need to create a WebSocket object. As soon as you create this object, it will start trying to connect to the specified server. js const wsUri = "ws://127.0.0.1/"; const websocket = new WebSocket(wsUri); The WebSocket constructor takes one mandatory argument — the URL of the WebSocket server to connect to. In this case, since we're running the server locally, we're using the localhost address. Note: In this example we're using the ws protocol for the connection, because in the example we're connecting to localhost. In a real application, web pages should be served using HTTPS, and the WebSocket connection should use wss as the protocol. The constructor takes another optional argument protocols , which allows a single server to implement multiple sub-protocols. We're not using this feature in our example. The constructor will throw a SecurityError if the destination doesn't allow access. This may happen if you attempt to use an insecure connection (most user agents now require a secure link for all WebSocket connections unless they're on the same device or possibly on the same network). Listening for the open event Creating a WebSocket instance starts the process of establishing a connection to the server. Once the connection is established, the open event is fired, and after this point the socket is able to transmit data. In the example code below, when the open event is fired, we start sending one "ping" message to the server every second, using the Window.setInterval() API: js websocket.addEventListener("open", () => { log("CONNECTED"); pingInterval = setInterval(() => { log(`SENT: ping: ${counter}`); websocket.send("ping"); }, 1000); }); Listening for errors If an error occurs while the connection is being established or at any time after it is established, the error event will be fired. Our application doesn't do anything special on error, but we do log it: js websocket.addEventListener("error", (e) => { log(`ERROR`); }); On an error, the connection is closed and the close event will be fired. Sending messages We've already seen that once the connection is established, we can use the send() method to send messages to the server: js websocket.addEventListener("open", () => { log("CONNECTED"); pingInterval = setInterval(() => { log(`SENT: ping: ${counter}`); websocket.send("ping"); }, 1000); }); In our example we send text, but you can also send binary data as a Blob , ArrayBuffer , TypedArray , or DataView . A common approach is to use JSON to send serialized JavaScript objects as text. For example, instead of just sending the text message "ping", our client could send a serialized object including the number of messages exchanged so far: js const message = { iteration: counter, content: "ping", }; websocket.send(JSON.stringify(message)); The send() method is asynchronous: it does not wait for the data to be transmitted before returning to the caller. It just adds the data to its internal buffer and begins the process of transmission. The WebSocket.bufferedAmount property represents the number of bytes that have not yet been transmitted. Note that the WebSockets protocol uses UTF-8 to encode text, so bufferedAmount is calculated based on the UTF-8 encoding of any buffered text data. Receiving messages To receive messages from the server, we listen for the message event. Our message event handler logs the received message, and increments our count of the number of message exchanges that have occurred: js websocket.addEventListener("message", (e) => { log(`RECEIVED: ${e.data}: ${counter}`); counter++; }); The server can also send binary data, which is exposed to clients as a Blob or an ArrayBuffer , based on the value of the WebSocket.binaryType property. As we saw for sending messages, the server can also send JSON strings, which the client can then parse into an object: js websocket.addEventListener("message", (e) => { const message = JSON.parse(e.data); log(`RECEIVED: ${message.iteration}: ${message.content}`); counter++; }); Handling disconnect When the connection is closed, because either the client or the server closed it or because an error occurred, the close event will be fired. Our application listens for the close event and cleans up the interval timer when it is fired: js websocket.addEventListener("close", () => { log("DISCONNECTED"); clearInterval(pingInterval); }); Working with the bfcache The back/forward cache, or bfcache , enables much faster back and forward navigation between pages that the user has recently visited. It does this by storing a complete snapshot of the page, including the JavaScript heap. The browser pauses and then resumes JavaScript execution when a page is added to or restored from the bfcache. This means that, depending on what the page is doing, it's not always safe for the browser to use the bfcache for the page. If the browser determines that it is not safe, the page will not be added to the bfcache, and the user will not get the performance benefit that it can bring. Different browsers use different criteria for adding a page to the bfcache, and having an open WebSocket connection may prevent the browser adding your page to the bfcache. This means it's good practice to close your connection when the user has finished with your page. The best event to use for this is the pagehide event. We do this in our example app: js window.addEventListener("pagehide", () => { if (websocket) { log("CLOSING"); websocket.close(); websocket = null; window.clearInterval(pingInterval); } }); Conversely, by listening for the pageshow event, you can seamlessly start the connection again when the page is restored from the bfcache. In the following example, we start the initial connection when the page is first loaded and only reconnect when the page is restored (checking for event.persisted ): js let websocket = null; function initializeWebSocketListeners(ws) { ws.addEventListener("open", () => { log("CONNECTED"); pingInterval = setInterval(() => { log(`SENT: ping: ${counter}`); ws.send("ping"); }, 1000); }); ws.addEventListener("close", () => { log("DISCONNECTED"); clearInterval(pingInterval); }); ws.addEventListener("message", (e) => { log(`RECEIVED: ${e.data}: ${counter}`); counter++; }); ws.addEventListener("error", (e) => { log(`ERROR`); }); } window.addEventListener("pageshow", (event) => { if (event.persisted) { websocket = new WebSocket(wsUri); initializeWebSocketListeners(websocket); } }); log("OPENING"); websocket = new WebSocket(wsUri); initializeWebSocketListeners(websocket); If you run our example, try navigating to a different page, then back to the example. In Chrome, you should see that the example starts the connection again, and keeps its original context: so, for example, it remembers the count of exchanged messages. See the web.dev article on the bfcache for more context on bfcache compatibility and the WebSockets API. On browsers that support it, you can use the notRestoredReasons property of the Performance API to get the reason a page was not added to the bfcache. Security considerations WebSockets should not be used in a mixed content environment; that is, you shouldn't open a non-secure WebSocket connection from a page loaded using HTTPS or vice versa. Most browsers now only allow secure WebSocket connections, and no longer support using them in insecure contexts. Help improve MDN Was this page helpful to you? Yes No Learn how to contribute This page was last modified on Nov 22, 2025 by MDN contributors . View this page on GitHub • Report a problem with this content Filter sidebar The WebSocket API (WebSockets) Guides Writing WebSocket client applications Writing WebSocket servers Writing a WebSocket server in C# Writing a WebSocket server in Java Writing a WebSocket server in JavaScript (Deno) Using WebSocketStream to write a client Interfaces WebSocket WebSocketStream Experimental CloseEvent MessageEvent Your blueprint for a better internet. MDN About Blog Mozilla careers Advertise with us MDN Plus Product help Contribute MDN Community Community resources Writing guidelines MDN Discord MDN on GitHub Developers Web technologies Learn web development Guides Tutorials Glossary Hacks blog Website Privacy Notice Telemetry Settings Legal Community Participation Guidelines Visit Mozilla Corporation’s not-for-profit parent, the Mozilla Foundation . Portions of this content are ©1998–2026 by individual mozilla.org contributors. Content available under a Creative Commons license . | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://docs.devcycle.com/cli-guides/targeting | Targeting Rules | DevCycle Docs Skip to main content Home SDKs APIs Management API Bucketing API Integrations CLI / MCP Best Practices Community Blog Discord Search Sign Up CLI / MCP Overview CLI CLI Reference CLI User Guides Projects Environments SDK Keys Features Variables Variations Targeting Rules Self-Targeting CLI User Guides MCP MCP Getting Started MCP Reference MCP User Guides Incident Investigation CLI CLI User Guides Targeting Rules On this page CLI: Targeting Rules Manage Once you have installed and authorized the CLI, select your relevant organization then run the following command: dvc targeting get You will be prompted to select a feature and environment. If successful you will receive a response which resembles the following (which selected a feature named feature-a and the Development environment): └─ Development └─ status └─ enabled To enable a targeting rule for a Feature, you will follow a similar process to above but using the command dvc targeting enable If successful you will receive a response which resembles the following (for enabling the targeting rules for the Staging environment of a feature): └─ Staging ├─ status │ └─ enabled └─ rules └─ 1. All Users ├─ definition │ └─ All Users └─ serve └─ Variation On To disable a targeting rule for a Feature, you will follow a similar process to above but using the command dvc targeting disable If successful you will receive a response which resembles the following (for disabling the targeting rules for the Staging environment of a feature): └─ Staging ├─ status │ └─ disabled └─ rules └─ 1. All Users ├─ definition │ └─ All Users └─ serve └─ Variation On Create Once you have installed and authorized the CLI, select your relevant organization then run the following command: dvc targeting update You will be prompted to select a feature, environment and what you would like to update (status or targets). For this case you should select only targets . You should then select Add Targeting Rule and will be prompted to define a Name, Variations to serve and a filter. For this case, if you have not yet created any filters, you should select Add Filter . Here you will be prompted to select a definition of all (for all users), user (to target a specific user based on an identifier like email, country, etc.) or audienceMatch (see Audiences) . info Looking to reuse an audience in user targeting for features? Be sure to check out the our documentation explaining how to create and manage Audiences via our API or within the DevCycle dashboard . Once you have chosen your relevant definition select Continue (twice) when prompted. If successful you should see a flow which resembles the following (which represents added a new targeting rule to feature-a in the Staging Environment for any users with the email address that contains devcycle and will serve them a variation named New Variation ): ? Which feature? feature-a ? Which environment? Staging (staging) ? Which fields are you updating targets 🤖 Manage your Targeting 🤖 Current Targeting Rules: └─ 1. All Users ├─ definition │ └─ All Users └─ serve └─ Variation On ? Select an action: Add Targeting Rule ? Name: New Targeting Rule ? Variation to serve New Variation (new-variation) 🤖 No existing Filters. ? Select an action: Add Filter ? Type for definition user ? Subtype for definition email ? Comparator for definition contain ? List of comma separated values for definition: devcycle 🤖 Manage your filters 🤖 Current Filters: └─ Email └─ contains └─ devcycle ---------------------------------------- ? Select an action: Continue 🤖 Manage your filters 🤖 Current Filters: └─ Email └─ contains └─ devcycle ---------------------------------------- 🤖 Manage your Targeting 🤖 Current Targeting Rules: ├─ 1. All Users │ ├─ definition │ │ └─ All Users │ └─ serve │ └─ Variation On └─ 2. New Targeting Rule ├─ definition │ └─ Email │ └─ contains │ └─ devcycle └─ serve └─ new-variation ---------------------------------------- ? Select an action: Continue 🤖 Manage your Targeting 🤖 Current Targeting Rules: ├─ 1. All Users │ ├─ definition │ │ └─ All Users │ └─ serve │ └─ Variation On └─ 2. New Targeting Rule ├─ definition │ └─ Email │ └─ contains │ └─ devcycle └─ serve └─ new-variation ---------------------------------------- └─ Staging ├─ status │ └─ enabled └─ rules ├─ 1. All Users │ ├─ definition │ │ └─ All Users │ └─ serve │ └─ Variation On └─ 2. New Targeting Rule ├─ definition │ └─ Email │ └─ contains │ └─ devcycle └─ serve └─ New Variation To enable a targeting rule for a Feature, you will follow a similar process to above but using the command dvc targeting enable If successful you will receive a response which resembles the following (for enabling the targeting rules for the Staging environment of a feature): └─ Staging ├─ status │ └─ enabled └─ rules └─ 1. All Users ├─ definition │ └─ All Users └─ serve └─ Variation On Update Once you have installed and authorized the CLI, select your relevant organization then run the following command: dvc targeting update You will be prompted to select a feature, environment and you should ensure that targets are selected when asked which fields you are updating. From here select Edit Targeting Rule , chose the relevant targeting rule you would like to update. You will then be prompted to change the Name and Variation to Serve (click enter if you would like to keep these the same). Next you will be prompted to Add, Edit or Remove Filters (known as Definitions on the dashboard). Click continue of you would not like to change these or select the appropriate option for your situation. If successful you will receive a response which resembles the following (which represents updating a targeting rule named New Targeting Rule on the Staging Environment for feature-a to show Variation Off to impact any users with the email address that does not contain devcycle .): ? Which feature? feature-a ? Which environment? Staging (staging) ? Which fields are you updating targets 🤖 Manage your Targeting 🤖 Current Targeting Rules: ├─ 1. All Users │ ├─ definition │ │ └─ All Users │ └─ serve │ └─ Variation On └─ 2. New Targeting Rule ├─ definition │ └─ Email │ └─ contains │ └─ devcycle └─ serve └─ New Variation ? Select an action: Edit Targeting Rule ? Which Targeting Rule would you like to edit? New Targeting Rule ? Name: New Targeting Rule ? Variation to serve Variation Off (variation-off) 🤖 Manage your filters 🤖 Current Filters: └─ Email └─ contains └─ devcycle ? Select an action: Edit Filter ? Which Filter would you like to edit? {"type":"user","subType":"email","comparator":"contain","values":["devcycle"]} ? Which fields are you updating 🤖 Manage your filters 🤖 Current Filters: └─ Email └─ contains └─ devcycle ---------------------------------------- ? Select an action: Continue 🤖 Manage your filters 🤖 Current Filters: └─ Email └─ does not contain └─ devcycle ---------------------------------------- 🤖 Manage your Targeting 🤖 Current Targeting Rules: ├─ 1. All Users │ ├─ definition │ │ └─ All Users │ └─ serve │ └─ Variation On └─ 2. New Targeting Rule ├─ definition │ └─ Email │ └─ does not contain │ └─ devcycle └─ serve └─ variation-off --------------------------------------- ? Select an action: Continue 🤖 Manage your Targeting 🤖 Current Targeting Rules: ├─ 1. All Users │ ├─ definition │ │ └─ All Users │ └─ serve │ └─ Variation On └─ 2. New Targeting Rule ├─ definition │ └─ Email │ └─ does not contain │ └─ devcycle └─ serve └─ variation-off ---------------------------------------- └─ Staging ├─ status │ └─ enabled └─ rules ├─ 1. All Users │ ├─ definition │ │ └─ All Users │ └─ serve │ └─ Variation On └─ 2. New Targeting Rule ├─ definition │ └─ Email │ └─ does not contain │ └─ devcycle └─ serve └─ Variation Off Other update actions from the CLI include: Reordering a Targeting Rule Reordering a Filter (known as definition in the CLI) Delete Once you have installed and authorized the CLI, select your relevant organization then run the following command: dvc targeting update You will be prompted to select a feature, environment and you should ensure that targets are selected when asked which fields you are updating. Select Remove Targeting Rule from the options presented and chose the reelvant Targeting rule you would like to delete. Click continue. If successful you will receive a response which resembles the following (which represents removing a targeting rule named New Targeting Rule on the Staging Environment for feature-a .): ? Which feature? feature-a ? Which environment? Staging (staging) ? Which fields are you updating targets 🤖 Manage your Targeting 🤖 Current Targeting Rules: ├─ 1. All Users │ ├─ definition │ │ └─ All Users │ └─ serve │ └─ Variation On └─ 2. New Targeting Rule ├─ definition │ └─ Email │ └─ does not contain │ └─ devcycle └─ serve └─ Variation Off ? Select an action: Exit (Discard changes) └─ Staging ├─ status │ └─ enabled └─ rules ├─ 1. All Users │ ├─ definition │ │ └─ All Users │ └─ serve │ └─ Variation On └─ 2. New Targeting Rule ├─ definition │ └─ Email │ └─ does not contain │ └─ devcycle └─ serve └─ Variation Off @andrewdmaclean ➜ /workspaces/devcycle-docs (main) $ dvc targeting update ? Which feature? feature-a ? Which environment? Staging (staging) ? Which fields are you updating targets 🤖 Manage your Targeting 🤖 Current Targeting Rules: ├─ 1. All Users │ ├─ definition │ │ └─ All Users │ └─ serve │ └─ Variation On └─ 2. New Targeting Rule ├─ definition │ └─ Email │ └─ does not contain │ └─ devcycle └─ serve └─ Variation Off ? Select an action: Remove Targeting Rule ? Select the Targeting Rule you would like to delete: New Targeting Rule 🤖 Manage your Targeting 🤖 Current Targeting Rules: └─ 1. All Users ├─ definition │ └─ All Users └─ serve └─ Variation On ---------------------------------------- ? Select an action: Continue 🤖 Manage your Targeting 🤖 Current Targeting Rules: └─ 1. All Users ├─ definition │ └─ All Users └─ serve └─ Variation On ---------------------------------------- └─ Staging ├─ status │ └─ enabled └─ rules └─ 1. All Users ├─ definition │ └─ All Users └─ serve └─ Variation On A similar process should be applied for removing filters/definitions Edit this page Last updated on Jan 9, 2026 Previous Variations Next Self-Targeting Manage Create Update Delete DevCycle Dashboard Blog Privacy Policy Twitter Discord GitHub Copyright © 2026 DevCycle. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn_web_development | Learn web development | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Learn Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) Español Français 日本語 한국어 Português (do Brasil) Русский 中文 (简体) 正體中文 (繁體) Learn web development Welcome to MDN Learning Web Development (also known as Learn ). This resource provides a structured set of tutorials teaching the essential skills and practices for being a successful front-end developer, along with challenges and further recommended resources. In this article About Learn web development Don't know where to get started? Test your skills Getting our code examples Contact us See also About Learn web development Teaches the essential skills and knowledge every front-end developer needs for career success and industry relevance, as defined in the MDN Curriculum . Created by the MDN community and refined with insights from students, educators, and developers from the broader web community. Designed to take you from "beginner" to "comfortable" (not "beginner" to "expert"), giving you enough knowledge to use more advanced resources (such as the rest of MDN ). Note: Last updated: August 2025 ( see changelog ). Try our partner video courses Interested in an interactive video course to complement our articles? 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https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/preference-react-sdk | Preferences - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection Developer Resources Overview Updates and Versioning Versioning and Support Policy SDK Changelog Authentication API Keys and Secrets Service Token Best Practices for Key & Token Management MCP Overview BETA Quickstart Tool List Building with LLMs Security Security SDKs and APIs SDKs SDK Overview SuprSend Backend SDK SuprSend Client SDK Authentication Javascript Android iOS React Native Flutter React SDK Integration WebPush Preferences Events and User methods InApp Feed Management API REST API Postman Collection Features Validate Trigger Payload Type Safety Testing Testing the Template Test Mode Monitoring and Logging Logs Data Out Contact Us Get Started SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Ask AI Contact Us Get Started Get Started Search... Navigation React Preferences Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog React Preferences OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Step-by-Step Guide to add SuprSend notification preference centre in react-based websites. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Integration steps 1 Integrate SuprSendProvider Integrate SuprSendProvider as it is needed for creating SuprSend Client and authenticating user. 2 Accessing preferences methods using useSuprSendClient hook Call useSuprSendClient hook in your react component code to get SuprSend client instance which has all preferences methods. 3 Integrating Preferences Please refer these sections to understand and implement preferences methods in your react application, as integration steps are same for both the web-sdk and react-sdk. Note: Category translations work automatically—no additional configuration required. Since the React SDK is built on the web SDK, the locale is automatically passed through the underlying web SDK, and all embeddable SDKs in the preference centre inherit this behavior. Category names and descriptions are automatically displayed in the user’s locale. Example Example.jsx Copy Ask AI import { useState , useEffect } from "react" ; import Switch from "react-switch" ; import { SuprSendProvider , ChannelLevelPreferenceOptions , PreferenceOptions , useSuprSendClient , useAuthenticateUser , } from "@suprsend/react" ; // -------------- Category Level Preferences -------------- // const handleCategoryPreferenceChange = async ({ data , subcategory , setPreferenceData , suprSendClient , }) => { const resp = await suprSendClient . user . preferences . updateCategoryPreference ( subcategory . category , data ? PreferenceOptions . OPT_IN : PreferenceOptions . OPT_OUT ); if ( resp . status === "error" ) { console . log ( resp . error . message ); } else { setPreferenceData ({ ... resp . body }); } }; const handleChannelPreferenceInCategoryChange = async ({ channel , subcategory , setPreferenceData , suprSendClient , }) => { if ( ! channel . is_editable ) return ; const resp = await suprSendClient . user . preferences . updateChannelPreferenceInCategory ( channel . channel , channel . preference === PreferenceOptions . OPT_IN ? PreferenceOptions . OPT_OUT : PreferenceOptions . OPT_IN , subcategory . category ); if ( resp . status === "error" ) { console . log ( resp . error . message ); } else { setPreferenceData ({ ... resp . body }); } }; function NotificationCategoryPreferences ({ preferenceData , setPreferenceData , }) { const suprSendClient = useSuprSendClient (); if ( ! preferenceData . sections ) { return null ; } return preferenceData . sections ?. map (( section , index ) => { return ( < div style = { { marginBottom: 24 } } key = { index } > { section ?. name && ( < div style = { { backgroundColor: "#FAFBFB" , paddingTop: 12 , paddingBottom: 12 , marginBottom: 18 , } } > < p style = { { fontSize: 18 , fontWeight: 500 , color: "#3D3D3D" , } } > { section . name } </ p > < p style = { { color: "#6C727F" } } > { section . description } </ p > </ div > ) } { section ?. subcategories ?. map (( subcategory , index ) => { return ( < div key = { index } style = { { borderBottom: "1px solid #D9D9D9" , paddingBottom: 12 , marginTop: 18 , } } > < div style = { { display: "flex" , justifyContent: "space-between" , alignItems: "center" , } } > < div > < p style = { { fontSize: 16 , fontWeight: 600 , color: "#3D3D3D" , } } > { subcategory . name } </ p > < p style = { { color: "#6C727F" , fontSize: 14 } } > { subcategory . description } </ p > </ div > < Switch disabled = { ! subcategory . is_editable } onChange = { ( data ) => { handleCategoryPreferenceChange ({ data , subcategory , setPreferenceData , suprSendClient , }); } } uncheckedIcon = { false } checkedIcon = { false } height = { 20 } width = { 40 } onColor = "#2563EB" checked = { subcategory . preference === PreferenceOptions . OPT_IN } /> </ div > < div style = { { display: "flex" , gap: 10 , marginTop: 12 } } > { subcategory ?. channels . map (( channel , index ) => { return ( < Checkbox key = { index } value = { channel . preference } title = { channel . channel } disabled = { ! channel . is_editable } onClick = { () => { handleChannelPreferenceInCategoryChange ({ channel , subcategory , setPreferenceData , suprSendClient , }); } } /> ); }) } </ div > </ div > ); }) } </ div > ); }); } // -------------- Channel Level Preferences -------------- // const handleOverallChannelPreferenceChange = async ({ channel , status , setPreferenceData , suprSendClient , }) => { const resp = await suprSendClient . user . preferences . updateOverallChannelPreference ( channel . channel , status ); if ( resp . status === "error" ) { console . log ( resp . error . message ); } else { setPreferenceData ({ ... resp . body }); } }; function ChannelLevelPreferernceItem ({ channel , setPreferenceData }) { const suprSendClient = useSuprSendClient (); const [ isActive , setIsActive ] = useState ( false ); return ( < div style = { { border: "1px solid #D9D9D9" , borderRadius: 5 , padding: "12px 24px" , marginBottom: 24 , } } > < div style = { { cursor: "pointer" , } } onClick = { () => setIsActive ( ! isActive ) } > < p style = { { fontSize: 18 , fontWeight: 500 , color: "#3D3D3D" , } } > { channel . channel } </ p > < p style = { { color: "#6C727F" , fontSize: 14 } } > { channel . is_restricted ? "Allow required notifications only" : "Allow all notifications" } </ p > </ div > { isActive && ( < div style = { { marginTop: 12 , marginLeft: 24 } } > < p style = { { color: "#3D3D3D" , fontSize: 16 , fontWeight: 500 , marginTop: 12 , borderBottom: "1px solid #E8E8E8" , } } > { channel . channel } Preferences </ p > < div style = { { marginTop: 12 } } > < div style = { { marginBottom: 8 } } > < div style = { { display: "flex" , alignItems: "center" , } } > < div > < input type = "radio" name = { `all- ${ channel . channel } ` } value = { true } id = { `all- ${ channel . channel } ` } checked = { ! channel . is_restricted } onChange = { () => { handleOverallChannelPreferenceChange ({ channel , status: ChannelLevelPreferenceOptions . ALL , setPreferenceData , suprSendClient , }); } } /> </ div > < label htmlFor = { `all- ${ channel . channel } ` } style = { { marginLeft: 12 } } > All </ label > </ div > < p style = { { color: "#6C727F" , fontSize: 14 , marginLeft: 22 } } > Allow All Notifications, except the ones that I have turned off </ p > </ div > < div > < div style = { { display: "flex" , alignItems: "center" } } > < div > < input type = "radio" name = { `required- ${ channel . channel } ` } value = { true } id = { `required- ${ channel . channel } ` } checked = { channel . is_restricted } onChange = { () => { handleOverallChannelPreferenceChange ({ channel , status: ChannelLevelPreferenceOptions . REQUIRED , setPreferenceData , suprSendClient , }); } } /> </ div > < label htmlFor = { `required- ${ channel . channel } ` } style = { { marginLeft: 12 } } > Required </ label > </ div > < p style = { { color: "#6C727F" , fontSize: 14 , marginLeft: 22 } } > Allow only important notifications related to account and security settings </ p > </ div > </ div > </ div > ) } </ div > ); } function ChannelLevelPreferences ({ preferenceData , setPreferenceData }) { return ( < div > < div style = { { backgroundColor: "#FAFBFB" , paddingTop: 12 , paddingBottom: 12 , marginBottom: 18 , } } > < p style = { { fontSize: 18 , fontWeight: 500 , color: "#3D3D3D" , } } > What notifications to allow for channel? </ p > </ div > < div > { preferenceData . channel_preferences ? ( < div > { preferenceData . channel_preferences ?. map (( channel , index ) => { return ( < ChannelLevelPreferernceItem key = { index } channel = { channel } setPreferenceData = { setPreferenceData } /> ); }) } </ div > ) : ( < p > No Data </ p > ) } </ div > </ div > ); } // -------------- Main component -------------- // export default function App () { return ( < SuprSendProvider publicApiKey = "YOUR_PUBLIC_API_KEY" distinctId = { "YOUR_DISTINCT_ID" } > < Preferences /> </ SuprSendProvider > ); } function Preferences () { const suprSendClient = useSuprSendClient (); const { authenticatedUser } = useAuthenticateUser (); const [ preferenceData , setPreferenceData ] = useState (); useEffect (() => { if ( ! authenticatedUser ) return ; // Translations work automatically - locale is passed by the web SDK automatically suprSendClient . user . preferences . getPreferences ({ locale: 'en' }). then (( resp ) => { if ( resp . status === "error" ) { console . log ( resp . error . message ); } else { setPreferenceData ({ ... resp . body }); } }); // listen for update in preferences data suprSendClient . emitter . on ( "preferences_updated" , ( preferenceData ) => { setPreferenceData ({ ... preferenceData . body }); }); // listen for errors suprSendClient . emitter . on ( "preferences_error" , ( response ) => { console . log ( "ERROR:" , response ?. error ?. message ); }); }, [ authenticatedUser ]); if ( ! preferenceData ) return < p > Loading... </ p > ; return ( < div style = { { margin: 24 } } > < h3 style = { { marginBottom: 24 } } > Notification Preferences </ h3 > < NotificationCategoryPreferences preferenceData = { preferenceData } setPreferenceData = { setPreferenceData } /> < ChannelLevelPreferences preferenceData = { preferenceData } setPreferenceData = { setPreferenceData } /> </ div > ); } // -------------- Custom Checkbox Component -------------- // function Checkbox ({ title , value , onClick , disabled }) { const selected = value === PreferenceOptions . OPT_IN ; return ( < div style = { { border: "0.5px solid #B5B5B5" , display: "inline-flex" , padding: "0px 20px 0px 4px" , borderRadius: 30 , cursor: disabled ? "not-allowed" : "pointer" , } } onClick = { onClick } > < Circle selected = { selected } disabled = { disabled } /> < p style = { { marginLeft: 8 , color: "#6C727F" , marginTop: 1 , fontWeight: 500 , paddingBottom: 4 , } } > { title } </ p > </ div > ); } function Circle ({ selected , disabled }) { const bgColor = selected ? disabled ? "#BDCFF8" : "#2463EB" : disabled ? "#D0CFCF" : "#FFF" ; return ( < div style = { { height: 20 , width: 20 , borderRadius: 100 , border: "0.5px solid #A09F9F" , backgroundColor: bgColor , marginTop: 3.6 , } } /> ); } Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Events and User methods Methods to send event or manage user updates based on user action in react-based websites. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page Integration steps Example self.__next_f.push([1,"\"use strict\";\nconst {Fragment: _Fragment, jsx: _jsx, jsxs: _jsxs} = arguments[0];\nconst {useMDXComponents: _provideComponents} = arguments[0];\nfunction _createMdxContent(props) {\n const _components = {\n a: \"a\",\n code: \"code\",\n p: \"p\",\n pre: \"pre\",\n span: \"span\",\n strong: \"strong\",\n ..._provideComponents(),\n ...props.components\n }, {CodeBlock, CodeGroup, Heading, Step, Steps} = _components;\n if (!CodeBlock) _missingMdxReference(\"CodeBlock\", true);\n if (!CodeGroup) _missingMdxReference(\"CodeGroup\", true);\n if (!Heading) _missingMdxReference(\"Heading\", true);\n if (!Step) _missingMdxReference(\"Step\", true);\n if (!Steps) _missingMdxReference(\"Steps\", true);\n return _jsxs(_Fragment, {\n children: [_jsx(Heading, {\n level: \"2\",\n id: \"integration-steps\",\n children: \"Integration steps\"\n }), \"\\n\", _jsxs(Steps, {\n children: [_jsx(Step, {\n title: \"Integrate SuprSendProvider\",\n children: _jsxs(_components.p, {\n children: [\"Integrate \", _jsx(_components.a, {\n href: \"https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/react-1#suprsendprovider\",\n children: \"SuprSendProvider\"\n }), \" as it is needed for creating SuprSend Client and authenticating user.\"]\n })\n }), _jsx(Step, {\n title: \"Accessing preferences methods using useSuprSendClient hook\",\n children: _jsxs(_components.p, {\n children: [\"Call \", _jsx(_components.a, {\n href: \"https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/react-1#usesuprsendclient\",\n children: \"useSuprSendClient\"\n }), \" hook in your react component code to get SuprSend client instance which has all preferences methods.\"]\n })\n }), _jsxs(Step, {\n title: \"Integrating Preferences\",\n children: [_jsxs(_components.p, {\n children: [\"Please refer these sections to \", _jsx(_components.a, {\n href: \"https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/js-preferences#understanding-preferences-structure\",\n children: \"understand\"\n }), \" and \", _jsx(_components.a, {\n href: \"https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/js-preferences#integration\",\n children: \"implement\"\n }), \" preferences methods in your react application, as integration steps are same for both the web-sdk and react-sdk.\"]\n }), _jsxs(_components.p, {\n children: [_jsx(_components.strong, {\n children: \"Note:\"\n }), \" Category translations work automatically—no additional configuration required. Since the React SDK is built on the web SDK, the locale is automatically passed through the underlying web SDK, and all embeddable SDKs in the preference centre inherit this behavior. Category names and descriptions are automatically displayed in the user’s locale.\"]\n })]\n })]\n }), \"\\n\", _jsx(Heading, {\n level: \"2\",\n id: \"example\",\n children: \"Example\"\n }), \"\\n\", _jsx(CodeGroup, {\n children: _jsx(CodeBlock, {\n filename: \"Example.jsx\",\n numberOfLines: \"458\",\n language: \"javascript\",\n children: _jsx(_components.pre, {\n className: \"shiki shiki-themes github-light-default dark-plus\",\n style: {\n backgroundColor: \"#ffffff\",\n \"--shiki-dark-bg\": \"#0B0C0E\",\n color: \"#1f2328\",\n \"--shiki-dark\": \"#D4D4D4\"\n },\n language: \"javascript\",\n children: _jsxs(_components.code, {\n language: \"javascript\",\n numberOfLines: \"458\",\n children: [_jsxs(_components.span, {\n className: \"line\",\n children: [_jsx(_components.span, {\n style: {\n color: \"#CF222E\",\n \"--shiki-dark\": \"#C586C0\"\n },\n children: \"import\"\n }), _jsx(_components.span, {\n style: {\n color: \"#1F2328\",\n \"--shiki-dark\": \"#D4D4D4\"\n },\n children: 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https://ruul.io/blog/how-to-calculate-freelance-hourly-rate-in-greece | How to Calculate Your Freelance Hourly Rate in Greece: A Complete Guide Product Payment Requests Get paid anywhere. Sell Services Make your services buyable Sell Products Create once sell forever Subscriptions Get paid on repeat Ruul Space Your personel storefront. One link for everything you offer. Learn more Pricing Resources Partner Programs Referral Program Get 1% for life. Seriously. Affiliate Program Bring users, get paid Partners Let’s grow together. More Blog About us Support Brand Kit For Customers Log in Sign up For Businesses Login Sign up get paid How to Calculate Freelance Hourly Rate in Greece Learn how to calculate your freelance hourly rate in Greece by considering taxes, expenses, billable hours, and market trends. Discover tools like Ruul that simplify invoicing, tax management, and payment collection for Greek freelancers. Canan Başer 5 min read RUUL FOR INDEPENDENCE You chose independence.We make sure you keep it. Sell your time, your talent, whatever you create or build always on your terms. Get started See Example This is also a heading This is a heading Key Points One of the most challenging things freelancers face is setting their rate based on the project. Surely, freelancing has many advantages; however, there are some important factors to be considered in order to achieve the best results. In this article, we will go through how to set the best freelancer rate based on costs, set of skills, experience and freelancer’s needs. Understanding The Financial Goals Understanding the financial goals is the first step of setting the rate. So, to set the best rate, start setting clear objectives and answer those questions; How much money do you need annually to cover your personal and professional expenses? What amount aligns with your financial goals, savings, and desired lifestyle? For example, if you aim to earn €36,000 annually, this will serve as the baseline for calculating your rate. Taxes and Obligations in Greece Freelancer Greece tax must comply with specific tax regulations. Taxes can significantly impact your net earnings, so it’s extremely important to account for these deductions when calculating your rate. Income Tax: Tax on Freelancers in Greece are on a progressive scale. Rates range from 9% for income up to €10,000 to 44% for income exceeding €40,000. VAT (Value-Added Tax): Freelancers may need to charge 24% VAT on invoices unless they qualify for exemptions. Social Security Contributions (EFKA): These mandatory contributions also eat into your gross income. Determine Your Hourly Rate Freelancers don't work full time as full time workers. So while setting the rate, they should also consider the time and effort they will spend for that project. Start with 52 weeks a year. Deduct holidays and possible sick days or holidays. Allocate time for personal improvement. For example, if you estimate 25 hours per week, that means you will work about 1,200 hours annually. Include Business Expenses Freelancers often face various expenses, including: Software subscriptions Equipment (laptops, cameras, etc.) Internet and phone bills Workspace costs Professional development (courses, certifications) Write down your possible business expenses and add this amount to your income goal. For example, if your expenses total €5,000, your target income rises to €41,000 (€36,000 + €5,000). Use the Formula Once you’ve factored in your annual income goal, taxes, expenses, and billable hours, use the formula below to calculate your hourly rate: Hourly Rate = (Annual Income Goal + Business Expenses) / Billable Hours Example : If your income goal is €41,000 and you estimate 1,200 billable hours annually. Hourly Rate = €41,000 / 1,200 ≈ €34/hour This rate ensures you cover all costs, pay your taxes, and achieve your financial objectives. Ruul has a great solution for that. With Ruul’s freelancer hourly rate generator , you can simply find the most suitable rate for your services based on your needs, project cost and your skills. Research Market Rates Freelancers must remain competitive within their industry. Research what others in your field are charging in Greece to set a realistic rate. Platforms like LinkedIn, local freelancer groups, and online marketplaces can provide insights into standard rates. If your expertise is niche or highly specialized, you can charge a premium cost. Consider Currency Conversion and Global Clients Many Greek freelancers work with international clients, who may pay in foreign currencies. Keep exchange rates in mind when quoting your rate. Charging in euros can protect you from fluctuating currency values, while working with platforms like Ruul makes it easier to issue invoices internationally without a company setup. Adapt to Client Needs Flexibility is the key. While you might have a standard hourly rate, some projects may require fixed pricing. Offering packages or milestone-based pricing can appeal to clients who prefer predictable costs. For example: Hourly Rate Projects: Ideal for open-ended work like consulting or revisions. Fixed-Rate Projects: Suitable for well-defined tasks like logo design or content creation. Regularly Update Your Rate Freelancers should periodically evaluate their hourly rate to account for changes in: Living costs Tax laws Market demand Skills and experience For instance, if taxes increase or you gain advanced certifications, you may need to raise your rate to reflect these changes. Tools like Ruul can help you stay updated on tax liabilities and manage adjustments effectively. Practical Tips for Greek Freelancers Streamline Invoice Management: Use tools like Ruul's invoicing system to issue professional invoices without registering a company. This saves time and ensures compliance with local regulations. Build a Financial Buffer: Freelancers should aim to save 3-6 months’ worth of expenses to weather periods of low income or unexpected costs. Network Locally and Globally: Attend freelancing events and leverage online platforms to connect with clients and peers. Ruul allows freelancers to sell their digital services to businesses anywhere around the world. Ruul, as your Merchant of Record, onboards your client, handles invoicing and payment collection. Calculating your freelance hourly rate in Greece involves more than picking a number. By carefully evaluating your income goals, taxes, expenses, and market demand, you can set a rate that supports your financial success and growth. With tools like Ruul simplifying invoicing and payment processes, you can focus on building your freelance career confidently and efficiently. Getting invoices paid early is not an easy job for freelancers. With Ruul, as a freelancer you can take control of your finances, plan for taxes, and ensure you’re set the most accurate rates for your work. Freelancing in Greece has its challenges, but with the right strategies, you can be successful in this growing market. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Canan Başer Developing and implementing creative growth strategies. At Ruul, I focus on strengthening our brand and delivering real value to our global community through impactful content and marketing projects. More Mike La Rosa: 'Hands down, remote work IS the future of work' Explore insights from industry leaders on the transformative power of remote work in shaping the future of the workplace! Read more How Ruul Evolved for Independents Discover how Ruul evolved to empower independents—freelancers, solopreneurs, and businesses—by offering smarter payment, growth, and collaboration solutions. Read more I need my computer and a stable internet connection, that’s it Experience the freedom of remote work—just you, your computer, and a stable internet connection. Unlock limitless possibilities and embrace flexibility! Read more MORE THAN 120,000 Independents Over 120,000 independents trust Ruul to sell their services, digital products, and securely manage their payments. FROM 190 Countries Truly global coverage: trusted across 190 countries with seamless payouts available in 140 currencies. PROCESSED $200m+ of Transactions Over $200M successfully processed, backed by an 8-year legacy of secure, reliable transactions trusted by independents worldwide. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Everything you need to know. Get clear, straightforward answers to the most common questions about using Ruul. hey@ruul.io What is Ruul? Ruul is a merchant-of-record platform helping freelancers and creators globally sell services, digital products, subscriptions, and easily get paid. Who is Ruul for? Ruul is designed for freelancers, creators, and independent professionals who want a simple way to sell online and get paid globally. How does Ruul work? Open an account, complete a quick verification (KYC), and link your payout account. Then, start selling through your store or send payment requests to customers instantly. How does pricing work? Signing up is free. There are no subscription or hidden fees. Ruul charges a small commission only when you sell or get paid through the platform. What is a Merchant of Record? A merchant of record is the legal seller responsible for processing payments, handling taxes, and managing compliance for each transaction. What can I sell on Ruul? You can sell services, digital products, license keys, online courses, subscriptions, and digital memberships. How do I get paid on Ruul? Add your preferred bank account, digital wallet, or receive payouts in stablecoins as crypto. Funds arrive within 24 hours after a payout is triggered. OPEN AN ACCOUNT START MAKING MONEY TODAY ruul.space/ Thank you! Your submission has been received! Oops! Something went wrong while submitting the form. Trustpilot Product Payment Requests Sell Services Sell Products Subscriptions Ruul Space Pricing For Businesses Resources Blog About Contact Support Referral Program Affiliate Program Partner Program Tools Invoice Generator NDA Generator Service Agreement Generator Freelancer Hourly Rate Calculator All Rights Reserved © 2025 Terms Of Use Privacy Policy | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://docs.devcycle.com/cli-mcp/mcp-getting-started/#quick-setup | MCP Getting Started | DevCycle Docs Skip to main content Home SDKs APIs Management API Bucketing API Integrations CLI / MCP Best Practices Community Blog Discord Search Sign Up CLI / MCP Overview CLI CLI Reference CLI User Guides Projects Environments SDK Keys Features Variables Variations Targeting Rules Self-Targeting CLI User Guides MCP MCP Getting Started MCP Reference MCP User Guides Incident Investigation MCP On this page DevCyle MCP Getting Started The DevCycle Model Context Protocol (MCP) Server is based on the DevCycle CLI, it enables AI-powered code editors like Cursor and Windsurf, or general-purpose tools like Claude Desktop, to interact directly with your DevCycle projects and make changes on your behalf. Quick Setup The DevCycle MCP is hosted so there is no need to set up a local server. We'll walk you through installation and authentication with your preferred AI tools. Direct Connection: For clients that natively support the MCP specification with OAuth authentication, you can connect directly to our hosted server: https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp Protocol Support : Our MCP server supports both SSE and HTTP Streaming protocols, automatically negotiating the best option based on your client's capabilities. Alternative Endpoint : If your client has issues with protocol negotiation, use the SSE-only endpoint: https://mcp.devcycle.com/sse MCP Registry : If you're using registry.modelcontextprotocol.io , the DevCycle MCP is listed as: com.devcycle/mcp info These instructions use the remote DevCycle MCP server. For installation of the local MCP server, see the reference docs . Configure Your AI Client Cursor VS Code Claude Code Claude Desktop Windsurf Codex CLI Gemini CLI 📦 Install in Cursor To open Cursor and automatically add the DevCycle MCP, click the install button above. Alternatively, add the following to your ~/.cursor/mcp_settings.json file. To learn more, see the Cursor documentation . { "mcpServers" : { "DevCycle" : { "url" : "https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp" } } } Authentication in Cursor: After configuration, you'll see DevCycle MCP listed as "Needs login" with a yellow indicator Click on the DevCycle MCP server to initiate the authorization process This opens a browser authorization page at mcp.devcycle.com Review and click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com You'll be redirected back to Cursor with the server now active 📦 Install in VS Code To open VS Code and automatically add the DevCycle MCP, click the install button above. Alternatively, add the following to your .continue/config.json file. To learn more, see the Continue documentation . { "mcpServers" : { "DevCycle" : { "url" : "https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp" } } } Authentication in VS Code: After configuration, open the MCP settings panel in VS Code Find the DevCycle MCP server and click "Start Server" VS Code will show a dialog: "The MCP Server Definition 'DevCycle' wants to authenticate to mcp.devcycle.com" Click "Allow" to proceed with authentication This opens a browser authorization page at mcp.devcycle.com Review and click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com You'll be redirected back to VS Code with the server now active Step 1: Open Terminal Open your terminal to access the Claude CLI. Step 2: Add DevCycle MCP Server claude mcp add --transport http devcycle https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp Step 3: Manage MCP Connection In the Claude CLI, enter the MCP management interface: /mcp Step 4: Authentication You'll see the DevCycle server listed as "disconnected • Enter to login": Select the DevCycle server and press Enter to login Follow the CLI prompts to initiate the Authentication process This will open a browser page at mcp.devcycle.com for authorization Review and click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com Return to Claude Code where the server will show as connected For more details, see the Claude Code MCP documentation . Step 1: Access MCP Configuration Option 1: Through Claude Desktop Settings (Recommended) Open Claude Desktop and go to Settings Navigate to Developer → Local MCP servers Click "Edit Config" to open the configuration file directly Option 2: Manual Configuration File Alternatively, locate and edit your Claude Desktop configuration file: macOS : ~/Library/Application Support/Claude/claude_desktop_config.json Windows : %APPDATA%\Claude\claude_desktop_config.json Step 2: Add DevCycle Configuration Add or merge the following configuration: { "mcpServers" : { "devcycle" : { "command" : "npx" , "args" : [ " [email protected] " , "https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp" ] } } } Step 3: Restart Claude Desktop Close and reopen Claude Desktop for the changes to take effect. Step 4: Authentication When you first use DevCycle MCP tools, Claude Desktop will prompt for authentication This will open a browser page at mcp.devcycle.com for authorization Review and click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com Return to Claude Desktop where the MCP tools will be active Step 1: Access MCP Configuration Open Windsurf and go to Settings > Winsurf Settings Scroll to the Cascade section Click "Manage MCPs" Step 2: Edit Raw Configuration In the "Manage MCP servers" interface, click "View raw config" Add the following configuration to the JSON file: { "mcpServers" : { "DevCycle" : { "serverUrl" : "https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp" } } } Step 3: Refresh and Authenticate Save the configuration file Click "Refresh" in the "Manage MCP servers" interface The DevCycle server will appear and prompt for authentication Follow the authentication flow: Browser opens at mcp.devcycle.com for authorization Click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com Return to Windsurf where DevCycle will show as "Enabled" with all tools available which can be configured independently Step 1: Access MCP Configuration Locate and edit your OpenAI Codex CLI configuration file: All platforms : ~/.codex/config.toml Step 2: Add DevCycle MCP Server Add the following TOML configuration to enable the DevCycle MCP server: [mcp_servers.devcycle] url = "https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp" Step 3: Restart Codex CLI Restart your Codex CLI session for the changes to take effect. Step 4: Authentication When you first use DevCycle MCP tools, the Codex CLI will prompt for authentication This will open a browser page at mcp.devcycle.com for authorization Review and click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com Return to the Codex CLI where the DevCycle MCP tools will be active For more details, see the OpenAI Codex MCP documentation . Step 1: Access MCP Configuration Locate and edit your Gemini CLI settings file: All platforms : ~/.gemini/settings.json Step 2: Add DevCycle MCP Server Add or merge the following configuration to enable the DevCycle MCP server: { "mcpServers" : { "devcycle" : { "url" : "https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp" } } } Step 3: Restart Gemini CLI Restart your Gemini CLI session for the changes to take effect. Step 4: Authentication When you first use DevCycle MCP tools, the Gemini CLI will prompt for authentication This will open a browser page at mcp.devcycle.com for authorization Review and click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com Return to the Gemini CLI where the DevCycle MCP tools will be active For more details, see the Gemini CLI MCP documentation . Available Tools The DevCycle MCP Server provides comprehensive feature flag management tools organized into 6 categories : Category Tools Description Feature Management list_features , create_feature , update_feature , update_feature_status , delete_feature , cleanup_feature , get_feature_audit_log_history Create and manage feature flags Variable Management list_variables , create_variable , update_variable , delete_variable Manage feature variables Project Management list_projects , get_current_project , select_project Project selection and details Self-Targeting & Overrides get_self_targeting_identity , update_self_targeting_identity , list_self_targeting_overrides , set_self_targeting_override , clear_feature_self_targeting_overrides Testing and overrides Results & Analytics get_feature_total_evaluations , get_project_total_evaluations Usage analytics SDK Installation install_devcycle_sdk SDK install guides and examples Try It Out Once configured, try asking your AI assistant: "Create a new feature flag called 'new-checkout-flow'" "List all features in my project" "Enable targeting for the header-redesign feature in production" "Show me evaluation analytics for the last 7 days" Next Steps MCP Reference - Complete tool documentation with all parameters CLI Reference - Learn about the underlying CLI commands Getting Help GitHub Issues : GitHub Issues General Documentation : DevCycle Docs DevCycle Community : Discord Support : Contact Support Edit this page Last updated on Jan 9, 2026 Previous CLI User Guides Next MCP Getting Started Quick Setup Configure Your AI Client Available Tools Try It Out Next Steps Getting Help DevCycle Dashboard Blog Privacy Policy Twitter Discord GitHub Copyright © 2026 DevCycle. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://events.linuxfoundation.org/kubecon-cloudnativecon-europe/co-located-events/argocon/ | ArgoCon | LF Events Skip to content Register Attend Venue + Travel FAQ Health + Safety About Amsterdam Convince Your Boss Visa Letter Request Scholarships + Travel Funding Child Care Inclusion + Accessibility Code of Conduct Sponsor Program Schedule Explore The Tracks Features + Add-Ons Experiences Maintainer Summit Project Opportunities Cloud Native Theater Co-Located Events CNCF-hosted Co-located Schedule About Co-located Events CNCF-hosted Co-located Events Overview CFP for CNCF-hosted Co-located Events Agentics Day: MCP + Agents ArgoCon BackstageCon CiliumCon Cloud Native AI + Kubeflow Day Cloud Native Telco Day FluxCon KeycloakCon Kubernetes on Edge Day KyvernoCon Observability Day Open Source SecurityCon Open Sovereign Cloud Day OpenTofu Day Platform Engineering Day WasmCon Sponsor-Hosted Co-Located Event Best Practices + Event Guide Contact Us View All Events Events All Upcoming Events ArgoCon Europe BackstageCon Europe Past KubeCon + CloudNativeCon + other CNCF Events CNCF Homepage ArgoCon Skip to page section About Schedule Registration Details Sponsor the Event About 23 March 2026 Amsterdam, The Netherlands #ArgoCon ArgoCon is designed to foster collaboration, discussion, and knowledge sharing on the Argo Project, which consists of four projects: Argo CD, Argo Workflows, Argo Rollouts and Argo Events. Schedule The Schedule is Now Live! View the Full ArgoCon Schedule View The Full CNCF-Hosted Schedule explore the Full KubeCon + CloudNativeCon Schedule Registration Details This event is one of our KubeCon + CloudNativeCon Europe CNCF-hosted Co-located Events. In-person attendees have the option to register for an All-Access In-Person KubeCon + CloudNativeCon pass that will include entry to ALL CNCF-hosted co-located events + KubeCon + CloudNativeCon. REGISTER NOW Sponsor the Event Contact sponsor@cncf.io to secure your sponsorship today! Signed contracts must be received by Monday, 2 February 2026! Sponsor Diamond Sponsors Platinum Sponsors Join our mailing list to hear all the latest about events, news and more By submitting this form, I consent to receive marketing emails from the LF and its projects regarding their events, training, research, developments, and related announcements. I understand that I can unsubscribe at any time using the links in the footers of the emails I receive. Privacy Policy . #KubeCon + #CloudNativeCon Register Venue + Travel FAQ Health + Safety About Amsterdam Convince Your Boss Visa Letter Request Scholarships + Travel Funding Child Care Inclusion + Accessibility Code of Conduct Sponsor Schedule Explore The Tracks Experiences Maintainer Summit Project Opportunities Cloud Native Theater CNCF-hosted Co-located Schedule About Co-located Events CNCF-hosted Co-located Events Overview CFP for CNCF-hosted Co-located Events Agentics Day: MCP + Agents ArgoCon BackstageCon CiliumCon Cloud Native AI + Kubeflow Day Cloud Native Telco Day FluxCon KeycloakCon Kubernetes on Edge Day KyvernoCon Observability Day Open Source SecurityCon Open Sovereign Cloud Day OpenTofu Day Platform Engineering Day WasmCon Sponsor-Hosted Co-Located Event Best Practices + Event Guide Contact Us Copyright © 2026 The Linux Foundation®. All rights reserved. The Linux Foundation has registered trademarks and uses trademarks. For a list of trademarks of The Linux Foundation, please see our Trademark Usage page. Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Bylaws | Antitrust Policy | Good Standing Policy . | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebSockets_API/Writing_WebSocket_client_applications#search | Writing WebSocket client applications - Web APIs | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Web Web APIs The WebSocket API (WebSockets) Writing WebSocket client applications Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) Español Français 日本語 한국어 Português (do Brasil) Русский 中文 (简体) 正體中文 (繁體) Writing WebSocket client applications In this guide we'll walk through the implementation of a WebSocket-based ping application. In this application, the client sends a "ping" message to the server every second, and the server responds with a "pong" message. The client listens for "pong" messages and logs them, keeping track of how many message exchanges there have been. Although this is a pretty minimal application, it covers the fundamental points involved in writing a WebSocket client. You can find the complete example at https://github.com/mdn/dom-examples/tree/main/websockets . The server side is written in Deno , so you'll have to install that first if you want to run the example locally. In this article Creating a WebSocket object Listening for the open event Listening for errors Sending messages Receiving messages Handling disconnect Working with the bfcache Security considerations Creating a WebSocket object To communicate using the WebSocket protocol, you need to create a WebSocket object. As soon as you create this object, it will start trying to connect to the specified server. js const wsUri = "ws://127.0.0.1/"; const websocket = new WebSocket(wsUri); The WebSocket constructor takes one mandatory argument — the URL of the WebSocket server to connect to. In this case, since we're running the server locally, we're using the localhost address. Note: In this example we're using the ws protocol for the connection, because in the example we're connecting to localhost. In a real application, web pages should be served using HTTPS, and the WebSocket connection should use wss as the protocol. The constructor takes another optional argument protocols , which allows a single server to implement multiple sub-protocols. We're not using this feature in our example. The constructor will throw a SecurityError if the destination doesn't allow access. This may happen if you attempt to use an insecure connection (most user agents now require a secure link for all WebSocket connections unless they're on the same device or possibly on the same network). Listening for the open event Creating a WebSocket instance starts the process of establishing a connection to the server. Once the connection is established, the open event is fired, and after this point the socket is able to transmit data. In the example code below, when the open event is fired, we start sending one "ping" message to the server every second, using the Window.setInterval() API: js websocket.addEventListener("open", () => { log("CONNECTED"); pingInterval = setInterval(() => { log(`SENT: ping: ${counter}`); websocket.send("ping"); }, 1000); }); Listening for errors If an error occurs while the connection is being established or at any time after it is established, the error event will be fired. Our application doesn't do anything special on error, but we do log it: js websocket.addEventListener("error", (e) => { log(`ERROR`); }); On an error, the connection is closed and the close event will be fired. Sending messages We've already seen that once the connection is established, we can use the send() method to send messages to the server: js websocket.addEventListener("open", () => { log("CONNECTED"); pingInterval = setInterval(() => { log(`SENT: ping: ${counter}`); websocket.send("ping"); }, 1000); }); In our example we send text, but you can also send binary data as a Blob , ArrayBuffer , TypedArray , or DataView . A common approach is to use JSON to send serialized JavaScript objects as text. For example, instead of just sending the text message "ping", our client could send a serialized object including the number of messages exchanged so far: js const message = { iteration: counter, content: "ping", }; websocket.send(JSON.stringify(message)); The send() method is asynchronous: it does not wait for the data to be transmitted before returning to the caller. It just adds the data to its internal buffer and begins the process of transmission. The WebSocket.bufferedAmount property represents the number of bytes that have not yet been transmitted. Note that the WebSockets protocol uses UTF-8 to encode text, so bufferedAmount is calculated based on the UTF-8 encoding of any buffered text data. Receiving messages To receive messages from the server, we listen for the message event. Our message event handler logs the received message, and increments our count of the number of message exchanges that have occurred: js websocket.addEventListener("message", (e) => { log(`RECEIVED: ${e.data}: ${counter}`); counter++; }); The server can also send binary data, which is exposed to clients as a Blob or an ArrayBuffer , based on the value of the WebSocket.binaryType property. As we saw for sending messages, the server can also send JSON strings, which the client can then parse into an object: js websocket.addEventListener("message", (e) => { const message = JSON.parse(e.data); log(`RECEIVED: ${message.iteration}: ${message.content}`); counter++; }); Handling disconnect When the connection is closed, because either the client or the server closed it or because an error occurred, the close event will be fired. Our application listens for the close event and cleans up the interval timer when it is fired: js websocket.addEventListener("close", () => { log("DISCONNECTED"); clearInterval(pingInterval); }); Working with the bfcache The back/forward cache, or bfcache , enables much faster back and forward navigation between pages that the user has recently visited. It does this by storing a complete snapshot of the page, including the JavaScript heap. The browser pauses and then resumes JavaScript execution when a page is added to or restored from the bfcache. This means that, depending on what the page is doing, it's not always safe for the browser to use the bfcache for the page. If the browser determines that it is not safe, the page will not be added to the bfcache, and the user will not get the performance benefit that it can bring. Different browsers use different criteria for adding a page to the bfcache, and having an open WebSocket connection may prevent the browser adding your page to the bfcache. This means it's good practice to close your connection when the user has finished with your page. The best event to use for this is the pagehide event. We do this in our example app: js window.addEventListener("pagehide", () => { if (websocket) { log("CLOSING"); websocket.close(); websocket = null; window.clearInterval(pingInterval); } }); Conversely, by listening for the pageshow event, you can seamlessly start the connection again when the page is restored from the bfcache. In the following example, we start the initial connection when the page is first loaded and only reconnect when the page is restored (checking for event.persisted ): js let websocket = null; function initializeWebSocketListeners(ws) { ws.addEventListener("open", () => { log("CONNECTED"); pingInterval = setInterval(() => { log(`SENT: ping: ${counter}`); ws.send("ping"); }, 1000); }); ws.addEventListener("close", () => { log("DISCONNECTED"); clearInterval(pingInterval); }); ws.addEventListener("message", (e) => { log(`RECEIVED: ${e.data}: ${counter}`); counter++; }); ws.addEventListener("error", (e) => { log(`ERROR`); }); } window.addEventListener("pageshow", (event) => { if (event.persisted) { websocket = new WebSocket(wsUri); initializeWebSocketListeners(websocket); } }); log("OPENING"); websocket = new WebSocket(wsUri); initializeWebSocketListeners(websocket); If you run our example, try navigating to a different page, then back to the example. In Chrome, you should see that the example starts the connection again, and keeps its original context: so, for example, it remembers the count of exchanged messages. See the web.dev article on the bfcache for more context on bfcache compatibility and the WebSockets API. On browsers that support it, you can use the notRestoredReasons property of the Performance API to get the reason a page was not added to the bfcache. Security considerations WebSockets should not be used in a mixed content environment; that is, you shouldn't open a non-secure WebSocket connection from a page loaded using HTTPS or vice versa. Most browsers now only allow secure WebSocket connections, and no longer support using them in insecure contexts. Help improve MDN Was this page helpful to you? Yes No Learn how to contribute This page was last modified on Nov 22, 2025 by MDN contributors . View this page on GitHub • Report a problem with this content Filter sidebar The WebSocket API (WebSockets) Guides Writing WebSocket client applications Writing WebSocket servers Writing a WebSocket server in C# Writing a WebSocket server in Java Writing a WebSocket server in JavaScript (Deno) Using WebSocketStream to write a client Interfaces WebSocket WebSocketStream Experimental CloseEvent MessageEvent Your blueprint for a better internet. MDN About Blog Mozilla careers Advertise with us MDN Plus Product help Contribute MDN Community Community resources Writing guidelines MDN Discord MDN on GitHub Developers Web technologies Learn web development Guides Tutorials Glossary Hacks blog Website Privacy Notice Telemetry Settings Legal Community Participation Guidelines Visit Mozilla Corporation’s not-for-profit parent, the Mozilla Foundation . Portions of this content are ©1998–2026 by individual mozilla.org contributors. 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https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Reference/Values | CSS values - CSS | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Web CSS Reference Values Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) Français 日本語 中文 (简体) 正體中文 (繁體) CSS values CSS values are the values that can be assigned to CSS properties. These include keywords, data types , and functions . Note: This page is an index of all value features in CSS. The CSS values and units page introduces the module that defines some, but not all, of these values. In this article Index of keywords Specifications See also Index of keywords !important fit-content inherit initial max-content min-content revert revert-layer unset Specifications Specification CSS Values and Units Module Level 3 CSS Values and Units Module Level 4 CSS Values and Units Module Level 5 See also CSS data types CSS value functions CSS values and units module CSS syntax module Help improve MDN Was this page helpful to you? Yes No Learn how to contribute This page was last modified on Nov 13, 2025 by MDN contributors . View this page on GitHub • Report a problem with this content Filter sidebar CSS Guides Modules Anchor positioning Animations Backgrounds and borders Basic user interface Borders and box decorations Box alignment Box model Box sizing Cascading and inheritance Color adjustment Colors Compositing and blending Conditional rules Containment Counter styles CSSOM view Custom functions and mixins Custom highlight API Custom properties for cascading variables Display Easing functions Environment variables Filter effects Flexible box layout Font loading Fonts Fragmentation Generated content Grid layout Images Inline layout Lists and counters Logical properties and values Masking Media queries Motion path Multi-column layout Namespaces Nesting Overflow Overscroll behavior Paged media Positioned layout Properties and values API Pseudo-elements Round display Ruby layout Scoping Scroll anchoring Scroll snap Scroll-driven animations Scrollbars styling Selectors Shadow parts Shapes Syntax Table Text Text decoration Transforms Transitions Values and units View transitions Viewport Writing modes Anchor positioning Using anchor positioning Handling overflow Animations Animatable properties Using animations Backgrounds and borders Using multiple backgrounds Resizing background images Scaling SVG backgrounds Box alignment Overview In block layout In flexbox In grid layout In multi-column layout Box model Introduction Margin collapsing Box sizing Aspect ratios Cascade Introduction Inheritance Specificity Property value processing Shorthand properties Cascading variables Using custom properties Colors Applying color Color values Using relative colors Using color wisely Accessibility: Colors and luminance Accessibility: Color contrast Columns Basic concepts Styling columns Using multi-column layouts Spanning and balancing columns Handling overflow Handling content breaks Conditional rules Using feature queries Using container scroll-state queries Containment Container queries Using containment Using container size and style queries CSSOM view Coordinate systems (API) Viewport concepts Custom functions and mixins Using CSS custom functions Display Block and inline layout Flow layout Flow layout and overflow Flow layout and writing modes In flow and out of flow Layout and the containing block Formatting contexts Block formatting context Inline formatting context Using multi-keyword syntax Visual formatting model Environment variables Using environment variables Filter effects Using filter effects Flexbox Basic concepts Flexbox and other layouts Aligning flex items Ordering flex items Controlling flex item ratios Wrapping flex items Typical use cases Fonts OpenType features Variable fonts WOFF Grid Basic concepts Grid and other layouts Using line-based placement Grid template areas Using named grid lines Using auto-placement Aligning items Logical values and writing modes Grid layout and accessibility Common grid layouts Subgrid Masonry layout Experimental Images Using gradients Using object-view-box Styling replaced elements Implementing image sprites Lists and counters Using counters Indenting lists Logical properties Basic concepts For floating and positioning For margins, borders, and padding For sizing Masking Introduction Clipping Multiple masks Mask properties Media queries Using media queries For accessibility Testing Printing Nesting style rules Nesting at-rules Nesting and specificity Using nesting Overflow Creating carousels Positioning Stacking context Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Stacking floating elements Understanding z-index Using z-index Stacking without z-index Scroll anchoring Overview Scroll-driven animations Scroll-driven animation timelines Scroll snap Basic concepts Using scroll snap events Selectors Selectors and combinators Selector structure Privacy and :visited Using :target Shapes Overview Box-value shapes Image-based shapes Using shape-outside Syntax Introduction Comments At-rules Error handling Text Wrapping and breaking text Handling whitespace Text decoration Text shadows Transforms Using transforms Transitions Using transitions Values and units Value definition syntax Numeric data types Textual data types Using math functions Using typed arithmetic Writing modes Introduction Vertical form controls How to Layout cookbook Media objects Column layouts Center an element Sticky footers Split navigation Breadcrumb navigation List group with badges Pagination Card Grid wrapper Contribute a recipe Cookbook template Tools Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator Reference Properties -moz-* -moz-float-edge Non-standard Deprecated -moz-force-broken-image-icon Non-standard Deprecated -moz-orient Non-standard -moz-user-focus Non-standard Deprecated -moz-user-input Non-standard Deprecated -webkit-* -webkit-border-before Non-standard -webkit-box-reflect Non-standard -webkit-mask-box-image Non-standard -webkit-mask-composite Non-standard -webkit-mask-position-x Non-standard -webkit-mask-position-y Non-standard -webkit-mask-repeat-x Non-standard -webkit-mask-repeat-y Non-standard -webkit-tap-highlight-color Non-standard -webkit-text-fill-color -webkit-text-security Non-standard -webkit-text-stroke -webkit-text-stroke-color -webkit-text-stroke-width -webkit-touch-callout Non-standard Custom properties (--*): CSS variables accent-color align-* align-content align-items align-self alignment-baseline all anchor-name anchor-scope animation-* animation animation-composition animation-delay animation-direction animation-duration animation-fill-mode animation-iteration-count animation-name animation-play-state animation-range animation-range-end animation-range-start animation-timeline animation-timing-function appearance aspect-ratio backdrop-filter backface-visibility background-* background background-attachment background-blend-mode background-clip background-color background-image background-origin background-position background-position-x background-position-y background-repeat background-size baseline-source block-size border-* border border-block border-block-color border-block-end border-block-end-color border-block-end-style border-block-end-width border-block-start border-block-start-color border-block-start-style border-block-start-width border-block-style border-block-width border-bottom border-bottom-color border-bottom-left-radius border-bottom-right-radius border-bottom-style border-bottom-width border-collapse border-color border-end-end-radius border-end-start-radius border-image border-image-outset border-image-repeat border-image-slice border-image-source border-image-width border-inline border-inline-color border-inline-end border-inline-end-color border-inline-end-style border-inline-end-width border-inline-start border-inline-start-color border-inline-start-style border-inline-start-width border-inline-style border-inline-width border-left border-left-color border-left-style border-left-width border-radius border-right border-right-color border-right-style border-right-width border-spacing border-start-end-radius border-start-start-radius border-style border-top border-top-color border-top-left-radius border-top-right-radius border-top-style border-top-width border-width bottom box-* box-align Non-standard Deprecated box-decoration-break box-direction Non-standard Deprecated box-flex Non-standard Deprecated box-flex-group Non-standard Deprecated box-lines Non-standard Deprecated box-ordinal-group Non-standard Deprecated box-orient Non-standard Deprecated box-pack Non-standard Deprecated box-shadow box-sizing break-* break-after break-before break-inside caption-side caret-* caret Experimental caret-animation Experimental caret-color caret-shape Experimental clear clip-* clip Deprecated clip-path clip-rule color-* color color-interpolation color-interpolation-filters color-scheme column-* column-count column-fill column-gap column-rule column-rule-color column-rule-style column-rule-width column-span column-width columns contain-* contain contain-intrinsic-block-size contain-intrinsic-height contain-intrinsic-inline-size contain-intrinsic-size contain-intrinsic-width container-* container container-name container-type content content-visibility corner-* corner-block-end-shape Experimental corner-block-start-shape Experimental corner-bottom-left-shape Experimental corner-bottom-right-shape Experimental corner-bottom-shape Experimental corner-end-end-shape Experimental corner-end-start-shape Experimental corner-inline-end-shape Experimental corner-inline-start-shape Experimental corner-left-shape Experimental corner-right-shape Experimental corner-shape Experimental corner-start-end-shape Experimental corner-start-start-shape Experimental corner-top-left-shape Experimental corner-top-right-shape Experimental corner-top-shape Experimental counter-* counter-increment counter-reset counter-set cursor cx cy d direction display dominant-baseline dynamic-range-limit empty-cells field-sizing fill-* fill fill-opacity fill-rule filter flex-* flex flex-basis flex-direction flex-flow flex-grow flex-shrink flex-wrap float flood-color flood-opacity font-* font font-family font-feature-settings font-kerning font-language-override font-optical-sizing font-palette font-size font-size-adjust font-smooth Non-standard font-stretch Deprecated font-style font-synthesis font-synthesis-position Experimental font-synthesis-small-caps font-synthesis-style font-synthesis-weight font-variant font-variant-alternates font-variant-caps font-variant-east-asian font-variant-emoji font-variant-ligatures font-variant-numeric font-variant-position font-variation-settings font-weight forced-color-adjust gap grid-* grid grid-area grid-auto-columns grid-auto-flow grid-auto-rows grid-column grid-column-end grid-column-start grid-row grid-row-end grid-row-start grid-template grid-template-areas grid-template-columns grid-template-rows hanging-punctuation height hyphenate-character hyphenate-limit-chars hyphens image-* image-orientation image-rendering image-resolution Experimental initial-letter inline-size inset-* inset inset-block inset-block-end inset-block-start inset-inline inset-inline-end inset-inline-start interactivity Experimental interest-* interest-delay Experimental interest-delay-end Experimental interest-delay-start Experimental interpolate-size Experimental isolation justify-* justify-content justify-items justify-self left letter-spacing lighting-color line-* line-break line-clamp line-height line-height-step Experimental list-* list-style list-style-image list-style-position list-style-type margin-* margin margin-block margin-block-end margin-block-start margin-bottom margin-inline margin-inline-end margin-inline-start margin-left margin-right margin-top margin-trim Experimental marker-* marker marker-end marker-mid marker-start mask-* mask mask-border mask-border-mode mask-border-outset mask-border-repeat mask-border-slice mask-border-source mask-border-width mask-clip mask-composite mask-image mask-mode mask-origin mask-position mask-repeat mask-size mask-type math-* math-depth math-shift math-style max-* max-block-size max-height max-inline-size max-width min-* min-block-size min-height min-inline-size min-width mix-blend-mode object-* object-fit object-position object-view-box Experimental offset-* offset offset-anchor offset-distance offset-path offset-position offset-rotate opacity order orphans outline-* outline outline-color outline-offset outline-style outline-width overflow-* overflow overflow-anchor overflow-block overflow-clip-margin overflow-inline overflow-wrap overflow-x overflow-y overlay Experimental overscroll-* overscroll-behavior overscroll-behavior-block overscroll-behavior-inline overscroll-behavior-x overscroll-behavior-y padding-* padding padding-block padding-block-end padding-block-start padding-bottom padding-inline padding-inline-end padding-inline-start padding-left padding-right padding-top page-* page page-break-after Deprecated page-break-before Deprecated page-break-inside Deprecated paint-order perspective perspective-origin place-* place-content place-items place-self pointer-events position-* position position-anchor position-area position-try position-try-fallbacks position-try-order position-visibility print-color-adjust quotes r reading-flow Experimental reading-order Experimental resize right rotate row-gap ruby-* ruby-align ruby-overhang ruby-position rx ry scale scroll-* scroll-behavior scroll-margin scroll-margin-block scroll-margin-block-end scroll-margin-block-start scroll-margin-bottom scroll-margin-inline scroll-margin-inline-end scroll-margin-inline-start scroll-margin-left scroll-margin-right scroll-margin-top scroll-marker-group Experimental scroll-padding scroll-padding-block scroll-padding-block-end scroll-padding-block-start scroll-padding-bottom scroll-padding-inline scroll-padding-inline-end scroll-padding-inline-start scroll-padding-left scroll-padding-right scroll-padding-top scroll-snap-align scroll-snap-stop scroll-snap-type scroll-target-group Experimental scroll-timeline scroll-timeline-axis scroll-timeline-name scrollbar-* scrollbar-color scrollbar-gutter scrollbar-width shape-* shape-image-threshold shape-margin shape-outside shape-rendering speak-as Experimental stop-color stop-opacity stroke-* stroke stroke-dasharray stroke-dashoffset stroke-linecap stroke-linejoin stroke-miterlimit stroke-opacity stroke-width tab-size table-layout text-* text-align text-align-last text-anchor text-autospace text-box text-box-edge text-box-trim text-combine-upright text-decoration text-decoration-color text-decoration-inset Experimental text-decoration-line text-decoration-skip Experimental text-decoration-skip-ink text-decoration-style text-decoration-thickness text-emphasis text-emphasis-color text-emphasis-position text-emphasis-style text-indent text-justify text-orientation text-overflow text-rendering text-shadow text-size-adjust Experimental text-spacing-trim Experimental text-transform text-underline-offset text-underline-position text-wrap text-wrap-mode text-wrap-style timeline-scope top touch-action transform-* transform transform-box transform-origin transform-style transition-* transition transition-behavior transition-delay transition-duration transition-property transition-timing-function translate unicode-bidi user-modify Non-standard Deprecated user-select vector-effect vertical-align view-* view-timeline view-timeline-axis view-timeline-inset view-timeline-name view-transition-class view-transition-name visibility white-space white-space-collapse widows width will-change word-break word-spacing writing-mode x y z-index zoom Selectors & nesting selector Attribute selectors Class selectors ID selectors Keyframe selectors Namespace separator Selector list Type selectors Universal selectors Combinators Child combinator Column combinator Experimental Descendant combinator Next-sibling combinator Subsequent-sibling combinator Pseudo-classes :-moz-* :-moz-broken Non-standard Deprecated :-moz-drag-over Non-standard :-moz-first-node Experimental Non-standard :-moz-handler-blocked Non-standard :-moz-handler-crashed Non-standard :-moz-handler-disabled Non-standard :-moz-last-node Experimental Non-standard :-moz-loading Non-standard :-moz-locale-dir(ltr) Non-standard :-moz-locale-dir(rtl) Non-standard :-moz-only-whitespace Non-standard :-moz-submit-invalid Non-standard :-moz-suppressed Non-standard :-moz-user-disabled Non-standard :-moz-window-inactive Non-standard :active-* :active :active-view-transition :active-view-transition-type() :any-link :autofill :blank Experimental :buffering :checked :current Experimental :default :defined :dir() :disabled :empty :enabled :first-* :first :first-child :first-of-type :focus-* :focus :focus-visible :focus-within :fullscreen :future :has-slotted :has() :heading Experimental :heading() Experimental :host :host-context() Deprecated :host() :hover :in-range :indeterminate :interest-source Experimental :interest-target Experimental :invalid :is() :lang() :last-child :last-of-type :left :link :local-link Experimental :modal :muted :not() :nth-* :nth-child() :nth-last-child() :nth-last-of-type() :nth-of-type() :only-child :only-of-type :open :optional :out-of-range :past :paused :picture-in-picture :placeholder-shown :playing :popover-open :read-only :read-write :required :right :root :scope :seeking :stalled :state() :target-* :target :target-after Experimental :target-before Experimental :target-current Experimental :user-invalid :user-valid :valid :visited :volume-locked :where() Pseudo-elements ::-moz-* ::-moz-color-swatch Non-standard ::-moz-focus-inner Non-standard Deprecated ::-moz-list-bullet Experimental Non-standard ::-moz-list-number Experimental Non-standard ::-moz-meter-bar Non-standard ::-moz-progress-bar Experimental Non-standard ::-moz-range-progress Non-standard ::-moz-range-thumb Non-standard ::-moz-range-track Non-standard ::-webkit-* ::-webkit-inner-spin-button Non-standard ::-webkit-meter-bar Non-standard Deprecated ::-webkit-meter-even-less-good-value Non-standard ::-webkit-meter-inner-element Non-standard ::-webkit-meter-optimum-value Non-standard ::-webkit-meter-suboptimum-value Non-standard ::-webkit-progress-bar Non-standard ::-webkit-progress-inner-element Non-standard ::-webkit-progress-value Non-standard ::-webkit-scrollbar Non-standard ::-webkit-search-cancel-button Non-standard ::-webkit-search-results-button Non-standard ::-webkit-slider-runnable-track Non-standard ::-webkit-slider-thumb Non-standard ::after ::backdrop ::before ::checkmark Experimental ::column Experimental ::cue ::details-content ::file-selector-button ::first-letter ::first-line ::grammar-error ::highlight() ::marker ::part() ::picker-icon Experimental ::picker() Experimental ::placeholder ::scroll-* ::scroll-button() Experimental ::scroll-marker Experimental ::scroll-marker-group Experimental ::selection ::slotted() ::spelling-error ::target-text ::view-* ::view-transition ::view-transition-group() ::view-transition-image-pair() ::view-transition-new() ::view-transition-old() At-rules @charset @color-profile @container @counter-style @custom-media Experimental @document Non-standard Deprecated @font-face @font-feature-values @font-palette-values @function Experimental @import @keyframes @layer @media @namespace @page @position-try @property @scope @starting-style @supports @view-transition Values !important fit-content inherit initial max-content min-content revert revert-layer rule-list unset Types <absolute-size> <alpha-value> <angle-percentage> <angle> <axis> <baseline-position> <basic-shape> <blend-mode> <box-edge> <calc-keyword> <calc-sum> <color-interpolation-method> <color> <content-distribution> <content-position> <corner-shape-value> Experimental <custom-ident> <dashed-function> Experimental <dashed-ident> <dimension> <display-box> <display-inside> <display-internal> <display-legacy> <display-listitem> <display-outside> <easing-function> <filter-function> <flex> <frequency-percentage> <frequency> <generic-family> <gradient> <hex-color> <hue-interpolation-method> <hue> <ident> <image> <integer> <length-percentage> <length> <line-style> <named-color> <number> <overflow-position> <overflow> <percentage> <position-area> <position> <ratio> <relative-size> <resolution> <self-position> <shape> Deprecated <string> <system-color> <text-edge> <time-percentage> <time> <timeline-range-name> <transform-function> <url> Functions -moz-image-rect Non-standard Deprecated abs() acos() anchor-size() anchor() asin() atan() atan2() attr() blur() brightness() calc-size() Experimental calc() circle() clamp() color-mix() color() conic-gradient() contrast-color() contrast() cos() counter() counters() cross-fade() cubic-bezier() device-cmyk() drop-shadow() dynamic-range-limit-mix() Experimental element() Experimental ellipse() env() exp() fit-content() grayscale() hsl() hue-rotate() hwb() hypot() if() Experimental image-set() image() inset() invert() lab() lch() light-dark() linear-gradient() linear() log() matrix() matrix3d() max() min() minmax() mod() oklab() oklch() opacity() paint() path() perspective() polygon() pow() progress() radial-gradient() ray() rect() rem() repeat() repeating-conic-gradient() repeating-linear-gradient() repeating-radial-gradient() rgb() rotate() rotate3d() rotateX() rotateY() rotateZ() round() saturate() scale() scale3d() scaleX() scaleY() scaleZ() sepia() shape() sibling-count() sibling-index() sign() sin() skew() skewX() skewY() sqrt() steps() superellipse() Experimental symbols() tan() translate() translate3d() translateX() translateY() translateZ() type() Experimental url() var() xywh() Your blueprint for a better internet. MDN About Blog Mozilla careers Advertise with us MDN Plus Product help Contribute MDN Community Community resources Writing guidelines MDN Discord MDN on GitHub Developers Web technologies Learn web development Guides Tutorials Glossary Hacks blog Website Privacy Notice Telemetry Settings Legal Community Participation Guidelines Visit Mozilla Corporation’s not-for-profit parent, the Mozilla Foundation . Portions of this content are ©1998–2026 by individual mozilla.org contributors. Content available under a Creative Commons license . | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://docs.devcycle.com/platform/feature-flags/variables-and-variations/variations | Variations | DevCycle Docs Skip to main content Home SDKs APIs Management API Bucketing API Integrations CLI / MCP Best Practices Community Blog Discord Search Sign Up Home Getting Started Essentials DevCycle Overview Key Features System Architecture Feature Hierarchy Feature Types Platform Feature Flags Features Variables and Variations Variables Variations Variable Defaults Feature Flag Reach Targeting Status and Lifecycle Stale Feature Notifications Experimentation Account Management Security and Guardrails Testing and QA Extras Examples Platform Feature Flags Variables and Variations Variations On this page Variations Variations are different versions of a Feature. Each Variation can have different values for the Variables associated with the Feature. For example, if you have a Feature that controls a new UI element and a Variable that controls the color of that element, you could have one Variation where the color is blue and another Variation where the color is red. When a user is "Served" a Variation based on the Targeting Rules, the Variable Values the user receives on their devices or as an API response will be the values for the served Variation. Managing Variations To view the Variables and Variations within a Feature, navigate to the 'Variables' section on a Feature page sidebar. This will lead the user to a table containing all of the Variables used by this Feature and all of their values across all Variations. Depending on the Feature type, the default Variations will be pre-set. The most common of which will be the Variations of "Variation OFF" and "Variation ON", with the boolean Variable being set to false and true, respectively. When a user is "Served" a Variation based on the Targeting Rules , the Variable Values the user receives on their devices or as an API response will be the values for the served Variation. Creating a Variation By default, most Feature types within DevCycle will begin with two Variations. At any time, extra Variations can be added by clicking the "Add Variation" button on the Variables section of a Feature. This will allow you to create a new Variation and assign all of the relevant values. Give your new Variation a name as well as a key , as well as its values For each of the current Variables. Variation Name The Variation Name is used for your reference in the DevCycle Dashboard and CLI. Variation Key The Variation key is used for easy reference within the DevCycle SDKs and APIs Variation Value(s) The Variable values will be what the Variable's value will be in SDK and API responses if a targeting rule is targeting those specific Variations. Once this Variation is created, it will become available as an option within the "Serve" dropdown for Targeting Rules . Users who are served this new Variation will receive the Variable Values associated with this new Variation! Updating a Variation A Variation may be editing at any time by clicking the edit icon on the Variation column in the Variables table. Deleting a Variation A Variation may be deleted at any time by clicking the edit icon on the Variation column of the Remote Variables page. Variations that are currently being used in any Enabled environment cannot be deleted. First remove any audience being targeted by this Variation prior to deletion. Edit this page Last updated on Jan 9, 2026 Previous Variables Next Variable Defaults Managing Variations Creating a Variation Updating a Variation Deleting a Variation DevCycle Dashboard Blog Privacy Policy Twitter Discord GitHub Copyright © 2026 DevCycle. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://dev.to/piskun_lab_mcp/how-i-connected-claude-desktop-to-notion-using-mcp-open-source-cloud-hosted-91i#comments | How I Connected Claude Desktop to Notion using MCP (Open Source & Cloud-Hosted) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Piskun Lab Posted on Dec 15, 2025 How I Connected Claude Desktop to Notion using MCP (Open Source & Cloud-Hosted) # programming # mcp # ai # tutorial I love using Claude Desktop and Cursor, but I kept running into a wall: Context Switching. Every time I needed to reference my project specs, meeting notes, or task lists, I had to Alt-Tab to Notion, copy the text, and paste it into the chat. It felt archaic. I looked for existing Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers for Notion, but most were designed to run locally via stdio. This meant keeping a terminal window open forever, dealing with Python dependencies, and restarting it every time my laptop went to sleep. So, I built my own solution. 🛠 What I Built I created a Cloud-Native Notion MCP Server that runs 24/7 using Server-Sent Events (SSE). Stack: Node.js, TypeScript, Express. Transport: Native MCP over SSE (instead of stdio). Hosting: Deploys easily on Apify (runs on the free tier). Security: Bearer Token authentication (so you don't leak secrets). 🚀 Why do this? By moving the MCP server to the cloud, you turn Notion into a persistent "knowledge backend" for your AI. Always On: No need to run npm start locally. Secure: Tokens are managed via environment variables, not hardcoded in your local config. Multi-Client: Connect both Claude Desktop and Cursor to the same instance. ⚙️ How to set it up (5 minutes) Here is how you can set it up for free using the Apify platform. Step 1: Deploy the Server I wrapped the code into an Apify Actor. You can deploy it with one click (no credit card required for the free tier). 👉 https://apify.com/piskunlab/notion-mcp-server Once deployed, copy your Actor URL and set your NOTION_TOKEN. Step 2: Configure Claude/Cursor Since we are using SSE, we don't need to point to a local file. We point to the cloud URL. For Claude Desktop (claude_desktop_config.json): JSON { "mcpServers": { "notion-cloud": { "command": "", "args": [], "url": " https://your-actor-url.apify.actor/sse ", "headers": { "Authorization": "Bearer YOUR_SECRET_TOKEN" } } } } Step 3: Test it out Restart Claude. You should see a generic "mcp-server" icon. Now you can ask: "Read the page 'Project Roadmap' and summarize the tasks for this week." "Create a new bug report in my 'Bugs' database." 🔧 Under the Hood For those interested in the code, the project is open-source. It uses the official @modelcontextprotocol/sdk mapped to Express endpoints. GET /sse establishes the event stream. POST /message handles the JSON-RPC traffic. It handles Rate Limiting to ensure you don't hit Notion's API limits too hard. Check out the code here: 👉 https://github.com/piskunproject/notion-mcp-server I'm planning to build similar persistent servers for GitHub and Slack next. Let me know in the comments if you have any feature requests! Happy coding! 🚀 Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Piskun Lab Follow Location Sweden Joined Dec 15, 2025 Trending on DEV Community Hot I Built an AI-Powered Trend Analysis Tool Using the Virlo API (Here's How It Works) # python # ai # api # news The “AI operator” mindset for small teams # webdev # ai # startup # productivity I Am 38, I Am a Nurse, and I Have Always Wanted to Learn Coding # career # learning # beginners # coding 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://docs.devcycle.com/platform/feature-flags/targeting/rollouts#rollouts | Scheduling & Rollouts | DevCycle Docs Skip to main content Home SDKs APIs Management API Bucketing API Integrations CLI / MCP Best Practices Community Blog Discord Search Sign Up Home Getting Started Essentials DevCycle Overview Key Features System Architecture Feature Hierarchy Feature Types Platform Feature Flags Features Variables and Variations Targeting Targeting Overview Audiences Custom Properties Random Variations Scheduling & Rollouts Randomize using a Custom Property EdgeDB (Stored Custom Properties) Status and Lifecycle Stale Feature Notifications Experimentation Account Management Security and Guardrails Testing and QA Extras Examples Platform Feature Flags Targeting Scheduling & Rollouts On this page Scheduling & Rollouts Scheduling a Feature By default, all Targeting Rules do not have a Schedule, and Features will be delivered immediately to any users who match the Targeting Rule definition once an Environment is enabled. To schedule a specific release time for your Feature, change the Schedule option to "Specific Date and Time". You may then input a date and time for when you release your Feature. Note: Dates in the past may be selected, and will be treated as if there is no schedule. Users who match the Targeting Rule will receive the served Variation if the Feature is enabled in that environment. The timezone is set to the DevCycle user's timezone. info With Passthrough Rollouts enabled, if a user qualifies for a Targeting Rule that has a schedule, but the schedule has not yet been reached, the user will bypass that Targeting Rule and move onto the next Targeting Rule. See Passthrough Rollouts for more details. Rollouts & Rollbacks Gradual Rollouts To roll out or roll back a Feature to your users at a specific time, open the "Schedule" dropdown and select "Gradual Rollout". This will give you the option to create a rollout, from a start percentage to an end percentage at specific dates. Use this option to gradually roll out or roll back the Feature to users and monitor the impact over time without creating an instant switch of users. tip To gradually rollout a Feature, select a start percentage that's lower than the end percentage, and an end date that's later than the start date. To gradually rollback a Feature, select an end percentage that is lower than your start percentage, and an end date that's later than the start date. To instantly rollout or rollback a Feature to a specific percentage of users at once, select the same start and end percentage, and the same start and end date. The dates chosen can be in the past. While a Feature is active and a rollout has been set, you can view the current % of rollout or rollback at any time from it's Targeting Rules section. Multi-Step Rollouts This rollout option allows you to setup a stepped or phased rollout or rollback for your Feature. For example, you can use the Multi-Step rollout functionality to setup a rollout schedule with certain percentage milestones, e.g. rollout to 25% of users on X date, rollout to 50% of users at Y date, and then gradually rollout to the rest of users (100%) by Z date. To set up a Multi-Step Rollout in your Targeting Rule, open the "Schedule" dropdown and select "Multi-step Rollout". This will give you the option to create a custom, multi-step rollout, where you can define a start percentage, and add as many rollout steps as you wish, each with their own percentage and scheduled date. You must select how you would like your rollout to transition between steps by clicking on the icons below each rollout step. Step : Transition immediately between steps. Gradual : Transition gradually between steps. While a Feature is active and a rollout has been set, you can view the current % of rollout or rollback at any time from its Targeting Rules section. Example Here is how you'd set up the phased rollout example described above. The same can be done for rollbacks with the ordering of the percentages in reverse: Stopping a Rollout While the easiest way to end a rollout is to remove the Targeting Rule or disable the targeting for an environment dropping everyone to default values, there are times when you may want to stop a rollout, holding the percentage steady. This is relevant if you are seeing small issues that are easily resolved, where you may not want to add more users and exacerbate the issue, but you also don't want to take away a Feature from users that already have received it. This may also be relevant in scenarios where you can't rollback a Feature and regardless of the issue happening you are just trying to limit the blast radius to users who have already received the Feature. Regardless of the scenario you find yourself in, both Gradual and Multi-Step Rollouts can be stopped at their current rollout percentage and held there indefinitely. To stop a rollout, just click the Stop button next to the Current Rollout Percentage indicator. You will be asked to confirm the change. Once confirmed the rollout will be modified from whatever it was originally, to a Multi-Step Rollout with the last step being the current time and current rollout percentage. This edit can still be reviewed and discarded if you would like. When you are ready to accept the change, just save the Feature. When you are ready to continue the rollout, all you have to do is add more steps. Disable a Rule (Kill Switch) In some cases, you may want to disable a Feature entirely for all users as quickly as possible, regardless of rollout status, schedule, or Targeting Rules. This is where a killswitch comes in. A killswitch immediately turns off a Feature, sending all users to the default values, without requiring any code changes or deployments. This is particularly useful if you encounter a critical issue in production, such as a bug, performance problem, or negative user experience, and need to prevent further impact right away. Unlike stopping a rollout, which simply freezes the current percentage, a killswitch removes the Feature from all users currently receiving it. To use a killswitch, you can simply disable the Targeting Rule for the Environment from the dashboard and save your changes. The change will take effect immediately, overriding all Targeting Rules, schedules, and rollouts, and users will receive code defaults. You can re-enable the Feature at any time by turning the Targeting Rule back on. FAQ about Rollouts How often are rollouts evaluated / When does the rollout % update? Rollouts are calculated in real-time -- meaning that the rate of increase of the current % is based on the time between the start and end dates. How do rollouts actually work? The rollout of the Targeting Rule is deterministic based on an algorithm leveraging the User, Feature and Targeting Rule IDs. This effectively means that a user will be guaranteed to receive a Feature at a specific percentage point for a given Targeting Rule. If the rollout is higher than that percentage point, the user will receive the Feature, and if the rollout is lower than that percentage point, then the user will not receive the Feature. It doesn't matter how often the rollout changes. This logic applies to all users, and where each user's "percentage point" is randomly distributed. Example: Your Production environment is targeting all users and the rollout is at 30% but you find out that you have to rollback to 0% because of an issue. Once you roll out again to 30%, the 30% of users that were originally targeted are guaranteed to receive the Feature again. How do rollbacks actually work? Rollbacks work exactly the same way that rollouts work. The only difference being the start and end percentages that you set. Typically, you'd start with 100% of users and gradually rollback to 0% to phase out a Feature. Will a user receive a Feature right away once they qualify for the rollout? A User will qualify for the Feature on the first config request after they are part of the rollout percentage. Rollouts will not trigger a Realtime Update on the SDK. If a User meets the Targeting Rule's definition but does not qualify for the Feature by rollout, will they proceed to evaluate the next Targeting Rule? If a user qualifies for a Targeting Rule that has a rollout, and they have not yet received the rollout, the user may or may not proceed to the next Targeting Rule depending on whether you have Passthrough Rollouts enabled. Passthrough Rollouts ( effective for ALL DevCycle Projects - Date TBD ) Passthrough Rollouts will be the default behaviour for Targeting Rules moving forward. Projects created after May 22, 2024 will already have this enabled. For Projects created on or before this date, we have made Passthrough Rollouts for Targeting Rules available for opt-in , in Project Settings ahead of the switchover. If your team is actively using Scheduled Rollouts in your Targeting Rules, this change may affect how your Targeting Rules behave for your Features. We've put together resources to make this transition as smooth as possible for you. What are Passthrough Rollouts? Currently, any user that qualifies for a rule that contains a Scheduled Rollout, will be held on the rule and receive default values until the schedule or rollout has triggered. With Passthrough Rollouts , if a rollout or schedule hasn't been hit for a Targeting Rule, the platform will treat the rule as if it doesn't exist, regardless of whether the user qualifies for the rule or not. Essentially, users will not be "stuck" on the rule, and instead, will bypass the rule and continue evaluating the next rule(s). This is especially useful when you want users to receive a different Variation of your Feature until the rollout or schedule applies to them. Here is an example scenario of Passthrough Rollouts' expected behaviour: Let's pretend today's date is April 18th. In the screenshot below, given the scheduled date for the Targeting Rule #1 - Fall-through Example is in the future and has not happened yet, all users will pass through that rule and be evaluated against Targeting Rule #2 - Promotion and receive the Spin variation for the next week. Once April 26th arrives, users will now be evaluated against the first rule and be served the Base variation. Conversely, if Passthrough Rollouts were not enabled, All Users would be "stuck" on and only evaluated against Targeting Rule #1 and continue to receive the default value in code until April 26th. What do you need to know? May 22, 2024: Starting today, all existing projects will have a Passthrough Rollouts section in each Project's settings page. This will give you an option to enable this setting ahead of the switchover date. All new Projects created from this date forward, will have passthrough rollouts as the default behaviour. DATE TBD: All projects remaining will switchover to Passthrough Rollouts. If your team is leveraging a server-side SDK, your team must upgrade your SDK before this date, as Passthrough Rollouts require specific DevCycle Server SDK Versions to be deployed. What do you need to do? If your team is leveraging a server-side SDK , your team must upgrade your SDK as Passthrough Rollouts require specific DevCycle Server SDK Versions to be deployed (with the exception of the PHP SDK, which does not require an SDK update). Minimum versions: Python: 3.5.0 Java: 2.2.0 Dotnet (Local): 3.1.0 Node: 1.29.0 Ruby: 2.7.0 GO: 2.15.0 Nestjs: 0.7.0 Edit this page Last updated on Jan 9, 2026 Previous Random Variations Next Randomize using a Custom Property Scheduling a Feature Rollouts & Rollbacks Gradual Rollouts Multi-Step Rollouts Stopping a Rollout Disable a Rule (Kill Switch) FAQ about Rollouts Passthrough Rollouts ( effective for ALL DevCycle Projects - Date TBD ) What are Passthrough Rollouts? What do you need to know? What do you need to do? DevCycle Dashboard Blog Privacy Policy Twitter Discord GitHub Copyright © 2026 DevCycle. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://docs.devcycle.com/cli-mcp/mcp-getting-started/#getting-help | MCP Getting Started | DevCycle Docs Skip to main content Home SDKs APIs Management API Bucketing API Integrations CLI / MCP Best Practices Community Blog Discord Search Sign Up CLI / MCP Overview CLI CLI Reference CLI User Guides Projects Environments SDK Keys Features Variables Variations Targeting Rules Self-Targeting CLI User Guides MCP MCP Getting Started MCP Reference MCP User Guides Incident Investigation MCP On this page DevCyle MCP Getting Started The DevCycle Model Context Protocol (MCP) Server is based on the DevCycle CLI, it enables AI-powered code editors like Cursor and Windsurf, or general-purpose tools like Claude Desktop, to interact directly with your DevCycle projects and make changes on your behalf. Quick Setup The DevCycle MCP is hosted so there is no need to set up a local server. We'll walk you through installation and authentication with your preferred AI tools. Direct Connection: For clients that natively support the MCP specification with OAuth authentication, you can connect directly to our hosted server: https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp Protocol Support : Our MCP server supports both SSE and HTTP Streaming protocols, automatically negotiating the best option based on your client's capabilities. Alternative Endpoint : If your client has issues with protocol negotiation, use the SSE-only endpoint: https://mcp.devcycle.com/sse MCP Registry : If you're using registry.modelcontextprotocol.io , the DevCycle MCP is listed as: com.devcycle/mcp info These instructions use the remote DevCycle MCP server. For installation of the local MCP server, see the reference docs . Configure Your AI Client Cursor VS Code Claude Code Claude Desktop Windsurf Codex CLI Gemini CLI 📦 Install in Cursor To open Cursor and automatically add the DevCycle MCP, click the install button above. Alternatively, add the following to your ~/.cursor/mcp_settings.json file. To learn more, see the Cursor documentation . { "mcpServers" : { "DevCycle" : { "url" : "https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp" } } } Authentication in Cursor: After configuration, you'll see DevCycle MCP listed as "Needs login" with a yellow indicator Click on the DevCycle MCP server to initiate the authorization process This opens a browser authorization page at mcp.devcycle.com Review and click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com You'll be redirected back to Cursor with the server now active 📦 Install in VS Code To open VS Code and automatically add the DevCycle MCP, click the install button above. Alternatively, add the following to your .continue/config.json file. To learn more, see the Continue documentation . { "mcpServers" : { "DevCycle" : { "url" : "https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp" } } } Authentication in VS Code: After configuration, open the MCP settings panel in VS Code Find the DevCycle MCP server and click "Start Server" VS Code will show a dialog: "The MCP Server Definition 'DevCycle' wants to authenticate to mcp.devcycle.com" Click "Allow" to proceed with authentication This opens a browser authorization page at mcp.devcycle.com Review and click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com You'll be redirected back to VS Code with the server now active Step 1: Open Terminal Open your terminal to access the Claude CLI. Step 2: Add DevCycle MCP Server claude mcp add --transport http devcycle https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp Step 3: Manage MCP Connection In the Claude CLI, enter the MCP management interface: /mcp Step 4: Authentication You'll see the DevCycle server listed as "disconnected • Enter to login": Select the DevCycle server and press Enter to login Follow the CLI prompts to initiate the Authentication process This will open a browser page at mcp.devcycle.com for authorization Review and click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com Return to Claude Code where the server will show as connected For more details, see the Claude Code MCP documentation . Step 1: Access MCP Configuration Option 1: Through Claude Desktop Settings (Recommended) Open Claude Desktop and go to Settings Navigate to Developer → Local MCP servers Click "Edit Config" to open the configuration file directly Option 2: Manual Configuration File Alternatively, locate and edit your Claude Desktop configuration file: macOS : ~/Library/Application Support/Claude/claude_desktop_config.json Windows : %APPDATA%\Claude\claude_desktop_config.json Step 2: Add DevCycle Configuration Add or merge the following configuration: { "mcpServers" : { "devcycle" : { "command" : "npx" , "args" : [ " [email protected] " , "https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp" ] } } } Step 3: Restart Claude Desktop Close and reopen Claude Desktop for the changes to take effect. Step 4: Authentication When you first use DevCycle MCP tools, Claude Desktop will prompt for authentication This will open a browser page at mcp.devcycle.com for authorization Review and click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com Return to Claude Desktop where the MCP tools will be active Step 1: Access MCP Configuration Open Windsurf and go to Settings > Winsurf Settings Scroll to the Cascade section Click "Manage MCPs" Step 2: Edit Raw Configuration In the "Manage MCP servers" interface, click "View raw config" Add the following configuration to the JSON file: { "mcpServers" : { "DevCycle" : { "serverUrl" : "https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp" } } } Step 3: Refresh and Authenticate Save the configuration file Click "Refresh" in the "Manage MCP servers" interface The DevCycle server will appear and prompt for authentication Follow the authentication flow: Browser opens at mcp.devcycle.com for authorization Click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com Return to Windsurf where DevCycle will show as "Enabled" with all tools available which can be configured independently Step 1: Access MCP Configuration Locate and edit your OpenAI Codex CLI configuration file: All platforms : ~/.codex/config.toml Step 2: Add DevCycle MCP Server Add the following TOML configuration to enable the DevCycle MCP server: [mcp_servers.devcycle] url = "https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp" Step 3: Restart Codex CLI Restart your Codex CLI session for the changes to take effect. Step 4: Authentication When you first use DevCycle MCP tools, the Codex CLI will prompt for authentication This will open a browser page at mcp.devcycle.com for authorization Review and click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com Return to the Codex CLI where the DevCycle MCP tools will be active For more details, see the OpenAI Codex MCP documentation . Step 1: Access MCP Configuration Locate and edit your Gemini CLI settings file: All platforms : ~/.gemini/settings.json Step 2: Add DevCycle MCP Server Add or merge the following configuration to enable the DevCycle MCP server: { "mcpServers" : { "devcycle" : { "url" : "https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp" } } } Step 3: Restart Gemini CLI Restart your Gemini CLI session for the changes to take effect. Step 4: Authentication When you first use DevCycle MCP tools, the Gemini CLI will prompt for authentication This will open a browser page at mcp.devcycle.com for authorization Review and click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com Return to the Gemini CLI where the DevCycle MCP tools will be active For more details, see the Gemini CLI MCP documentation . Available Tools The DevCycle MCP Server provides comprehensive feature flag management tools organized into 6 categories : Category Tools Description Feature Management list_features , create_feature , update_feature , update_feature_status , delete_feature , cleanup_feature , get_feature_audit_log_history Create and manage feature flags Variable Management list_variables , create_variable , update_variable , delete_variable Manage feature variables Project Management list_projects , get_current_project , select_project Project selection and details Self-Targeting & Overrides get_self_targeting_identity , update_self_targeting_identity , list_self_targeting_overrides , set_self_targeting_override , clear_feature_self_targeting_overrides Testing and overrides Results & Analytics get_feature_total_evaluations , get_project_total_evaluations Usage analytics SDK Installation install_devcycle_sdk SDK install guides and examples Try It Out Once configured, try asking your AI assistant: "Create a new feature flag called 'new-checkout-flow'" "List all features in my project" "Enable targeting for the header-redesign feature in production" "Show me evaluation analytics for the last 7 days" Next Steps MCP Reference - Complete tool documentation with all parameters CLI Reference - Learn about the underlying CLI commands Getting Help GitHub Issues : GitHub Issues General Documentation : DevCycle Docs DevCycle Community : Discord Support : Contact Support Edit this page Last updated on Jan 9, 2026 Previous CLI User Guides Next MCP Getting Started Quick Setup Configure Your AI Client Available Tools Try It Out Next Steps Getting Help DevCycle Dashboard Blog Privacy Policy Twitter Discord GitHub Copyright © 2026 DevCycle. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions | Functions - JavaScript | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Web JavaScript Reference Functions Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) Español Français 日本語 한국어 Português (do Brasil) Русский 中文 (简体) Functions Baseline Widely available * This feature is well established and works across many devices and browser versions. It’s been available across browsers since July 2015. * Some parts of this feature may have varying levels of support. Learn more See full compatibility Report feedback Generally speaking, a function is a "subprogram" that can be called by code external (or internal, in the case of recursion) to the function. Like the program itself, a function is composed of a sequence of statements called the function body . Values can be passed to a function as parameters, and the function will return a value. In JavaScript, functions are first-class objects , because they can be passed to other functions, returned from functions, and assigned to variables and properties. They can also have properties and methods just like any other object. What distinguishes them from other objects is that functions can be called. For more examples and explanations, see the JavaScript guide about functions . In this article Description Examples Specifications Browser compatibility See also Description Function values are typically instances of Function . See Function for information on properties and methods of Function objects. Callable values cause typeof to return "function" instead of "object" . Note: Not all callable values are instanceof Function . For example, the Function.prototype object is callable but not an instance of Function . You can also manually set the prototype chain of your function so it no longer inherits from Function.prototype . However, such cases are extremely rare. Return value By default, if a function's execution doesn't end at a return statement, or if the return keyword doesn't have an expression after it, then the return value is undefined . The return statement allows you to return an arbitrary value from the function. One function call can only return one value, but you can simulate the effect of returning multiple values by returning an object or array and destructuring the result. Note: Constructors called with new have a different set of logic to determine their return values. Passing arguments Parameters and arguments have slightly different meanings, but in MDN web docs, we often use them interchangeably. For a quick reference: js function formatNumber(num) { return num.toFixed(2); } formatNumber(2); In this example, the num variable is called the function's parameter : it's declared in the parenthesis-enclosed list of the function's definition. The function expects the num parameter to be a number — although this is not enforceable in JavaScript without writing runtime validation code. In the formatNumber(2) call, the number 2 is the function's argument : it's the value that is actually passed to the function in the function call. The argument value can be accessed inside the function body through the corresponding parameter name or the arguments object. Arguments are always passed by value and never passed by reference . This means that if a function reassigns a parameter, the value won't change outside the function. More precisely, object arguments are passed by sharing , which means if the object's properties are mutated, the change will impact the outside of the function. For example: js function updateBrand(obj) { // Mutating the object is visible outside the function obj.brand = "Toyota"; // Try to reassign the parameter, but this won't affect // the variable's value outside the function obj = null; } const car = { brand: "Honda", model: "Accord", year: 1998, }; console.log(car.brand); // Honda // Pass object reference to the function updateBrand(car); // updateBrand mutates car console.log(car.brand); // Toyota The this keyword refers to the object that the function is accessed on — it does not refer to the currently executing function, so you must refer to the function value by name, even within the function body. Defining functions Broadly speaking, JavaScript has four kinds of functions: Regular function: can return anything; always runs to completion after invocation Generator function: returns a Generator object; can be paused and resumed with the yield operator Async function: returns a Promise ; can be paused and resumed with the await operator Async generator function: returns an AsyncGenerator object; both the await and yield operators can be used For every kind of function, there are multiple ways to define it: Declaration function , function* , async function , async function* Expression function , function* , async function , async function* Constructor Function() , GeneratorFunction() , AsyncFunction() , AsyncGeneratorFunction() In addition, there are special syntaxes for defining arrow functions and methods , which provide more precise semantics for their usage. Classes are conceptually not functions (because they throw an error when called without new ), but they also inherit from Function.prototype and have typeof MyClass === "function" . js // Constructor const multiply = new Function("x", "y", "return x * y"); // Declaration function multiply(x, y) { return x * y; } // No need for semicolon here // Expression; the function is anonymous but assigned to a variable const multiply = function (x, y) { return x * y; }; // Expression; the function has its own name const multiply = function funcName(x, y) { return x * y; }; // Arrow function const multiply = (x, y) => x * y; // Method const obj = { multiply(x, y) { return x * y; }, }; All syntaxes do approximately the same thing, but there are some subtle behavior differences. The Function() constructor, function expression, and function declaration syntaxes create full-fledged function objects, which can be constructed with new . However, arrow functions and methods cannot be constructed. Async functions, generator functions, and async generator functions are not constructible regardless of syntax. The function declaration creates functions that are hoisted . Other syntaxes do not hoist the function and the function value is only visible after the definition. The arrow function and Function() constructor always create anonymous functions, which means they can't easily call themselves recursively. One way to call an arrow function recursively is by assigning it to a variable. The arrow function syntax does not have access to arguments or this . The Function() constructor cannot access any local variables — it only has access to the global scope. The Function() constructor causes runtime compilation and is often slower than other syntaxes. For function expressions, there is a distinction between the function name and the variable the function is assigned to. The function name cannot be changed, while the variable the function is assigned to can be reassigned. The function name can be different from the variable the function is assigned to — they have no relation to each other. The function name can be used only within the function's body. Attempting to use it outside the function's body results in an error (or gets another value, if the same name is declared elsewhere). For example: js const y = function x() {}; console.log(x); // ReferenceError: x is not defined On the other hand, the variable the function is assigned to is limited only by its scope, which is guaranteed to include the scope in which the function is declared. A function declaration also creates a variable with the same name as the function name. Thus, unlike those defined by function expressions, functions defined by function declarations can be accessed by their name in the scope they were defined in, as well as in their own body. A function defined by new Function will dynamically have its source assembled, which is observable when you serialize it. For example, console.log(new Function().toString()) gives: js function anonymous( ) { } This is the actual source used to compile the function. However, although the Function() constructor will create the function with name anonymous , this name is not added to the scope of the body. The body only ever has access to global variables. For example, the following would result in an error: js new Function("alert(anonymous);")(); A function defined by a function expression or by a function declaration inherits the current scope. That is, the function forms a closure. On the other hand, a function defined by a Function constructor does not inherit any scope other than the global scope (which all functions inherit). js // p is a global variable globalThis.p = 5; function myFunc() { // p is a local variable const p = 9; function decl() { console.log(p); } const expr = function () { console.log(p); }; const cons = new Function("\tconsole.log(p);"); decl(); expr(); cons(); } myFunc(); // Logs: // 9 (for 'decl' by function declaration (current scope)) // 9 (for 'expr' by function expression (current scope)) // 5 (for 'cons' by Function constructor (global scope)) Functions defined by function expressions and function declarations are parsed only once, while a function defined by the Function constructor parses the string passed to it each and every time the constructor is called. Although a function expression creates a closure every time, the function body is not reparsed, so function expressions are still faster than new Function(...) . Therefore the Function constructor should generally be avoided whenever possible. A function declaration may be unintentionally turned into a function expression when it appears in an expression context. js // A function declaration function foo() { console.log("FOO!"); } doSomething( // A function expression passed as an argument function foo() { console.log("FOO!"); }, ); On the other hand, a function expression may also be turned into a function declaration. An expression statement cannot begin with the function or async function keywords, which is a common mistake when implementing IIFEs (Immediately Invoked Function Expressions). js function () { // SyntaxError: Function statements require a function name console.log("FOO!"); }(); function foo() { console.log("FOO!"); }(); // SyntaxError: Unexpected token ')' Instead, start the expression statement with something else, so that the function keyword unambiguously starts a function expression. Common options include grouping and using void . js (function () { console.log("FOO!"); })(); void function () { console.log("FOO!"); }(); Function parameters Each function parameter is a simple identifier that you can access in the local scope. js function myFunc(a, b, c) { // You can access the values of a, b, and c here } There are three special parameter syntaxes: Default parameters allow formal parameters to be initialized with default values if no value or undefined is passed. The rest parameter allows representing an indefinite number of arguments as an array. Destructuring allows unpacking elements from arrays, or properties from objects, into distinct variables. js function myFunc({ a, b }, c = 1, ...rest) { // You can access the values of a, b, c, and rest here } There are some consequences if one of the above non-simple parameter syntaxes is used: You cannot apply "use strict" to the function body — this causes a syntax error . Even if the function is not in strict mode , certain strict mode function features apply, including that the arguments object stops syncing with the named parameters, arguments.callee throws an error when accessed, and duplicate parameter names are not allowed. The arguments object You can refer to a function's arguments within the function by using the arguments object. arguments An array-like object containing the arguments passed to the currently executing function. arguments.callee The currently executing function. arguments.length The number of arguments passed to the function. Getter and setter functions You can define accessor properties on any standard built-in object or user-defined object that supports the addition of new properties. Within object literals and classes , you can use special syntaxes to define the getter and setter of an accessor property. get Binds an object property to a function that will be called when that property is looked up. set Binds an object property to a function to be called when there is an attempt to set that property. Note that these syntaxes create an object property , not a method . The getter and setter functions themselves can only be accessed using reflective APIs such as Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor() . Block-level functions In strict mode , functions inside blocks are scoped to that block. Prior to ES2015, block-level functions were forbidden in strict mode. js "use strict"; function f() { return 1; } { function f() { return 2; } } f() === 1; // true // f() === 2 in non-strict mode Block-level functions in non-strict code In a word: Don't. In non-strict code, function declarations inside blocks behave strangely. For example: js if (shouldDefineZero) { function zero() { // DANGER: compatibility risk console.log("This is zero."); } } The semantics of this in strict mode are well-specified — zero only ever exists within that scope of the if block. If shouldDefineZero is false, then zero should never be defined, since the block never executes. However, historically, this was left unspecified, so different browsers implemented it differently in non-strict mode. For more information, see the function declaration reference. A safer way to define functions conditionally is to assign a function expression to a variable: js // Using a var makes it available as a global variable, // with closer behavior to a top-level function declaration var zero; if (shouldDefineZero) { zero = function () { console.log("This is zero."); }; } Examples Returning a formatted number The following function returns a string containing the formatted representation of a number padded with leading zeros. js // This function returns a string padded with leading zeros function padZeros(num, totalLen) { let numStr = num.toString(); // Initialize return value as string const numZeros = totalLen - numStr.length; // Calculate no. of zeros for (let i = 1; i <= numZeros; i++) { numStr = `0${numStr}`; } return numStr; } The following statements call the padZeros function. js let result; result = padZeros(42, 4); // returns "0042" result = padZeros(42, 2); // returns "42" result = padZeros(5, 4); // returns "0005" Determining whether a function exists You can determine whether a function exists by using the typeof operator. In the following example, a test is performed to determine if the window object has a property called noFunc that is a function. If so, it is used; otherwise, some other action is taken. js if (typeof window.noFunc === "function") { // use noFunc() } else { // do something else } Note that in the if test, a reference to noFunc is used — there are no parentheses () after the function name so the actual function is not called. Specifications Specification ECMAScript® 2026 Language Specification # sec-function-definitions Browser compatibility Enable JavaScript to view this browser compatibility table. See also Functions guide Classes function function expression Function Help improve MDN Was this page helpful to you? Yes No Learn how to contribute This page was last modified on Jul 8, 2025 by MDN contributors . View this page on GitHub • Report a problem with this content Filter sidebar JavaScript Tutorials and guides JavaScript Guide Introduction Grammar and types Control flow and error handling Loops and iteration Functions Expressions and operators Numbers and strings Representing dates & times Regular expressions Indexed collections Keyed collections Working with objects Using classes Using promises JavaScript typed arrays Iterators and generators Resource management Internationalization JavaScript modules Intermediate Language overview JavaScript data structures Equality comparisons and sameness Enumerability and ownership of properties Closures Advanced Inheritance and the prototype chain Meta programming Memory Management References Built-in objects AggregateError Array ArrayBuffer AsyncDisposableStack AsyncFunction AsyncGenerator AsyncGeneratorFunction AsyncIterator Atomics BigInt BigInt64Array BigUint64Array Boolean DataView Date decodeURI() decodeURIComponent() DisposableStack encodeURI() encodeURIComponent() Error escape() Deprecated eval() EvalError FinalizationRegistry Float16Array Float32Array Float64Array Function Generator GeneratorFunction globalThis Infinity Int8Array Int16Array Int32Array InternalError Non-standard Intl isFinite() isNaN() Iterator JSON Map Math NaN Number Object parseFloat() parseInt() Promise Proxy RangeError ReferenceError Reflect RegExp Set SharedArrayBuffer String SuppressedError Symbol SyntaxError Temporal TypedArray TypeError Uint8Array Uint8ClampedArray Uint16Array Uint32Array undefined unescape() Deprecated URIError WeakMap WeakRef WeakSet Expressions & operators Addition (+) Addition assignment (+=) Assignment (=) async function expression async function* expression await Bitwise AND (&) Bitwise AND assignment (&=) Bitwise NOT (~) Bitwise OR (|) Bitwise OR assignment (|=) Bitwise XOR (^) Bitwise XOR assignment (^=) class expression Comma operator (,) Conditional (ternary) operator Decrement (--) delete Destructuring Division (/) Division assignment (/=) Equality (==) Exponentiation (**) Exponentiation assignment (**=) function expression function* expression Greater than (>) Greater than or equal (>=) Grouping operator ( ) import.meta import.meta.resolve() import() in Increment (++) Inequality (!=) instanceof Left shift (<<) Left shift assignment (<<=) Less than (<) Less than or equal (<=) Logical AND (&&) Logical AND assignment (&&=) Logical NOT (!) 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Word boundary assertion: \b, \B Errors AggregateError: No Promise in Promise.any was resolved Error: Permission denied to access property "x" InternalError: too much recursion RangeError: argument is not a valid code point RangeError: BigInt division by zero RangeError: BigInt negative exponent RangeError: form must be one of 'NFC', 'NFD', 'NFKC', or 'NFKD' RangeError: invalid array length RangeError: invalid date RangeError: precision is out of range RangeError: radix must be an integer RangeError: repeat count must be less than infinity RangeError: repeat count must be non-negative RangeError: x can't be converted to BigInt because it isn't an integer ReferenceError: "x" is not defined ReferenceError: assignment to undeclared variable "x" ReferenceError: can't access lexical declaration 'X' before initialization ReferenceError: must call super constructor before using 'this' in derived class constructor ReferenceError: super() called twice in derived class constructor SyntaxError: 'arguments'/'eval' can't be defined or assigned to in strict mode code SyntaxError: "0"-prefixed octal literals are deprecated SyntaxError: "use strict" not allowed in function with non-simple parameters SyntaxError: "x" is a reserved identifier SyntaxError: \ at end of pattern SyntaxError: a declaration in the head of a for-of loop can't have an initializer SyntaxError: applying the 'delete' operator to an unqualified name is deprecated SyntaxError: arguments is not valid in fields SyntaxError: await is only valid in async functions, async generators and modules SyntaxError: await/yield expression can't be used in parameter SyntaxError: cannot use `??` unparenthesized within `||` and `&&` expressions SyntaxError: character class escape cannot be used in class range in regular expression SyntaxError: continue must be inside loop SyntaxError: duplicate capture group name in regular expression SyntaxError: duplicate formal argument x SyntaxError: for-in loop head declarations may not have initializers SyntaxError: function statement requires a name SyntaxError: functions cannot be labelled SyntaxError: getter and setter for private name #x should either be both static or non-static SyntaxError: getter functions must have no arguments SyntaxError: identifier starts immediately after numeric literal SyntaxError: illegal character SyntaxError: import declarations may only appear at top level of a module SyntaxError: incomplete quantifier in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid assignment left-hand side SyntaxError: invalid BigInt syntax SyntaxError: invalid capture group name in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid character in class in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid class set operation in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid decimal escape in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid identity escape in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid named capture reference in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid property name in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid range in character class SyntaxError: invalid regexp group SyntaxError: invalid regular expression flag "x" SyntaxError: invalid unicode escape in regular expression SyntaxError: JSON.parse: bad parsing SyntaxError: label not found SyntaxError: missing : after property id SyntaxError: missing ) after argument list SyntaxError: missing ) after condition SyntaxError: missing ] after element list SyntaxError: missing } after function body SyntaxError: missing } after property list SyntaxError: missing = in const declaration SyntaxError: missing formal parameter SyntaxError: missing name after . operator SyntaxError: missing variable name SyntaxError: negated character class with strings in regular expression SyntaxError: new keyword cannot be used with an optional chain SyntaxError: nothing to repeat SyntaxError: numbers out of order in {} quantifier. SyntaxError: octal escape sequences can't be used in untagged template literals or in strict mode code SyntaxError: parameter after rest parameter SyntaxError: private fields can't be deleted SyntaxError: property name __proto__ appears more than once in object literal SyntaxError: raw bracket is not allowed in regular expression with unicode flag SyntaxError: redeclaration of formal parameter "x" SyntaxError: reference to undeclared private field or method #x SyntaxError: rest parameter may not have a default SyntaxError: return not in function SyntaxError: setter functions must have one argument SyntaxError: string literal contains an unescaped line break SyntaxError: super() is only valid in derived class constructors SyntaxError: tagged template cannot be used with optional chain SyntaxError: Unexpected '#' used outside of class body SyntaxError: Unexpected token SyntaxError: unlabeled break must be inside loop or switch SyntaxError: unparenthesized unary expression can't appear on the left-hand side of '**' SyntaxError: use of super property/member accesses only valid within methods or eval code within methods SyntaxError: Using //@ to indicate sourceURL pragmas is deprecated. Use //# instead TypeError: 'caller', 'callee', and 'arguments' properties may not be accessed TypeError: 'x' is not iterable TypeError: "x" is (not) "y" TypeError: "x" is not a constructor TypeError: "x" is not a function TypeError: "x" is not a non-null object TypeError: "x" is read-only TypeError: already executing generator TypeError: BigInt value can't be serialized in JSON TypeError: calling a builtin X constructor without new is forbidden TypeError: can't access/set private field or method: object is not the right class TypeError: can't assign to property "x" on "y": not an object TypeError: can't convert BigInt to number TypeError: can't convert x to BigInt TypeError: can't define property "x": "obj" is not extensible TypeError: can't delete non-configurable array element TypeError: can't redefine non-configurable property "x" TypeError: can't set prototype of this object TypeError: can't set prototype: it would cause a prototype chain cycle TypeError: cannot use 'in' operator to search for 'x' in 'y' TypeError: class constructors must be invoked with 'new' TypeError: cyclic object value TypeError: derived class constructor returned invalid value x TypeError: getting private setter-only property TypeError: Initializing an object twice is an error with private fields/methods TypeError: invalid 'instanceof' operand 'x' TypeError: invalid Array.prototype.sort argument TypeError: invalid assignment to const "x" TypeError: Iterator/AsyncIterator constructor can't be used directly TypeError: matchAll/replaceAll must be called with a global RegExp TypeError: More arguments needed TypeError: null/undefined has no properties TypeError: property "x" is non-configurable and can't be deleted TypeError: Reduce of empty array with no initial value TypeError: setting getter-only property "x" TypeError: WeakSet key/WeakMap value 'x' must be an object or an unregistered symbol TypeError: X.prototype.y called on incompatible type URIError: malformed URI sequence Warning: -file- is being assigned a //# sourceMappingURL, but already has one Warning: unreachable code after return statement Misc JavaScript technologies overview Execution model Lexical grammar Iteration protocols Strict mode Template literals Trailing commas Deprecated features Your blueprint for a better internet. 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https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/WebSockets#content | WebSockets - Glossary | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Glossary WebSockets Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) Español Français 日本語 한국어 Português (do Brasil) Русский 中文 (简体) 正體中文 (繁體) WebSockets WebSocket is a protocol that allows for a persistent TCP connection between server and client so they can exchange data at any time. Any client or server application can use WebSocket, but principally web browsers and web servers. Through WebSocket, servers can pass data to a client without prior client request, allowing for dynamic content updates. In this article See also See also WebSocket on Wikipedia WebSocket reference on MDN Writing WebSocket client applications Writing WebSocket servers Help improve MDN Was this page helpful to you? Yes No Learn how to contribute This page was last modified on Jul 11, 2025 by MDN contributors . 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https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/WebSockets#search | WebSockets - Glossary | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Glossary WebSockets Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) Español Français 日本語 한국어 Português (do Brasil) Русский 中文 (简体) 正體中文 (繁體) WebSockets WebSocket is a protocol that allows for a persistent TCP connection between server and client so they can exchange data at any time. 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https://docs.devcycle.com/cli-mcp/mcp-getting-started | MCP Getting Started | DevCycle Docs Skip to main content Home SDKs APIs Management API Bucketing API Integrations CLI / MCP Best Practices Community Blog Discord Search Sign Up CLI / MCP Overview CLI CLI Reference CLI User Guides Projects Environments SDK Keys Features Variables Variations Targeting Rules Self-Targeting CLI User Guides MCP MCP Getting Started MCP Reference MCP User Guides Incident Investigation MCP On this page DevCyle MCP Getting Started The DevCycle Model Context Protocol (MCP) Server is based on the DevCycle CLI, it enables AI-powered code editors like Cursor and Windsurf, or general-purpose tools like Claude Desktop, to interact directly with your DevCycle projects and make changes on your behalf. Quick Setup The DevCycle MCP is hosted so there is no need to set up a local server. We'll walk you through installation and authentication with your preferred AI tools. Direct Connection: For clients that natively support the MCP specification with OAuth authentication, you can connect directly to our hosted server: https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp Protocol Support : Our MCP server supports both SSE and HTTP Streaming protocols, automatically negotiating the best option based on your client's capabilities. Alternative Endpoint : If your client has issues with protocol negotiation, use the SSE-only endpoint: https://mcp.devcycle.com/sse MCP Registry : If you're using registry.modelcontextprotocol.io , the DevCycle MCP is listed as: com.devcycle/mcp info These instructions use the remote DevCycle MCP server. For installation of the local MCP server, see the reference docs . Configure Your AI Client Cursor VS Code Claude Code Claude Desktop Windsurf Codex CLI Gemini CLI 📦 Install in Cursor To open Cursor and automatically add the DevCycle MCP, click the install button above. Alternatively, add the following to your ~/.cursor/mcp_settings.json file. To learn more, see the Cursor documentation . { "mcpServers" : { "DevCycle" : { "url" : "https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp" } } } Authentication in Cursor: After configuration, you'll see DevCycle MCP listed as "Needs login" with a yellow indicator Click on the DevCycle MCP server to initiate the authorization process This opens a browser authorization page at mcp.devcycle.com Review and click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com You'll be redirected back to Cursor with the server now active 📦 Install in VS Code To open VS Code and automatically add the DevCycle MCP, click the install button above. Alternatively, add the following to your .continue/config.json file. To learn more, see the Continue documentation . { "mcpServers" : { "DevCycle" : { "url" : "https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp" } } } Authentication in VS Code: After configuration, open the MCP settings panel in VS Code Find the DevCycle MCP server and click "Start Server" VS Code will show a dialog: "The MCP Server Definition 'DevCycle' wants to authenticate to mcp.devcycle.com" Click "Allow" to proceed with authentication This opens a browser authorization page at mcp.devcycle.com Review and click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com You'll be redirected back to VS Code with the server now active Step 1: Open Terminal Open your terminal to access the Claude CLI. Step 2: Add DevCycle MCP Server claude mcp add --transport http devcycle https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp Step 3: Manage MCP Connection In the Claude CLI, enter the MCP management interface: /mcp Step 4: Authentication You'll see the DevCycle server listed as "disconnected • Enter to login": Select the DevCycle server and press Enter to login Follow the CLI prompts to initiate the Authentication process This will open a browser page at mcp.devcycle.com for authorization Review and click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com Return to Claude Code where the server will show as connected For more details, see the Claude Code MCP documentation . Step 1: Access MCP Configuration Option 1: Through Claude Desktop Settings (Recommended) Open Claude Desktop and go to Settings Navigate to Developer → Local MCP servers Click "Edit Config" to open the configuration file directly Option 2: Manual Configuration File Alternatively, locate and edit your Claude Desktop configuration file: macOS : ~/Library/Application Support/Claude/claude_desktop_config.json Windows : %APPDATA%\Claude\claude_desktop_config.json Step 2: Add DevCycle Configuration Add or merge the following configuration: { "mcpServers" : { "devcycle" : { "command" : "npx" , "args" : [ " [email protected] " , "https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp" ] } } } Step 3: Restart Claude Desktop Close and reopen Claude Desktop for the changes to take effect. Step 4: Authentication When you first use DevCycle MCP tools, Claude Desktop will prompt for authentication This will open a browser page at mcp.devcycle.com for authorization Review and click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com Return to Claude Desktop where the MCP tools will be active Step 1: Access MCP Configuration Open Windsurf and go to Settings > Winsurf Settings Scroll to the Cascade section Click "Manage MCPs" Step 2: Edit Raw Configuration In the "Manage MCP servers" interface, click "View raw config" Add the following configuration to the JSON file: { "mcpServers" : { "DevCycle" : { "serverUrl" : "https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp" } } } Step 3: Refresh and Authenticate Save the configuration file Click "Refresh" in the "Manage MCP servers" interface The DevCycle server will appear and prompt for authentication Follow the authentication flow: Browser opens at mcp.devcycle.com for authorization Click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com Return to Windsurf where DevCycle will show as "Enabled" with all tools available which can be configured independently Step 1: Access MCP Configuration Locate and edit your OpenAI Codex CLI configuration file: All platforms : ~/.codex/config.toml Step 2: Add DevCycle MCP Server Add the following TOML configuration to enable the DevCycle MCP server: [mcp_servers.devcycle] url = "https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp" Step 3: Restart Codex CLI Restart your Codex CLI session for the changes to take effect. Step 4: Authentication When you first use DevCycle MCP tools, the Codex CLI will prompt for authentication This will open a browser page at mcp.devcycle.com for authorization Review and click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com Return to the Codex CLI where the DevCycle MCP tools will be active For more details, see the OpenAI Codex MCP documentation . Step 1: Access MCP Configuration Locate and edit your Gemini CLI settings file: All platforms : ~/.gemini/settings.json Step 2: Add DevCycle MCP Server Add or merge the following configuration to enable the DevCycle MCP server: { "mcpServers" : { "devcycle" : { "url" : "https://mcp.devcycle.com/mcp" } } } Step 3: Restart Gemini CLI Restart your Gemini CLI session for the changes to take effect. Step 4: Authentication When you first use DevCycle MCP tools, the Gemini CLI will prompt for authentication This will open a browser page at mcp.devcycle.com for authorization Review and click "Allow Access" to grant permissions If you have multiple organizations, select your desired organization at auth.devcycle.com Return to the Gemini CLI where the DevCycle MCP tools will be active For more details, see the Gemini CLI MCP documentation . Available Tools The DevCycle MCP Server provides comprehensive feature flag management tools organized into 6 categories : Category Tools Description Feature Management list_features , create_feature , update_feature , update_feature_status , delete_feature , cleanup_feature , get_feature_audit_log_history Create and manage feature flags Variable Management list_variables , create_variable , update_variable , delete_variable Manage feature variables Project Management list_projects , get_current_project , select_project Project selection and details Self-Targeting & Overrides get_self_targeting_identity , update_self_targeting_identity , list_self_targeting_overrides , set_self_targeting_override , clear_feature_self_targeting_overrides Testing and overrides Results & Analytics get_feature_total_evaluations , get_project_total_evaluations Usage analytics SDK Installation install_devcycle_sdk SDK install guides and examples Try It Out Once configured, try asking your AI assistant: "Create a new feature flag called 'new-checkout-flow'" "List all features in my project" "Enable targeting for the header-redesign feature in production" "Show me evaluation analytics for the last 7 days" Next Steps MCP Reference - Complete tool documentation with all parameters CLI Reference - Learn about the underlying CLI commands Getting Help GitHub Issues : GitHub Issues General Documentation : DevCycle Docs DevCycle Community : Discord Support : Contact Support Edit this page Last updated on Jan 9, 2026 Previous CLI User Guides Next MCP Getting Started Quick Setup Configure Your AI Client Available Tools Try It Out Next Steps Getting Help DevCycle Dashboard Blog Privacy Policy Twitter Discord GitHub Copyright © 2026 DevCycle. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
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https://dev.to/t/webdev/page/79 | Web Development Page 79 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Web Development Follow Hide Because the internet... Create Post submission guidelines Be nice. Be respectful. Assume best intentions. Be kind, rewind. Older #webdev posts 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu I built two open-source tools faster by letting AI write most of the code Benjamin Touchard Benjamin Touchard Benjamin Touchard Follow Dec 20 '25 I built two open-source tools faster by letting AI write most of the code # ai # programming # productivity # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read ⚠️ JavaScript Equality Is Lying to You mayank sagar mayank sagar mayank sagar Follow Jan 9 ⚠️ JavaScript Equality Is Lying to You # webdev # javascript # frontend 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Day 1: Building a Holiday Budget Tracker with Svelte 5 💸 Michael Amachree Michael Amachree Michael Amachree Follow Dec 16 '25 Day 1: Building a Holiday Budget Tracker with Svelte 5 💸 # svelte # webdev # javascript # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read Stop Screenshotting Emails Into Figma Christopher Rogers Christopher Rogers Christopher Rogers Follow Dec 17 '25 Stop Screenshotting Emails Into Figma # showdev # productivity # figma # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read Understanding Three.js Lighting — A Concise Reference Peter Riding Peter Riding Peter Riding Follow Dec 18 '25 Understanding Three.js Lighting — A Concise Reference # threejs # webdev # javascript # cheatsheet 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Which AI Can Create the Coolest Web Page? GPT 5.2 vs Gemini 3.0 Pro vs Opus 4.5 vs bolt.new vs v0 vs Lovable Yukapero Yukapero Yukapero Follow Dec 15 '25 Which AI Can Create the Coolest Web Page? GPT 5.2 vs Gemini 3.0 Pro vs Opus 4.5 vs bolt.new vs v0 vs Lovable # ai # webdev # frontend # vibecoding 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 14 min read 🔍 Why Are API Requests So Hard to Debug Without the Right Tool? Muhammad Haris Muhammad Haris Muhammad Haris Follow Dec 16 '25 🔍 Why Are API Requests So Hard to Debug Without the Right Tool? # webdev # api # graphql # productivity 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read From instructions to binaries to programs imasystem.engineer imasystem.engineer imasystem.engineer Follow Dec 18 '25 From instructions to binaries to programs # systems # webdev # learning # architecture Comments Add Comment 3 min read Transaction Rollback in MongoDB: What Actually Happens When Things Go Wrong Moriam Akter Swarna Moriam Akter Swarna Moriam Akter Swarna Follow Dec 17 '25 Transaction Rollback in MongoDB: What Actually Happens When Things Go Wrong # webdev # database # mongodb # mongoose Comments Add Comment 4 min read 10 Blazor Coding Mistakes I See in Real Projects (and How to Avoid Them) Chandradev Chandradev Chandradev Follow Dec 17 '25 10 Blazor Coding Mistakes I See in Real Projects (and How to Avoid Them) # webdev # programming # blazor # blazorwebassembly Comments Add Comment 2 min read OpenAI Released GPT Image 1.5 — I Built a Free Web App to Try It Instantly lei pan lei pan lei pan Follow Dec 17 '25 OpenAI Released GPT Image 1.5 — I Built a Free Web App to Try It Instantly # showdev # webdev # openai # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read CSS Max-Width Explained: Stop Breaking Your Layout Satyam Gupta Satyam Gupta Satyam Gupta Follow Dec 16 '25 CSS Max-Width Explained: Stop Breaking Your Layout # css # webdev # programming # beginners Comments Add Comment 4 min read Launch a custom blog in 5 minutes using SleekCMS Yusuf B Yusuf B Yusuf B Follow for SleekCMS Jan 9 Launch a custom blog in 5 minutes using SleekCMS # wordpress # webdev # sleekcms # contentwriting Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building HTML Forms Without a Backend: A Developer's Guide to Static Site Forms HostSpica HostSpica HostSpica Follow Dec 17 '25 Building HTML Forms Without a Backend: A Developer's Guide to Static Site Forms # webdev # tutorial # html # serverless Comments Add Comment 3 min read Determinism Is Not the Opposite of Intelligence rokoss21 rokoss21 rokoss21 Follow Dec 15 '25 Determinism Is Not the Opposite of Intelligence # discuss # webdev # programming # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Ultimate Image Solution for Symfony - stop writing srcset manually Jozef Môstka Jozef Môstka Jozef Môstka Follow Jan 9 The Ultimate Image Solution for Symfony - stop writing srcset manually # symfony # php # webdev # images Comments Add Comment 5 min read Go's Defer: Simple Rules, Deep Runtime Truths with intuitions. Saiful Islam Saiful Islam Saiful Islam Follow Jan 9 Go's Defer: Simple Rules, Deep Runtime Truths with intuitions. # go # webdev # core # architecture 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Service Levels in Angular Varad Shirsath Varad Shirsath Varad Shirsath Follow Dec 20 '25 Service Levels in Angular # angular # webdev # typescript # frontend Comments Add Comment 4 min read Discovering Hiawatha: A Lightweight Web Server for Modern PHP Deployments kingyou kingyou kingyou Follow Dec 16 '25 Discovering Hiawatha: A Lightweight Web Server for Modern PHP Deployments # php # webdev # tooling # security Comments Add Comment 2 min read Introduction to CSS Preprocessors: Unlocking the Power of SASS and LESS Sharique Siddiqui Sharique Siddiqui Sharique Siddiqui Follow Dec 16 '25 Introduction to CSS Preprocessors: Unlocking the Power of SASS and LESS # css # advanced # webdev # frontend Comments Add Comment 3 min read Free Tools I Use Daily as an Indie Developer Rushikesh Bodakhe Rushikesh Bodakhe Rushikesh Bodakhe Follow Jan 9 Free Tools I Use Daily as an Indie Developer # webdev # programming # ai # javascript 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read GraphQL vs. REST: Why Your Next API Might Prefer GraphQL A S M Muntaheen A S M Muntaheen A S M Muntaheen Follow Dec 16 '25 GraphQL vs. REST: Why Your Next API Might Prefer GraphQL # graphql # restapi # webdev # programming Comments Add Comment 3 min read Criei uma extensão para VS Code que transforma TODOs em um quadro Kanban e issues reais no Jira Dante J. 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Anjos Follow Jan 9 Criei uma extensão para VS Code que transforma TODOs em um quadro Kanban e issues reais no Jira # webdev # vscode # productivity # fullstack 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 3 min read n8n : l’outil d’automatisation que tout le monde installe… et que peu utilisent vraiment florentin - Antesy florentin - Antesy florentin - Antesy Follow Dec 20 '25 n8n : l’outil d’automatisation que tout le monde installe… et que peu utilisent vraiment # webdev # programming # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read Angular Signal Forms: How to Structure Large Forms Without Losing Your Mind Brian Treese Brian Treese Brian Treese Follow Jan 9 Angular Signal Forms: How to Structure Large Forms Without Losing Your Mind # angular # javascript # webdev # typescript Comments Add Comment 11 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/ios-push-template#adding-dynamic-content-in-ios-push | iOS Push Template - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection GETTING STARTED What is SuprSend? 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Navigation Channel Editors iOS Push Template Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Channel Editors iOS Push Template OpenAI Open in ChatGPT How to design simple iOS Push template with click action and image. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Design Template You can design template with a simple form editor tool. You can add variables with Handlebarsjs language. You can check how the message will look in the preview section on the right side. Once designed, you can save the push notification template by clicking on Save Draft. When you are ready, you can Publish Draft by providing a name to the version. This will become the Live version, and will be used whenever the associated workflow is triggered. iOS Push notification fields description Field Description Title Small message text box. Note that this field will be displayed in single line only, and very long content can get curtailed. Use handlebarsjs to add variables. Body Large message text box. Use handlebarsjs to add variables. 📘 Note: By default, Clicking on the Notification will redirect the users to your iOS App. We’ll be soon be adding the option to add custom Action URL Adding dynamic content in iOS Push There will always be the case where you would require to add dynamic content to a template, so as to personalise it for your users. To achieve this, you can add variables in the template, which will be replaced with the dynamic content at the time of sending the message. You’ll need to pass these while triggering the communication from one of our frontend or backend SDKs. Here is a step-by-step guide on how to add dynamic content in iOS Push: 1 Declaring Variables in the global `Mock data` button If you are at this stage, it is assumed that you have declared the variables along with sample values in the global Mock data button. To see how to declare variables before using them in designing templates, refer to this section in the Templates documentation . 2 Using variables in the templates Once the variables are declared, you can use them while designing the iOS Push template. We support handlebarsjs to add variables in the template. As a general rule, all the variables have to be entered within double curly brackets: {{variable\_name}} If you have declared the variables in the global Mock data button, then they will come as auto-suggestions when you type a curly bracket { . This will remove the chances of errors like variable mismatch at the time of template rendering. Note that you will be able to enter a variable name even when you have not declared it inside the Mock data button. To manually enter the variable name, follow the handlerbarsjs guide here . Below is an example of how to enter variables in the template design. For illustration, we are using the same sample variable names that we declared in the Templates section: json Copy Ask AI { "array" : [ { "product_name" : "Aldo Sling Bag" , "product_price" : "3,950.00" }, { "product_name" : "Clarles & Keith Women Slipper, Biege, 38UK" , "product_price" : "2,549.00" }, { "product_name" : "RayBan Sunglasses" , "product_price" : "7,899.00" } ], "event" : { "location" : { "city" : "San Francisco" , "state" : "California" }, "order_id" : "11200123" , "first_name" : "Joe" }, "product_page" : "https://www.suprsend.com" } To enter a nested variable, enter in the format {{var1.var2.var3}} . E.g. to refer to city in the example above, you need to enter {{event.location.city}} To refer to an array element, enter in format {{var1.[*index*].var2}}. E.g. to refer to product_name of the first element of the array array , enter {{array.[0].product_name}}` If you have any space in the variable name, enclose it in square bracket {{event.[first name]}} You will be able to see the sample values in the Preview section, as well as in the Live version when you publish a draft. If you cannot see your variable being rendered with the sample value, check one of the following: Make sure you have entered the variable name and the sample value in the Mock data button. Make sure you have entered the correct variable name in the template, as per the handlebarsjs guideline. What happens if there is variable mismatch at the time of sending? At the time of sending communication, if there is a variable present in the template whose value is not rendered due to mismatch or missing, SuprSend will simply discard the template and not send that particular notification to your user. Please note that the rest of the templates will be sent. E.g. if there is an error in rendering iOS Push template, but email template is successfully rendered, iOS Push notification will not be triggered, but email notification will be triggered by SuprSend. Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Web Push Template How to design Webpush template with customisation options to add action buttons and image. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page Design Template iOS Push notification fields description Adding dynamic content in iOS Push | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
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https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference | JavaScript reference - JavaScript | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Web JavaScript Reference Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) Español Français 日本語 한국어 Português (do Brasil) Русский 中文 (简体) 正體中文 (繁體) JavaScript reference The JavaScript reference serves as a repository of facts about the JavaScript language. The entire language is described here in detail. As you write JavaScript code, you'll refer to these pages often (thus the title "JavaScript reference"). The JavaScript language is intended to be used within some larger environment, be it a browser, server-side scripts, or similar. For the most part, this reference attempts to be environment-agnostic and does not target a web browser environment. If you are new to JavaScript, start with the guide . Once you have a firm grasp of the fundamentals, you can use the reference to get more details on individual objects and language constructs. In this article Built-ins Statements Expressions and operators Functions Classes Regular expressions Additional reference pages Built-ins JavaScript standard built-in objects , along with their methods and properties. Value properties globalThis Infinity NaN undefined Function properties eval() isFinite() isNaN() parseFloat() parseInt() decodeURI() decodeURIComponent() encodeURI() encodeURIComponent() escape() Deprecated unescape() Deprecated Fundamental objects Object Function Boolean Symbol Error objects Error AggregateError EvalError RangeError ReferenceError SuppressedError SyntaxError TypeError URIError InternalError Non-standard Numbers and dates Number BigInt Math Date Temporal Text processing String RegExp Indexed collections Array Int8Array Uint8Array Uint8ClampedArray Int16Array Uint16Array Int32Array Uint32Array BigInt64Array BigUint64Array Float16Array Float32Array Float64Array Keyed collections Map Set WeakMap WeakSet Structured data ArrayBuffer SharedArrayBuffer DataView Atomics JSON Managing memory WeakRef FinalizationRegistry Control abstraction objects Iterator AsyncIterator Promise GeneratorFunction AsyncGeneratorFunction Generator AsyncGenerator AsyncFunction DisposableStack AsyncDisposableStack Reflection Reflect Proxy Internationalization Intl Intl.Collator Intl.DateTimeFormat Intl.DisplayNames Intl.DurationFormat Intl.ListFormat Intl.Locale Intl.NumberFormat Intl.PluralRules Intl.RelativeTimeFormat Intl.Segmenter Statements JavaScript statements and declarations Control flow return break continue throw if...else switch try...catch Declaring variables var let const using await using Functions and classes function function* async function async function* class Iterations do...while for for...in for...of for await...of while Others Empty Block Expression statement debugger export import label with Deprecated Expressions and operators JavaScript expressions and operators . Primary expressions this Literals [] {} function class function* async function async function* /ab+c/i `string` ( ) Left-hand-side expressions Property accessors ?. new new.target import.meta super import() Increment and decrement A++ A-- ++A --A Unary operators delete void typeof + - ~ ! await Arithmetic operators ** * / % + (Plus) - Relational operators < (Less than) > (Greater than) <= >= instanceof in Equality operators == != === !== Bitwise shift operators << >> >>> Binary bitwise operators & | ^ Binary logical operators && || ?? Conditional (ternary) operator (condition ? ifTrue : ifFalse) Assignment operators = *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= >>>= &= ^= |= **= &&= ||= ??= [a, b] = arr , { a, b } = obj Yield operators yield yield* Spread syntax ...obj Comma operator , Functions JavaScript functions. Arrow Functions Default parameters Rest parameters arguments Method definitions getter setter Classes JavaScript classes. constructor extends Private elements Public class fields static Static initialization blocks Regular expressions JavaScript regular expressions. Backreference: \1 , \2 Capturing group: (...) Character class: [...] , [^...] Character class escape: \d , \D , \w , \W , \s , \S Character escape: \n , \u{...} Disjunction: | Input boundary assertion: ^ , $ Literal character: a , b Lookahead assertion: (?=...) , (?!...) Lookbehind assertion: (?<=...) , (?<!...) Modifier: (?ims-ims:...) Named backreference: \k<name> Named capturing group: (?<name>...) Non-capturing group: (?:...) Quantifier: * , + , ? , {n} , {n,} , {n,m} Unicode character class escape: \p{...} , \P{...} Wildcard: . Word boundary assertion: \b , \B Additional reference pages JavaScript technologies overview Execution model Lexical grammar Data types and data structures Iteration protocols Trailing commas Errors Strict mode Deprecated features Help improve MDN Was this page helpful to you? Yes No Learn how to contribute This page was last modified on Jul 29, 2025 by MDN contributors . View this page on GitHub • Report a problem with this content Filter sidebar JavaScript Tutorials and guides JavaScript Guide Introduction Grammar and types Control flow and error handling Loops and iteration Functions Expressions and operators Numbers and strings Representing dates & times Regular expressions Indexed collections Keyed collections Working with objects Using classes Using promises JavaScript typed arrays Iterators and generators Resource management Internationalization JavaScript modules Intermediate Language overview JavaScript data structures Equality comparisons and sameness Enumerability and ownership of properties Closures Advanced Inheritance and the prototype chain Meta programming Memory Management References Built-in objects AggregateError Array ArrayBuffer AsyncDisposableStack AsyncFunction AsyncGenerator AsyncGeneratorFunction AsyncIterator Atomics BigInt BigInt64Array BigUint64Array Boolean DataView Date decodeURI() decodeURIComponent() DisposableStack encodeURI() encodeURIComponent() Error escape() Deprecated eval() EvalError FinalizationRegistry Float16Array Float32Array Float64Array Function Generator GeneratorFunction globalThis Infinity Int8Array Int16Array Int32Array InternalError Non-standard Intl isFinite() isNaN() Iterator JSON Map Math NaN Number Object parseFloat() parseInt() Promise Proxy RangeError ReferenceError Reflect RegExp Set SharedArrayBuffer String SuppressedError Symbol SyntaxError Temporal TypedArray TypeError Uint8Array Uint8ClampedArray Uint16Array Uint32Array undefined unescape() Deprecated URIError WeakMap WeakRef WeakSet Expressions & operators Addition (+) Addition assignment (+=) Assignment (=) async function expression async function* expression await Bitwise AND (&) Bitwise AND assignment (&=) Bitwise NOT (~) Bitwise OR (|) Bitwise OR assignment (|=) Bitwise XOR (^) Bitwise XOR assignment (^=) class expression Comma operator (,) Conditional (ternary) operator Decrement (--) delete Destructuring Division (/) Division assignment (/=) Equality (==) Exponentiation (**) Exponentiation assignment (**=) function expression function* expression Greater than (>) Greater than or equal (>=) Grouping operator ( ) import.meta import.meta.resolve() import() in Increment (++) Inequality (!=) instanceof Left shift (<<) Left shift assignment (<<=) Less than (<) Less than or equal (<=) Logical AND (&&) Logical AND assignment (&&=) Logical NOT (!) Logical OR (||) Logical OR assignment (||=) Multiplication (*) Multiplication assignment (*=) new new.target null Nullish coalescing assignment (??=) Nullish coalescing operator (??) Object initializer Operator precedence Optional chaining (?.) Property accessors Remainder (%) Remainder assignment (%=) Right shift (>>) Right shift assignment (>>=) Spread syntax (...) Strict equality (===) Strict inequality (!==) Subtraction (-) Subtraction assignment (-=) super this typeof Unary negation (-) Unary plus (+) Unsigned right shift (>>>) Unsigned right shift assignment (>>>=) void operator yield yield* Statements & declarations async function async function* await using Block statement break class const continue debugger do...while Empty statement export Expression statement for for await...of for...in for...of function function* if...else import Import attributes Labeled statement let return switch throw try...catch using var while with Deprecated Functions Arrow function expressions Default parameters get Method definitions Rest parameters set The arguments object [Symbol.iterator]() callee Deprecated length Classes constructor extends Private elements Public class fields static Static initialization blocks Regular expressions Backreference: \1, \2 Capturing group: (...) Character class escape: \d, \D, \w, \W, \s, \S Character class: [...], [^...] Character escape: \n, \u{...} Disjunction: | Input boundary assertion: ^, $ Literal character: a, b Lookahead assertion: (?=...), (?!...) Lookbehind assertion: (?<=...), (?<!...) Modifier: (?ims-ims:...) Named backreference: \k<name> Named capturing group: (?<name>...) Non-capturing group: (?:...) Quantifier: *, +, ?, {n}, {n,}, {n,m} Unicode character class escape: \p{...}, \P{...} Wildcard: . Word boundary assertion: \b, \B Errors AggregateError: No Promise in Promise.any was resolved Error: Permission denied to access property "x" InternalError: too much recursion RangeError: argument is not a valid code point RangeError: BigInt division by zero RangeError: BigInt negative exponent RangeError: form must be one of 'NFC', 'NFD', 'NFKC', or 'NFKD' RangeError: invalid array length RangeError: invalid date RangeError: precision is out of range RangeError: radix must be an integer RangeError: repeat count must be less than infinity RangeError: repeat count must be non-negative RangeError: x can't be converted to BigInt because it isn't an integer ReferenceError: "x" is not defined ReferenceError: assignment to undeclared variable "x" ReferenceError: can't access lexical declaration 'X' before initialization ReferenceError: must call super constructor before using 'this' in derived class constructor ReferenceError: super() called twice in derived class constructor SyntaxError: 'arguments'/'eval' can't be defined or assigned to in strict mode code SyntaxError: "0"-prefixed octal literals are deprecated SyntaxError: "use strict" not allowed in function with non-simple parameters SyntaxError: "x" is a reserved identifier SyntaxError: \ at end of pattern SyntaxError: a declaration in the head of a for-of loop can't have an initializer SyntaxError: applying the 'delete' operator to an unqualified name is deprecated SyntaxError: arguments is not valid in fields SyntaxError: await is only valid in async functions, async generators and modules SyntaxError: await/yield expression can't be used in parameter SyntaxError: cannot use `??` unparenthesized within `||` and `&&` expressions SyntaxError: character class escape cannot be used in class range in regular expression SyntaxError: continue must be inside loop SyntaxError: duplicate capture group name in regular expression SyntaxError: duplicate formal argument x SyntaxError: for-in loop head declarations may not have initializers SyntaxError: function statement requires a name SyntaxError: functions cannot be labelled SyntaxError: getter and setter for private name #x should either be both static or non-static SyntaxError: getter functions must have no arguments SyntaxError: identifier starts immediately after numeric literal SyntaxError: illegal character SyntaxError: import declarations may only appear at top level of a module SyntaxError: incomplete quantifier in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid assignment left-hand side SyntaxError: invalid BigInt syntax SyntaxError: invalid capture group name in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid character in class in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid class set operation in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid decimal escape in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid identity escape in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid named capture reference in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid property name in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid range in character class SyntaxError: invalid regexp group SyntaxError: invalid regular expression flag "x" SyntaxError: invalid unicode escape in regular expression SyntaxError: JSON.parse: bad parsing SyntaxError: label not found SyntaxError: missing : after property id SyntaxError: missing ) after argument list SyntaxError: missing ) after condition SyntaxError: missing ] after element list SyntaxError: missing } after function body SyntaxError: missing } after property list SyntaxError: missing = in const declaration SyntaxError: missing formal parameter SyntaxError: missing name after . operator SyntaxError: missing variable name SyntaxError: negated character class with strings in regular expression SyntaxError: new keyword cannot be used with an optional chain SyntaxError: nothing to repeat SyntaxError: numbers out of order in {} quantifier. SyntaxError: octal escape sequences can't be used in untagged template literals or in strict mode code SyntaxError: parameter after rest parameter SyntaxError: private fields can't be deleted SyntaxError: property name __proto__ appears more than once in object literal SyntaxError: raw bracket is not allowed in regular expression with unicode flag SyntaxError: redeclaration of formal parameter "x" SyntaxError: reference to undeclared private field or method #x SyntaxError: rest parameter may not have a default SyntaxError: return not in function SyntaxError: setter functions must have one argument SyntaxError: string literal contains an unescaped line break SyntaxError: super() is only valid in derived class constructors SyntaxError: tagged template cannot be used with optional chain SyntaxError: Unexpected '#' used outside of class body SyntaxError: Unexpected token SyntaxError: unlabeled break must be inside loop or switch SyntaxError: unparenthesized unary expression can't appear on the left-hand side of '**' SyntaxError: use of super property/member accesses only valid within methods or eval code within methods SyntaxError: Using //@ to indicate sourceURL pragmas is deprecated. Use //# instead TypeError: 'caller', 'callee', and 'arguments' properties may not be accessed TypeError: 'x' is not iterable TypeError: "x" is (not) "y" TypeError: "x" is not a constructor TypeError: "x" is not a function TypeError: "x" is not a non-null object TypeError: "x" is read-only TypeError: already executing generator TypeError: BigInt value can't be serialized in JSON TypeError: calling a builtin X constructor without new is forbidden TypeError: can't access/set private field or method: object is not the right class TypeError: can't assign to property "x" on "y": not an object TypeError: can't convert BigInt to number TypeError: can't convert x to BigInt TypeError: can't define property "x": "obj" is not extensible TypeError: can't delete non-configurable array element TypeError: can't redefine non-configurable property "x" TypeError: can't set prototype of this object TypeError: can't set prototype: it would cause a prototype chain cycle TypeError: cannot use 'in' operator to search for 'x' in 'y' TypeError: class constructors must be invoked with 'new' TypeError: cyclic object value TypeError: derived class constructor returned invalid value x TypeError: getting private setter-only property TypeError: Initializing an object twice is an error with private fields/methods TypeError: invalid 'instanceof' operand 'x' TypeError: invalid Array.prototype.sort argument TypeError: invalid assignment to const "x" TypeError: Iterator/AsyncIterator constructor can't be used directly TypeError: matchAll/replaceAll must be called with a global RegExp TypeError: More arguments needed TypeError: null/undefined has no properties TypeError: property "x" is non-configurable and can't be deleted TypeError: Reduce of empty array with no initial value TypeError: setting getter-only property "x" TypeError: WeakSet key/WeakMap value 'x' must be an object or an unregistered symbol TypeError: X.prototype.y called on incompatible type URIError: malformed URI sequence Warning: -file- is being assigned a //# sourceMappingURL, but already has one Warning: unreachable code after return statement Misc JavaScript technologies overview Execution model Lexical grammar Iteration protocols Strict mode Template literals Trailing commas Deprecated features Your blueprint for a better internet. 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https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/js-preferences | Preferences - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection Developer Resources Overview Updates and Versioning Versioning and Support Policy SDK Changelog Authentication API Keys and Secrets Service Token Best Practices for Key & Token Management MCP Overview BETA Quickstart Tool List Building with LLMs Security Security SDKs and APIs SDKs SDK Overview SuprSend Backend SDK SuprSend Client SDK Authentication Javascript Integrate Javascript SDK WebPush Preferences Events and User methods InApp Feed Migration guide from v1 Android iOS React Native Flutter React Management API REST API Postman Collection Features Validate Trigger Payload Type Safety Testing Testing the Template Test Mode Monitoring and Logging Logs Data Out Contact Us Get Started SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Ask AI Contact Us Get Started Get Started Search... Navigation Javascript Preferences Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Javascript Preferences OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Step-by-Step Guide to add SuprSend notification preference centre in javascript websites like React, Vue, and Next.js. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Pre-Requisites Integration of JavaScript SDK Configure notification categories on SuprSend dashboard Understanding preference structure This is how a typical preference page will look like: Preference Page contains 2 sections: Category-level preference settings (Sections) Sections Categories Category Channel Overall Channel-level preference Preferences data structure Preferences Types Example Copy Ask AI interface PreferenceData { sections : Section [] | null ; channel_preferences : ChannelPreference [] | null ; } interface ChannelPreference { channel : string ; is_restricted : boolean ; } interface Section { name ?: string | null ; description ?: string | null ; subcategories ?: Category [] | null ; } interface Category { name : string ; category : string ; description ?: string | null ; preference : PreferenceOptions ; is_editable : boolean ; channels ?: CategoryChannel [] | null ; } interface CategoryChannel { channel : string ; preference : PreferenceOptions ; is_editable : boolean ; } enum PreferenceOptions { OPT_IN = "opt_in" , OPT_OUT = "opt_out" , } enum ChannelLevelPreferenceOptions { ALL = "all" , REQUIRED = "required" , } 1.1 Sections This contains the name, description, and subcategories. We have to loop through the sections list and for every section item if there is a name and description present, then show the heading, and if a subcategories list is present, loop through that subcategories list and show all subcategories under that section heading. Subcategories can exist without sections as the section is an optional field. In that case, the section’s name will not be available. For sections where the name is not present, you can directly show its subcategories list without showing Heading for the section in UI. syntax Copy Ask AI interface Section { name ?: string | null ; description ?: string | null ; subcategories ?: Category [] | null ; } Property Description name name of the section description description of the section subcategories data of all sub-categories to be shown inside the section 1.2 Categories (sections -> sub-categories) This is the place where the user sets his category-level preferences. While looping through the subcategories list for every subcategory item, show the name and description in UI. syntax Copy Ask AI interface Category { name : string ; category : string ; description ?: string | null ; preference : PreferenceOptions ; is_editable : boolean ; channels ?: CategoryChannel [] | null ; } Property Description category This key is the id of the category which is used while updating the preference. name name of the category to be shown on the UI description description of the category to be shown on the UI preference This key indicates if the category’s preference switch is on or off. Get OPT_IN when the switch is on and OPT_OUT when the switch is off is_editable Indicates if the preference switch button is disabled or not. If its value is false then the preference setting for that category can’t be edited channels data of all category channels to be shown below the sub-category. Loop through it to show checkboxes under every subcategory item. 1.3 Category channels (sections -> sub-categories -> channels) This contains a list of channels, channel preference status and whether it’s editable or not. While looping through the subcategory list for every subcategory item we have to loop through its channels list and for every channel to show channel level checkbox. syntax Copy Ask AI interface CategoryChannel { channel : string ; preference : PreferenceOptions ; is_editable : boolean ; } Property Description channel name of the channel to be shown on UI. The same key will be used as id of the channel while updating the preference. preference This key indicates if the channel’s preference switch is on or off. Get OPT_IN when the switch is on and OPT_OUT when the switch is off is_editable Indicates if the preference checkbox is disabled or not. If its value is false then the preference setting for that channel can’t be edited 2. Overall channel preferences It’s a list of all channel-level preferences. We have to loop through the list and for each item, show the UI as given in the below image. syntax Copy Ask AI interface ChannelPreference { channel : string ; is_restricted : boolean ; } Property Description channel name of the channel to be shown on UI. The same key will be used as id of the channel while updating the preference. is_restricted This key indicates the restriction level of channel. If restricted, notification will only be sent in the category where this channel is added as mandatory in notification category settings. True means Required radio button is selected. False means All radio button is selected. Integration Get preferences data Use this method to get preferences data and create the preferences UI by following the above sections. This method should be called first before any update preference methods. syntax Copy Ask AI const preferencesResp = await suprSendClient . user . preferences . getPreferences ( args ?: {tenantId? : string , tags? : string | Dictionary , locale? : string }); Argument (optional) Description tenantId Tenant identifier for loading per-tenant preferences tags Filter categories by tags. Used to filter preference categories based on user’s roles, department or teams. (see Tags ) locale Locale code (e.g., es , fr , de , es-AR ) to fetch preference translations in user’s locale. When provided, category names and descriptions will be returned in the specified locale. If a translation is missing for the requested locale, the system automatically falls back in this order: locale-region (e.g., es-AR ) → locale (e.g., es ) → en (English - always available). Returns: Promise<ApiResponse> Update category preference Calling this method will opt-in/opt-out user from that category. When the category is editable and the switch is toggled you can call this method. syntax Copy Ask AI const updatedPreferencesResp = await suprSendClient . user . preferences . updateCategoryPreference ( category : string , preference : PreferenceOptions ); enum PreferenceOptions { OPT_IN = "opt_in" , OPT_OUT = "opt_out" } Returns: Promise<ApiResponse> Update channel preference in category Calling this method will opt-in/opt-out users from that category-level channel. When the category’s channel checkbox is editable and the user clicks on the checkbox you can call this method. syntax Copy Ask AI const updatedPreferencesResp = await suprSendClient . user . preferences . updateChannelPreferenceInCategory ( channel : string , preference : PreferenceOptions , category : string ); enum PreferenceOptions { OPT_IN = "opt_in" , OPT_OUT = "opt_out" } Returns: Promise<ApiResponse> Update overall channel preference This method updated the channel-level preference of the user. syntax Copy Ask AI const updatedPreferencesResp = await suprSendClient . user . preferences . updateOverallChannelPreference ( channel : string , preference : ChannelLevelPreferenceOptions ); enum ChannelLevelPreferenceOptions { ALL = "all" , REQUIRED = "required" } Returns: Promise<ApiResponse> Event listeners All preferences update api’s are optimistic updates. Actual API call will happen in background with 1 second debounce. Since its a background task SDK provides event listeners to get updated preference data based on API call status. Listen to this event listeners and update the UI accordingly. syntax Copy Ask AI suprSendClient . emitter . on ( 'preferences_updated' , ( preferenceDataResp : ApiResponse ) => void ); suprSendClient . emitter . on ( 'preferences_error' , ( errorResponse : ApiResponse ) => void ); Example Usage: For preferences_error event you could show error toast. For preferences_updated event you could update UI with latest data returned in as param in callback function. Example For understanding purpose we have added simple example of preferences implementation in React. You could refer this headless example and design the preferences in your Angular or Vue.js etc. If you want to implement in react please refer @suprsend/react . Example.js Copy Ask AI import { useState , useEffect } from "react" ; import Switch from "react-switch" ; import { SuprSend , ChannelLevelPreferenceOptions , PreferenceOptions , } from "@suprsend/web-sdk" ; // -------------- Category Level Preferences -------------- // const handleCategoryPreferenceChange = async ({ data , subcategory , setPreferenceData , }) => { const resp = await suprSendClient . user . preferences . updateCategoryPreference ( subcategory . category , data ? PreferenceOptions . OPT_IN : PreferenceOptions . OPT_OUT ); if ( resp . status === "error" ) { console . log ( resp . error . message ); } else { setPreferenceData ({ ... resp . body }); } }; const handleChannelPreferenceInCategoryChange = async ({ channel , subcategory , setPreferenceData , }) => { if ( ! channel . is_editable ) return ; const resp = await suprSendClient . user . preferences . updateChannelPreferenceInCategory ( channel . channel , channel . preference === PreferenceOptions . OPT_IN ? PreferenceOptions . OPT_OUT : PreferenceOptions . OPT_IN , subcategory . category ); if ( resp . status === "error" ) { console . log ( resp . error . message ); } else { setPreferenceData ({ ... resp . body }); } }; function NotificationCategoryPreferences ({ preferenceData , setPreferenceData , }) { if ( ! preferenceData . sections ) { return null ; } return preferenceData . sections ?. map (( section , index ) => { return ( < div style = { { marginBottom: 24 } } key = { index } > { section ?. name && ( < div style = { { backgroundColor: "#FAFBFB" , paddingTop: 12 , paddingBottom: 12 , marginBottom: 18 , } } > < p style = { { fontSize: 18 , fontWeight: 500 , color: "#3D3D3D" , } } > { section . name } </ p > < p style = { { color: "#6C727F" } } > { section . description } </ p > </ div > ) } { section ?. subcategories ?. map (( subcategory , index ) => { return ( < div key = { index } style = { { borderBottom: "1px solid #D9D9D9" , paddingBottom: 12 , marginTop: 18 , } } > < div style = { { display: "flex" , justifyContent: "space-between" , alignItems: "center" , } } > < div > < p style = { { fontSize: 16 , fontWeight: 600 , color: "#3D3D3D" , } } > { subcategory . name } </ p > < p style = { { color: "#6C727F" , fontSize: 14 } } > { subcategory . description } </ p > </ div > < Switch disabled = { ! subcategory . is_editable } onChange = { ( data ) => { handleCategoryPreferenceChange ({ data , subcategory , setPreferenceData , }); } } uncheckedIcon = { false } checkedIcon = { false } height = { 20 } width = { 40 } onColor = "#2563EB" checked = { subcategory . preference === PreferenceOptions . OPT_IN } /> </ div > < div style = { { display: "flex" , gap: 10 , marginTop: 12 } } > { subcategory ?. channels . map (( channel , index ) => { return ( < Checkbox key = { index } value = { channel . preference } title = { channel . channel } disabled = { ! channel . is_editable } onClick = { () => { handleChannelPreferenceInCategoryChange ({ channel , subcategory , setPreferenceData , }); } } /> ); }) } </ div > </ div > ); }) } </ div > ); }); } // -------------- Channel Level Preferences -------------- // const handleOverallChannelPreferenceChange = async ({ channel , status , setPreferenceData , }) => { const resp = await suprSendClient . user . preferences . updateOverallChannelPreference ( channel . channel , status ); if ( resp . status === "error" ) { console . log ( resp . error . message ); } else { setPreferenceData ({ ... resp . body }); } }; function ChannelLevelPreferernceItem ({ channel , setPreferenceData }) { const [ isActive , setIsActive ] = useState ( false ); return ( < div style = { { border: "1px solid #D9D9D9" , borderRadius: 5 , padding: "12px 24px" , marginBottom: 24 , } } > < div style = { { cursor: "pointer" , } } onClick = { () => setIsActive ( ! isActive ) } > < p style = { { fontSize: 18 , fontWeight: 500 , color: "#3D3D3D" , } } > { channel . channel } </ p > < p style = { { color: "#6C727F" , fontSize: 14 } } > { channel . is_restricted ? "Allow required notifications only" : "Allow all notifications" } </ p > </ div > { isActive && ( < div style = { { marginTop: 12 , marginLeft: 24 } } > < p style = { { color: "#3D3D3D" , fontSize: 16 , fontWeight: 500 , marginTop: 12 , borderBottom: "1px solid #E8E8E8" , } } > { channel . channel } Preferences </ p > < div style = { { marginTop: 12 } } > < div style = { { marginBottom: 8 } } > < div style = { { display: "flex" , alignItems: "center" , } } > < div > < input type = "radio" name = { `all- ${ channel . channel } ` } value = { true } id = { `all- ${ channel . channel } ` } checked = { ! channel . is_restricted } onChange = { () => { handleOverallChannelPreferenceChange ({ channel , status: ChannelLevelPreferenceOptions . ALL , setPreferenceData , }); } } /> </ div > < label htmlFor = { `all- ${ channel . channel } ` } style = { { marginLeft: 12 } } > All </ label > </ div > < p style = { { color: "#6C727F" , fontSize: 14 , marginLeft: 22 } } > Allow All Notifications, except the ones that I have turned off </ p > </ div > < div > < div style = { { display: "flex" , alignItems: "center" } } > < div > < input type = "radio" name = { `required- ${ channel . channel } ` } value = { true } id = { `required- ${ channel . channel } ` } checked = { channel . is_restricted } onChange = { () => { handleOverallChannelPreferenceChange ({ channel , status: ChannelLevelPreferenceOptions . REQUIRED , setPreferenceData , }); } } /> </ div > < label htmlFor = { `required- ${ channel . channel } ` } style = { { marginLeft: 12 } } > Required </ label > </ div > < p style = { { color: "#6C727F" , fontSize: 14 , marginLeft: 22 } } > Allow only important notifications related to account and security settings </ p > </ div > </ div > </ div > ) } </ div > ); } function ChannelLevelPreferences ({ preferenceData , setPreferenceData }) { return ( < div > < div style = { { backgroundColor: "#FAFBFB" , paddingTop: 12 , paddingBottom: 12 , marginBottom: 18 , } } > < p style = { { fontSize: 18 , fontWeight: 500 , color: "#3D3D3D" , } } > What notifications to allow for channel? </ p > </ div > < div > { preferenceData . channel_preferences ? ( < div > { preferenceData . channel_preferences ?. map (( channel , index ) => { return ( < ChannelLevelPreferernceItem key = { index } channel = { channel } setPreferenceData = { setPreferenceData } /> ); }) } </ div > ) : ( < p > No Data </ p > ) } </ div > </ div > ); } // -------------- Main component -------------- // const suprSendClient = new SuprSend ( publicApiKey ); // create suprsend client export default function Preferences () { const [ preferenceData , setPreferenceData ] = useState (); const getPreferencesData = async () => { suprSendClient . user . preferences . getPreferences (). then (( resp ) => { if ( resp . status === "error" ) { console . log ( resp . error . message ); } else { setPreferenceData ({ ... resp . body }); } }); // listen for update in preferences data suprSendClient . emitter . on ( "preferences_updated" , ( preferenceData ) => { setPreferenceData ({ ... preferenceData . body }); }); // listen for errors suprSendClient . emitter . on ( "preferences_error" , ( response ) => { console . log ( "ERROR:" , response ?. error ?. message ); }); }; useEffect (() => { // autheticate user to suprsend suprSendClient . identify ( distinctId ). then (( resp ) => { // call suprsend.identify method before getting preferences getPreferencesData (); }); }, []); if ( ! preferenceData ) return < p > Loading... </ p > ; return ( < div style = { { margin: 24 } } > < h3 style = { { marginBottom: 24 } } > Notification Preferences </ h3 > < NotificationCategoryPreferences preferenceData = { preferenceData } setPreferenceData = { setPreferenceData } /> < ChannelLevelPreferences preferenceData = { preferenceData } setPreferenceData = { setPreferenceData } /> </ div > ); } // -------------- Custom Checkbox Component -------------- // function Checkbox ({ title , value , onClick , disabled }) { const selected = value === PreferenceOptions . OPT_IN ; return ( < div style = { { border: "0.5px solid #B5B5B5" , display: "inline-flex" , padding: "0px 20px 0px 4px" , borderRadius: 30 , cursor: disabled ? "not-allowed" : "pointer" , } } onClick = { onClick } > < Circle selected = { selected } disabled = { disabled } /> < p style = { { marginLeft: 8 , color: "#6C727F" , marginTop: 1 , fontWeight: 500 , paddingBottom: 4 , } } > { title } </ p > </ div > ); } function Circle ({ selected , disabled }) { const bgColor = selected ? disabled ? "#BDCFF8" : "#2463EB" : disabled ? "#D0CFCF" : "#FFF" ; return ( < div style = { { height: 20 , width: 20 , borderRadius: 100 , border: "0.5px solid #A09F9F" , backgroundColor: bgColor , marginTop: 3.6 , } } /> ); } Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Events and User methods Methods to send event or manage user updates based on user action in javascript websites like React, Angular,Vue, and Next.js. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page Pre-Requisites Understanding preference structure Preferences data structure 1.1 Sections 1.2 Categories (sections -> sub-categories) 1.3 Category channels (sections -> sub-categories -> channels) 2. Overall channel preferences Integration Get preferences data Update category preference Update channel preference in category Update overall channel preference Event listeners Example self.__next_f.push([1,"\"use strict\";\nconst {Fragment: _Fragment, jsx: _jsx, jsxs: _jsxs} = arguments[0];\nconst {useMDXComponents: _provideComponents} = arguments[0];\nfunction _createMdxContent(props) {\n const _components = {\n a: \"a\",\n code: \"code\",\n hr: \"hr\",\n li: \"li\",\n ol: \"ol\",\n p: \"p\",\n pre: \"pre\",\n span: \"span\",\n strong: \"strong\",\n tbody: \"tbody\",\n td: \"td\",\n th: \"th\",\n thead: \"thead\",\n tr: \"tr\",\n ul: \"ul\",\n ..._provideComponents(),\n ...props.components\n }, {CodeBlock, CodeGroup, Heading, OptimizedImage, Table} = _components;\n if (!CodeBlock) _missingMdxReference(\"CodeBlock\", true);\n if (!CodeGroup) _missingMdxReference(\"CodeGroup\", true);\n if (!Heading) _missingMdxReference(\"Heading\", true);\n if (!OptimizedImage) 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https://www.linkedin.com/signup/cold-join?session_redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linkedin.com%2FshareArticle%3Fmini%3Dtrue%26url%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fdev.to%252Fkowshikkumar_reddymakire%252Fbuilding-a-low-code-blockchain-deployment-platform-4ali%26title%3DBuilding%2520a%2520Low-Code%2520Blockchain%2520Deployment%2520Platform%26summary%3DI%25E2%2580%2599m%2520Kowshik%2520Makireddy%252C%2520I%2520build%2520infrastructure%2520for%2520blockchain%2520deployment.%2520%2520For%2520the%2520past%2520two%2520years%252C...%26source%3DDEV%2520Community | Sign Up | LinkedIn Make the most of your professional life Not you? Remove photo Join LinkedIn To create a LinkedIn account, you must understand how LinkedIn processes your personal information by selecting learn more for each item listed. Agree to all terms We collect and use personal information. Learn more We share personal information with third parties to provide our services. Learn more Further information is available in our Korea Privacy Addendum . Privacy Policy Addendum 1 of 2 2 of 2 Agree to the term Continue Back Agree to all terms Email Password Show First name Last name By clicking Agree & Join, you agree to the LinkedIn User Agreement , Privacy Policy , and Cookie Policy . Agree & Join or Security verification Already on LinkedIn? Sign in Looking to create a page for a business? Get help LinkedIn © 2026 About Accessibility User Agreement Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Copyright Policy Brand Policy Guest Controls Community Guidelines العربية (Arabic) বাংলা (Bangla) Čeština (Czech) Dansk (Danish) Deutsch (German) Ελληνικά (Greek) English (English) Español (Spanish) فارسی (Persian) Suomi (Finnish) Français (French) हिंदी (Hindi) Magyar (Hungarian) Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian) Italiano (Italian) עברית (Hebrew) 日本語 (Japanese) 한국어 (Korean) मराठी (Marathi) Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) Nederlands (Dutch) Norsk (Norwegian) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (Punjabi) Polski (Polish) Português (Portuguese) Română (Romanian) Русский (Russian) Svenska (Swedish) తెలుగు (Telugu) ภาษาไทย (Thai) Tagalog (Tagalog) Türkçe (Turkish) Українська (Ukrainian) Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese) 简体中文 (Chinese (Simplified)) 正體中文 (Chinese (Traditional)) Language | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://docs.devcycle.com/integrations/gitlab/feature-usage-action | GitLab: Feature Flag Code Usages | DevCycle Docs Skip to main content Home SDKs APIs Management API Bucketing API Integrations CLI / MCP Best Practices Community Blog Discord Search Sign Up On this page GitLab: Feature Flag Code Usages Get the integration here: https://gitlab.com/devcycle/devcycle-usages-ci-cd Overview With this GitLab CI/CD pipeline, your DevCycle dashboard will be updated to display code snippets for each DevCycle variable usage within your project. Note: This is intended to run when pushing changes to your main branch. Example Output Usage Create a new .gitlab-ci.yml file in your GitLab repository or update the existing one. Add the code_usages stage and paste the following code into a code_usages: stages : - code_usages code_usages : stage : code_usages image : devcycleinfra/devcycle - code - refs - gitlab : latest script : - node /devcycle - usages - ci - cd only : - main Your DevCycle API credentials and project token are required to update the DevCycle dashboard. When referencing your API client ID and secret, we recommend using GitLab CI/CD variables to store your credentials securely. Environment Variables Your DevCycle API credentials and project token are required to update the DevCycle dashboard. These should be set as environment variables in your GitLab project settings: Variable Description DEVCYCLE_PROJECT_KEY Your DevCycle project key, see Projects DEVCYCLE_CLIENT_ID Your organization's API client ID, see Organization Settings DEVCYCLE_CLIENT_SECRET Your organization's API client secret, see Organization Settings When setting these environment variables, we recommend you protect them to ensure they're only exposed to protected branches or tags and mask them to hide their values in job logs. Usage Set the necessary environment variables in your GitLab project settings as described above. Add the provided .gitlab-ci.yaml to your project root. Push your changes. The pipeline should run automatically when you push changes to your main branch. Support For any issues, feedback, or questions, please feel free to open an issue on this repository. Edit this page Overview Example Output Usage Environment Variables Usage Support DevCycle Dashboard Blog Privacy Policy Twitter Discord GitHub Copyright © 2026 DevCycle. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
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https://www.epa.gov/environmental-topics/science-topics | Science Topics | US EPA Skip to main content An official website of the United States government Here’s how you know Here’s how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( Lock A locked padlock ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. Please click here to see any active alerts . Menu Search Search Primary navigation Environmental Topics Environmental Topics Air Bed Bugs Chemicals, Toxics, and Pesticide Emergency Response Environmental Information by Location Health Land, Waste, and Cleanup Lead Mold Radon Research Science Topics Water Topics A-Z Topic Index Laws & Regulations Laws & Regulations By Business Sector By Topic Compliance Enforcement Guidance Laws and Executive Orders Regulations Report a Violation Report a Violation Environmental Violations Fraud, Waste or Abuse About EPA About EPA Our Mission and What We Do Headquarters Offices Regional Offices Labs and Research Centers Planning, Budget, and Results Organization Chart EPA History Breadcrumb Home Environmental Topics Science Topics Summary EPA is one of the world’s leading environmental and human health research organizations. Science provides the foundation for Agency policies, actions, and decisions made on behalf of the American people. Learn more about research at EPA and environmental measurements and modeling , and the wealth of environmental data shared by EPA. About EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) EPA Laboratories, Research Centers, and Science Advisory Science Participatory Science for Environmental Protection Climate Change Indicators Environmental Measurements and Modeling Laboratory Methods Risk Assessment Scientific Integrity Science Matters Newsletter Data and Tools Air Sensor Toolbox CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Ecotoxicology Database (ECOTOX) Enviro Atlas Environmental Dataset Gateway EPA Open Data portal EPA Science Models and Research Tools (SMaRT) Search ExpoBox (A Toolbox for Exposure Assessors) Integrated Risk Information System Report on the Environment: National Trend Data Water Data and Tools Water Research: EPANET Latest Science Matters Articles A New Way to Measure Phytoplankton and Cyanotoxin Producers in Large Rivers EPA researchers collaborated with scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey on a study to look at innovative methods for identifying and tracking the cyanobacteria most likely to produce cyanotoxins in rivers. Improvements to ToxCast Make Screening Assay Data for Thousands of Chemicals Easier to Interpret EPA's Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) program provides in vitro medium- and high-throughput screening assay data to the public. Meet EPA Research Ecologist, Cathleen Wigand, Ph.D. EPA research ecologist Dr. Cathy Wigand works on coastal resiliency, climate adaptation, and wetland restoration and frequently collaborates with local, state, and federal partners in her work. Dr. Wigand started her career with EPA over 25 years ago and h Read more from Science Matters Research HERO: Health and Environmental Research Online Innovation at EPA Reducing Animal Testing at EPA Research at EPA Science Inventory Grants and Opportunities Research Grants Science Careers at EPA Small Business Innovation Research Grants Understanding, Managing, and Applying for EPA Grants Environmental Topics Open Sidenav Menu Close Sidenav Menu Air Topics Chemicals, Pesticides, and Toxics Topics Environmental Information by Location Health Topics Land, Waste, and Cleanup Topics Science Topics Water Topics Contact Us Contact Us to ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem. Last updated on October 23, 2025 Assistance Spanish Arabic Chinese (simplified) Chinese (traditional) French Haitian Creole Korean Portuguese Russian Tagalog Vietnamese Discover. Accessibility Statement EPA Administrator Budget & Performance Contracting EPA www Web Snapshot Grants No FEAR Act Data Plain Writing Privacy and Security Notice Connect. Data Inspector General Jobs Newsroom Regulations.gov Subscribe USA.gov White House Ask. Contact EPA EPA Disclaimers Hotlines FOIA Requests Frequent Questions Site Feedback Follow. | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
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https://events.linuxfoundation.org/openapi-asc/program/cfp/#main | Call For Proposals (CFP) | LF Events Skip to content Register Attend Experiences Instant Giveaways CNCF Slack Workspace Community Guidelines Diversity + Inclusion Scholarships Code of Conduct Sponsor Program Schedule Interactive Sessions Co-Located Events Contact Us View All Events Events All Upcoming Events ArgoCon Europe Past KubeCon + CloudNativeCon + other CNCF Events This event has passed. View the upcoming KubeCon + CloudNativeCon + other CNCF Events. Call For Proposals (CFP) Skip to page section Overview General Info + Dates to Remember Program Co-Chairs Requirements + Considerations How to Submit Your Proposal Sample Submission Code of Conduct CFP Questions? Overview The KubeCon + CloudNativeCon North America 2020 Call for Proposals (CFP) is now closed . For any questions regarding the CFP process, please email cfp@cncf.io . General Info + Dates to Remember KubeCon + CloudNativeCon brings together adopters, developers, and practitioners to collaborate face-to-face. Engage with the leaders of Kubernetes, Prometheus, and other CNCF-hosted projects as we set the direction for the cloud native ecosystem. Dates to Remember CFP Opens: Wednesday, April 22, 2020 CFP Closes: 11:59pm Pacific Daylight Time (PDT), Sunday, July 12, 2020 CFP Notifications: Tuesday, September 29, 2020 Schedule Announcement: Thursday, October 1, 2020 Event Dates: Tuesday, November 17 – Friday, November 20 Reminder: This is a community conference — so no product and/or vendor sales pitches. First Time Submitting? Don’t Feel Intimidated CNCF events are an excellent way to get to know the community and share your ideas and the work that you are doing. You do not need to be a chief architect or long-time industry pundit to submit a proposal, in fact, we strongly encourage first-time speakers to submit talks for all of our events. Our events are working conferences intended for professional networking and collaboration in the CNCF community and we work closely with our attendees, sponsors and speakers to help keep CNCF events professional, welcoming, and friendly. If you have any questions on how to submit a proposal or the event in general, please contact cfp@cncf.io . Program Co-Chairs Constance Caramanolis Constance is a principal software engineer at Splunk, formerly Omnition, contributing to OpenTelemetry. Previous to Omnition, she worked at Lyft as part of the data platform and server networking teams. While at Lyft, Constance built, deployed, and configured Envoy internally, and maintained the open source project. Stephen Augustus Stephen Augustus is an active leader in the upstream Kubernetes community. He currently serves as a Special Interest Group Chair (SIG Release, SIG PM), a Release Manager, and a subproject owner for Azure, a Program Committee member for KubeCon (Barcelona, Shanghai, San Diego), and Track Chair for KubeCon Amsterdam. He has served on the Kubernetes Release Team for multiple releases, built the Release Team for a few releases, and established the new Release Engineering subproject. When not focused on Kubernetes project governance, Stephen participates in Meet Our Contributors (a monthly series geared towards answering contributor questions), writes blog posts about new enhancements to the ecosystem, chats with media analysts about Kubernetes, and reviews new membership requests for Kubernetes GitHub organizations. Stephen leads the Cloud Native Tools & Advocacy team at VMware, driving meaningful interactions between internal teams and the Open Source community, advocating the use of Cloud Native solutions, and hacking on tools that make life easier for developers and operations folk alike. He has previously held SRE/Production Engineering/DevOps-ey roles, as well as customer-facing infrastructure delivery roles at Cloud Native leaders, including CoreOS and Red Hat. When he’s not behind a keyboard or in front of a customer, he’s captaining teams in multiple billiards sports leagues. Requirements + Considerations Requirements Any platforms or tools you are describing need to be open source . You are limited to be listed as a speaker on up to two proposals submitted to the CFP for consideration, regardless of the format. If we find that you are listed on more than two, we will contact you to remove any proposals over the limit . UPDATED: You may only speak on one panel and one non-panel accepted session chosen from the CFP at KubeCon + CloudNativeCon North America 2020. (Note: Maintainer Track sessions are separate from CFP policies.) We will not select a submission that has already been presented elsewhere or at a previous KubeCon + CloudNativeCon. If your submission is very similar to a previous talk, please include information on how this version will be different. Specifically, if you gave a talk at KubeCon + CloudNativeCon in Europe, China, or North America 2019, please do not submit the same talk to North America 2020. It will automatically not be accepted to maintain content diversity. Consider the Following as You Write Your Proposal What do you expect the audience to gain from your presentation? Why should YOU be the one to give this talk? You have a unique story. Tell it. Be prepared to explain how this fits into the CNCF and overall Open Source Ecosystem. We definitely do not expect every presentation to have code snippets and technical deep-dives but here are two things that you should avoid when preparing your proposal because they are almost always rejected due to the fact that they take away from the integrity of our events, and are rarely well-received by conference attendees: Sales or marketing pitches Unlicensed or potentially closed-source technologies There are plenty of ways to give a presentation about projects and technologies without focusing on company-specific efforts. Remember the things to consider that we mentioned above when writing your proposal and think of ways to make it interesting for attendees while still letting you share your experiences, educate the community about an issue, or generate interest in a project. How to Submit Your Proposal We have done our best to make the submission process as simple as possible. Here is what you will need to prepare: 1. Choose a submission format (NEW formats!): Solo Presentation : 35-minute presentation, limited to 1 speaker Dual Presentation : 35-minute presentation, limited to 2 speakers AMA (Ask Me Anything): 35-minute, interview-like session, that takes place between an individual and the attendees or and individual and an interviewer asking questions, max of 2 participants (which includes the interviewer) Panel: 35 minutes of discussion amongst 3 to 5 speakers Tutorial: 90-minute, in-depth, hands-on presentation with 1–4 speakers Note: All submissions with 3–5 speakers are required to have at least one speaker that does not identify as a man and the speakers must not all be from the same company. 2. Choose which CNCF hosted software your presentation will be focused on ( Choose all that apply ): containerd (Graduated) CoreDNS (Graduated) Envoy (Graduated) Fluentd (Graduated) Helm ( Graduated ) Jaeger (Graduated) Kubernetes (Graduated) Prometheus (Graduated) TUF (Graduated) Vitess (Graduated) Argo (Incubating) CloudEvents (Incubating) CNI (Incubating) CRI-O (Incubating) Dragonfly (Incubating) etcd (Incubating) Falco (Incubating) gRPC (Incubating) Harbor (Incubating) Linkerd (Incubating) NATS (Incubating) Notary (Incubating) Open Policy Agent (Incubating) OpenTracing (Incubating) Rook (Incubating) TiKV (Incubating) Brigade (Sandbox) Buildpacks (Sandbox) ChubaoFS (Sandbox) Cortex (Sandbox) Flux (Sandbox) In-toto (Sandbox) KEDA (Sandbox) KubeEdge (Sandbox) KubeVirt (Sandbox) Longhorn (Sandbox) Network Service Mesh (Sandbox) OpenEBS (Sandbox) OpenMetrics (Sandbox) OpenTelementry (Sandbox) Service Mesh Interface (Sandbox) SPIFFE (Sandbox) SPIRE (Sandbox) Strimzi (Sandbox) Telepresence (Sandbox) Thanos (Sandbox) Virtual Kubelet (Sandbox) Volcano (Sandbox) 3. Choose a topic to narrow down the focus (NEW topics!): 101 (dedicated sessions for attendees who are new to the conference overall and/or beginners to the conference content, i.e. Kubernetes 101) Application & Development (includes Helm, Brigade, Telepresence, & Buildpacks) CI/CD (including Harbor, Dragonfly, & Flux) Community Customizing & Extending Kubernetes (including KubeVirt & Volcano) Machine Learning & Data Networking (includes CoreDNS, CNI, gRPC, NATS, KubeEdge, Network Service Mesh, & Strimzi) Observability (includes Fluentd, Prometheus, Jaeger, OpenTracing, OpenMetrics, Cortex, OpenTelemetry, & Thanos) Operations (including Argo) Performance Runtimes (includes containerd & CRI-O) Security, Identity & Policy (includes Notary, OPA, TUF, SPIFFE/SPIRE, and in-toto) Serverless (includes CloudEvents, Virtual Kubelet, & KEDA) Service Mesh (includes Envoy, Linkerd and Service Mesh Interface) Storage (includes Rook, Vitess, OpenEBS, Longhorn, & ChubaoFS) Note: If your presentation is a case study, please choose which topic it best associates with from the list above and then choose “yes” for the question that asks if your presentation is a case study within the form. Final tracks for the conference will be based on accepted submissions. 4. Provide a detailed and focused description with a max of 900 characters. This is what will be used on the online schedule if your talk is accepted. 5. Provide more in-depth information in the “ Benefits to the Ecosystem ” section. This is your opportunity to elaborate on your content and share any more details with the committee with a max of 1,500 characters. 6. Provide a biography for all speakers , including previous speaking experience. 7. Provide resources to enhance your proposal. These can be videos of you or your speakers presenting elsewhere, links to personal websites (including LinkedIn), links to your open source projects, or published books. 8. If you choose to submit a tutorial please explicitly mention what the audience will learn from or walk away with after attending your session. Additionally, please indicate what prerequisites (if any) are needed for the attendee to know prior to attending, and if any materials should be brought with them or downloaded ahead of time (i.e. must install software) prior to attending. Sample Submission Your session description will be the cornerstone of your proposal. This is your chance to *sell* your talk to the program committee, so do your best to highlight the problem/contribution/work that you are addressing in your presentation. The technical details are still important, but the relevance of what you are presenting will help the program committee during the selection process. This is the description that will be posted on the website schedule , so please ensure that it is in complete sentences (and not just bullet points), free of typos and that it is written in the third person (use your name instead of “I”). Example: OCI, CRI, ??: Making Sense of the Container Runtime Landscape in Kubernetes – You’ve probably heard about the OCI—a standardization effort to share a common definition for container runtime, image, and image distribution. Add to that the CRI (container runtime interface) in Kubernetes—designed to abstract the container runtime from the kubelet—and you may start to wonder what all these standards and interfaces mean for you in a Kubernetes world. As of this year, a long list of runtimes, including CNCF projects containerd and cri-o, all implement the CRI. But did you know there are quite a few others? The unique number of CRI combinations is growing, all of which use the common OCI definitions for runtime and image interoperability. But how would you decide which container runtime is right for you? Clearly each one has tradeoffs. This talk will help describe the current landscape and give you details on the why and how of each CRI implementation available today. Benefits to the Ecosystem This is your chance to elaborate. Tell us how the content of your presentation will help better the ecosystem or anything you wish to share with the co-chairs and program committee. We realize that this can be a difficult question to answer, but as with the description, the relevance of your presentation is just as important as the content. Max of 1,500 characters. Example: It is a repeating comment across the CNCF ecosystem that the number of choices for container runtime is confusing, especially for those who are newer to our ecosystem. Even for those who many have heard the names–Docker, containerd, cri-o–even they are curious as to the reasons why there are many varied runtimes available to implement the CRI interface for Kubernetes, and what is the history that brought us to this point. This talk helps bring clarity to the container runtime landscape, and especially shows the interesting work being done in additional isolation technologies like gVisor, AWS Firecracker, and Kata containers and why that may be of value to consider for certain security or workload constraints. In the end, especially as we have two major runtimes as CNCF projects, this talk hopefully brings a level of insight to practitioners, developers, and operators as to why clusters may choose various runtimes and how new features in Kubernetes like RuntimeClass are making it easier to support mixed clusters that can support the needs of workloads with different isolation features or requirements. Scoring Guidelines To help you further understand what is considered while the program committee and co-chairs are reviewing your proposal, please review the Scoring Guidelines and Best Practices page . Code of Conduct The Linux Foundation and its project communities are dedicated to providing a harassment-free experience for participants at all of our events. We encourage all submitters to review our complete Code of Conduct . CFP Questions? If you have any questions regarding the CFP process, please contact Nanci Lancaster: cfp@cncf.io Sponsors DIAMOND Platinum gold silver Start-up End User Diversity Supporters Media Partners Join the CNCF mailing list to learn more about KubeCon + CloudNativeCon and other upcoming CNCF events! By submitting this form, I consent to receive marketing emails from the LF and its projects regarding their events, training, research, developments, and related announcements. I understand that I can unsubscribe at any time using the links in the footers of the emails I receive. 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Right menu Building a Secure Crypto Payment Gateway with Node.js and Flutter Krunal Bhimani Krunal Bhimani Krunal Bhimani Follow Dec 16 '25 Building a Secure Crypto Payment Gateway with Node.js and Flutter # webdev # node # flutter # fintech Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building Magic Link Authentication with Next.js Server-Side Rendering and Supabase Alec Winter Alec Winter Alec Winter Follow Dec 16 '25 Building Magic Link Authentication with Next.js Server-Side Rendering and Supabase # webdev # nextjs # supabase # authentication Comments Add Comment 5 min read Automate Your Content Repurposing: Instagram Reels to Blog Posts Olamide Olaniyan Olamide Olaniyan Olamide Olaniyan Follow Dec 16 '25 Automate Your Content Repurposing: Instagram Reels to Blog Posts # webdev # ai # javascript # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read Our Third Tiny Tool: A Simple JPG to PNG Converter We Built as an Experiment Lynn Lynn Lynn Follow Dec 16 '25 Our Third Tiny Tool: A Simple JPG to PNG Converter We Built as an Experiment # webdev # indiehacker # sideprojects # opensource Comments Add Comment 1 min read Short URLs Without the Struggle Dody Bayu Artaputra Dody Bayu Artaputra Dody Bayu Artaputra Follow Dec 16 '25 Short URLs Without the Struggle # php # tooling # webdev Comments Add Comment 4 min read Technical Deep Dive: How React Server Components Work and Where the Vulnerabilities Appear Bishoy Semsem Bishoy Semsem Bishoy Semsem Follow Dec 16 '25 Technical Deep Dive: How React Server Components Work and Where the Vulnerabilities Appear # react # webdev Comments Add Comment 6 min read Speed Is Overrated: Clarity Is the Real Competitive Advantage Jaideep Parashar Jaideep Parashar Jaideep Parashar Follow Dec 31 '25 Speed Is Overrated: Clarity Is the Real Competitive Advantage # webdev # ai # productivity # beginners 19 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read End Of The Year For Denshya Libraries Valery Zinchenko Valery Zinchenko Valery Zinchenko Follow for denshya Dec 16 '25 End Of The Year For Denshya Libraries # news # webdev # frontend # showdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read I built a Free Invoice Generator with Next.js because I hate subscriptions Mutashim Mohsin Mutashim Mohsin Mutashim Mohsin Follow Dec 16 '25 I built a Free Invoice Generator with Next.js because I hate subscriptions # nextjs # webdev # saas # tooling Comments Add Comment 2 min read Stop Building "Dead Endpoints": Why Your API Strategy Needs an AI Overhaul Author Shivani Author Shivani Author Shivani Follow Dec 17 '25 Stop Building "Dead Endpoints": Why Your API Strategy Needs an AI Overhaul # webdev # api # ai # architecture Comments Add Comment 2 min read I Have Finally Launched my Template⚡⚡ Sushil Sushil Sushil Follow Dec 16 '25 I Have Finally Launched my Template⚡⚡ # webdev # programming # javascript # ai 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read I hate WebP files. So I built a Chrome extension to kill them. opzozi opzozi opzozi Follow Dec 16 '25 I hate WebP files. So I built a Chrome extension to kill them. # opensource # javascript # chrome # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read CSS Inline-Block Explained: When & How to Use It in Modern Web Design Satyam Gupta Satyam Gupta Satyam Gupta Follow Dec 17 '25 CSS Inline-Block Explained: When & How to Use It in Modern Web Design # css # webdev # programming # beginners Comments Add Comment 5 min read Is Shopify Plus Worth It? A Practical Guide for Developers and Technical Founders prateekshaweb prateekshaweb prateekshaweb Follow Dec 16 '25 Is Shopify Plus Worth It? 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Networking Follow Hide Articles related to networking. Create Post Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Websockets with Socket.IO eachampagne eachampagne eachampagne Follow Jan 12 Websockets with Socket.IO # javascript # networking # node # webdev 5 reactions Comments 2 comments 5 min read Networking 101 #1. Networking Introduction Himanshu Bhatt Himanshu Bhatt Himanshu Bhatt Follow Jan 13 Networking 101 #1. Networking Introduction # networking # devops # cloud # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 8 min read OSI Model — Clean, Confusion-Free Explanation (For When You’re Stuck) Micheal Angelo Micheal Angelo Micheal Angelo Follow Jan 13 OSI Model — Clean, Confusion-Free Explanation (For When You’re Stuck) # networking # computerscience # beginners # osi Comments Add Comment 2 min read Week 4 Firewall Labs: 4 Production-Ready Firewall Scenarios with iptables fosres fosres fosres Follow Jan 12 Week 4 Firewall Labs: 4 Production-Ready Firewall Scenarios with iptables # security # linux # networking # cybersecurity Comments Add Comment 17 min read Build Network Proxies and Reverse Proxies in Go: A Hands-On Guide Jones Charles Jones Charles Jones Charles Follow Jan 12 Build Network Proxies and Reverse Proxies in Go: A Hands-On Guide # go # networking # programming # webdev Comments Add Comment 6 min read [Python/Golang] Solving Imgur Image Download Redirection Issues Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Python/Golang] Solving Imgur Image Download Redirection Issues # networking # python # go # api Comments Add Comment 3 min read Kubernetes Services & Ingress. project #1 Aisalkyn Aidarova Aisalkyn Aidarova Aisalkyn Aidarova Follow Jan 11 Kubernetes Services & Ingress. project #1 # devops # kubernetes # networking # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read [iOS] Debugging SSL Handshake Failures raykim raykim raykim Follow Jan 11 [iOS] Debugging SSL Handshake Failures # ios # networking # ssl # tls Comments Add Comment 3 min read Avoiding YouTube Blocking on GCP (Using a Proxy) Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Avoiding YouTube Blocking on GCP (Using a Proxy) # api # cloudcomputing # networking Comments Add Comment 4 min read Rotating Residential Proxies Still Get Blocked: A Diagnostic Framework to Separate Site Policy vs Proxy Quality Signals Miller James Miller James Miller James Follow Jan 12 Rotating Residential Proxies Still Get Blocked: A Diagnostic Framework to Separate Site Policy vs Proxy Quality Signals # automation # networking # security Comments Add Comment 13 min read Kubernetes Core • Pod Lifecycle & Health • Networking From DevOps Production & Interview Perspective Aisalkyn Aidarova Aisalkyn Aidarova Aisalkyn Aidarova Follow Jan 11 Kubernetes Core • Pod Lifecycle & Health • Networking From DevOps Production & Interview Perspective # devops # interview # kubernetes # networking 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read I built a tool to detect ISP Throttling on Steam using React + Vite Murilo Evangelinos Murilo Evangelinos Murilo Evangelinos Follow Jan 11 I built a tool to detect ISP Throttling on Steam using React + Vite # showdev # networking # react # tooling Comments Add Comment 1 min read Local networks are fragile. Personal networks are not. Matt Matt Matt Follow Jan 10 Local networks are fragile. Personal networks are not. # wireguard # networking # devops Comments Add Comment 2 min read Week 4 Network Packet Tracing Challenge fosres fosres fosres Follow Jan 10 Week 4 Network Packet Tracing Challenge # security # networking # linux # interview Comments Add Comment 8 min read KRACK Attack - When WPA2 Was Not as Safe as We Thought Vinay Sharma Vinay Sharma Vinay Sharma Follow Jan 10 KRACK Attack - When WPA2 Was Not as Safe as We Thought # cybersecurity # networking # privacy # security Comments Add Comment 1 min read MomentoMonto Haroon K M Haroon K M Haroon K M Follow Jan 11 MomentoMonto # networking # analytics # python # opensource 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🔐 TLS Termination Models - SSL Passthrough vs SSL Termination (Offloading) vs SSL Bridging (Re-Encryption) SHARON SHAJI SHARON SHAJI SHARON SHAJI Follow Jan 10 🔐 TLS Termination Models - SSL Passthrough vs SSL Termination (Offloading) vs SSL Bridging (Re-Encryption) # architecture # networking # performance # security Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why Port 8000 Suddenly Stopped Working on My Local Machine (and How I Fixed It) Tahsin Abrar Tahsin Abrar Tahsin Abrar Follow Jan 10 Why Port 8000 Suddenly Stopped Working on My Local Machine (and How I Fixed It) # backend # networking # debugging # windows 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read I Spent Hours Googling Port Forwarding. Then I Found Cloudflare Tunnel Taqin Taqin Taqin Follow Jan 11 I Spent Hours Googling Port Forwarding. Then I Found Cloudflare Tunnel # tutorial # devops # cloud # networking 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Pipes - Most minimal form of inter process communication Arun Kumar Arun Kumar Arun Kumar Follow Jan 10 Pipes - Most minimal form of inter process communication # c # networking Comments 2 comments 3 min read Antigravity反向代理指南 Yawata Yahaha Yawata Yahaha Yawata Yahaha Follow Jan 12 Antigravity反向代理指南 # api # llm # networking # tutorial Comments Add Comment 18 min read Network Communication Protocols and Artificial Intelligence Enhancement in IoT Environmental Monitoring Systems rachmad andri atmoko rachmad andri atmoko rachmad andri atmoko Follow Jan 10 Network Communication Protocols and Artificial Intelligence Enhancement in IoT Environmental Monitoring Systems # ai # iot # networking # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 29 min read From Linux Primitives to Docker Swarm: A Deep Dive into Container Networking 🚀 Christian Ameachi Christian Ameachi Christian Ameachi Follow Jan 9 From Linux Primitives to Docker Swarm: A Deep Dive into Container Networking 🚀 # devops # docker # linux # networking 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read stangri's OpenWrt packages updates Stan Grishin Stan Grishin Stan Grishin Follow Jan 10 stangri's OpenWrt packages updates # linux # networking # opensource # tooling Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🚨 AWS 129: Bridging the Gap - Implementing VPC Peering Hritik Raj Hritik Raj Hritik Raj Follow Jan 9 🚨 AWS 129: Bridging the Gap - Implementing VPC Peering # aws # networking # vpc # 100daysofcloud Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... trending guides/resources How to Choose Between Ethernet and Wi-Fi for Your Network Headscale Deployment and Usage Guide: Mastering Tailscale's Self-Hosting Basics for Ultimate Control AWS Route 53 Resolver DNS Firewall — The First Line of Egress Defense How to Monitor Network Device Health Using SNMP Exporter and Prometheus Mastering HTTP Clients in Go: Your Guide to the `net/http` Package Docker networking: How to connect containers in a full-stack project Amazon EKS enhanced network policies: Admin and DNS-based controls explained ⚡ RDMA: The Networking Tech That Quietly Runs the Modern Internet Building DNS Resolution and Domain Services with Go: A Practical Guide Building a Transparent LAGG (LACP) Bridge with OPNsense, UDM, and UniFi — A Practical Guide It's always DNS 🚀 AWS Introduces Regional NAT Gateway: Simplifying Outbound Connectivity Enable BBR, a Better Network Congestion Control Algorithm From Google on Linux TLS 1.2 vs TLS 1.3 in Production (2025) Building RESTful APIs in Go: A Practical Guide for Dev.to Devs Self-Hosting Netbird: A Privacy-First Alternative to Managed Overlay Networks Stop Using localhost:8080 - Why Your Dev Environment Needs Production-Grade Network Security Building a Virtualized Cybersecurity Lab: Networking and pfSense Setup Understanding Amazon VPC - Overview and Fundamentals Building a Virtualized Cybersecurity Lab: Splunk SIEM Setup and Log Forwarding 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://www.linkedin.com/legal/privacy/usa | U.S. State Laws Skip to main content Privacy Privacy Settings Privacy FAQs Regional Info California Privacy Disclosure EU Notice Japan Republic of Korea LGPD Quebec Singapore U.S. State Laws Privacy Policy Privacy Settings Privacy FAQs Regional Info California Privacy Disclosure EU Notice Japan Republic of Korea LGPD Quebec Singapore U.S. State Laws Privacy Policy Learn more about U.S. State Privacy Laws On November 3, 2025, LinkedIn updated our global Privacy Policy. Please read below our new section on Targeted Ads to learn how LinkedIn may use data from your engagement with others’ services to improve our ad targeting tools. You can opt out of these practices at any time. Several U.S. states have enacted privacy laws to grant new privacy rights to their residents. 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This commitment is reflected in our focus on building privacy into our products, providing our members with control over their data and being transparent about how we use member data. Our Privacy Policy contains more information about the types of information we collect, how we use it, the circumstances under which we share it with others, how you can exercise your rights, and how to contact us. You can learn more about how we comply with the CCPA in our California Consumer Privacy Act Notice , which supplements our Privacy Policy . For purposes of the Colorado Privacy Act and the Texas Data Privacy and Security Act, we do not sell your data, or profile you to make decisions with legal or similarly significant effects. You may find additional useful information on managing your LinkedIn profile in our Privacy FAQs . 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https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebSockets_API/Writing_WebSocket_servers#search | Writing WebSocket servers - Web APIs | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Web Web APIs The WebSocket API (WebSockets) Writing WebSocket servers Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) Español Français 日本語 Português (do Brasil) 中文 (简体) Writing WebSocket servers A WebSocket server is nothing more than an application listening on any port of a TCP server that follows a specific protocol. Creating a custom server can seem overwhelming if you have never done it before. It can actually be quite straightforward to implement a basic WebSocket server on your platform of choice, though. A WebSocket server can be written in any server-side programming language that is capable of Berkeley sockets , such as C(++), Python, PHP , or server-side JavaScript . This is not a tutorial in any specific language, but serves as a guide to facilitate writing your own server. This article assumes you're already familiar with how HTTP works, and that you have a moderate level of programming experience. Depending on language support, knowledge of TCP sockets may be required. The scope of this guide is to present the minimum knowledge you need to write a WebSocket server. Note: Read the latest official WebSockets specification, RFC 6455 . Sections 1 and 4-7 are especially interesting to server implementors. Section 10 discusses security and you should definitely peruse it before exposing your server. A WebSocket server is explained on a very low level here. WebSocket servers are often separate and specialized servers (for load-balancing or other practical reasons), so you will often use a reverse proxy (such as a regular HTTP server) to detect WebSocket handshakes, pre-process them, and send those clients to a real WebSocket server. This means that you don't have to bloat your server code with cookie and authentication handlers (for example). In this article The WebSocket handshake Exchanging data frames Pings and Pongs: The Heartbeat of WebSockets Closing the connection Miscellaneous Related The WebSocket handshake First, the server must listen for incoming socket connections using a standard TCP socket. Depending on your platform, this may be handled for you automatically. For example, let's assume that your server is listening on example.com , port 8000, and your socket server responds to GET requests at example.com/chat . Warning: The server may listen on any port it chooses, but if it chooses any port other than 80 or 443, it may have problems with firewalls and/or proxies. Browsers generally require a secure connection for WebSockets, although they may offer an exception for local devices. The handshake is the "Web" in WebSockets. It's the bridge from HTTP to WebSockets. In the handshake, details of the connection are negotiated, and either party can back out before completion if the terms are unfavorable. The server must be careful to understand everything the client asks for, otherwise security issues can occur. Note: The request-uri ( /chat here) has no defined meaning in the spec. So, many people use it to let one server handle multiple WebSocket applications. For example, example.com/chat could invoke a multiuser chat app, while /game on the same server might invoke a multiplayer game. Client handshake request Even though you're building a server, a client still has to start the WebSocket handshake process by contacting the server and requesting a WebSocket connection. So, you must know how to interpret the client's request. The client will send a pretty standard HTTP request with headers that looks like this (the HTTP version must be 1.1 or greater, and the method must be GET ): http GET /chat HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com:8000 Upgrade: websocket Connection: Upgrade Sec-WebSocket-Key: dGhlIHNhbXBsZSBub25jZQ== Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13 The client can solicit extensions and/or subprotocols here; see Miscellaneous for details. Also, common headers like User-Agent , Referer , Cookie , or authentication headers might be there as well. Do whatever you want with those; they don't directly pertain to the WebSocket. It's also safe to ignore them. In many common setups, a reverse proxy has already dealt with them. Note: All browsers send an Origin header . You can use this header for security (checking for same origin, automatically allowing or denying, etc.) and send a 403 Forbidden if you don't like what you see. This is effective against Cross Site WebSocket Hijacking (CSWH) . However, be warned that non-browser agents can send a faked Origin . Most applications reject requests without this header. If any header is not understood or has an incorrect value, the server should send a 400 ("Bad Request") response and immediately close the socket. As usual, it may also give the reason why the handshake failed in the HTTP response body, but the message may never be displayed (browsers do not display it). If the server doesn't understand that version of WebSockets, it should send a Sec-WebSocket-Version header back that contains the version(s) it does understand. In the example above, it indicates version 13 of the WebSocket protocol. The most interesting header here is Sec-WebSocket-Key . Let's look at that next. Note: Regular HTTP status codes can be used only before the handshake. After the handshake succeeds, you have to use a different set of codes (defined in section 7.4 of the spec). Server handshake response When the server receives the handshake request, it should send back a special response that indicates that the protocol will be changing from HTTP to WebSocket. That header looks something like the following (remember each header line ends with \r\n and put an extra \r\n after the last one to indicate the end of the header): http HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols Upgrade: websocket Connection: Upgrade Sec-WebSocket-Accept: s3pPLMBiTxaQ9kYGzzhZRbK+xOo= Additionally, the server can decide on extension/subprotocol requests here; see Miscellaneous for details. The Sec-WebSocket-Accept header is important in that the server must derive it from the Sec-WebSocket-Key that the client sent to it. To get it, concatenate the client's Sec-WebSocket-Key and the string "258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11" together (it's a " magic string "), take the SHA-1 hash of the result, and return the base64 encoding of that hash. Note: This seemingly overcomplicated process exists so that it's obvious to the client whether the server supports WebSockets. This is important because security issues might arise if the server accepts a WebSockets connection but interprets the data as a HTTP request. So if the Key was "dGhlIHNhbXBsZSBub25jZQ==" , the Sec-WebSocket-Accept header's value is "s3pPLMBiTxaQ9kYGzzhZRbK+xOo=" . Once the server sends these headers, the handshake is complete and you can start swapping data! Note: The server can send other headers like Set-Cookie , or ask for authentication or redirects via other status codes, before sending the reply handshake. Keeping track of clients This doesn't directly relate to the WebSocket protocol, but it's worth mentioning here: your server must keep track of clients' sockets so you don't keep handshaking again with clients who have already completed the handshake. The same client IP address can try to connect multiple times. However, the server can deny them if they attempt too many connections in order to save itself from Denial-of-Service attacks . For example, you might keep a table of usernames or ID numbers along with the corresponding WebSocket and other data that you need to associate with that connection. Exchanging data frames Either the client or the server can choose to send a message at any time — that's the magic of WebSockets. However, extracting information from these so-called "frames" of data is a not-so-magical experience. Although all frames follow the same specific format, data going from the client to the server is masked using XOR encryption (with a 32-bit key). Section 5 of the specification describes this in detail. Format Each data frame (from the client to the server or vice versa) follows this same format: Data frame from the client to server (message length 0–125): 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-------+-+-------------+-------------------------------+ |F|R|R|R| opcode|M| Payload len | Masking-key | |I|S|S|S| (4) |A| (7) | (32) | |N|V|V|V| |S| | | | |1|2|3| |K| | | +-+-+-+-+-------+-+-------------+-------------------------------+ | Masking-key (continued) | Payload Data | +-------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + : Payload Data continued ... : + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + | Payload Data continued ... | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ Data frame from the client to server (16-bit message length): 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-------+-+-------------+-------------------------------+ |F|R|R|R| opcode|M| Payload len | Extended payload length | |I|S|S|S| (4) |A| (7) | (16) | |N|V|V|V| |S| (== 126) | | | |1|2|3| |K| | | +-+-+-+-+-------+-+-------------+-------------------------------+ | Masking-key | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ : Payload Data : + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + | Payload Data continued ... | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ Data frame from the server to client (64-bit payload length): 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-------+-+-------------+-------------------------------+ |F|R|R|R| opcode|M| Payload len | Extended payload length | |I|S|S|S| (4) |A| (7) | (64) | |N|V|V|V| |S| (== 127) | | | |1|2|3| |K| | | +-+-+-+-+-------+-+-------------+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + | Extended payload length continued | + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +-------------------------------+ | | Masking-key | +-------------------------------+-------------------------------+ | Masking-key (continued) | Payload Data | +-------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + : Payload Data continued ... : + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + | Payload Data continued ... | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ This means that a frame contains the following bytes: First byte: Bit 0 FIN: tells whether this is the last message in a series. If it's 0, then the server keeps listening for more parts of the message; otherwise, the server should consider the message delivered. More on this later. Bit 1–3 RSV1, RSV2, RSV3: can be ignored, they are for extensions. Bits 4-7 OPCODE: defines how to interpret the payload data: 0x0 for continuation, 0x1 for text (which is always encoded in UTF-8), 0x2 for binary, and other so-called "control codes" that will be discussed later. In this version of WebSockets, 0x3 to 0x7 and 0xB to 0xF have no meaning. Bit 8 MASK: tells whether the message is encoded. Messages from the client must be masked, so your server must expect this to be 1. (In fact, section 5.1 of the spec says that your server must disconnect from a client if that client sends an unmasked message.) Server-to-client message are not masked and have this bit set to 0. We'll explain masking later, in reading and unmasking the data . Note: You must mask messages even when using a secure socket. Bits 9–15: payload length. May also include the following 2 bytes or 8 bytes; see Decoding Payload Length . If masking is used (always true for client-to-server messages), the next 4 bytes contain the masking key; see Reading and unmasking the data . All subsequent bytes are payload. Decoding Payload Length To read the payload data, you must know when to stop reading. That's why the payload length is important to know. Unfortunately, this is somewhat complicated. To read it, follow these steps: Read bits 9-15 (inclusive) and interpret that as an unsigned integer. If it's 125 or less, then that's the length; you're done . If it's 126, go to step 2. If it's 127, go to step 3. Read the next 16 bits and interpret those as an unsigned integer. You're done . Read the next 64 bits and interpret those as an unsigned integer. (The most significant bit must be 0.) You're done . Reading and unmasking the data If the MASK bit was set (and it should be, for client-to-server messages), read the next 4 octets (32 bits); this is the masking key. Once the payload length and masking key is decoded, you can read that number of bytes from the socket. Let's call the data ENCODED , and the key MASK . To get DECODED , loop through the octets of ENCODED and XOR the octet with the (i modulo 4)th octet of MASK . Using JavaScript as an example: js // The function receives the frame as a Uint8Array. // firstIndexAfterPayloadLength is the index of the first byte // after the payload length, so it can be 2, 4, or 10. function getPayloadDecoded(frame, firstIndexAfterPayloadLength) { const mask = frame.slice( firstIndexAfterPayloadLength, firstIndexAfterPayloadLength + 4, ); const encodedPayload = frame.slice(firstIndexAfterPayloadLength + 4); // XOR each 4-byte sequence in the payload with the bitmask const decodedPayload = encodedPayload.map((byte, i) => byte ^ mask[i % 4]); return decodedPayload; } const frame = Uint8Array.from([ // FIN=1, RSV1-3=0, opcode=0x1 (text) 0b10000001, // MASK=1, payload length=5 0b10000101, // 4-byte mask 1, 2, 3, 4, // 5-byte payload 105, 103, 111, 104, 110, ]); // Assume you got the number 2 from properly decoding the payload length const decoded = getPayloadDecoded(frame, 2); Now you can figure out what decoded means depending on your application. For example, you can decode it as UTF-8 if it's a text message. js console.log(new TextDecoder().decode(decoded)); // "hello" Masking is a security measure to avoid malicious parties from predicting the data that is sent to the server. The client will generate a cryptographically random masking key for each message. Message Fragmentation The FIN and opcode fields work together to send a message split up into separate frames. This is called message fragmentation. Fragmentation is only available on opcodes 0x0 to 0x2 . Recall that the opcode tells what a frame is meant to do. If it's 0x1 , the payload is text. If it's 0x2 , the payload is binary data. However, if it's 0x0 , the frame is a continuation frame; this means the server should concatenate the frame's payload to the last frame it received from that client. Here is a rough sketch, in which a server reacts to a client sending text messages. The first message is sent in a single frame, while the second message is sent across three frames. FIN and opcode details are shown only for the client: Client: FIN=1, opcode=0x1, msg="hello" Server: (process complete message immediately) Hi. Client: FIN=0, opcode=0x1, msg="and a" Server: (listening, new message containing text started) Client: FIN=0, opcode=0x0, msg="happy new" Server: (listening, payload concatenated to previous message) Client: FIN=1, opcode=0x0, msg="year!" Server: (process complete message) Happy new year to you too! Notice the first frame contains an entire message (has FIN=1 and opcode!=0x0 ), so the server can process or respond as it sees fit. The second frame sent by the client has a text payload ( opcode=0x1 ), but the entire message has not arrived yet ( FIN=0 ). All remaining parts of that message are sent with continuation frames ( opcode=0x0 ), and the final frame of the message is marked by FIN=1 . Section 5.4 of the spec describes message fragmentation. Pings and Pongs: The Heartbeat of WebSockets At any point after the handshake, either the client or the server can choose to send a ping to the other party. When the ping is received, the recipient must send back a pong as soon as possible. You can use this to make sure that the client is still connected, for example. A ping or pong is just a regular frame, but it's a control frame . Pings have an opcode of 0x9 , and pongs have an opcode of 0xA . When you get a ping, send back a pong with the exact same Payload Data as the ping (for pings and pongs, the max payload length is 125). You might also get a pong without ever sending a ping; ignore this if it happens. Note: If you have gotten more than one ping before you get the chance to send a pong, you only send one pong. Closing the connection To close a connection either the client or server can send a control frame with data containing a specified control sequence to begin the closing handshake (detailed in Section 5.5.1 ). Upon receiving such a frame, the other peer sends a Close frame in response. The first peer then closes the connection. Any further data received after closing of connection is then discarded. Miscellaneous Note: WebSocket codes, extensions, subprotocols, etc. are registered at the IANA WebSocket Protocol Registry . WebSocket extensions and subprotocols are negotiated via headers during the handshake . Sometimes extensions and subprotocols are very similar, but there is a clear distinction. Extensions control the WebSocket frame and modify the payload, while subprotocols structure the WebSocket payload and never modify anything. Extensions are optional and generalized (like compression); subprotocols are mandatory and localized (like ones for chat and for MMORPG games). Extensions Think of an extension as compressing a file before emailing it to someone. Whatever you do, you're sending the same data in different forms. The recipient will eventually be able to get the same data as your local copy, but it is sent differently. That's what an extension does. WebSockets defines a protocol and a simple way to send data, but an extension such as compression could allow sending the same data but in a shorter format. Note: Extensions are explained in sections 5.8, 9, 11.3.2, and 11.4 of the spec. Subprotocols Think of a subprotocol as a custom XML schema or doctype declaration . You're still using XML and its syntax, but you're additionally restricted by a structure you agreed on. WebSocket subprotocols are just like that. They do not introduce anything fancy, they just establish structure. Like a doctype or schema, both parties must agree on the subprotocol; unlike a doctype or schema, the subprotocol is implemented on the server and cannot be externally referred to by the client. Note: Subprotocols are explained in sections 1.9, 4.2, 11.3.4, and 11.5 of the spec. A client has to ask for a specific subprotocol. To do so, it will send something like this as part of the original handshake : http GET /chat HTTP/1.1 ... Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: soap, wamp or, equivalently: http ... Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: soap Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: wamp Now the server must pick one of the protocols that the client suggested and it supports. If there is more than one, send the first one the client sent. Imagine our server can use both soap and wamp . Then, in the response handshake, it sends: http Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: soap Warning: The server can't send more than one Sec-WebSocket-Protocol header. If the server doesn't want to use any subprotocol, it shouldn't send any Sec-WebSocket-Protocol header . Sending a blank header is incorrect. The client may close the connection if it doesn't get the subprotocol it wants. If you want your server to obey certain subprotocols, then naturally you'll need extra code on the server. Let's imagine we're using a subprotocol json . In this subprotocol, all data is passed as JSON . If the client solicits this protocol and the server wants to use it, the server needs to have a JSON parser. Practically speaking, this will be part of a library, but the server needs to pass the data around. Note: To avoid name conflict, it's recommended to make your subprotocol name part of a domain string. If you are building a custom chat app that uses a proprietary format exclusive to Example Inc., then you might use this: Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: chat.example.com . Note that this isn't required, it's just an optional convention, and you can use any string you wish. Related Writing WebSocket client applications Tutorial: WebSocket server in C# Tutorial: WebSocket server in Java Help improve MDN Was this page helpful to you? Yes No Learn how to contribute This page was last modified on Jun 24, 2025 by MDN contributors . View this page on GitHub • Report a problem with this content Filter sidebar The WebSocket API (WebSockets) Guides Writing WebSocket client applications Writing WebSocket servers Writing a WebSocket server in C# Writing a WebSocket server in Java Writing a WebSocket server in JavaScript (Deno) Using WebSocketStream to write a client Interfaces WebSocket WebSocketStream Experimental CloseEvent MessageEvent Your blueprint for a better internet. 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https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebSockets_API/Writing_WebSocket_servers#content | Writing WebSocket servers - Web APIs | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Web Web APIs The WebSocket API (WebSockets) Writing WebSocket servers Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) Español Français 日本語 Português (do Brasil) 中文 (简体) Writing WebSocket servers A WebSocket server is nothing more than an application listening on any port of a TCP server that follows a specific protocol. Creating a custom server can seem overwhelming if you have never done it before. It can actually be quite straightforward to implement a basic WebSocket server on your platform of choice, though. A WebSocket server can be written in any server-side programming language that is capable of Berkeley sockets , such as C(++), Python, PHP , or server-side JavaScript . This is not a tutorial in any specific language, but serves as a guide to facilitate writing your own server. This article assumes you're already familiar with how HTTP works, and that you have a moderate level of programming experience. Depending on language support, knowledge of TCP sockets may be required. The scope of this guide is to present the minimum knowledge you need to write a WebSocket server. Note: Read the latest official WebSockets specification, RFC 6455 . Sections 1 and 4-7 are especially interesting to server implementors. Section 10 discusses security and you should definitely peruse it before exposing your server. A WebSocket server is explained on a very low level here. WebSocket servers are often separate and specialized servers (for load-balancing or other practical reasons), so you will often use a reverse proxy (such as a regular HTTP server) to detect WebSocket handshakes, pre-process them, and send those clients to a real WebSocket server. This means that you don't have to bloat your server code with cookie and authentication handlers (for example). In this article The WebSocket handshake Exchanging data frames Pings and Pongs: The Heartbeat of WebSockets Closing the connection Miscellaneous Related The WebSocket handshake First, the server must listen for incoming socket connections using a standard TCP socket. Depending on your platform, this may be handled for you automatically. For example, let's assume that your server is listening on example.com , port 8000, and your socket server responds to GET requests at example.com/chat . Warning: The server may listen on any port it chooses, but if it chooses any port other than 80 or 443, it may have problems with firewalls and/or proxies. Browsers generally require a secure connection for WebSockets, although they may offer an exception for local devices. The handshake is the "Web" in WebSockets. It's the bridge from HTTP to WebSockets. In the handshake, details of the connection are negotiated, and either party can back out before completion if the terms are unfavorable. The server must be careful to understand everything the client asks for, otherwise security issues can occur. Note: The request-uri ( /chat here) has no defined meaning in the spec. So, many people use it to let one server handle multiple WebSocket applications. For example, example.com/chat could invoke a multiuser chat app, while /game on the same server might invoke a multiplayer game. Client handshake request Even though you're building a server, a client still has to start the WebSocket handshake process by contacting the server and requesting a WebSocket connection. So, you must know how to interpret the client's request. The client will send a pretty standard HTTP request with headers that looks like this (the HTTP version must be 1.1 or greater, and the method must be GET ): http GET /chat HTTP/1.1 Host: example.com:8000 Upgrade: websocket Connection: Upgrade Sec-WebSocket-Key: dGhlIHNhbXBsZSBub25jZQ== Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13 The client can solicit extensions and/or subprotocols here; see Miscellaneous for details. Also, common headers like User-Agent , Referer , Cookie , or authentication headers might be there as well. Do whatever you want with those; they don't directly pertain to the WebSocket. It's also safe to ignore them. In many common setups, a reverse proxy has already dealt with them. Note: All browsers send an Origin header . You can use this header for security (checking for same origin, automatically allowing or denying, etc.) and send a 403 Forbidden if you don't like what you see. This is effective against Cross Site WebSocket Hijacking (CSWH) . However, be warned that non-browser agents can send a faked Origin . Most applications reject requests without this header. If any header is not understood or has an incorrect value, the server should send a 400 ("Bad Request") response and immediately close the socket. As usual, it may also give the reason why the handshake failed in the HTTP response body, but the message may never be displayed (browsers do not display it). If the server doesn't understand that version of WebSockets, it should send a Sec-WebSocket-Version header back that contains the version(s) it does understand. In the example above, it indicates version 13 of the WebSocket protocol. The most interesting header here is Sec-WebSocket-Key . Let's look at that next. Note: Regular HTTP status codes can be used only before the handshake. After the handshake succeeds, you have to use a different set of codes (defined in section 7.4 of the spec). Server handshake response When the server receives the handshake request, it should send back a special response that indicates that the protocol will be changing from HTTP to WebSocket. That header looks something like the following (remember each header line ends with \r\n and put an extra \r\n after the last one to indicate the end of the header): http HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols Upgrade: websocket Connection: Upgrade Sec-WebSocket-Accept: s3pPLMBiTxaQ9kYGzzhZRbK+xOo= Additionally, the server can decide on extension/subprotocol requests here; see Miscellaneous for details. The Sec-WebSocket-Accept header is important in that the server must derive it from the Sec-WebSocket-Key that the client sent to it. To get it, concatenate the client's Sec-WebSocket-Key and the string "258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11" together (it's a " magic string "), take the SHA-1 hash of the result, and return the base64 encoding of that hash. Note: This seemingly overcomplicated process exists so that it's obvious to the client whether the server supports WebSockets. This is important because security issues might arise if the server accepts a WebSockets connection but interprets the data as a HTTP request. So if the Key was "dGhlIHNhbXBsZSBub25jZQ==" , the Sec-WebSocket-Accept header's value is "s3pPLMBiTxaQ9kYGzzhZRbK+xOo=" . Once the server sends these headers, the handshake is complete and you can start swapping data! Note: The server can send other headers like Set-Cookie , or ask for authentication or redirects via other status codes, before sending the reply handshake. Keeping track of clients This doesn't directly relate to the WebSocket protocol, but it's worth mentioning here: your server must keep track of clients' sockets so you don't keep handshaking again with clients who have already completed the handshake. The same client IP address can try to connect multiple times. However, the server can deny them if they attempt too many connections in order to save itself from Denial-of-Service attacks . For example, you might keep a table of usernames or ID numbers along with the corresponding WebSocket and other data that you need to associate with that connection. Exchanging data frames Either the client or the server can choose to send a message at any time — that's the magic of WebSockets. However, extracting information from these so-called "frames" of data is a not-so-magical experience. Although all frames follow the same specific format, data going from the client to the server is masked using XOR encryption (with a 32-bit key). Section 5 of the specification describes this in detail. Format Each data frame (from the client to the server or vice versa) follows this same format: Data frame from the client to server (message length 0–125): 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-------+-+-------------+-------------------------------+ |F|R|R|R| opcode|M| Payload len | Masking-key | |I|S|S|S| (4) |A| (7) | (32) | |N|V|V|V| |S| | | | |1|2|3| |K| | | +-+-+-+-+-------+-+-------------+-------------------------------+ | Masking-key (continued) | Payload Data | +-------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + : Payload Data continued ... : + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + | Payload Data continued ... | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ Data frame from the client to server (16-bit message length): 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-------+-+-------------+-------------------------------+ |F|R|R|R| opcode|M| Payload len | Extended payload length | |I|S|S|S| (4) |A| (7) | (16) | |N|V|V|V| |S| (== 126) | | | |1|2|3| |K| | | +-+-+-+-+-------+-+-------------+-------------------------------+ | Masking-key | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ : Payload Data : + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + | Payload Data continued ... | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ Data frame from the server to client (64-bit payload length): 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-------+-+-------------+-------------------------------+ |F|R|R|R| opcode|M| Payload len | Extended payload length | |I|S|S|S| (4) |A| (7) | (64) | |N|V|V|V| |S| (== 127) | | | |1|2|3| |K| | | +-+-+-+-+-------+-+-------------+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + | Extended payload length continued | + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +-------------------------------+ | | Masking-key | +-------------------------------+-------------------------------+ | Masking-key (continued) | Payload Data | +-------------------------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + : Payload Data continued ... : + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + | Payload Data continued ... | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ This means that a frame contains the following bytes: First byte: Bit 0 FIN: tells whether this is the last message in a series. If it's 0, then the server keeps listening for more parts of the message; otherwise, the server should consider the message delivered. More on this later. Bit 1–3 RSV1, RSV2, RSV3: can be ignored, they are for extensions. Bits 4-7 OPCODE: defines how to interpret the payload data: 0x0 for continuation, 0x1 for text (which is always encoded in UTF-8), 0x2 for binary, and other so-called "control codes" that will be discussed later. In this version of WebSockets, 0x3 to 0x7 and 0xB to 0xF have no meaning. Bit 8 MASK: tells whether the message is encoded. Messages from the client must be masked, so your server must expect this to be 1. (In fact, section 5.1 of the spec says that your server must disconnect from a client if that client sends an unmasked message.) Server-to-client message are not masked and have this bit set to 0. We'll explain masking later, in reading and unmasking the data . Note: You must mask messages even when using a secure socket. Bits 9–15: payload length. May also include the following 2 bytes or 8 bytes; see Decoding Payload Length . If masking is used (always true for client-to-server messages), the next 4 bytes contain the masking key; see Reading and unmasking the data . All subsequent bytes are payload. Decoding Payload Length To read the payload data, you must know when to stop reading. That's why the payload length is important to know. Unfortunately, this is somewhat complicated. To read it, follow these steps: Read bits 9-15 (inclusive) and interpret that as an unsigned integer. If it's 125 or less, then that's the length; you're done . If it's 126, go to step 2. If it's 127, go to step 3. Read the next 16 bits and interpret those as an unsigned integer. You're done . Read the next 64 bits and interpret those as an unsigned integer. (The most significant bit must be 0.) You're done . Reading and unmasking the data If the MASK bit was set (and it should be, for client-to-server messages), read the next 4 octets (32 bits); this is the masking key. Once the payload length and masking key is decoded, you can read that number of bytes from the socket. Let's call the data ENCODED , and the key MASK . To get DECODED , loop through the octets of ENCODED and XOR the octet with the (i modulo 4)th octet of MASK . Using JavaScript as an example: js // The function receives the frame as a Uint8Array. // firstIndexAfterPayloadLength is the index of the first byte // after the payload length, so it can be 2, 4, or 10. function getPayloadDecoded(frame, firstIndexAfterPayloadLength) { const mask = frame.slice( firstIndexAfterPayloadLength, firstIndexAfterPayloadLength + 4, ); const encodedPayload = frame.slice(firstIndexAfterPayloadLength + 4); // XOR each 4-byte sequence in the payload with the bitmask const decodedPayload = encodedPayload.map((byte, i) => byte ^ mask[i % 4]); return decodedPayload; } const frame = Uint8Array.from([ // FIN=1, RSV1-3=0, opcode=0x1 (text) 0b10000001, // MASK=1, payload length=5 0b10000101, // 4-byte mask 1, 2, 3, 4, // 5-byte payload 105, 103, 111, 104, 110, ]); // Assume you got the number 2 from properly decoding the payload length const decoded = getPayloadDecoded(frame, 2); Now you can figure out what decoded means depending on your application. For example, you can decode it as UTF-8 if it's a text message. js console.log(new TextDecoder().decode(decoded)); // "hello" Masking is a security measure to avoid malicious parties from predicting the data that is sent to the server. The client will generate a cryptographically random masking key for each message. Message Fragmentation The FIN and opcode fields work together to send a message split up into separate frames. This is called message fragmentation. Fragmentation is only available on opcodes 0x0 to 0x2 . Recall that the opcode tells what a frame is meant to do. If it's 0x1 , the payload is text. If it's 0x2 , the payload is binary data. However, if it's 0x0 , the frame is a continuation frame; this means the server should concatenate the frame's payload to the last frame it received from that client. Here is a rough sketch, in which a server reacts to a client sending text messages. The first message is sent in a single frame, while the second message is sent across three frames. FIN and opcode details are shown only for the client: Client: FIN=1, opcode=0x1, msg="hello" Server: (process complete message immediately) Hi. Client: FIN=0, opcode=0x1, msg="and a" Server: (listening, new message containing text started) Client: FIN=0, opcode=0x0, msg="happy new" Server: (listening, payload concatenated to previous message) Client: FIN=1, opcode=0x0, msg="year!" Server: (process complete message) Happy new year to you too! Notice the first frame contains an entire message (has FIN=1 and opcode!=0x0 ), so the server can process or respond as it sees fit. The second frame sent by the client has a text payload ( opcode=0x1 ), but the entire message has not arrived yet ( FIN=0 ). All remaining parts of that message are sent with continuation frames ( opcode=0x0 ), and the final frame of the message is marked by FIN=1 . Section 5.4 of the spec describes message fragmentation. Pings and Pongs: The Heartbeat of WebSockets At any point after the handshake, either the client or the server can choose to send a ping to the other party. When the ping is received, the recipient must send back a pong as soon as possible. You can use this to make sure that the client is still connected, for example. A ping or pong is just a regular frame, but it's a control frame . Pings have an opcode of 0x9 , and pongs have an opcode of 0xA . When you get a ping, send back a pong with the exact same Payload Data as the ping (for pings and pongs, the max payload length is 125). You might also get a pong without ever sending a ping; ignore this if it happens. Note: If you have gotten more than one ping before you get the chance to send a pong, you only send one pong. Closing the connection To close a connection either the client or server can send a control frame with data containing a specified control sequence to begin the closing handshake (detailed in Section 5.5.1 ). Upon receiving such a frame, the other peer sends a Close frame in response. The first peer then closes the connection. Any further data received after closing of connection is then discarded. Miscellaneous Note: WebSocket codes, extensions, subprotocols, etc. are registered at the IANA WebSocket Protocol Registry . WebSocket extensions and subprotocols are negotiated via headers during the handshake . Sometimes extensions and subprotocols are very similar, but there is a clear distinction. Extensions control the WebSocket frame and modify the payload, while subprotocols structure the WebSocket payload and never modify anything. Extensions are optional and generalized (like compression); subprotocols are mandatory and localized (like ones for chat and for MMORPG games). Extensions Think of an extension as compressing a file before emailing it to someone. Whatever you do, you're sending the same data in different forms. The recipient will eventually be able to get the same data as your local copy, but it is sent differently. That's what an extension does. WebSockets defines a protocol and a simple way to send data, but an extension such as compression could allow sending the same data but in a shorter format. Note: Extensions are explained in sections 5.8, 9, 11.3.2, and 11.4 of the spec. Subprotocols Think of a subprotocol as a custom XML schema or doctype declaration . You're still using XML and its syntax, but you're additionally restricted by a structure you agreed on. WebSocket subprotocols are just like that. They do not introduce anything fancy, they just establish structure. Like a doctype or schema, both parties must agree on the subprotocol; unlike a doctype or schema, the subprotocol is implemented on the server and cannot be externally referred to by the client. Note: Subprotocols are explained in sections 1.9, 4.2, 11.3.4, and 11.5 of the spec. A client has to ask for a specific subprotocol. To do so, it will send something like this as part of the original handshake : http GET /chat HTTP/1.1 ... Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: soap, wamp or, equivalently: http ... Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: soap Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: wamp Now the server must pick one of the protocols that the client suggested and it supports. If there is more than one, send the first one the client sent. Imagine our server can use both soap and wamp . Then, in the response handshake, it sends: http Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: soap Warning: The server can't send more than one Sec-WebSocket-Protocol header. If the server doesn't want to use any subprotocol, it shouldn't send any Sec-WebSocket-Protocol header . Sending a blank header is incorrect. The client may close the connection if it doesn't get the subprotocol it wants. If you want your server to obey certain subprotocols, then naturally you'll need extra code on the server. Let's imagine we're using a subprotocol json . In this subprotocol, all data is passed as JSON . If the client solicits this protocol and the server wants to use it, the server needs to have a JSON parser. Practically speaking, this will be part of a library, but the server needs to pass the data around. Note: To avoid name conflict, it's recommended to make your subprotocol name part of a domain string. If you are building a custom chat app that uses a proprietary format exclusive to Example Inc., then you might use this: Sec-WebSocket-Protocol: chat.example.com . Note that this isn't required, it's just an optional convention, and you can use any string you wish. Related Writing WebSocket client applications Tutorial: WebSocket server in C# Tutorial: WebSocket server in Java Help improve MDN Was this page helpful to you? Yes No Learn how to contribute This page was last modified on Jun 24, 2025 by MDN contributors . View this page on GitHub • Report a problem with this content Filter sidebar The WebSocket API (WebSockets) Guides Writing WebSocket client applications Writing WebSocket servers Writing a WebSocket server in C# Writing a WebSocket server in Java Writing a WebSocket server in JavaScript (Deno) Using WebSocketStream to write a client Interfaces WebSocket WebSocketStream Experimental CloseEvent MessageEvent Your blueprint for a better internet. 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https://docs.devcycle.com/cli-guides/self-targeting | Self-Targeting | DevCycle Docs Skip to main content Home SDKs APIs Management API Bucketing API Integrations CLI / MCP Best Practices Community Blog Discord Search Sign Up CLI / MCP Overview CLI CLI Reference CLI User Guides Projects Environments SDK Keys Features Variables Variations Targeting Rules Self-Targeting CLI User Guides MCP MCP Getting Started MCP Reference MCP User Guides Incident Investigation CLI CLI User Guides Self-Targeting On this page CLI: Self Targeting DevCycle Identity Once you have installed and authorized the CLI , select your relevant organization and project. Get To retrieve your current DevCycle Identity for a project, run the following command: dvc identity get Manage Run the following command setup or modify your DevCycle Identity. dvc identity update You will be prompted to set a User ID. If you already have a User ID set, you will need to confirm that you wish to override the existing User ID. Note: Clearing the User ID will remove all Overrides. The CLI will prompt for a confirmation of clearing all Overrides associated with that User ID in the project. Self-Targeting Override Get To retrieve all active Overrides for a project, run the following command: dvc overrides list To retrieve the Overrides for a specific feature and environment, run the following command:: dvc overrides get You will be prompted to select a feature and environment if they are not passed as flags to the command. Manage Run the following command setup or modify your Overrides. dvc overrides update You will be prompted to select a feature, environment and variation to set as your Override value. Run the following command to clear your Overrides. dvc overrides clear You will be prompted to select a feature and environment for which to clear Overrides. In the event you wish to clear all Overrides for the project, you may pass the --all flag on the command. Edit this page Last updated on Jan 9, 2026 Previous Targeting Rules Next CLI User Guides DevCycle Identity Get Manage Self-Targeting Override Get Manage DevCycle Dashboard Blog Privacy Policy Twitter Discord GitHub Copyright © 2026 DevCycle. All rights reserved. | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://www.linkedin.com/signup | Sign Up | LinkedIn Connect to opportunities that matter Not you? Remove photo Join LinkedIn To create a LinkedIn account, you must understand how LinkedIn processes your personal information by selecting learn more for each item listed. Agree to all terms We collect and use personal information. Learn more We share personal information with third parties to provide our services. Learn more Further information is available in our Korea Privacy Addendum . Privacy Policy Addendum 1 of 2 2 of 2 Agree to the term Continue Back Agree to all terms Email Password Show Remember me First name Last name By clicking Agree & Join, you agree to the LinkedIn User Agreement , Privacy Policy , and Cookie Policy . Agree & Join or Security verification Already on LinkedIn? Sign in Looking to create a page for a business? Get help LinkedIn © 2026 About Accessibility User Agreement Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Copyright Policy Brand Policy Guest Controls Community Guidelines العربية (Arabic) বাংলা (Bangla) Čeština (Czech) Dansk (Danish) Deutsch (German) Ελληνικά (Greek) English (English) Español (Spanish) فارسی (Persian) Suomi (Finnish) Français (French) हिंदी (Hindi) Magyar (Hungarian) Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian) Italiano (Italian) עברית (Hebrew) 日本語 (Japanese) 한국어 (Korean) मराठी (Marathi) Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) Nederlands (Dutch) Norsk (Norwegian) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (Punjabi) Polski (Polish) Português (Portuguese) Română (Romanian) Русский (Russian) Svenska (Swedish) తెలుగు (Telugu) ภาษาไทย (Thai) Tagalog (Tagalog) Türkçe (Turkish) Українська (Ukrainian) Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese) 简体中文 (Chinese (Simplified)) 正體中文 (Chinese (Traditional)) Language Takes less than 2 minutes Join LinkedIn to connect with people, jobs and opportunities that matter Join now Leave | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCaw7jsGhrsaoSIYPPUF5q2w/featured | OpenAPI Initiative - YouTube 정보 보도자료 저작권 문의하기 크리에이터 광고 개발자 약관 개인정보처리방침 정책 및 안전 YouTube 작동의 원리 새로운 기능 테스트하기 © 2026 Google LLC, Sundar Pichai, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View CA 94043, USA, 0807-882-594 (무료), yt-support-solutions-kr@google.com, 호스팅: Google LLC, 사업자정보 , 불법촬영물 신고 크리에이터들이 유튜브 상에 게시, 태그 또는 추천한 상품들은 판매자들의 약관에 따라 판매됩니다. 유튜브는 이러한 제품들을 판매하지 않으며, 그에 대한 책임을 지지 않습니다. | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://www.linkedin.com/legal/cookie-policy?trk=d_checkpoint_lg_consumer_login_ft_cookie_policy#lithograph-app | Cookie Policy | LinkedIn Skip to main content User Agreement Summary of User Agreement Privacy Policy Professional Community Policies Cookie Policy Copyright Policy Regional Info EU Notice California Privacy Disclosure U.S. State Privacy Laws User Agreement Summary of User Agreement Privacy Policy Professional Community Policies Cookie Policy Copyright Policy Regional Info EU Notice California Privacy Disclosure U.S. State Privacy Laws Cookie Policy Effective on June 3, 2022 At LinkedIn, we believe in being clear and open about how we collect and use data related to you. This Cookie Policy applies to any LinkedIn product or service that links to this policy or incorporates it by reference. We use cookies and similar technologies such as pixels, local storage and mobile ad IDs (collectively referred to in this policy as “cookies”) to collect and use data as part of our Services, as defined in our Privacy Policy (“Services”) and which includes our sites, communications, mobile applications and off-site Services, such as our ad services and the “Apply with LinkedIn” and “Share with LinkedIn” plugins or tags. In the spirit of transparency, this policy provides detailed information about how and when we use these technologies. By continuing to visit or use our Services, you are agreeing to the use of cookies and similar technologies for the purposes described in this policy. What technologies are used? ENTER A SUMMARY Type of technology Description Cookies A cookie is a small file placed onto your device that enables LinkedIn features and functionality. Any browser visiting our sites may receive cookies from us or cookies from third parties such as our customers, partners or service providers. We or third parties may also place cookies in your browser when you visit non-LinkedIn sites that display ads or that host our plugins or tags . We use two types of cookies: persistent cookies and session cookies. A persistent cookie lasts beyond the current session and is used for many purposes, such as recognizing you as an existing user, so it’s easier to return to LinkedIn and interact with our Services without signing in again. Since a persistent cookie stays in your browser, it will be read by LinkedIn when you return to one of our sites or visit a third party site that uses our Services. Session cookies last only as long as the session (usually the current visit to a website or a browser session). 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Our cookie tables lists cookies and similar technologies that are used as part of our Services. Please note that the names of cookies and similar technologies may change over time. What are these technologies used for? Below we describe the purposes for which we use these technologies. ENTER SUMMARY Purpose Description Authentication We use cookies and similar technologies to recognize you when you visit our Services. If you’re signed into LinkedIn, these technologies help us show you the right information and personalize your experience in line with your settings. For example, cookies enable LinkedIn to identify you and verify your account. Security We use cookies and similar technologies to make your interactions with our Services faster and more secure. For example, we use cookies to enable and support our security features, keep your account safe and to help us detect malicious activity and violations of our User Agreement. Preferences, features and services We use cookies and similar technologies to enable the functionality of our Services, such as helping you to fill out forms on our Services more easily and providing you with features, insights and customized content in conjunction with our plugins. We also use these technologies to remember information about your browser and your preferences. For example, cookies can tell us which language you prefer and what your communications preferences are. We may also use local storage to speed up site functionality. Customized content We use cookies and similar technologies to customize your experience on our Services. For example, we may use cookies to remember previous searches so that when you return to our services, we can offer additional information that relates to your previous search. Plugins on and off LinkedIn We use cookies and similar technologies to enable LinkedIn plugins both on and off the LinkedIn sites. For example, our plugins, including the "Apply with LinkedIn" button or the "Share" button may be found on LinkedIn or third-party sites, such as the sites of our customers and partners. Our plugins use cookies and other technologies to provide analytics and recognize you on LinkedIn and third-party sites. If you interact with a plugin (for instance, by clicking "Apply"), the plugin will use cookies to identify you and initiate your request to apply. You can learn more about plugins in our Privacy Policy . Advertising Cookies and similar technologies help us show relevant advertising to you more effectively, both on and off our Services and to measure the performance of such ads. We use these technologies to learn whether content has been shown to you or whether someone who was presented with an ad later came back and took an action (e.g., downloaded a white paper or made a purchase) on another site. Similarly, our partners or service providers may use these technologies to determine whether we've shown an ad or a post and how it performed or provide us with information about how you interact with ads. We may also work with our customers and partners to show you an ad on or off LinkedIn, such as after you’ve visited a customer’s or partner’s site or application. These technologies help us provide aggregated information to our customers and partners. For further information regarding the use of cookies for advertising purposes, please see Sections 1.4 and 2.4 of the Privacy Policy . As noted in Section 1.4 of our Privacy Policy, outside Designated Countries , we also collect (or rely on others who collect) information about your device where you have not engaged with our Services (e.g., ad ID, IP address, operating system and browser information) so we can provide our Members with relevant ads and better understand their effectiveness. For further information, please see Section 1.4 of the Privacy Policy . Analytics and research Cookies and similar technologies help us learn more about how well our Services and plugins perform in different locations. We or our service providers use these technologies to understand, improve, and research products, features and services, including as you navigate through our sites or when you access LinkedIn from other sites, applications or devices. We or our service providers, use these technologies to determine and measure the performance of ads or posts on and off LinkedIn and to learn whether you have interacted with our websites, content or emails and provide analytics based on those interactions. We also use these technologies to provide aggregated information to our customers and partners as part of our Services. If you are a LinkedIn member but logged out of your account on a browser, LinkedIn may still continue to log your interaction with our Services on that browser until the expiration of the cookie in order to generate usage analytics for our Services. We may share these analytics in aggregate form with our customers. What third parties use these technologies in connection with our Services? Third parties such as our customers, partners and service providers may use cookies in connection with our Services. For example, third parties may use cookies in their LinkedIn pages, job posts and their advertisements on and off LinkedIn for their own marketing purposes. For an illustration, please visit LinkedIn’s Help Center . Third parties may also use cookies in connection with our off-site Services, such as LinkedIn ad services. Third parties may use cookies to help us to provide our Services. We may also work with third parties for our own marketing purposes and to enable us to analyze and research our Services. Your Choices You have choices on how LinkedIn uses cookies and similar technologies. Please note that if you limit the ability of LinkedIn to set cookies and similar technologies, you may worsen your overall user experience, since it may no longer be personalized to you. It may also stop you from saving customized settings like login information. Opt out of targeted advertising As described in Section 2.4 of the Privacy Policy , you have choices regarding the personalized ads you may see. LinkedIn Members can adjust their settings here . Visitor controls can be found here . Some mobile device operating systems such as Android provide the ability to control the use of mobile advertising IDs for ads personalization. You can learn how to use these controls by visiting the manufacturer’s website. We do not use iOS mobile advertising IDs for targeted advertising. Browser Controls Most browsers allow you to control cookies through their settings, which may be adapted to reflect your consent to the use of cookies. Further, most browsers also enable you to review and erase cookies, including LinkedIn cookies. To learn more about browser controls, please consult the documentation that your browser manufacturer provides. What is Do Not Track (DNT)? DNT is a concept that has been promoted by regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC), for the Internet industry to develop and implement a mechanism for allowing Internet users to control the tracking of their online activities across websites by using browser settings. As such, LinkedIn does not generally respond to “do not track” signals. Other helpful resources To learn more about advertisers’ use of cookies, please visit the following links: Internet Advertising Bureau (US) European Interactive Digital Advertising Alliance (EU) Internet Advertising Bureau (EU) LinkedIn © 2026 About Accessibility User Agreement Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Copyright Policy Brand Policy Guest Controls Community Guidelines العربية (Arabic) বাংলা (Bangla) Čeština (Czech) Dansk (Danish) Deutsch (German) Ελληνικά (Greek) English (English) Español (Spanish) فارسی (Persian) Suomi (Finnish) Français (French) हिंदी (Hindi) Magyar (Hungarian) Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian) Italiano (Italian) עברית (Hebrew) 日本語 (Japanese) 한국어 (Korean) मराठी (Marathi) Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) Nederlands (Dutch) Norsk (Norwegian) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (Punjabi) Polski (Polish) Português (Portuguese) Română (Romanian) Русский (Russian) Svenska (Swedish) తెలుగు (Telugu) ภาษาไทย (Thai) Tagalog (Tagalog) Türkçe (Turkish) Українська (Ukrainian) Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese) 简体中文 (Chinese (Simplified)) 正體中文 (Chinese (Traditional)) Language | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
https://stormkit.forem.com/ayushdeveloper/comment/1ndok | Got much clarity on Web2 and Web3 - Stormkit Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Stormkit Community Close Discussion on: S6:E8 - The Web3 Debate and the World’s First Organic Reproducing Robots View post Collapse Expand Ayush Deb Ayush Deb Ayush Deb Follow An Electronics Student , interested in Web Development and Blockchain . Mission to make it as a full stack dev. Education Institute of Technology Nirma University Work Student Joined Dec 6, 2021 • Apr 10 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Got much clarity on Web2 and Web3 Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Stormkit Community — The official hub for Stormkit users. Share what you're building, get support, and discuss the future of JavaScript app deployment Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Stormkit Community © 2016 - 2026. Ship faster, together Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:48:26 |
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